HLS 11 Ed 2008_LITHO.qxd
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Presenting both recent and historical data, this volume features: • Introductory highlights for each chapter • Tables covering topics ranging from employment to consumer expenditures • Notes and definitions that alert users to changes in the structure or organization of data sets • Content and formats that allow users to make logical comparisons and timely analyses Use this reference to find these and others facts and trends on labor in the United States: • Michigan had the highest unemployment rate and Hawaii had the lowest unemployment rate in 2006. • It is projected that workers age 55 years and over will make up nearly 23 percent of the labor force in 2016, compared with 17 percent in 2006. • Prices for hospital and related services continued to be the fastestgrowing part of the medical care component in the 2006 Consumer Price Index. • The number of workers age 35 to 54 years old in the labor force is actually projected to decline from 2006 to 2016.
Other award-winning books in the Bernan Press U.S. DataBook Series™ • The Almanac of American Education • Business Statistics of the United States: Patterns of Economic Change • State Profiles: The Population and Economy of Each U.S. State • United States Foreign Trade Highlights: Trends in the Global Market • Vital Statistics of the United States: Births, Life Expectancy, Deaths, and Selected Health Data For more information on titles from Bernan Press, please visit us on the Web at www.bernan.com.
ISBN-13: 978-1-59888-180-6 ISBN-10: 1-59888-180-9
HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS
The Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics is recognized as the authoritative reference on the U.S. labor force. It continues and enhances the Bureau of Labor Statistics’s (BLS) discontinued publication, Labor Statistics.
Population, Labor Force, And Employment Status Employment, Hours, And Earnings Compensation Of Employees Consumer Expendi Productivity And Costs Projections Of Labor Force And Employment By Industry And Occupation Prices And Living Conditions Labor Managemen Occupational Safety And Health Foreign Labor And Price Statistics Population, Labor Force, And Employment Status Employment, Hours, And Earnings Compensation Of Employees Consumer Expendit Productivity And Costs Prices And Living Conditions Labor Management Occupational Safety And Health Foreign Labor And Price Statistics Population, Labor Force, And Employment Status Employment, Hours, And Earnings Compensation Of Employees Consumer Expendit Productivity And Costs Projections Of Labor Force And Employment By Industry And Occupation Prices And Living Conditions Labor Management Occupational Safety And Health Foreign Labor And Price Statistics Population, Labor Force, And Employment Status Employment, Hours, And Earnings Compensation Of Employees Consumer Expendit Productivity And Costs Prices And Living Conditions Labor Management Occupational Safety And Health Foreign Labor And Price Statistics Population, Labor Force, And Employment Status Employment, Hours, And Earnings Compensation Of Employees Consumer Expendit Productivity And Costs Projections Of Labor Force And Employment By Industry And Occupation Prices And Living Conditions Labor Management Occupational Safety And Health Foreign Labor And Price Statistics pulation, Labor Force, And Employment Status Employment, Hours, And Earnings Compensation Of Employees Consumer Expenditures Productivity And Costs Projections Of Labor Force And Employment By Industry And Occupation ces And Living Conditions Labor Management Relat Occupational Safety And Health Foreign Labor And Price Statistics Population, Labor Force, And Employment Status Employment, Hours, And Earnings Compensation Of Employees Consumer Expendit Productivity And Costs Projections Of Labor Force And Employment By Industry And Occupation Prices And Living Conditions Labor Management Occupational Safety And Health Foreign Labor And Price Statistics Population, Labor Force, And Employment Status Employment, Hours, And Earnings Compensation Of Employees Consumer Expendit Productivity And Costs Projections Of Labor Force And Employment By Industry And Occupation Prices And Living Conditions Labor Management Occupational Safety And Health Foreign Labor And Price Statistics Population, Labor Force, And Employment Status Employment, Hours, And Earnings Compensation Of Employees DITION Consumer Expenditu Productivity And Costs Prices And Living Conditions Labor Management Occupational Safety And Health Foreign Labor And Price Statistics Population, Labor Edited Force, And Employment Status Employment, Hours, And Earnings Compensation Of Employees by Eva E. Jacobs Consumer Expendi Productivity And Costs Projections Of Labor Force And Employment By Industry And Occupation Prices And Living Conditions Labor Managemen Occupational Safety And Health Foreign Labor And Price Statistics Population, Labor Force, And Employment Status Employment, Hours, And Earnings Compensation Of Employees Consumer Expend Productivity And Costs Prices And Living Conditions Labor Managemen Occupational Safety And Health Foreign Labor And Price Statistics Population, Labor Force, And Employment Status Employment, Hours, And Earnings Compensation Of Employees Consumer Expendit Productivity And Costs Projections Of Labor Force And Employment By Industry And Occupation Prices And Living Conditions Labor Management Occupational Safety And Health Foreign Labor And Price Statistics 11th Population, Labor Force, And Employment Status Employment, Hours, And Earnings Compensation Of Employees E DITION Consumer Expendit Productivity And Costs Projections Of Labor Force And Employment By Industry And Occupation 2 0 0 8 Prices And Living Conditions Labor Management Occupational Safety And Health Foreign Labor And Price Statistics Population, Labor Force, And Employment Status Employment, Hours, And Earnings Compensation Of Employees Consumer Expenditu Productivity And Costs Prices And Living Conditions Labor Management Occupational Safety And Health Foreign Labor And Price Statistics Population, Labor Force, And Employment Status Employment, Hours, And Earnings Compensation Of Employees Consumer Expendi Productivity And Costs Projections Of Labor Force And Employment By Industry And Occupation Prices And Living Conditions Labor Managemen Occupational Safety And Health Foreign Labor And Price Statistics
H ANDBOOK OF U.S. L ABOR
S TATISTICS
EMPLOYMENT, EARNINGS, PRICES, PRODUCTIVITY, AND OTHER LABOR DATA 11th E
2008
H ANDBOOK OF U.S. L ABOR
S TATISTICS Employment, Earnings, Prices, Productivity, and Other Labor Data 11th Edition
2008
H ANDBOOK OF U.S. L ABOR
S TATISTICS Employment, Earnings, Prices, Productivity, and Other Labor Data 11th Edition
2008
Edited by Eva E. Jacobs Associate Editor Mary Meghan Ryan
Published in the United States of America by Bernan Press, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, Maryland 20706 Bernan Press 800-865-3457
[email protected] www.bernan.com Copyright © 2008 by Bernan Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Bernan Press does not claim copyright in U.S. government information. ISBN 10: 1-59888-180-9 ISBN 13: 978-1-59888-180-6 eISBN 10: 1-59888-297-X eISBN 13: 978-1-59888-297-1 ISSN: 1526-2553
⬁™
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America.
CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii ABOUT THE EDITORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi ARTICLE 1: THE AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii ARTICLE 2: SUMMARY OF ARTICLES FROM THE 2006 AND 2007 EDITIONS OF THE MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv ARTICLE 3: GUIDANCE ON DIFFERENCES IN EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT ESTIMATES FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Tables Population, Labor Force, and Employment Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Tables Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Tables Unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Work Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Labor Force and Employment Characteristics of Selected Family Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Labor Force and Employment Characteristics of Foreign-Born Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Labor Force and Employment Characteristics by Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Tables Contingent Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Tables Workers on Flexible and Shift Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables Employment and Hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables Earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables Business Employment Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
v
159 161 162 165 183 184 191 192 195 196 197
vi HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
201 203 204 205
CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables Labor Force and Employment Projections by Industry and Occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables Projected Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
219 221 222
CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
249 251 252 254
CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables Employment Cost Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables Employer Costs for Employee Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables Experimental Series for ECI and ECEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables Employee Benefits Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables National Compensation Survey: Occupational Wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
271 273 274
CHAPTER 7: PRICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables Producer Price Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables Consumer Price Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables Export and Import Price Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
305 307 308
CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
347 349 350 352
224 227 228
275 285 286 294 295 297 298 300 302
310 319 320 322 334 335
CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER 9: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
381 383 384 386
CHAPTER 10: LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
395 397 398 399
CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
407 409 410 411
CHAPTER 12: AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
425 427 428 430
CHAPTER 13: INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES (CENSUS BUREAU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
441 443 444 445
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 POPULATION, LABOR FORCE,
AND
EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Table 1-1. Table 1-2. Table 1-3.
Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, 1947–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, 1970–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1986–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Table 1-4. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Race, and Marital Status, 1985–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Table 1-5. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Region, Division, State, and Selected Territory, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Table 1-9. Employed and Unemployed Full- and Part-Time Workers, by Age, Sex, and Race, 1996–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 1-10. Persons Not in the Labor Force, by Age, Sex, and Desire and Availability for Work, 2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . 51 EMPLOYMENT Table 1-11. Table 1-12. Table 1-13. Table 1-14. Table 1-15. Table 1-16. Table 1-17. Table 1-18. Table 1-19. Table 1-20. Table 1-21. Table 1-22. Table 1-23. Table 1-24.
Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Civilian Employment-Population Ratios, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed Civilians, by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Occupation, 2004–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed Civilians, by Selected Occupation and Industry, 2004–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employed Civilians in Agriculture and Nonagricultural Industries, by Class of Worker and Sex, 1985–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of Employed Persons Age 25 Years and Over, by Educational Attainment, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1996–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple Jobholders and Multiple Jobholding Rates, by Selected Characteristics, May of Selected Years, 1970–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple Jobholders, by Sex, Age, Marital Status, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Job Status, 2003–2006 . . . . . . . Multiple Jobholders, by Sex and Industry of Principal Secondary Job, Annual Averages, 2004–2006 . . . . . . . Employment and Unemployment in Families, by Race and Hispanic Origin, Annual Averages, 1996–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Families, by Presence and Relationship of Employed Members and Family Type, Annual Averages, 2000–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unemployment in Families, by Presence and Relationship of Employed Members and Family Type, Annual Averages, 2000–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment Status of the Population, by Sex, Marital Status, and Presence and Age of Own Children Under 18 Years, Annual Averages, 2000–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment Status of Mothers with Own Children Under 3 Years of Age, by Age of Youngest Child and Marital Status, Annual Averages, 2002–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54 63 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 79
UNEMPLOYMENT Table 1-25. Table 1-26. Table 1-27. Table 1-28. Table 1-29. Table 1-30. Table 1-31. Table 1-32.
Unemployment Rate, by Selected Characteristics, 1948–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 . . . . . . . . . . 92 Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates, by Selected Occupation, 2000–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates, by Class of Worker and Industry, 2000–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Unemployed Persons, by Duration of Unemployment, 1948–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Long-Term Unemployment, by Industry and Selected Occupation, 2000–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates, by Reason for Unemployment, Sex, and Age, 1970–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 ix
x HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) WORK EXPERIENCE Table 1-33. Percent of the Population with Work Experience During the Year, by Age and Sex, 1987–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-34. Persons with Work Experience During the Year, by Industry and Class of Worker of Job Held the Longest, 2002–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-35. Number of Persons with Work Experience During the Year, by Extent of Employment and Sex, 1987–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-36. Percent Distribution of the Population with Work Experience During the Year, by Extent of Employment and Sex, 1987–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-37. Extent of Unemployment During the Year, by Sex, 1995–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-38. Percent Distribution of Persons with Unemployment During the Year, by Sex and Extent of Unemployment, 1995–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-39. Number and Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round, Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Age, Sex, and Race, 1995–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-40. Number and Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round, Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Sex and Occupation of Job Held the Longest, 2002–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-41. Wage and Salary Workers Paid Hourly Rates with Earnings at or Below the Prevailing Federal Minimum Wage, by Selected Characteristics, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-42. Absences from Work of Employed Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Age and Sex, 2004–2006 . . . . . Table 1-43. Median Years of Tenure with Current Employer for Employed Wage and Salary Workers, by Age and Sex, Selected Years, February 1996–January 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-44. Median Years of Tenure with Current Employer for Employed Wage and Salary Workers, by Industry, Selected Years, February 2000–January 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LABOR FORCE
AND
EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS
OF
AND
EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS
OF
AND
EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS
BY
109 110 111 112 113 114 117 118 119 120
121 123 124 125 127 128
FOREIGN-BORN WORKERS
Table 1-51. Employment Status of the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations, by Selected Characteristics, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-52. Employment Status of the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations Age 16 Years and Over, by Sex and Presence and Age of Youngest Child, Annual Averages, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-53. Employment Status of the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations Age 25 Years and Over, by Educational Attainment, Race, and Hispanic Origin, Annual Averages, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-54. Employed Foreign-Born and Native-Born Persons Age 16 Years and Over, by Occupation and Sex, 2006 Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-55. Median Usual Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers for the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations, by Selected Characteristics, Annual Averages, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LABOR FORCE
108
SELECTED FAMILY TYPES
Table 1-45. Employment Status of the Population, by Sex and Marital Status, March 1990–March 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-46. Employment Status of All Women and Single Women, by Presence and Age of Children, March 1990–March 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-47. Employment Status of Ever-Married Women and Married Women, Spouse Present, by Presence and Age of Children, March 1990–March 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-48. Employment Status of Women Who Maintain Families, by Marital Status and Presence and Age of Children, March 1990–March 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-49. Number and Age of Children in Families, by Type of Family and Labor Force Status of Mother, March 1990–March 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-50. Number of Families and Median Family Income, by Type of Family and Earner Status of Members, 1995–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LABOR FORCE
107
129 131 133 134 135
EDUCATION
Table 1-56. Percent Distribution of the Civilian Labor Force Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Race, March 1990–March 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Table 1-57. Labor Force Participation Rates of Persons Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Race, March 1990–March 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
LIST OF TABLES xi Table 1-58. Unemployment Rates of Persons Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment and Sex, March 1990–March 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-59. Workers Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Occupation of Longest Job Held, and Sex, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-60. Percent Distribution of Workers Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Occupation of Longest Job Held, and Sex, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-61. Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round, Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment and Sex, 2000–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
140 142 144 146
CONTINGENT WORKERS Table 1-62. Employed Contingent and Noncontingent Workers, by Selected Characteristics, February 2005 . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-63. Employed Contingent and Noncontingent Workers, by Occupation and Industry, February 2005 . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-64. Employed Workers with Alternative and Traditional Work Arrangements, by Selected Characteristics, February 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-65. Employed Contingent and Noncontingent Workers and Those with Alternative and Traditional Work Arrangements by Health Insurance Coverage and Eligibility for Employer-Provided Pension Plans, February 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-66. Median Usual Weekly Earnings of Full and Part-Time Contingent Wage and Salary Workers and Those with Alternative Work Arrangements by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, February 2005 . . . . . . . . . . WORKERS
ON
FLEXIBLE
AND
148 149 150
151 152
SHIFT SCHEDULES
Table 1-67. Flexible Schedules: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Selected Characteristics, May 2004 . . . . . . . . . Table 1-68. Flexible Schedules: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Sex, Occupation, and Industry, May 2004 . . . . Table 1-69. Flexible Schedules: Full-Time Wage and Salary, by Formal Flextime Program Status, Occupation, and Industry, May 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 1-70. Shift Usually Worked: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Selected Characteristics, May 2004 . . . . . . . Table 1-71. Shift Usually Worked: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Occupation and Industry, May 2004 . . . . . .
154 155 156 157 158
CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 EMPLOYMENT
AND
Table 2-1.
Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector and Selected Component Groups, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Women Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector and Selected Component Groups, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . Production Workers on Durable Goods Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 . . . . Production Workers on Nondurable Goods Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Weekly Overtime Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexes of Aggregate Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indexes of Aggregate Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employees on Total Nonfarm Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, 1966–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employees on Manufacturing Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 1990–2006 . . . . . . . . Employees on Government Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 1990–2006 . . . . . . . . . . Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 2-2. Table 2-3. Table 2-4. Table 2-5. Table 2-6. Table 2-7. Table 2-8. Table 2-9 Table 2-10. Table 2-11. Table 2-12. Table 2-13. Table 2-14.
HOURS 165 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 179 180 181
xii HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-15. Average Weekly Hours of All Employees on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Major Industry Sector and Selected Industry Detail, Not Seasonally Adjusted, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 EARNINGS Table 2-16. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2-17. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2-18. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Nonfarm Payrolls, by Industry, in Current and Constant 1982 Dollars, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2-19. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2-20. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2-21. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2-22. Average Hourly Earnings of All Employees on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Industry Sector and Selected Industry Detail, Not Seasonally Adjusted, Experimental Series, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QUARTERLY CENSUS
OF
EMPLOYMENT
AND
184 185 186 187 188 189 190
WAGES
Table 2-23. Employment and Average Annual Pay for All Covered Workers, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 2001–2006 . . . 192 Table 2-24. Employment and Average Annual Pay for All Covered Workers, by State and Selected Territory, 2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS Table 2-25. Private Sector Gross Job Gains and Job Losses, Seasonally Adjusted, September 1992–December 2006 . . . . Table 2-26. Private Sector Gross Job Gains and Job Losses, as a Percent of Employment, Seasonally Adjusted, September 1992–December 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2-27. Three-Month Private Sector Job Gains and Losses, by Industry, Seasonally Adjusted, March 2005–December 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2-28. Private Sector Job Gains and Losses, by State and Selected Territory, Seasonally Adjusted, March 2006–March 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197 198 199 200
CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Table 3-1. Table 3-2. Table 3-3.
Employment and Wages, by Major Occupational Group, May 2005 and May 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Distribution of Employment, by Wage Range and Occupational Group, May 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2005 and May 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION . . . . . . . . 219 Table 4-1. Table 4-2. Table 4-3. Table 4-4. Table 4-5. Table 4-6. Table 4-7.
Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1986, 1996, 2006, and Projected 2016 . . . . . Fastest-Growing Occupations, 2006–2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occupations with the Largest Job Growth, 2006–2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industries with the Largest Output Growth and Declines, 2006–2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment and Total Job Openings, by Education Cluster, 2006–2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment and Output, by Industry, 1996, 2006, and Projected 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment, by Occupation, 2006 and Projected 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
224 228 229 230 231 232 236
CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Table 5-1. Table 5-2.
Indexes of Productivity and Related Data, 1947–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Average Annual Percent Change in Output Per Hour and Related Series, 1987–2005 and 2004–2005 . . . . . . 258
LIST OF TABLES xiii Table 5-3. Table 5-4. Table 5-5.
Average Annual Percent Change in Output Per Hour and Related Series: Retail Trade, Wholesale Trade, and Food Services and Drinking Places, 1987–2006 and 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, 1987–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Manufacturing Industries, 1987–2005 . . . . . . . . 264
CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 EMPLOYMENT COST INDEX (ECI) Table 6-1. Table 6-2. Table 6-3. Table 6-4.
Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Industry and Occupation, 2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Bargaining Status, Industry, Region, and Metropolitan Area Status, 2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment Cost Index, State and Local Government Workers, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Industry and Occupation, 2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employment Cost Index, Benefits, by Industry and Occupation, 2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EMPLOYER COSTS Table 6-5. Table 6-6. Table 6-7.
Table 6-8.
FOR
275 278 281 283
EMPLOYEE COMPENSATION (ECEC)
Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: Private Industry Workers, by Major Industry Group, June 2007 . . . . . . . . . . Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: Private Industry Workers, by Census Region and Area, June 2007 . . . . . . . . Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: State and Local Government, by Major Occupational and Industry Group, June 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: State and Local Government Workers, by Major Occupational and Industry Group, June 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EXPERIMENTAL ESTIMATES
OF
COMPENSATION
FOR THE
ECI
AND THE
286 288
292
293
ECEC
Table 6-9.
Employment Cost Index for Total Compensation for the 15 Largest Metropolitan Areas, Private Industry, Experimental Series, 2004–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Table 6-10. Employer Costs Per Hour Worked for Total Compensation for the 15 Largest Metropolitan Areas, Private Industry, Experimental Series, March 2004 and March 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 EMPLOYEE BENEFITS SURVEY Table 6-11. Percent of Workers with Access to or Participating in Selected Benefits, March 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Table 6-12. Percent of Medical Plan Participants and Employer Premiums Per Participant, by Requirements for Employee Contributions for Single and Family Coverage, Private Industry, March 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 NATIONAL COMPENSATION SURVEY: OCCUPATIONAL WAGES Table 6-13. Mean Hourly Earnings and Weekly Hours, by Selected Worker and Establishment Characteristics, National Compensation Survey, June 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Table 6-14. Mean Hourly Earnings and Weekly Hours of Civilian Workers in Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Areas by Worker and Establishment Characteristics, June 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 CHAPTER 7: PRICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 PRODUCER PRICE INDEX Table 7-1. Table 7-2. Table 7-3.
Producer Price Indexes, by Stage of Processing, 1947–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Producer Price Indexes, by Commodity Group, 1913–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Producer Price Indexes for the Net Output of Selected Industries, 1996–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
xiv HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) CONSUMER PRICE INDEX Table 7-4. Table 7-5.
Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Major Groups, 1967–2006 . . . Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Commodity, Service, and Special Groups, 1967–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 7-6. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Selected Groups and Purchasing Power of the Consumer Dollar, 1913–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 7-7. Consumer Price Indexes, Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W): U.S. City Average, Major Groups, 1913–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 7-8. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, by Expenditure Category, 1990–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 7-9. Relative Importance of Components in the Consumer Price Index: U.S. City Average, Selected Groups, December 1997–December 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 7-10. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), All Items: Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Selected Years, 1965–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 7-11. Consumer Price Index Research Series, Using Current Methods (CPI-U-RS), by Month and Annual Average, 1977–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EXPORT
AND IMPORT
Table 7-12. Table 7-13. Table 7-14. Table 7-15. Table 7-16.
322 323 325 327 329 331 332 333
PRICE INDEXES
U.S. Export Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by End Use, 2000–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by End Use, 2000–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Locality of Origin, 1996–2006 . . . . . . . . . . U.S. International Price Indexes for Selected Transportation Services, 1996–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. Export Price Indexes and Percent Change for Travel and Tourism Services, October 2006–October 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
335 338 341 344 346
CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Table 8-1. Table 8-2. Table 8-3. Table 8-4. Table 8-5. Table 8-6. Table 8-7. Table 8-8. Table 8-9. Table 8-10. Table 8-11. Table 8-12. Table 8-13. Table 8-14. Table 8-15. Table 8-16. Table 8-17. Table 8-18. Table 8-19. Table 8-20. Table 8-21. Table 8-22. Table 8-23.
Consumer Expenditures, Annual Average of All Consumer Units, 1996–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shares of Annual Average Consumer Expenditures and Characteristics of All Consumer Units, 1996–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Income Before Taxes, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Higher Income Before Taxes, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Quintiles of Income Before Taxes, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Occupation of Reference Person, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Number of Earners, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Size of Consumer Unit, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Composition of Consumer Unit, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Age of Reference Person, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Race of Reference Person, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Hispanic Origin of Reference Person, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Education of Reference Person, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Housing Tenure and Type of Area, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Population Size of Area of Residence, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Region of Residence, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas: Northeast Region, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas: South Region, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas: Midwest Region, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas: West Region, 2005–2006 . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Single Men by Income Before Taxes, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Single Women by Income Before Taxes, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person Under 25 Years of Age, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374
LIST OF TABLES xv Table 8-24. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 25 to 34 Years of Age, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 8-25. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 35 to 44 Years of Age, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 8-26. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 45 to 54 Years of Age, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 8-27. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 55 to 64 Years of Age, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 8-28. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 65 Years of Age and Over, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
375 376 377 378 379
CHAPTER 9: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Table 9-1. Table 9-2. Table 9-3. Table 9-4. Table 9-5.
Incidence Rates of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Per 100 Full-Time Workers, by Selected Industries and Case Types, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Involving Days Away from Work, by Selected Worker Characteristics and Private Industry Division, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number and Percent Distribution of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Involving Days Away from Work, by Selected Occupation and Number of Days Away from Work, Private Industry, 2006 . . . . . . . Fatal Occupational Injuries, by Selected Worker Characteristics and Selected Event or Exposure, 2006 . . . . Fatal Occupational Injuries, by Occupation and Selected Event or Exposure, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
386 388 390 391 392
CHAPTER 10: LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Table 10-1. Table 10-2. Table 10-3. Table 10-4.
Work Stoppages Involving 1,000 Workers or More, 1947–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Union Affiliation of Employed Wage and Salary Workers, by Selected Characteristics, 2001–2006 . . . . . . . . Union Affiliation of Wage and Salary Workers, by Occupation and Industry, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Union Affiliation, Occupation, and Industry, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 10-5. Union or Employee Association Members Among Wage and Salary Employees, 1977–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 10-6. Union Affiliation of Employed Wage and Salary Workers, by State, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
399 400 402 403 404 405
CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Table 11-1. Employment Status of the Working-Age Population, Approximating U.S. Concepts, 10 Countries, 1970–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 11-2. Indexes of Manufacturing Productivity and Related Measures, 15 Countries, 1970 and 1990–2006 . . . . . . . . Table 11-3. Hourly Compensation Costs in U.S. Dollars for Production Workers in Manufacturing, 33 Countries and Selected Areas, Selected Years, 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 11-4. Consumer Price Indexes, 16 Countries, 1950–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 11-5. Consumer Price Indexes, Percent Change from Previous Year, 16 Countries, 1955–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 11-6. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Capita, 16 Countries, 1960–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 11-7. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Employed Person, 16 Countries, 1960–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 11-8. Employment-Population Ratios, 16 Countries, 1960–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 11-9. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Capita and Per Employed Person, 16 Countries, Selected Years, 1979–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 11-10. Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs), Exchange Rates, and Relative Prices, 16 Countries, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
411 413 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423
CHAPTER 12: AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Table 12-1. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Primary Activities for the Total Population and for Persons Reporting the Activity on the Diary Day, by Activity Category and Sex, 2006 Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 12-2. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Primary Activities for the Total Population by Age, Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Educational Attainment, 2006 Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 12-3. Average Hours Worked Per Day by Employed Persons on Weekdays and Weekends, by Selected Characteristics, 2006 Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 12-4. Average Hours Worked Per Day at Main Job Only by Employed Persons on Weekdays and Weekend Days, by Selected Characteristics, 2006 Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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xvi HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 12-5. Average Hours Worked Per Day at All Jobs by Employed Persons at Workplaces or at Home, by Selected Characteristics, 2006 Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 12-6. Average Hours Worked Per Day at Main Job Only by Employed Persons at Workplaces or Home, by Selected Characteristics, 2006 Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 12-7. Average Hours Per Day Spent by Persons Age 18 Years and Over Caring for Household Children Under 18 Years, by Sex of Respondent, Age of Youngest Household Child, and Day, 2003–2006 Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 12-8. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Primary Activities by the Total Population Age 18 Years and Over, by Activity Category, Employment Status, Presence and Age of Household Children, and Sex, 2006 Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 12-9. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Leisure and Sports Activities for the Total Population, by Selected Characteristics, 2006 Annual Averages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
434 435
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437 439
CHAPTER 13: INCOME DATA IN THE UNITED STATES (CENSUS BUREAU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 Table 13-1. Income and Earnings Summary Measures, by Selected Characteristics, 2005 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 Table 13-2. Households, by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 1967–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . 446
LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS Percent Distribution of the Labor Force, by Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1996 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Percent Distribution of Employed Civilians, by Age, 1996 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Unemployment Rate for Men, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1996–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Unemployment Rate for Women, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1996–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS Percent Change in Nonfarm Payroll Employment, 1996–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Total Nonfarm Payrolls, in Current and Constant 1982 Dollars, 1996–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Private Sector Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses, Seasonally Adjusted, September 1992–December 2006 . . . . 195 CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES Percent of Total Employment and Mean Hourly Wages of Selected Major Occupational Groups, May 2006 . . . . . . 203 CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION Percent Change and Projected Percent Change in the Labor Force, 1996–2006 and 2006–2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 The 10 Fastest-Growing Occupations, 2006–2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS Indexes of Productivity (Business), 1996–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Indexes of Productivity (Manufacturing), 1996–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES Private Industry Wages and Salaries, and Benefits, Percent Change, 2002–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 State and Local Government Wages and Salaries, and Benefits, Percent Change, 2002–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 CHAPTER 7: PRICES Percent Change in Prices of Fuel Products, 2005–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Consumer Price Index, All Items and Medical Care, 1996–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES Percent Distribution of Major Consumer Expenditures, by Selected Age Groups, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 CHAPTER 9: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Incidence Rates of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, by Major Industry, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 CHAPTER 10: LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Union Affiliation, Sector, and Occupation, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS Unemployment Rate, 10 Countries, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 CHAPTER 12: AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY Percent of Population Reporting the Activity on the Diary Day, by Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 CHAPTER 13: INCOME DATA IN THE UNITED STATES (CENSUS BUREAU) Real Median Household Income, 1967–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
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ABOUT THE EDITORS Eva E. Jacobs has been the editor of the Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics since its first edition. She served as chief of the Division of Consumer Expenditure Surveys at the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for over 20 years. As the manager of this division, Ms. Jacobs was responsible for the ongoing Consumer Expenditure Survey, which tracks the expenditure patterns of U.S. households over time. Ms. Jacobs also held positions in BLS’s Productivity Division and the Economic Growth Division. More recently, she acted as an adviser on cost-of-living projects for both government and private consultants. She currently serves as chair of a panel advising the Safe Harbor Working Group on issues related to cost-of-living adjustments for federal employees in Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Ms. Jacobs was the 1998 recipient of the Julius Shiskin Award, given by the National Association of Business Economists and the Washington Statistical Society for distinguished contributions to the field of economic statistics.
Mary Meghan Ryan is a data analyst with Bernan Press. She received her bachelor’s degree in economics from the University of Maryland and is a former economist with the American Economics Group. Ms. Ryan has also worked as a research assistant for FRANDATA. Ms. Ryan is also an associate editor of Business Statistics of the United States and of Vital Statistics of the United States, both published by Bernan Press.
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PREFACE various demographic groups. A highlight in Chapter 4 calls attention to the dramatic shift in the projected age distribution of the labor force.
Bernan Press is pleased to present a compilation of Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data in this 11th edition of its award-winning Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics. BLS provides a treasure trove of historical information about all aspects of labor and employment in the United States. The current edition maintains the content of previous editions and updates the text with additional data and new features. The data in this Handbook are excellent sources of information for analysts in both government and the private sector. In earlier editions, this publication analyzed some of the issues that were then being addressed: the decline in employment in the manufacturing sector, the high unemployment rates for young minorities, the cost of health care services and prescription drugs, the changing pension plans, the specter of inflation as a result of the rise in fuel prices, the impact of changing technology on the educational and occupational requirements of industry, and the impact of immigration on the structure of the labor force. The dramatic aging of the labor force is a major factor in current discussions about the cost of health care and changing pension plans. Policy decisions on these questions are still relevant today. Other issues include the stagnation of real wages despite an increase in productivity, which has led to concern that this trend indicates a lack of progress in improving the standard of living of workers. It is important to examine the historical movement of various series; as a result, some tables in this publication show data back to 1913. This Handbook includes tables on employment and unemployment and employer costs for employee health care. Tables of projections of industry output and employment show the expected trends in the technology sector and the educational requirements of jobs in this sector. Other tables show how workers have fared in terms of wages (which have been adjusted for changing prices). The new tables from the Census Bureau that were added last year in Chapter 13 show the distribution of income which differs from wages by the addition of other income such as investment income and pension income. FEATURES OF THIS PUBLICATION • Approximately 200 tables present authoritative data for labor market statistics, including employment and employment costs and hours, prices, productivity, comparisons with other countries, and other labor market statistics. • Each section is preceded by one or more figures that call attention to noteworthy trends in the data. The first edition had 8 figures, while the current edition has more than 20 figures. • In addition to the figures, the introductory material for to each chapter also contain highlights of other salient data. For example, the highlights in Chapter 1 showcase labor force participation rates by age and the disparity in labor force participation rates for
• The tables in each section are also preceded by notes and definitions, which contain concise descriptions of the data sources, concepts, definitions, and methodology from which the data are derived. • The introductory notes also include references to more comprehensive reports. These reports provide additional data and more extensive descriptions of estimation methods, sampling, and reliability measures. ARTICLES OVERVIEW The introduction to the text provides articles that describe current information on developments, such as the planning or introduction of new surveys, the introduction of new classification definitions, and current research on economic topics that make use of the data contained in this Handbook. The first article, “The American Community Survey”, describes the new American Community Survey (ACS), which is being conducted by the Census Bureau. This survey, which will run continuously on a rotating sample basis, is intended to provide data on a more timely schedule. It will include the information that has previously been obtained every ten years from the decennial census. The topics covered include demographic, housing, and economic characteristics. Such information is widely used by governments in assessing the requirements for programs and assessing the distribution of funds. The data will not only provide more current data than in the past but will also allow, by combining years, provision of data for small areas. The second article, “Summary of Articles from the 2006 and 2007 Editions of the Monthly Labor Review” is a compilation of abstracts from articles that appeared throughout 2006 and 2007 in the Monthly Labor Review, a publication from BLS. All of the articles noted pertain to a chapter in this Handbook. The third article, “Guidance on Differences in Employment and Unemployment Estimates from Different Sources” is a summary of a document from the Census Bureau Web site. Between BLS and the Census Bureau, there are several surveys that appear to describe the same measure. This article attempts to dispel the confusion by outlining the methodology and the uses of the various measures. NEW TABLES IN THIS EDITION Several major changes have taken place or are projected to take place soon as a result of new classification systems or the need for new data. New Projections. The projections of labor force and employment have been extended to 2016.
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xxii HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) North American Industry Classification (NAICS). More series have been converted to the new classification system. The conversion sometimes causes a problem for historical comparability, therefore, the Employment Cost Index (ECI) tables now show a shorter number of years than in previous editions of the Handbook. Some series have been carried back further than others. Some publications show crossover tables. See the notes and definitions in each chapter for specific information about the conversion of that particular series. There are also ongoing revisions of the NAICS system itself. While the lack of comparability over long periods of time creates a problem, the new system provides a better description of the current structure of industries. More information on NAICS is available on the BLS Web site and a summary description is in the sixth edition of this Handbook. Experimental Indexes. BLS has been planning to expand the hours and earnings series to cover all private sector employees instead of production workers and non supervisory employees.These additional workers account for about 20 percent of nonfarm employment. The new series will be more comprehensive in coverage, providing improved information for analyzing economic trends. BLS began the first collection of data in 2005. There is not enough historical information yet to apply all of the review techniques used in the current series so the new series is designated as experimental. As more experience is obtained, additional detail by industry and state will be published. Business Employment Dynamics. There is a new state table to supplement the national data. SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION BLS data are primarily derived from surveys conducted by the federal government or through federal-state cooperative arrangements. The comparability of data over time can be affected by changes in the surveys, which are essential for keeping pace with the current structure of economic institutions and for taking advantage of improved survey techniques. Revisions of current data are also periodically made as a result of the availability of new information. In addition, some tables in this Handbook were dropped due to the data being from a one-time survey that is now outdated—such as the data on training (1995)—or due to the survey being entirely restructured. Introductory notes to each chapter summarize specific factors that may affect the data. In the tables, the ellipsis character (“…”) indicates that data are not available.
More extensive methodological information, including further discussion of the sampling and estimation procedures used for each BLS program, is contained in the BLS Handbook of Methods. This publication is in the process of being updated, and completed chapters are available on the BLS Web site at
. Other sources of current data and analytical include the Monthly Labor Review and a daily Internet publication, The Editor’s Desk (TED). All of these publications can be found on the BLS Web site as well. Other relevant publications, including those from the Census Bureau, are noted in the notes and definitions in each chapter. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The preparation of this publication was very much a team activity. Mary Meghan Ryan researched the data and compiled the tables. Deirdre Gaquin prepared the special tabulations of data from the Current Population Survey. Jo A. Wilson, assisted by Lateef Padgett, prepared the graphics and layout. Shana Hertz copyedited this edition. Publisher Kenneth E. Lawrence and managing editor Katherine A. DeBrandt supervised the overall editorial and production aspects of this publication. I extend my sincere gratitude to these individuals for their skills, professionalism, and cooperative effort—all of which made this publication possible. Particular thanks also go to BLS staff members, too numerous to mention by name, who patiently answered questions and provided essential information. OTHER PUBLICATIONS BY BERNAN PRESS The Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics is one of a number of publications in Bernan’s award-winning U.S. DataBook Series. Other titles include Business Statistics of the United States: Patterns of Economic Change; The Almanac of American Education; United States Foreign Trade Highlights: Trends in the Global Market; Datapedia of the United States, American History in Numbers; Vital Statistics of the United States: Births, Life Expectancy, Deaths, and Selected Health Data; and Crime in the United States. Each of these titles provides the public with statistical information from official government sources. If you have any questions or suggestions as to how we could make future editions even more useful, please contact us by e-mail at [email protected]. Please visit our Web site at .
ARTICLE 1 THE AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY The following article is intended to introduce readers to the American Community Survey (ACS), a survey conducted by the Census Bureau. The following is a very brief summary. For more extensive descriptions and an evaluation of the design and methodology see “Design and Methodology: American Community Survey” available on the Census Bureau Web site at and “Using Data from the 2005 American Community Survey” at . INTRODUCTION The American Community Survey (ACS) is designed to provide communities a fresh look at how they are changing and it is a key part of the Census Bureau’s Decennial Census Program. It publishes social, housing, and economic characteristics for demographic groups covering a broad spectrum of geographic areas in the United States and Puerto Rico. The ACS shifted from a demonstration program with a different sample design and sample size to the full sample size and design in 2005. It became the largest household survey in the United States with an annual sample size of about 3 million addresses. Every year the ACS can support the release of single-year estimates for geographic areas with populations of 65,000 or more. The ACS will accumulate samples over 3-year and 5-year intervals to produce estimates for smaller geographic areas including census tracts and block groups. WHAT TOPICS ARE INCLUDED IN THE ACS? Demographic Characteristics Sex, age, relationship, households by type, race, and Hispanic origin Social Characteristics School enrollment, educational attainment, marital status, fertility, grandparents caring for children, veteran status, disability status, residence one year ago, place of birth, U.S. citizenship status, year of entry, world region of birth of foreign born, language spoken at home, and ancestry Economic Characteristics Employment status, commuting to work, occupation, industry, class of worker, income and benefits, and poverty status Housing Characteristics Housing occupancy, units in structure, year structure built, number of rooms, number of bedrooms, housing tenure, year householder moved into unit, vehicles available, house heating fuel, utility costs, occupants per room, housing value, mortgage status, and costs The topics covered by the ACS are virtually the same as those covered by the Census 2000 long form. Therefore,
the need for the long form in the 2010 census will be eliminated. The ACS is a way to provide data the communities need every year instead of once every ten years. The 2010 census will continue to count the population to support the Constitutional mandate to provide population counts needed to apportion the seats in the U. S. House of Representatives. States develop redistricting plans based on this important information. The ACS will not provide these counts. THE HISTORY OF THE ACS Continuous measurement has long been viewed as a possible alternative method for collecting detailed information on the characteristics of population and housing, but it was not considered a practical alternative for the decennial census long form until 15 years ago. At that time, federal, state, and local government, as well as private sector demands for current, nationally consistent data led policymakers in government to consider the feasibility of collecting social and economic data continuously throughout the decade, instead of only once every 10 years. The benefits of current data, along with the anticipated benefits in cost savings, planning, improved census coverage, and more efficient operations led the Census Bureau to plan to implement continuous measurement in 2000, which was later renamed the American Community Survey (ACS). The need to understand the nuances of sample design, survey methods, and data products under the new program delayed implementation until after Census 2000. After additional testing, outreach to stakeholders, and an ongoing process of interaction with key data users, especially those in the statistical and demographic communities, the Census Bureau expanded the ACS to full sample size for housing units (HUs) in 2005 and for group quarters (GQ) facilities in 2006. The history of the ACS can be divided into four distinct stages. The design and early proposals stage, 1990 to 1993, occurred when the concept of continuous measurement was first proposed. The development stage, between 1994 and 1999, occurred when the Census Bureau tested early prototypes of continuous measurement in a small number of sites. The demonstration stage, between 2000 and 2004, occurred when the Census Bureau carried out large-scale, nationwide surveys and produced reports for the country, states, and large geographic areas. The full implementation stage began in January 2005.
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ARTICLE 2 SUMMARY OF ARTICLES FROM THE 2006 AND 2007 EDITIONS OF THE MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW In 2006 and 2007 there were many interesting articles published in the Bureau of Labor Statistics journal, The Monthly Labor Review (MLR), which illustrate how data in this Handbook are used in economic research and analysis. The following is a selected list of abstracts of recent articles. The articles can be found in their entirety on the BLS Web site at . Each abstract is followed by a reference to the relevant chapter in the Handbook. RELEVANT ARTICLES FROM 2007: February:
TRENDS IN LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION OF MARRIED MOTHERS OF INFANTS Written by: Sharon R. Cohany and Emy Sok Following a long-term advance, the labor force activity of married mothers of infants began to decline in the late 1990s for a variety of demographic groups and since 2000 has been relatively stable. (See Chapter 1.)
March:
EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: SMALL AND LARGE FIRMS OVER THE BUSINESS CYCLE Written by: Jessica Helfand, Akbar Sadeghi, and David Talan The use of the dynamic-sizing approach to measuring employment growth by size of firm provides information useful in the debate on small firm versus large firm job creation. (See Chapter 2.)
April:
ESTABLISHMENT WAGE DIFFERENTIALS Written by: Julia I. Lane, Laurie A. Salmon, and James R. Spletzer Microdata from the BLS Occupational Employment Statistics program are providing researchers a new approach to use in studying how wages are influenced by the establishment in which an individual works. (See Chapter 2.)
May:
February:
UNDERSTANDING THE EMPLOYMENT MEASURES FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT AND HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS Written by: Mary K. Bowler and Teresa L. Morisi The monthly BLS “Employment Situation” news release includes two distinct employment measures from two different surveys. Although these measures track well over the long term, occasional differences in trends have confounded labor market analysts. This article discusses the various differences and posits reasons that those differences may or may not affect the divergences between the two employment series. The first portion of the article offers a general background on the two surveys and a summary of past research into earlier divergences in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. The second portion examines the latest BLS research into the divergences in the mid- to late 1990s through 2004. (See Chapters 1 and 2.)
March:
PROJECTED PENSION INCOME: EQUALITY OR DISPARITY FOR THE BABY-BOOM COHORT? Written by: James H. Moore, Jr. This article presents data from the Modeling Income in the Near Term (MINT 3) system to address the question of what is in store for the baby-boom cohort once it reaches age 62. The primary objective is to examine disparities in projected pension eligibility and income among the various baby-boom subgenerations upon reaching 62 years. Over time, both eligibility for pensions and income from employer-sponsored pension plans will increase for baby boomers. Eligibility rates and benefit amounts are projected to be greater for late boomers overall and, within the late-boomer category, men, whites, and the more educated. (See Chapter 6.)
May:
COMPARING U.S. AND EUROPEAN INFLATION: THE CPI AND THE HICP Written by: Walter Lane and Mary Lynn Schmidt This article introduces an experimental consumer price index for the United States that
HOW DO OLDER AMERICANS SPEND THEIR TIME? Written by: Rachel Krantz-Kent and Jay Stewart Older Americans’ time use changes dramatically with age, but it is the lower employment rates at older ages—rather than age itself—that matter most. (See Chapter 12.)
RELEVANT ARTICLES FROM 2006: January:
UNION MEMBERSHIP STATISTICS IN 24 COUNTRIES Written by: Jelle Visser An analysis of “adjusted” union membership data in 24 countries yields past and present union density rates; the data provide explanatory factors for the differences and trends in unionization. (See Chapter 10.)
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follows, to the extent possible, the methods of the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP), the European Union’s (EU’s) official price index. The U.S. HICP differs from the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) in two major respects: HICP includes the rural population in its scope and it excludes owner-occupied housing. To construct the experimental U.S. HICP, the CPI first was expanded to cover the entire (noninstitutional) U.S. population and then was narrowed to remove the owner-occupied housing costs that the HICP excludes from its scope. (See Chapter 11.) June:
July:
INCOME DATA QUALITY ISSUES IN THE CPS Written by: Daniel H. Weinberg The Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS ASEC) measures income and poverty in the United States. Based on comparisons to the National Income and Product Accounts, researchers suggest that income is underreported on the CPS ASEC, thus the estimated poverty rate is too high. This article focuses on the quality of the CPS ASEC. A close look into the questionnaire design, data collection and preparation, and postcollection data processing suggests areas for improvement. The article proposes a set of research projects that could be used to remedy many of the deficiencies identified and encourage discussion among interested researchers. (See Chapter 13.) CUTTING THE CORD: TELECOMMUNICATIONS EMPLOYMENT SHIFTS TOWARD WIRELESS Written by: Christopher C. Carbone Throughout the late 1990s and into 2000, the telecommunications industry experienced unprecedented growth. This fast-paced growth was fueled largely by changes in federal regulation, the anticipated demand for telecommunications products associated with those changes, and with rapidly developing technology. The subsequent employment downturn, one signal of the end of the “tech boom,” was large and quick. Telecommunications shed 25.3 percent of its employees from the March 2001 peak through 2005. This employment bust took
only 4 years, about a year less than the employment boom. This article details the telecommunications industry’s growth and subsequent bust. (See Chapter 2.) September:
INTERAREA PRICE LEVELS: AN EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY Written by: Bettina H. Aten Differences in relative price levels for areas of the United States can be estimated with a modified Country-Product-Dummy (CPD) method often used in international comparisons of the purchasing power of currencies; CPI observations and CE weights are used to estimate experimental price level differentials for 2003 and 2004. (See Chapter 7.)
November:
A NEW LOOK AT LONG-TERM LABOR FORCE PROJECTIONS TO 2050 Written by: Mitra Toossi Among the factors affecting the size, composition, and growth of the labor force over the next 50 years are the aging of the babyboom generation, the stabilization of women’s labor force participation rates, and increasing racial and ethnic diversity in the workforce. The 2005–2050 period is projected to witness the massive exit of the babyboom generation out of the labor force, bringing to an end one of the major drivers of labor force growth over the post-World War II period. (See Chapter 4.)
November:
INCOME IMPUTATION AND ANALYSIS OF CONSUMER EXPENDITURE DATA Written by: Jonathan D. Fisher The Consumer Expenditure (CE) Survey now provides imputed income data from 2004 forward for households that fail to report a specific income value. This study examines how income imputation affects analysis of the CE Survey’s expenditure data. Most importantly, research that uses both income and expenditures from 2004 on will not have to restrict the sample to households that reported income. Results most sensitive to the introduction of income imputation are statistics that focus on households with lower levels of expenditures, such as the consumption expenditure poverty rate. (See Chapter 8.)
ARTICLE 3 GUIDANCE ON DIFFERENCES IN EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT ESTIMATES FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES This article is excerpted from an online document on the Census Bureau’s Web site. It can be found at . The federal government reports employment and unemployment (labor force) estimates from several major surveys and programs including: • Current Population Survey (CPS) • American Community Survey (ACS)
mates. The ACS uses the same labor force questions as Census 2000. Due to its large sample size, the ACS has advantages over the CPS in producing estimates in the following circumstances: • Characterizing small geographic areas for which CPS (or Local Area Unemployment Statistics Program) estimates are not available, and for comparisons among such areas and between such areas and larger ones;
• Current Employment Statistics (CES) Program These reports are compiled from three major sources: • Household surveys, such as the CPS and the ACS, provide data (sometimes referred to as household data) that pertain to individuals, families, and households, and relate to where people live (as opposed to where they work).
• Providing information on socioeconomic characteristics of the labor force that are not collected in the CPS, or for geographic areas below the level for which the CPS can provide this information;
• Reports based on information from employers, such as the CES, provide data from employers or establishments that pertain to jobs (people on a payroll) and relate to where those jobs are located.
• Producing tabulations of finely detailed categories, or extensive cross-tabulations of multiple characteristics of the labor force for any geographic area, including the nation, for which the CPS sample size is insufficient to produce reliable estimates;
• Records based on information from unemployment insurance (UI) records pertain to people who are eligible for UI benefits based on program requirements, including those who file claims, and relate to the place of insurance coverage of the establishment. Estimates of employment and unemployment from a particular program may differ from those of other programs because of variations in definitions, coverage, methods of collection, reference periods, and estimation procedures. These variations, in turn, arise from differences in the programs’ purposes. The various estimates of employment and unemployment generally complement one another, with each providing a different type of information that the others cannot suitably supply. This multiplicity of sources makes it important to understand when it is appropriate to use the data from each source.
• Studying rare characteristics of common population groups, or characteristics of uncommon population groups; Current Employment Statistics (CES) Program The CES program is an excellent source of information on employment, hours worked, and hourly and weekly earnings as reported by a sample of almost 400,000 establishments. Employment, hours worked, and earnings data are based on payroll reports. This survey estimates the number and characteristics of jobs held, not the number of people employed. DETAILED COMPARISON OF SOURCES AND THEIR ESTIMATES
HIGHLIGHTS
Household Data
Current Population Survey (CPS)
American Community Survey (ACS)
The CPS is a high-quality sample survey of the population 16 years and over, conducted each month by the Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It provides accurate and timely data needed for swift economic decision making by the Administration, Congress, and the Federal Reserve Board. The CPS has been the source of the official estimates of employment and unemployment for the nation for more than 50 years. The survey has been greatly expanded and improved over the years, but the basic concepts of employment and unemployment— reviewed periodically by high-ranking commissions—have remained substantially unaltered.
The ACS has an annual sample size of 3 million addresses nationwide. This makes it suitable for sub-national esti-
The CPS is specifically designed to be the official source of monthly estimates of employment and unemployment for
Due to its detailed questionnaire and its interviewing staff trained to explain labor force concepts and answer questions, the CPS is a high quality source of information used to produce the official monthly estimates of employment, unemployment, and the unemployment rate for the nation and states. It is also a source of information on other labor force topics such as actual hours of work and duration of unemployment.
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xxviii HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
the United States, and of annual-average estimates of these measurements for all states. It also publishes annualaverage estimates for 50 large metropolitan areas (MAs) and 17 cities, but its sample is not large enough to provide reliable data for other areas. The CPS provides information on the detailed socioeconomic characteristics of the labor force for the nation, states, and published areas. The ACS is the largest household survey in the United States. It provides direct annual estimates of employment and unemployment for the nation and states, and for counties and other governmental units of 65,000 or more population. For smaller governmental units, it will annually provide 3-year or 5-year moving averages. Eventually, the ACS will be able to measure changes over time for small areas and population groups. The ACS provides a wealth of data on socioeconomic characteristics that can be related to its labor force estimates. Definitional and procedural differences between the CPS and the ACS are important to consider when using or comparing estimates. The remainder of this section describes differences among the household-based estimates. The CPS program provides monthly estimates. The ACS provides annual information about the labor force for small areas (essentially all cities, counties, and metropolitan areas of 250,000 population or more during the testing phase; governmental units as small as 65,000 population when fully implemented, and all areas as small as census tracts beginning in 2010), as well as for the nation and the states. The CPS provides a monthly snapshot of national-level employment and unemployment statistics with less than a 3-week turnaround between the end of data collection in any one month and release of the statistics for that month by the BLS. The ACS does not produce monthly estimates because it has been optimized instead to produce accurate estimates for geographic areas as small as census tracts and block groups. The CPS computes annual averages of employment and unemployment statistics at the state level and for the New York and Los Angeles metropolitan areas. The ACS will have a large enough sample to provide annual estimates for much smaller geographic areas, with those for areas
with populations under 65,000 being 3-year or 5-year moving averages. The CPS asks a more detailed series of questions than the ACS does about labor force participation in order to obtain the accuracy required for the official labor force estimates. The CPS data are collected by field staff via personal interviews that allow for follow-up questions to clarify complicated concepts or to probe for information to implement the official definition. Because the CPS asks detailed questions and has an overlapping sample design, it provides an estimate most consistent with the official definition of the unemployment rate, and is able to detect month-to-month changes in this key economic indicator with considerable precision, based on a sample size of 73,000 per month for labor force statistics. The reference period for the CPS labor force estimates for a given month is the calendar week including the 12th day of the month. Employment data about the week of the 12th is collected during the week of the 19th. The week of the 12th was selected as the reference week for employment to minimize the effect of holidays and other seasonal variation. Annual CPS estimates are obtained by averaging the twelve monthly estimates. The reference period for the ACS labor force questions is also a full calendar week, but it is the week prior to the week when the respondent answers the questions rather than a specific week of the month. This week is not the same for all respondents, and, in fact, can vary over all the weeks in a year. To the extent that the labor force characteristics of people in the ACS in their reference week differ from their characteristics in the week containing the 12th, the comparability of ACS and CPS estimates is affected. In summary, the CPS and the ACS programs are complementary rather than competing sources of employment and unemployment data. The CPS has a long history of providing consistent labor force estimates for regular, uniform, time periods. It employs trained field staff and detailed questions. The strength of the ACS is its coverage and precision of measurement for smaller geographic areas, features the CPS program can replicate, and its wealth of socioeconomic characteristics that can be reliably associated with its labor force measures.
CHAPTER ONE POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS HIGHLIGHTS This chapter presents the detailed historical information collected in the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of households that gathers data on the employment status of the population. Basic data on labor force, employment, and unemployment are shown for various characteristics of the population, including age, sex, race, and marital status.
As evident in the figure above, the composition of the labor force changed somewhat from 1996 to 2006. The proportion of the labor force made up of Whites declined from over 84 percent to less than 82 percent during this time. Both White men and women experienced similar declines. The proportion of the labor force made up of Blacks remained stable for men and increased slightly for women. Hispanic representation changed the most significantly. From 1996 to 2006, the proportion of the labor force made up of Hispanics increased from 9.5 percent to 13.7 percent. During this period, the number of Hispanics in the labor force increased by 62 percent. Hispanics may be of any race. (See Table 1-7.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • In 2006, the labor force grew by 1.4 percent. The labor force participation rate also grew slightly after remaining stable or declining the previous two years. (See Table 1-1.) • The labor force participation rate of persons age 65 years and over increased to 15.4 percent in 2006. This number has increased in nine of the past ten years. (See Table 1-8.) • The labor force participation rate for married women has remained relatively constant since 1990, fluctuating between 58 percent and 61 percent. (See Table 1-4.) • Minnesota had the highest labor force participation rate in 2006 at 73.5 percent followed by Colorado at 73.1 percent and South Dakota at 72.7 percent. West Virginia had the lowest labor force participation rate at 55.5 percent followed by Mississippi at 60.1 percent and Louisiana at 61.6 percent. The national average was 66.2 percent. (See Table 1-5.)
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4 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS CURRENT POPULATION SURVEY OF HOUSEHOLDS Collection and Coverage The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) uses data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) to compile statistics on the employment status of the population and related data. The Census Bureau—using a scientifically selected sample of the civilian noninstitutional population—conducts the CPS, a monthly survey of households, for BLS. The CPS sample has been increased from 50,000 to 60,000 households. The new sample was introduced in September 2000. However, in order to evaluate the impact of the change, the estimates of the national labor force from the additional sample were not introduced at that time. Since the estimates from the two samples were virtually the same, BLS began incorporating the additional sample into official national estimates in July 2001. Respondents are interviewed to obtain information about the employment status of each household member age 16 years and over. The inquiry relates to the household member’s employment status during the calendar week, Sunday through Saturday, that includes the 12th day of the month. This is known as the “reference week.” Actual field interviewing is conducted during the following week (the week that contains the 19th day of the month). Concepts and Definitions The concepts and definitions underlying the labor force data have been modified—but not substantially altered— since the inception of the survey in 1940. Current definitions of some of the major concepts used in the CPS are described below. The civilian noninstitutional population includes persons 16 years of age and over who reside in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who are not inmates of institutions (such as penal and mental facilities and homes for the aged) and who are not on active duty in the armed forces. An employed person is any person who, during the reference week: (1) did any work at all (at least one hour) as a paid employees in their own business, profession, or on their own farm, or who worked 15 hours or more as an unpaid worker in an enterprise operated by a member of the family; and (2) any person who was not working but who had a job or business from which he or she was temporarily absent due to vacation, illness, bad weather, childcare problems, maternity or paternity leave, labor-management disputes, job training, or other family or personal reasons, despite whether the employee was being paid for the time off or was seeking other jobs. Each employed person is counted only once, even if he or she holds more than one job. For purposes of occupation
and industry classification, multiple jobholders are counted as being in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours during the reference week. Included in the total are employed citizens of foreign countries who were temporarily in the United States but not living on the premises of an embassy. Excluded are persons whose only activity during the reference week consisted of work around their own house (painting, repairing, or own home housework) or volunteer work for religious, charitable, and similar organizations. Unemployed persons are all persons who had no employment during the reference week, but who were available for work (except for temporary illness) and had made specific efforts to find employment some time during the four-week period ending with the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed. Duration of unemployment represents the length of time (through the current reference week) that persons classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For persons on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration of unemployment is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration of unemployment is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment. Reasons for unemployment are divided into four major groups: (1) job losers, defined as (a) persons on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return to work within six months; (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work; and (c) persons who completed a temporary job and began looking for work after the job ended; (2) job leavers, defined as persons who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work; (3) reentrants, defined as persons who previously worked but were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search; and (4) new entrants, defined as persons who had never worked but were currently searching for work. The civilian labor force comprises all civilians classified as employed or unemployed. The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the civilian labor force. The participation rate represents the proportion of the civilian noninstitutional population currently in the labor force. The employment-population ratio represents the proportion of the population that is currently employed.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 5
Persons not in the labor force are all persons in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed. Information is collected about their desire for and availability to take a job at the time of the CPS interview, job search activity during the prior year, and reason for not looking for work during the four-week period ending with the reference week. Persons not in the labor force who want and are available for a job and who have looked for work within the past 12 months (or since the end of their last job, if they had held one within the past 12 months), but who are not currently looking, are designated as marginally attached to the labor force. The marginally attached are divided into those not currently looking because they believe their search would be futile—so-called discouraged workers—and those not currently looking for other reasons, such as family responsibilities, ill health, or lack of transportation. Discouraged workers are defined as persons not in the labor force who want and are available for a job and who have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months (or since the end of their last job, if they held one within the past 12 months), but who are not currently looking because they believe that there are no jobs available or there are none for which they would qualify. The reasons for not currently looking for work include a person’s belief that no work is available in his or her line of work or area; he or she could not find any work; he or she lacks necessary schooling, training, skills, or experience; employers would think he or she is too young or too old; or he or she would encounter hiring discrimination. Usual full- or part-time status refers to hours usually worked per week. Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 hours or more (at all jobs). This group includes some individuals who worked less than 35 hours during the reference week for economic or noneconomic reasons. Part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs), regardless of the number of hours worked during the reference week. These concepts are used to differentiate a person’s normal schedule from his or her specific activity during the reference week. Unemployed persons who are looking for full-time work or who are on layoff from full-time jobs are counted as part of the full-time labor force; unemployed persons who are seeking part-time work or who are on layoff from parttime jobs are counted as part of the part-time labor force. Occupation, industry, and class of worker for members of the employed population are determined by the job held during the reference week. Persons with two or more jobs are classified as being in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours. The unemployed are classified according to their last job. Beginning with data published in 2003, the systems used to classify occupational and industry data changed. They are currently based on the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system and the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). (See the following section on historical comparability for a discussion of previous classification systems
used in the CPS.) The class-of-worker breakdown assigns workers to one of the following categories: private and government wage and salary workers, self-employed workers, and unpaid family workers. Wage and salary workers receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, or pay in kind from a private employer or from a government unit. Self-employed workers are those who work for profit or fees in their own businesses, professions, trades, or on their own farms. Only the unincorporated self-employed are included in the self-employed category in the class-ofworker typology. Self-employed workers who respond that their businesses are incorporated are included among wage and salary workers, because they are technically paid employees of a corporation. An unpaid family worker is a person working without pay for 15 hours or more per week on a farm or in a business operated by a member of the household to whom he or she is related by birth or marriage. A multiple jobholder is an employed person who, during the reference week, had two or more jobs as a wage and salary worker, was self-employed and also held a wage and salary job, or worked as an unpaid family worker and also held a wage and salary job. A person only employed in private households (as a cleaner, gardener, babysitter, etc.) who worked for two or more employers during the reference week is not counted as a multiple jobholder, since working for several employers is considered an inherent characteristic of private household work. Also excluded are self-employed persons with multiple businesses and persons with multiple jobs as unpaid family workers. At work part-time for economic reasons, sometimes called involuntary part-time, refers to individuals who gave an economic reason for working 1 to 34 hours during the reference week. Economic reasons include slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, and seasonal declines in demand. Those who usually work part-time must also indicate that they want and are available to work full-time to be classified as working part-time for economic reasons. At work part-time for noneconomic reasons refers to persons who usually work part-time and were at work 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for a noneconomic reason. Noneconomic reasons include illness or other medical limitations, childcare problems or other family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and being in a job where fulltime work is less than 35 hours. This also includes workers who gave an economic reason for usually working 1 to 34 hours but said they do not want to work full-time or were unavailable for full-time work. White, Black, and Asian are terms used to describe the race of persons. Persons in these categories are those who selected that race only. Persons in the remaining race categories—American Indian or Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and persons who selected more than one race category—are included in the
6 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
estimates of total employment and unemployment but are not shown separately because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality for monthly publication. Hispanic origin refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race. Single, never married; married, spouse present; and other marital status are the terms used to define the marital status of individuals at the time of the CPS interview. Married, spouse present, applies to a husband and wife if both were living in the same household, even though one may be temporarily absent on business, vacation, in a hospital, etc. Other marital status applies to persons who are married, spouse absent; widowed; or divorced. Married, spouse absent relates to persons who are separated due to marital problems, as well as husbands and wives living apart because one was employed elsewhere, on duty with the armed forces, or any other reason.
to the data on tenure usually collected in the February supplement to the CPS. Persons with work experience are civilians who worked at any time during the preceding calendar year at full- or part-time jobs for pay or profit (including paid vacations and sick leave) or who worked without pay on farms or in family-operated businesses. From 1989 onward, these supplementary tables also include members of the armed forces. Tenure refers to length of time a worker has been continuously employed by his or her current employer. These data are collected through a supplement to the CPS. All employed persons were asked how long they had been working continuously for their present employer and, if the length of time was one or two years, a follow-up question was asked about the exact number of months. The follow-up question was included for the first time in the February 1996 supplement to the CPS. CPS supplements that obtained information on tenure in the Januaries of 1983, 1987, and 1991 did not include the follow-up question. Prior to 1983, the question was asked differently. Data prior to 1983 are thus not strictly comparable to data for subsequent years.
A household consists of all persons—related family members and all unrelated persons—who occupy a housing unit and have no other usual address. A house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room is regarded as a housing unit when occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. A householder is the person (or one of the persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The term is not applied to either husbands or wives in married-couple families; it refers only to persons in families maintained by either men or women without a spouse.
A spell of unemployment is a continuous period of unemployment of at least one week’s duration and is terminated by either employment or withdrawal from the labor force.
A family is defined as a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. All such persons are considered as members of one family. Families are classified as either married-couple families or families maintained by women or men without spouses.
Extent of unemployment refers to the number of workers and proportion of the labor force that were unemployed at some time during the year. The number of weeks unemployed is the total number of weeks accumulated during the entire calendar year.
Children refer to “own” children of the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family, including sons and daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children, such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, cousins, and unrelated children.
Earnings are all money income of $1 or more from wages and salaries and all net money income of $1 or more from farm and nonfarm self-employment.
The annual CPS data on the employment characteristics of families and family members began with data for 1995. These data are not strictly comparable with family data derived from the March supplement to the CPS. The annual data are derived by averaging the data for each month of the year, whereas the March data refer to that specific month. The annual average data provide a larger sample size, while the March data provide a longer historical series. Additional Concepts and Definitions: CPS Supplements In addition to the above concepts and definitions, the definitions below apply to the special labor force data collected annually in the March supplement to the CPS and
Year-round full-time workers are workers who primarily worked at full-time jobs for 50 weeks or more during the preceding calendar year. Part-year workers worked either full- or part-time for 1 to 49 weeks.
Educational attainment refers to years of school completed in regular schools, which include graded public, private, and parochial elementary, and high schools, whether day or night school. Colleges, universities, and professional schools are also included. Minimum wage refers to the prevailing federal minimum wage, which was $5.15 per hour in 2006. Data are for wage and salary workers who were paid hourly rates and refer to a person’s earnings at the sole or principal job. Absences are defined as instances in which persons who usually work 35 or more hours a week worked less than that during the reference period for reasons of illness or family obligations. Excluded are situations in which work was missed for vacation, holidays, or other reasons. The estimates are based on one-fourth of the sample only.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 7
Historical Comparability While current survey concepts and methods are very similar to those used for the inaugural CPS in 1940, a number of changes have been made over the years to improve the accuracy and usefulness of the data. Only the latest changes are described here. Major changes to the CPS, such as the complete redesign of the questionnaire and the use of computer-assisted interviewing for the entire survey, were introduced in 1994. In addition, there were revisions to some of the labor force concepts and definitions, including the implementation of changes recommended in 1979 by the National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics (NCEUS, also known as the Levitan Commission). Some of the major changes to the survey at this time were: 1) The introduction of a redesigned and automated questionnaire. The CPS questionnaire was totally redesigned in order to obtain more accurate, comprehensive, and relevant information, and to take advantage of state-of-the-art computer interviewing techniques. 2) The addition of two criteria to make the definition of discouraged workers more objective. Beginning in 1994, persons classified as discouraged must have looked for a job within the past year (or since their last job, if they worked during the year), and must have been available for work during the reference week. (A direct question on availability was added in 1994.) These changes were made because the NCEUS and others felt that the previous definition of discouraged workers was too subjective, relying mainly on an individual’s stated desire for a job and not on prior testing of the labor market. 3) Similarly, the identification of persons employed parttime for economic reasons (working less than 35 hours during the reference week because of poor business conditions or an inability to find full-time work) was tightened by adding two new criteria for persons who usually work part-time: these persons must now want and be available for full-time work. (Persons who usually work full-time but worked part-time for economic reasons during the reference week are assumed to meet these criteria.) 4) Specific questions were added about the expectation of recall for persons who indicate that they are on layoff. To be classified as “on temporary layoff,” persons must expect to be recalled to their jobs. Comparability of Labor Force Levels In addition to the refinements in concepts, definitions, and methods made over the years, other changes—made to improve the accuracy of the estimates—have also affected the comparability of the labor force data. The most important of these changes is the adjustment of the population totals as a result of new information from the decennial censuses. It is also crucial to correct for estimating errors during the intercensal years.
Beginning in January 1997, updated information on the demographic characteristics of immigrants and emigrants was introduced. This increased the overall population by about 470,000, the labor force by about 320,000, and employment by about 290,000, with similar upward adjustments for Hispanics. Unemployment and other percentage rates were not affected. Beginning in January 1998, new estimating procedures were introduced, which reduced labor force by about 229,000 and employment by about 256,000. However, these new procedures raised unemployment by about 27,000. New information about immigration and emigration was also incorporated, which increased the Hispanic population by about 57,000. Unemployment rates were not significantly affected. Beginning in January 1999, new information on immigration raised the population by about 310,000, with differing impacts on different demographic groups. The population of men was lowered by about 185,000, but the population of women was raised by about 490,000. The Hispanic population was lowered by about 165,000 while the rest of the population was raised by about 470,000. Hispanic labor force and employment estimates were each reduced by over 200,000. The impact on unemployment rates and other percentages was small. Beginning in January 2003, several other changes were introduced into the CPS. These changes included the following: 1) Population controls that reflected the results of the 2000 census were introduced into the monthly CPS estimation process. These new population size controls substantially increased the size of the civilian noninstitutional population and the civilian labor force. Data from January 2000 through December 2002 were revised to reflect the higher population estimates from the 2000 census and the higher rates of population growth since the census. The entire amount of this adjustment was added to the labor force data in January 2003, resulting in the increases of about 941,000 to the civilian noninstitutional population and about 614,000 to the civilian labor force. The unemployment rate and other ratios were not substantially affected by either of these population control adjustments. 2) Questions on race and Hispanic origin were modified to comply with the new standards for maintaining, collecting, and presenting federal data on race and ethnicity for federal statistical agencies. The questions were reworded to indicate that individuals could select more than once race category and to convey more clearly that individuals should report their own perception of what race is. These changes had no impact on the overall civilian noninstitutional population and civilian labor force. However, they did reduce the population and labor force levels of Whites, Blacks, and Asians beginning in January 2003. 3) Improvements were introduced to both the second stage and composite weighting procedures. These changes adapted the weighting procedures to the new race/ethnic
8 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
classification system and enhanced the stability over time for demographic groups. The second-stage weighting procedure substantially reduced the variability of estimates and corrected, to some extent, for CPS underreporting. Changes in the Occupational and Industrial Classification System Beginning in January 1983, the occupational and industrial classification systems used in the 1980 census were introduced into the CPS. The 1980 census occupational classification system was so radically different in concepts and nomenclature from the 1970 system that comparisons of historical data are not possible without major adjustments. The industrial classification system used in the 1980 census was based on the 1972 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system, as modified in 1977. The adoption of the new industrial system had much less of an adverse effect on historical comparability than did the new occupational system. Beginning in January 1992, the occupational and industrial classification systems used in the 1990 census were introduced into the CPS. There were a few breaks in comparability between the 1980 and 1990 census–based sys-
tems, particularly within the technical, sales, and administrative support categories. The most notable changes in industry classification were the shift of several industries from business services to professional services and the splitting of some industries into smaller, more detailed categories. In January 2003, the CPS adopted the 2002 census industry and occupational classification systems, which were derived, respectively, from the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The introduction of the new industry and occupational classification systems created a complete break in comparability at all levels of industry and occupation aggregation. For more information about the January 2003 change in the CPS classification systems, see the BLS Web site at . Sources of Additional Information A complete description of sampling and estimation procedures and further information on the impact of historical changes in the surveys can be found in the updated version of Chapter 1 of the BLS Handbook of Methods. This can be found on the BLS Web site at .
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 9
Table 1-1. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, 1947–2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) Civilian labor force Year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Employed Total
Participation rate
Total
Percent of population
Unemployed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Number
Not in labor force
Unemployment rate
1947 ................................. 1948 ................................. 1949 .................................
101 827 103 068 103 994
59 350 60 621 61 286
58.3 58.8 58.9
57 038 58 343 57 651
56.0 56.6 55.4
7 890 7 629 7 658
49 148 50 714 49 993
2 311 2 276 3 637
3.9 3.8 5.9
42 477 42 447 42 708
1950 ................................. 1951 ................................. 1952 ................................. 19531 ............................... 1954 .................................
104 995 104 621 105 231 107 056 108 321
62 208 62 017 62 138 63 015 63 643
59.2 59.2 59.0 58.9 58.8
58 918 59 961 60 250 61 179 60 109
56.1 57.3 57.3 57.1 55.5
7 160 6 726 6 500 6 260 6 205
51 758 53 235 53 749 54 919 53 904
3 288 2 055 1 883 1 834 3 532
5.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 5.5
42 787 42 604 43 093 44 041 44 678
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
109 683 110 954 112 265 113 727 115 329
65 023 66 552 66 929 67 639 68 369
59.3 60.0 59.6 59.5 59.3
62 170 63 799 64 071 63 036 64 630
56.7 57.5 57.1 55.4 56.0
6 450 6 283 5 947 5 586 5 565
55 722 57 514 58 123 57 450 59 065
2 852 2 750 2 859 4 602 3 740
4.4 4.1 4.3 6.8 5.5
44 660 44 402 45 336 46 088 46 960
19601 ............................... 1961 ................................. 19621 ............................... 1963 ................................. 1964 .................................
117 245 118 771 120 153 122 416 124 485
69 628 70 459 70 614 71 833 73 091
59.4 59.3 58.8 58.7 58.7
65 778 65 746 66 702 67 762 69 305
56.1 55.4 55.5 55.4 55.7
5 458 5 200 4 944 4 687 4 523
60 318 60 546 61 759 63 076 64 782
3 852 4 714 3 911 4 070 3 786
5.5 6.7 5.5 5.7 5.2
47 617 48 312 49 539 50 583 51 394
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
126 513 128 058 129 874 132 028 134 335
74 455 75 770 77 347 78 737 80 734
58.9 59.2 59.6 59.6 60.1
71 088 72 895 74 372 75 920 77 902
56.2 56.9 57.3 57.5 58.0
4 361 3 979 3 844 3 817 3 606
66 726 68 915 70 527 72 103 74 296
3 366 2 875 2 975 2 817 2 832
4.5 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5
52 058 52 288 52 527 53 291 53 602
1970 ................................. 1971 ................................. 19721 ............................... 19731 ............................... 1974 .................................
137 085 140 216 144 126 147 096 150 120
82 771 84 382 87 034 89 429 91 949
60.4 60.2 60.4 60.8 61.3
78 678 79 367 82 153 85 064 86 794
57.4 56.6 57.0 57.8 57.8
3 463 3 394 3 484 3 470 3 515
75 215 75 972 78 669 81 594 83 279
4 093 5 016 4 882 4 365 5 156
4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6
54 315 55 834 57 091 57 667 58 171
1975 ................................. 1976 ................................. 1977 ................................. 19781 ............................... 1979 .................................
153 153 156 150 159 033 161 910 164 863
93 774 96 158 99 008 102 250 104 962
61.2 61.6 62.3 63.2 63.7
85 846 88 752 92 017 96 048 98 824
56.1 56.8 57.9 59.3 59.9
3 408 3 331 3 283 3 387 3 347
82 438 85 421 88 734 92 661 95 477
7 929 7 406 6 991 6 202 6 137
8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8
59 377 59 991 60 025 59 659 59 900
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
167 745 170 130 172 271 174 215 176 383
106 940 108 670 110 204 111 550 113 544
63.8 63.9 64.0 64.0 64.4
99 302 100 397 99 526 100 834 105 005
59.2 59.0 57.8 57.9 59.5
3 364 3 368 3 401 3 383 3 321
95 938 97 030 96 125 97 450 101 685
7 637 8 273 10 678 10 717 8 539
7.1 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5
60 806 61 460 62 067 62 665 62 839
1985 ................................. 19861 ............................... 1987 ................................. 1988 ................................. 1989 .................................
178 206 180 587 182 753 184 613 186 393
115 461 117 834 119 865 121 669 123 869
64.8 65.3 65.6 65.9 66.5
107 150 109 597 112 440 114 968 117 342
60.1 60.7 61.5 62.3 63.0
3 179 3 163 3 208 3 169 3 199
103 971 106 434 109 232 111 800 114 142
8 312 8 237 7 425 6 701 6 528
7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3
62 744 62 752 62 888 62 944 62 523
19901 ............................... 1991 ................................. 1992 ................................. 1993 ................................. 19941 ...............................
189 164 190 925 192 805 194 838 196 814
125 840 126 346 128 105 129 200 131 056
66.5 66.2 66.4 66.3 66.6
118 793 117 718 118 492 120 259 123 060
62.8 61.7 61.5 61.7 62.5
3 223 3 269 3 247 3 115 3 409
115 570 114 449 115 245 117 144 119 651
7 047 8 628 9 613 8 940 7 996
5.6 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1
63 324 64 578 64 700 65 638 65 758
1995 ................................. 1996 ................................. 19971 ............................... 19981 ............................... 19991 ...............................
198 584 200 591 203 133 205 220 207 753
132 304 133 943 136 297 137 673 139 368
66.6 66.8 67.1 67.1 67.1
124 900 126 708 129 558 131 463 133 488
62.9 63.2 63.8 64.1 64.3
3 440 3 443 3 399 3 378 3 281
121 460 123 264 126 159 128 085 130 207
7 404 7 236 6 739 6 210 5 880
5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2
66 280 66 647 66 836 67 547 68 385
20001 ............................... 2001 ................................. 2002 ................................. 20031 ............................... 20041 ...............................
212 577 215 092 217 570 221 168 223 357
142 583 143 734 144 863 146 510 147 401
67.1 66.8 66.6 66.2 66.0
136 891 136 933 136 485 137 736 139 252
64.4 63.7 62.7 62.3 62.3
2 464 2 299 2 311 2 275 2 232
134 427 134 635 134 174 135 461 137 020
5 692 6 801 8 378 8 774 8 149
4.0 4.7 5.8 6.0 5.5
69 994 71 359 72 707 74 658 75 956
20051 ............................... 20061 ...............................
226 082 228 815
149 320 151 428
66.0 66.2
141 730 144 427
62.7 63.1
2 197 2 206
139 532 142 221
7 591 7 001
5.1 4.6
76 762 77 387
1Not
strictly comparable with data for prior years. See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
10 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-2. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, 1970–2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) Civilian labor force Sex and year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Employed Total
Participation rate
Total
Percent of population
Unemployed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Number
Not in labor force
Unemployment rate
Men 1970 ........................................... 1971 ........................................... 19721 .......................................... 19731 .......................................... 1974 ...........................................
64 304 65 942 67 835 69 292 70 808
51 228 52 180 53 555 54 624 55 739
79.7 79.1 78.9 78.8 78.7
48 990 49 390 50 896 52 349 53 024
76.2 74.9 75.0 75.5 74.9
2 862 2 795 2 849 2 847 2 919
46 128 46 595 48 047 49 502 50 105
2 238 2 789 2 659 2 275 2 714
4.4 5.3 5.0 4.2 4.9
13 076 13 762 14 280 14 667 15 069
1975 ........................................... 1976 ........................................... 1977 ........................................... 19781 .......................................... 1979 ...........................................
72 291 73 759 75 193 76 576 78 020
56 299 57 174 58 396 59 620 60 726
77.9 77.5 77.7 77.9 77.8
51 857 53 138 54 728 56 479 57 607
71.7 72.0 72.8 73.8 73.8
2 824 2 744 2 671 2 718 2 686
49 032 50 394 52 057 53 761 54 921
4 442 4 036 3 667 3 142 3 120
7.9 7.1 6.3 5.3 5.1
15 993 16 585 16 797 16 956 17 293
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................
79 398 80 511 81 523 82 531 83 605
61 453 61 974 62 450 63 047 63 835
77.4 77.0 76.6 76.4 76.4
57 186 57 397 56 271 56 787 59 091
72.0 71.3 69.0 68.8 70.7
2 709 2 700 2 736 2 704 2 668
54 477 54 697 53 534 54 083 56 423
4 267 4 577 6 179 6 260 4 744
6.9 7.4 9.9 9.9 7.4
17 945 18 537 19 073 19 484 19 771
1985 ........................................... 19861 .......................................... 1987 ........................................... 1988 ........................................... 1989 ...........................................
84 469 85 798 86 899 87 857 88 762
64 411 65 422 66 207 66 927 67 840
76.3 76.3 76.2 76.2 76.4
59 891 60 892 62 107 63 273 64 315
70.9 71.0 71.5 72.0 72.5
2 535 2 511 2 543 2 493 2 513
57 356 58 381 59 564 60 780 61 802
4 521 4 530 4 101 3 655 3 525
7.0 6.9 6.2 5.5 5.2
20 058 20 376 20 692 20 930 20 923
19901 .......................................... 1991 ........................................... 1992 ........................................... 1993 ........................................... 19941 ..........................................
90 377 91 278 92 270 93 332 94 354
69 011 69 168 69 964 70 404 70 817
76.4 75.8 75.8 75.4 75.1
65 104 64 223 64 440 65 349 66 450
72.0 70.4 69.8 70.0 70.4
2 546 2 589 2 575 2 478 2 554
62 559 61 634 61 866 62 871 63 896
3 906 4 946 5 523 5 055 4 367
5.7 7.2 7.9 7.2 6.2
21 367 22 110 22 306 22 927 23 538
1995 ........................................... 1996 ........................................... 19971 .......................................... 19981 .......................................... 19991 ..........................................
95 178 96 206 97 715 98 758 99 722
71 360 72 086 73 261 73 959 74 512
75.0 74.9 75.0 74.9 74.7
67 377 68 207 69 685 70 693 71 446
70.8 70.9 71.3 71.6 71.6
2 559 2 573 2 552 2 553 2 432
64 818 65 634 67 133 68 140 69 014
3 983 3 880 3 577 3 266 3 066
5.6 5.4 4.9 4.4 4.1
23 818 24 119 24 454 24 799 25 210
20001 .......................................... 2001 ........................................... 2002 ........................................... 20031 .......................................... 20041 ..........................................
101 964 103 282 104 585 106 435 107 710
76 280 76 886 77 500 78 238 78 980
74.8 74.4 74.1 73.5 73.3
73 305 73 196 72 903 73 332 74 524
71.9 70.9 69.7 68.9 69.2
1 861 1 708 1 724 1 695 1 687
71 444 71 488 71 179 71 636 72 838
2 975 3 690 4 597 4 906 4 456
3.9 4.8 5.9 6.3 5.6
25 684 26 396 27 085 28 197 28 730
20051 .......................................... 20061 ..........................................
109 151 110 605
80 033 81 255
73.3 73.5
75 973 77 502
69.6 70.1
1 654 1 663
74 319 75 838
4 059 3 753
5.1 4.6
29 119 29 350
Women 1970 ........................................... 1971 ........................................... 19721 .......................................... 19731 .......................................... 1974 ...........................................
72 782 74 274 76 290 77 804 79 312
31 543 32 202 33 479 34 804 36 211
43.3 43.4 43.9 44.7 45.7
29 688 29 976 31 257 32 715 33 769
40.8 40.4 41.0 42.0 42.6
601 599 635 622 596
29 087 29 377 30 622 32 093 33 173
1 855 2 227 2 222 2 089 2 441
5.9 6.9 6.6 6.0 6.7
41 239 42 072 42 811 43 000 43 101
1975 ........................................... 1976 ........................................... 1977 ........................................... 19781 .......................................... 1979 ...........................................
80 860 82 390 83 840 85 334 86 843
37 475 38 983 40 613 42 631 44 235
46.3 47.3 48.4 50.0 50.9
33 989 35 615 37 289 39 569 41 217
42.0 43.2 44.5 46.4 47.5
584 588 612 669 661
33 404 35 027 36 677 38 900 40 556
3 486 3 369 3 324 3 061 3 018
9.3 8.6 8.2 7.2 6.8
43 386 43 406 43 227 42 703 42 608
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................
88 348 89 618 90 748 91 684 92 778
45 487 46 696 47 755 48 503 49 709
51.5 52.1 52.6 52.9 53.6
42 117 43 000 43 256 44 047 45 915
47.7 48.0 47.7 48.0 49.5
656 667 665 680 653
41 461 42 333 42 591 43 367 45 262
3 370 3 696 4 499 4 457 3 794
7.4 7.9 9.4 9.2 7.6
42 861 42 922 42 993 43 181 43 068
1985 ........................................... 19861 .......................................... 1987 ........................................... 1988 ........................................... 1989 ...........................................
93 736 94 789 95 853 96 756 97 630
51 050 52 413 53 658 54 742 56 030
54.5 55.3 56.0 56.6 57.4
47 259 48 706 50 334 51 696 53 027
50.4 51.4 52.5 53.4 54.3
644 652 666 676 687
46 615 48 054 49 668 51 020 52 341
3 791 3 707 3 324 3 046 3 003
7.4 7.1 6.2 5.6 5.4
42 686 42 376 42 195 42 014 41 601
19901 .......................................... 1991 ........................................... 1992 ........................................... 1993 ........................................... 19941 ..........................................
98 787 99 646 100 535 101 506 102 460
56 829 57 178 58 141 58 795 60 239
57.5 57.4 57.8 57.9 58.8
53 689 53 496 54 052 54 910 56 610
54.3 53.7 53.8 54.1 55.3
678 680 672 637 855
53 011 52 815 53 380 54 273 55 755
3 140 3 683 4 090 3 885 3 629
5.5 6.4 7.0 6.6 6.0
41 957 42 468 42 394 42 711 42 221
1995 ........................................... 1996 ........................................... 19971 .......................................... 19981 .......................................... 19991 ..........................................
103 406 104 385 105 418 106 462 108 031
60 944 61 857 63 036 63 714 64 855
58.9 59.3 59.8 59.8 60.0
57 523 58 501 59 873 60 771 62 042
55.6 56.0 56.8 57.1 57.4
881 871 847 825 849
56 642 57 630 59 026 59 945 61 193
3 421 3 356 3 162 2 944 2 814
5.6 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.3
42 462 42 528 42 382 42 748 43 175
20001 .......................................... 2001 ........................................... 2002 ........................................... 20031 .......................................... 20041 ..........................................
110 613 111 811 112 985 114 733 115 647
66 303 66 848 67 363 68 272 68 421
59.9 59.8 59.6 59.5 59.2
63 586 63 737 63 582 64 404 64 728
57.5 57.0 56.3 56.1 56.0
602 591 587 580 546
62 983 63 147 62 995 63 824 64 182
2 717 3 111 3 781 3 868 3 694
4.1 4.7 5.6 5.7 5.4
44 310 44 962 45 621 46 461 47 225
20051 .......................................... 20061 ..........................................
116 931 118 210
69 288 70 173
59.3 59.4
65 757 66 925
56.2 56.6
544 543
65 213 66 382
3 531 3 247
5.1 4.6
47 643 48 037
1Not
strictly comparable with data for prior years. See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 11
Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1986–2006 (Thousands of people.) Characteristic
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Both Sexes Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
180 587 117 834 109 597 3 163 106 434 8 237 62 752
182 753 119 865 112 440 3 208 109 232 7 425 62 888
184 613 121 669 114 968 3 169 111 800 6 701 62 944
186 393 123 869 117 342 3 199 114 142 6 528 62 523
189 164 125 840 118 793 3 223 115 570 7 047 63 324
190 925 126 346 117 718 3 269 114 449 8 628 64 578
192 805 128 105 118 492 3 247 115 245 9 613 64 700
194 838 129 200 120 259 3 115 117 144 8 940 65 638
196 814 131 056 123 060 3 409 119 651 7 996 65 758
198 584 132 304 124 900 3 440 121 460 7 404 66 280
200 591 133 943 126 708 3 443 123 264 7 236 66 647
Men, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
85 798 65 422 60 892 2 511 58 381 4 530 20 376
86 899 66 207 62 107 2 543 59 564 4 101 20 692
87 857 66 927 63 273 2 493 60 780 3 655 20 930
88 762 67 840 64 315 2 513 61 802 3 525 20 923
90 377 69 011 65 104 2 546 62 559 3 906 21 367
91 278 69 168 64 223 2 589 61 634 4 946 22 110
92 270 69 964 64 440 2 575 61 866 5 523 22 306
93 332 70 404 65 349 2 478 62 871 5 055 22 927
94 355 70 817 66 450 2 554 63 896 4 367 23 538
95 178 71 360 67 377 2 559 64 818 3 983 23 818
96 206 72 087 68 207 2 573 65 634 3 880 24 119
Men, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
78 523 61 320 57 569 2 292 55 277 3 751 17 203
79 565 62 095 58 726 2 329 56 397 3 369 17 470
80 553 62 768 59 781 2 271 57 510 2 987 17 785
81 619 63 704 60 837 2 307 58 530 2 867 17 915
83 030 64 916 61 678 2 329 59 349 3 239 18 114
84 144 65 374 61 178 2 383 58 795 4 195 18 770
85 247 66 213 61 496 2 385 59 111 4 717 19 034
86 256 66 642 62 355 2 293 60 063 4 287 19 613
87 151 66 921 63 294 2 351 60 943 3 627 20 230
87 811 67 324 64 085 2 335 61 750 3 239 20 487
88 606 68 044 64 897 2 356 62 541 3 146 20 563
Women, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
94 789 52 413 48 706 652 48 054 3 707 42 376
95 853 53 658 50 334 666 49 668 3 324 42 195
96 756 54 742 51 696 676 51 020 3 046 42 014
97 630 56 030 53 027 687 52 341 3 003 41 601
98 787 56 829 53 689 678 53 011 3 140 41 957
99 646 57 178 53 496 680 52 815 3 683 42 468
100 535 58 141 54 052 672 53 380 4 090 42 394
101 506 58 795 54 910 637 54 273 3 885 42 711
102 460 60 239 56 610 855 55 755 3 629 42 221
103 406 60 944 57 523 881 56 642 3 421 42 462
104 385 61 857 58 501 871 57 630 3 356 42 528
Women, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
87 567 48 589 45 556 614 44 943 3 032 38 979
88 583 49 783 47 074 622 46 453 2 709 38 800
89 532 50 870 48 383 625 47 757 2 487 38 662
90 550 52 212 49 745 642 49 103 2 467 38 339
91 614 53 131 50 535 631 49 904 2 596 38 483
92 708 53 708 50 634 639 49 995 3 074 39 000
93 718 54 796 51 328 625 50 702 3 469 38 922
94 647 55 388 52 099 598 51 501 3 288 39 260
95 467 56 655 53 606 809 52 796 3 049 38 813
96 262 57 215 54 396 830 53 566 2 819 39 047
97 050 58 094 55 311 827 54 484 2 783 38 956
Both Sexes, 16 to 19 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
14 496 7 926 6 472 258 6 215 1 454 6 570
14 606 7 988 6 640 258 6 382 1 347 6 618
14 527 8 031 6 805 273 6 532 1 226 6 497
14 223 7 954 6 759 250 6 510 1 194 6 270
14 520 7 792 6 581 264 6 317 1 212 6 727
14 073 7 265 5 906 247 5 659 1 359 6 808
13 840 7 096 5 669 237 5 432 1 427 6 745
13 935 7 170 5 805 224 5 580 1 365 6 765
14 196 7 481 6 161 249 5 912 1 320 6 715
14 511 7 765 6 419 275 6 144 1 346 6 746
14 934 7 806 6 500 261 6 239 1 306 7 128
Both Sexes Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
155 432 101 801 95 660 2 958 92 703 6 140 53 631
156 958 103 290 97 789 2 986 94 803 5 501 53 669
158 194 104 756 99 812 2 965 96 846 4 944 53 349
159 338 106 355 101 584 2 996 98 588 4 770 52 983
160 625 107 447 102 261 2 998 99 263 5 186 53 178
161 759 107 743 101 182 3 026 98 157 6 560 54 061
162 972 108 837 101 669 3 018 98 650 7 169 54 135
164 289 109 700 103 045 2 895 100 150 6 655 54 589
165 555 111 082 105 190 3 162 102 027 5 892 54 473
166 914 111 950 106 490 3 194 103 296 5 459 54 965
168 317 113 108 107 808 3 276 104 532 5 300 55 209
Men, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
74 390 57 217 53 785 2 340 51 444 3 433 17 173
75 189 57 779 54 647 2 354 52 293 3 132 17 410
75 855 58 317 55 550 2 318 53 232 2 766 17 538
76 468 58 988 56 352 2 345 54 007 2 636 17 480
77 369 59 638 56 703 2 353 54 350 2 935 17 731
77 977 59 656 55 797 2 384 53 413 3 859 18 321
78 651 60 168 55 959 2 378 53 580 4 209 18 484
79 371 60 484 56 656 2 286 54 370 3 828 18 887
80 059 60 727 57 452 2 347 55 104 3 275 19 332
80 733 61 146 58 146 2 347 55 800 2 999 19 587
81 489 61 783 58 888 2 436 56 452 2 896 19 706
Men, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
68 413 53 675 50 818 2 131 48 687 2 857 14 738
69 175 54 232 51 649 2 150 49 499 2 584 14 942
69 887 54 734 52 466 2 104 50 362 2 268 15 153
70 654 55 441 53 292 2 149 51 143 2 149 15 213
71 457 56 116 53 685 2 148 51 537 2 431 15 340
72 274 56 387 53 103 2 192 50 912 3 284 15 887
73 040 56 976 53 357 2 197 51 160 3 620 16 064
73 721 57 284 54 021 2 114 51 907 3 263 16 436
74 311 57 411 54 676 2 151 52 525 2 735 16 900
74 879 57 719 55 254 2 132 53 122 2 465 17 161
75 454 58 340 55 977 2 224 53 753 2 363 17 114
ALL RACES
WHITE1
1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group
were included in the group they identified as the main race.
12 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1986–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) Characteristic
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Both Sexes Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
203 133 136 297 129 558 3 399 126 159 6 739 66 837
205 220 137 673 131 463 3 378 128 085 6 210 67 547
207 753 139 368 133 488 3 281 130 207 5 880 68 385
212 577 142 583 136 891 2 464 134 427 5 692 69 994
215 092 143 734 136 933 2 299 134 635 6 801 71 359
217 570 144 863 136 485 2 311 134 174 8 378 72 707
221 168 146 510 137 736 2 275 135 461 8 774 74 658
223 357 147 401 139 252 2 232 137 020 8 149 75 956
226 082 149 320 141 730 2 197 139 532 7 591 76 762
228 815 151 428 144 427 2 206 142 221 7 001 77 387
Men, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
97 715 73 261 69 685 2 552 67 133 3 577 24 454
98 758 73 959 70 693 2 553 68 140 3 266 24 799
99 722 74 512 71 446 2 432 69 014 3 066 25 210
101 964 76 280 73 305 1 861 71 444 2 975 25 684
103 282 76 886 73 196 1 708 71 488 3 690 26 396
104 585 77 500 72 903 1 724 71 179 4 597 27 085
106 435 78 238 73 332 1 695 71 636 4 906 28 197
107 710 78 980 74 524 1 688 72 836 4 456 28 730
109 151 80 033 75 973 1 654 74 319 4 059 29 119
110 605 81 255 77 502 1 663 75 838 3 753 29 350
Men, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
89 879 69 166 66 284 2 356 63 927 2 882 20 713
90 790 69 715 67 135 2 350 64 785 2 580 21 075
91 555 70 194 67 761 2 244 65 517 2 433 21 362
93 875 72 010 69 634 1 756 67 878 2 376 21 864
95 181 72 816 69 776 1 613 68 163 3 040 22 365
96 439 73 630 69 734 1 629 68 104 3 896 22 809
98 272 74 623 70 415 1 614 68 801 4 209 23 649
99 476 75 364 71 572 1 596 69 976 3 791 24 113
100 835 76 443 73 050 1 577 71 473 3 392 24 392
102 145 77 562 74 431 1 579 72 852 3 131 24 584
Women, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
105 418 63 036 59 873 847 59 026 3 162 42 382
106 462 63 714 60 771 825 59 945 2 944 42 748
108 031 64 855 62 042 849 61 193 2 814 43 175
110 613 66 303 63 586 602 62 983 2 717 44 310
111 811 66 848 63 737 591 63 147 3 111 44 962
112 985 67 363 63 582 587 62 995 3 781 45 621
114 733 68 272 64 404 580 63 824 3 868 46 461
115 647 68 421 64 728 547 64 181 3 694 47 225
116 931 69 288 65 757 544 65 213 3 531 47 643
118 210 70 173 66 925 543 66 382 3 247 48 037
Women, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
97 889 59 198 56 613 798 55 815 2 585 38 691
98 786 59 702 57 278 768 56 510 2 424 39 084
100 158 60 840 58 555 803 57 752 2 285 39 318
102 790 62 301 60 067 567 59 500 2 235 40 488
103 983 63 016 60 417 558 59 860 2 599 40 967
105 136 63 648 60 420 557 59 863 3 228 41 488
106 800 64 716 61 402 550 60 852 3 314 42 083
107 658 64 923 61 773 515 61 258 3 150 42 735
108 850 65 714 62 702 519 62 182 3 013 43 136
109 992 66 585 63 834 520 63 315 2 751 43 407
Both Sexes, 16 to 19 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
15 365 7 932 6 661 244 6 417 1 271 7 433
15 644 8 256 7 051 261 6 790 1 205 7 388
16 040 8 333 7 172 234 6 938 1 162 7 706
15 912 8 271 7 189 141 7 049 1 081 7 642
15 929 7 902 6 740 128 6 611 1 162 8 027
15 994 7 585 6 332 124 6 207 1 253 8 409
16 096 7 170 5 919 111 5 808 1 251 8 926
16 222 7 114 5 907 121 5 786 1 208 9 108
16 398 7 164 5 978 100 5 877 1 186 9 234
16 678 7 281 6 162 108 6 054 1 119 9 397
Both Sexes Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
169 993 114 693 109 856 3 208 106 648 4 836 55 301
171 478 115 415 110 931 3 160 107 770 4 484 56 064
173 085 116 509 112 235 3 083 109 152 4 273 56 577
176 220 118 545 114 424 2 320 112 104 4 121 57 675
178 111 119 399 114 430 2 174 112 256 4 969 58 713
179 783 120 150 114 013 2 171 111 841 6 137 59 633
181 292 120 546 114 235 2 148 112 087 6 311 60 746
182 643 121 086 115 239 2 103 113 136 5 847 61 558
184 446 122 299 116 949 2 077 114 872 5 350 62 148
186 264 123 834 118 833 2 063 116 769 5 002 62 429
Men, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
82 577 62 639 59 998 2 389 57 608 2 641 19 938
83 352 63 034 60 604 2 376 58 228 2 431 20 317
83 930 63 413 61 139 2 273 58 866 2 274 20 517
85 370 64 466 62 289 1 743 60 546 2 177 20 905
86 452 64 966 62 212 1 606 60 606 2 754 21 486
87 361 65 308 61 849 1 611 60 238 3 459 22 053
88 249 65 509 61 866 1 597 60 269 3 643 22 740
89 044 65 994 62 712 1 583 61 129 3 282 23 050
90 027 66 694 63 763 1 562 62 201 2 931 23 334
91 021 67 613 64 883 1 554 63 330 2 730 23 408
Men, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
76 320 59 126 56 986 2 201 54 785 2 140 17 194
76 966 59 421 57 500 2 182 55 319 1 920 17 545
77 432 59 747 57 934 2 094 55 839 1 813 17 685
78 966 60 850 59 119 1 640 57 479 1 731 18 116
80 029 61 519 59 245 1 512 57 733 2 275 18 510
80 922 62 067 59 124 1 519 57 605 2 943 18 855
81 860 62 473 59 348 1 517 57 831 3 125 19 386
82 615 62 944 60 159 1 495 58 664 2 785 19 671
83 556 63 705 61 255 1 488 59 767 2 450 19 851
84 466 64 540 62 259 1 473 60 785 2 281 19 927
ALL RACES
WHITE1
1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group
were included in the group they identified as the main race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 13
Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1986–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) Characteristic
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
WHITE1 Women, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
81 042 44 584 41 876 617 41 259 2 708 36 458
81 769 45 510 43 142 632 42 509 2 369 36 258
82 340 46 439 44 262 648 43 614 2 177 35 901
82 871 47 367 45 232 651 44 581 2 135 35 504
83 256 47 809 45 558 645 44 913 2 251 35 447
83 781 48 087 45 385 641 44 744 2 701 35 695
84 321 48 669 45 710 640 45 070 2 959 35 651
84 918 49 216 46 390 609 45 780 2 827 35 702
85 496 50 356 47 738 815 46 923 2 617 35 141
86 181 50 804 48 344 847 47 497 2 460 35 377
86 828 51 325 48 920 840 48 080 2 404 35 503
Women, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
75 140 41 264 39 050 580 38 471 2 213 33 876
75 845 42 164 40 242 590 39 652 1 922 33 681
76 470 43 081 41 316 599 40 717 1 766 33 389
77 154 44 105 42 346 608 41 738 1 758 33 050
77 539 44 648 42 796 598 42 198 1 852 32 891
78 285 45 111 42 862 601 42 261 2 248 33 174
78 928 45 839 43 327 594 42 733 2 512 33 089
79 490 46 311 43 910 572 43 339 2 400 33 179
79 980 47 314 45 116 772 44 344 2 197 32 666
80 567 47 686 45 643 799 44 844 2 042 32 881
81 041 48 162 46 164 798 45 366 1 998 32 879
Both Sexes, 16 to 19 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
11 879 6 862 5 792 247 5 545 1 070 5 017
11 939 6 893 5 898 246 5 652 995 5 045
11 838 6 940 6 030 263 5 767 910 4 897
11 530 6 809 5 946 239 5 707 863 4 721
11 630 6 683 5 779 252 5 528 903 4 947
11 200 6 245 5 216 233 4 984 1 029 4 955
11 004 6 022 4 985 228 4 757 1 037 4 982
11 078 6 105 5 113 209 4 904 992 4 973
11 264 6 357 5 398 239 5 158 960 4 907
11 468 6 545 5 593 262 5 331 952 4 923
11 822 6 607 5 667 254 5 413 939 5 215
Both Sexes Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
19 989 12 654 10 814 155 10 659 1 840 7 335
20 352 12 993 11 309 164 11 145 1 684 7 359
20 692 13 205 11 658 153 11 505 1 547 7 487
21 021 13 497 11 953 150 11 803 1 544 7 524
21 477 13 740 12 175 142 12 034 1 565 7 737
21 799 13 797 12 074 160 11 914 1 723 8 002
22 147 14 162 12 151 153 11 997 2 011 7 985
22 521 14 225 12 382 143 12 239 1 844 8 296
22 879 14 502 12 835 136 12 699 1 666 8 377
23 246 14 817 13 279 101 13 178 1 538 8 429
23 604 15 134 13 542 98 13 444 1 592 8 470
Men, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
8 956 6 373 5 428 133 5 295 946 2 583
9 128 6 486 5 661 142 5 519 826 2 642
9 289 6 596 5 824 133 5 691 771 2 694
9 439 6 701 5 928 127 5 802 773 2 738
9 573 6 802 5 995 124 5 872 806 2 772
9 725 6 851 5 961 139 5 822 890 2 874
9 896 6 997 5 930 138 5 791 1 067 2 899
10 083 7 019 6 047 128 5 919 971 3 064
10 258 7 089 6 241 118 6 122 848 3 169
10 411 7 183 6 422 93 6 329 762 3 228
10 575 7 264 6 456 86 6 371 808 3 311
Men, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
7 907 5 915 5 150 125 5 025 765 1 991
8 063 6 023 5 357 135 5 222 666 2 040
8 063 6 023 5 357 135 5 222 666 2 040
8 215 6 127 5 509 129 5 381 617 2 089
8 364 6 221 5 602 119 5 483 619 2 143
8 479 6 357 5 692 117 5 576 664 2 122
8 652 6 451 5 706 131 5 575 745 2 202
8 840 6 568 5 681 131 5 550 886 801
9 171 6 646 5 964 115 5 849 682 2 525
9 280 6 730 6 137 89 6 048 593 2 550
9 414 6 806 6 167 83 6 084 639 2 608
Women, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
11 033 6 281 5 386 22 5 364 894 4 752
11 224 6 507 5 648 22 5 626 858 4 717
11 402 6 609 5 834 20 5 814 776 4 793
11 582 6 796 6 025 24 6 001 772 4 786
11 904 6 938 6 180 18 6 162 758 4 965
12 074 6 946 6 113 21 6 092 833 5 129
12 251 7 166 6 221 15 6 206 944 5 086
12 438 7 206 6 334 15 6 320 872 5 231
12 621 7 413 6 595 18 6 577 818 5 208
12 835 7 634 6 857 8 6 849 777 5 201
13 029 7 869 7 086 13 7 073 784 5 159
Women, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
9 945 5 855 5 128 22 5 106 728 4 090
10 126 6 071 5 365 20 5 345 706 4 054
10 298 6 190 5 548 18 5 530 642 4 108
10 482 6 352 5 727 23 5 703 625 4 130
10 760 6 517 5 884 18 5 867 633 4 243
10 959 6 572 5 874 20 5 853 698 4 388
11 152 6 778 5 978 15 5 963 800 4 374
11 332 6 824 6 095 14 6 081 729 4 508
11 496 7 004 6 320 17 6 303 685 4 492
11 682 7 175 6 556 7 6 548 620 4 507
11 833 7 405 6 762 12 6 749 643 4 428
Both Sexes, 16 to 19 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
2 137 883 536 8 529 347 1 254
2 163 899 587 9 578 312 1 264
2 179 889 601 7 594 288 1 291
2 176 925 625 8 617 300 1 251
2 238 866 598 7 591 268 1 372
2 187 774 494 8 486 280 1 413
2 155 816 492 7 485 324 1 339
2 181 807 494 9 485 313 1 374
2 211 852 552 1 547 300 1 360
2 284 911 586 5 581 325 1 372
2 356 923 613 3 611 310 1 434
BLACK1
1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group
were included in the group they identified as the main race.
14 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1986–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) Characteristic
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
WHITE1 Women, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
87 417 52 054 49 859 819 49 040 2 195 35 363
88 126 52 380 50 327 784 49 543 2 053 35 746
89 156 53 096 51 096 810 50 286 1 999 36 060
90 850 54 079 52 136 578 51 558 1 944 36 770
91 660 54 433 52 218 568 51 650 2 215 37 227
92 422 54 842 52 164 560 51 604 2 678 37 581
93 043 55 037 52 369 551 51 818 2 668 38 006
93 599 55 092 52 527 520 52 007 2 565 38 508
94 419 55 605 53 186 515 52 672 2 419 38 814
95 242 56 221 53 950 510 53 440 2 271 39 021
Women, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
81 492 48 847 47 063 771 46 292 1 784 32 645
82 073 49 029 47 342 729 46 612 1 688 33 044
82 953 49 714 48 098 765 47 333 1 616 33 239
84 718 50 740 49 145 546 48 599 1 595 33 978
85 526 51 218 49 369 537 48 831 1 849 34 308
86 266 51 717 49 448 532 48 916 2 269 34 548
86 905 52 099 49 823 522 49 301 2 276 34 806
87 430 52 212 50 040 488 49 552 2 172 35 218
88 200 52 643 50 589 492 50 097 2 054 35 557
88 942 53 286 51 359 488 50 871 1 927 35 656
Both Sexes, 16 to 19 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
12 181 6 720 5 807 236 5 571 912 5 462
12 439 6 965 6 089 250 5 839 876 5 475
12 700 7 048 6 204 224 5 980 844 5 652
12 535 6 955 6 160 135 6 025 795 5 581
12 556 6 661 5 817 125 5 692 845 5 894
12 596 6 366 5 441 121 5 320 925 6 230
12 527 5 973 5 064 109 4 955 909 6 554
12 599 5 929 5 039 116 4 923 890 6 669
12 690 5 950 5 105 97 5 008 845 6 739
12 856 6 009 5 215 102 5 113 794 6 847
Both Sexes Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
24 003 15 529 13 969 117 13 852 1 560 8 474
24 373 15 982 14 556 138 14 417 1 426 8 391
24 855 16 365 15 056 117 14 939 1 309 8 490
24 902 16 397 15 156 77 15 079 1 241 8 505
25 138 16 421 15 006 62 14 944 1 416 8 717
25 578 16 565 14 872 69 14 804 1 693 9 013
25 686 16 526 14 739 63 14 676 1 787 9 161
26 065 16 638 14 909 50 14 859 1 729 9 428
26 517 17 013 15 313 51 15 261 1 700 9 504
27 007 17 314 15 765 60 15 705 1 549 9 693
Men, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
10 763 7 354 6 607 103 6 504 747 3 409
10 927 7 542 6 871 118 6 752 671 3 386
11 143 7 652 7 027 99 6 952 671 3 386
11 129 7 702 7 082 67 7 015 620 3 427
11 172 7 647 6 938 56 6 882 709 3 525
11 391 7 794 6 959 63 6 896 835 3 597
11 454 7 711 6 820 52 6 768 891 3 743
11 656 7 773 6 912 43 6 869 860 3 884
11 882 7 998 7 155 43 7 111 844 3 884
12 130 8 128 7 354 51 7 303 774 4 002
Men, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
9 575 6 910 6 325 101 6 224 585 2 665
9 727 7 053 6 530 112 6 418 524 2 673
9 926 7 182 6 702 96 6 606 480 2 743
9 952 7 240 6 741 67 6 675 499 2 711
9 993 7 200 6 627 55 55 573 2 792
10 196 7 347 6 652 62 6 591 695 2 848
10 278 7 346 6 586 51 6 535 760 2 932
11 656 7 773 6 912 274 6 638 860 3 884
10 659 7 600 6 901 43 6 858 699 3 060
10 864 7 720 7 079 49 7 030 640 3 144
Women, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
13 241 8 175 7 362 14 7 348 813 5 066
13 446 8 441 7 685 20 7 665 756 5 005
13 711 8 713 8 029 18 8 011 684 4 999
13 772 8 695 8 073 10 8 064 621 5 078
13 966 8 774 8 068 6 8 062 706 5 192
14 187 8 772 7 914 6 7 907 858 5 415
14 232 8 815 7 919 11 7 908 895 5 418
14 409 8 865 7 997 7 7 990 868 5 544
14 635 9 014 8 158 8 8 150 856 5 621
14 877 9 186 8 410 9 8 402 775 5 691
Women, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
12 016 7 686 7 013 13 7 000 673 4 330
12 023 7 912 7 290 19 7 272 622 4 291
12 451 8 224 7 663 17 7 646 561 4 226
12 561 8 215 7 703 9 7 694 512 4 346
12 758 8 323 7 741 6 7 735 582 4 434
12 966 8 348 7 610 5 7 604 738 4 618
13 026 8 409 7 636 10 7 626 772 4 618
14 409 8 865 7 997 7 7 701 868 5 544
13 377 8 610 7 876 7 7 868 734 4 768
13 578 8 723 8 068 7 8 060 656 4 854
Both Sexes, 16 to 19 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
2 412 933 631 3 611 310 1 434
2 443 1 017 736 8 728 281 1 427
2 479 959 691 4 687 268 1 520
2 389 941 711 1 710 230 1 448
2 388 898 637 1 637 260 1 490
2 416 870 611 2 609 260 1 546
2 382 771 516 1 515 255 1 611
2 423 762 520 0 520 241 1 661
2 481 803 536 1 535 267 1 677
2 565 871 618 3 614 253 1 694
BLACK1
1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group
were included in the group they identified as the main race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 15
Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1986–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) Characteristic
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
HISPANIC2 Both Sexes Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
12 344 8 076 7 219 329 6 890 857 4 268
12 867 8 541 7 790 398 7 391 751 4 327
13 325 8 982 8 250 407 7 843 732 4 342
13 791 9 323 8 573 440 8 133 750 4 468
15 904 10 720 9 845 517 9 328 876 5 184
16 425 10 920 9 828 512 9 315 1 092 5 506
16 961 11 338 10 027 524 9 503 1 311 5 623
17 532 11 610 10 361 523 9 838 1 248 5 922
18 117 11 975 10 788 560 10 227 1 187 6 142
18 629 12 267 11 127 604 10 524 1 140 6 362
19 213 12 774 11 642 609 11 033 1 132 6 439
Men, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
6 106 4 948 4 428 287 4 140 520 1 158
6 371 5 163 4 713 351 4 361 451 1 208
6 604 5 409 4 972 356 4 616 437 1 195
6 825 5 595 5 172 393 4 779 423 1 230
8 041 6 546 6 021 449 5 572 524 1 495
8 296 6 664 5 979 453 5 526 685 1 632
8 553 6 900 6 093 468 5 625 807 1 654
8 824 7 076 6 328 469 5 860 747 1 749
9 104 7 210 6 530 494 6 036 680 1 894
9 329 7 376 6 725 527 6 198 651 1 952
9 604 7 646 7 039 537 6 502 607 1 957
Men, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
5 451 4 612 4 174 263 3 911 438 839
5 700 4 818 4 444 327 4 118 374 882
5 921 5 031 4 680 327 4 353 351 890
6 114 5 195 4 853 366 4 487 342 919
7 126 6 034 5 609 415 5 195 425 1 092
7 392 6 198 5 623 419 5 204 575 1 194
7 655 6 432 5 757 437 5 320 675 1 223
7 930 6 621 5 992 441 5 551 629 1 309
8 178 6 747 6 189 466 5 722 558 1 431
8 375 6 898 6 367 501 5 866 530 1 477
8 611 7 150 6 655 510 6 145 495 1 461
Women, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
6 238 3 128 2 791 42 2 749 337 3 110
6 496 3 377 3 077 47 3 030 300 3 119
6 721 3 573 3 278 51 3 227 296 3 147
6 965 3 728 3 401 48 3 353 327 3 237
7 863 4 174 3 823 68 3 755 351 3 689
8 130 4 256 3 848 59 3 789 407 3 874
8 408 4 439 3 934 57 3 877 504 3 969
8 708 4 534 4 033 55 3 978 501 4 174
9 014 4 765 4 258 66 4 191 508 4 248
9 300 4 891 4 403 76 4 326 488 4 409
9 610 5 128 4 602 72 4 531 525 4 482
Women, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
5 591 3 112 2 615 39 2 576 278 2 698
5 835 3 281 2 872 45 2 827 241 2 723
6 050 3 448 3 047 49 2 998 234 2 769
6 278 3 857 3 172 44 3 128 276 2 830
7 041 3 941 3 567 62 3 505 289 3 184
7 301 4 110 3 603 53 3 549 339 3 360
7 569 4 218 3 693 51 3 642 418 3 459
7 846 4 421 3 800 49 3 751 418 3 628
8 122 4 520 3 989 61 3 928 431 3 701
8 382 4 779 4 116 72 4 044 404 3 863
8 654 5 106 4 341 69 4 272 438 3 875
Both Sexes, 16 to 19 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
1 302 571 430 27 403 141 730
1 332 610 474 27 447 136 722
1 354 671 523 32 492 148 683
1 399 680 548 31 517 132 719
1 737 829 668 40 628 161 907
1 732 781 602 41 562 179 951
1 737 796 577 36 541 219 941
1 756 771 570 33 537 201 985
1 818 807 609 32 577 198 1 010
1 872 850 645 31 614 205 1 022
1 948 845 646 29 617 199 1 103
2May
be of any race.
16 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1986–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) Characteristic
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
HISPANIC2 Both Sexes Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
20 321 13 796 12 726 660 12 067 1 069 6 526
21 070 14 317 13 291 742 12 549 1 026 6 753
21 650 14 665 13 720 734 12 986 945 6 985
23 938 16 689 15 735 536 15 199 954 7 249
24 942 17 328 16 190 423 15 767 1 138 7 614
25 963 17 943 16 590 448 16 141 1 353 8 020
27 551 18 813 17 372 446 16 927 1 441 8 738
28 109 19 272 17 930 441 17 489 1 342 8 837
29 133 19 824 18 632 423 18 209 1 191 9 310
30 103 20 694 19 613 428 19 185 1 081 9 409
Men, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
10 368 8 309 7 728 571 7 157 582 2 059
10 734 8 571 8 018 651 7 367 552 2 164
10 713 8 546 8 067 642 7 425 480 2 167
12 174 9 923 9 428 449 8 979 494 2 252
12 695 10 279 9 668 345 9 323 611 2 416
13 221 10 609 9 845 361 9 484 764 2 613
14 098 11 288 10 479 350 10 129 809 2 810
14 417 11 587 10 832 356 10 476 755 2 831
14 962 11 985 11 337 350 10 987 647 2 977
15 473 12 488 11 887 347 11 540 601 2 985
Men, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
9 250 7 779 7 307 544 6 763 471 1 471
9 573 8 005 7 570 621 6 949 436 1 568
9 523 7 950 7 576 602 6 974 374 1 573
10 841 9 247 8 859 423 8 435 388 1 595
11 386 9 595 9 100 328 8 773 495 1 791
11 928 9 977 9 341 345 8 996 636 1 951
12 797 10 756 10 063 336 9 727 693 2 041
13 082 11 020 10 385 335 10 050 635 2 061
13 586 11 408 10 872 341 10 532 536 2 177
14 046 11 888 11 391 337 11 054 497 2 157
Women, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
9 953 5 486 4 999 89 4 910 488 4 466
10 335 5 746 5 273 91 5 182 473 4 589
10 937 6 119 5 653 92 5 561 466 4 819
11 764 6 767 6 307 87 6 220 460 4 997
12 247 7 049 6 522 77 6 445 527 5 198
12 742 7 334 6 744 87 6 657 590 5 408
13 452 7 525 6 894 96 6 798 631 5 928
13 692 7 685 7 098 85 7 013 587 6 007
14 172 7 839 7 295 73 7 222 544 6 333
14 630 8 206 7 725 80 7 645 480 6 424
Women, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
8 950 5 304 4 705 83 4 622 401 3 845
9 292 5 666 4 928 85 4 843 376 3 988
9 821 6 275 5 290 88 5 202 376 4 155
10 574 6 557 5 903 81 5 822 371 4 299
11 049 6 863 6 121 73 6 048 436 4 492
11 528 7 096 6 367 84 6 283 496 4 666
12 211 7 096 6 541 91 6 450 555 5 114
12 420 7 257 6 752 78 6 674 504 5 163
12 858 7 377 6 913 70 6 843 464 5 481
13 262 7 735 7 321 77 7 244 414 5 527
Both Sexes, 16 to 19 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................
2 121 911 714 33 682 197 1 210
2 204 1 007 793 36 757 214 1 197
2 307 1 049 854 45 809 196 1 257
2 523 1 168 973 31 942 194 1 355
2 508 1 176 969 22 947 208 1 331
2 507 1 103 882 19 863 221 1 404
2 543 960 768 19 749 192 1 583
2 608 995 792 25 767 203 1 612
2 689 1 038 847 13 834 191 1 651
2 796 1 071 900 14 887 170 1 725
2May
be of any race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 17
Table 1-4. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Race, and Marital Status, 1985–2006 (Thousands of people.) Men Race, marital status, and year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Women
Civilian labor force Total
Employed
Unemployed
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force Total
Employed
Unemployed
ALL RACES Single 1985 ........................................................................ 1986 ........................................................................ 1987 ........................................................................ 1988 ........................................................................ 1989 ........................................................................
23 328 23 662 23 947 24 572 24 831
17 208 17 553 17 772 18 345 18 738
15 022 15 407 15 794 16 521 16 936
2 186 2 146 1 978 1 824 1 801
19 768 20 113 20 596 20 961 21 141
13 163 13 512 13 885 14 194 14 377
11 758 12 071 12 561 12 979 13 175
1 404 1 442 1 323 1 215 1 202
1990 ........................................................................ 1991 ........................................................................ 1992 ........................................................................ 1993 ........................................................................ 1994 ........................................................................
25 870 26 197 26 436 26 570 26 786
19 357 19 411 19 709 19 706 19 786
17 405 17 011 17 098 17 261 17 604
1 952 2 400 2 611 2 445 2 181
21 901 22 173 22 475 22 713 23 000
14 612 14 681 14 872 15 031 15 333
13 336 13 198 13 263 13 484 13 847
1 276 1 482 1 609 1 547 1 486
1995 ........................................................................ 1996 ........................................................................ 1997 ........................................................................ 1998 ........................................................................ 1999 ........................................................................
26 918 27 387 28 311 28 693 29 104
19 841 20 071 20 689 21 037 21 351
17 833 18 055 18 783 19 240 19 686
2 007 2 016 1 906 1 798 1 665
23 151 23 623 24 285 24 941 25 576
15 467 15 842 16 492 17 087 17 575
14 053 14 403 15 037 15 755 16 267
1 413 1 439 1 455 1 332 1 308
2000 ........................................................................ 2001 ........................................................................ 2002 ........................................................................ 2003 ........................................................................ 2004 ........................................................................
29 887 30 646 31 072 31 691 32 422
22 002 22 285 22 289 22 297 22 776
20 339 20 298 19 983 19 841 20 395
1 663 1 988 2 306 2 457 2 381
25 920 26 462 26 999 27 802 28 228
17 849 18 021 18 203 18 397 18 616
16 628 16 635 16 583 16 723 16 995
1 221 1 386 1 621 1 674 1 621
2005 ........................................................................ 2006 ........................................................................
33 125 33 931
23 214 23 974
21 006 21 907
2 209 2 067
29 046 29 624
19 183 19 474
17 588 17 978
1 595 1 496
Married, Spouse Present 1985 ........................................................................ 1986 ........................................................................ 1987 ........................................................................ 1988 ........................................................................ 1989 ........................................................................
52 128 52 769 53 223 53 246 53 530
41 014 41 477 41 889 41 832 42 036
39 248 39 658 40 265 40 472 40 760
1 767 1 819 1 625 1 360 1 276
51 832 52 158 52 532 52 775 52 885
27 894 28 623 29 381 29 921 30 548
26 336 27 144 28 107 28 756 29 404
1 558 1 479 1 273 1 166 1 145
1990 ........................................................................ 1991 ........................................................................ 1992 ........................................................................ 1993 ........................................................................ 1994 ........................................................................
53 793 54 158 54 509 55 178 55 560
42 275 42 303 42 491 42 834 43 005
40 829 40 429 40 341 40 935 41 414
1 446 1 875 2 150 1 899 1 592
52 917 53 169 53 501 53 838 54 155
30 901 31 112 31 700 31 980 32 888
29 714 29 698 30 100 30 499 31 536
1 188 1 415 1 600 1 482 1 352
1995 ........................................................................ 1996 ........................................................................ 1997 ........................................................................ 1998 ........................................................................ 1999 ........................................................................
56 100 56 363 56 396 56 670 57 089
43 472 43 739 43 808 43 957 44 244
42 048 42 417 42 642 42 923 43 254
1 424 1 322 1 167 1 034 990
54 716 54 970 54 915 55 331 56 178
33 359 33 618 33 802 33 857 34 372
32 063 32 406 32 755 32 872 33 450
1 296 1 211 1 047 985 921
2000 ........................................................................ 2001 ........................................................................ 2002 ........................................................................ 2003 ........................................................................ 2004 ........................................................................
58 167 58 448 59 102 60 063 60 412
44 987 45 233 45 766 46 404 46 550
44 078 44 007 44 116 44 653 45 084
908 1 226 1 650 1 751 1 466
57 557 57 610 58 165 59 069 59 278
35 146 35 236 35 477 36 046 35 845
34 209 34 153 34 153 34 695 34 600
937 1 083 1 323 1 352 1 244
2005 ........................................................................ 2006 ........................................................................
60 545 60 751
46 771 46 842
45 483 45 700
1 287 1 142
59 205 59 576
35 941 36 314
34 773 35 272
1 168 1 042
Divorced, Widowed, or Separated 1985 ........................................................................ 1986 ........................................................................ 1987 ........................................................................ 1988 ........................................................................ 1989 ........................................................................
9 013 9 367 9 729 10 039 10 401
6 190 6 392 6 546 6 751 7 066
5 621 5 827 6 048 6 280 6 618
568 565 498 471 448
22 136 22 518 22 726 23 020 23 604
9 993 10 277 10 393 10 627 11 104
9 165 9 491 9 665 9 962 10 448
828 787 727 665 656
1990 ........................................................................ 1991 ........................................................................ 1992 ........................................................................ 1993 ........................................................................ 1994 ........................................................................
10 714 10 924 11 325 11 584 12 008
7 378 7 454 7 763 7 864 2 076
6 871 6 783 7 001 7 153 7 432
508 671 762 711 594
23 968 24 304 24 559 24 955 25 304
11 315 11 385 11 570 11 784 12 018
10 639 10 600 10 689 10 927 11 227
676 786 881 856 791
1995 ........................................................................ 1996 ........................................................................ 1997 ........................................................................ 1998 ........................................................................ 1999 ........................................................................
12 160 12 456 13 009 13 394 13 528
2 018 2 103 2 316 2 332 2 290
7 496 7 735 8 260 8 530 8 507
551 541 504 435 411
25 539 25 791 26 218 26 190 26 276
12 118 12 397 12 742 12 771 12 909
11 407 11 691 12 082 12 143 12 324
712 706 660 628 585
2000 ........................................................................ 2001 ........................................................................ 2002 ........................................................................ 2003 ........................................................................ 2004 ........................................................................
13 910 14 188 14 411 14 680 14 875
9 291 9 367 9 445 9 537 9 654
8 888 8 892 8 804 8 838 9 045
403 476 641 699 608
27 135 27 738 27 821 27 862 28 141
13 308 13 592 13 683 13 828 13 961
12 748 12 949 12 846 12 986 13 133
559 642 837 842 828
2005 ........................................................................ 2006 ........................................................................
15 481 15 923
10 048 10 440
9 484 9 895
563 545
28 680 29 010
14 163 14 385
13 396 13 675
768 709
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
18 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-4. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Race, and Marital Status, 1985–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) Men Race, marital status, and year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Women
Civilian labor force Total
Employed
Unemployed
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force Total
Employed
Unemployed
WHITE1 Single 1985 ........................................................................ 1986 ........................................................................ 1987 ........................................................................ 1988 ........................................................................ 1989 ........................................................................
19 100 19 316 19 526 19 966 20 076
14 426 14 672 14 850 15 279 15 511
12 875 13 162 13 449 13 982 14 249
1 550 1 510 1 401 1 297 1 263
15 472 15 686 15 990 16 218 16 289
10 705 10 965 11 196 11 428 11 474
9 828 10 060 10 382 10 674 10 741
877 906 815 754 734
1990 ........................................................................ 1991 ........................................................................ 1992 ........................................................................ 1993 ........................................................................ 1994 ........................................................................
20 746 20 899 21 025 20 974 21 071
15 993 15 989 16 129 16 033 16 074
14 617 14 233 14 285 14 303 14 539
1 376 1 756 1 844 1 730 1 535
16 555 16 569 16 684 16 768 16 936
11 522 11 497 11 502 11 613 11 805
10 729 10 557 10 526 10 633 10 885
794 939 976 980 920
1995 ........................................................................ 1996 ........................................................................ 1997 ........................................................................ 1998 ........................................................................ 1999 ........................................................................
21 132 21 454 22 236 22 513 22 788
16 080 16 285 16 810 17 007 17 272
14 674 14 891 15 507 15 746 16 116
1 406 1 394 1 303 1 261 1 157
17 046 17 282 17 728 18 247 18 635
11 830 11 977 12 322 12 742 13 029
10 967 11 099 11 443 11 945 12 206
864 878 879 797 823
2000 ........................................................................ 2001 ........................................................................ 2002 ........................................................................ 2003 ........................................................................ 2004 ........................................................................
23 266 23 979 24 289 24 419 24 929
17 659 17 970 17 924 17 755 18 090
16 504 16 561 16 289 16 031 16 435
1 154 1 409 1 635 1 723 1 655
18 808 19 253 19 625 19 924 20 210
13 215 13 368 13 556 13 462 13 597
12 449 12 491 12 550 12 461 12 628
766 877 1 006 1 001 969
2005 ........................................................................ 2006 ........................................................................
25 436 26 012
18 338 18 928
16 833 17 500
1 505 1 428
20 702 21 085
13 906 14 109
12 957 13 199
949 909
Married, Spouse Present 1985 ........................................................................ 1986 ........................................................................ 1987 ........................................................................ 1988 ........................................................................ 1989 ........................................................................
46 925 47 399 47 690 47 685 47 883
36 934 37 230 37 486 37 429 37 589
35 472 35 727 36 127 36 304 36 545
1 462 1 503 1 359 1 125 1 044
46 728 46 892 47 180 47 364 47 382
24 777 25 368 26 014 26 499 27 030
23 468 24 141 24 969 25 540 26 083
1 308 1 226 1 045 959 947
1990 ........................................................................ 1991 ........................................................................ 1992 ........................................................................ 1993 ........................................................................ 1994 ........................................................................
47 841 48 137 48 416 48 937 49 169
37 515 37 507 37 671 37 953 38 008
36 338 35 923 35 886 36 396 36 719
1 177 1 585 1 785 1 557 1 288
47 240 47 456 47 705 47 944 48 120
27 271 27 479 27 951 28 221 29 017
26 285 26 290 26 623 26 993 27 888
986 1 189 1 329 1 228 1 129
1995 ........................................................................ 1996 ........................................................................ 1997 ........................................................................ 1998 ........................................................................ 1999 ........................................................................
49 597 49 800 49 719 49 901 50 091
38 376 38 616 38 593 38 629 38 765
37 211 37 522 37 636 37 793 37 968
1 165 1 094 957 836 797
48 497 48 684 48 542 48 722 49 296
29 360 29 517 29 664 29 534 29 806
28 290 28 496 28 809 28 727 29 056
1 070 1 020 855 808 749
2000 ........................................................................ 2001 ........................................................................ 2002 ........................................................................ 2003 ........................................................................ 2004 ........................................................................
50 775 50 850 51 284 51 859 51 992
39 169 39 246 39 580 39 908 39 935
38 451 38 265 38 261 38 529 38 774
717 981 1 319 1 379 1 161
50 194 50 077 50 489 50 957 50 939
30 344 30 336 30 511 30 805 30 544
29 582 29 472 29 463 29 740 29 549
762 864 1 048 1 065 996
2005 ........................................................................ 2006 ........................................................................
52 034 52 035
40 141 40 103
39 130 39 207
1 011 896
50 865 51 200
30 599 30 950
29 676 30 111
922 839
Divorced, Widowed, or Separated 1985 ........................................................................ 1986 ........................................................................ 1987 ........................................................................ 1988 ........................................................................ 1989 ........................................................................
7 348 7 675 7 974 8 204 8 509
5 112 5 315 5 443 5 608 5 887
4 698 4 896 5 070 5 265 5 558
414 420 373 344 329
18 106 18 463 18 599 18 758 19 200
7 973 8 251 8 300 8 512 8 863
7 393 7 675 7 791 8 047 8 409
580 576 509 464 454
1990 ........................................................................ 1991 ........................................................................ 1992 ........................................................................ 1993 ........................................................................ 1994 ........................................................................
8 782 8 941 9 210 9 459 9 819
6 131 6 159 6 368 6 498 6 644
5 748 5 641 5 788 5 957 6 193
382 518 580 541 451
19 461 19 757 19 931 20 206 20 439
9 016 9 111 9 216 9 382 9 533
8 544 8 538 8 561 8 764 8 965
471 573 654 618 569
1995 ........................................................................ 1996 ........................................................................ 1997 ........................................................................ 1998 ........................................................................ 1999 ........................................................................
10 005 10 234 10 622 10 937 11 050
6 689 6 883 7 236 7 398 7 375
6 261 6 474 6 855 7 064 7 056
428 408 382 334 320
20 638 20 862 21 147 21 157 21 225
9 613 9 831 10 068 10 104 10 261
9 087 9 325 9 607 9 656 9 834
526 506 461 449 427
2000 ........................................................................ 2001 ........................................................................ 2002 ........................................................................ 2003 ........................................................................ 2004 ........................................................................
11 329 11 623 11 789 11 971 12 124
7 638 7 750 7 804 7 846 7 969
7 333 7 386 7 299 7 305 7 503
305 364 505 541 466
21 847 22 330 22 308 22 162 22 450
10 521 10 729 10 775 10 769 10 950
10 105 10 255 10 151 10 168 10 350
416 474 624 602 600
2005 ........................................................................ 2006 ........................................................................
12 558 12 974
8 215 8 583
7 800 8 176
415 407
22 853 22 957
11 101 11 162
10 552 10 640
548 523
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability. 1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 19
Table 1-4. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Race, and Marital Status, 1985–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) Men Race, marital status, and year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Women
Civilian labor force Total
Employed
Unemployed
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force Total
Employed
Unemployed
BLACK AND OTHER RACES1 Single 1985 ........................................................................ 1986 ........................................................................ 1987 ........................................................................ 1988 ........................................................................ 1989 ........................................................................
4 228 4 345 4 421 4 606 4 755
2 782 2 881 2 922 3 066 3 227
2 147 2 245 2 345 2 539 2 687
635 636 577 527 538
4 297 4 427 4 606 4 743 4 852
2 458 2 547 2 688 2 766 2 903
1 930 2 011 2 179 2 304 2 434
528 536 509 461 468
1990 ........................................................................ 1991 ........................................................................ 1992 ........................................................................ 1993 ........................................................................ 1994 ........................................................................
5 124 5 298 5 411 5 596 5 715
3 364 3 422 3 580 3 673 3 712
2 788 2 778 2 813 2 958 3 065
576 644 767 715 646
5 346 5 604 5 791 5 945 6 064
3 090 3 184 3 370 3 418 3 528
2 607 2 641 2 737 2 851 2 962
482 543 633 567 566
1995 ........................................................................ 1996 ........................................................................ 1997 ........................................................................ 1998 ........................................................................ 1999 ........................................................................
5 786 5 933 6 075 6 180 6 316
3 761 3 786 3 879 4 030 4 079
3 159 3 164 3 276 3 494 3 570
601 622 603 537 508
6 105 6 341 6 557 6 694 6 941
3 637 3 865 4 170 4 345 4 546
3 086 3 304 3 594 3 810 4 061
549 561 576 535 485
2000 ........................................................................ 2001 ........................................................................ 2002 ........................................................................ 2003 ........................................................................ 2004 ........................................................................
6 621 6 667 6 783 7 272 7 493
4 343 4 315 4 365 4 542 4 686
3 835 3 737 3 694 3 810 3 960
509 579 671 734 726
7 112 7 209 7 374 7 878 8 018
4 634 4 653 4 647 4 935 5 019
4 179 4 144 4 033 4 262 4 367
455 509 615 673 652
2005 ........................................................................ 2006 ........................................................................
7 689 7 919
4 876 5 046
4 173 4 407
704 639
8 344 8 539
5 277 5 365
4 631 4 779
646 587
Married, Spouse Present 1985 ........................................................................ 1986 ........................................................................ 1987 ........................................................................ 1988 ........................................................................ 1989 ........................................................................
5 203 5 370 5 534 5 560 5 647
4 080 4 247 4 403 4 403 4 447
3 775 3 931 4 137 4 168 4 215
305 316 266 234 232
5 104 5 266 5 352 5 411 5 503
3 118 3 255 3 367 3 422 3 518
2 868 3 003 3 138 3 215 3 321
250 253 228 207 198
1990 ........................................................................ 1991 ........................................................................ 1992 ........................................................................ 1993 ........................................................................ 1994 ........................................................................
5 952 6 021 6 093 6 241 6 391
4 760 4 796 4 820 4 881 4 997
4 491 4 506 4 455 4 539 4 695
269 290 365 342 304
5 677 5 713 5 796 5 894 6 035
3 630 3 633 3 749 3 759 3 871
3 429 3 408 3 477 3 506 3 648
202 226 271 254 223
1995 ........................................................................ 1996 ........................................................................ 1997 ........................................................................ 1998 ........................................................................ 1999 ........................................................................
6 503 6 563 6 677 6 769 6 998
5 096 5 123 5 215 5 328 5 479
4 837 4 895 5 006 5 130 5 286
259 228 210 198 193
6 219 6 286 6 373 6 609 6 882
3 999 4 101 4 138 4 323 4 566
3 773 3 910 3 946 4 145 4 394
226 191 192 177 172
2000 ........................................................................ 2001 ........................................................................ 2002 ........................................................................ 2003 ........................................................................ 2004 ........................................................................
7 392 7 598 7 818 8 204 8 420
5 818 5 987 6 186 6 496 6 615
5 627 5 742 5 855 6 124 6 310
191 245 331 372 305
7 363 7 533 7 676 8 112 8 339
4 802 4 900 4 966 5 241 5 301
4 627 4 681 4 690 4 955 5 051
175 219 275 287 248
2005 ........................................................................ 2006 ........................................................................
8 511 8 716
6 630 6 739
6 353 6 493
276 246
8 340 8 376
5 342 5 364
5 097 5 161
246 203
Divorced, Widowed, or Separated 1985 ........................................................................ 1986 ........................................................................ 1987 ........................................................................ 1988 ........................................................................ 1989 ........................................................................
1 665 1 692 1 755 1 836 1 892
1 078 1 076 1 103 1 142 1 179
923 931 977 1 015 1 060
155 146 125 127 119
4 030 4 055 4 127 4 262 4 404
2 020 2 026 2 093 2 115 2 241
1 772 1 816 1 875 1 914 2 039
248 210 218 201 202
1990 ........................................................................ 1991 ........................................................................ 1992 ........................................................................ 1993 ........................................................................ 1994 ........................................................................
1 932 1 983 2 115 2 125 2 189
1 247 1 295 1 395 1 366 1 382
1 123 1 142 1 213 1 196 1 239
126 153 182 170 143
4 507 4 547 4 628 4 749 4 865
2 299 2 274 2 354 2 402 2 485
2 095 2 062 2 128 2 163 2 262
205 213 227 238 222
1995 ........................................................................ 1996 ........................................................................ 1997 ........................................................................ 1998 ........................................................................ 1999 ........................................................................
2 155 2 222 2 387 2 457 2 478
1 358 1 394 1 528 1 567 1 543
1 235 1 261 1 405 1 466 1 451
123 133 122 101 91
4 901 4 929 5 071 5 033 5 051
2 505 2 566 2 674 2 667 2 648
2 320 2 366 2 475 2 487 2 490
186 200 199 179 158
2000 ........................................................................ 2001 ........................................................................ 2002 ........................................................................ 2003 ........................................................................ 2004 ........................................................................
2 581 2 565 2 622 2 709 2 751
1 653 1 617 1 641 1 691 1 685
1 555 1 506 1 505 1 533 1 542
98 112 136 158 142
5 288 5 408 5 513 5 700 5 691
2 787 2 863 2 908 3 059 3 011
2 643 2 694 2 695 2 818 2 783
143 168 213 240 228
2005 ........................................................................ 2006 ........................................................................
2 923 2 949
1 833 1 857
1 684 1 719
148 138
5 827 6 053
3 062 3 223
2 844 3 035
220 186
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability. 1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
20 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-5. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Region, Division, State, and Selected Territory, 2005–2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) 2005 Region, division, and state
UNITED STATES1 ..................
Civilian noninstitutional population
2006
Civilian labor force Total
226 082 149 320
Participation Employed Unemployed rate
Unemployment rate
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force Total
228 815 151 428
Participation Employed Unemployed rate
Unemployment rate
66.0
141 730
7 591
5.1
66.2
144 427
7 001
4.6
Northeast ............................... New England .......................... Connecticut ......................... Maine .................................. Massachusetts .................... New Hampshire .................. Rhode Island ...................... Vermont .............................. Middle Atlantic ........................ New Jersey ......................... New York ............................ Pennsylvania ......................
42 638 11 188 2 708 1 053 5 056 1 028 843 499 31 450 6 721 15 011 9 717
27 716 7 552 1 823 703 3 374 730 569 354 20 164 4 455 9 430 6 279
65.0 67.5 67.3 66.8 66.7 71.0 67.5 70.9 64.1 66.3 62.8 64.6
26 381 7 199 1 734 669 3 211 703 540 341 19 182 4 256 8 960 5 966
1 335 353 88 34 163 26 29 12 982 199 470 313
4.8 4.7 4.9 4.8 4.8 3.6 5.1 3.4 4.9 4.5 5.0 5.0
42 866 11 253 2 728 1 061 5 078 1 041 842 503 31 613 6 767 15 070 9 776
27 958 7 635 1 844 711 3 404 737 577 361 20 323 4 518 9 499 6 306
65.2 67.8 67.6 67.0 67.0 70.8 68.5 71.8 64.3 66.8 63.0 64.5
26 678 7 286 1 765 679 3 235 712 548 348 19 392 4 309 9 073 6 010
1 280 349 79 33 170 25 30 13 931 209 426 296
4.6 4.6 4.3 4.6 5.0 3.4 5.1 3.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.7
Midwest ................................. East North Central .................. Illinois .................................. Indiana ................................ Michigan ............................. Ohio .................................... Wisconsin ........................... West North Central ................. Iowa .................................... Kansas ................................ Minnesota ........................... Missouri .............................. Nebraska ............................ North Dakota ...................... South Dakota ......................
50 545 35 378 9 716 4 781 7 760 8 835 4 285 15 168 2 292 2 073 3 951 4 443 1 332 491 586
34 495 23 708 6 484 3 227 5 072 5 892 3 033 10 787 1 640 1 464 2 916 3 008 978 354 427
68.2 67.0 66.7 67.5 65.4 66.7 70.8 71.1 71.6 70.6 73.8 67.7 73.4 72.1 72.9
32 624 22 328 6 113 3 055 4 726 5 547 2 887 10 296 1 569 1 389 2 797 2 848 940 342 412
1 871 1 380 371 173 346 345 146 491 71 75 119 160 38 12 16
5.4 5.8 5.7 5.3 6.8 5.9 4.8 4.6 4.3 5.1 4.1 5.3 3.9 3.4 3.7
50 934 35 620 9 799 4 830 7 796 8 870 4 325 15 315 2 310 2 090 3 996 4 490 1 343 493 593
34 829 23 963 6 613 3 271 5 081 5 934 3 063 10 866 1 664 1 466 2 939 3 032 974 358 431
68.4 67.3 67.5 67.7 65.2 66.9 70.8 71.0 72.0 70.1 73.5 67.5 72.5 72.6 72.7
33 102 22 682 6 316 3 109 4 730 5 609 2 918 10 420 1 603 1 400 2 822 2 886 945 346 417
1 727 1 281 298 163 351 325 145 446 61 66 117 147 29 12 14
5.0 5.3 4.5 5.0 6.9 5.5 4.7 4.1 3.7 4.5 4.0 4.8 3.0 3.2 3.2
South ..................................... South Atlantic ......................... Delaware ............................ District of Columbia ............ Florida ................................. Georgia ............................... Maryland ............................. North Carolina .................... South Carolina .................... Virginia ................................ West Virginia ...................... East South Central ................. Alabama ............................. Kentucky ............................. Mississippi .......................... Tennessee .......................... West South Central ................ Arkansas ............................. Louisiana ............................ Oklahoma ........................... Texas ..................................
81 486 43 108 647 466 13 929 6 792 4 279 6 587 3 244 5 717 1 447 13 455 3 496 3 208 2 163 4 589 24 922 2 120 3 314 2 670 16 804
52 958 28 158 433 314 8 711 4 622 2 943 4 340 2 079 3 922 794 8 389 2 140 1 999 1 330 2 920 16 410 1 345 2 077 1 705 11 283
65.0 65.3 66.9 67.4 62.5 68.1 68.8 65.9 64.1 68.6 54.9 62.3 61.2 62.3 61.5 63.6 65.8 63.4 62.7 63.9 67.1
50 325 26 882 416 294 8 376 4 384 2 821 4 113 1 940 3 786 754 7 921 2 057 1 879 1 226 2 758 15 522 1 277 1 938 1 629 10 677
2 633 1 276 17 20 335 238 122 227 140 136 40 468 83 120 103 162 889 68 139 76 606
5.0 4.5 4.0 6.5 3.8 5.2 4.2 5.2 6.7 3.5 5.0 5.6 3.9 6.0 7.8 5.6 5.4 5.1 6.7 4.4 5.4
82 866 43 941 659 468 14 221 6 978 4 319 6 731 3 309 5 804 1 453 13 623 3 542 3 242 2 176 4 663 25 301 2 149 3 229 2 699 17 224
53 991 28 893 440 316 8 989 4 742 3 009 4 465 2 126 3 999 807 8 536 2 200 2 039 1 307 2 990 16 562 1 365 1 990 1 720 11 487
65.2 65.8 66.8 67.5 63.2 68.0 69.7 66.3 64.2 68.9 55.5 62.7 62.1 62.9 60.1 64.1 65.5 63.5 61.6 63.7 66.7
51 587 27 714 425 297 8 693 4 522 2 893 4 251 1 988 3 879 767 8 097 2 121 1 922 1 219 2 836 15 776 1 293 1 910 1 651 10 922
2 404 1 179 16 19 296 220 117 214 138 120 40 439 79 117 89 155 786 72 80 69 566
4.5 4.1 3.6 6.0 3.3 4.6 3.9 4.8 6.5 3.0 4.9 5.1 3.6 5.7 6.8 5.2 4.7 5.3 4.0 4.0 4.9
West ....................................... Mountain ................................. Arizona ............................... Colorado ............................. Idaho ................................... Montana .............................. Nevada ............................... New Mexico ........................ Utah .................................... Wyoming ............................. Pacific ..................................... Alaska ................................. California ............................ Hawaii ................................. Oregon ................................ Washington .........................
51 449 15 236 4 457 3 552 1 063 728 1 831 1 444 1 768 393 36 214 477 27 096 956 2 849 4 835
34 179 10 325 2 859 2 568 727 483 1 230 915 1 264 278 23 855 342 17 740 631 1 870 3 270
66.4 67.8 64.1 72.3 68.4 66.3 67.2 63.4 71.5 70.7 65.9 71.7 65.5 66.0 65.6 67.6
32 411 9 851 2 727 2 437 698 464 1 178 867 1 212 268 22 560 318 16 782 614 1 755 3 090
1 768 473 132 131 29 19 52 48 52 10 1 295 24 958 17 116 181
5.2 4.6 4.6 5.1 4.0 3.9 4.2 5.3 4.1 3.7 5.4 6.9 5.4 2.7 6.2 5.5
52 405 15 669 4 625 3 630 1 093 739 1 897 1 472 1 815 399 36 736 485 27 438 969 2 906 4 938
34 816 10 698 2 977 2 652 749 494 1 295 935 1 311 285 24 118 347 17 902 643 1 899 3 327
66.4 68.3 64.4 73.1 68.5 66.8 68.3 63.5 72.2 71.4 65.7 71.5 65.2 66.4 65.3 67.4
33 216 10 278 2 854 2 537 724 478 1 241 896 1 273 276 22 938 324 17 029 628 1 796 3 160
1 600 420 123 115 26 16 54 40 38 9 1 180 23 873 15 103 166
4.6 3.9 4.1 4.3 3.4 3.2 4.2 4.2 2.9 3.2 4.9 6.7 4.9 2.4 5.4 5.0
Puerto Rico2 ...........................
2 957
1 410
47.7
1 250
160
11.3
2 982
1 407
47.2
1 261
146
10.4
Note: Data refer to place of residence. Region and division data are derived from summing the component states. Sub-national data (except for Puerto Rico) reflect revised population controls and model reestimation. 1Due to separate processing and weighing procedures, totals for the United States differ from the results obtained by aggregating data for regions, divisions, or states. 2Data from Puerto Rico are derived from a monthly household survey similar to the Current Population Survey (CPS).
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 21
Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
ALL RACES Both Sexes 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
103 068 103 994
8 449 8 215
4 265 4 139
4 185 4 079
94 618 95 778
11 530 11 312
22 610 22 822
20 097 20 401
16 771 17 002
12 885 13 201
10 720 11 035
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
104 995 104 621 105 231 107 056 108 321
8 143 7 865 7 922 8 014 8 224
4 076 4 096 4 234 4 241 4 336
4 068 3 771 3 689 3 773 3 889
96 851 96 755 97 305 99 041 100 095
11 080 10 167 9 389 8 960 8 885
23 013 22 843 23 044 23 266 23 304
20 681 20 863 21 137 21 922 22 135
17 240 17 464 17 716 17 991 18 305
13 469 13 692 13 889 13 830 14 085
11 363 11 724 12 126 13 075 13 375
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
109 683 110 954 112 265 113 727 115 329
8 364 8 434 8 612 8 986 9 618
4 440 4 482 4 587 4 872 5 337
3 925 3 953 4 026 4 114 4 282
101 318 102 518 103 653 104 737 105 711
9 036 9 271 9 486 9 733 9 975
23 249 23 072 22 849 22 563 22 201
22 348 22 567 22 786 23 025 23 207
18 643 19 012 19 424 19 832 20 203
14 309 14 516 14 727 14 923 15 134
13 728 14 075 14 376 14 657 14 985
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
117 245 118 771 120 153 122 416 124 485
10 187 10 513 10 652 11 370 12 111
5 573 5 462 5 503 6 301 6 974
4 615 5 052 5 150 5 070 5 139
107 056 108 255 109 500 111 045 112 372
10 273 10 583 10 852 11 464 12 017
21 998 21 829 21 503 21 400 21 367
23 437 23 585 23 797 23 948 23 940
20 601 20 893 20 916 21 144 21 452
15 409 15 675 15 874 16 138 16 442
15 336 15 685 16 554 16 945 17 150
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
126 513 128 058 129 874 132 028 134 335
12 930 13 592 13 480 13 698 14 095
6 936 6 914 7 003 7 200 7 422
5 995 6 679 6 480 6 499 6 673
113 582 114 463 116 391 118 328 120 238
12 442 12 638 13 421 13 891 14 488
21 417 21 543 22 057 22 912 23 645
23 832 23 579 23 313 23 036 22 709
21 728 21 977 22 256 22 534 22 806
16 727 17 007 17 310 17 614 17 930
17 432 17 715 18 029 18 338 18 657
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
137 085 140 216 144 126 147 096 150 120
14 519 15 022 15 510 15 840 16 180
7 643 7 849 8 076 8 227 8 373
6 876 7 173 7 435 7 613 7 809
122 566 125 193 128 614 131 253 133 938
15 323 16 345 17 143 17 692 17 994
24 435 25 337 26 740 28 172 29 439
22 489 22 274 22 358 22 287 22 461
23 059 23 244 23 338 23 431 23 578
18 250 18 581 19 007 19 281 19 517
19 007 19 406 20 023 20 389 20 945
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
153 153 156 150 159 033 161 910 164 863
16 418 16 614 16 688 16 695 16 657
8 419 8 442 8 482 8 484 8 389
7 999 8 171 8 206 8 211 8 268
136 733 139 536 142 345 145 216 148 205
18 595 19 109 19 582 20 007 20 353
30 710 31 953 33 117 34 091 35 261
22 526 22 796 23 296 24 099 24 861
23 535 23 409 23 197 22 977 22 752
19 844 20 185 20 557 20 875 21 210
21 525 22 083 22 597 23 166 23 767
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
167 745 170 130 172 271 174 215 176 383
16 543 16 214 15 763 15 274 14 735
8 279 8 068 7 714 7 385 7 196
8 264 8 145 8 049 7 889 7 538
151 202 153 916 156 508 158 941 161 648
20 635 20 820 20 845 20 799 20 688
36 558 37 777 38 492 39 147 39 999
25 578 26 291 27 611 28 932 30 251
22 563 22 422 22 264 22 167 22 226
21 520 21 756 21 909 22 003 22 052
24 350 24 850 25 387 25 892 26 433
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
178 206 180 587 182 753 184 613 186 393
14 506 14 496 14 606 14 527 14 223
7 232 7 386 7 501 7 284 6 886
7 274 7 110 7 104 7 243 7 338
163 700 166 091 168 147 170 085 172 169
20 097 19 569 18 970 18 434 18 025
40 670 41 731 42 297 42 611 42 845
31 379 32 550 33 755 34 784 35 977
22 418 22 732 23 183 24 004 24 744
22 140 22 011 21 835 21 641 21 406
26 997 27 497 28 108 28 612 29 173
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
189 164 190 925 192 805 194 838 196 814
14 520 14 073 13 840 13 935 14 196
6 893 6 901 6 907 7 010 7 245
7 626 7 173 6 933 6 925 6 951
174 644 176 852 178 965 180 903 182 619
18 902 18 963 18 846 18 642 18 353
42 976 42 688 42 278 41 771 41 306
37 719 39 116 39 852 40 733 41 534
25 081 25 709 27 206 28 549 29 778
20 719 20 675 20 604 20 574 20 635
29 247 29 700 30 179 30 634 31 012
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
198 584 200 591 203 133 205 220 207 753
14 511 14 934 15 365 15 644 16 040
7 407 7 678 7 861 7 895 8 060
7 104 7 256 7 504 7 749 7 979
184 073 185 656 187 769 189 576 191 713
17 864 17 409 17 442 17 593 17 968
40 798 40 252 39 559 38 778 37 976
42 254 43 086 43 883 44 299 44 635
30 974 32 167 33 391 34 373 35 587
20 735 20 990 21 505 22 296 23 064
31 448 31 751 31 989 32 237 32 484
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
212 577 215 092 217 570 221 168 223 357
15 912 15 929 15 994 16 096 16 222
7 978 8 020 8 099 8 561 8 574
7 934 7 909 7 895 7 535 7 648
196 664 199 164 201 576 205 072 207 134
18 311 18 877 19 348 19 801 20 197
38 703 38 505 38 472 39 021 38 939
44 312 44 195 43 894 43 746 43 226
37 642 38 904 39 711 40 522 41 245
24 230 25 011 26 343 27 728 28 919
33 466 33 672 33 808 34 253 34 609
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
226 082 228 815
16 398 16 678
8 778 9 089
7 619 7 589
209 685 212 137
20 276 20 265
39 064 39 230
43 005 42 753
42 107 42 901
30 165 31 375
35 068 35 613
22 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
ALL RACES Men 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
49 996 50 321
4 078 3 946
2 128 2 062
1 951 1 884
45 918 46 378
5 527 5 405
10 767 10 871
9 798 9 926
8 290 8 379
6 441 6 568
5 093 5 226
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
50 725 49 727 49 700 50 750 51 395
3 962 3 725 3 767 3 823 3 953
2 043 2 039 2 121 2 122 2 174
1 920 1 687 1 647 1 701 1 780
46 763 46 001 45 932 46 927 47 441
5 270 4 451 3 788 3 482 3 509
10 963 10 709 10 855 11 020 11 067
10 034 10 049 10 164 10 632 10 718
8 472 8 551 8 655 8 878 9 018
6 664 6 737 6 798 6 798 6 885
5 357 5 503 5 670 6 119 6 241
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
52 109 52 723 53 315 54 033 54 793
4 022 4 020 4 083 4 293 4 652
2 225 2 238 2 284 2 435 2 681
1 798 1 783 1 800 1 858 1 971
48 086 48 704 49 231 49 740 50 140
3 708 3 970 4 166 4 339 4 488
11 068 10 983 10 889 10 787 10 625
10 804 10 889 10 965 11 076 11 149
9 164 9 322 9 499 9 675 9 832
6 960 7 032 7 109 7 179 7 259
6 380 6 505 6 602 6 683 6 785
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
55 662 56 286 56 831 57 921 58 847
4 963 5 112 5 150 5 496 5 866
2 805 2 742 2 764 3 162 3 503
2 159 2 371 2 386 2 334 2 364
50 698 51 173 51 681 52 425 52 981
4 679 4 844 4 925 5 240 5 520
10 514 10 440 10 207 10 165 10 144
11 230 11 286 11 389 11 476 11 466
10 000 10 112 10 162 10 274 10 402
7 373 7 483 7 610 7 740 7 873
6 901 7 006 7 386 7 526 7 574
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
59 782 60 262 60 905 61 847 62 898
6 318 6 658 6 537 6 683 6 928
3 488 3 478 3 528 3 634 3 741
2 831 3 180 3 010 3 049 3 187
53 463 53 603 54 367 55 165 55 969
5 701 5 663 5 977 6 127 6 379
10 182 10 224 10 495 10 944 11 309
11 427 11 294 11 161 11 040 10 890
10 512 10 598 10 705 10 819 10 935
7 990 8 099 8 218 8 336 8 464
7 649 7 723 7 809 7 897 7 990
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
64 304 65 942 67 835 69 292 70 808
7 145 7 430 7 705 7 855 8 012
3 848 3 954 4 081 4 152 4 231
3 299 3 477 3 624 3 703 3 781
57 157 58 511 60 130 61 436 62 796
6 861 7 511 8 061 8 429 8 600
11 750 12 227 12 911 13 641 14 262
10 810 10 721 10 762 10 746 10 834
11 052 11 129 11 167 11 202 11 315
8 590 8 711 8 895 8 990 9 140
8 093 8 208 8 330 8 426 8 641
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
72 291 73 759 75 193 76 576 78 020
8 134 8 244 8 288 8 309 8 310
4 252 4 266 4 290 4 295 4 251
3 882 3 978 4 000 4 014 4 060
64 158 65 515 66 904 68 268 69 709
8 950 9 237 9 477 9 693 9 873
14 899 15 528 16 108 16 598 17 193
10 874 11 010 11 260 11 665 12 046
11 298 11 243 11 144 11 045 10 944
9 286 9 444 9 616 9 758 9 907
8 852 9 053 9 297 9 509 9 746
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
79 398 80 511 81 523 82 531 83 605
8 260 8 092 7 879 7 659 7 386
4 195 4 087 3 911 3 750 3 655
4 064 4 005 3 968 3 908 3 731
71 138 72 419 73 644 74 872 76 219
10 023 10 116 10 136 10 140 10 108
17 833 18 427 18 787 19 143 19 596
12 400 12 758 13 410 14 067 14 719
10 861 10 797 10 726 10 689 10 724
10 042 10 151 10 215 10 261 10 285
9 979 10 170 10 371 10 573 10 788
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
84 469 85 798 86 899 87 857 88 762
7 275 7 275 7 335 7 304 7 143
3 689 3 768 3 824 3 715 3 524
3 586 3 507 3 510 3 588 3 619
77 195 78 523 79 565 80 553 81 619
9 746 9 498 9 195 8 931 8 743
19 864 20 498 20 781 20 937 21 080
15 265 15 858 16 475 17 008 17 590
10 844 10 986 11 215 11 625 11 981
10 392 10 336 10 267 10 193 10 092
11 084 11 347 11 632 11 859 12 134
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
90 377 91 278 92 270 93 332 94 355
7 347 7 134 7 023 7 076 7 203
3 534 3 548 3 542 3 595 3 718
3 813 3 586 3 481 3 481 3 486
83 030 84 144 85 247 86 256 87 151
9 320 9 367 9 326 9 216 9 074
21 117 20 977 20 792 20 569 20 361
18 529 19 213 19 585 20 037 20 443
12 238 12 554 13 271 13 944 14 545
9 778 9 780 9 776 9 773 9 810
12 049 12 254 12 496 12 717 12 918
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
95 178 96 206 97 715 98 758 99 722
7 367 7 600 7 836 7 968 8 167
3 794 3 955 4 053 4 059 4 143
3 573 3 645 3 783 3 909 4 024
87 811 88 606 89 879 90 790 91 555
8 835 8 611 8 706 8 804 8 899
20 079 19 775 19 478 19 094 18 565
20 800 21 222 21 669 21 857 21 969
15 111 15 674 16 276 16 773 17 335
9 856 9 997 10 282 10 649 11 008
13 130 13 327 13 469 13 613 13 779
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
101 964 103 282 104 585 106 435 107 710
8 089 8 101 8 146 8 163 8 234
4 096 4 102 4 140 4 365 4 318
3 993 3 999 4 006 3 797 3 916
93 875 95 181 96 439 98 272 99 476
9 101 9 368 9 627 9 878 10 125
19 106 19 056 19 037 19 347 19 358
21 683 21 643 21 523 21 463 21 255
18 365 18 987 19 379 19 784 20 160
11 583 11 972 12 641 13 305 13 894
14 037 14 155 14 233 14 496 14 684
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
109 151 110 605
8 317 8 459
4 481 4 613
3 836 3 846
100 835 102 145
10 181 10 191
19 446 19 568
21 177 21 082
20 585 20 991
14 502 15 095
14 944 15 219
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 23
Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
ALL RACES Women 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
53 071 53 670
4 371 4 269
2 137 2 077
2 234 2 195
48 700 49 400
6 003 5 907
11 843 11 951
10 299 10 475
8 481 8 623
6 444 6 633
5 627 5 809
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
54 270 54 895 55 529 56 305 56 925
4 181 4 140 4 155 4 191 4 271
2 033 2 057 2 113 2 119 2 162
2 148 2 084 2 042 2 072 2 109
50 088 50 754 51 373 52 114 52 654
5 810 5 716 5 601 5 478 5 376
12 050 12 134 12 189 12 246 12 237
10 647 10 814 10 973 11 290 11 417
8 768 8 913 9 061 9 113 9 287
6 805 6 955 7 091 7 032 7 200
6 006 6 221 6 456 6 956 7 134
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
57 574 58 228 58 951 59 690 60 534
4 342 4 414 4 529 4 693 4 966
2 215 2 244 2 303 2 437 2 656
2 127 2 170 2 226 2 256 2 311
53 232 53 814 54 421 54 997 55 570
5 328 5 301 5 320 5 394 5 487
12 181 12 089 11 960 11 776 11 576
11 544 11 678 11 821 11 949 12 058
9 479 9 690 9 925 10 157 10 371
7 349 7 484 7 618 7 744 7 875
7 348 7 570 7 774 7 974 8 200
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
61 582 62 484 63 321 64 494 65 637
5 224 5 401 5 502 5 874 6 245
2 768 2 720 2 739 3 139 3 471
2 456 2 681 2 764 2 736 2 775
56 358 57 082 57 819 58 620 59 391
5 594 5 739 5 927 6 224 6 497
11 484 11 389 11 296 11 235 11 223
12 207 12 299 12 408 12 472 12 474
10 601 10 781 10 754 10 870 11 050
8 036 8 192 8 264 8 398 8 569
8 435 8 679 9 168 9 419 9 576
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
66 731 67 795 68 968 70 179 71 436
6 612 6 934 6 943 7 015 7 167
3 448 3 436 3 475 3 566 3 681
3 164 3 499 3 470 3 450 3 486
60 119 60 860 62 026 63 164 64 269
6 741 6 975 7 445 7 764 8 109
11 235 11 319 11 562 11 968 12 336
12 405 12 285 12 152 11 996 11 819
11 216 11 379 11 551 11 715 11 871
8 737 8 908 9 092 9 278 9 466
9 783 9 992 10 220 10 441 10 667
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
72 782 74 274 76 290 77 804 79 312
7 373 7 591 7 805 7 985 8 168
3 796 3 895 3 994 4 076 4 142
3 578 3 697 3 811 3 909 4 028
65 408 66 682 68 484 69 819 71 144
8 462 8 834 9 082 9 263 9 393
12 684 13 110 13 829 14 531 15 177
11 679 11 553 11 597 11 541 11 627
12 008 12 115 12 171 12 229 12 263
9 659 9 870 10 113 10 290 10 377
10 914 11 198 11 693 11 963 12 304
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
80 860 82 390 83 840 85 334 86 843
8 285 8 370 8 400 8 386 8 347
4 168 4 176 4 193 4 189 4 139
4 117 4 194 4 206 4 197 4 208
72 576 74 020 75 441 76 948 78 496
9 645 9 872 10 103 10 315 10 480
15 811 16 425 17 008 17 493 18 070
11 652 11 786 12 036 12 435 12 815
12 237 12 166 12 053 11 932 11 808
10 558 10 742 10 940 11 118 11 303
12 673 13 030 13 300 13 658 14 021
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
88 348 89 618 90 748 91 684 92 778
8 283 8 121 7 884 7 616 7 349
4 083 3 981 3 804 3 635 3 542
4 200 4 140 4 081 3 981 3 807
80 065 81 497 82 864 84 069 85 429
10 612 10 705 10 709 10 660 10 580
18 725 19 350 19 705 20 004 20 403
13 177 13 533 14 201 14 865 15 532
11 701 11 625 11 538 11 478 11 501
11 478 11 605 11 694 11 742 11 768
14 372 14 680 15 017 15 319 15 645
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
93 736 94 789 95 853 96 756 97 630
7 231 7 221 7 271 7 224 7 080
3 543 3 618 3 677 3 569 3 361
3 688 3 603 3 594 3 655 3 719
86 506 87 567 88 583 89 532 90 550
10 351 10 072 9 776 9 503 9 282
20 805 21 233 21 516 21 674 21 765
16 114 16 692 17 279 17 776 18 387
11 574 11 746 11 968 12 378 12 763
11 748 11 675 11 567 11 448 11 314
15 913 16 150 16 476 16 753 17 039
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
98 787 99 646 100 535 101 506 102 460
7 173 6 939 6 818 6 859 6 993
3 359 3 353 3 366 3 415 3 528
3 813 3 586 3 452 3 444 3 465
91 614 92 708 93 718 94 647 95 467
9 582 9 597 9 520 9 426 9 279
21 859 21 711 21 486 21 202 20 945
19 190 19 903 20 267 20 696 21 091
12 843 13 155 13 935 14 605 15 233
10 941 10 895 10 828 10 801 10 825
17 198 17 446 17 682 17 917 18 094
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
103 406 104 385 105 418 106 462 108 031
7 144 7 335 7 528 7 676 7 873
3 613 3 723 3 808 3 835 3 917
3 531 3 612 3 721 3 840 3 955
96 262 97 050 97 889 98 786 100 158
9 029 8 798 8 736 8 790 9 069
20 719 20 477 20 081 19 683 19 411
21 454 21 865 22 214 22 442 22 666
15 862 16 493 17 115 17 600 18 251
10 879 10 993 11 224 11 646 12 056
18 318 18 424 18 520 18 625 18 705
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
110 613 111 811 112 985 114 733 115 647
7 823 7 828 7 848 7 934 7 989
3 882 3 917 3 959 4 195 4 257
3 941 3 910 3 889 3 738 3 732
102 790 103 983 105 136 106 800 107 658
9 211 9 509 9 721 9 924 10 072
19 597 19 449 19 435 19 674 19 581
22 628 22 552 22 371 22 283 21 970
19 276 19 917 20 332 20 738 21 085
12 647 13 039 13 703 14 423 15 025
19 430 19 517 19 575 19 758 19 925
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
116 931 118 210
8 081 8 218
4 297 4 476
3 784 3 742
108 850 109 992
10 095 10 074
19 618 19 662
21 828 21 671
21 521 21 910
15 663 16 280
20 125 20 394
24 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE1 Both Sexes 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
97 705 98 880 99 976 101 119 102 392 103 803
7 180 7 292 7 346 7 505 7 843 8 430
3 786 3 874 3 908 4 007 4 271 4 707
3 394 3 419 3 438 3 498 3 573 3 725
90 524 91 586 92 629 93 612 94 547 95 370
7 794 7 912 8 106 8 293 8 498 8 697
20 818 20 742 20 564 20 342 20 063 19 715
19 915 20 110 20 314 20 514 20 734 20 893
16 569 16 869 17 198 17 562 17 924 18 257
12 993 13 169 13 341 13 518 13 681 13 858
12 438 12 785 13 105 13 383 13 645 13 951
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
105 282 106 604 107 715 109 705 111 534
8 924 9 211 9 343 9 978 10 616
4 909 4 785 4 818 5 549 6 137
4 016 4 427 4 526 4 430 4 481
96 355 97 390 98 371 99 725 100 916
8 927 9 203 9 484 10 069 10 568
19 470 19 289 18 974 18 867 18 838
21 049 21 169 21 293 21 398 21 375
18 578 18 845 18 872 19 082 19 360
14 070 14 304 14 450 14 681 14 957
14 260 14 581 15 297 15 629 15 816
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
113 284 114 566 116 100 117 948 119 913
11 319 11 862 11 682 11 840 12 179
6 049 5 993 6 051 6 225 6 418
5 271 5 870 5 632 5 616 5 761
101 963 102 702 104 417 106 107 107 733
10 935 11 094 11 797 12 184 12 677
18 882 18 989 19 464 20 245 20 892
21 258 21 005 20 745 20 474 20 156
19 604 19 822 20 067 20 310 20 546
15 215 15 469 15 745 16 018 16 305
16 070 16 322 16 602 16 875 17 156
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
122 174 124 758 127 906 130 097 132 417
12 521 12 937 13 301 13 533 13 784
6 591 6 750 6 910 7 021 7 114
5 931 6 189 6 392 6 512 6 671
109 652 111 821 114 603 116 563 118 632
13 359 14 208 14 897 15 264 15 502
21 546 22 295 23 555 24 685 25 711
19 929 19 694 19 673 19 532 19 628
20 760 20 907 20 950 20 991 21 061
16 591 16 884 17 250 17 484 17 645
17 469 17 833 18 278 18 607 19 085
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
134 790 137 106 139 380 141 612 143 894
13 941 14 055 14 095 14 060 13 994
7 132 7 125 7 150 7 132 7 029
6 808 6 930 6 944 6 928 6 964
120 849 123 050 125 285 127 552 129 900
15 980 16 368 16 728 17 038 17 284
26 746 27 757 28 703 29 453 30 371
19 641 19 827 20 231 20 932 21 579
20 981 20 816 20 575 20 322 20 058
17 918 18 220 18 540 18 799 19 071
19 587 20 064 20 508 21 007 21 538
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
146 122 147 908 149 441 150 805 152 347
13 854 13 516 13 076 12 623 12 147
6 912 6 704 6 383 6 089 5 918
6 943 6 813 6 693 6 534 6 228
132 268 134 392 136 366 138 183 140 200
17 484 17 609 17 579 17 492 17 304
31 407 32 367 32 863 33 286 33 889
22 174 22 778 23 910 25 027 26 124
19 837 19 666 19 478 19 349 19 348
19 316 19 485 19 591 19 625 19 629
22 050 22 487 22 945 23 403 23 906
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
153 679 155 432 156 958 158 194 159 338
11 900 11 879 11 939 11 838 11 530
5 922 6 036 6 110 5 893 5 506
5 978 5 843 5 829 5 945 6 023
141 780 143 553 145 020 146 357 147 809
16 853 16 353 15 808 15 276 14 879
34 450 35 293 35 667 35 876 35 951
27 100 28 062 29 036 29 818 30 774
19 405 19 587 19 965 20 652 21 287
19 620 19 477 19 242 18 996 18 743
24 352 24 780 25 301 25 739 26 175
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
160 625 161 759 162 972 164 289 165 555
11 630 11 200 11 004 11 078 11 264
5 464 5 451 5 478 5 562 5 710
6 166 5 749 5 526 5 516 5 554
148 996 150 558 151 968 153 210 154 291
15 538 15 516 15 354 15 087 14 708
35 661 35 342 34 885 34 365 33 865
31 739 32 854 33 305 33 919 34 582
21 535 22 052 23 364 24 456 25 435
18 204 18 074 17 951 17 892 17 924
26 319 26 721 27 108 27 493 27 776
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
166 914 168 317 169 993 171 478 173 085
11 468 11 822 12 181 12 439 12 700
5 822 6 026 6 213 6 264 6 342
5 646 5 796 5 968 6 176 6 358
155 446 156 495 157 812 159 039 160 385
14 313 13 907 13 983 14 138 14 394
33 355 32 852 32 091 31 286 30 516
35 222 35 810 36 325 36 610 36 755
26 418 27 403 28 388 29 132 30 048
17 986 18 136 18 511 19 231 19 855
28 153 28 387 28 514 28 642 28 818
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
176 220 178 111 179 783 181 292 182 643
12 535 12 556 12 596 12 527 12 599
6 264 6 291 6 346 6 629 6 561
6 271 6 265 6 250 5 898 6 038
163 685 165 556 167 187 168 765 170 045
14 552 15 001 15 360 15 536 15 817
30 948 30 770 30 676 30 789 30 585
36 261 36 113 35 750 35 352 34 845
31 550 32 475 33 012 33 466 34 005
20 757 21 434 22 540 23 589 24 549
29 617 29 762 29 849 30 033 30 245
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
184 446 186 264
12 690 12 856
6 768 6 981
5 921 5 875
171 757 173 408
15 871 15 848
30 592 30 661
34 554 34 217
34 649 35 228
25 534 26 486
30 556 30 968
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group identified as their main race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 25
Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE1 Men 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
46 462 47 076 47 602 48 119 48 745 49 408
3 455 3 507 3 500 3 556 3 747 4 079
1 902 1 945 1 955 2 000 2 140 2 370
1 553 1 563 1 546 1 557 1 607 1 710
43 007 43 569 44 102 44 563 44 998 45 329
3 074 3 241 3 464 3 638 3 783 3 903
9 948 9 936 9 851 9 758 9 656 9 499
9 688 9 768 9 848 9 917 10 018 10 081
8 172 8 303 8 446 8 605 8 765 8 909
6 341 6 398 6 455 6 518 6 574 6 639
5 787 5 923 6 038 6 127 6 203 6 298
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
50 065 50 608 51 054 52 031 52 869
4 349 4 479 4 520 4 827 5 148
2 476 2 407 2 426 2 792 3 090
1 874 2 073 2 094 2 036 2 059
45 716 46 129 46 534 47 204 47 721
4 054 4 204 4 306 4 610 4 862
9 373 9 290 9 080 9 039 9 024
10 131 10 178 10 239 10 309 10 301
9 042 9 148 9 191 9 297 9 417
6 721 6 819 6 917 7 031 7 153
6 395 6 490 6 801 6 919 6 963
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
53 681 54 061 54 608 55 434 56 348
5 541 5 820 5 671 5 787 6 005
3 050 3 023 3 058 3 153 3 246
2 492 2 798 2 613 2 635 2 759
48 140 48 241 48 937 49 647 50 343
5 017 4 974 5 257 5 376 5 589
9 056 9 085 9 339 9 752 10 074
10 262 10 136 10 013 9 902 9 760
9 516 9 592 9 688 9 790 9 895
7 261 7 362 7 474 7 585 7 705
7 028 7 092 7 167 7 242 7 320
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
57 516 58 900 60 473 61 577 62 791
6 179 6 420 6 627 6 737 6 851
3 329 3 412 3 503 3 555 3 604
2 851 3 008 3 125 3 182 3 247
51 336 52 481 53 845 54 842 55 942
5 988 6 546 7 042 7 312 7 476
10 441 10 841 11 495 12 075 12 599
9 678 9 578 9 568 9 514 9 564
9 999 10 066 10 078 10 099 10 165
7 822 7 933 8 089 8 178 8 288
7 409 7 517 7 573 7 664 7 849
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
63 981 65 132 66 301 67 401 68 547
6 929 6 993 7 024 7 022 7 007
3 609 3 609 3 625 3 619 3 568
3 320 3 384 3 399 3 404 3 439
57 052 58 138 59 278 60 378 61 540
7 766 7 987 8 175 8 335 8 470
13 131 13 655 14 139 14 528 15 008
9 578 9 674 9 880 10 236 10 563
10 134 10 063 9 957 9 845 9 730
8 413 8 556 8 708 8 826 8 949
8 031 8 203 8 420 8 608 8 820
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
69 634 70 480 71 211 71 922 72 723
6 941 6 764 6 556 6 340 6 113
3 508 3 401 3 249 3 098 3 019
3 433 3 363 3 307 3 242 3 094
62 694 63 715 64 655 65 581 66 610
8 581 8 644 8 621 8 597 8 522
15 529 16 005 16 260 16 499 16 816
10 863 11 171 11 756 12 314 12 853
9 636 9 560 9 463 9 408 9 434
9 059 9 139 9 188 9 208 9 217
9 027 9 195 9 367 9 556 9 768
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
73 373 74 390 75 189 75 855 76 468
5 987 5 977 6 015 5 968 5 813
3 026 3 084 3 125 3 015 2 817
2 961 2 894 2 890 2 953 2 996
67 386 68 413 69 175 69 887 70 654
8 246 8 002 7 729 7 473 7 279
17 042 17 564 17 754 17 867 17 908
13 337 13 840 14 338 14 743 15 237
9 488 9 578 9 771 10 114 10 434
9 262 9 201 9 101 9 001 8 900
10 010 10 229 10 481 10 688 10 897
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
77 369 77 977 78 651 79 371 80 059
5 913 5 704 5 611 5 650 5 748
2 809 2 805 2 819 2 862 2 938
3 103 2 899 2 792 2 788 2 810
71 457 72 274 73 040 73 721 74 311
7 764 7 748 7 676 7 545 7 357
17 766 17 615 17 403 17 158 16 915
15 770 16 340 16 579 16 900 17 247
10 598 10 856 11 513 12 058 12 545
8 680 8 640 8 602 8 590 8 618
10 879 11 074 11 268 11 470 11 629
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
80 733 81 489 82 577 83 352 83 930
5 854 6 035 6 257 6 386 6 498
2 995 3 099 3 209 3 233 3 266
2 859 2 936 3 048 3 153 3 232
74 879 75 454 76 320 76 966 77 432
7 163 6 971 7 087 7 170 7 244
16 653 16 395 16 043 15 644 15 150
17 567 17 868 18 163 18 310 18 340
13 028 13 518 14 030 14 400 14 834
8 653 8 734 8 929 9 286 9 581
11 815 11 968 12 067 12 155 12 283
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
85 370 86 452 87 361 88 249 89 044
6 404 6 422 6 439 6 390 6 429
3 224 3 229 3 251 3 378 3 301
3 181 3 194 3 189 3 012 3 129
78 966 80 029 80 922 81 860 82 615
7 329 7 564 7 750 7 856 8 024
15 528 15 486 15 470 15 569 15 486
18 003 17 960 17 792 17 620 17 404
15 578 16 047 16 317 16 555 16 834
10 028 10 369 10 918 11 442 11 922
12 501 12 604 12 676 12 818 12 946
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
90 027 91 021
6 471 6 555
3 464 3 551
3 006 3 004
83 556 84 466
8 057 8 052
15 507 15 567
17 286 17 143
17 169 17 467
12 415 12 891
13 123 13 346
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group identified as their main race.
26 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE1 Women 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
51 242 51 802 52 373 52 998 53 645 54 392
3 725 3 785 3 846 3 949 4 096 4 351
1 884 1 929 1 953 2 007 2 131 2 337
1 841 1 856 1 892 1 941 1 966 2 015
47 517 48 017 48 527 49 049 49 549 50 041
4 720 4 671 4 642 4 655 4 715 4 794
10 870 10 806 10 713 10 584 10 407 10 216
10 227 10 342 10 466 10 597 10 716 10 812
8 397 8 566 8 752 8 957 9 159 9 348
6 652 6 771 6 886 7 000 7 107 7 219
6 651 6 862 7 067 7 256 7 442 7 653
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
55 214 55 993 56 660 57 672 58 663
4 575 4 732 4 823 5 151 5 468
2 433 2 378 2 392 2 757 3 047
2 142 2 354 2 432 2 394 2 422
50 639 51 261 51 837 52 521 53 195
4 873 4 999 5 178 5 459 5 706
10 097 9 999 9 894 9 828 9 814
10 918 10 991 11 054 11 089 11 074
9 536 9 697 9 681 9 785 9 943
7 349 7 485 7 533 7 650 7 804
7 865 8 091 8 496 8 710 8 853
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
59 601 60 503 61 491 62 512 63 563
5 778 6 042 6 011 6 053 6 174
2 999 2 970 2 993 3 072 3 172
2 779 3 072 3 019 2 981 3 002
53 823 54 461 55 480 56 460 57 390
5 918 6 120 6 540 6 809 7 089
9 826 9 904 10 125 10 493 10 818
10 996 10 869 10 732 10 572 10 396
10 088 10 230 10 379 10 520 10 651
7 954 8 107 8 271 8 433 8 600
9 042 9 230 9 435 9 633 9 836
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
64 656 65 857 67 431 68 517 69 623
6 342 6 518 6 673 6 796 6 933
3 262 3 338 3 407 3 466 3 510
3 080 3 180 3 267 3 331 3 424
58 315 59 340 60 758 61 721 62 690
7 370 7 662 7 855 7 951 8 026
11 105 11 454 12 060 12 610 13 112
10 251 10 117 10 105 10 018 10 064
10 761 10 841 10 872 10 891 10 896
8 769 8 951 9 161 9 306 9 356
10 060 10 315 10 705 10 943 11 236
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
70 810 71 974 73 077 74 213 75 347
7 011 7 062 7 071 7 038 6 987
3 523 3 516 3 525 3 513 3 460
3 488 3 546 3 545 3 524 3 527
63 798 64 912 66 007 67 174 68 360
8 214 8 381 8 553 8 704 8 815
13 615 14 102 14 564 14 926 15 363
10 063 10 153 10 351 10 696 11 017
10 847 10 752 10 618 10 476 10 327
9 505 9 664 9 832 9 974 10 122
11 556 11 860 12 088 12 399 12 717
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
76 489 77 428 78 230 78 884 79 624
6 914 6 752 6 519 6 282 6 034
3 403 3 303 3 134 2 991 2 899
3 511 3 449 3 385 3 292 3 135
69 575 70 677 71 711 72 601 73 590
8 904 8 965 8 959 8 895 8 782
15 878 16 362 16 603 16 788 17 073
11 313 11 606 12 154 12 714 13 271
10 201 10 106 10 015 9 941 9 914
10 256 10 346 10 402 10 418 10 412
13 022 13 292 13 579 13 847 14 138
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
80 306 81 042 81 769 82 340 82 871
5 912 5 902 5 924 5 869 5 716
2 895 2 953 2 985 2 878 2 690
3 017 2 949 2 939 2 991 3 027
74 394 75 140 75 845 76 470 77 154
8 607 8 351 8 079 7 804 7 600
17 409 17 728 17 913 18 009 18 043
13 762 14 223 14 698 15 074 15 537
9 917 10 009 10 194 10 537 10 853
10 358 10 277 10 141 9 994 9 843
14 342 14 551 14 820 15 052 15 278
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
83 256 83 781 84 321 84 918 85 496
5 717 5 497 5 393 5 428 5 516
2 654 2 646 2 659 2 700 2 772
3 063 2 850 2 734 2 728 2 744
77 539 78 285 78 928 79 490 79 980
7 774 7 768 7 678 7 542 7 351
17 895 17 726 17 482 17 206 16 950
15 969 16 514 16 727 17 019 17 335
10 937 11 196 11 851 12 398 12 890
9 524 9 435 9 350 9 302 9 306
15 440 15 647 15 841 16 023 16 148
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
86 181 86 828 87 417 88 126 89 156
5 614 5 787 5 924 6 053 6 202
2 827 2 927 3 004 3 031 3 076
2 787 2 860 2 920 3 023 3 127
80 567 81 041 81 492 82 073 82 953
7 150 6 936 6 896 6 969 7 150
16 702 16 457 16 047 15 642 15 366
17 654 17 943 18 162 18 300 18 415
13 390 13 884 14 357 14 732 15 214
9 333 9 402 9 582 9 944 10 274
16 337 16 419 16 447 16 486 16 536
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
90 850 91 660 92 422 93 043 93 599
6 131 6 134 6 157 6 137 6 169
3 041 3 062 3 096 3 251 3 260
3 090 3 071 3 061 2 886 2 909
84 718 85 526 86 266 86 905 87 430
7 223 7 438 7 611 7 680 7 794
15 420 15 284 15 207 15 220 15 099
18 258 18 153 17 958 17 731 17 441
15 972 16 428 16 695 16 911 17 170
10 729 11 065 11 622 12 147 12 627
17 116 17 158 17 173 17 216 17 299
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
94 419 95 242
6 219 6 301
3 304 3 429
2 915 2 871
88 200 88 942
7 814 7 796
15 086 15 094
17 268 17 074
17 480 17 760
13 119 13 596
17 433 17 623
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group identified as their main race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 27
Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK1 Both Sexes 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
14 526 14 917 15 329
2 018 2 095 2 137
1 061 1 095 1 122
956 1 000 1 014
12 508 12 823 13 192
2 027 2 132 2 137
2 809 2 957 3 103
2 329 2 333 2 382
2 139 2 156 2 202
1 601 1 616 1 679
1 605 1 628 1 689
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
15 751 16 196 16 605 16 970 17 397
2 191 2 264 2 273 2 270 2 276
1 146 1 165 1 175 1 169 1 167
1 046 1 098 1 097 1 101 1 109
13 560 13 932 14 332 14 701 15 121
2 228 2 303 2 400 2 483 2 556
3 258 3 412 3 566 3 717 3 899
2 395 2 435 2 493 2 547 2 615
2 211 2 220 2 225 2 226 2 240
1 717 1 736 1 765 1 794 1 831
1 755 1 826 1 883 1 932 1 980
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
17 824 18 219 18 584 18 925 19 348
2 289 2 288 2 252 2 225 2 161
1 171 1 161 1 119 1 092 1 056
1 119 1 127 1 134 1 133 1 105
15 535 15 931 16 332 16 700 17 187
2 606 2 642 2 697 2 734 2 783
4 095 4 290 4 438 4 607 4 789
2 687 2 758 2 887 2 999 3 167
2 249 2 260 2 263 2 260 2 288
1 870 1 913 1 935 1 964 1 977
2 030 2 069 2 113 2 135 2 183
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
19 664 19 989 20 352 20 692 21 021
2 160 2 137 2 163 2 179 2 176
1 083 1 090 1 123 1 130 1 116
1 077 1 048 1 040 1 049 1 060
17 504 17 852 18 189 18 513 18 846
2 649 2 625 2 578 2 527 2 479
4 873 5 026 5 139 5 234 5 308
3 290 3 410 3 563 3 716 3 900
2 372 2 413 2 460 2 524 2 587
2 060 2 079 2 097 2 110 2 118
2 259 2 298 2 352 2 402 2 454
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
21 477 21 799 22 147 22 521 22 879
2 238 2 187 2 155 2 181 2 211
1 101 1 085 1 086 1 113 1 168
1 138 1 102 1 069 1 069 1 044
19 239 19 612 19 992 20 339 20 668
2 554 2 585 2 615 2 600 2 616
5 407 5 419 5 404 5 409 5 362
4 328 4 538 4 722 4 886 5 038
2 618 2 682 2 809 2 941 3 084
1 970 1 985 1 996 2 016 2 045
2 362 2 403 2 446 2 487 2 524
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
23 246 23 604 24 003 24 373 24 855
2 284 2 356 2 412 2 443 2 479
1 198 1 238 1 255 1 241 1 250
1 086 1 118 1 158 1 202 1 229
20 962 21 248 21 591 21 930 22 376
2 554 2 519 2 515 2 546 2 615
5 337 5 311 5 279 5 221 5 197
5 178 5 290 5 410 5 510 5 609
3 244 3 408 3 571 3 735 3 919
2 079 2 110 2 164 2 224 2 295
2 571 2 609 2 653 2 695 2 741
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
24 902 25 138 25 578 25 686 26 065
2 389 2 388 2 416 2 382 2 423
1 205 1 212 1 235 1 309 1 350
1 183 1 176 1 181 1 074 1 072
22 513 22 750 23 162 23 304 23 643
2 611 2 686 2 779 2 773 2 821
5 089 5 003 5 015 4 978 5 020
5 488 5 467 5 460 5 387 5 335
4 168 4 343 4 513 4 628 4 739
2 407 2 478 2 571 2 692 2 827
2 750 2 775 2 823 2 846 2 899
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
26 517 27 007
2 481 2 565
1 341 1 408
1 140 1 157
24 036 24 442
2 835 2 851
5 075 5 133
5 311 5 302
4 869 4 992
2 980 3 137
2 967 3 027
Men 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
6 538 6 704 6 875
978 1 007 1 027
525 539 554
453 468 471
5 559 5 697 5 848
921 979 956
1 251 1 327 1 381
1 026 1 027 1 055
963 962 997
720 718 753
679 684 707
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
7 060 7 265 7 431 7 577 7 761
1 051 1 099 1 102 1 093 1 100
565 579 586 579 581
486 518 516 514 519
6 009 6 167 6 329 6 484 6 661
1 002 1 036 1 080 1 120 1 151
1 452 1 521 1 589 1 657 1 738
1 060 1 077 1 102 1 128 1 159
997 999 998 995 998
769 774 786 794 809
730 756 774 789 804
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
7 944 8 117 8 283 8 447 8 654
1 110 1 110 1 097 1 087 1 055
583 577 556 542 524
526 534 542 545 531
6 834 7 007 7 186 7 360 7 599
1 171 1 189 1 225 1 254 1 292
1 828 1 914 1 983 2 068 2 164
1 191 1 224 1 282 1 333 1 411
999 1 003 1 003 1 000 1 012
825 844 848 857 858
822 835 846 847 861
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
8 790 8 956 9 128 9 289 9 439
1 059 1 049 1 065 1 074 1 075
543 548 566 569 575
517 503 499 505 501
7 731 7 907 8 063 8 215 8 364
1 202 1 195 1 173 1 151 1 128
2 180 2 264 2 320 2 367 2 403
1 462 1 517 1 587 1 656 1 741
1 060 1 072 1 092 1 121 1 145
924 934 944 951 956
902 924 947 970 989
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
9 573 9 725 9 896 10 083 10 258
1 094 1 072 1 056 1 075 1 087
555 546 544 559 586
540 526 512 516 501
8 479 8 652 8 840 9 008 9 171
1 144 1 168 1 194 1 181 1 207
2 412 2 417 2 409 2 425 2 399
1 968 2 060 2 150 2 228 2 300
1 183 1 211 1 268 1 330 1 392
855 864 868 874 889
917 933 951 969 985
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
10 411 10 575 10 763 10 927 11 143
1 131 1 161 1 188 1 201 1 218
601 623 634 623 628
530 538 553 578 589
9 280 9 414 9 575 9 727 9 926
1 161 1 154 1 153 1 166 1 197
2 388 2 373 2 363 2 335 2 321
2 362 2 413 2 471 2 520 2 566
1 462 1 534 1 607 1 682 1 765
901 914 936 956 986
1 006 1 025 1 045 1 068 1 091
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
11 129 11 172 11 391 11 454 11 656
1 178 1 179 1 195 1 176 1 195
605 606 615 661 680
572 573 580 515 516
9 952 9 993 10 196 10 278 10 461
1 195 1 224 1 281 1 291 1 326
2 277 2 212 2 223 2 210 2 242
2 471 2 440 2 437 2 401 2 382
1 889 1 960 2 042 2 094 2 150
1 067 1 096 1 137 1 189 1 250
1 053 1 060 1 075 1 093 1 111
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
11 882 12 130
1 223 1 266
682 713
541 552
10 659 10 864
1 341 1 355
2 277 2 318
2 372 2 369
2 202 2 261
1 319 1 390
1 148 1 170
BLACK1
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group identified as their main race.
28 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK1 Women 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
7 988 8 214 8 454
1 040 1 088 1 110
536 556 567
503 532 542
6 948 7 126 7 344
1 106 1 153 1 181
1 558 1 631 1 723
1 302 1 306 1 327
1 176 1 194 1 206
881 898 926
925 944 981
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
8 691 8 931 9 174 9 394 9 636
1 141 1 165 1 171 1 177 1 176
581 585 590 589 586
560 580 581 588 589
7 550 7 765 8 003 8 217 8 460
1 226 1 266 1 320 1 363 1 405
1 806 1 890 1 978 2 061 2 160
1 334 1 357 1 390 1 419 1 455
1 213 1 220 1 228 1 231 1 242
948 962 979 999 1 022
1 025 1 070 1 108 1 143 1 176
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
9 880 10 102 10 300 10 477 10 694
1 180 1 178 1 155 1 138 1 106
587 584 563 550 532
593 593 592 588 574
8 700 8 924 9 146 9 340 9 588
1 435 1 453 1 472 1 480 1 491
2 267 2 376 2 455 2 539 2 625
1 496 1 534 1 605 1 666 1 756
1 250 1 257 1 260 1 260 1 276
1 045 1 069 1 087 1 107 1 119
1 208 1 234 1 267 1 288 1 322
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
10 873 11 033 11 224 11 402 11 582
1 101 1 088 1 098 1 105 1 100
540 542 557 561 541
560 545 541 544 559
9 773 9 945 10 126 10 298 10 482
1 447 1 430 1 405 1 376 1 351
2 693 2 762 2 819 2 867 2 905
1 828 1 893 1 976 2 060 2 159
1 312 1 341 1 368 1 403 1 441
1 136 1 145 1 153 1 159 1 162
1 357 1 374 1 405 1 432 1 464
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
11 904 12 074 12 251 12 438 12 621
1 144 1 115 1 099 1 106 1 125
546 539 542 554 582
598 576 557 552 543
10 760 10 959 11 152 11 332 11 496
1 410 1 417 1 421 1 419 1 410
2 995 3 003 2 995 2 983 2 963
2 360 2 478 2 573 2 659 2 738
1 435 1 471 1 542 1 611 1 692
1 114 1 121 1 127 1 142 1 156
1 446 1 470 1 495 1 518 1 538
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
12 835 13 029 13 241 13 446 13 711
1 153 1 195 1 225 1 243 1 261
597 615 620 618 621
556 580 604 624 640
11 682 11 833 12 016 12 203 12 451
1 392 1 364 1 362 1 380 1 418
2 948 2 938 2 916 2 886 2 876
2 816 2 877 2 939 2 991 3 043
1 782 1 874 1 964 2 053 2 153
1 178 1 196 1 228 1 268 1 310
1 565 1 584 1 608 1 626 1 650
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
13 772 13 966 14 187 14 232 14 409
1 211 1 209 1 221 1 206 1 227
600 606 620 648 670
611 603 601 558 557
12 561 12 758 12 966 13 026 13 182
1 416 1 462 1 498 1 482 1 495
2 812 2 790 2 792 2 768 2 778
3 017 3 026 3 023 2 986 2 954
2 279 2 383 2 471 2 534 2 590
1 340 1 382 1 434 1 504 1 577
1 697 1 714 1 747 1 753 1 789
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
14 635 14 877
1 258 1 299
659 694
598 605
13 377 13 578
1 494 1 495
2 797 2 815
2 939 2 933
2 666 2 731
1 661 1 747
1 819 1 857
Both Sexes 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
6 104 6 564
867 926
... ...
... ...
5 238 5 645
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
6 862 6 910 7 362 7 912 8 207
962 953 1 024 1 076 1 095
... 494 513 561 544
... 480 508 515 551
5 900 6 075 6 376 6 836 7 113
... 1 053 1 163 1 265 1 296
... 1 775 1 869 2 004 2 117
... 1 261 1 283 1 378 1 458
... 936 989 1 033 1 015
... 570 587 627 659
... 479 485 529 566
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
9 598 10 120 10 580 11 029 11 478
1 281 1 301 1 307 1 304 1 300
638 641 639 635 633
643 660 668 670 667
8 317 8 819 9 273 9 725 10 178
1 564 1 650 1 724 1 790 1 839
2 508 2 698 2 871 3 045 3 224
1 575 1 680 1 779 1 883 1 996
1 190 1 231 1 264 1 298 1 336
782 832 880 928 973
698 728 755 781 810
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
11 915 12 344 12 867 13 325 13 791
1 298 1 302 1 332 1 354 1 399
638 658 651 662 672
661 644 681 692 727
10 617 11 042 11 536 11 970 12 392
1 864 1 899 1 910 1 948 1 950
3 401 3 510 3 714 3 807 3 953
2 117 2 239 2 464 2 565 2 658
1 377 1 496 1 492 1 571 1 649
1 015 1 023 1 061 1 159 1 182
843 875 895 920 1 001
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
15 904 16 425 16 961 17 532 18 117
1 737 1 732 1 737 1 756 1 818
821 819 836 855 902
915 913 901 901 916
14 167 14 693 15 224 15 776 16 300
2 428 2 481 2 444 2 487 2 518
4 589 4 674 4 806 4 887 5 000
3 001 3 243 3 458 3 632 3 756
1 817 1 879 1 980 2 094 2 223
1 247 1 283 1 321 1 324 1 401
1 084 1 134 1 216 1 353 1 401
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
18 629 19 213 20 321 21 070 21 650
1 872 1 948 2 121 2 204 2 307
903 962 1 088 1 070 1 113
969 986 1 033 1 135 1 194
16 757 17 265 18 200 18 865 19 344
2 528 2 524 2 623 2 731 2 700
5 050 5 181 5 405 5 447 5 512
3 965 4 227 4 453 4 636 4 833
2 294 2 275 2 581 2 775 2 868
1 483 1 546 1 580 1 615 1 713
1 437 1 512 1 558 1 662 1 718
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
23 938 24 942 25 963 27 551 28 109
2 523 2 508 2 507 2 543 2 608
1 214 1 173 1 216 1 346 1 337
1 309 1 334 1 291 1 197 1 270
21 415 22 435 23 456 25 008 25 502
3 255 3 417 3 508 3 533 3 666
6 466 6 726 7 010 7 506 7 470
5 189 5 346 5 606 6 003 6 055
3 061 3 339 3 494 3 845 3 987
1 736 1 816 1 953 2 093 2 208
1 708 1 792 1 885 2 027 2 115
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
29 133 30 103
2 689 2 796
1 415 1 518
1 274 1 277
26 444 27 307
3 647 3 603
7 684 7 856
6 293 6 519
4 217 4 466
2 361 2 516
2 242 2 347
HISPANIC2
1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group
were included in the group identified as their main race. 2May be of any race. . . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 29
Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
16 to 17 years
Total
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
HISPANIC2 Men 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
2 891 3 130
... ...
... ...
... ...
2 472 2 680
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
3 219 3 241 3 483 3 750 3 917
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
2 741 2 764 2 982 3 228 3 362
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
4 689 4 968 5 203 5 432 5 661
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
4 036 4 306 4 539 4 771 5 005
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
5 885 6 106 6 371 6 604 6 825
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
5 232 5 451 5 700 5 921 6 114
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
8 041 8 296 8 553 8 824 9 104
... ... ... ... 926
... ... ... ... 472
... ... ... ... 454
7 126 7 392 7 655 7 930 8 178
... ... ... ... 1 346
... ... ... ... 2 627
... ... ... ... 1 871
... ... ... ... 1 076
... ... ... ... 644
... ... ... ... 614
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
9 329 9 604 10 368 10 734 10 713
954 992 1 119 1 161 1 190
481 485 585 586 571
473 507 534 575 619
8 375 8 611 9 250 9 573 9 523
1 337 1 321 1 439 1 462 1 398
2 657 2 692 2 872 2 907 2 805
1 966 2 144 2 275 2 377 2 407
1 127 1 111 1 266 1 342 1 397
668 712 747 771 767
619 630 651 714 749
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
12 174 12 695 13 221 14 098 14 417
1 333 1 310 1 293 1 301 1 336
640 619 615 674 664
693 690 678 627 672
10 841 11 386 11 928 12 797 13 082
1 784 1 846 1 890 1 905 1 981
3 380 3 529 3 727 4 033 4 024
2 626 2 765 2 875 3 098 3 147
1 527 1 650 1 716 1 910 1 990
799 848 902 989 1 046
725 749 817 862 894
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
14 962 15 473
1 376 1 428
730 763
646 664
13 586 14 046
1 956 1 916
4 155 4 266
3 284 3 414
2 114 2 251
1 123 1 204
953 996
Women 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
3 213 3 434
... ...
... ...
... ...
2 766 2 959
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
3 644 3 669 3 879 4 159 4 291
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
3 161 3 263 3 377 3 608 3 751
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
4 909 5 151 5 377 5 597 5 816
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
4 281 4 513 4 734 4 954 5 173
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
6 029 6 238 6 496 6 721 6 965
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
5 385 5 591 5 835 6 050 6 278
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
7 863 8 130 8 408 8 708 9 014
... ... ... ... 892
... ... ... ... 430
... ... ... ... 462
7 041 7 301 7 569 7 846 8 122
... ... ... ... 1 173
... ... ... ... 2 373
... ... ... ... 1 885
... ... ... ... 1 147
... ... ... ... 757
... ... ... ... 787
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
9 300 9 610 9 953 10 335 10 937
918 956 1 003 1 044 1 116
422 477 503 483 542
496 479 500 560 575
8 382 8 654 8 950 9 292 9 821
1 191 1 203 1 184 1 269 1 302
2 393 2 489 2 533 2 539 2 707
1 999 2 082 2 178 2 259 2 425
1 167 1 164 1 315 1 433 1 470
815 834 833 844 947
818 882 907 948 969
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
11 764 12 247 12 742 13 452 13 692
1 190 1 198 1 214 1 242 1 272
574 554 601 672 674
616 644 613 570 598
10 574 11 049 11 528 12 211 12 420
1 471 1 571 1 617 1 628 1 685
3 086 3 198 3 283 3 473 3 447
2 564 2 581 2 732 2 905 2 908
1 534 1 689 1 777 1 935 1 997
937 968 1 051 1 105 1 162
982 1 043 1 068 1 166 1 221
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
14 172 14 630
1 313 1 368
685 755
628 613
12 858 13 262
1 692 1 688
3 529 3 590
3 009 3 105
2 103 2 215
1 237 1 313
1 289 1 351
HISPANIC2
2May be of any race. . . . = Not available.
30 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
ALL RACES Both Sexes 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
60 621 61 286
4 435 4 288
1 780 1 704
2 654 2 583
56 187 57 000
7 392 7 340
14 258 14 415
13 397 13 711
10 914 11 107
7 329 7 426
2 897 3 010
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
62 208 62 017 62 138 63 015 63 643
4 216 4 103 4 064 4 027 3 976
1 659 1 743 1 806 1 727 1 643
2 557 2 360 2 257 2 299 2 300
57 994 57 914 58 075 58 989 59 666
7 307 6 594 5 840 5 481 5 475
14 619 14 668 14 904 14 898 14 983
13 954 14 100 14 383 15 099 15 221
11 444 11 739 11 961 12 249 12 524
7 633 7 796 7 980 8 024 8 269
3 036 3 020 3 005 3 236 3 192
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
65 023 66 552 66 929 67 639 68 369
4 092 4 296 4 275 4 260 4 492
1 711 1 878 1 843 1 818 1 971
2 382 2 418 2 433 2 442 2 522
60 931 62 257 62 653 63 377 63 876
5 666 5 940 6 071 6 272 6 413
15 058 14 961 14 826 14 668 14 435
15 400 15 694 15 847 16 028 16 127
12 992 13 407 13 768 14 179 14 518
8 513 8 830 8 853 9 031 9 227
3 305 3 423 3 290 3 199 3 158
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
69 628 70 459 70 614 71 833 73 091
4 841 4 936 4 916 5 139 5 388
2 095 1 984 1 919 2 171 2 449
2 747 2 951 2 997 2 966 2 940
64 788 65 524 65 699 66 695 67 702
6 702 6 950 7 082 7 473 7 963
14 382 14 319 14 023 14 050 14 056
16 269 16 402 16 589 16 788 16 771
14 852 15 071 15 096 15 338 15 637
9 385 9 636 9 757 10 006 10 182
3 195 3 146 3 154 3 041 3 090
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
74 455 75 770 77 347 78 737 80 734
5 910 6 558 6 521 6 619 6 970
2 486 2 664 2 734 2 817 3 009
3 425 3 893 3 786 3 803 3 959
68 543 69 219 70 825 72 118 73 763
8 259 8 410 9 010 9 305 9 879
14 233 14 458 15 055 15 708 16 336
16 840 16 738 16 703 16 591 16 458
15 756 15 984 16 172 16 397 16 730
10 350 10 575 10 792 10 964 11 135
3 108 3 053 3 097 3 153 3 227
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
82 771 84 382 87 034 89 429 91 949
7 249 7 470 8 054 8 507 8 871
3 135 3 192 3 420 3 665 3 810
4 115 4 278 4 636 4 839 5 059
75 521 76 913 78 980 80 924 83 080
10 597 11 331 12 130 12 846 13 314
17 036 17 714 18 960 20 376 21 654
16 437 16 305 16 398 16 492 16 763
16 949 17 024 16 967 16 983 17 131
11 283 11 390 11 412 11 256 11 284
3 222 3 149 3 114 2 974 2 934
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
93 775 96 158 99 009 102 251 104 962
8 870 9 056 9 351 9 652 9 638
3 740 3 767 3 919 4 127 4 079
5 131 5 288 5 431 5 526 5 559
84 904 87 103 89 658 92 598 95 325
13 750 14 284 14 825 15 370 15 769
22 864 24 203 25 500 26 703 27 938
16 903 17 317 17 943 18 821 19 685
17 084 16 982 16 878 16 891 16 897
11 346 11 422 11 577 11 744 11 931
2 956 2 895 2 934 3 070 3 104
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
106 940 108 670 110 204 111 550 113 544
9 378 8 988 8 526 8 171 7 943
3 883 3 647 3 336 3 073 3 050
5 496 5 340 5 189 5 098 4 894
97 561 99 682 101 679 103 379 105 601
15 922 16 099 16 082 16 052 16 046
29 227 30 392 31 186 31 834 32 723
20 463 21 211 22 431 23 611 24 933
16 910 16 970 16 889 16 851 17 006
11 985 11 969 12 062 11 992 11 961
3 054 3 042 3 030 3 040 2 933
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
115 461 117 834 119 865 121 669 123 869
7 901 7 926 7 988 8 031 7 954
3 154 3 287 3 384 3 286 3 125
4 747 4 639 4 604 4 745 4 828
107 560 109 908 111 878 113 638 115 916
15 718 15 441 14 977 14 505 14 180
33 550 34 591 35 233 35 503 35 896
26 073 27 232 28 460 29 435 30 601
17 322 17 739 18 210 19 104 19 916
11 991 11 894 11 877 11 808 11 877
2 907 3 010 3 119 3 284 3 446
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
125 840 126 346 128 105 129 200 131 056
7 792 7 265 7 096 7 170 7 481
2 937 2 789 2 769 2 831 3 134
4 856 4 476 4 327 4 338 4 347
118 047 119 082 121 009 122 030 123 576
14 700 14 548 14 521 14 354 14 131
35 929 35 507 35 369 34 780 34 353
32 145 33 312 33 899 34 562 35 226
20 248 20 828 22 160 23 296 24 318
11 575 11 473 11 587 11 599 11 713
3 451 3 413 3 473 3 439 3 834
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
132 304 133 943 136 297 137 673 139 368
7 765 7 806 7 932 8 256 8 333
3 225 3 263 3 237 3 335 3 337
4 540 4 543 4 695 4 921 4 996
124 539 126 137 128 365 129 417 131 034
13 688 13 377 13 532 13 638 13 933
34 198 33 833 33 380 32 813 32 143
35 751 36 556 37 326 37 536 37 882
25 223 26 397 27 574 28 368 29 388
11 860 12 146 12 665 13 215 13 682
3 819 3 828 3 887 3 847 4 005
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
142 583 143 734 144 863 146 510 147 401
8 271 7 902 7 585 7 170 7 114
3 261 3 088 2 870 2 857 2 747
5 010 4 814 4 715 4 313 4 367
134 312 135 832 137 278 139 340 140 287
14 250 14 557 14 781 14 928 15 154
32 755 32 361 32 196 32 343 32 207
37 567 37 404 36 926 36 695 36 158
31 071 32 025 32 597 33 270 33 758
14 356 15 104 16 309 17 312 18 013
4 312 4 382 4 469 4 792 4 998
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
149 320 151 428
7 164 7 281
2 825 2 952
4 339 4 329
142 157 144 147
15 127 15 113
32 341 32 573
36 030 35 848
34 402 35 146
18 979 19 984
5 278 5 484
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 31
Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
ALL RACES Men 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
43 286 43 498
2 600 2 477
1 109 1 056
1 490 1 420
40 687 41 022
4 673 4 682
10 327 10 418
9 596 9 722
7 943 8 008
5 764 5 748
2 384 2 454
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
43 819 43 001 42 869 43 633 43 965
2 504 2 347 2 312 2 320 2 295
1 048 1 081 1 101 1 070 1 023
1 456 1 266 1 210 1 249 1 272
41 316 40 655 40 558 41 315 41 669
4 632 3 935 3 338 3 053 3 051
10 527 10 375 10 585 10 736 10 771
9 793 9 799 9 945 10 437 10 513
8 117 8 205 8 326 8 570 8 702
5 794 5 873 5 949 5 975 6 105
2 453 2 469 2 416 2 543 2 526
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
44 475 45 091 45 197 45 521 45 886
2 369 2 433 2 415 2 428 2 596
1 070 1 142 1 127 1 133 1 206
1 299 1 291 1 289 1 295 1 390
42 106 42 658 42 780 43 092 43 289
3 221 3 485 3 629 3 771 3 940
10 806 10 685 10 571 10 475 10 346
10 595 10 663 10 731 10 843 10 899
8 838 9 002 9 153 9 320 9 438
6 122 6 220 6 222 6 304 6 345
2 526 2 602 2 477 2 378 2 322
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
46 388 46 653 46 600 47 129 47 679
2 787 2 794 2 770 2 907 3 074
1 290 1 210 1 178 1 321 1 499
1 496 1 583 1 592 1 586 1 575
43 603 43 860 43 831 44 222 44 604
4 123 4 253 4 279 4 514 4 754
10 251 10 176 9 920 9 876 9 876
10 967 11 012 11 115 11 187 11 156
9 574 9 668 9 715 9 836 9 956
6 399 6 530 6 560 6 675 6 741
2 287 2 220 2 241 2 135 2 124
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
48 255 48 471 48 987 49 533 50 221
3 397 3 685 3 634 3 681 3 870
1 532 1 609 1 658 1 687 1 770
1 866 2 075 1 976 1 995 2 100
44 857 44 788 45 354 45 852 46 351
4 894 4 820 5 043 5 070 5 282
9 903 9 948 10 207 10 610 10 941
11 120 10 983 10 859 10 725 10 556
10 045 10 100 10 189 10 267 10 344
6 763 6 847 6 937 7 025 7 058
2 132 2 089 2 118 2 154 2 170
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
51 228 52 180 53 555 54 624 55 739
4 008 4 172 4 476 4 693 4 861
1 810 1 856 1 955 2 073 2 138
2 199 2 315 2 522 2 618 2 721
47 220 48 009 49 079 49 932 50 879
5 717 6 233 6 766 7 183 7 387
11 327 11 731 12 350 13 056 13 665
10 469 10 347 10 372 10 338 10 401
10 417 10 451 10 412 10 416 10 431
7 126 7 155 7 155 7 028 7 063
2 165 2 090 2 026 1 913 1 932
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
56 299 57 174 58 396 59 620 60 726
4 805 4 886 5 048 5 149 5 111
2 065 2 069 2 155 2 227 2 192
2 740 2 817 2 893 2 923 2 919
51 494 52 288 53 348 54 471 55 615
7 565 7 866 8 109 8 327 8 535
14 192 14 784 15 353 15 814 16 387
10 398 10 500 10 771 11 159 11 531
10 401 10 293 10 158 10 083 10 008
7 023 7 020 7 100 7 151 7 212
1 914 1 826 1 857 1 936 1 943
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
61 453 61 974 62 450 63 047 63 835
4 999 4 777 4 470 4 303 4 134
2 102 1 957 1 776 1 621 1 591
2 897 2 820 2 694 2 682 2 542
56 455 57 197 57 980 58 744 59 701
8 607 8 648 8 604 8 601 8 594
16 971 17 479 17 793 18 038 18 488
11 836 12 166 12 781 13 398 14 037
9 905 9 868 9 784 9 746 9 776
7 242 7 170 7 174 7 119 7 050
1 893 1 866 1 845 1 842 1 755
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
64 411 65 422 66 207 66 927 67 840
4 134 4 102 4 112 4 159 4 136
1 663 1 707 1 745 1 714 1 630
2 471 2 395 2 367 2 445 2 505
60 277 61 320 62 095 62 768 63 704
8 283 8 148 7 837 7 594 7 458
18 808 19 383 19 656 19 742 19 905
14 506 15 029 15 587 16 074 16 622
9 870 9 994 10 176 10 566 10 919
7 060 6 954 6 940 6 831 6 783
1 750 1 811 1 899 1 960 2 017
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
69 011 69 168 69 964 70 404 70 817
4 094 3 795 3 751 3 762 3 896
1 537 1 452 1 453 1 497 1 630
2 557 2 343 2 297 2 265 2 266
64 916 65 374 66 213 66 642 66 921
7 866 7 820 7 770 7 671 7 540
19 872 19 641 19 495 19 214 18 854
17 481 18 077 18 347 18 713 18 966
11 103 11 362 12 040 12 562 12 962
6 627 6 550 6 551 6 502 6 423
1 967 1 924 2 010 1 980 2 176
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
71 360 72 087 73 261 73 959 74 512
4 036 4 043 4 095 4 244 4 318
1 668 1 665 1 676 1 728 1 732
2 368 2 378 2 419 2 516 2 587
67 324 68 044 69 166 69 715 70 194
7 338 7 104 7 184 7 221 7 291
18 670 18 430 18 110 17 796 17 318
19 189 19 602 20 058 20 242 20 382
13 421 13 967 14 564 14 963 15 394
6 504 6 693 6 952 7 253 7 477
2 201 2 247 2 298 2 240 2 333
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
76 280 76 886 77 500 78 238 78 980
4 269 4 070 3 870 3 614 3 616
1 676 1 568 1 431 1 405 1 329
2 594 2 501 2 439 2 209 2 288
72 010 72 816 73 630 74 623 75 364
7 521 7 640 7 769 7 906 8 057
17 844 17 671 17 596 17 767 17 798
20 093 20 018 19 828 19 762 19 539
16 269 16 804 17 143 17 352 17 635
7 795 8 171 8 751 9 144 9 547
2 488 2 511 2 542 2 692 2 787
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
80 033 81 255
3 590 3 693
1 368 1 453
2 222 2 240
76 443 77 562
8 054 8 116
17 837 17 944
19 495 19 407
18 053 18 489
10 045 10 509
2 959 3 096
32 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
ALL RACES Women 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
17 335 17 788
1 835 1 811
671 648
1 164 1 163
15 500 15 978
2 719 2 658
3 931 3 997
3 801 3 989
2 971 3 099
1 565 1 678
513 556
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
18 389 19 016 19 269 19 382 19 678
1 712 1 756 1 752 1 707 1 681
611 662 705 657 620
1 101 1 094 1 047 1 050 1 028
16 678 17 259 17 517 17 674 17 997
2 675 2 659 2 502 2 428 2 424
4 092 4 293 4 319 4 162 4 212
4 161 4 301 4 438 4 662 4 708
3 327 3 534 3 635 3 679 3 822
1 839 1 923 2 031 2 049 2 164
583 551 589 693 666
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
20 548 21 461 21 732 22 118 22 483
1 723 1 863 1 860 1 832 1 896
641 736 716 685 765
1 083 1 127 1 144 1 147 1 132
18 825 19 599 19 873 20 285 20 587
2 445 2 455 2 442 2 501 2 473
4 252 4 276 4 255 4 193 4 089
4 805 5 031 5 116 5 185 5 228
4 154 4 405 4 615 4 859 5 080
2 391 2 610 2 631 2 727 2 882
779 821 813 821 836
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
23 240 23 806 24 014 24 704 25 412
2 054 2 142 2 146 2 232 2 314
805 774 741 850 950
1 251 1 368 1 405 1 380 1 365
21 185 21 664 21 868 22 473 23 098
2 579 2 697 2 803 2 959 3 209
4 131 4 143 4 103 4 174 4 180
5 302 5 390 5 474 5 601 5 615
5 278 5 403 5 381 5 502 5 681
2 986 3 106 3 197 3 331 3 441
908 926 913 906 966
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
26 200 27 299 28 360 29 204 30 513
2 513 2 873 2 887 2 938 3 100
954 1 055 1 076 1 130 1 239
1 559 1 818 1 810 1 808 1 859
23 686 24 431 25 475 26 266 27 413
3 365 3 590 3 966 4 235 4 597
4 330 4 510 4 848 5 098 5 395
5 720 5 755 5 844 5 866 5 902
5 711 5 884 5 983 6 130 6 386
3 587 3 728 3 855 3 939 4 077
976 964 979 999 1 057
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
31 543 32 202 33 479 34 804 36 211
3 241 3 298 3 578 3 814 4 010
1 325 1 336 1 464 1 592 1 672
1 916 1 963 2 114 2 221 2 338
28 301 28 904 29 901 30 991 32 201
4 880 5 098 5 364 5 663 5 926
5 708 5 983 6 610 7 320 7 989
5 968 5 957 6 027 6 154 6 362
6 532 6 573 6 555 6 567 6 699
4 157 4 234 4 257 4 228 4 221
1 056 1 059 1 089 1 061 1 002
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
37 475 38 983 40 613 42 631 44 235
4 065 4 170 4 303 4 503 4 527
1 674 1 698 1 765 1 900 1 887
2 391 2 470 2 538 2 603 2 639
33 410 34 814 36 310 38 128 39 708
6 185 6 418 6 717 7 043 7 234
8 673 9 419 10 149 10 888 11 551
6 505 6 817 7 171 7 662 8 154
6 683 6 689 6 720 6 807 6 889
4 323 4 402 4 477 4 593 4 719
1 042 1 069 1 078 1 134 1 161
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
45 487 46 696 47 755 48 503 49 709
4 381 4 211 4 056 3 868 3 810
1 781 1 691 1 561 1 452 1 458
2 599 2 520 2 495 2 416 2 351
41 106 42 485 43 699 44 636 45 900
7 315 7 451 7 477 7 451 7 451
12 257 12 912 13 393 13 796 14 234
8 627 9 045 9 651 10 213 10 896
7 004 7 101 7 105 7 105 7 230
4 742 4 799 4 888 4 873 4 911
1 161 1 176 1 185 1 198 1 177
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
51 050 52 413 53 658 54 742 56 030
3 767 3 824 3 875 3 872 3 818
1 491 1 580 1 638 1 572 1 495
2 276 2 244 2 237 2 300 2 323
47 283 48 589 49 783 50 870 52 212
7 434 7 293 7 140 6 910 6 721
14 742 15 208 15 577 15 761 15 990
11 567 12 204 12 873 13 361 13 980
7 452 7 746 8 034 8 537 8 997
4 932 4 940 4 937 4 977 5 095
1 156 1 199 1 221 1 324 1 429
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
56 829 57 178 58 141 58 795 60 239
3 698 3 470 3 345 3 408 3 585
1 400 1 337 1 316 1 335 1 504
2 298 2 133 2 030 2 073 2 081
53 131 53 708 54 796 55 388 56 655
6 834 6 728 6 750 6 683 6 592
16 058 15 867 15 875 15 566 15 499
14 663 15 235 15 552 15 849 16 259
9 145 9 465 10 120 10 733 11 357
4 948 4 924 5 035 5 097 5 289
1 483 1 489 1 464 1 459 1 658
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
60 944 61 857 63 036 63 714 64 855
3 729 3 763 3 837 4 012 4 015
1 557 1 599 1 561 1 607 1 606
2 172 2 164 2 277 2 405 2 410
57 215 58 094 59 198 59 702 60 840
6 349 6 273 6 348 6 418 6 643
15 528 15 403 15 271 15 017 14 826
16 562 16 954 17 268 17 294 17 501
11 801 12 430 13 010 13 405 13 994
5 356 5 452 5 713 5 962 6 204
1 618 1 581 1 590 1 607 1 673
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
66 303 66 848 67 363 68 272 68 421
4 002 3 832 3 715 3 556 3 498
1 585 1 520 1 439 1 452 1 418
2 416 2 313 2 277 2 104 2 080
62 301 63 016 63 648 64 716 64 923
6 730 6 917 7 012 7 021 7 097
14 912 14 690 14 600 14 576 14 409
17 473 17 386 17 098 16 933 16 619
14 802 15 221 15 454 15 919 16 123
6 561 6 932 7 559 8 168 8 466
1 823 1 870 1 926 2 099 2 211
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
69 288 70 173
3 574 3 588
1 457 1 499
2 117 2 089
65 714 66 585
7 073 6 997
14 503 14 628
16 535 16 441
16 349 16 656
8 934 9 475
2 319 2 388
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 33
Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE1 Both Sexes 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
56 816 58 085 59 428 59 754 60 293 60 952
3 501 3 598 3 771 3 775 3 757 4 000
1 448 1 511 1 656 1 637 1 615 1 775
2 054 2 087 2 113 2 135 2 144 2 225
53 315 54 487 55 657 55 979 56 536 56 952
4 752 4 941 5 194 5 283 5 449 5 544
13 226 13 267 13 154 13 044 12 884 12 670
13 540 13 729 14 000 14 117 14 257 14 355
11 258 11 680 12 061 12 382 12 727 13 048
7 591 7 810 8 080 8 091 8 254 8 411
2 946 3 062 3 166 3 049 2 964 2 925
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
61 915 62 656 62 750 63 830 64 921
4 275 4 362 4 354 4 559 4 784
1 871 1 767 1 709 1 950 2 211
2 405 2 594 2 645 2 608 2 572
57 640 58 294 58 396 59 271 60 137
5 787 6 026 6 164 6 537 6 952
12 594 12 503 12 218 12 229 12 235
14 450 14 557 14 695 14 859 14 852
13 322 13 517 13 551 13 789 14 043
8 522 8 773 8 856 9 067 9 239
2 964 2 917 2 912 2 790 2 817
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
66 137 67 276 68 699 69 976 71 778
5 267 5 827 5 749 5 839 6 168
2 221 2 367 2 432 2 519 2 698
3 044 3 460 3 318 3 320 3 470
60 870 61 449 62 950 64 137 65 611
7 189 7 324 7 886 8 109 8 614
12 391 12 591 13 123 13 740 14 289
14 900 14 785 14 765 14 683 14 564
14 162 14 370 14 545 14 756 15 057
9 392 9 583 9 817 9 968 10 132
2 839 2 793 2 821 2 884 2 954
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
73 556 74 963 77 275 79 151 81 281
6 442 6 681 7 193 7 579 7 899
2 824 2 894 3 096 3 320 3 441
3 617 3 787 4 098 4 260 4 459
67 113 68 282 70 082 71 572 73 381
9 238 9 889 10 605 11 182 11 600
14 896 15 445 16 584 17 764 18 862
14 525 14 374 14 399 14 440 14 644
15 269 15 343 15 283 15 256 15 375
10 255 10 351 10 402 10 240 10 241
2 930 2 880 2 809 2 687 2 656
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
82 831 84 767 87 141 89 634 91 923
7 899 8 088 8 352 8 555 8 548
3 375 3 410 3 562 3 715 3 668
4 525 4 679 4 790 4 839 4 881
74 932 76 678 78 789 81 079 83 375
12 019 12 444 12 892 13 309 13 632
19 897 20 990 22 099 23 067 24 101
14 753 15 088 15 604 16 353 17 123
15 308 15 187 15 053 15 004 14 965
10 287 10 371 10 495 10 602 10 767
2 668 2 599 2 647 2 745 2 787
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
93 600 95 052 96 143 97 021 98 492
8 312 7 962 7 518 7 186 6 952
3 485 3 274 3 001 2 765 2 720
4 827 4 688 4 518 4 421 4 232
85 286 87 089 88 625 89 835 91 540
13 769 13 926 13 866 13 816 13 733
25 181 26 208 26 814 27 237 27 958
17 811 18 445 19 491 20 488 21 588
14 956 14 993 14 879 14 798 14 899
10 812 10 764 10 832 10 732 10 701
2 759 2 753 2 742 2 766 2 660
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
99 926 101 801 103 290 104 756 106 355
6 841 6 862 6 893 6 940 6 809
2 777 2 895 2 963 2 861 2 685
4 065 3 967 3 931 4 079 4 124
93 085 94 939 96 396 97 815 99 546
13 469 13 176 12 764 12 311 11 940
28 640 29 497 29 956 30 167 30 388
22 591 23 571 24 581 25 358 26 312
15 101 15 379 15 792 16 573 17 278
10 679 10 583 10 497 10 462 10 533
2 605 2 732 2 806 2 943 3 094
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
107 447 107 743 108 837 109 700 111 082
6 683 6 245 6 022 6 105 6 357
2 543 2 432 2 388 2 458 2 681
4 140 3 813 3 633 3 647 3 677
100 764 101 498 102 815 103 595 104 725
12 397 12 248 12 187 11 987 11 688
30 174 29 794 29 518 29 027 28 580
27 265 28 213 28 580 29 056 29 626
17 515 18 028 19 200 20 181 21 026
10 290 10 129 10 196 10 215 10 319
3 123 3 086 3 135 3 129 3 486
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
111 950 113 108 114 693 115 415 116 509
6 545 6 607 6 720 6 965 7 048
2 749 2 780 2 779 2 860 2 849
3 796 3 826 3 941 4 105 4 199
105 404 106 502 107 973 108 450 109 461
11 266 11 003 11 127 11 244 11 436
28 325 27 901 27 362 26 707 25 978
30 112 30 683 31 171 31 221 31 391
21 804 22 781 23 709 24 282 25 102
10 432 10 648 11 086 11 548 11 960
3 466 3 485 3 517 3 448 3 595
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
118 545 119 399 120 150 120 546 121 086
6 955 6 661 6 366 5 973 5 929
2 768 2 626 2 445 2 414 2 309
4 186 4 035 3 921 3 560 3 620
111 590 112 737 113 784 114 572 115 156
11 626 11 883 12 073 12 064 12 192
26 336 26 010 25 908 25 752 25 548
30 968 30 778 30 286 29 788 29 305
26 353 27 062 27 405 27 786 28 181
12 463 13 121 14 148 14 944 15 522
3 846 3 883 3 965 4 238 4 408
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
122 299 123 834
5 950 6 009
2 390 2 473
3 560 3 536
116 349 117 825
12 109 12 128
25 548 25 681
29 107 28 849
28 685 29 231
16 275 17 132
4 624 4 805
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
34 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE1 Men 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
39 759 40 197 40 734 40 826 41 080 41 397
1 989 2 056 2 114 2 108 2 116 2 279
896 935 1 002 992 1 001 1 077
1 095 1 121 1 110 1 114 1 116 1 202
37 770 38 141 38 620 38 718 38 964 39 118
2 654 2 803 3 036 3 152 3 278 3 409
9 695 9 721 9 595 9 483 9 386 9 261
9 516 9 597 9 661 9 719 9 822 9 876
7 913 8 025 8 175 8 317 8 465 8 581
5 653 5 654 5 736 5 735 5 800 5 833
2 339 2 343 2 417 2 307 2 213 2 158
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
41 743 41 986 41 931 42 404 42 894
2 433 2 439 2 432 2 563 2 716
1 140 1 067 1 041 1 183 1 345
1 293 1 372 1 391 1 380 1 371
39 310 39 547 39 499 39 841 40 178
3 559 3 681 3 726 3 955 4 166
9 153 9 072 8 846 8 805 8 800
9 919 9 961 10 029 10 079 10 055
8 689 8 776 8 820 8 944 9 053
5 861 5 988 5 995 6 090 6 161
2 129 2 068 2 082 1 967 1 942
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
43 400 43 572 44 041 44 553 45 185
2 999 3 253 3 191 3 236 3 413
1 359 1 423 1 464 1 504 1 583
1 639 1 830 1 727 1 732 1 830
40 401 40 319 40 851 41 318 41 772
4 279 4 200 4 416 4 432 4 615
8 824 8 859 9 102 9 477 9 773
10 023 9 892 9 785 9 662 9 509
9 130 9 189 9 260 9 340 9 413
6 188 6 250 6 348 6 427 6 467
1 959 1 928 1 944 1 981 1 996
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
46 035 46 904 48 118 48 920 49 843
3 551 3 719 3 980 4 174 4 312
1 629 1 681 1 758 1 875 1 922
1 922 2 039 2 223 2 300 2 391
42 483 43 185 44 138 44 747 45 532
4 988 5 448 5 937 6 274 6 470
10 099 10 444 11 039 11 621 12 135
9 414 9 294 9 278 9 212 9 246
9 487 9 528 9 473 9 445 9 455
6 517 6 550 6 562 6 452 6 464
1 978 1 922 1 846 1 740 1 759
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
50 324 51 033 52 033 52 955 53 856
4 290 4 357 4 496 4 565 4 537
1 871 1 869 1 949 2 002 1 974
2 418 2 489 2 548 2 563 2 563
46 034 46 675 47 537 48 390 49 320
6 642 6 890 7 097 7 274 7 421
12 579 13 092 13 575 13 939 14 415
9 231 9 289 9 509 9 858 10 183
9 415 9 310 9 175 9 068 8 968
6 425 6 437 6 492 6 508 6 571
1 742 1 657 1 688 1 744 1 761
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
54 473 54 895 55 133 55 480 56 062
4 424 4 224 3 933 3 764 3 609
1 881 1 751 1 602 1 452 1 420
2 543 2 473 2 331 2 312 2 189
50 049 50 671 51 200 51 716 52 453
7 479 7 521 7 438 7 406 7 370
14 893 15 340 15 549 15 707 16 037
10 455 10 740 11 289 11 817 12 348
8 877 8 836 8 727 8 649 8 683
6 618 6 530 6 520 6 446 6 410
1 727 1 704 1 677 1 691 1 606
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
56 472 57 217 57 779 58 317 58 988
3 576 3 542 3 547 3 583 3 546
1 467 1 502 1 524 1 487 1 401
2 109 2 040 2 023 2 095 2 146
52 895 53 675 54 232 54 734 55 441
7 122 6 986 6 717 6 468 6 316
16 306 16 769 16 963 17 018 17 077
12 767 13 207 13 674 14 068 14 516
8 730 8 791 8 945 9 285 9 615
6 376 6 260 6 200 6 108 6 082
1 595 1 663 1 733 1 787 1 835
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
59 638 59 656 60 168 60 484 60 727
3 522 3 269 3 192 3 200 3 315
1 333 1 266 1 260 1 292 1 403
2 189 2 003 1 932 1 908 1 912
56 116 56 387 56 976 57 284 57 411
6 688 6 619 6 542 6 449 6 294
16 920 16 709 16 512 16 244 15 879
15 026 15 523 15 701 15 971 16 188
9 713 9 926 10 570 11 010 11 327
5 957 5 847 5 821 5 784 5 726
1 811 1 763 1 830 1 825 1 998
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
61 146 61 783 62 639 63 034 63 413
3 427 3 444 3 513 3 614 3 666
1 429 1 421 1 440 1 487 1 478
1 998 2 023 2 073 2 127 2 188
57 719 58 340 59 126 59 421 59 747
6 096 5 922 6 029 6 063 6 151
15 669 15 475 15 120 14 770 14 292
16 414 16 728 17 019 17 157 17 201
11 730 12 217 12 710 13 003 13 368
5 809 5 943 6 154 6 415 6 618
2 000 2 054 2 094 2 013 2 117
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
64 466 64 966 65 308 65 509 65 994
3 615 3 446 3 241 3 036 3 050
1 422 1 334 1 215 1 193 1 127
2 193 2 112 2 026 1 843 1 923
60 850 61 519 62 067 62 473 62 944
6 244 6 363 6 444 6 479 6 586
14 666 14 536 14 499 14 529 14 429
16 880 16 809 16 583 16 398 16 192
13 977 14 400 14 615 14 708 14 934
6 840 7 169 7 665 7 973 8 326
2 243 2 241 2 261 2 386 2 478
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
66 694 67 613
2 988 3 074
1 162 1 222
1 826 1 852
63 705 64 540
6 562 6 597
14 426 14 469
16 080 15 962
15 273 15 606
8 734 9 152
2 631 2 753
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 35
Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE1 Women 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
17 057 17 888 18 694 18 928 19 213 19 555
1 512 1 542 1 657 1 667 1 641 1 721
552 576 654 645 614 698
959 966 1 003 1 021 1 028 1 023
15 545 16 346 17 037 17 261 17 572 17 834
2 098 2 138 2 158 2 131 2 171 2 135
3 531 3 546 3 559 3 561 3 498 3 409
4 024 4 132 4 339 4 398 4 435 4 479
3 345 3 655 3 886 4 065 4 262 4 467
1 938 2 156 2 344 2 356 2 454 2 578
607 719 749 742 751 767
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
20 172 20 670 20 819 21 426 22 027
1 842 1 923 1 922 1 996 2 068
731 700 668 767 866
1 112 1 222 1 254 1 228 1 201
18 330 18 747 18 897 19 430 19 959
2 228 2 345 2 438 2 582 2 786
3 441 3 431 3 372 3 424 3 435
4 531 4 596 4 666 4 780 4 797
4 633 4 741 4 731 4 845 4 990
2 661 2 785 2 861 2 977 3 078
835 849 830 823 875
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
22 737 23 704 24 658 25 423 26 593
2 268 2 574 2 558 2 603 2 755
862 944 968 1 015 1 115
1 405 1 630 1 591 1 588 1 640
20 469 21 130 22 100 22 821 23 839
2 910 3 124 3 471 3 677 3 999
3 567 3 732 4 021 4 263 4 516
4 877 4 893 4 980 5 021 5 055
5 032 5 181 5 285 5 416 5 644
3 204 3 333 3 469 3 541 3 665
880 865 877 903 958
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
27 521 28 060 29 157 30 231 31 437
2 891 2 962 3 213 3 405 3 588
1 195 1 213 1 338 1 445 1 520
1 695 1 748 1 875 1 960 2 068
24 630 25 097 25 945 26 825 27 850
4 250 4 441 4 668 4 908 5 131
4 797 5 001 5 544 6 143 6 727
5 111 5 080 5 121 5 228 5 399
5 781 5 816 5 810 5 811 5 920
3 738 3 801 3 839 3 788 3 777
952 958 963 947 897
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
32 508 33 735 35 108 36 679 38 067
3 610 3 731 3 856 3 990 4 011
1 504 1 541 1 614 1 713 1 694
2 107 2 189 2 243 2 276 2 318
28 898 30 004 31 253 32 689 34 056
5 378 5 554 5 795 6 035 6 211
7 318 7 898 8 523 9 128 9 687
5 522 5 799 6 095 6 495 6 940
5 892 5 877 5 877 5 936 5 997
3 862 3 935 4 003 4 094 4 196
926 940 959 1 001 1 024
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
39 127 40 157 41 010 41 541 42 431
3 888 3 739 3 585 3 422 3 343
1 605 1 523 1 399 1 314 1 300
2 284 2 216 2 186 2 109 2 043
35 239 36 418 37 425 38 119 39 087
6 290 6 406 6 428 6 410 6 363
10 289 10 868 11 264 11 530 11 922
7 356 7 704 8 202 8 670 9 240
6 079 6 157 6 152 6 149 6 217
4 194 4 235 4 313 4 285 4 292
1 032 1 049 1 065 1 074 1 054
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
43 455 44 584 45 510 46 439 47 367
3 265 3 320 3 347 3 358 3 262
1 310 1 393 1 439 1 374 1 284
1 955 1 927 1 908 1 984 1 978
40 190 41 264 42 164 43 081 44 105
6 348 6 191 6 047 5 844 5 625
12 334 12 729 12 993 13 149 13 311
9 824 10 364 10 907 11 291 11 796
6 371 6 588 6 847 7 288 7 663
4 303 4 323 4 297 4 354 4 451
1 010 1 069 1 073 1 156 1 259
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
47 809 48 087 48 669 49 216 50 356
3 161 2 976 2 830 2 905 3 042
1 210 1 166 1 128 1 167 1 278
1 951 1 810 1 702 1 739 1 764
44 648 45 111 45 839 46 311 47 314
5 709 5 629 5 645 5 539 5 394
13 254 13 085 13 006 12 783 12 702
12 239 12 689 12 879 13 085 13 439
7 802 8 101 8 630 9 171 9 699
4 333 4 282 4 375 4 430 4 593
1 312 1 324 1 305 1 304 1 487
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
50 804 51 325 52 054 52 380 53 096
3 118 3 163 3 207 3 351 3 382
1 320 1 360 1 339 1 373 1 371
1 798 1 803 1 867 1 977 2 010
47 686 48 162 48 847 49 029 49 714
5 170 5 081 5 099 5 180 5 285
12 656 12 426 12 242 11 937 11 685
13 697 13 955 14 153 14 064 14 190
10 074 10 563 10 999 11 279 11 734
4 622 4 706 4 932 5 133 5 342
1 466 1 431 1 422 1 435 1 478
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
54 079 54 433 54 842 55 037 55 092
3 339 3 215 3 125 2 937 2 879
1 346 1 292 1 229 1 221 1 182
1 993 1 923 1 895 1 716 1 697
50 740 51 218 51 717 52 099 52 212
5 381 5 519 5 628 5 584 5 606
11 669 11 474 11 409 11 223 11 119
14 088 13 969 13 703 13 390 13 114
12 376 12 662 12 790 13 078 13 247
5 623 5 952 6 482 6 970 7 197
1 602 1 642 1 704 1 852 1 930
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
55 605 56 221
2 962 2 935
1 228 1 251
1 733 1 684
52 643 53 286
5 546 5 530
11 123 11 212
13 027 12 886
13 413 13 625
7 542 7 980
1 993 2 052
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
36 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK1 Both Sexes 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
8 707 8 976 9 167
788 833 851
293 307 317
496 525 534
7 919 8 143 8 317
1 393 1 489 1 492
2 107 2 242 2 358
1 735 1 741 1 777
1 496 1 513 1 517
909 901 917
281 258 253
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
9 263 9 561 9 932 10 432 10 678
838 837 861 930 912
312 304 304 341 340
524 532 557 589 572
8 426 8 724 9 072 9 501 9 766
1 477 1 544 1 641 1 739 1 793
2 466 2 646 2 798 2 961 3 094
1 775 1 824 1 894 1 975 2 039
1 519 1 518 1 530 1 560 1 584
929 925 943 978 974
258 268 267 289 281
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
10 865 11 086 11 331 11 647 12 033
891 862 824 809 827
326 308 268 248 268
565 554 556 561 558
9 975 10 224 10 507 10 838 11 206
1 802 1 828 1 849 1 871 1 926
3 259 3 365 3 492 3 675 3 800
2 081 2 164 2 303 2 406 2 565
1 596 1 608 1 610 1 630 1 671
978 1 009 1 012 1 032 1 020
257 249 243 224 224
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
12 364 12 654 12 993 13 205 13 497
889 883 899 889 925
311 322 336 344 353
578 562 563 545 572
11 476 11 770 12 094 12 316 12 573
1 854 1 881 1 818 1 782 1 789
3 888 4 028 4 147 4 226 4 295
2 681 2 793 2 942 3 069 3 227
1 742 1 793 1 838 1 894 1 954
1 059 1 051 1 098 1 069 1 023
252 224 251 276 285
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
13 740 13 797 14 162 14 225 14 502
866 774 816 807 852
306 266 285 283 351
560 508 532 524 501
12 874 13 023 13 346 13 418 13 650
1 758 1 750 1 763 1 764 1 800
4 307 4 254 4 309 4 232 4 199
3 566 3 719 3 843 3 960 4 068
2 003 2 042 2 142 2 212 2 308
977 1 001 1 029 1 013 1 007
262 256 259 237 267
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
14 817 15 134 15 529 15 982 16 365
911 923 933 1 017 959
366 366 352 370 352
545 556 580 646 607
13 906 14 211 14 596 14 966 15 406
1 754 1 738 1 783 1 797 1 866
4 267 4 305 4 329 4 332 4 430
4 165 4 287 4 401 4 531 4 653
2 404 2 553 2 724 2 863 2 992
1 046 1 073 1 093 1 163 1 180
271 255 265 278 285
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
16 397 16 421 16 565 16 526 16 638
941 898 870 771 762
356 332 297 289 272
585 565 574 482 489
15 456 15 524 15 695 15 755 15 876
1 873 1 878 1 908 1 892 1 926
4 281 4 180 4 134 4 060 4 076
4 515 4 483 4 458 4 465 4 380
3 203 3 298 3 435 3 506 3 578
1 264 1 335 1 407 1 466 1 538
320 350 353 366 380
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
17 013 17 314
803 871
279 318
525 553
16 209 16 443
1 957 1 960
4 145 4 197
4 370 4 348
3 686 3 785
1 647 1 739
403 414
Men 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
4 816 4 924 5 020
453 460 480
180 175 189
272 286 291
4 364 4 464 4 540
761 819 798
1 158 1 217 1 279
935 935 953
824 842 838
522 499 519
165 153 152
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
5 016 5 101 5 263 5 435 5 559
447 454 476 491 480
168 168 178 186 179
279 285 299 306 301
4 569 4 648 4 787 4 943 5 079
790 820 856 883 928
1 328 1 383 1 441 1 504 1 577
948 969 1 003 1 022 1 049
833 824 818 829 844
520 504 515 540 524
150 149 154 166 156
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
5 612 5 685 5 804 5 966 6 126
479 462 436 433 440
181 169 137 134 141
298 293 300 300 299
5 134 5 223 5 368 5 533 5 686
935 940 964 997 1 022
1 659 1 702 1 769 1 840 1 924
1 061 1 093 1 152 1 196 1 270
830 829 824 845 847
509 524 525 536 505
138 134 135 119 118
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
6 220 6 373 6 486 6 596 6 701
471 458 463 469 480
162 164 179 186 190
310 294 284 283 291
5 749 5 915 6 023 6 127 6 221
950 957 914 913 904
1 937 2 029 2 074 2 114 2 157
1 313 1 359 1 406 1 459 1 544
879 901 915 936 945
544 552 586 565 530
125 116 130 139 141
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
6 802 6 851 6 997 7 019 7 089
445 400 429 425 443
161 140 149 154 176
284 260 280 270 266
6 357 6 451 6 568 6 594 6 646
879 896 900 875 891
2 142 2 111 2 121 2 118 2 068
1 733 1 806 1 859 1 918 1 975
988 1 010 1 037 1 065 1 102
496 507 521 506 484
119 122 130 112 125
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
7 183 7 264 7 354 7 542 7 652
453 458 444 488 470
184 182 178 181 180
269 276 266 307 291
6 730 6 806 6 910 7 053 7 182
866 848 832 837 835
2 089 2 077 2 052 2 034 2 069
1 987 2 036 2 096 2 142 2 206
1 148 1 204 1 287 1 343 1 387
490 509 508 548 547
150 132 134 150 138
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
7 702 7 647 7 794 7 711 7 773
462 447 446 365 359
181 166 149 138 128
281 281 297 228 231
7 240 7 200 7 347 7 346 7 414
875 853 906 918 927
1 999 1 915 1 909 1 872 1 931
2 105 2 073 2 064 2 058 2 000
1 497 1 537 1 623 1 627 1 654
612 645 664 685 714
151 177 181 186 188
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
7 998 8 128
399 409
139 152
260 256
7 600 7 720
940 971
1 948 1 986
2 028 1 999
1 732 1 792
756 777
196 195
BLACK1
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 37
Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK1 Women 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
3 890 4 052 4 148
335 373 371
113 133 128
224 240 243
3 555 3 678 3 777
632 670 694
949 1 026 1 079
800 806 824
672 670 679
387 402 398
116 105 100
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
4 247 4 460 4 670 4 997 5 119
391 384 385 439 432
144 136 127 155 161
245 247 258 283 271
3 857 4 076 4 286 4 558 4 687
687 723 785 856 865
1 138 1 264 1 357 1 456 1 517
827 855 891 953 990
686 694 712 731 740
409 421 429 439 451
108 119 113 124 124
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
5 253 5 401 5 527 5 681 5 907
412 400 387 375 387
144 139 131 114 127
267 261 256 261 260
4 841 5 001 5 140 5 306 5 520
867 888 885 874 904
1 600 1 663 1 723 1 835 1 876
1 020 1 071 1 151 1 210 1 294
767 779 786 785 823
469 485 487 496 515
119 115 108 105 106
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
6 144 6 281 6 507 6 609 6 796
417 425 435 419 445
149 157 157 158 163
268 268 278 262 281
5 727 5 855 6 071 6 190 6 352
904 924 904 869 885
1 951 1 999 2 073 2 112 2 138
1 368 1 434 1 537 1 610 1 683
862 892 924 958 1 009
515 499 512 504 493
127 107 121 137 144
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
6 938 6 946 7 166 7 206 7 413
421 374 387 383 409
145 126 135 129 174
276 248 252 254 235
6 517 6 572 6 778 6 824 7 004
879 854 863 889 909
2 165 2 143 2 188 2 115 2 131
1 833 1 913 1 985 2 042 2 093
1 015 1 032 1 105 1 147 1 206
481 494 508 506 523
143 135 129 125 142
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
7 634 7 869 8 175 8 441 8 713
458 464 489 528 489
182 184 175 189 172
276 280 314 339 316
7 175 7 405 7 686 7 912 8 224
887 890 951 960 1 031
2 177 2 228 2 277 2 298 2 360
2 178 2 251 2 305 2 390 2 447
1 256 1 349 1 437 1 520 1 606
556 565 585 615 633
121 122 131 128 147
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
8 695 8 774 8 772 8 815 8 865
479 451 424 406 403
175 166 148 151 144
305 284 276 255 259
8 215 8 323 8 348 8 409 8 462
998 1 025 1 002 973 999
2 282 2 265 2 225 2 188 2 144
2 409 2 410 2 394 2 407 2 380
1 706 1 762 1 812 1 879 1 924
652 690 743 781 824
168 173 171 180 192
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
9 014 9 186
405 462
140 166
265 297
8 610 8 723
1 017 989
2 197 2 211
2 342 2 349
1 954 1 993
891 963
207 218
Both Sexes 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
3 673 4 012
407 442
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
4 171 4 205 4 536 4 979 5 219
444 447 493 533 551
... 176 184 221 207
... 285 305 312 343
... 3 820 4 059 4 446 4 668
... 729 813 901 960
... 1 248 1 325 1 446 1 532
... 875 916 1 008 1 062
... 625 656 701 704
... 294 293 323 339
... 48 55 67 72
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
6 146 6 492 6 734 7 033 7 451
645 603 585 590 618
241 215 192 189 209
404 388 393 401 409
5 502 5 888 6 148 6 442 6 833
1 136 1 231 1 251 1 282 1 325
1 843 2 015 2 163 2 267 2 436
1 163 1 239 1 313 1 380 1 509
860 886 891 931 954
414 430 444 495 524
85 87 85 86 84
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
7 698 8 076 8 541 8 982 9 323
579 571 610 671 680
199 203 206 234 224
379 368 404 437 456
7 119 7 505 7 931 8 311 8 643
1 358 1 414 1 425 1 486 1 483
2 571 2 685 2 890 2 957 3 118
1 595 1 713 1 904 1 996 2 092
985 1 097 1 086 1 147 1 205
527 511 545 621 625
82 84 81 103 120
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
10 720 10 920 11 338 11 610 11 975
829 781 796 771 807
276 249 263 246 285
554 532 533 525 522
9 891 10 139 10 542 10 839 11 168
1 839 1 835 1 815 1 811 1 863
3 590 3 596 3 740 3 800 3 865
2 386 2 539 2 735 2 865 2 965
1 320 1 376 1 442 1 534 1 626
647 681 687 684 698
110 111 122 145 151
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
12 267 12 774 13 796 14 317 14 665
850 845 911 1 007 1 049
291 284 315 320 333
559 561 596 688 717
11 417 11 929 12 884 13 310 13 616
1 818 1 845 2 004 2 077 2 052
3 943 4 054 4 298 4 372 4 330
3 113 3 361 3 601 3 707 3 929
1 671 1 697 1 945 2 090 2 178
720 806 850 894 927
152 166 186 169 199
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
16 689 17 328 17 943 18 813 19 272
1 168 1 176 1 103 960 995
368 352 335 322 297
800 824 769 638 698
15 521 16 152 16 840 17 853 18 277
2 546 2 616 2 678 2 672 2 732
5 197 5 380 5 645 5 960 5 931
4 241 4 377 4 545 4 867 4 931
2 387 2 583 2 657 2 894 3 093
940 1 000 1 091 1 201 1 284
209 195 224 259 306
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
19 824 20 694
1 038 1 071
331 360
708 710
18 785 19 623
2 651 2 681
6 080 6 295
5 110 5 337
3 256 3 452
1 378 1 490
311 369
HISPANIC2
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. be any race. . . . = Not available. 2May
38 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
16 to 17 years
Total
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
HISPANIC2 Men 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
2 356 2 556
... ...
... ...
... ...
2 124 2 306
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
2 597 2 580 2 817 3 041 3 184
... 260 285 299 315
... 104 105 129 121
... 155 179 171 194
2 343 2 326 2 530 2 742 2 869
... 433 485 546 562
... 771 828 882 941
... 541 567 620 648
... 398 416 425 445
... 189 197 217 216
... 34 42 52 56
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
3 818 4 005 4 148 4 362 4 563
392 359 333 348 345
147 130 111 109 113
245 229 221 239 232
3 426 3 647 3 815 4 014 4 218
697 747 759 789 822
1 161 1 269 1 361 1 447 1 540
713 756 808 852 910
522 535 539 557 570
270 278 290 311 325
62 61 58 58 51
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
4 729 4 948 5 163 5 409 5 595
334 336 345 378 400
116 114 112 123 129
218 222 233 255 271
4 395 4 612 4 818 5 031 5 195
835 888 865 897 909
1 629 1 669 1 801 1 834 1 899
957 1 015 1 121 1 189 1 221
591 661 652 686 719
331 323 325 355 375
53 56 55 69 71
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
6 546 6 664 6 900 7 076 7 210
512 466 468 455 463
165 141 154 145 163
346 325 314 310 300
6 034 6 198 6 432 6 621 6 747
1 182 1 202 1 141 1 147 1 184
2 230 2 260 2 366 2 417 2 430
1 403 1 487 1 593 1 675 1 713
775 780 844 900 922
380 401 414 394 410
65 67 74 88 89
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
7 376 7 646 8 309 8 571 8 546
479 496 531 565 596
168 156 177 188 181
311 340 354 377 415
6 898 7 150 7 779 8 005 7 950
1 153 1 132 1 267 1 288 1 231
2 469 2 510 2 684 2 733 2 633
1 795 1 966 2 091 2 173 2 219
965 967 1 112 1 164 1 205
417 469 511 541 526
98 105 113 106 136
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
9 923 10 279 10 609 11 288 11 587
676 684 632 532 567
204 200 183 164 156
471 484 449 368 410
9 247 9 595 9 977 10 756 11 020
1 590 1 602 1 627 1 642 1 671
3 181 3 294 3 484 3 776 3 765
2 451 2 562 2 647 2 877 2 934
1 337 1 430 1 478 1 630 1 736
555 582 607 680 728
134 125 134 150 186
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
11 985 12 488
577 600
179 189
398 411
11 408 11 888
1 645 1 646
3 879 4 014
3 058 3 203
1 855 1 960
779 838
192 228
Women 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
1 317 1 456
... ...
... ...
... ...
1 142 1 264
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
1 574 1 625 1 720 1 938 2 035
... 201 204 233 235
... 71 80 93 86
... 130 125 142 149
1 384 1 454 1 523 1 704 1 800
... 295 327 354 397
... 479 497 564 590
... 334 349 388 413
... 227 240 275 258
... 105 96 106 124
... ... ... ... ...
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
2 328 2 486 2 586 2 671 2 888
252 244 252 242 273
93 85 81 80 96
159 159 172 162 177
2 076 2 242 2 333 2 429 2 615
439 484 492 493 503
682 745 802 820 896
450 483 504 529 599
337 351 352 374 384
144 152 155 184 199
... ... ... ... ...
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
2 970 3 128 3 377 3 573 3 728
245 236 265 293 280
84 89 94 111 95
161 147 171 182 185
2 725 2 893 3 112 3 281 3 448
524 526 559 589 574
943 1 016 1 090 1 123 1 219
639 698 783 806 871
394 436 434 461 486
196 189 220 267 251
... ... ... ... ...
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
4 174 4 256 4 439 4 534 4 765
318 315 328 316 345
110 107 110 101 122
207 207 219 215 222
3 857 3 941 4 110 4 218 4 421
657 633 674 664 679
1 360 1 336 1 374 1 383 1 435
983 1 052 1 142 1 190 1 252
545 596 599 633 704
268 279 273 290 288
... 44 48 57 62
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
4 891 5 128 5 486 5 746 6 119
371 349 381 442 453
123 128 138 132 151
249 221 242 310 302
4 520 4 779 5 106 5 304 5 666
666 713 737 789 821
1 473 1 544 1 614 1 639 1 698
1 318 1 395 1 510 1 533 1 710
706 729 833 927 973
303 338 338 353 401
54 61 73 62 63
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
6 767 7 049 7 334 7 525 7 685
492 492 471 428 429
164 152 152 158 141
328 340 320 271 288
6 275 6 557 6 863 7 096 7 257
956 1 014 1 051 1 030 1 060
2 016 2 086 2 161 2 183 2 166
1 791 1 815 1 897 1 990 1 998
1 051 1 153 1 179 1 264 1 357
386 418 484 520 556
75 70 90 109 119
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
7 839 8 206
462 471
152 171
310 300
7 377 7 735
1 005 1 035
2 201 2 280
2 052 2 134
1 401 1 492
599 652
119 141
HISPANIC2
2May be any race. . . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 39
Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 (Percent.) 20 years and over Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
16 to 19 years Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
ALL RACES Both Sexes 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
58.8 58.9
52.5 52.2
59.4 59.5
64.1 64.9
63.1 63.2
66.7 67.2
65.1 65.3
56.9 56.2
27.0 27.3
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
59.2 59.2 59.0 58.9 58.8
51.8 52.2 51.3 50.2 48.3
59.9 59.8 59.7 59.6 59.6
65.9 64.8 62.2 61.2 61.6
63.5 64.2 64.7 64.0 64.3
67.5 67.6 68.0 68.9 68.8
66.4 67.2 67.5 68.1 68.4
56.7 56.9 57.5 58.0 58.7
26.7 25.8 24.8 24.8 23.9
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
59.3 60.0 59.6 59.5 59.3
48.9 50.9 49.6 47.4 46.7
60.1 60.7 60.4 60.5 60.4
62.7 64.1 64.0 64.4 64.3
64.8 64.8 64.9 65.0 65.0
68.9 69.5 69.5 69.6 69.5
69.7 70.5 70.9 71.5 71.9
59.5 60.8 60.1 60.5 61.0
24.1 24.3 22.9 21.8 21.1
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
59.4 59.3 58.8 58.7 58.7
47.5 46.9 46.1 45.2 44.5
60.5 60.5 60.0 60.1 60.2
65.2 65.7 65.3 65.1 66.3
65.4 65.6 65.2 65.6 65.8
69.4 69.5 69.7 70.1 70.0
72.2 72.1 72.2 72.5 72.9
60.9 61.5 61.5 62.0 61.9
20.8 20.1 19.1 17.9 18.0
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
58.9 59.2 59.6 59.6 60.1
45.7 48.2 48.4 48.3 49.4
60.3 60.5 60.9 60.9 61.3
66.4 66.5 67.1 67.0 68.2
66.4 67.1 68.2 68.6 69.1
70.7 71.0 71.6 72.0 72.5
72.5 72.7 72.7 72.8 73.4
61.9 62.2 62.3 62.2 62.1
17.8 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.3
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
60.4 60.2 60.4 60.8 61.3
49.9 49.7 51.9 53.7 54.8
61.6 61.4 61.4 61.7 62.0
69.2 69.3 70.8 72.6 74.0
69.7 69.9 70.9 72.3 73.6
73.1 73.2 73.3 74.0 74.6
73.5 73.2 72.7 72.5 72.7
61.8 61.3 60.0 58.4 57.8
17.0 16.2 15.6 14.6 14.0
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
61.2 61.6 62.3 63.2 63.7
54.0 54.5 56.0 57.8 57.9
62.1 62.4 63.0 63.8 64.3
73.9 74.7 75.7 76.8 77.5
74.4 75.7 77.0 78.3 79.2
75.0 76.0 77.0 78.1 79.2
72.6 72.5 72.8 73.5 74.3
57.2 56.6 56.3 56.3 56.2
13.7 13.1 13.0 13.3 13.1
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
63.8 63.9 64.0 64.0 64.4
56.7 55.4 54.1 53.5 53.9
64.5 64.8 65.0 65.0 65.3
77.2 77.3 77.1 77.2 77.6
79.9 80.5 81.0 81.3 81.8
80.0 80.7 81.2 81.6 82.4
74.9 75.7 75.9 76.0 76.5
55.7 55.0 55.1 54.5 54.2
12.5 12.2 11.9 11.7 11.1
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
64.8 65.3 65.6 65.9 66.5
54.5 54.7 54.7 55.3 55.9
65.7 66.2 66.5 66.8 67.3
78.2 78.9 78.9 78.7 78.7
82.5 82.9 83.3 83.3 83.8
83.1 83.7 84.3 84.6 85.1
77.3 78.0 78.6 79.6 80.5
54.2 54.0 54.4 54.6 55.5
10.8 10.9 11.1 11.5 11.8
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
66.5 66.2 66.4 66.3 66.6
53.7 51.6 51.3 51.5 52.7
67.6 67.3 67.6 67.5 67.7
77.8 76.7 77.0 77.0 77.0
83.6 83.2 83.7 83.3 83.2
85.2 85.2 85.1 84.9 84.8
80.7 81.0 81.5 81.6 81.7
55.9 55.5 56.2 56.4 56.8
11.8 11.5 11.5 11.2 12.4
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
66.6 66.8 67.1 67.1 67.1
53.5 52.3 51.6 52.8 52.0
67.7 67.9 68.4 68.3 68.3
76.6 76.8 77.6 77.5 77.5
83.8 84.1 84.4 84.6 84.6
84.6 84.8 85.1 84.7 84.9
81.4 82.1 82.6 82.5 82.6
57.2 57.9 58.9 59.3 59.3
12.1 12.1 12.2 11.9 12.3
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
67.1 66.8 66.6 66.2 66.0
52.0 49.6 47.4 44.5 43.9
68.3 68.2 68.1 67.9 67.7
77.8 77.1 76.4 75.4 75.0
84.6 84.0 83.7 82.9 82.7
84.8 84.6 84.1 83.9 83.6
82.5 82.3 82.1 82.1 81.8
59.2 60.4 61.9 62.4 62.3
12.9 13.0 13.2 14.0 14.4
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
66.0 66.2
43.7 43.7
67.8 67.9
74.6 74.6
82.8 83.0
83.8 83.8
81.7 81.9
62.9 63.7
15.1 15.4
40 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Percent.) 20 years and over Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
16 to 19 years Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
ALL RACES Men 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
86.6 86.4
63.7 62.8
88.6 88.5
84.6 86.6
95.9 95.8
97.9 97.9
95.8 95.6
89.5 87.5
46.8 47.0
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
86.4 86.3 86.3 86.0 85.5
63.2 63.0 61.3 60.7 58.0
88.4 88.2 88.3 88.0 87.8
87.9 88.4 88.1 87.7 86.9
96.0 96.9 97.5 97.4 97.3
97.6 97.5 97.8 98.2 98.1
95.8 95.9 96.2 96.5 96.5
86.9 87.2 87.5 87.9 88.7
45.8 44.9 42.6 41.6 40.5
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
85.4 85.5 84.8 84.2 83.7
58.9 60.5 59.1 56.6 55.8
87.6 87.6 86.9 86.6 86.3
86.9 87.8 87.1 86.9 87.8
97.6 97.3 97.1 97.1 97.4
98.1 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.8
96.4 96.6 96.3 96.3 96.0
87.9 88.5 87.5 87.8 87.4
39.6 40.0 37.5 35.6 34.2
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
83.3 82.9 82.0 81.4 81.0
56.1 54.6 53.8 52.9 52.4
86.0 85.7 84.8 84.4 84.2
88.1 87.8 86.9 86.1 86.1
97.5 97.5 97.2 97.1 97.3
97.7 97.6 97.6 97.5 97.3
95.7 95.6 95.6 95.7 95.7
86.8 87.3 86.2 86.2 85.6
33.1 31.7 30.3 28.4 28.0
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
80.7 80.4 80.4 80.1 79.8
53.8 55.3 55.6 55.1 55.9
83.9 83.6 83.4 83.1 82.8
85.8 85.1 84.4 82.8 82.8
97.2 97.3 97.2 96.9 96.7
97.3 97.2 97.3 97.1 96.9
95.6 95.3 95.2 94.9 94.6
84.6 84.5 84.4 84.3 83.4
27.9 27.1 27.1 27.3 27.2
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
79.7 79.1 78.9 78.8 78.7
56.1 56.1 58.1 59.7 60.7
82.6 82.1 81.6 81.3 81.0
83.3 83.0 83.9 85.2 85.9
96.4 95.9 95.7 95.7 95.8
96.9 96.5 96.4 96.2 96.0
94.3 93.9 93.2 93.0 92.2
83.0 82.1 80.4 78.2 77.3
26.8 25.5 24.3 22.7 22.4
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
77.9 77.5 77.7 77.9 77.8
59.1 59.3 60.9 62.0 61.5
80.3 79.8 79.7 79.8 79.8
84.5 85.2 85.6 85.9 86.4
95.2 95.2 95.3 95.3 95.3
95.6 95.4 95.7 95.7 95.7
92.1 91.6 91.1 91.3 91.4
75.6 74.3 73.8 73.3 72.8
21.6 20.2 20.0 20.4 19.9
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
77.4 77.0 76.6 76.4 76.4
60.5 59.0 56.7 56.2 56.0
79.4 79.0 78.7 78.5 78.3
85.9 85.5 84.9 84.8 85.0
95.2 94.9 94.7 94.2 94.4
95.5 95.4 95.3 95.2 95.4
91.2 91.4 91.2 91.2 91.2
72.1 70.6 70.2 69.4 68.5
19.0 18.4 17.8 17.4 16.3
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
76.3 76.3 76.2 76.2 76.4
56.8 56.4 56.1 56.9 57.9
78.1 78.1 78.0 77.9 78.1
85.0 85.8 85.2 85.0 85.3
94.7 94.6 94.6 94.3 94.4
95.0 94.8 94.6 94.5 94.5
91.0 91.0 90.7 90.9 91.1
67.9 67.3 67.6 67.0 67.2
15.8 16.0 16.3 16.5 16.6
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
76.4 75.8 75.8 75.4 75.1
55.7 53.2 53.4 53.2 54.1
78.2 77.7 77.7 77.3 76.8
84.4 83.5 83.3 83.2 83.1
94.1 93.6 93.8 93.4 92.6
94.3 94.1 93.7 93.4 92.8
90.7 90.5 90.7 90.1 89.1
67.8 67.0 67.0 66.5 65.5
16.3 15.7 16.1 15.6 16.8
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
75.0 74.9 75.0 74.9 74.7
54.8 53.2 52.3 53.3 52.9
76.7 76.8 77.0 76.8 76.7
83.1 82.5 82.5 82.0 81.9
93.0 93.2 93.0 93.2 93.3
92.3 92.4 92.6 92.6 92.8
88.8 89.1 89.5 89.2 88.8
66.0 67.0 67.6 68.1 67.9
16.8 16.9 17.1 16.5 16.9
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
74.8 74.4 74.1 73.5 73.3
52.8 50.2 47.5 44.3 43.9
76.7 76.5 76.3 75.9 75.8
82.6 81.6 80.7 80.0 79.6
93.4 92.7 92.4 91.8 91.9
92.7 92.5 92.1 92.1 91.9
88.6 88.5 88.5 87.7 87.5
67.3 68.3 69.2 68.7 68.7
17.7 17.7 17.9 18.6 19.0
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
73.3 73.5
43.2 43.7
75.8 75.9
79.1 79.6
91.7 91.7
92.1 92.1
87.7 88.1
69.3 69.6
19.8 20.3
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 41
Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Percent.) 20 years and over Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
16 to 19 years Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
ALL RACES Women 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
32.7 33.1
42.0 42.4
31.8 32.3
45.3 45.0
33.2 33.4
36.9 38.1
35.0 35.9
24.3 25.3
9.1 9.6
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
33.9 34.6 34.7 34.4 34.6
41.0 42.4 42.2 40.7 39.4
33.3 34.0 34.1 33.9 34.2
46.0 46.5 44.7 44.3 45.1
34.0 35.4 35.4 34.0 34.4
39.1 39.8 40.4 41.3 41.2
37.9 39.7 40.1 40.4 41.2
27.0 27.6 28.7 29.1 30.0
9.7 8.9 9.1 10.0 9.3
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
35.7 36.9 36.9 37.1 37.1
39.7 42.2 41.1 39.0 38.2
35.4 36.4 36.5 36.9 37.1
45.9 46.3 45.9 46.3 45.1
34.9 35.4 35.6 35.6 35.3
41.6 43.1 43.3 43.4 43.4
43.8 45.5 46.5 47.8 49.0
32.5 34.9 34.5 35.2 36.6
10.6 10.8 10.5 10.3 10.2
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
37.7 38.1 37.9 38.3 38.7
39.3 39.7 39.0 38.0 37.0
37.6 38.0 37.8 38.3 38.9
46.1 47.0 47.3 47.5 49.4
36.0 36.4 36.3 37.2 37.2
43.4 43.8 44.1 44.9 45.0
49.9 50.1 50.0 50.6 51.4
37.2 37.9 38.7 39.7 40.2
10.8 10.7 10.0 9.6 10.1
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
39.3 40.3 41.1 41.6 42.7
38.0 41.4 41.6 41.9 43.2
39.4 40.1 41.1 41.6 42.7
49.9 51.5 53.3 54.5 56.7
38.5 39.8 41.9 42.6 43.7
46.1 46.8 48.1 48.9 49.9
50.9 51.7 51.8 52.3 53.8
41.1 41.8 42.4 42.4 43.1
10.0 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.9
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
43.3 43.4 43.9 44.7 45.7
44.0 43.4 45.8 47.8 49.1
43.3 43.3 43.7 44.4 45.3
57.7 57.7 59.1 61.1 63.1
45.0 45.6 47.8 50.4 52.6
51.1 51.6 52.0 53.3 54.7
54.4 54.3 53.9 53.7 54.6
43.0 42.9 42.1 41.1 40.7
9.7 9.5 9.3 8.9 8.1
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
46.3 47.3 48.4 50.0 50.9
49.1 49.8 51.2 53.7 54.2
46.0 47.0 48.1 49.6 50.6
64.1 65.0 66.5 68.3 69.0
54.9 57.3 59.7 62.2 63.9
55.8 57.8 59.6 61.6 63.6
54.6 55.0 55.8 57.1 58.3
40.9 41.0 40.9 41.3 41.7
8.2 8.2 8.1 8.3 8.3
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
51.5 52.1 52.6 52.9 53.6
52.9 51.8 51.4 50.8 51.8
51.3 52.1 52.7 53.1 53.7
68.9 69.6 69.8 69.9 70.4
65.5 66.7 68.0 69.0 69.8
65.5 66.8 68.0 68.7 70.1
59.9 61.1 61.6 61.9 62.9
41.3 41.4 41.8 41.5 41.7
8.1 8.0 7.9 7.8 7.5
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
54.5 55.3 56.0 56.6 57.4
52.1 53.0 53.3 53.6 53.9
54.7 55.5 56.2 56.8 57.7
71.8 72.4 73.0 72.7 72.4
70.9 71.6 72.4 72.7 73.5
71.8 73.1 74.5 75.2 76.0
64.4 65.9 67.1 69.0 70.5
42.0 42.3 42.7 43.5 45.0
7.3 7.4 7.4 7.9 8.4
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
57.5 57.4 57.8 57.9 58.8
51.6 50.0 49.1 49.7 51.3
58.0 57.9 58.5 58.5 59.3
71.3 70.1 70.9 70.9 71.0
73.5 73.1 73.9 73.4 74.0
76.4 76.5 76.7 76.6 77.1
71.2 72.0 72.6 73.5 74.6
45.2 45.2 46.5 47.2 48.9
8.6 8.5 8.3 8.1 9.2
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
58.9 59.3 59.8 59.8 60.0
52.2 51.3 51.0 52.3 51.0
59.4 59.9 60.5 60.4 60.7
70.3 71.3 72.7 73.0 73.2
74.9 75.2 76.0 76.3 76.4
77.2 77.5 77.7 77.1 77.2
74.4 75.4 76.0 76.2 76.7
49.2 49.6 50.9 51.2 51.5
8.8 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.9
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
59.9 59.8 59.6 59.5 59.2
51.2 49.0 47.3 44.8 43.8
60.6 60.6 60.5 60.6 60.3
73.1 72.7 72.1 70.8 70.5
76.1 75.5 75.1 74.1 73.6
77.2 77.1 76.4 76.0 75.6
76.8 76.4 76.0 76.8 76.5
51.9 53.2 55.2 56.6 56.3
9.4 9.6 9.8 10.6 11.1
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
59.3 59.4
44.2 43.7
60.4 60.5
70.1 69.5
73.9 74.4
75.8 75.9
76.0 76.0
57.0 58.2
11.5 11.7
42 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Percent.) 20 years and over Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
16 to 19 years Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE1 Both Sexes 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
58.2 58.7 59.4 59.1 58.9 58.7
48.8 49.3 51.3 50.3 47.9 47.4
58.9 59.5 60.1 59.8 59.8 59.7
61.0 62.4 64.1 63.7 64.1 63.7
63.5 64.0 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3
68.0 68.3 68.9 68.8 68.8 68.7
67.9 69.2 70.1 70.5 71.0 71.5
58.4 59.3 60.6 59.9 60.3 60.7
23.7 23.9 24.2 22.8 21.7 21.0
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
58.8 58.8 58.3 58.2 58.2
47.9 47.4 46.6 45.7 45.1
59.8 59.9 59.4 59.4 59.6
64.8 65.5 65.0 64.9 65.8
64.7 64.8 64.4 64.8 64.9
68.6 68.8 69.0 69.4 69.5
71.7 71.7 71.8 72.3 72.5
60.6 61.3 61.3 61.8 61.8
20.8 20.0 19.0 17.9 17.8
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
58.4 58.7 59.2 59.3 59.9
46.5 49.1 49.2 49.3 50.6
59.7 59.8 60.3 60.4 60.9
65.7 66.0 66.8 66.6 67.9
65.6 66.3 67.4 67.9 68.4
70.1 70.4 71.2 71.7 72.3
72.2 72.5 72.5 72.7 73.3
61.7 61.9 62.3 62.2 62.1
17.7 17.1 17.0 17.1 17.2
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
60.2 60.1 60.4 60.8 61.4
51.4 51.6 54.1 56.0 57.3
61.2 61.1 61.2 61.4 61.9
69.2 69.6 71.2 73.3 74.8
69.1 69.3 70.4 72.0 73.4
72.9 73.0 73.2 73.9 74.6
73.5 73.4 72.9 72.7 73.0
61.8 61.3 60.3 58.6 58.0
16.8 16.1 15.4 14.4 13.9
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
61.5 61.8 62.5 63.3 63.9
56.7 57.5 59.3 60.8 61.1
62.0 62.3 62.9 63.6 64.2
75.2 76.0 77.1 78.1 78.9
74.4 75.6 77.0 78.3 79.4
75.1 76.1 77.1 78.1 79.3
73.0 73.0 73.2 73.8 74.6
57.4 56.9 56.6 56.4 56.5
13.6 13.0 12.9 13.1 12.9
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
64.1 64.3 64.3 64.3 64.6
60.0 58.9 57.5 56.9 57.2
64.5 64.8 65.0 65.0 65.3
78.7 79.1 78.9 79.0 79.4
80.2 81.0 81.6 81.8 82.5
80.3 81.0 81.5 81.9 82.6
75.4 76.2 76.4 76.5 77.0
56.0 55.2 55.3 54.7 54.5
12.5 12.2 12.0 11.8 11.1
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
65.0 65.5 65.8 66.2 66.7
57.5 57.8 57.7 58.6 59.1
65.7 66.1 66.5 66.8 67.3
79.9 80.6 80.7 80.6 80.2
83.1 83.6 84.0 84.1 84.5
83.4 84.0 84.7 85.0 85.5
77.8 78.5 79.1 80.3 81.2
54.4 54.3 54.6 55.1 56.2
10.7 11.0 11.1 11.4 11.8
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
66.9 66.6 66.8 66.8 67.1
57.5 55.8 54.7 55.1 56.4
67.6 67.4 67.7 67.6 67.9
79.8 78.9 79.4 79.5 79.5
84.6 84.3 84.6 84.5 84.4
85.9 85.9 85.8 85.7 85.7
81.3 81.8 82.2 82.5 82.7
56.5 56.0 56.8 57.1 57.6
11.9 11.6 11.6 11.4 12.5
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
67.1 67.2 67.5 67.3 67.3
57.1 55.9 55.2 56.0 55.5
67.8 68.1 68.4 68.2 68.2
78.7 79.1 79.6 79.5 79.5
84.9 84.9 85.3 85.4 85.1
85.5 85.7 85.8 85.3 85.4
82.5 83.1 83.5 83.4 83.5
58.0 58.7 59.9 60.1 60.2
12.3 12.3 12.3 12.0 12.5
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
67.3 67.0 66.8 66.5 66.3
55.5 53.1 50.5 47.7 47.1
68.2 68.1 68.1 67.9 67.7
79.9 79.2 78.6 77.7 77.1
85.1 84.5 84.5 83.6 83.5
85.4 85.2 84.7 84.3 84.1
83.5 83.3 83.0 83.0 82.9
60.0 61.2 62.8 63.3 63.2
13.0 13.0 13.3 14.1 14.6
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
66.3 66.5
46.9 46.7
67.7 67.9
76.3 76.5
83.5 83.8
84.2 84.3
82.8 83.0
63.7 64.7
15.1 15.5
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 43
Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Percent.) 20 years and over Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
16 to 19 years Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE1 Men 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
85.6 85.4 85.6 84.8 84.3 83.8
57.6 58.6 60.4 59.2 56.5 55.9
87.8 87.5 87.6 86.9 86.6 86.3
86.3 86.5 87.6 86.6 86.7 87.3
97.5 97.8 97.4 97.2 97.2 97.5
98.2 98.2 98.1 98.0 98.0 98.0
96.8 96.7 96.8 96.7 96.6 96.3
89.1 88.4 88.9 88.0 88.2 87.9
40.4 39.6 40.0 37.7 35.7 34.3
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
83.4 83.0 82.1 81.5 81.1
55.9 54.5 53.8 53.1 52.7
86.0 85.7 84.9 84.4 84.2
87.8 87.6 86.5 85.8 85.7
97.7 97.7 97.4 97.4 97.5
97.9 97.9 97.9 97.8 97.6
96.1 95.9 96.0 96.2 96.1
87.2 87.8 86.7 86.6 86.1
33.3 31.9 30.6 28.4 27.9
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
80.8 80.6 80.6 80.4 80.2
54.1 55.9 56.3 55.9 56.8
83.9 83.6 83.5 83.2 83.0
85.3 84.4 84.0 82.4 82.6
97.4 97.5 97.5 97.2 97.0
97.7 97.6 97.7 97.6 97.4
95.9 95.8 95.6 95.4 95.1
85.2 84.9 84.9 84.7 83.9
27.9 27.2 27.1 27.4 27.3
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
80.0 79.6 79.6 79.4 79.4
57.5 57.9 60.1 62.0 62.9
82.8 82.3 82.0 81.6 81.4
83.3 83.2 84.3 85.8 86.6
96.7 96.3 96.0 96.2 96.3
97.3 97.0 97.0 96.8 96.7
94.9 94.7 94.0 93.5 93.0
83.3 82.6 81.1 78.9 78.0
26.7 25.6 24.4 22.7 22.4
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
78.7 78.4 78.5 78.6 78.6
61.9 62.3 64.0 65.0 64.8
80.7 80.3 80.2 80.1 80.1
85.5 86.3 86.8 87.3 87.6
95.8 95.9 96.0 95.9 96.0
96.4 96.0 96.2 96.3 96.4
92.9 92.5 92.1 92.1 92.2
76.4 75.2 74.6 73.7 73.4
21.7 20.2 20.0 20.3 20.0
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
78.2 77.9 77.4 77.1 77.1
63.7 62.4 60.0 59.4 59.0
79.8 79.5 79.2 78.9 78.7
87.2 87.0 86.3 86.1 86.5
95.9 95.8 95.6 95.2 95.4
96.2 96.1 96.0 96.0 96.1
92.1 92.4 92.2 91.9 92.0
73.1 71.5 71.0 70.0 69.5
19.1 18.5 17.9 17.7 16.4
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
77.0 76.9 76.8 76.9 77.1
59.7 59.3 59.0 60.0 61.0
78.5 78.5 78.4 78.3 78.5
86.4 87.3 86.9 86.6 86.8
95.7 95.5 95.5 95.2 95.4
95.7 95.4 95.4 95.4 95.3
92.0 91.8 91.6 91.8 92.2
68.8 68.0 68.1 67.9 68.3
15.9 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.8
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
77.1 76.5 76.5 76.2 75.9
59.6 57.3 56.9 56.6 57.7
78.5 78.0 78.0 77.7 77.3
86.2 85.4 85.2 85.5 85.5
95.2 94.9 94.9 94.7 93.9
95.3 95.0 94.7 94.5 93.9
91.7 91.4 91.8 91.3 90.3
68.6 67.7 67.7 67.3 66.4
16.6 15.9 16.2 15.9 17.2
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
75.7 75.8 75.9 75.6 75.6
58.5 57.1 56.1 56.6 56.4
77.1 77.3 77.5 77.2 77.2
85.1 85.0 85.1 84.6 84.9
94.1 94.4 94.2 94.4 94.3
93.4 93.6 93.7 93.7 93.8
90.0 90.4 90.6 90.3 90.1
67.1 68.0 68.9 69.1 69.1
16.9 17.2 17.4 16.6 17.2
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
75.5 75.1 74.8 74.2 74.1
56.5 53.7 50.3 47.5 47.4
77.1 76.9 76.7 76.3 76.2
85.2 84.1 83.2 82.5 82.1
94.5 93.9 93.7 93.3 93.2
93.8 93.6 93.2 93.1 93.0
89.7 89.7 89.6 88.8 88.7
68.2 69.1 70.2 69.7 69.8
17.9 17.8 17.8 18.6 19.1
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
74.1 74.3
46.2 46.9
76.2 76.4
81.4 81.9
93.0 92.9
93.0 93.1
89.0 89.3
70.4 71.0
20.0 20.6
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
44 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Percent.) 20 years and over Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
16 to 19 years Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE1 Women 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
33.3 34.5 35.7 35.7 35.8 36.0
40.6 40.7 43.1 42.2 40.1 39.6
32.7 34.0 35.1 35.2 35.5 35.6
44.4 45.8 46.5 45.8 46.0 44.5
32.5 32.8 33.2 33.6 33.6 33.4
39.3 40.0 41.5 41.5 41.4 41.4
39.8 42.7 44.4 45.4 46.5 47.8
29.1 31.8 34.0 33.7 34.5 35.7
9.1 10.5 10.6 10.2 10.1 10.0
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
36.5 36.9 36.7 37.2 37.5
40.3 40.6 39.8 38.7 37.8
36.2 36.6 36.5 37.0 37.5
45.7 46.9 47.1 47.3 48.8
34.1 34.3 34.1 34.8 35.0
41.5 41.8 42.2 43.1 43.3
48.6 48.9 48.9 49.5 50.2
36.2 37.2 38.0 38.9 39.4
10.6 10.5 9.8 9.4 9.9
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
38.1 39.2 40.1 40.7 41.8
39.2 42.6 42.5 43.0 44.6
38.0 38.8 39.8 40.4 41.5
49.2 51.0 53.1 54.0 56.4
36.3 37.7 39.7 40.6 41.7
44.4 45.0 46.4 47.5 48.6
49.9 50.6 50.9 51.5 53.0
40.3 41.1 41.9 42.0 42.6
9.7 9.4 9.3 9.4 9.7
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
42.6 42.6 43.2 44.1 45.2
45.6 45.4 48.1 50.1 51.7
42.2 42.3 42.7 43.5 44.4
57.7 58.0 59.4 61.7 63.9
43.2 43.7 46.0 48.7 51.3
49.9 50.2 50.7 52.2 53.6
53.7 53.6 53.4 53.4 54.3
42.6 42.5 41.9 40.7 40.4
9.5 9.3 9.0 8.7 8.0
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
45.9 46.9 48.0 49.4 50.5
51.5 52.8 54.5 56.7 57.4
45.3 46.2 47.3 48.7 49.8
65.5 66.3 67.8 69.3 70.5
53.8 56.0 58.5 61.2 63.1
54.9 57.1 58.9 60.7 63.0
54.3 54.7 55.3 56.7 58.1
40.6 40.7 40.7 41.1 41.5
8.0 7.9 7.9 8.1 8.1
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
51.2 51.9 52.4 52.7 53.3
56.2 55.4 55.0 54.5 55.4
50.6 51.5 52.2 52.5 53.1
70.6 71.5 71.8 72.1 72.5
64.8 66.4 67.8 68.7 69.8
65.0 66.4 67.5 68.2 69.6
59.6 60.9 61.4 61.9 62.7
40.9 40.9 41.5 41.1 41.2
7.9 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.5
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
54.1 55.0 55.7 56.4 57.2
55.2 56.3 56.5 57.2 57.1
54.0 54.9 55.6 56.3 57.2
73.8 74.1 74.8 74.9 74.0
70.9 71.8 72.5 73.0 73.8
71.4 72.9 74.2 74.9 75.9
64.2 65.8 67.2 69.2 70.6
41.5 42.1 42.4 43.6 45.2
7.0 7.3 7.2 7.7 8.2
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
57.4 57.4 57.7 58.0 58.9
55.3 54.1 52.5 53.5 55.1
57.6 57.6 58.1 58.3 59.2
73.4 72.5 73.5 73.4 73.4
74.1 73.8 74.4 74.3 74.9
76.6 76.8 77.0 76.9 77.5
71.3 72.4 72.8 74.0 75.2
45.5 45.4 46.8 47.6 49.4
8.5 8.5 8.2 8.1 9.2
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
59.0 59.1 59.5 59.4 59.6
55.5 54.7 54.1 55.4 54.5
59.2 59.4 59.9 59.7 59.9
72.3 73.3 73.9 74.3 73.9
75.8 75.5 76.3 76.3 76.0
77.6 77.8 77.9 76.9 77.1
75.2 76.1 76.6 76.6 77.1
49.5 50.1 51.5 51.6 52.0
9.0 8.7 8.6 8.7 8.9
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
59.5 59.4 59.3 59.2 58.9
54.5 52.4 50.8 47.9 46.7
59.9 59.9 60.0 59.9 59.7
74.5 74.2 74.0 72.7 71.9
75.7 75.1 75.0 73.7 73.6
77.2 77.0 76.3 75.5 75.2
77.5 77.1 76.6 77.3 77.1
52.4 53.8 55.8 57.4 57.0
9.4 9.6 9.9 10.8 11.2
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
58.9 59.0
47.6 46.6
59.7 59.9
71.0 70.9
73.7 74.3
75.4 75.5
76.7 76.7
57.5 58.7
11.4 11.6
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 45
Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Percent.) 20 years and over Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
16 to 19 years Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK1 Both Sexes 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
59.9 60.2 59.8
39.1 39.8 39.8
63.3 63.4 63.0
68.6 69.7 69.8
74.9 75.7 75.8
74.4 74.5 74.6
70.0 70.3 69.1
56.9 55.9 54.7
17.5 16.0 15.1
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
58.8 59.0 59.8 61.5 61.4
38.2 37.0 37.9 41.0 40.1
62.0 62.5 63.2 64.5 64.5
66.1 66.8 68.2 69.9 70.0
75.6 77.4 78.3 79.6 79.2
74.1 74.9 75.9 77.4 77.9
69.0 68.6 69.0 70.4 71.1
54.3 53.4 53.7 54.8 53.5
14.9 14.9 14.5 15.3 14.5
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
61.0 60.8 61.0 61.5 62.2
38.9 37.7 36.6 36.4 38.3
64.1 64.2 64.3 64.9 65.2
69.0 69.2 68.6 68.4 69.2
79.5 78.5 78.7 79.8 79.3
77.4 78.4 79.8 80.2 81.0
71.4 71.2 71.1 72.1 73.0
52.6 52.8 52.3 52.5 51.6
13.0 12.0 11.5 10.5 10.3
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
62.9 63.3 63.8 63.8 64.2
41.2 41.3 41.6 40.8 42.5
65.6 65.9 66.5 66.5 66.7
70.0 71.7 70.5 70.5 72.2
79.8 80.1 80.7 80.8 80.9
81.5 81.9 82.6 82.6 82.7
73.4 74.3 74.7 75.0 75.5
51.4 50.6 52.4 50.6 48.3
11.2 9.7 10.7 11.5 11.6
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
64.0 63.3 63.9 63.2 63.4
38.7 35.4 37.9 37.0 38.5
66.9 66.4 66.8 66.0 66.0
68.8 67.7 67.4 67.8 68.8
79.7 78.5 79.7 78.3 78.3
82.4 82.0 81.4 81.0 80.8
76.5 76.2 76.2 75.2 74.8
49.6 50.4 51.6 50.2 49.3
11.1 10.7 10.6 9.5 10.6
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
63.7 64.1 64.7 65.6 65.8
39.9 39.2 38.7 41.6 38.7
66.3 66.9 67.6 68.2 68.9
68.7 69.0 70.9 70.6 71.4
80.0 81.1 82.0 83.0 85.2
80.4 81.0 81.4 82.2 83.0
74.1 74.9 76.3 76.7 76.4
50.3 50.9 50.5 52.3 51.4
10.5 9.8 10.0 10.3 10.4
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
65.8 65.3 64.8 64.3 63.8
39.4 37.6 36.0 32.4 31.4
68.7 68.2 67.8 67.6 67.2
71.8 69.9 68.6 68.2 68.3
84.1 83.6 82.4 81.6 81.2
82.3 82.0 81.6 82.9 82.1
76.9 75.9 76.1 75.8 75.5
52.5 53.9 54.7 54.4 54.4
11.6 12.6 12.5 12.9 13.1
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
64.2 64.1
32.4 34.0
67.4 67.3
69.0 68.8
81.7 81.8
82.3 82.0
75.7 75.8
55.3 55.4
13.6 13.7
Men 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
73.6 73.4 72.9
46.3 45.7 46.7
78.5 78.4 77.6
82.7 83.7 83.6
92.7 91.8 92.8
91.1 91.0 90.4
85.4 87.4 84.0
72.5 69.5 68.9
24.2 22.3 21.6
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
70.9 70.0 70.6 71.5 71.3
42.6 41.3 43.2 44.9 43.6
76.0 75.4 75.6 76.2 76.3
78.7 79.0 79.2 78.8 80.7
91.6 90.9 90.7 90.9 90.8
89.4 89.9 91.0 90.5 90.4
83.5 82.4 82.0 83.2 84.5
67.7 65.1 65.5 67.9 64.8
20.7 19.8 20.0 21.1 19.5
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
70.3 70.0 70.1 70.6 70.8
43.2 41.6 39.8 39.9 41.7
75.1 74.5 74.7 75.2 74.8
79.9 79.2 78.7 79.4 79.1
90.9 88.9 89.2 89.0 88.9
89.1 89.3 89.8 89.7 90.0
83.0 82.7 82.2 84.5 83.7
61.9 62.1 61.9 62.6 58.9
16.9 16.0 15.9 14.0 13.7
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
70.8 71.2 71.1 71.0 71.0
44.6 43.7 43.6 43.8 44.6
74.4 74.8 74.7 74.6 74.4
79.0 80.1 77.8 79.3 80.2
88.8 89.6 89.4 89.3 89.7
89.8 89.6 88.6 88.2 88.7
83.0 84.1 83.7 83.5 82.5
58.9 59.1 62.1 59.4 55.5
13.9 12.6 13.7 14.3 14.3
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
71.0 70.4 70.7 69.6 69.1
40.7 37.3 40.6 39.5 40.8
75.0 74.6 74.3 73.2 72.5
76.8 76.7 75.4 74.1 73.9
88.8 87.3 88.0 87.3 86.2
88.1 87.7 86.5 86.1 85.9
83.5 83.4 81.8 80.0 79.1
58.0 58.7 60.0 57.9 54.5
13.0 13.0 13.7 11.6 12.7
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
69.0 68.7 68.3 69.0 68.7
40.1 39.5 37.4 40.7 38.6
72.5 72.3 72.2 72.5 72.4
74.6 73.4 72.1 71.8 69.8
87.5 87.5 86.8 87.1 89.2
84.1 84.4 84.8 85.0 86.0
78.5 78.5 80.1 79.9 78.5
54.4 55.6 54.3 57.3 55.5
14.9 12.9 12.9 14.0 12.7
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
69.2 68.4 68.4 67.3 66.7
39.2 37.9 37.3 31.1 30.0
72.8 72.1 72.1 71.5 70.9
73.3 69.7 70.7 71.1 69.9
87.8 86.6 85.9 84.7 86.1
85.2 84.9 84.7 85.7 84.0
79.2 78.4 79.5 77.7 76.9
57.4 58.9 58.4 57.6 57.1
14.4 16.7 16.9 17.0 17.0
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
67.3 67.0
32.6 32.3
71.3 71.1
70.1 71.6
85.5 85.7
85.5 84.4
78.6 79.2
57.3 55.9
17.1 16.7
BLACK1
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
46 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Percent.) 20 years and over Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
16 to 19 years Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK1 Women 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
48.7 49.3 49.0
32.2 34.2 33.4
51.2 51.6 51.4
57.0 58.0 58.8
60.8 62.7 62.4
61.4 61.7 62.2
57.2 56.1 56.4
44.0 44.7 42.8
12.6 11.4 10.4
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
48.8 49.8 50.8 53.1 53.1
34.2 32.9 32.9 37.3 36.8
51.1 52.5 53.6 55.5 55.4
55.9 56.9 59.3 62.7 61.5
62.8 66.7 68.5 70.6 70.1
62.0 63.0 64.1 67.2 68.0
56.6 56.8 57.9 59.4 59.6
43.1 43.7 43.7 43.8 44.0
10.7 11.3 10.5 11.1 10.9
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
53.1 53.5 53.7 54.2 55.2
34.9 34.0 33.5 33.0 35.0
55.6 56.0 56.2 56.8 57.6
60.2 61.1 60.1 59.1 60.7
70.5 70.0 70.2 72.3 71.5
68.1 69.8 71.7 72.6 73.7
61.4 62.0 62.4 62.3 64.5
44.8 45.4 44.8 44.8 46.1
10.2 9.3 8.5 8.2 8.0
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
56.5 56.9 58.0 58.0 58.7
37.9 39.1 39.6 37.9 40.4
58.6 58.9 60.0 60.1 60.6
62.5 64.6 64.4 63.2 65.5
72.4 72.4 73.5 73.7 73.6
74.8 75.8 77.8 78.1 78.0
65.7 66.5 67.5 68.3 70.0
45.3 43.6 44.4 43.4 42.4
9.4 7.8 8.6 9.6 9.8
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
58.3 57.5 58.5 57.9 58.7
36.8 33.5 35.2 34.6 36.3
60.6 60.0 60.8 60.2 60.9
62.4 60.3 60.8 62.6 64.5
72.3 71.4 73.1 70.9 71.9
77.7 77.2 77.1 76.8 76.4
70.7 70.2 71.7 71.2 71.3
43.2 44.1 45.1 44.4 45.3
9.9 9.2 8.6 8.3 9.2
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
59.5 60.4 61.7 62.8 63.5
39.8 38.9 39.9 42.5 38.8
61.4 62.6 64.0 64.8 66.1
63.7 65.2 69.9 69.6 72.7
73.9 75.9 78.1 79.6 82.1
77.3 78.2 78.4 79.9 80.4
70.5 72.0 73.2 74.0 74.6
47.2 47.2 47.6 48.5 48.4
7.7 7.7 8.2 7.9 8.9
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
63.1 62.8 61.8 61.9 61.5
39.6 37.3 34.7 33.7 32.8
65.4 65.2 64.4 64.6 64.2
70.5 70.1 66.9 65.7 66.8
81.1 81.2 79.7 79.1 77.2
79.9 79.6 79.2 80.6 80.6
74.9 73.9 73.3 74.2 74.3
48.6 49.9 51.8 51.9 52.3
9.9 10.1 9.8 10.3 10.7
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
61.6 61.7
32.2 35.6
64.4 64.2
68.1 66.2
78.5 78.6
79.7 80.1
73.3 73.0
53.7 55.1
11.4 11.8
Both Sexes 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
60.2 61.1
46.9 47.7
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
60.8 60.8 61.6 62.9 63.6
46.2 46.9 48.2 49.6 50.3
... 62.9 63.7 65.0 65.6
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
64.0 64.1 63.6 63.8 64.9
50.3 46.4 44.8 45.3 47.5
66.2 66.8 66.3 66.2 67.1
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
64.6 65.4 66.4 67.4 67.6
44.6 43.9 45.8 49.6 48.6
67.1 68.0 68.8 69.4 69.7
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
67.4 66.5 66.8 66.2 66.1
47.8 45.1 45.8 43.9 44.4
69.8 69.0 69.2 68.7 68.5
... ... ... ... 74.0
... ... ... ... 77.3
... ... ... ... 78.9
... ... ... ... 73.1
... ... ... ... 49.8
... ... ... ... 10.7
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
65.8 66.5 67.9 67.9 67.7
45.4 43.4 43.0 45.7 45.5
68.1 69.1 70.8 70.6 70.4
71.9 73.1 76.4 76.1 76.0
78.1 78.2 79.5 80.3 78.6
78.5 79.5 80.9 80.0 81.3
72.8 74.6 75.4 75.3 75.9
48.6 52.2 53.8 55.4 54.1
10.5 11.0 11.9 10.1 11.6
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
69.7 69.5 69.1 68.3 68.6
46.3 46.9 44.0 37.7 38.2
72.5 72.0 71.8 71.4 71.7
78.2 76.6 76.3 75.6 74.5
80.4 80.0 80.5 79.4 79.4
81.7 81.9 81.1 81.1 81.4
78.0 77.4 76.1 75.3 77.6
54.2 55.1 55.8 57.4 58.1
12.3 10.9 11.9 12.8 14.5
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
68.0 68.7
38.6 38.3
71.0 71.9
72.7 74.4
79.1 80.1
81.2 81.9
77.2 77.3
58.4 59.2
13.9 15.7
HISPANIC2
1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group
were included in the group they identified as their main race. 2May be of any race. . . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 47
Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Percent.) 20 years and over Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
16 to 19 years Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
HISPANIC2 Men 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
81.5 81.7
... ...
85.9 86.0
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
80.7 79.6 80.9 81.1 81.3
... ... ... ... ...
85.5 84.2 84.8 84.9 85.3
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
81.4 80.6 79.7 80.3 80.6
... ... ... ... ...
84.9 84.7 84.0 84.1 84.3
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
80.3 81.0 81.0 81.9 82.0
... ... ... ... ...
84.0 84.6 84.5 85.0 85.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
81.4 80.3 80.7 80.2 79.2
... ... ... ... 50.0
84.7 83.8 84.0 83.5 82.5
... ... ... ... 88.0
... ... ... ... 92.5
... ... ... ... 91.5
... ... ... ... 85.7
... ... ... ... 63.6
... ... ... ... 14.4
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
79.1 79.6 80.1 79.8 79.8
50.2 50.0 47.4 48.7 50.1
82.4 83.0 84.1 83.6 83.5
86.2 85.7 88.1 88.1 88.1
92.9 93.2 93.5 94.0 93.9
91.3 91.7 91.9 91.4 92.2
85.6 87.0 87.8 86.7 86.2
62.4 65.9 68.4 70.2 68.6
15.8 16.7 17.3 14.9 18.2
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
81.5 81.0 80.2 80.1 80.4
50.7 52.2 48.8 40.9 42.4
85.3 84.3 83.6 84.1 84.2
89.1 86.8 86.1 86.2 84.4
94.1 93.4 93.5 93.6 93.6
93.3 92.7 92.1 92.9 93.2
87.6 86.7 86.1 85.4 87.2
69.4 68.6 67.3 68.8 69.6
18.5 16.8 16.3 17.4 20.8
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
80.1 80.7
41.9 42.0
84.0 84.6
84.1 85.9
93.3 94.1
93.1 93.8
87.7 87.1
69.3 69.6
20.1 22.9
Women 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
41.0 42.4
... ...
41.3 42.7
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
43.2 44.3 44.3 46.6 47.4
... ... ... ... ...
43.8 44.6 45.1 47.2 48.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
47.4 48.3 48.1 47.7 49.6
... ... ... ... ...
48.5 49.7 49.3 49.0 50.5
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
49.3 50.1 52.0 53.2 53.5
... ... ... ... ...
50.6 51.7 53.3 54.2 54.9
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
53.1 52.4 52.8 52.1 52.9
... ... ... ... 38.7
54.8 54.0 54.3 53.8 54.4
... ... ... ... 57.9
... ... ... ... 60.5
... ... ... ... 66.4
... ... ... ... 61.4
... ... ... ... 38.1
... ... ... ... 7.9
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
52.6 53.4 55.1 55.6 55.9
40.4 36.5 38.0 42.4 40.6
53.9 55.2 57.0 57.1 57.7
55.9 59.2 62.3 62.2 63.0
61.6 62.0 63.7 64.5 62.7
65.9 67.0 69.3 67.9 70.5
60.5 62.7 63.3 64.7 66.2
37.2 40.5 40.6 41.9 42.4
6.6 6.9 8.1 6.6 6.5
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
57.5 57.6 57.6 55.9 56.1
41.4 41.1 38.8 34.5 33.7
59.3 59.3 59.5 58.1 58.4
65.0 64.6 65.0 63.3 62.9
65.3 65.2 65.8 62.9 62.9
69.9 70.3 69.5 68.5 68.7
68.5 68.3 66.3 65.3 67.9
41.2 43.2 46.1 47.1 47.8
7.7 6.7 8.5 9.4 9.8
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
55.3 56.1
35.2 34.4
57.4 58.3
59.4 61.3
62.4 63.5
68.2 68.7
66.6 67.4
48.4 49.7
9.3 10.4
HISPANIC2
2May be of any race. . . . = Not available.
48 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-9. Employed and Unemployed Full- and Part-Time Workers, by Age, Sex, and Race, 1996–2006 (Thousands of people.) Employed1 Part-time workers
At work
At work2
Race, sex, age, and year Total
Unemployed
Full-time workers
35 hours or more
1 to 34 hours for Not at work economic or noneconomic reasons
Total
For economic reasons
For noneconomic reasons
Not at work
Looking for full-time work
Looking for part-time work
ALL RACES Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................
103 537 106 334 108 202 110 302
89 020 92 399 91 880 96 276
10 381 9 922 12 260 10 079
4 137 4 013 4 062 3 947
23 170 23 224 23 261 23 186
3 080 2 826 2 497 2 216
18 459 18 856 19 239 19 509
1 631 1 542 1 524 1 461
5 803 5 395 4 916 4 669
1 433 1 344 1 293 1 211
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
113 846 113 573 112 700 113 324 114 518
100 533 99 047 99 042 99 539 100 496
9 125 10 464 9 746 9 841 10 053
4 188 4 061 3 912 3 944 3 969
23 044 23 361 23 785 24 412 24 734
2 003 2 297 2 755 3 184 3 113
19 548 19 494 19 549 19 702 20 109
1 493 1 570 1 481 1 525 1 513
4 538 5 546 7 063 7 361 6 762
1 154 1 254 1 314 1 413 1 388
2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................
117 016 119 688
103 044 105 328
9 983 10 223
3 990 4 137
24 714 24 739
2 963 2 774
20 229 20 356
1 522 1 609
6 175 5 675
1 415 1 326
Both Sexes, 20 Years and Over 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................
101 496 104 168 105 882 107 917
87 344 90 613 89 966 94 270
10 070 9 601 11 915 9 754
4 083 3 954 4 001 3 893
18 712 18 729 18 530 18 399
2 733 2 500 2 197 1 939
14 556 14 872 15 007 15 187
1 423 1 357 1 326 1 273
5 157 4 748 4 332 4 094
773 719 672 624
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
111 353 111 323 110 679 111 578 112 747
98 439 97 161 97 342 98 087 99 034
8 787 10 156 9 474 9 587 9 789
4 127 4 006 3 862 3 904 3 924
18 348 18 870 19 475 20 239 20 598
1 747 2 013 2 448 2 875 2 817
15 297 15 486 15 704 16 001 16 436
1 304 1 371 1 322 1 363 1 345
3 978 4 956 6 395 6 705 6 178
632 682 730 818 764
2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................
115 206 117 844
101 534 103 779
9 729 9 974
3 942 4 090
20 546 20 421
2 698 2 510
16 489 16 478
1 359 1 433
5 619 5 117
786 765
Men, 16 Years and Over 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................
60 762 62 258 63 189 63 930
53 425 55 216 55 080 57 034
5 290 5 040 6 136 4 971
2 047 2 001 1 973 1 924
7 445 7 427 7 504 7 516
1 322 1 187 1 063 946
5 692 5 821 6 026 6 178
431 418 416 392
3 276 3 012 2 707 2 548
604 564 559 518
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
65 930 65 623 65 205 65 379 66 444
59 345 58 386 58 318 58 428 59 363
4 555 5 241 4 971 5 023 5 148
2 030 1 996 1 916 1 927 1 933
7 375 7 573 7 697 7 953 8 080
856 1 021 1 246 1 473 1 405
6 105 6 129 6 050 6 056 6 258
414 424 401 423 417
2 486 3 144 4 029 4 291 3 843
488 546 568 615 613
2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................
67 858 69 307
60 825 62 087
5 096 5 237
1 937 1 984
8 115 8 194
1 316 1 232
6 370 6 510
429 452
3 444 3 192
616 561
Men, 20 Years and Over 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................
59 543 60 974 61 837 62 514
52 411 54 148 53 947 55 827
5 117 4 857 5 950 4 790
2 015 1 969 1 940 1 897
5 354 5 310 5 297 5 247
1 155 1 023 925 809
3 859 3 944 4 050 4 127
341 343 322 311
2 899 2 644 2 366 2 222
248 239 214 211
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
64 464 64 311 64 006 64 364 65 377
58 095 57 273 57 302 57 580 58 471
4 370 5 072 4 815 4 879 5 000
2 000 1 966 1 889 1 905 1 906
5 170 5 465 5 728 6 051 6 196
733 881 1 093 1 314 1 251
4 109 4 253 4 299 4 388 4 600
328 331 336 348 345
2 162 2 801 3 642 3 906 3 511
214 239 254 302 281
2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................
66 803 68 193
59 934 61 140
4 955 5 095
1 914 1 958
6 247 6 238
1 182 1 100
4 705 4 762
360 376
3 118 2 861
274 270
Women, 16 Years and Over 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................
42 776 44 076 45 014 46 372
35 594 37 183 36 800 39 242
5 091 4 882 6 124 5 108
2 090 2 011 2 090 2 022
15 725 15 797 15 757 15 670
1 758 1 638 1 435 1 270
12 767 13 035 13 214 13 330
1 200 1 124 1 108 1 069
2 527 2 383 2 210 2 121
829 779 734 693
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
47 916 47 950 47 494 47 946 48 073
41 188 40 661 40 723 41 111 41 133
4 570 5 223 4 775 4 818 4 905
2 158 2 065 1 996 2 017 2 036
15 670 15 788 16 088 16 459 16 654
1 147 1 276 1 509 1 711 1 708
13 443 13 365 13 498 13 646 13 851
1 080 1 146 1 080 1 102 1 096
2 052 2 402 3 034 3 070 2 919
666 709 747 798 775
2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................
49 158 50 380
42 219 43 241
4 887 4 986
2 052 2 153
16 598 16 545
1 647 1 542
13 859 13 846
1 092 1 157
2 732 2 483
799 764
Note: Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability. 1Employed
persons are classified as full- or part-time workers based on their usual weekly hours at all jobs, regardless of the number of hours they were at work during the reference week. Persons absent from work are also classified according to their usual status. some persons at work 35 hours or more classified by their reason for working part time.
2Includes
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 49
Table 1-9. Employed and Unemployed Full- and Part-Time Workers, by Age, Sex, and Race, 1996–2006 —Continued (Thousands of people.) Employed1 Part-time workers
At work
At work2
Race, sex, age, and year Total
Unemployed
Full-time workers
35 hours or more
1 to 34 hours for Not at work economic or noneconomic reasons
Total
For economic reasons
For noneconomic reasons
Not at work
Looking for full-time work
Looking for part-time work
ALL RACES Women, 20 Years and Over 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................
41 953 43 194 44 045 45 403
34 933 36 465 36 019 38 443
4 953 4 744 5 965 4 964
2 068 1 985 2 061 1 996
13 357 13 419 13 233 13 152
1 579 1 477 1 272 1 131
10 697 10 927 10 957 11 059
1 082 1 015 1 004 962
2 258 2 105 1 966 1 872
525 480 458 413
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
46 889 47 012 46 673 47 215 47 371
40 344 39 889 40 040 40 507 40 563
4 417 5 083 4 660 4 708 4 790
2 128 2 040 1 973 2 000 2 017
13 178 13 405 13 747 14 188 14 402
1 013 1 132 1 355 1 560 1 567
11 188 11 233 11 406 11 613 11 836
976 1 040 986 1 015 1 000
1 816 2 155 2 752 2 799 2 667
419 444 476 515 483
2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................
48 403 49 651
41 600 42 639
4 774 4 880
2 028 2 132
14 299 14 183
1 516 1 410
11 784 11 716
999 1 057
2 501 2 256
512 495
Men, 16 Years and Over 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................
52 527 53 640 54 206 54 756
46 208 47 563 47 239 48 834
4 547 4 358 5 257 4 274
1 772 1 719 1 709 1 647
6 361 6 358 6 398 6 383
1 046 909 829 730
4 941 5 084 5 209 5 314
374 365 360 339
2 426 2 202 1 999 1 883
470 440 432 391
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
56 068 55 830 55 369 55 216 55 926
50 434 49 625 49 459 49 323 49 891
3 896 4 504 4 267 4 266 4 396
1 738 1 701 1 644 1 628 1 638
6 221 6 381 6 480 6 650 6 786
656 793 980 1 146 1 092
5 213 5 225 5 150 5 148 5 331
351 364 350 357 363
1 798 2 323 3 017 3 164 2 805
379 431 443 479 477
2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................
56 955 58 063
50 965 51 894
4 334 4 484
1 656 1 685
6 808 6 820
1 014 947
5 424 5 481
370 393
2 459 2 299
471 432
Men, 20 Years and Over 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................
51 442 52 498 53 017 53 513
45 300 46 609 46 240 47 764
4 397 4 199 5 095 4 124
1 745 1 691 1 682 1 626
4 534 4 488 4 483 4 420
907 771 716 618
3 330 3 419 3 487 3 534
297 298 280 268
2 167 1 946 1 756 1 651
197 194 164 162
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
54 778 54 666 54 333 54 339 55 005
49 335 48 636 48 581 48 585 49 124
3 733 4 354 4 133 4 145 4 267
1 710 1 676 1 619 1 609 1 614
4 341 4 579 4 790 5 010 5 154
558 677 857 1 016 961
3 505 3 616 3 640 3 703 3 895
278 285 293 291 299
1 566 2 080 2 743 2 893 2 567
165 195 200 231 217
2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................
56 050 57 108
50 203 51 081
4 213 4 365
1 634 1 662
5 205 5 150
905 840
3 990 3 987
310 324
2 242 2 074
209 208
Women, 16 Years and Over 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................
35 057 35 965 36 553 37 417
29 124 30 286 29 792 31 577
4 196 4 036 5 039 4 157
1 737 1 643 1 722 1 684
13 863 13 894 13 774 13 679
1 388 1 260 1 089 947
11 398 11 623 11 695 11 768
1 077 1 011 990 964
1 749 1 587 1 481 1 469
656 608 572 530
2000 2001 2002 2003 2003
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
38 438 38 445 38 152 38 249 38 240
32 942 32 491 32 623 32 659 32 555
3 729 4 252 3 896 3 939 4 018
1 767 1 702 1 633 1 652 1 667
13 698 13 773 14 011 14 120 14 287
867 971 1 152 1 304 1 280
11 870 11 787 11 903 11 860 12 038
961 1 015 956 956 969
1 422 1 664 2 084 2 038 1 968
521 551 595 629 597
2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................
38 973 39 813
33 325 33 980
3 976 4 082
1 672 1 751
14 213 14 137
1 207 1 157
12 043 11 967
963 1 013
1 807 1 670
612 601
Women, 20 Years and Over 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................
34 350 35 216 35 738 36 602
28 553 29 677 29 130 30 905
4 078 3 919 4 910 4 036
1 719 1 620 1 698 1 662
11 814 11 847 11 604 11 496
1 243 1 136 953 839
9 598 9 788 9 749 9 789
973 923 902 867
1 570 1 396 1 318 1 297
427 388 370 319
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
37 585 37 658 37 467 37 640 37 663
32 242 31 839 32 049 32 158 32 085
3 600 4 139 3 803 3 845 3 927
1 743 1 680 1 615 1 637 1 652
11 560 11 711 11 981 12 183 12 377
754 853 1 029 1 180 1 166
9 935 9 933 10 079 10 124 10 326
872 924 873 879 885
1 256 1 492 1 888 1 866 1 795
339 357 381 411 377
2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................
38 354 39 232
32 820 33 500
3 882 3 998
1 652 1 733
12 235 12 128
1 108 1 050
10 248 10 151
879 927
1 653 1 524
401 402
WHITE3
Note: Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability. 1Employed
persons are classified as full- or part-time workers based on their usual weekly hours at all jobs, regardless of the number of hours they were at work during the reference week. Persons absent from work are also classified according to their usual status.
2Includes some persons at work 35 hours or more classified by their reason for working part time. 3Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one
race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one
50 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-9. Employed and Unemployed Full- and Part-Time Workers, by Age, Sex, and Race, 1996–2006 —Continued (Thousands of people.) Employed1 Part-time workers
At work
At work2
Race, sex, age, and year Total
Unemployed
Full-time workers
35 hours or more
1 to 34 hours for Not at work economic or noneconomic reasons
Total
For economic reasons
For noneconomic reasons
Not at work
Looking for full-time work
Looking for part-time work
BLACK3 Men, 16 Years and Over 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................
5 723 5 894 6 148 6 263
4 971 5 193 5 322 5 574
547 490 637 494
206 211 189 196
733 713 723 764
199 203 168 163
494 474 520 568
40 36 34 33
705 648 572 528
103 98 99 97
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
6 350 6 178 6 194 6 055 6 177
5 704 5 509 5 541 5 414 5 538
445 468 480 453 460
202 200 173 188 179
732 761 765 765 736
144 165 188 221 205
548 557 546 505 499
41 39 30 39 32
542 626 749 804 763
78 83 86 87 98
2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................
6 381 6 529
5 745 5 907
463 446
174 176
773 825
207 201
533 590
33 34
742 681
102 93
Men, 20 Years and Over 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................
5 622 5 790 6 023 6 140
4 892 5 111 5 218 5 477
528 471 620 471
201 208 185 192
545 535 507 561
177 179 147 142
338 326 334 392
30 30 25 27
602 549 487 446
37 35 37 35
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
6 222 6 069 6 073 5 980 6 089
5 594 5 417 5 437 5 355 5 463
429 455 465 439 449
199 197 171 185 177
520 558 579 607 592
125 145 166 201 189
363 382 387 372 376
32 31 26 34 27
468 542 660 717 689
31 31 35 43 44
2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................
6 287 6 424
5 662 5 816
452 433
174 175
614 655
189 185
397 441
28 30
655 596
44 44
Women, 16 Years and Over 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................
5 776 6 026 6 281 6 641
4 785 5 085 5 166 5 651
710 652 828 734
280 289 288 256
1 310 1 336 1 404 1 388
289 305 278 257
933 952 1 045 1 059
88 79 81 72
652 677 624 554
132 136 131 130
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
6 780 6 761 6 588 6 552 6 597
5 862 5 777 5 685 5 709 5 740
632 715 640 595 611
287 270 263 247 246
1 293 1 307 1 326 1 367 1 399
211 223 259 274 306
1 005 998 991 1 017 1 022
77 85 76 76 71
515 584 744 774 744
106 122 114 121 124
2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................
6 750 7 001
5 871 6 131
619 605
260 265
1 407 1 410
320 274
1 018 1 054
70 82
723 655
133 120
Women, 20 Years and Over 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................
5 684 5 921 6 159 6 519
4 714 5 001 5 073 5 549
693 634 803 717
277 286 283 252
1 078 1 092 1 131 1 145
263 273 256 230
737 755 807 850
79 64 68 65
570 603 555 486
73 70 66 75
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
6 651 6 647 6 492 6 468 6 512
5 753 5 684 5 605 5 639 5 674
615 695 626 583 595
283 268 261 246 243
1 052 1 094 1 117 1 168 1 195
197 203 234 257 287
788 816 816 842 844
67 75 68 69 64
456 521 671 698 679
56 61 67 75 76
2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................
6 653 6 893
5 789 6 042
606 588
258 263
1 222 1 175
298 255
861 848
63 72
660 588
74 67
Note: Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability. 1Employed
persons are classified as full- or part-time workers based on their usual weekly hours at all jobs, regardless of the number of hours they were at work during the reference week. Persons absent from work are also classified according to their usual status.
2Includes some persons at work 35 hours or more classified by their reason for working part time. 3Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one
race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 51
Table 1-10. Persons Not in the Labor Force, by Age, Sex, and Desire and Availability for Work, 2001–2006 (Thousands of people.) Total
Age
Category
16 to 24 years 2001
TOTAL, NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE ..................................... Now1
......................................................... Do Not Want a Job Want a Job1 .............................................................................. Did not search for work in the previous year .............................. Searched for work in the previous year2 .................................... Not available to work now ...................................................... Available to work now ............................................................ Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects3 ............................. Reasons other than discouragement ............................. Family responsibilities ................................................ In school or training .................................................... Ill health or disability ................................................... Other4 .........................................................................
Women
2001
2002
2001
2002
2001
2002
2001
2002
2001
2002
72 707
12 347
12 976
19 814
20 358
39 198
39 373
26 396
27 085
44 962
45 621
66 769 4 590 2 731 1 859 593 1 266
68 029 4 677 2 673 2 004 565 1 439
10 616 1 730 939 791 300 492
11 254 1 722 910 812 272 540
17 797 2 017 1 150 867 256 611
18 286 2 071 1 112 960 252 708
38 355 842 642 201 37 163
38 489 884 651 233 41 191
24 403 1 993 1 134 859 228 631
24 994 2 091 1 135 956 227 729
42 366 2 597 1 597 1 000 365 634
43 035 2 586 1 538 1 048 338 710
321 945 133 203 96 513
369 1 070 150 238 107 575
104 388 32 172 16 168
110 430 31 195 16 188
170 441 89 30 56 266
209 499 99 41 61 299
47 116 13 1 25 77
51 141 20 2 30 88
192 440 29 111 45 255
226 503 34 126 50 292
129 505 105 92 51 257
143 567 116 112 56 283
Age 16 to 24 years
2003
Do Not Want a Job ......................................................... Want a Job1 .............................................................................. Did not search for work in the previous year .............................. Searched for work in the previous year2 .................................... Not available to work now ...................................................... Available to work now ............................................................ Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects3 ............................. Reasons other than discouragement ............................. Family responsibilities ................................................ In school or training .................................................... Ill health or disability ................................................... Other4 .........................................................................
Men
71 359
Category
Now1
55 years and over
2002
Total
TOTAL, NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE .....................................
Sex
25 to 54 years
Sex
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Men
Women
2004 2003
2004
2003
2004
2003
2004
2003
2004
2003
2004
74 658
75 956
13 800
14 151
20 980
21 288
39 878
40 517
28 197
28 730
46 461
47 225
69 932 4 726 2 631 2 096 564 1 531
71 103 4 852 2 715 2 137 563 1 574
12 079 1 721 882 838 274 565
12 422 1 729 886 843 279 565
18 857 2 124 1 129 995 248 747
19 136 2 152 1 145 1 006 242 764
38 996 882 620 262 43 220
39 545 971 684 288 42 245
26 073 2 124 1 127 996 231 765
26 565 2 165 1 126 1 040 230 809
43 859 2 603 1 503 1 099 333 766
44 538 2 687 1 590 1 097 333 765
457 1 075 153 239 113 570
466 1 108 157 244 123 584
134 431 37 194 15 184
142 423 28 199 18 178
248 499 94 42 72 292
240 524 104 43 71 306
75 145 22 3 26 94
84 161 24 2 35 100
266 499 35 125 51 288
288 521 38 131 56 296
190 576 118 114 62 282
178 587 119 112 67 2
Total
Age
Category
16 to 24 years 2005
Sex
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Men
Women
2006 2005
2006
2005
2006
2005
2006
2005
2006
2005
2006
TOTAL, NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE .....................................
76 762
77 387
14 383
14 549
21 403
21 318
40 976
41 520
29 119
29 350
47 643
48 037
Do Not Want a Job Now1 ......................................................... Want a Job1 .............................................................................. Did not search for work in the previous year .............................. Searched for work in the previous year2 .................................... Not available to work now ...................................................... Available to work now ............................................................ Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects3 ............................. Reasons other than discouragement ............................. Family responsibilities ................................................ In school or training .................................................... Ill health or disability ................................................... Other4 .........................................................................
71 777 4 985 2 841 2 144 599 1 545
72 602 4 786 2 758 2 028 580 1 448
12 585 1 798 963 836 285 551
12 867 1 682 883 800 282 518
19 238 2 165 1 163 1 002 260 742
19 221 2 097 1 155 942 252 690
39 954 1 022 715 307 54 252
40 514 1 006 720 286 46 240
26 926 2 193 1 173 1 020 231 789
27 248 2 102 1 145 956 226 731
44 851 2 792 1 668 1 124 368 756
45 354 2 684 1 612 1 071 354 717
436 1 109 159 217 119 614
381 1 067 152 207 130 578
141 410 32 179 16 182
118 399 31 177 18 174
217 525 105 35 69 316
195 495 97 28 76 294
78 175 22 2 34 116
68 172 24 2 36 110
260 529 36 118 64 311
229 502 35 111 63 292
176 580 123 99 55 302
152 565 117 96 68 285
Note: Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability. 1Includes some persons who were not asked if they wanted a job. 2Persons who had a job during the prior 12 months must have searched since the end of that job. 3Includes believes no work available, could not find work, lacks necessary schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 4Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior four weeks for reasons such as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for whom
nonparticipation was not ascertained.
reason for
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 53
EMPLOYMENT
The change in the distribution of employed civilians by age reflects, in part, the aging of the babyboom population. From 1996 to 2006, the proportion of employed persons age 45 years and over increased significantly while the while the proportion of employed persons age 16 to 44 years declined. In 1996, workers in the 45-to 64-year-old age group made up 29 percent of employed civilians. In 2006, they made up 37 percent of employed civilians. (See Table 1-11). OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • Total employment increased 1.9 percent in 2006, the fastest it has grown since 2000. (See Table 111.) • During the past ten years, the increase in the number of women employed (14.4 percent) has grown at a faster rate than the increase in the number of men employed (13.6 percent). (See Table 1-11.) • The Hispanic work force continued to be younger than average: 69 percent of employed civilians were in the 20- to 44-year-old age group compared to 55 percent for all employed civilians in 2006. (See Table 1-11.) • Although there were nearly an equal number of men and women in management, professional, and related occupations, 50 percent of the men were in management and financial occupations while 65 percent of the women were in professional and related occupations, which included teaching. (See Table 1-13.) • Among the industries with high levels of employment, construction and healthcare and social assistance grew the most rapidly from 2005 to 2006. (See Table 1-14.)
54 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-11. Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
ALL RACES Both Sexes 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
58 343 57 651
4 026 3 712
1 600 1 466
2 426 2 246
54 318 53 940
6 937 6 660
13 801 13 639
13 050 13 108
10 624 10 636
7 103 7 042
2 804 2 864
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
58 918 59 961 60 250 61 179 60 109
3 703 3 767 3 719 3 720 3 475
1 433 1 575 1 626 1 577 1 422
2 270 2 192 2 092 2 142 2 053
55 218 56 196 56 536 57 460 56 634
6 746 6 321 5 572 5 225 4 971
13 917 14 233 14 515 14 519 14 190
13 424 13 746 14 058 14 774 14 541
10 966 11 421 11 687 11 969 11 976
7 265 7 558 7 785 7 806 7 895
2 899 2 917 2 919 3 166 3 060
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
62 170 63 799 64 071 63 036 64 630
3 642 3 818 3 778 3 582 3 838
1 500 1 647 1 613 1 519 1 670
2 143 2 171 2 167 2 063 2 168
58 528 59 983 60 291 59 454 60 791
5 270 5 545 5 641 5 571 5 870
14 481 14 407 14 253 13 675 13 709
14 879 15 218 15 348 15 157 15 454
12 556 12 978 13 320 13 448 13 915
8 158 8 519 8 553 8 559 8 822
3 185 3 314 3 179 3 045 3 023
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
65 778 65 746 66 702 67 762 69 305
4 129 4 108 4 195 4 255 4 516
1 770 1 621 1 607 1 751 2 013
2 360 2 486 2 588 2 504 2 503
61 648 61 638 62 508 63 508 64 789
6 119 6 227 6 446 6 815 7 303
13 630 13 429 13 311 13 318 13 449
15 598 15 552 15 901 16 114 16 166
14 238 14 320 14 491 14 749 15 094
8 989 9 120 9 346 9 596 9 804
3 073 2 987 3 013 2 915 2 973
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
71 088 72 895 74 372 75 920 77 902
5 036 5 721 5 682 5 781 6 117
2 075 2 269 2 334 2 403 2 573
2 962 3 452 3 348 3 377 3 543
66 052 67 178 68 690 70 141 71 785
7 702 7 964 8 499 8 762 9 319
13 704 14 017 14 575 15 265 15 883
16 294 16 312 16 281 16 220 16 100
15 320 15 615 15 789 16 083 16 410
10 028 10 310 10 536 10 745 10 919
3 005 2 961 3 011 3 065 3 155
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
78 678 79 367 82 153 85 064 86 794
6 144 6 208 6 746 7 271 7 448
2 598 2 596 2 787 3 032 3 111
3 546 3 613 3 959 4 239 4 338
72 534 73 158 75 407 77 793 79 347
9 731 10 201 10 999 11 839 12 101
16 318 16 781 18 082 19 509 20 610
15 922 15 675 15 822 16 041 16 203
16 473 16 451 16 457 16 553 16 633
10 974 11 009 11 044 10 966 10 964
3 118 3 040 3 003 2 886 2 835
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
85 846 88 752 92 017 96 048 98 824
7 104 7 336 7 688 8 070 8 083
2 941 2 972 3 138 3 330 3 340
4 162 4 363 4 550 4 739 4 743
78 744 81 416 84 329 87 979 90 741
11 885 12 570 13 196 13 887 14 327
21 087 22 493 23 850 25 281 26 492
15 953 16 468 17 157 18 128 18 981
16 190 16 224 16 212 16 338 16 357
10 827 10 912 11 126 11 400 11 585
2 801 2 747 2 787 2 946 2 999
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
99 303 100 397 99 526 100 834 105 005
7 710 7 225 6 549 6 342 6 444
3 106 2 866 2 505 2 320 2 404
4 605 4 359 4 044 4 022 4 040
91 593 93 172 92 978 94 491 98 562
14 087 14 122 13 690 13 722 14 207
27 204 28 180 28 149 28 756 30 348
19 523 20 145 20 879 21 960 23 598
16 234 16 255 15 923 15 812 16 178
11 586 11 525 11 414 11 315 11 395
2 960 2 945 2 923 2 927 2 835
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
107 150 109 597 112 440 114 968 117 342
6 434 6 472 6 640 6 805 6 759
2 492 2 622 2 736 2 713 2 588
3 941 3 850 3 905 4 092 4 172
100 716 103 125 105 800 108 164 110 582
13 980 13 790 13 524 13 244 12 962
31 208 32 201 33 105 33 574 34 045
24 732 25 861 27 179 28 269 29 443
16 509 16 949 17 487 18 447 19 279
11 474 11 405 11 465 11 433 11 499
2 813 2 919 3 041 3 197 3 355
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
118 793 117 718 118 492 120 259 123 060
6 581 5 906 5 669 5 805 6 161
2 410 2 202 2 128 2 226 2 510
4 171 3 704 3 540 3 579 3 651
112 213 111 812 112 824 114 455 116 899
13 401 12 975 12 872 12 840 12 758
33 935 33 061 32 667 32 385 32 286
30 817 31 593 31 923 32 666 33 599
19 525 19 882 21 022 22 175 23 348
11 189 11 001 10 998 11 058 11 228
3 346 3 300 3 341 3 331 3 681
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
124 900 126 708 129 558 131 463 133 488
6 419 6 500 6 661 7 051 7 172
2 573 2 646 2 648 2 762 2 793
3 846 3 853 4 012 4 289 4 379
118 481 120 208 122 897 124 413 126 316
12 443 12 138 12 380 12 557 12 891
32 356 32 077 31 809 31 394 30 865
34 202 35 051 35 908 36 278 36 728
24 378 25 514 26 744 27 587 28 635
11 435 11 739 12 296 12 872 13 315
3 666 3 690 3 761 3 725 3 882
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
136 891 136 933 136 485 137 736 139 252
7 189 6 740 6 332 5 919 5 907
2 759 2 558 2 330 2 312 2 193
4 431 4 182 4 002 3 607 3 714
129 701 130 194 130 154 131 817 133 345
13 229 13 348 13 351 13 433 13 723
31 549 30 863 30 306 30 383 30 423
36 433 36 049 35 235 34 881 34 580
30 310 31 036 31 281 31 914 32 469
14 002 14 645 15 674 16 598 17 331
4 179 4 253 4 306 4 608 4 819
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
141 730 144 427
5 978 6 162
2 284 2 444
3 694 3 719
135 752 138 265
13 792 13 878
30 680 31 051
34 630 34 569
33 207 34 052
18 349 19 389
5 094 5 325
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 55
Table 1-11. Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
ALL RACES Men 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
41 725 40 925
2 344 2 124
996 911
1 348 1 213
39 382 38 803
4 349 4 197
10 038 9 879
9 363 9 308
7 742 7 661
5 587 5 438
2 303 2 329
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
41 578 41 780 41 682 42 430 41 619
2 186 2 156 2 107 2 136 1 985
909 979 985 976 881
1 277 1 177 1 121 1 159 1 104
39 394 39 626 39 578 40 296 39 634
4 255 3 780 3 183 2 901 2 724
10 060 10 134 10 352 10 500 10 254
9 445 9 607 9 753 10 229 10 082
7 790 8 012 8 144 8 374 8 330
5 508 5 711 5 804 5 808 5 830
2 336 2 382 2 343 2 483 2 414
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
42 621 43 379 43 357 42 423 43 466
2 095 2 164 2 115 2 012 2 198
936 1 008 987 948 1 015
1 159 1 156 1 130 1 064 1 183
40 526 41 216 41 239 40 411 41 267
2 973 3 245 3 346 3 293 3 597
10 453 10 337 10 222 9 790 9 862
10 267 10 385 10 427 10 291 10 492
8 553 8 732 8 851 8 828 9 048
5 857 6 004 6 002 5 955 6 058
2 424 2 512 2 394 2 254 2 210
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
43 904 43 656 44 177 44 657 45 474
2 361 2 315 2 362 2 406 2 587
1 090 989 990 1 073 1 242
1 271 1 325 1 372 1 334 1 345
41 543 41 342 41 815 42 251 42 886
3 754 3 795 3 898 4 118 4 370
9 759 9 591 9 475 9 431 9 531
10 552 10 505 10 711 10 801 10 832
9 182 9 195 9 333 9 478 9 637
6 105 6 155 6 260 6 385 6 478
2 191 2 098 2 138 2 038 2 039
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
46 340 46 919 47 479 48 114 48 818
2 918 3 253 3 186 3 255 3 430
1 285 1 389 1 417 1 453 1 526
1 634 1 863 1 769 1 802 1 904
43 422 43 668 44 294 44 859 45 388
4 583 4 599 4 809 4 812 5 012
9 611 9 709 9 988 10 405 10 736
10 837 10 764 10 674 10 554 10 401
9 792 9 904 9 990 10 102 10 187
6 542 6 668 6 774 6 893 6 931
2 057 2 024 2 058 2 093 2 122
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
48 990 49 390 50 896 52 349 53 024
3 409 3 478 3 765 4 039 4 103
1 504 1 510 1 598 1 721 1 744
1 905 1 968 2 167 2 318 2 359
45 581 45 912 47 130 48 310 48 922
5 237 5 593 6 138 6 655 6 739
10 936 11 218 11 884 12 617 13 119
10 216 10 028 10 088 10 126 10 135
10 170 10 139 10 139 10 197 10 181
6 928 6 916 6 929 6 857 6 880
2 094 2 019 1 953 1 856 1 869
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
51 857 53 138 54 728 56 479 57 607
3 839 3 947 4 174 4 336 4 300
1 621 1 626 1 733 1 800 1 799
2 219 2 321 2 441 2 535 2 501
48 018 49 190 50 555 52 143 53 308
6 484 6 915 7 232 7 559 7 791
13 205 13 869 14 483 15 124 15 688
9 891 10 069 10 399 10 845 11 202
9 902 9 881 9 832 9 806 9 735
6 722 6 724 6 848 6 954 7 015
1 811 1 732 1 761 1 855 1 876
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
57 186 57 397 56 271 56 787 59 091
4 085 3 815 3 379 3 300 3 322
1 672 1 526 1 307 1 213 1 244
2 412 2 289 2 072 2 087 2 078
53 101 53 582 52 891 53 487 55 769
7 532 7 504 7 197 7 232 7 571
15 832 16 266 16 002 16 216 17 166
11 355 11 613 11 902 12 450 13 309
9 548 9 478 9 234 9 133 9 326
6 999 6 909 6 781 6 686 6 694
1 835 1 812 1 776 1 770 1 703
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
59 891 60 892 62 107 63 273 64 315
3 328 3 323 3 381 3 492 3 477
1 300 1 352 1 393 1 403 1 327
2 029 1 971 1 988 2 089 2 150
56 562 57 569 58 726 59 781 60 837
7 339 7 250 7 058 6 918 6 799
17 564 18 092 18 487 18 702 18 952
13 800 14 266 14 898 15 457 16 002
9 411 9 554 9 750 10 201 10 569
6 753 6 654 6 682 6 591 6 548
1 695 1 753 1 850 1 911 1 968
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
65 104 64 223 64 440 65 349 66 450
3 427 3 044 2 944 2 994 3 156
1 254 1 135 1 096 1 155 1 288
2 173 1 909 1 848 1 839 1 868
61 678 61 178 61 496 62 355 63 294
7 151 6 909 6 819 6 805 6 771
18 779 18 265 17 966 17 877 17 741
16 771 17 086 17 230 17 665 18 111
10 690 10 813 11 365 11 927 12 439
6 378 6 245 6 173 6 166 6 142
1 909 1 860 1 943 1 916 2 089
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
67 377 68 207 69 685 70 693 71 446
3 292 3 310 3 401 3 558 3 685
1 316 1 318 1 355 1 398 1 437
1 977 1 992 2 045 2 161 2 249
64 085 64 897 66 284 67 135 67 761
6 665 6 429 6 548 6 638 6 729
17 709 17 527 17 338 17 097 16 694
18 374 18 816 19 327 19 634 19 811
12 958 13 483 14 107 14 544 14 991
6 272 6 470 6 735 7 052 7 274
2 108 2 172 2 229 2 171 2 263
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
73 305 73 196 72 903 73 332 74 524
3 671 3 420 3 169 2 917 2 952
1 394 1 268 1 130 1 115 1 037
2 276 2 151 2 040 1 802 1 915
69 634 69 776 69 734 70 415 71 572
6 974 6 952 6 978 7 065 7 246
17 241 16 915 16 573 16 670 16 818
19 537 19 305 18 932 18 774 18 700
15 871 16 268 16 419 16 588 16 951
7 606 7 900 8 378 8 733 9 174
2 406 2 437 2 455 2 585 2 683
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
75 973 77 502
2 923 3 071
1 067 1 182
1 855 1 888
73 050 74 431
7 279 7 412
16 993 17 134
18 780 18 765
17 429 17 920
9 714 10 192
2 857 3 008
56 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-11. Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
ALL RACES Women 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
16 617 16 723
1 682 1 588
604 555
1 078 1 033
14 936 15 137
2 588 2 463
3 763 3 760
3 687 3 800
2 882 2 975
1 516 1 604
501 535
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
17 340 18 181 18 568 18 749 18 490
1 517 1 611 1 612 1 584 1 490
524 596 641 601 541
993 1 015 971 983 949
15 824 16 570 16 958 17 164 17 000
2 491 2 541 2 389 2 324 2 247
3 857 4 099 4 163 4 019 3 936
3 979 4 139 4 305 4 545 4 459
3 176 3 409 3 543 3 595 3 646
1 757 1 847 1 981 1 998 2 065
563 535 576 683 646
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
19 551 20 419 20 714 20 613 21 164
1 547 1 654 1 663 1 570 1 640
564 639 626 571 655
984 1 015 1 037 999 985
18 002 18 767 19 052 19 043 19 524
2 297 2 300 2 295 2 278 2 273
4 028 4 070 4 031 3 885 3 847
4 612 4 833 4 921 4 866 4 962
4 003 4 246 4 469 4 620 4 867
2 301 2 515 2 551 2 604 2 764
761 802 785 791 813
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
21 874 22 090 22 525 23 105 23 831
1 768 1 793 1 833 1 849 1 929
680 632 617 678 771
1 089 1 161 1 216 1 170 1 158
20 105 20 296 20 693 21 257 21 903
2 365 2 432 2 548 2 697 2 933
3 871 3 838 3 836 3 887 3 918
5 046 5 047 5 190 5 313 5 334
5 056 5 125 5 158 5 271 5 457
2 884 2 965 3 086 3 211 3 326
882 889 875 877 934
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
24 748 25 976 26 893 27 807 29 084
2 118 2 468 2 496 2 526 2 687
790 880 917 950 1 047
1 328 1 589 1 579 1 575 1 639
22 630 23 510 24 397 25 281 26 397
3 119 3 365 3 690 3 950 4 307
4 093 4 308 4 587 4 860 5 147
5 457 5 548 5 607 5 666 5 699
5 528 5 711 5 799 5 981 6 223
3 486 3 642 3 762 3 852 3 988
948 937 953 972 1 033
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
29 688 29 976 31 257 32 715 33 769
2 735 2 730 2 980 3 231 3 345
1 094 1 086 1 188 1 310 1 367
1 641 1 645 1 792 1 920 1 978
26 952 27 246 28 276 29 484 30 424
4 494 4 609 4 861 5 184 5 363
5 382 5 563 6 197 6 893 7 492
5 706 5 647 5 734 5 915 6 068
6 303 6 313 6 318 6 356 6 451
4 046 4 093 4 115 4 109 4 084
1 023 1 021 1 051 1 029 966
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
33 989 35 615 37 289 39 569 41 217
3 263 3 389 3 514 3 734 3 783
1 320 1 346 1 403 1 530 1 541
1 943 2 043 2 110 2 204 2 242
30 726 32 226 33 775 35 836 37 434
5 401 5 655 5 965 6 328 6 538
7 882 8 624 9 367 10 157 10 802
6 061 6 400 6 758 7 282 7 779
6 288 6 343 6 380 6 532 6 622
4 105 4 188 4 279 4 446 4 569
989 1 017 1 027 1 091 1 124
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
42 117 43 000 43 256 44 047 45 915
3 625 3 411 3 170 3 043 3 122
1 433 1 340 1 198 1 107 1 161
2 192 2 070 1 972 1 935 1 962
38 492 39 590 40 086 41 004 42 793
6 555 6 618 6 492 6 490 6 636
11 370 11 914 12 147 12 540 13 182
8 168 8 532 8 977 9 510 10 289
6 686 6 777 6 689 6 678 6 852
4 587 4 616 4 634 4 629 4 700
1 125 1 133 1 147 1 157 1 133
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
47 259 48 706 50 334 51 696 53 027
3 105 3 149 3 260 3 313 3 282
1 193 1 270 1 343 1 310 1 261
1 913 1 879 1 917 2 003 2 021
44 154 45 556 47 074 48 383 49 745
6 640 6 540 6 466 6 326 6 163
13 644 14 109 14 617 14 872 15 093
10 933 11 595 12 281 12 811 13 440
7 097 7 395 7 737 8 246 8 711
4 721 4 751 4 783 4 841 4 950
1 118 1 165 1 191 1 286 1 388
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
53 689 53 496 54 052 54 910 56 610
3 154 2 862 2 724 2 811 3 005
1 156 1 067 1 032 1 071 1 222
1 998 1 794 1 692 1 740 1 783
50 535 50 634 51 328 52 099 53 606
6 250 6 066 6 053 6 035 5 987
15 155 14 796 14 701 14 508 14 545
14 046 14 507 14 693 15 002 15 488
8 835 9 069 9 657 10 248 10 908
4 811 4 756 4 825 4 892 5 085
1 437 1 440 1 398 1 414 1 592
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
57 523 58 501 59 873 60 771 62 042
3 127 3 190 3 260 3 493 3 487
1 258 1 328 1 293 1 364 1 357
1 869 1 862 1 967 2 128 2 130
54 396 55 311 56 613 57 278 58 555
5 779 5 709 5 831 5 919 6 163
14 647 14 549 14 471 14 298 14 171
15 828 16 235 16 581 16 644 16 917
11 421 12 031 12 637 13 043 13 644
5 163 5 269 5 561 5 820 6 041
1 558 1 518 1 532 1 554 1 619
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
63 586 63 737 63 582 64 404 64 728
3 519 3 320 3 162 3 002 2 955
1 364 1 289 1 200 1 197 1 156
2 154 2 031 1 962 1 805 1 799
60 067 60 417 60 420 61 402 61 773
6 255 6 396 6 374 6 367 6 477
14 308 13 948 13 733 13 714 13 605
16 897 16 744 16 303 16 106 15 880
14 438 14 768 14 863 15 326 15 518
6 396 6 745 7 296 7 866 8 157
1 773 1 815 1 851 2 023 2 135
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
65 757 66 925
3 055 3 091
1 217 1 261
1 838 1 830
62 702 63 834
6 513 6 467
13 687 13 917
15 850 15 804
15 779 16 132
8 635 9 198
2 238 2 316
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 57
Table 1-11. Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE1 Both Sexes 1954 ...................................................... 1955 ...................................................... 1956 ...................................................... 1957 ...................................................... 1958 ...................................................... 1959 ......................................................
53 957 55 833 57 269 57 465 56 613 58 006
3 078 3 225 3 389 3 374 3 216 3 475
1 257 1 330 1 465 1 442 1 370 1 520
1 822 1 896 1 922 1 931 1 847 1 955
50 879 52 608 53 880 54 091 53 397 54 531
4 358 4 637 4 897 4 952 4 908 5 138
12 616 12 855 12 748 12 619 12 128 12 144
13 000 13 327 13 637 13 716 13 571 13 830
10 811 11 322 11 706 12 009 12 113 12 552
7 262 7 510 7 822 7 829 7 849 8 063
2 831 2 957 3 068 2 951 2 828 2 805
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
58 850 58 913 59 698 60 622 61 922
3 700 3 693 3 774 3 851 4 076
1 598 1 472 1 447 1 600 1 846
2 103 2 220 2 327 2 250 2 230
55 150 55 220 55 924 56 771 57 846
5 331 5 460 5 676 6 036 6 444
12 021 11 835 11 703 11 689 11 794
13 930 13 905 14 173 14 341 14 380
12 820 12 906 13 066 13 304 13 596
8 192 8 335 8 511 8 718 8 916
2 855 2 778 2 795 2 683 2 717
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
63 446 65 021 66 361 67 750 69 518
4 562 5 176 5 114 5 195 5 508
1 892 2 052 2 121 2 193 2 347
2 670 3 124 2 993 3 002 3 161
58 884 59 845 61 247 62 555 64 010
6 752 6 986 7 493 7 687 8 182
11 992 12 268 12 763 13 410 13 935
14 473 14 449 14 429 14 386 14 270
13 804 14 072 14 224 14 487 14 788
9 116 9 356 9 596 9 781 9 947
2 748 2 713 2 746 2 804 2 888
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
70 217 70 878 73 370 75 708 77 184
5 571 5 670 6 173 6 623 6 796
2 386 2 404 2 581 2 806 2 881
3 185 3 266 3 592 3 816 3 916
64 645 65 208 67 197 69 086 70 388
8 559 9 000 9 718 10 424 10 676
14 326 14 713 15 904 17 099 18 040
14 092 13 858 13 940 14 083 14 196
14 854 14 843 14 845 14 886 14 948
9 979 10 014 10 077 9 983 9 958
2 835 2 780 2 714 2 610 2 568
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
76 411 78 853 81 700 84 936 87 259
6 487 6 724 7 068 7 367 7 356
2 721 2 762 2 926 3 085 3 079
3 770 3 962 4 142 4 282 4 278
69 924 72 129 74 632 77 569 79 904
10 546 11 119 11 696 12 251 12 594
18 485 19 662 20 844 22 008 23 033
13 979 14 407 14 984 15 809 16 578
14 555 14 549 14 483 14 550 14 522
9 827 9 923 10 107 10 311 10 477
2 533 2 470 2 518 2 642 2 699
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
87 715 88 709 87 903 88 893 92 120
7 021 6 588 5 984 5 799 5 836
2 861 2 645 2 317 2 156 2 209
4 161 3 943 3 667 3 643 3 627
80 694 82 121 81 918 83 094 86 284
12 405 12 477 12 097 12 138 12 451
23 653 24 551 24 531 24 955 26 235
17 071 17 617 18 268 19 194 20 552
14 405 14 414 14 083 13 961 14 239
10 475 10 386 10 283 10 169 10 227
2 684 2 676 2 656 2 678 2 580
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
93 736 95 660 97 789 99 812 101 584
5 768 5 792 5 898 6 030 5 946
2 270 2 386 2 468 2 424 2 278
3 498 3 406 3 431 3 606 3 668
87 968 89 869 91 890 93 782 95 638
12 235 12 027 11 748 11 438 11 084
26 945 27 746 28 429 28 796 29 091
21 552 22 515 23 596 24 468 25 442
14 459 14 750 15 216 16 054 16 775
10 247 10 176 10 164 10 153 10 223
2 530 2 654 2 738 2 874 3 024
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
102 261 101 182 101 669 103 045 105 190
5 779 5 216 4 985 5 113 5 398
2 141 1 971 1 904 1 990 2 210
3 638 3 246 3 081 3 123 3 188
96 481 95 966 96 684 97 932 99 792
11 498 11 116 11 031 10 931 10 736
28 773 27 989 27 552 27 274 27 101
26 282 26 883 27 097 27 645 28 442
16 933 17 269 18 285 19 273 20 247
9 960 9 719 9 701 9 772 9 912
3 035 2 990 3 019 3 037 3 354
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
106 490 107 808 109 856 110 931 112 235
5 593 5 667 5 807 6 089 6 204
2 273 2 325 2 341 2 436 2 435
3 320 3 343 3 466 3 653 3 769
100 897 102 141 104 049 104 842 106 032
10 400 10 149 10 362 10 512 10 716
27 014 26 678 26 294 25 729 25 113
28 951 29 566 30 137 30 320 30 548
21 127 22 071 23 061 23 662 24 507
10 070 10 313 10 785 11 272 11 657
3 335 3 364 3 411 3 347 3 491
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
114 424 114 430 114 013 114 235 115 239
6 160 5 817 5 441 5 064 5 039
2 383 2 224 2 037 1 999 1 895
3 777 3 593 3 404 3 065 3 145
108 264 108 613 108 572 109 171 110 199
10 944 11 054 11 096 11 052 11 233
25 500 24 948 24 568 24 399 24 337
30 151 29 793 29 049 28 501 28 176
25 762 26 301 26 401 26 762 27 228
12 169 12 743 13 630 14 375 14 965
3 738 3 774 3 828 4 083 4 260
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
116 949 118 833
5 105 5 215
1 999 2 099
3 106 3 117
111 844 113 618
11 231 11 296
24 443 24 652
28 102 27 929
27 801 28 419
15 788 16 652
4 480 4 670
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as the main race.
58 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-11. Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE1 Men 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
37 846 38 719 39 368 39 349 38 591 39 494
1 723 1 824 1 893 1 865 1 783 1 961
771 821 890 874 852 915
953 1 004 1 002 990 932 1 046
36 123 36 895 37 475 37 484 36 808 37 533
2 394 2 607 2 850 2 930 2 896 3 153
9 287 9 461 9 330 9 226 8 861 8 911
9 175 9 351 9 449 9 480 9 386 9 560
7 614 7 792 7 950 8 067 8 061 8 261
5 412 5 431 5 559 5 542 5 501 5 588
2 241 2 254 2 336 2 234 2 103 2 060
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
39 755 39 588 40 016 40 428 41 115
2 092 2 055 2 098 2 156 2 316
973 891 883 972 1 128
1 119 1 164 1 215 1 184 1 188
37 663 37 533 37 918 38 272 38 799
3 264 3 311 3 426 3 646 3 856
8 777 8 630 8 514 8 463 8 538
9 589 9 566 9 718 9 782 9 800
8 372 8 394 8 512 8 650 8 787
5 618 5 670 5 749 5 844 5 945
2 043 1 961 1 998 1 887 1 872
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
41 844 42 331 42 833 43 411 44 048
2 612 2 913 2 849 2 908 3 070
1 159 1 245 1 278 1 319 1 385
1 453 1 668 1 571 1 589 1 685
39 232 39 418 39 985 40 503 40 978
4 025 4 028 4 231 4 226 4 401
8 598 8 674 8 931 9 315 9 608
9 795 9 719 9 632 9 522 9 379
8 924 9 029 9 093 9 198 9 279
5 998 6 096 6 208 6 316 6 359
1 892 1 871 1 892 1 926 1 953
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
44 178 44 595 45 944 47 085 47 674
3 066 3 157 3 416 3 660 3 728
1 374 1 393 1 470 1 590 1 611
1 692 1 764 1 947 2 071 2 117
41 112 41 438 42 528 43 424 43 946
4 601 4 935 5 431 5 863 5 965
9 784 10 026 10 664 11 268 11 701
9 202 9 026 9 047 9 046 9 027
9 271 9 256 9 236 9 257 9 242
6 340 6 339 6 363 6 299 6 304
1 914 1 856 1 786 1 689 1 706
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
46 697 47 775 49 150 50 544 51 452
3 505 3 604 3 824 3 950 3 904
1 502 1 501 1 607 1 664 1 654
2 002 2 103 2 217 2 286 2 250
43 192 44 171 45 326 46 594 47 546
5 770 6 140 6 437 6 717 6 868
11 783 12 362 12 893 13 413 13 888
8 818 8 944 9 212 9 608 9 930
9 005 8 968 8 898 8 840 8 748
6 160 6 176 6 279 6 339 6 406
1 656 1 579 1 605 1 677 1 707
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
51 127 51 315 50 287 50 621 52 462
3 708 3 469 3 079 3 003 3 001
1 534 1 402 1 214 1 124 1 140
2 174 2 066 1 865 1 879 1 861
47 419 47 846 47 209 47 618 49 461
6 652 6 652 6 372 6 386 6 647
14 009 14 398 14 164 14 297 15 045
10 077 10 307 10 593 11 062 11 776
8 586 8 518 8 267 8 152 8 320
6 412 6 309 6 188 6 084 6 108
1 684 1 662 1 624 1 637 1 564
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
53 046 53 785 54 647 55 550 56 352
2 985 2 966 2 999 3 084 3 060
1 185 1 225 1 252 1 248 1 171
1 800 1 741 1 747 1 836 1 889
50 061 50 818 51 649 52 466 53 292
6 428 6 340 6 150 5 987 5 839
15 374 15 790 16 084 16 241 16 383
12 214 12 620 13 138 13 590 14 046
8 374 8 442 8 596 8 992 9 335
6 118 6 012 5 991 5 909 5 891
1 552 1 612 1 690 1 748 1 797
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56 703 55 797 55 959 56 656 57 452
3 018 2 694 2 602 2 634 2 776
1 119 1 017 990 1 031 1 144
1 899 1 677 1 612 1 603 1 632
53 685 53 103 53 357 54 021 54 676
6 179 5 942 5 855 5 830 5 738
16 124 15 644 15 357 15 230 15 052
14 496 14 743 14 842 15 178 15 562
9 383 9 488 10 027 10 497 10 910
5 744 5 578 5 503 5 514 5 490
1 760 1 707 1 772 1 772 1 925
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
58 146 58 888 59 998 60 604 61 139
2 892 2 911 3 011 3 103 3 205
1 169 1 161 1 206 1 233 1 254
1 723 1 750 1 806 1 870 1 951
55 254 55 977 56 986 57 500 57 934
5 613 5 444 5 590 5 659 5 753
14 958 14 820 14 567 14 259 13 851
15 793 16 136 16 470 16 715 16 781
11 359 11 834 12 352 12 661 13 046
5 609 5 755 5 972 6 251 6 447
1 921 1 987 2 037 1 955 2 056
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
62 289 62 212 61 849 61 866 62 712
3 169 2 967 2 725 2 518 2 553
1 205 1 102 987 972 903
1 965 1 865 1 738 1 546 1 650
59 119 59 245 59 124 59 348 60 159
5 876 5 870 5 882 5 890 6 026
14 238 13 989 13 727 13 731 13 735
16 477 16 280 15 910 15 675 15 572
13 675 13 987 14 060 14 117 14 418
6 678 6 941 7 360 7 640 8 018
2 175 2 178 2 184 2 295 2 390
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
63 763 64 883
2 508 2 625
942 1 020
1 566 1 605
61 255 62 259
6 041 6 114
13 840 13 903
15 544 15 480
14 810 15 189
8 471 8 893
2 550 2 680
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as the main race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 59
Table 1-11. Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE1 Women 1954 ...................................................... 1955 ...................................................... 1956 ...................................................... 1957 ...................................................... 1958 ...................................................... 1959 ......................................................
16 111 17 114 17 901 18 116 18 022 18 512
1 355 1 401 1 496 1 509 1 433 1 514
486 509 575 568 518 605
869 892 920 941 915 909
14 756 15 713 16 405 16 607 16 589 16 998
1 964 2 030 2 047 2 022 2 012 1 985
3 329 3 394 3 418 3 393 3 267 3 233
3 825 3 976 4 188 4 236 4 185 4 270
3 197 3 530 3 756 3 942 4 052 4 291
1 850 2 079 2 263 2 287 2 348 2 475
590 703 732 717 725 745
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
19 095 19 325 19 682 20 194 20 807
1 608 1 638 1 676 1 695 1 760
625 581 564 628 718
984 1 056 1 112 1 066 1 042
17 487 17 687 18 006 18 499 19 047
2 067 2 149 2 250 2 390 2 588
3 244 3 205 3 189 3 226 3 256
4 341 4 339 4 455 4 559 4 580
4 448 4 512 4 554 4 654 4 809
2 574 2 665 2 762 2 874 2 971
812 817 797 796 845
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
21 602 22 690 23 528 24 339 25 470
1 950 2 263 2 265 2 287 2 438
733 807 843 874 962
1 217 1 456 1 422 1 413 1 476
19 652 20 427 21 263 22 052 23 032
2 727 2 958 3 262 3 461 3 781
3 394 3 594 3 832 4 095 4 327
4 678 4 730 4 797 4 864 4 891
4 880 5 043 5 131 5 289 5 509
3 118 3 260 3 388 3 465 3 588
856 842 854 878 935
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
26 039 26 283 27 426 28 623 29 511
2 505 2 513 2 755 2 962 3 069
1 012 1 011 1 111 1 217 1 269
1 493 1 502 1 645 1 746 1 799
23 534 23 770 24 669 25 661 26 442
3 959 4 065 4 286 4 562 4 711
4 542 4 687 5 240 5 831 6 340
4 890 4 831 4 893 5 036 5 169
5 582 5 588 5 608 5 628 5 706
3 640 3 675 3 714 3 684 3 654
921 924 928 920 862
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
29 714 31 078 32 550 34 392 35 807
2 983 3 120 3 244 3 416 3 451
1 215 1 260 1 319 1 420 1 423
1 767 1 860 1 923 1 996 2 027
26 731 27 958 29 306 30 975 32 357
4 775 4 978 5 259 5 535 5 726
6 701 7 300 7 950 8 595 9 145
5 161 5 462 5 772 6 201 6 648
5 550 5 580 5 585 5 710 5 773
3 667 3 746 3 829 3 972 4 071
877 891 912 964 993
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
36 587 37 394 37 615 38 272 39 659
3 314 3 119 2 905 2 796 2 835
1 327 1 242 1 103 1 032 1 069
1 986 1 877 1 802 1 764 1 766
33 275 34 275 34 710 35 476 36 823
5 753 5 826 5 724 5 751 5 804
9 644 10 153 10 367 10 659 11 190
6 994 7 311 7 675 8 132 8 776
5 818 5 896 5 816 5 809 5 920
4 064 4 077 4 095 4 084 4 118
1 001 1 013 1 032 1 041 1 015
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
40 690 41 876 43 142 44 262 45 232
2 783 2 825 2 900 2 946 2 886
1 085 1 160 1 216 1 176 1 107
1 698 1 665 1 684 1 770 1 779
37 907 39 050 40 242 41 316 42 346
5 807 5 687 5 598 5 450 5 245
11 571 11 956 12 345 12 555 12 708
9 338 9 895 10 459 10 878 11 395
6 084 6 307 6 620 7 062 7 440
4 128 4 164 4 172 4 244 4 332
978 1 042 1 047 1 126 1 227
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
45 558 45 385 45 710 46 390 47 738
2 762 2 523 2 383 2 479 2 622
1 023 954 915 959 1 066
1 739 1 569 1 468 1 520 1 556
42 796 42 862 43 327 43 910 45 116
5 319 5 174 5 176 5 101 4 997
12 649 12 344 12 195 12 044 12 049
11 785 12 139 12 254 12 467 12 880
7 551 7 781 8 258 8 776 9 338
4 217 4 141 4 198 4 258 4 423
1 275 1 283 1 246 1 265 1 429
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
48 344 48 920 49 859 50 327 51 096
2 701 2 756 2 796 2 986 2 999
1 104 1 164 1 136 1 203 1 181
1 597 1 592 1 660 1 783 1 817
45 643 46 164 47 063 47 342 48 098
4 787 4 705 4 773 4 853 4 963
12 056 11 858 11 727 11 470 11 262
13 157 13 430 13 667 13 604 13 767
9 768 10 237 10 709 11 001 11 461
4 461 4 558 4 813 5 021 5 211
1 415 1 376 1 374 1 392 1 435
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
52 136 52 218 52 164 52 369 52 527
2 991 2 850 2 716 2 546 2 486
1 178 1 122 1 050 1 027 991
1 813 1 727 1 665 1 519 1 495
49 145 49 369 49 448 49 823 50 040
5 068 5 184 5 214 5 161 5 207
11 262 10 959 10 842 10 668 10 602
13 674 13 513 13 138 12 826 12 604
12 087 12 314 12 341 12 645 12 810
5 490 5 802 6 269 6 735 6 947
1 564 1 597 1 644 1 788 1 870
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
53 186 53 950
2 597 2 590
1 057 1 079
1 540 1 512
50 589 51 359
5 190 5 182
10 603 10 750
12 558 12 449
12 991 13 230
7 317 7 758
1 930 1 991
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as the main race.
60 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-11. Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK1 Both Sexes 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
7 802 8 128 8 203
509 570 554
180 194 190
329 378 364
7 292 7 559 7 649
1 166 1 258 1 231
1 924 2 062 2 157
1 629 1 659 1 682
1 434 1 460 1 452
872 872 884
269 249 243
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 894 8 227 8 540 9 102 9 359
507 508 508 571 579
183 170 169 191 204
325 338 339 380 376
7 386 7 719 8 031 8 531 8 780
1 115 1 193 1 244 1 359 1 424
2 145 2 309 2 443 2 641 2 759
1 617 1 679 1 754 1 848 1 902
1 393 1 416 1 448 1 479 1 502
874 870 892 932 927
241 252 251 273 266
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
9 313 9 355 9 189 9 375 10 119
547 505 428 416 474
192 170 138 123 146
356 335 290 294 328
8 765 8 849 8 761 8 959 9 645
1 376 1 346 1 283 1 280 1 423
2 827 2 872 2 830 2 976 3 223
1 910 1 957 2 025 2 107 2 311
1 487 1 489 1 469 1 456 1 533
925 954 928 937 945
239 231 225 204 209
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
10 501 10 814 11 309 11 658 11 953
532 536 587 601 625
175 183 203 223 237
356 353 385 378 388
9 969 10 278 10 722 11 057 11 328
1 399 1 429 1 421 1 433 1 467
3 325 3 464 3 614 3 725 3 801
2 427 2 524 2 695 2 839 2 981
1 598 1 666 1 714 1 783 1 844
985 982 1 036 1 018 970
235 214 241 261 265
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
12 175 12 074 12 151 12 382 12 835
598 494 492 494 552
194 161 157 171 224
404 334 335 323 328
11 577 11 580 11 659 11 888 12 284
1 409 1 373 1 343 1 377 1 449
3 803 3 714 3 699 3 700 3 732
3 287 3 401 3 441 3 584 3 722
1 897 1 892 1 964 2 059 2 178
933 957 965 941 953
248 243 246 226 251
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
13 279 13 542 13 969 14 556 15 056
586 613 631 736 691
223 233 229 246 243
363 380 401 490 448
12 693 12 929 13 339 13 820 14 365
1 443 1 411 1 456 1 496 1 594
3 844 3 851 3 903 3 967 4 091
3 861 3 974 4 094 4 238 4 404
2 288 2 426 2 588 2 739 2 872
1 004 1 025 1 048 1 118 1 134
253 241 249 262 271
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
15 156 15 006 14 872 14 739 14 909
711 637 611 516 520
260 230 193 196 169
451 408 417 320 351
14 444 14 368 14 262 14 222 14 389
1 593 1 571 1 543 1 516 1 572
3 993 3 840 3 726 3 618 3 635
4 261 4 200 4 109 4 080 4 039
3 073 3 139 3 220 3 289 3 332
1 226 1 283 1 332 1 373 1 452
300 335 332 346 359
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
15 313 15 765
536 618
164 215
372 402
14 776 15 147
1 599 1 643
3 722 3 809
4 060 4 072
3 464 3 570
1 555 1 659
375 394
Men 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
4 368 4 527 4 527
309 330 322
114 112 114
195 220 209
4 058 4 197 4 204
648 711 668
1 074 1 142 1 176
890 898 912
793 816 803
499 483 500
156 148 145
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 275 4 404 4 565 4 796 4 923
276 283 291 312 316
98 100 105 106 111
179 184 186 206 205
3 998 4 120 4 273 4 483 4 606
595 635 659 697 754
1 159 1 217 1 271 1 357 1 425
865 897 940 969 983
755 763 777 788 801
487 472 484 516 498
137 137 143 155 147
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 798 4 794 4 637 4 753 5 124
299 273 223 222 252
109 95 65 64 79
191 178 158 158 173
4 498 4 520 4 414 4 531 4 871
713 693 660 684 750
1 438 1 457 1 414 1 483 1 635
975 991 997 1 034 1 138
770 764 750 749 780
478 492 471 477 460
126 123 122 105 108
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 270 5 428 5 661 5 824 5 928
278 278 304 316 327
92 96 109 122 124
186 182 195 193 202
4 992 5 150 5 357 5 509 5 602
726 732 728 736 742
1 669 1 756 1 821 1 881 1 931
1 187 1 211 1 283 1 348 1 415
795 831 853 878 886
501 507 547 536 498
114 112 124 131 131
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 995 5 961 5 930 6 047 6 241
303 255 249 254 276
99 85 78 88 107
204 170 170 166 169
5 692 5 706 5 681 5 793 5 964
702 695 679 674 718
1 895 1 859 1 819 1 858 1 850
1 586 1 634 1 650 1 717 1 795
926 923 930 978 1 030
469 481 478 461 455
114 114 124 106 115
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 422 6 456 6 607 6 871 7 027
285 289 282 341 325
111 109 108 120 120
174 180 174 221 205
6 137 6 167 6 325 6 530 6 702
714 685 668 686 700
1 895 1 867 1 874 1 886 1 926
1 836 1 878 1 955 2 008 2 092
1 085 1 129 1 215 1 284 1 327
468 482 487 524 525
138 126 127 142 131
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 082 6 938 6 959 6 820 6 912
341 311 306 234 231
129 115 95 89 76
211 196 212 145 155
6 741 6 627 6 652 6 586 6 681
730 703 725 726 739
1 865 1 757 1 729 1 660 1 720
1 984 1 931 1 899 1 868 1 840
1 425 1 452 1 503 1 518 1 534
596 614 624 638 668
142 170 172 176 180
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
7 155 7 354
254 275
76 99
178 175
6 901 7 079
748 804
1 759 1 797
1 886 1 882
1 616 1 680
711 734
182 184
BLACK1
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as the main race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 61
Table 1-11. Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK1 Women 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
3 433 3 601 3 677
200 239 232
65 81 77
134 158 155
3 233 3 362 3 445
519 546 562
850 920 981
739 761 770
641 644 649
373 389 383
113 101 98
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 618 3 823 3 975 4 307 4 436
231 224 217 260 263
85 70 64 85 92
146 154 153 175 171
3 388 3 599 3 758 4 047 4 174
520 558 585 662 670
985 1 092 1 172 1 283 1 333
752 782 814 879 919
638 653 671 691 702
387 398 408 416 428
104 115 109 118 119
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 515 4 561 4 552 4 622 4 995
248 232 205 194 222
82 75 73 59 67
165 157 132 136 155
4 267 4 329 4 347 4 428 4 773
663 653 623 596 673
1 389 1 415 1 416 1 493 1 588
936 966 1 028 1 073 1 173
717 725 719 707 753
448 462 457 460 485
113 108 103 99 101
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 231 5 386 5 648 5 834 6 025
254 259 283 285 298
83 87 93 101 113
171 171 190 184 185
4 977 5 128 5 365 5 548 5 727
673 696 693 697 725
1 656 1 708 1 793 1 844 1 870
1 240 1 313 1 412 1 491 1 566
804 835 860 905 959
484 475 489 482 472
121 102 117 129 134
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 180 6 113 6 221 6 334 6 595
296 239 243 239 275
96 76 79 82 117
200 164 164 157 158
5 884 5 874 5 978 6 095 6 320
707 677 664 703 731
1 907 1 855 1 880 1 842 1 882
1 701 1 768 1 791 1 867 1 926
971 969 1 034 1 081 1 147
464 476 487 480 497
135 129 123 121 136
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 857 7 086 7 362 7 685 8 029
301 324 349 395 366
112 124 122 126 123
189 200 227 268 243
6 556 6 762 7 013 7 290 7 663
729 726 789 810 893
1 949 1 984 2 029 2 081 2 165
2 025 2 096 2 139 2 230 2 312
1 202 1 297 1 373 1 455 1 545
536 543 561 594 609
114 115 122 120 139
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
8 073 8 068 7 914 7 919 7 997
370 327 304 283 289
131 115 99 107 93
240 212 205 175 196
7 703 7 741 7 610 7 636 7 707
862 868 819 790 833
2 128 2 084 1 997 1 959 1 914
2 277 2 269 2 209 2 211 2 199
1 647 1 686 1 717 1 770 1 798
630 668 708 735 784
158 165 160 171 179
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
8 158 8 410
282 343
88 116
194 227
7 876 8 068
852 839
1 964 2 012
2 175 2 191
1 848 1 890
844 925
193 210
... ...
325 355
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
HISPANIC2 Both Sexes 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ...................................................... 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
... 3 777 4 096 4 527 4 785
322 341 381 423 445
... 124 135 159 152
... 230 245 264 292
... 3 436 3 715 4 104 4 340
... 614 715 803 860
... 1 135 1 212 1 330 1 430
... 803 860 942 996
... 573 608 661 666
... 269 269 307 319
... 42 50 62 69
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 528 5 813 5 804 6 072 6 650
500 459 410 423 468
174 155 119 125 148
325 304 291 297 320
5 028 5 354 5 394 5 649 6 182
998 1 060 1 030 1 068 1 160
1 675 1 837 1 896 1 997 2 201
1 074 1 147 1 173 1 224 1 385
811 829 816 837 883
389 399 399 441 474
80 82 80 81 79
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 887 7 219 7 790 8 250 8 573
438 430 474 523 548
144 146 149 171 165
294 284 325 353 383
6 449 6 789 7 316 7 727 8 025
1 187 1 231 1 273 1 341 1 325
2 316 2 427 2 668 2 749 2 900
1 473 1 570 1 775 1 876 1 968
913 1 011 1 010 1 078 1 129
486 474 512 585 589
75 76 76 97 114
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
9 845 9 827 10 027 10 362 10 787
668 602 577 570 609
208 169 169 160 195
460 433 408 410 415
9 177 9 225 9 450 9 792 10 178
1 672 1 622 1 575 1 574 1 643
3 327 3 264 3 350 3 446 3 517
2 229 2 333 2 468 2 605 2 737
1 235 1 266 1 316 1 402 1 495
611 637 628 630 647
103 103 112 135 139
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
11 128 11 642 12 726 13 291 13 720
645 646 714 793 854
194 199 228 230 254
450 447 487 563 600
10 483 10 996 12 012 12 498 12 866
1 609 1 628 1 798 1 883 1 881
3 618 3 758 4 029 4 113 4 097
2 889 3 115 3 371 3 504 3 738
1 565 1 595 1 846 1 994 2 074
666 748 794 846 886
135 152 173 158 190
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
15 735 16 190 16 590 17 372 17 930
973 969 882 768 792
285 268 254 242 211
688 701 628 525 581
14 762 15 221 15 708 16 604 17 138
2 356 2 404 2 413 2 399 2 477
4 950 5 065 5 272 5 541 5 560
4 052 4 149 4 273 4 573 4 671
2 308 2 472 2 511 2 711 2 932
898 944 1 029 1 132 1 210
197 187 209 249 288
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
18 632 19 612
847 900
253 287
595 614
17 785 18 712
2 423 2 487
5 756 6 001
4 879 5 106
3 114 3 324
1 317 1 441
296 354
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as the main race. be of any race. . . . = Not available. 2May
62 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-11. Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
16 to 17 years
Total
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
HISPANIC2 Men 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
2 198 2 369
... ...
... ...
... ...
2 010 2 165
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 301 2 303 2 564 2 808 2 962
... 199 225 241 260
... 74 78 93 93
... 125 147 147 168
2 117 2 109 2 335 2 568 2 701
... 364 427 494 511
... 708 763 824 891
... 504 540 590 615
... 369 394 405 427
... 173 184 207 205
... ... ... ... ...
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 448 3 597 3 583 3 771 4 083
306 272 229 248 258
109 90 66 71 78
198 182 162 177 180
3 142 3 325 3 354 3 523 3 825
611 642 621 655 718
1 065 1 157 1 192 1 280 1 398
662 707 729 760 841
491 504 498 499 530
254 259 261 275 292
... ... ... ... ...
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 245 4 428 4 713 4 972 5 172
251 254 268 292 319
82 82 81 87 94
169 172 188 205 225
3 994 4 174 4 444 4 680 4 853
727 773 777 815 821
1 473 1 510 1 664 1 706 1 787
888 929 1 044 1 120 1 152
550 614 606 645 676
308 297 303 331 350
... ... ... ... ...
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 021 5 979 6 093 6 328 6 530
412 356 336 337 341
126 94 97 95 109
286 263 238 242 233
5 609 5 623 5 757 5 992 6 189
1 083 1 063 985 1 003 1 056
2 076 2 050 2 127 2 200 2 227
1 312 1 360 1 437 1 527 1 600
722 719 768 822 847
355 369 372 360 379
... ... ... ... 79
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 725 7 039 7 728 8 018 8 067
358 384 420 449 491
110 107 130 133 139
248 277 290 315 352
6 367 6 655 7 307 7 570 7 576
1 030 1 015 1 142 1 173 1 135
2 284 2 345 2 547 2 592 2 524
1 675 1 842 1 978 2 077 2 135
908 918 1 059 1 115 1 151
384 438 477 512 502
85 96 105 101 130
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
9 428 9 668 9 845 10 479 10 832
570 568 504 415 446
159 149 141 121 108
411 419 363 294 338
8 859 9 100 9 341 10 063 10 385
1 486 1 473 1 476 1 485 1 514
3 063 3 142 3 271 3 537 3 557
2 358 2 446 2 503 2 724 2 801
1 295 1 375 1 396 1 533 1 654
532 545 569 639 687
126 119 125 144 174
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
11 337 11 887
465 496
137 146
328 350
10 872 11 391
1 511 1 535
3 711 3 845
2 939 3 088
1 781 1 894
748 809
183 220
Women 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
1 198 1 319
... ...
... ...
... ...
1 060 1 166
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 362 1 417 1 516 1 719 1 824
... 155 155 182 185
... 50 57 65 60
... 106 98 117 125
1 224 1 288 1 370 1 537 1 638
... 249 288 308 349
... 427 449 506 539
... 300 320 352 381
... 204 214 256 241
... 96 86 99 115
... ... ... ... ...
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 079 2 216 2 222 2 301 2 568
193 187 181 175 211
65 65 52 54 71
128 122 129 120 140
1 886 2 029 2 040 2 127 2 357
387 418 409 413 442
610 680 704 717 804
412 440 444 464 544
320 326 318 338 354
136 139 139 166 181
... ... ... ... ...
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 642 2 791 3 077 3 278 3 401
187 176 206 231 229
62 64 69 84 71
125 112 137 147 158
2 456 2 615 2 872 3 047 3 172
460 458 496 526 504
843 917 1 004 1 042 1 114
585 641 732 756 816
362 397 405 434 453
178 177 209 254 239
... ... ... ... ...
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 823 3 848 3 934 4 033 4 258
256 246 242 233 268
82 76 72 65 86
174 170 170 168 182
3 567 3 603 3 693 3 800 3 989
588 559 591 571 587
1 251 1 214 1 223 1 246 1 290
917 972 1 031 1 077 1 137
513 548 548 581 648
256 268 256 269 268
... ... ... ... 59
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 403 4 602 4 999 5 273 5 653
287 261 294 345 363
85 92 98 97 115
202 169 196 247 248
4 116 4 341 4 705 4 928 5 290
579 612 656 710 746
1 334 1 412 1 482 1 521 1 574
1 213 1 273 1 393 1 428 1 603
657 677 787 879 923
282 310 318 334 384
50 56 69 57 60
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 307 6 522 6 744 6 894 7 098
404 401 378 353 346
127 119 113 121 103
277 282 265 231 243
5 903 6 121 6 367 6 541 6 752
870 931 937 914 964
1 887 1 923 2 001 2 004 2 003
1 695 1 703 1 770 1 849 1 870
1 013 1 097 1 114 1 178 1 279
366 398 460 493 523
72 67 84 105 114
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
7 295 7 725
382 404
116 140
266 264
6 913 7 321
912 951
2 045 2 155
1 940 2 018
1 333 1 430
569 632
113 135
HISPANIC2
2May be of any race. . . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 63
Table 1-12. Civilian Employment-Population Ratios, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 (Percent.) Both sexes Race, Hispanic origin, and year
16 years and over
16 to 19 years
Men 20 years and over
16 years and over
Women
16 to 19 years
20 years and over
16 years and over
16 to 19 years
20 years and over
ALL RACES 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
56.6 55.4
47.7 45.2
57.4 56.3
83.5 81.3
57.5 53.8
85.8 83.7
31.3 31.2
38.5 37.2
30.7 30.6
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56.1 57.3 57.3 57.1 55.5
45.5 47.9 46.9 46.4 42.3
57.0 58.1 58.1 58.0 56.6
82.0 84.0 83.9 83.6 81.0
55.2 57.9 55.9 55.9 50.2
84.2 86.1 86.2 85.9 83.5
32.0 33.1 33.4 33.3 32.5
36.3 38.9 38.8 37.8 34.9
31.6 32.6 33.0 32.9 32.3
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56.7 57.5 57.1 55.4 56.0
43.5 45.3 43.9 39.9 39.9
57.8 58.5 58.2 56.8 57.5
81.8 82.3 81.3 78.5 79.3
52.1 53.8 51.8 46.9 47.2
84.3 84.6 83.8 81.2 82.3
34.0 35.1 35.1 34.5 35.0
35.6 37.5 36.7 33.5 33.0
33.8 34.9 35.0 34.6 35.1
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56.1 55.4 55.5 55.4 55.7
40.5 39.1 39.4 37.4 37.3
57.6 56.9 57.1 57.2 57.7
78.9 77.6 77.7 77.1 77.3
47.6 45.3 45.9 43.8 44.1
81.9 80.8 80.9 80.6 80.9
35.5 35.4 35.6 35.8 36.3
33.8 33.2 33.3 31.5 30.9
35.7 35.6 35.8 36.3 36.9
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56.2 56.9 57.3 57.5 58.0
38.9 42.1 42.2 42.2 43.4
58.2 58.7 59.0 59.3 59.7
77.5 77.9 78.0 77.8 77.6
46.2 48.9 48.7 48.7 49.5
81.2 81.5 81.5 81.3 81.1
37.1 38.3 39.0 39.6 40.7
32.0 35.6 35.9 36.0 37.5
37.6 38.6 39.3 40.0 41.1
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
57.4 56.6 57.0 57.8 57.8
42.3 41.3 43.5 45.9 46.0
59.2 58.4 58.6 59.3 59.2
76.2 74.9 75.0 75.5 74.9
47.7 46.8 48.9 51.4 51.2
79.7 78.5 78.4 78.6 77.9
40.8 40.4 41.0 42.0 42.6
37.1 36.0 38.2 40.5 41.0
41.2 40.9 41.3 42.2 42.8
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56.1 56.8 57.9 59.3 59.9
43.3 44.2 46.1 48.3 48.5
57.6 58.3 59.2 60.6 61.2
71.7 72.0 72.8 73.8 73.8
47.2 47.9 50.4 52.2 51.7
74.8 75.1 75.6 76.4 76.5
42.0 43.2 44.5 46.4 47.5
39.4 40.5 41.8 44.5 45.3
42.3 43.5 44.8 46.6 47.7
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
59.2 59.0 57.8 57.9 59.5
46.6 44.6 41.5 41.5 43.7
60.6 60.5 59.4 59.5 61.0
72.0 71.3 69.0 68.8 70.7
49.5 47.1 42.9 43.1 45.0
74.6 74.0 71.8 71.4 73.2
47.7 48.0 47.7 48.0 49.5
43.8 42.0 40.2 40.0 42.5
48.1 48.6 48.4 48.8 50.1
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
60.1 60.7 61.5 62.3 63.0
44.4 44.6 45.5 46.8 47.5
61.5 62.1 62.9 63.6 64.2
70.9 71.0 71.5 72.0 72.5
45.7 45.7 46.1 47.8 48.7
73.3 73.3 73.8 74.2 74.5
50.4 51.4 52.5 53.4 54.3
42.9 43.6 44.8 45.9 46.4
51.0 52.0 53.1 54.0 54.9
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
62.8 61.7 61.5 61.7 62.5
45.3 42.0 41.0 41.7 43.4
64.3 63.2 63.0 63.3 64.0
72.0 70.4 69.8 70.0 70.4
46.6 42.7 41.9 42.3 43.8
74.3 72.7 72.1 72.3 72.6
54.3 53.7 53.8 54.1 55.3
44.0 41.2 40.0 41.0 43.0
55.2 54.6 54.8 55.0 56.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
62.9 63.2 63.8 64.1 64.3
44.2 43.5 43.4 45.1 44.7
64.4 64.7 65.5 65.6 65.9
70.8 70.9 71.3 71.6 71.6
44.7 43.6 43.4 44.7 45.1
73.0 73.2 73.7 73.9 74.0
55.6 56.0 56.8 57.1 57.4
43.8 43.5 43.3 45.5 44.3
56.5 57.0 57.8 58.0 58.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
64.4 63.7 62.7 62.3 62.3
45.2 42.3 39.6 36.8 36.4
66.0 65.4 64.6 64.3 64.4
71.9 70.9 69.7 68.9 69.2
45.4 42.2 38.9 35.7 35.9
74.2 73.3 72.3 71.7 71.9
57.5 57.0 56.3 56.1 56.0
45.0 42.4 40.3 37.8 37.0
58.4 58.1 57.5 57.5 57.4
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
62.7 63.1
36.5 36.9
64.7 65.2
69.6 70.1
35.1 36.3
72.4 72.9
56.2 56.6
37.8 37.6
57.6 58.0
64 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-12. Civilian Employment-Population Ratios, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Percent.) Both sexes Race, Hispanic origin, and year
16 years and over
16 to 19 years
Men 20 years and over
16 years and over
Women
16 to 19 years
20 years and over
16 years and over
16 to 19 years
20 years and over
WHITE1 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
55.2 56.5 57.3 56.8 55.3 55.9
42.9 44.2 46.1 45.0 41.0 41.2
56.2 57.4 58.2 57.8 56.5 57.2
81.5 82.2 82.7 81.8 79.2 79.9
49.9 52.0 54.1 52.4 47.6 48.1
84.0 84.7 85.0 84.1 81.8 82.8
31.4 33.0 34.2 34.2 33.6 34.0
36.4 37.0 38.9 38.2 35.0 34.8
31.1 32.7 33.8 33.9 33.5 34.0
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
55.9 55.3 55.4 55.3 55.5
41.5 40.1 40.4 38.6 38.4
57.2 56.7 56.9 56.9 57.3
79.4 78.2 78.4 77.7 77.8
48.1 45.9 46.4 44.7 45.0
82.4 81.4 81.5 81.1 81.3
34.6 34.5 34.7 35.0 35.5
35.1 34.6 34.8 32.9 32.2
34.5 34.5 34.7 35.2 35.8
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56.0 56.8 57.2 57.4 58.0
40.3 43.6 43.8 43.9 45.2
57.8 58.3 58.7 59.0 59.4
77.9 78.3 78.4 78.3 78.2
47.1 50.1 50.2 50.3 51.1
81.5 81.7 81.7 81.6 81.4
36.2 37.5 38.3 38.9 40.1
33.7 37.5 37.7 37.8 39.5
36.5 37.5 38.3 39.1 40.1
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
57.5 56.8 57.4 58.2 58.3
44.5 43.8 46.4 48.9 49.3
59.0 58.3 58.6 59.3 59.3
76.8 75.7 76.0 76.5 75.9
49.6 49.2 51.5 54.3 54.4
80.1 79.0 79.0 79.2 78.6
40.3 39.9 40.7 41.8 42.4
39.5 38.6 41.3 43.6 44.3
40.4 40.1 40.6 41.6 42.2
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56.7 57.5 58.6 60.0 60.6
46.5 47.8 50.1 52.4 52.6
57.9 58.6 59.6 60.8 61.5
73.0 73.4 74.1 75.0 75.1
50.6 51.5 54.4 56.3 55.7
75.7 76.0 76.5 77.2 77.3
42.0 43.2 44.5 46.3 47.5
42.5 44.2 45.9 48.5 49.4
41.9 43.1 44.4 46.1 47.3
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
60.0 60.0 58.8 58.9 60.5
50.7 48.7 45.8 45.9 48.0
61.0 61.1 60.1 60.1 61.5
73.4 72.8 70.6 70.4 72.1
53.4 51.3 47.0 47.4 49.1
75.6 75.1 73.0 72.6 74.3
47.8 48.3 48.1 48.5 49.8
47.9 46.2 44.6 44.5 47.0
47.8 48.5 48.4 48.9 50.0
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
61.0 61.5 62.3 63.1 63.8
48.5 48.8 49.4 50.9 51.6
62.0 62.6 63.4 64.1 64.7
72.3 72.3 72.7 73.2 73.7
49.9 49.6 49.9 51.7 52.6
74.3 74.3 74.7 75.1 75.4
50.7 51.7 52.8 53.8 54.6
47.1 47.9 49.0 50.2 50.5
51.0 52.0 53.1 54.0 54.9
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
63.7 62.6 62.4 62.7 63.5
49.7 46.6 45.3 46.2 47.9
64.8 63.7 63.6 63.9 64.7
73.3 71.6 71.1 71.4 71.8
51.0 47.2 46.4 46.6 48.3
75.1 73.5 73.1 73.3 73.6
54.7 54.2 54.2 54.6 55.8
48.3 45.9 44.2 45.7 47.5
55.2 54.8 54.9 55.2 56.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
63.8 64.1 64.6 64.7 64.8
48.8 47.9 47.7 48.9 48.8
64.9 65.3 65.9 65.9 66.1
72.0 72.3 72.7 72.7 72.8
49.4 48.2 48.1 48.6 49.3
73.8 74.2 74.7 74.7 74.8
56.1 56.3 57.0 57.1 57.3
48.1 47.6 47.2 49.3 48.3
56.7 57.0 57.8 57.7 58.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
64.9 64.2 63.4 63.0 63.1
49.1 46.3 43.2 40.4 40.0
66.1 65.6 64.9 64.7 64.8
73.0 72.0 70.8 70.1 70.4
49.5 46.2 42.3 39.4 39.7
74.9 74.0 73.1 72.5 72.8
57.4 57.0 56.4 56.3 56.1
48.8 46.5 44.1 41.5 40.3
58.0 57.7 57.3 57.3 57.2
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
63.4 63.8
40.2 40.6
65.1 65.5
70.8 71.3
38.8 40.0
73.3 73.7
56.3 56.6
41.8 41.1
57.4 57.7
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 65
Table 1-12. Civilian Employment-Population Ratios, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Percent.) Both sexes Race, Hispanic origin, and year
16 years and over
16 to 19 years
Men 20 years and over
16 years and over
Women
16 to 19 years
20 years and over
16 years and over
16 to 19 years
20 years and over
BLACK1 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
53.7 54.5 53.5
25.2 27.2 25.9
58.3 58.9 58.0
66.8 67.5 65.8
31.6 32.8 31.4
73.0 73.7 71.9
43.0 43.8 43.5
19.2 22.0 20.9
46.5 47.2 46.9
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
50.1 50.8 51.4 53.6 53.8
23.1 22.4 22.3 25.2 25.4
54.5 55.4 56.0 58.0 58.1
60.6 60.6 61.4 63.3 63.4
26.3 25.8 26.4 28.5 28.7
66.5 66.8 67.5 69.1 69.1
41.6 42.8 43.3 45.8 46.0
20.2 19.2 18.5 22.1 22.4
44.9 46.4 47.0 49.3 49.3
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
52.3 51.3 49.4 49.5 52.3
23.9 22.1 19.0 18.7 21.9
56.4 55.5 53.6 53.6 56.1
60.4 59.1 56.0 56.3 59.2
27.0 24.6 20.3 20.4 23.9
65.8 64.5 61.4 61.6 64.1
45.7 45.1 44.2 44.1 46.7
21.0 19.7 17.7 17.0 20.1
49.1 48.5 47.5 47.4 49.8
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
53.4 54.1 55.6 56.3 56.9
24.6 25.1 27.1 27.6 28.7
57.0 57.6 58.9 59.7 60.1
60.0 60.6 62.0 62.7 62.8
26.3 26.5 28.5 29.4 30.4
64.6 65.1 66.4 67.1 67.0
48.1 48.8 50.3 51.2 52.0
23.1 23.8 25.8 25.8 27.1
50.9 51.6 53.0 53.9 54.6
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
56.7 55.4 54.9 55.0 56.1
26.7 22.6 22.8 22.6 24.9
60.2 59.0 58.3 58.4 59.4
62.6 61.3 59.9 60.0 60.8
27.7 23.8 23.6 23.6 25.4
67.1 65.9 64.3 64.3 65.0
51.9 50.6 50.8 50.9 52.3
25.8 21.5 22.1 21.6 24.5
54.7 53.6 53.6 53.8 55.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
57.1 57.4 58.2 59.7 60.6
25.7 26.0 26.1 30.1 27.9
60.5 60.8 61.8 63.0 64.2
61.7 61.1 61.4 62.9 63.1
25.2 24.9 23.7 28.4 26.7
66.1 65.5 66.1 67.1 67.5
53.4 54.4 55.6 57.2 58.6
26.1 27.1 28.5 31.8 29.0
56.1 57.1 58.4 59.7 61.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
60.9 59.7 58.1 57.4 57.2
29.8 26.7 25.3 21.7 21.5
64.2 63.2 61.6 61.0 60.9
63.6 62.1 61.1 59.5 59.3
28.9 26.4 25.6 19.9 19.3
67.7 66.3 65.2 64.1 63.9
58.6 57.8 55.8 55.6 55.5
30.6 27.0 24.9 23.4 23.6
61.3 60.7 58.7 58.6 58.5
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
57.7 58.4
21.6 24.1
61.5 62.0
60.2 60.6
20.8 21.7
64.7 65.2
55.7 56.5
22.4 26.4
58.9 59.4
1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
55.6 56.2
... ...
55.6 56.2
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
53.4 53.8 55.4 57.2 58.3
... ... ... ... ...
53.4 53.8 55.4 57.2 58.3
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
57.6 57.4 54.9 55.1 57.9
... ... ... ... ...
57.6 57.4 54.9 55.1 57.9
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
57.8 58.5 60.5 61.9 62.2
... ... ... ... ...
57.8 58.5 60.5 61.9 62.2
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
61.9 59.8 59.1 59.1 59.5
... ... ... ... 33.5
61.9 59.8 59.1 59.1 59.5
... ... ... ... 71.7
... ... ... ... 36.8
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... 47.2
... ... ... ... 30.1
... ... ... ... ...
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
59.7 60.6 62.6 63.1 63.4
34.4 33.1 33.7 36.0 37.0
59.7 60.6 62.6 63.1 63.4
72.1 73.3 74.5 74.7 75.3
37.5 38.8 37.6 38.6 41.2
... ... ... ... ...
47.3 47.9 50.2 51.0 51.7
31.3 27.3 29.3 33.0 32.5
... ... ... ... ...
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
65.7 64.9 63.9 63.1 63.8
38.6 38.6 35.2 30.2 30.4
65.7 64.9 63.9 63.1 63.8
77.4 76.2 74.5 74.3 75.1
42.8 43.3 39.0 31.9 33.4
81.7 79.9 78.3 78.6 79.4
53.6 53.3 52.9 51.2 51.8
33.9 33.5 31.1 28.4 27.2
55.8 55.4 55.2 53.6 54.4
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
64.0 65.2
31.5 32.2
64.0 65.2
75.8 76.8
33.8 34.8
80.0 81.1
51.5 52.8
29.1 29.5
53.8 55.2
HISPANIC2
1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group
were included in the group they identified as their main race. 2May be of any race. . . . = Not available.
66 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-13. Employed Civilians, by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Occupation, 2004–2006 (Thousands of people.) Year and occupation
Total
Men
Women
White1
Black1
Hispanic2
2004 All Occupations .............................................................................. Management, professional, and related ........................................... Management, business, and financial operations ........................ Professional and related ............................................................... Life, physical, and social sciences .................................................... Community and social services .................................................... Services ............................................................................................ Health care support ...................................................................... Protective services ....................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ........................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ......................... Personal care and services .......................................................... Sales and office ................................................................................ Office and administrative support ................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .......................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ....................................................... Construction and extraction .......................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................ Production, transportation, and material moving .............................. Transportation and material moving .............................................
139 252 48 532 20 235 28 297 1 365 2 170 22 720 2 921 2 847 7 279 5 185 4 488 35 464 19 481 14 582 991 8 522 5 069 17 954 8 491
74 524 24 136 11 718 12 418 777 845 9 826 311 2 230 3 196 3 085 1 004 12 805 4 700 13 930 786 8 306 4 838 13 827 7 240
64 728 24 396 8 517 15 879 588 1 325 12 894 2 609 616 4 084 2 100 3 484 22 660 14 781 652 204 216 231 4 126 1 251
115 239 41 027 17 590 23 438 1 143 1 650 17 544 1 991 2 197 5 854 4 094 3 407 29 399 15 842 12 928 885 7 642 4 401 14 340 6 746
14 909 3 949 1 408 2 541 76 415 3 543 758 510 835 773 667 3 918 2 487 1 012 53 572 387 2 488 1 364
17 930 3 101 1 290 1 811 69 203 4 336 384 315 1 405 1 661 571 3 818 2 164 3 229 387 2 127 715 3 446 1 552
141 730 49 245 20 450 28 795 1 406 2 138 23 133 3 092 2 894 7 374 5 241 4 531 35 962 19 529 15 348 976 9 145 5 226 18 041 8 664
75 973 24 349 11 761 12 588 808 827 9 882 339 2 246 3 202 3 111 984 13 190 4 829 14 635 756 8 871 5 008 13 917 7 377
65 757 24 896 8 689 16 207 598 1 311 13 251 2 753 648 4 173 2 130 3 548 22 772 14 700 713 220 274 219 4 124 1 286
116 949 41 475 17 668 23 807 1 171 1 654 17 817 2 121 2 195 5 888 4 130 3 484 29 658 15 777 13 582 882 8 158 4 542 14 418 6 892
15 313 3 985 1 451 2 533 71 365 3 656 766 560 857 828 645 4 033 2 526 1 086 50 643 394 2 552 1 393
18 632 3 174 1 330 1 844 63 209 4 434 426 300 1 519 1 605 584 4 000 2 258 3 552 394 2 450 709 3 473 1 597
144 427 50 420 21 233 29 187 1 434 2 156 23 811 3 132 2 939 7 606 5 381 4 754 36 141 19 500 15 830 961 9 507 5 362 18 224 8 846
77 502 24 928 12 347 12 581 813 829 10 159 333 2 284 3 297 3 230 1 014 13 275 4 797 15 079 750 9 216 5 114 14 061 7 533
66 925 25 492 8 886 16 606 620 1 327 13 653 2 799 654 4 309 2 151 3 740 22 866 14 703 752 212 292 248 4 163 1 313
118 833 42 177 18 298 23 879 1 146 1 631 18 310 2 137 2 239 6 071 4 264 3 600 29 798 15 772 14 025 870 8 481 4 674 14 522 6 974
15 765 4 252 1 547 2 704 81 402 3 797 774 578 892 840 714 4 051 2 548 1 079 47 624 408 2 586 1 438
19 613 3 337 1 477 1 860 59 184 4 649 410 301 1 608 1 712 618 4 154 2 314 3 893 382 2 790 721 3 580 1 645
2005 All Occupations .............................................................................. Management, professional, and related ........................................... Management, business, and financial operations ........................ Professional and related ............................................................... Life, physical, and social sciences .................................................... Community and social services .................................................... Services ............................................................................................ Health care support ...................................................................... Protective services ....................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ........................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ......................... Personal care and services .......................................................... Sales and office ................................................................................ Office and administrative support ................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .......................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ....................................................... Construction and extraction .......................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................ Production, transportation, and material moving .............................. Transportation and material moving .............................................
2006 All Occupations .............................................................................. Management, professional, and related ........................................... Management, business, and financial operations ........................ Professional and related ............................................................... Life, physical, and social sciences .................................................... Community and social services .................................................... Services ............................................................................................ Health care support ...................................................................... Protective services ....................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ........................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ......................... Personal care and services .......................................................... Sales and office ................................................................................ Office and administrative support ................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .......................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ....................................................... Construction and extraction .......................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................ Production, transportation, and material moving .............................. Transportation and material moving .............................................
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as the main race. 2May be of any race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 67
Table 1-14. Employed Civilians, by Selected Occupation and Industry, 2004–2006 (Thousands of people.)
Year and industry
Life, physical, and social science occupations
139 252 2 232 539 10 768 16 484 10 329 6 155 4 600 16 269 5 844 1 168 3 463 6 940 3 029 8 386 5 722 12 058 16 661 2 690 9 131 6 903 6 365
48 532 1 092 118 1 696 4 719 3 202 1 517 754 1 759 593 373 1 766 3 311 931 6 333 1 050 9 036 8 756 898 1 286 1 467 2 594
1 365 28 13 5 265 53 212 12 16 3 35 19 17 2 326 26 170 211 15 4 16 181
22 720 95 5 70 225 113 113 60 571 277 22 93 69 280 108 2 503 1 298 4 860 1 266 6 487 2 408 2 021
35 464 106 51 732 2 185 1 247 938 2 553 11 295 1 636 266 1 102 3 495 1 502 1 651 1 249 1 201 2 634 372 1 000 1 082 1 354
14 582 837 232 7 743 1 151 771 380 292 815 383 276 341 34 201 139 278 184 127 86 70 1 134 259
17 954 103 133 527 8 203 4 996 3 207 940 1 830 2 955 231 161 30 115 156 642 338 285 67 289 812 138
141 730 2 197 624 11 197 16 253 10 333 5 919 4 579 16 825 6 184 1 176 3 402 7 035 3 168 8 584 5 709 12 264 16 910 2 765 9 306 7 020 6 530
49 245 1 086 141 1 688 4 612 3 170 1 443 751 1 817 650 353 1 717 3 408 980 6 545 1 005 9 197 8 805 979 1 367 1 498 2 646
1 406 29 23 5 247 60 187 21 14 4 31 13 14 1 329 25 179 230 17 2 15 207
23 133 82 6 76 242 112 130 55 559 270 23 90 72 284 113 2 542 1 318 5 047 1 256 6 535 2 448 2 115
35 962 96 64 736 2 127 1 216 911 2 479 11 790 1 678 234 1 096 3 497 1 588 1 610 1 260 1 222 2 653 358 1 045 1 078 1 353
15 348 836 264 8 208 1 179 787 392 295 830 414 307 336 33 206 172 268 202 146 102 61 1 219 272
18 041 97 150 489 8 092 5 048 3 044 1 000 1 830 3 172 261 164 25 110 144 635 323 259 71 297 778 144
144 427 2 206 687 11 749 16 377 10 499 5 877 4 561 16 767 6 269 1 186 3 573 7 254 3 237 8 776 6 092 12 522 17 416 2 671 9 474 7 088 6 524
50 420 1 089 165 1 892 4 673 3 170 1 503 785 1 797 668 351 1 804 3 506 997 6 734 1 082 9 371 9 112 880 1 389 1 466 2 659
1 434 35 22 13 238 54 184 19 11 6 26 13 20 1 364 23 217 215 9 2 15 186
23 811 89 6 63 262 144 118 50 610 289 21 101 66 269 128 2 709 1 408 5 239 1 249 6 624 2 533 2 095
36 141 96 63 729 2 117 1 265 852 2 437 11 763 1 702 245 1 095 3 602 1 635 1 616 1 279 1 216 2 638 379 1 048 1 135 1 346
15 830 830 320 8 596 1 195 811 384 321 814 377 293 405 41 216 159 309 219 163 91 71 1 136 275
18 224 102 133 469 8 130 5 110 3 021 968 1 783 3 233 275 169 38 119 138 713 309 265 72 342 818 149
Total employed
Service occupations
Sales and office occupations
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
Management, professional, and related occupations
2004 All Industries ............................................................. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................... Mining ......................................................................... Construction ................................................................ Manufacturing ............................................................. Durable goods ......................................................... Nondurable goods ................................................... Wholesale trade .......................................................... Retail trade .................................................................. Transportation and warehousing ................................ Utilities ........................................................................ Information .................................................................. Finance and insurance ................................................ Real estate and rental and leasing ............................. Professional and technical services ............................ Management, administrative, and waste services ...... Education services ...................................................... Health care and social assistance .............................. Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................. Accommodation and food services ............................. Other services ............................................................. Public administration ................................................... 2005 All Industries ............................................................. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................... Mining ......................................................................... Construction ................................................................ Manufacturing ............................................................. Durable goods ......................................................... Nondurable goods ................................................... Wholesale trade .......................................................... Retail trade .................................................................. Transportation and warehousing ................................ Utilities ........................................................................ Information .................................................................. Finance and insurance ................................................ Real estate and rental and leasing ............................. Professional and technical services ............................ Management, administrative, and waste services ...... Education services ...................................................... Health care and social assistance .............................. Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................. Accommodation and food services ............................. Other services ............................................................. Public administration ................................................... 2006 All Industries ............................................................. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................... Mining ......................................................................... Construction ................................................................ Manufacturing ............................................................. Durable goods ......................................................... Nondurable goods ................................................... Wholesale trade .......................................................... Retail trade .................................................................. Transportation and warehousing ................................ Utilities ........................................................................ Information .................................................................. Finance and insurance ................................................ Real estate and rental and leasing ............................. Professional and technical services ............................ Management, administrative, and waste services ...... Education services ...................................................... Health care and social assistance .............................. Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................. Accommodation and food services ............................. Other services ............................................................. Public administration ...................................................
68 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-15. Employed Civilians in Agriculture and Nonagricultural Industries, by Class of Worker and Sex, 1985–2006 (Thousands of people.) Agriculture Sex and year
Total employed
Total
Nonagricultural industries
Wage and salary workers
Selfemployed workers
Unpaid family workers
Wage and salary workers Total Total
Government
Private household
Other private
Selfemployed workers
Unpaid family workers
Both Sexes 1985 ........................................ 1986 ........................................ 1987 ........................................ 1988 ........................................ 1989 ........................................
107 150 109 597 112 440 114 969 117 341
3 179 3 163 3 208 3 169 3 199
1 535 1 547 1 632 1 621 1 665
1 458 1 447 1 423 1 398 1 403
185 169 153 150 131
103 971 106 434 109 232 111 800 114 142
95 871 98 299 100 771 103 021 105 259
16 031 16 342 16 800 17 114 17 469
1 249 1 235 1 208 1 153 1 101
78 591 80 722 82 763 84 754 86 689
7 811 7 881 8 201 8 519 8 605
289 255 260 260 279
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
118 793 117 718 118 492 120 259 123 060
3 223 3 269 3 247 3 115 3 409
1 740 1 729 1 750 1 689 1 715
1 378 1 423 1 385 1 320 1 645
105 118 112 106 49
115 570 114 449 115 245 117 144 119 651
106 598 105 373 106 437 107 966 110 517
17 769 17 934 18 136 18 579 18 293
1 027 1 010 1 135 1 126 966
87 802 86 429 87 166 88 261 91 258
8 719 8 851 8 575 8 959 9 003
253 226 233 218 131
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
124 900 126 707 129 558 131 463 133 488
3 440 3 443 3 399 3 378 3 281
1 814 1 869 1 890 2 000 1 944
1 580 1 518 1 457 1 341 1 297
45 56 51 38 40
121 460 123 264 126 159 128 085 130 207
112 448 114 171 116 983 119 019 121 323
18 362 18 217 18 131 18 383 18 903
963 928 915 962 933
93 123 95 026 97 937 99 674 101 487
8 902 8 971 9 056 8 962 8 790
110 122 120 103 95
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
136 891 136 933 136 485 137 736 139 252
2 464 2 299 2 311 2 275 2 232
1 421 1 283 1 282 1 299 1 242
1 010 988 1 003 951 964
33 28 26 25 27
134 427 134 635 134 174 135 461 137 020
125 114 125 407 125 156 126 015 127 463
19 248 19 335 19 636 19 634 19 983
718 694 757 764 779
105 148 105 378 104 764 105 616 106 701
9 205 9 121 8 923 9 344 9 467
108 107 95 101 90
2005 ........................................ 2006 ........................................
141 730 144 427
2 197 2 206
1 212 1 287
955 901
30 18
139 532 142 221
129 931 132 449
20 357 20 337
812 803
108 761 111 309
9 509 9 685
93 87
Men 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
59 891 60 892 62 107 63 273 64 315
2 535 2 511 2 543 2 493 2 513
1 230 1 230 1 290 1 268 1 302
1 244 1 227 1 194 1 174 1 167
60 54 58 50 44
57 356 58 381 59 564 60 780 61 802
52 111 53 075 54 102 55 177 56 202
7 757 7 805 8 013 8 074 8 116
170 180 180 157 156
44 184 45 090 45 909 46 946 47 930
5 207 5 271 5 423 5 564 5 562
38 35 39 39 38
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
65 105 64 223 64 441 65 349 66 450
2 546 2 589 2 575 2 478 2 554
1 355 1 359 1 371 1 323 1 330
1 151 1 185 1 164 1 117 1 197
39 45 40 39 27
62 559 61 634 61 866 62 871 63 896
56 913 55 899 56 212 56 926 58 300
8 245 8 300 8 348 8 435 8 327
149 143 156 146 99
48 519 47 456 47 708 48 345 49 874
5 597 5 700 5 613 5 894 5 560
48 35 41 50 37
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
67 377 68 207 69 685 70 693 71 446
2 559 2 573 2 552 2 553 2 432
1 395 1 418 1 439 1 526 1 450
1 138 1 124 1 084 1 005 962
26 31 29 23 20
64 818 65 634 67 133 68 140 69 014
59 332 60 133 61 595 62 630 63 624
8 267 8 110 8 015 8 178 8 278
96 99 81 86 74
50 969 51 924 53 499 54 366 55 272
5 461 5 465 5 506 5 480 5 366
25 36 31 29 25
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
73 305 73 196 72 903 73 332 74 525
1 861 1 708 1 724 1 695 1 687
1 116 990 979 991 970
725 703 731 694 702
20 15 14 11 15
71 444 71 488 71 179 71 636 72 838
65 838 65 930 65 726 65 871 66 951
8 309 8 342 8 437 8 368 8 616
71 63 76 59 60
57 458 57 524 57 212 57 444 58 275
5 573 5 527 5 425 5 736 5 860
33 31 29 30 27
2005 ........................................ 2006 ........................................
75 973 77 502
1 654 1 663
949 989
688 664
17 10
74 319 75 838
68 345 69 811
8 760 8 696
67 60
59 518 61 055
5 944 6 004
30 23
Women 1985 ........................................ 1986 ........................................ 1987 ........................................ 1988 ........................................ 1989 ........................................
47 259 48 706 50 334 51 696 53 028
644 652 666 676 687
305 317 342 353 363
214 220 229 224 236
125 115 95 99 87
46 615 48 054 49 668 51 020 52 341
43 761 45 225 46 669 47 844 49 057
8 274 8 537 8 788 9 039 9 353
1 078 1 055 1 029 996 945
34 409 35 633 36 852 37 809 38 759
2 603 2 610 2 778 2 955 3 043
251 219 221 220 240
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
53 689 53 495 54 052 54 910 56 610
678 680 672 637 855
385 369 379 367 384
227 237 221 204 448
66 73 73 67 23
53 011 52 815 53 380 54 273 55 755
49 685 49 474 50 225 51 040 52 217
9 524 9 635 9 788 10 144 9 965
879 867 979 980 867
39 282 38 972 39 458 39 916 41 385
3 122 3 150 2 963 3 065 3 443
205 191 192 168 95
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
57 523 58 501 59 873 60 770 62 042
881 871 847 825 849
419 452 451 474 494
442 394 373 336 335
20 25 23 15 20
56 642 57 630 59 026 59 945 61 193
53 115 54 037 55 388 56 389 57 699
10 095 10 107 10 116 10 205 10 625
867 830 834 876 859
42 153 43 100 44 438 45 308 46 215
3 440 3 506 3 550 3 482 3 424
86 87 89 74 70
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................
63 586 63 737 63 582 64 404 64 728
602 591 587 580 546
305 293 303 309 271
285 284 272 257 262
12 13 12 14 12
62 983 63 147 62 995 63 824 64 182
59 277 59 477 59 431 60 144 60 512
10 939 10 993 11 199 11 267 11 367
647 630 680 705 719
47 690 47 853 47 552 48 172 48 426
3 631 3 594 3 499 3 609 3 607
76 75 66 72 63
2005 ........................................ 2006 ........................................
65 757 66 925
544 543
263 298
267 237
13 8
65 213 66 382
61 586 62 638
11 598 11 641
745 742
49 243 50 254
3 565 3 681
63 64
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparabilty.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 69
Table 1-16. Number of Employed Persons Age 25 Years and Over, by Educational Attainment, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1996–2006 (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
Less than a high school diploma
Total
High school graduate, no college
College graduate or higher Some college, no degree
Associate’s degree
Bachelor’s degree only
Total
All Races 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................
108 070 110 518 111 855 113 425
11 317 11 546 11 673 11 294
36 300 36 163 35 976 36 017
20 590 20 678 20 626 21 129
9 404 9 643 9 850 10 079
31 459 32 488 33 730 34 905
20 742 21 524 22 260 22 973
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
116 473 116 846 116 802 118 385 119 622
11 692 11 669 11 535 11 537 11 408
36 452 36 078 35 779 35 857 35 944
21 601 21 459 20 928 21 107 21 284
10 707 11 127 11 166 11 313 11 693
36 020 36 514 37 395 38 570 39 293
23 706 23 907 24 570 25 188 25 484
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
121 960 124 386
11 712 11 892
36 398 36 702
21 380 21 630
12 245 12 514
40 225 41 649
26 027 26 960
Men 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
58 468 59 736 60 497 61 032
7 058 7 210 7 238 6 921
18 639 19 124 19 188 19 125
10 759 10 876 10 684 10 941
4 416 4 517 4 731 4 838
17 596 18 010 18 656 19 208
11 266 11 587 12 028 12 343
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
62 661 62 824 62 756 63 349 64 326
7 199 7 188 7 220 7 290 7 276
19 388 19 274 19 154 19 200 19 535
11 260 11 076 10 811 10 858 10 896
5 013 5 226 5 221 5 231 5 426
19 800 20 060 20 350 20 770 21 192
12 742 12 872 13 076 13 354 13 575
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
65 772 67 019
7 487 7 614
20 127 20 345
10 993 11 110
5 739 5 835
21 427 22 114
13 687 14 138
Women 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................
49 602 50 782 51 359 52 392
4 259 4 336 4 435 4 372
16 661 17 039 16 788 16 893
9 831 9 802 9 943 10 189
4 988 5 126 5 119 5 242
13 863 14 478 15 074 15 697
9 475 9 937 10 231 10 630
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
53 812 54 021 54 046 55 035 55 296
4 493 4 480 4 315 4 248 4 132
17 064 16 804 16 624 16 657 16 409
10 341 10 383 10 117 10 249 10 387
5 694 5 901 5 945 6 081 6 267
16 220 16 453 17 045 17 800 18 101
10 964 11 035 11 493 11 834 11 908
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
56 188 57 367
4 226 4 278
16 271 16 357
10 388 10 520
6 506 6 678
18 798 19 535
12 340 12 822
White1 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................
91 992 93 687 94 330 95 316
9 258 9 414 9 510 9 235
30 042 30 552 30 249 30 211
17 249 17 302 17 101 17 388
8 072 8 271 8 426 8 556
27 371 28 148 29 044 29 925
17 978 18 801 19 107 19 668
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
97 320 97 560 97 476 98 120 98 967
9 544 9 550 9 394 9 437 9 335
30 438 30 126 29 836 29 645 29 571
17 770 17 671 17 209 17 227 17 445
9 075 9 393 9 440 9 476 9 817
30 493 30 821 31 597 32 335 32 799
20 078 20 136 20 670 21 103 21 299
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
100 613 102 322
9 579 9 720
29 911 30 188
17 515 17 632
10 256 10 424
33 352 34 357
21 550 22 272
Black1 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................
11 518 11 882 12 324 12 771
1 534 1 578 1 579 1 488
4 192 4 409 4 504 4 631
2 640 2 681 2 776 2 924
969 984 1 020 1 108
2 183 2 230 2 446 2 621
1 539 1 591 1 741 1 814
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
12 852 12 797 12 719 12 706 12 817
1 499 1 492 1 498 1 376 1 326
4 571 4 492 4 453 4 465 4 606
2 910 2 871 2 843 2 780 2 717
1 160 1 216 1 210 1 199 1 195
2 713 2 727 2 715 2 887 2 973
1 866 1 921 1 955 2 056 2 097
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
13 177 13 504
1 369 1 389
4 742 4 697
2 720 2 816
1 288 1 338
3 057 3 263
2 106 2 243
Hispanic2 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................
9 368 10 214 10 615 10 985
3 450 3 738 3 889 3 926
2 746 2 945 3 018 3 213
1 453 1 603 1 622 1 696
568 611 660 660
1 151 1 316 1 427 1 491
813 926 1 007 1 034
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
12 406 12 817 13 294 14 205 14 661
4 468 4 601 4 744 5 073 5 135
3 658 3 796 3 921 4 169 4 330
1 828 1 916 1 900 2 037 2 137
756 781 823 889 931
1 696 1 723 1 906 2 039 2 127
1 198 1 223 1 370 1 468 1 538
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
15 362 16 225
5 367 5 620
4 535 4 801
2 230 2 282
997 1 095
2 232 2 428
1 595 1 698
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. be of any race.
2May
70 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-16. Number of Employed Persons Age 25 Years and Over, by Educational Attainment, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1996–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
Less than a high school diploma
Total
High school graduate, no college
College graduate or higher Some college, no degree
Associate’s degree
Bachelor’s degree only
Total
White Men1 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................
50 533 51 397 51 842 52 180
5 920 6 049 6 123 5 883
15 995 16 330 16 308 16 193
9 197 9 245 9 009 9 182
3 861 3 941 4 118 4 160
15 559 15 832 16 284 16 763
9 965 10 191 10 490 10 806
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
53 243 53 375 53 242 53 458 54 133
6 085 6 080 6 072 6 192 6 188
16 373 16 292 16 148 16 068 16 297
9 435 9 344 9 102 9 042 9 125
4 320 4 501 4 497 4 431 4 613
17 030 17 158 17 423 17 725 17 910
11 029 11 060 11 217 11 461 11 555
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
55 214 56 145
6 368 6 448
16 750 17 018
9 225 9 244
4 851 4 952
18 021 18 483
11 551 11 881
White Women1 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................
41 459 42 290 42 488 43 135
3 337 3 365 3 387 3 352
14 046 14 222 13 941 14 018
8 052 8 058 8 092 8 207
4 211 4 330 4 308 4 396
11 812 12 316 12 760 13 162
8 012 8 410 8 618 8 862
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
44 077 44 184 44 234 44 662 44 834
3 459 3 469 3 322 3 245 3 146
14 065 13 834 13 688 13 576 13 275
8 335 8 327 8 107 8 185 8 320
4 755 4 891 4 944 5 045 5 203
13 463 13 663 14 173 14 610 14 888
9 049 9 075 9 453 9 643 9 744
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
45 399 46 177
3 211 3 272
13 162 13 171
8 290 8 388
5 405 5 473
15 331 15 874
9 999 10 391
Black Men1 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................
5 483 5 658 5 844 6 001
861 868 811 741
2 104 2 181 2 248 2 339
1 177 1 241 1 267 1 313
382 385 413 469
960 983 1 104 1 140
666 710 802 789
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 011 5 924 5 928 5 860 5 942
755 762 785 693 676
2 253 2 232 2 212 2 190 2 287
1 326 1 258 1 264 1 256 1 172
466 486 482 492 503
1 210 1 186 1 185 1 230 1 305
828 834 855 890 931
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
6 153 6 276
697 720
2 417 2 338
1 171 1 249
558 535
1 310 1 433
938 1 002
Black Women1 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................
6 035 6 225 6 480 6 770
673 710 768 746
2 088 2 229 2 256 2 292
1 463 1 439 1 509 1 612
587 600 607 639
1 224 1 247 1 341 1 481
873 882 939 1 025
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 841 6 873 6 791 6 846 6 874
743 730 713 683 650
2 318 2 260 2 241 2 275 2 319
1 583 1 612 1 579 1 524 1 545
694 729 729 707 691
1 503 1 541 1 530 1 657 1 668
1 038 1 087 1 101 1 166 1 166
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
7 024 7 228
672 669
2 325 2 359
1 549 1 567
730 803
1 748 1 830
1 169 1 241
Hispanic Men2 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................
5 640 6 165 6 397 6 441
2 320 2 502 2 594 2 554
1 588 1 714 1 764 1 839
790 899 913 917
271 302 336 334
671 747 790 797
456 502 547 540
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 373 7 628 7 865 8 578 8 872
2 937 3 041 3 141 3 424 3 508
2 128 2 174 2 244 2 461 2 583
995 1 082 1 029 1 105 1 158
397 386 415 451 468
916 945 1 035 1 137 1 155
634 669 732 806 837
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
9 361 9 856
3 639 3 823
2 775 2 932
1 251 1 260
503 547
1 193 1 293
847 891
Hispanic Women2 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................
3 729 4 049 4 219 4 544
1 131 1 236 1 295 1 372
1 159 1 231 1 254 1 373
663 704 708 778
297 309 325 327
480 569 637 694
357 425 459 494
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 033 5 190 5 429 5 627 5 789
1 531 1 560 1 604 1 649 1 628
1 529 1 622 1 676 1 708 1 746
833 834 871 932 980
359 395 408 438 463
780 778 871 901 972
564 553 638 661 701
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
6 000 6 370
1 728 1 797
1 759 1 868
979 1 021
495 548
1 039 1 135
748 807
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. be of any race.
2May
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 71
Table 1-17. Multiple Jobholders and Multiple Jobholding Rates, by Selected Characteristics, May of Selected Years, 1970–2007 (Thousands of people, percent, not seasonally adjusted.) Multiple jobholding rate1
Multiple jobholders Total employed
Year
Women Total
Men Number
Percent of all multiple jobholders
Total
Men
Women
White
Black2
Asian
Hispanic3
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
78 358 78 708 81 224 83 758 85 786
4 048 4 035 3 770 4 262 3 889
3 412 3 270 3 035 3 393 3 022
636 765 735 869 867
15.7 19.0 19.5 20.4 22.3
5.2 5.1 4.6 5.1 4.5
7.0 6.7 6.0 6.6 5.8
2.2 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.6
5.3 5.3 4.8 5.1 4.6
4.4 3.8 3.7 4.7 3.8
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
84 146 87 278 90 482 93 904 96 327
3 918 3 948 4 558 4 493 4 724
2 962 3 037 3 317 3 212 3 317
956 911 1 241 1 281 1 407
24.4 23.1 27.2 28.5 29.8
4.7 4.5 5.0 4.8 4.9
5.8 5.8 6.2 5.8 5.9
2.9 2.6 3.4 3.3 3.5
4.8 4.7 5.3 5.0 5.1
3.7 2.8 2.6 3.1 3.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1980 1985 1989 1991 1994
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
96 809 106 878 117 084 116 626 122 946
4 759 5 730 7 225 7 183 7 316
3 210 3 537 4 115 4 054 3 973
1 549 2 192 3 109 3 129 3 343
32.5 38.3 43.0 43.6 45.7
4.9 5.4 6.2 6.2 6.0
5.8 5.9 6.4 6.4 6.0
3.8 4.7 5.9 5.9 5.9
5.1 5.7 6.5 6.4 6.1
3.2 3.2 4.3 4.9 4.9
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... 3.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
124 554 126 391 129 565 131 476 133 411
7 952 7 846 8 197 8 126 7 895
4 225 4 352 4 398 4 438 4 117
3 727 3 494 3 800 3 688 3 778
46.9 44.5 46.4 45.4 47.9
6.4 6.2 6.3 6.2 5.9
6.3 6.4 6.3 6.3 5.8
6.5 6.0 6.4 6.1 6.1
6.6 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.0
5.2 5.1 5.7 5.5 5.5
... ... ... ... ...
3.6 4.0 4.1 4.4 3.6
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
136 685 137 121 136 559 137 567 138 867
7 751 7 540 7 247 7 338 7 258
4 084 3 914 3 736 3 841 3 653
3 667 3 626 3 511 3 498 3 605
47.3 48.1 48.4 47.7 49.7
5.7 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.2
5.6 5.3 5.1 5.3 4.9
5.8 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.6
5.9 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.3
4.9 5.3 4.7 4.3 5.1
... ... ... ... ...
3.2 3.4 3.8 3.4 3.4
2005 .................................................. 2006 .................................................. 2007 ..................................................
141 591 144 041 145 864
7 348 7 641 7 693
3 741 3 863 3 835
3 607 3 778 3 858
49.1 49.4 50.1
5.2 5.3 5.3
4.9 5.0 4.9
5.5 5.7 5.7
5.4 5.3 5.5
4.4 5.4 4.4
... ... ...
2.8 3.1 3.0
Note: Data prior to 1985 reflect 1970 census–based population controls; years 1985–1991 reflect 1980 census–based controls; years 1994–1999 reflect 1990 census–based controls adjusted for the estimated undercount; and data for years 2000–2002 have been revised to incorporate population controls from the 2000 census. Prior to 1994, data on multiple jobholders were collected only through special periodic supplements to the Current Population Survey (CPS) in May of various years; these supplemental surveys were not conducted in 1981–1984, 1986–1988, 1990, or 1992–1993. Beginning in 1994, data reflect the introduction of a major redesign of the CPS, including the the collection of monthly data on multiple jobholders. 1Multiple jobholders as 2Data for years prior to 3May be of any race.
. . . = Not available.
a percent of all employed persons in specified group. 1977 refer to the Black-and-Other population group.
72 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-18. Multiple Jobholders, by Sex, Age, Marital Status, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Job Status, 2003–2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) Both sexes Characteristic
Men Rate1
Number 2003
2004
2003
Women Rate1
Number 2004
2003
2004
2003
Rate1
Number 2004
2003
2004
2003
2004
Age Total, 16 years and over2 ........................................................... 16 to 19 years ........................................................................ 20 to 24 years ........................................................................ 25 to 34 years ........................................................................ 35 to 44 years ........................................................................ 45 to 54 years ........................................................................ 55 to 64 years ........................................................................ 65 years and over ..................................................................
7 315 280 778 ... ... ... 837 154
7 473 274 795 1 608 1 898 1 855 869 173
5.3 4.7 5.8 ... ... ... 5.0 3.3
5.4 4.6 5.8 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.0 3.6
3 716 107 350 ... ... ... 430 87
3 835 107 377 853 1 012 935 451 100
5.1 3.7 5.0 ... ... ... 4.9 3.4
5.1 3.6 5.2 5.1 5.4 5.5 4.9 3.7
3 599 173 428 696 920 908 407 67
3 638 167 419 755 886 920 417 74
5.6 5.7 6.7 5.1 5.7 5.9 5.2 3.3
5.6 5.7 6.5 5.6 5.6 5.9 5.1 3.4
Marital Status Single ......................................................................................... Married, spouse present ............................................................ Widowed, divorced, or separated ..............................................
1 978 4 067 1 270
2 044 4 125 1 303
5.4 5.1 5.8
5.5 5.2 5.9
907 2 398 410
964 2 408 463
4.6 5.4 4.6
4.7 5.3 5.1
1 070 1 669 860
1 080 1 718 840
6.4 4.8 6.6
6.4 5.0 6.4
Race and Hispanic Origin White3 ........................................................................................ Black3 ......................................................................................... Hispanic4 ....................................................................................
6 273 645 554
6 357 705 612
5.5 4.4 3.2
5.5 4.7 3.4
3 190 328 325
3 266 360 363
5.2 4.8 3.1
5.2 5.2 3.4
3 083 317 229
3 091 345 248
5.9 4.0 3.3
5.9 4.3 3.5
Full- or Part-time Status Primary job full time, secondary job part time ............................ Primary and secondary jobs, both part time .............................. Primary and secondary jobs, both full time ................................ Hours vary on primary or secondary job ....................................
3 825 1 651 273 1 523
3 908 1 678 286 1 564
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
2 164 510 187 831
2 210 540 187 879
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
1 661 1 141 86 692
1 697 1 138 100 685
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
Both sexes Characteristic
Men Rate1
Number 2005
2006
2005
Women Rate1
Number 2006
2005
2006
2005
Rate1
Number 2006
2005
2006
2005
2006
Age Total, 16 years and over2 ........................................................... 16 to 19 years ........................................................................ 20 to 24 years ........................................................................ 25 to 34 years ........................................................................ 35 to 44 years ........................................................................ 45 to 54 years ........................................................................ 55 to 64 years ........................................................................ 65 years and over ..................................................................
7 546 298 798 1 582 1 900 1 879 900 189
7 576 270 774 1 577 1 856 1 934 988 176
5.3 5.0 5.8 5.2 5.5 5.7 4.9 3.7
5.2 4.4 5.6 5.1 5.4 5.7 5.1 3.3
3 855 118 373 827 1 016 939 473 109
3 822 103 341 850 969 940 517 101
5.1 4.0 5.1 4.9 5.4 5.4 4.9 3.8
4.9 3.4 4.6 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.1 3.4
3 691 180 425 755 884 940 426 80
3 753 167 432 727 887 994 471 75
5.6 5.9 6.5 5.5 5.6 6.0 4.9 3.6
5.6 5.4 6.7 5.2 5.6 6.2 5.1 3.2
Marital Status Single ......................................................................................... Married, spouse present ............................................................ Widowed, divorced, or separated ..............................................
2 113 4 109 1 324
2 131 4 136 1 308
5.5 5.1 5.8
5.3 5.1 5.6
987 2 416 452
962 2 420 440
4.7 5.3 4.8
4.4 5.3 4.4
1 125 1 693 872
1 169 1 716 868
6.4 4.9 6.5
6.5 4.9 6.3
Race and Hispanic Origin White3 ........................................................................................ Black3 ......................................................................................... Hispanic4 ....................................................................................
6 342 763 582
6 321 818 598
5.4 5.0 3.1
5.3 5.2 3.0
3 268 363 333
3 199 404 337
5.1 5.1 2.9
4.9 5.5 2.8
3 074 400 248
3 122 415 261
5.8 4.9 3.4
5.8 4.9 3.4
Full- or Part-time Status Primary job full time, secondary job part time ............................ Primary and secondary jobs, both part time .............................. Primary and secondary jobs, both full time ................................ Hours vary on primary or secondary job ....................................
3 942 1 708 294 1 558
3 981 1 676 310 1 564
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
2 219 570 188 859
2 233 508 208 849
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
1 724 1 138 105 698
1 748 1 168 102 715
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White or Black) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Beginning in January 2003, data reflect the revised population controls used in the household survey. 1Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed persons in specified group. 2Includes a small number of persons who work part time at their primary job and full time at their secondary job(s), not shown separately. 3Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to
group were included in the group they identified as their main race. be of any race. . . . = Not available. 4May
2003, persons who reported more than one race
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 73
Table 1-19. Multiple Jobholders, by Sex and Industry of Principal Secondary Job, Annual Averages, 2004–2006 (Thousands of people.) Year and industry of secondary job
Both sexes
Men
Women
2004 All Nonagricultural Industries, Wage and Salary Workers ............................ Mining .................................................................................................................. Construction ........................................................................................................ Manufacturing ...................................................................................................... Durable goods ................................................................................................. Nondurable goods ........................................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................................... Wholesale trade .............................................................................................. Retail trade ...................................................................................................... Transportation and utilities .................................................................................. Transportation and warehousing ..................................................................... Utilities ............................................................................................................. Information .......................................................................................................... Financial activities ............................................................................................... Professional and business services .................................................................... Education and health services ............................................................................ Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................................... Other services ...................................................................................................... Other services, except private households ...................................................... Other servces, private households .................................................................. Public administration ............................................................................................
5 149 9 246 169 92 77 1 137 89 1 048 185 172 13 197 371 850 1 455 1 114 533 455 79 196
2 444 6 196 102 60 42 488 48 440 137 127 10 123 224 483 511 560 235 228 7 133
2 705 4 49 67 32 35 648 40 608 49 45 3 74 147 366 945 554 298 226 71 63
5 209 7 239 195 124 72 1 126 112 1 014 186 172 14 175 369 836 1 527 1 120 536 453 84 215
2 458 3 199 122 86 36 464 78 387 138 131 7 113 225 499 535 547 245 235 10 130
2 751 4 40 73 38 36 661 34 627 48 41 7 62 144 337 992 573 291 218 73 85
5 219 3 275 175 106 68 1 105 89 1 015 178 171 8 195 416 831 1 550 1 076 525 438 86 214
2 453 3 224 111 76 34 472 54 418 138 131 7 115 245 484 530 549 219 209 10 138
2 766 0 50 64 30 34 633 35 598 41 40 1 80 171 347 1 020 527 306 229 77 77
2005 All Nonagricultural Industries, Wage and Salary Workers ............................ Mining .................................................................................................................. Construction ........................................................................................................ Manufacturing ...................................................................................................... Durable goods ................................................................................................. Nondurable goods ........................................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................................... Wholesale trade .............................................................................................. Retail trade ...................................................................................................... Transportation and utilities .................................................................................. Transportation and warehousing ..................................................................... Utilities ............................................................................................................. Information .......................................................................................................... Financial activities ............................................................................................... Professional and business services .................................................................... Education and health services ............................................................................ Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................................... Other services ...................................................................................................... Other services, except private households ...................................................... Other servces, private households .................................................................. Public administration ............................................................................................ 2006 All Nonagricultural Industries, Wage and Salary Workers ............................ Mining .................................................................................................................. Construction ........................................................................................................ Manufacturing ...................................................................................................... Durable goods ................................................................................................. Nondurable goods ........................................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................................... Wholesale trade .............................................................................................. Retail trade ...................................................................................................... Transportation and utilities .................................................................................. Transportation and warehousing ..................................................................... Utilities ............................................................................................................. Information .......................................................................................................... Financial activities ............................................................................................... Professional and business services .................................................................... Education and health services ............................................................................ Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................................... Other services ...................................................................................................... Other services, except private households ...................................................... Other servces, private households .................................................................. Public administration ............................................................................................
74 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-20. Employment and Unemployment in Families, by Race and Hispanic Origin, Annual Averages, 1996–2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) Characteristic
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Total Families ................................................................................... With employed member(s) ................................................................. As percent of total families ................................................................. Some usually work full time1 .......................................................... With no employed member ................................................................ As percent of total families .................................................................
69 203 56 342 81.4 52 249 12 860 18.6
69 714 57 289 82.2 53 226 12 425 17.8
70 218 57 986 82.6 53 945 12 232 17.4
71 250 59 185 83.1 55 123 12 065 16.9
71 680 59 626 83.2 55 683 12 054 16.8
73 306 60 707 82.8 56 519 12 600 17.2
74 169 61 121 82.4 56 742 13 048 17.6
75 301 61 761 82.0 57 229 13 540 18.0
75 872 62 424 82.3 57 813 13 447 17.7
76 443 62 933 82.3 58 276 13 509 17.7
77 017 63 492 82.4 58 918 13 525 17.6
With unemployed member(s) ............................................................. As percent of total families ................................................................. Some member(s) employed ........................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ....................... Some usually work full time1 ...................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ...................
5 270 7.6 3 678 69.8 3 265 62.0
4 913 7.0 3 445 70.1 3 070 62.5
4 503 6.4 3 177 70.6 2 830 62.8
4 260 6.0 3 091 72.6 2 771 65.0
4 110 5.7 2 973 72.3 2 675 65.1
4 847 6.6 3 494 72.1 3 122 64.4
5 809 7.8 4 126 71.0 3 668 63.1
6 079 8.1 4 285 70.5 3 790 62.3
5 593 7.4 3 915 70.0 3 494 62.5
5 318 7.0 3 717 69.9 3 310 62.2
4 913 6.4 3 419 69.6 3 049 62.1
Total Families ................................................................................... With employed member(s) ................................................................. As percent of total families ................................................................. Some usually work full time1 .......................................................... With no employed member ................................................................ As percent of total families .................................................................
58 315 47 882 82.1 44 522 10 434 17.9
58 514 48 378 82.7 45 069 10 135 17.3
58 930 48 850 82.9 45 567 10 080 17.1
59 661 49 632 83.2 46 333 10 029 16.8
59 918 49 877 83.2 46 639 10 042 16.8
60 921 50 505 83.0 47 060 10 416 17.0
61 494 50 785 82.6 47 193 10 709 17.4
61 995 51 002 82.3 47 356 10 993 17.7
62 250 51 350 82.5 47 620 10 900 17.5
62 567 51 645 82.5 47 883 10 922 17.5
62 977 52 054 82.7 48 395 10 923 17.3
With unemployed member(s) ............................................................. As percent of total families ................................................................. Some member(s) employed ........................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ....................... Some usually work full time1 ...................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ...................
3 896 6.7 2 875 73.8 2 557 65.6
3 566 6.1 2 632 73.8 2 353 66.0
3 299 5.6 2 463 74.7 2 204 66.8
3 134 5.3 2 374 75.8 2 132 68.0
3 010 5.0 2 276 75.6 2 052 68.2
3 553 5.8 2 661 74.9 2 379 67.0
4 275 7.0 3 164 74.0 2 808 65.7
4 411 7.1 3 245 73.6 2 873 65.1
4 078 6.6 3 000 73.6 2 677 65.7
3 801 6.1 2 782 73.2 2 477 65.2
3 556 5.6 2 582 72.6 2 306 64.8
Total Families ................................................................................... With employed member(s) ................................................................. As percent of total families ................................................................. Some usually work full time1 .......................................................... With no employed member ................................................................ As percent of total families .................................................................
8 149 6 137 75.3 5 563 2 012 24.7
8 308 6 409 77.1 5 810 1 899 22.9
8 317 6 554 78.8 5 953 1 763 21.2
8 498 6 847 80.6 6 249 1 652 19.4
8 600 6 964 81.0 6 401 1 636 19.0
8 674 6 933 80.0 6 373 1 742 20.1
8 845 6 987 79.0 6 390 1 858 21.0
8 869 6 906 77.9 6 270 1 963 22.1
8 860 6 920 78.1 6 292 1 940 21.9
8 952 6 986 78.0 6 353 1 966 22.0
9 058 7 078 78.1 6 437 1 980 21.9
With unemployed member(s) ............................................................. As percent of total families ................................................................. Some member(s) employed ........................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ....................... Some usually work full time1 ...................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ...................
1 121 13.8 627 55.9 553 49.3
1 104 13.3 631 57.2 553 50.1
984 11.8 555 56.4 485 49.3
905 10.6 551 60.9 486 53.7
881 10.2 535 60.8 476 54.1
990 11.4 596 60.2 533 53.8
1 162 13.1 689 59.3 611 52.6
1 213 13.7 695 57.3 612 50.5
1 127 12.7 625 55.5 556 49.3
1 140 12.7 657 57.7 583 51.1
1 036 11.4 596 57.6 526 50.8
Total Families ................................................................................... With employed member(s) ................................................................. As percent of total families ................................................................. Some usually work full time1 .......................................................... With no employed member ................................................................ As percent of total families .................................................................
6 465 5 312 82.2 4 917 1 153 17.8
6 779 5 701 84.1 5 285 1 078 15.9
7 025 5 947 84.7 5 545 1 078 15.3
7 403 6 405 86.5 6 017 998 13.5
7 581 6 633 87.5 6 255 947 12.5
8 140 7 100 87.2 6 692 1 040 12.8
8 650 7 485 86.5 6 989 1 165 13.5
9 185 7 907 86.1 7 383 1 277 13.9
9 305 8 071 86.7 7 566 1 235 13.3
9 603 8 312 86.6 7 786 1 291 13.4
9 905 8 641 87.2 8 129 1 264 12.8
With unemployed member(s) ............................................................. As percent of total families ................................................................. Some member(s) employed ........................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ....................... Some usually work full time1 ...................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ...................
841 13.0 563 66.9 497 59.1
789 11.6 532 67.4 473 59.9
744 10.6 522 70.2 467 62.8
715 9.7 518 72.4 467 65.3
679 9.0 493 72.7 446 65.8
809 9.9 592 73.2 537 66.4
965 11.2 686 71.1 615 63.7
1 020 11.1 715 70.1 640 62.7
950 10.2 664 69.9 594 62.5
860 9.0 606 70.5 544 63.2
793 8.0 544 68.6 491 61.9
ALL RACES
WHITE2
BLACK2
HISPANIC3
Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by the race of the householder. Estimates for the above race groups (White or Black) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. Data for 2003 reflect the revised population controls used in the Current Population Survey (CPS). 1Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs. 2Beginning in 2003, families where the householder
selected this race group only; families where the householder selected more than one race group are excluded. Prior to 2003, families where the householder selected more than one race group were included in the group that the householder identified as the main race. be of any race.
3May
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 75
Table 1-21. Families, by Presence and Relationship of Employed Members and Family Type, Annual Averages, 2000–2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) Number of families
Percent distribution
Characteristic 2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
54 704 45 967 10 500 2 946 29 128 3 394 8 737
55 749 46 680 10 833 3 257 29 241 3 350 9 068
56 280 46 976 11 174 3 613 28 873 3 317 9 303
57 074 47 535 11 403 3 863 29 077 3 193 9 539
57 188 47 767 11 712 3 843 28 991 3 222 9 420
57 167 47 895 11 562 3 715 29 330 3 288 9 272
57 509 48 196 11 399 3 754 29 799 3 244 9 313
100.0 84.0 19.2 5.4 53.2 6.2 16.0
100.0 83.7 19.4 5.8 52.5 6.0 16.3
100.0 83.5 19.9 6.4 51.3 5.9 16.5
100.0 83.3 20.0 6.8 50.9 5.6 16.7
100.0 83.5 20.5 6.7 50.7 5.6 16.5
100.0 83.8 20.2 6.5 51.3 5.8 16.2
100.0 83.8 19.8 6.5 51.8 5.6 16.2
12 775 10 026 5 581 2 806 1 639 2 749
13 037 10 131 5 667 2 778 1 686 2 906
13 215 10 169 5 944 2 559 1 666 3 047
13 450 10 187 5 987 2 539 1 660 3 263
13 614 10 358 6 021 2 701 1 636 3 255
14 035 10 609 6 052 2 830 1 727 3 426
14 208 10 796 6 103 2 955 1 738 3 412
100.0 78.5 43.7 22.0 12.8 21.5
100.0 77.7 43.5 21.3 12.9 22.3
100.0 77.0 45.0 19.4 12.6 23.1
100.0 75.7 44.5 18.9 12.3 24.3
100.0 76.1 44.2 19.8 12.0 23.9
100.0 75.6 43.1 20.2 12.3 24.4
100.0 76.0 43.0 20.8 12.2 24.0
4 200 3 632 1 761 1 358 514 567
4 521 3 895 1 875 1 450 570 625
4 674 3 976 1 939 1 440 598 698
4 777 4 039 1 954 1 427 658 739
5 071 4 299 2 060 1 557 682 772
5 242 4 430 2 093 1 639 698 812
5 300 4 500 2 089 1 715 696 800
100.0 86.5 41.9 32.3 12.2 13.5
100.0 86.2 41.5 32.1 12.6 13.8
100.0 85.1 41.5 30.8 12.8 14.9
100.0 84.6 40.9 29.9 13.8 15.5
100.0 84.8 40.6 30.7 13.5 15.2
100.0 84.5 39.9 31.3 13.3 15.5
100.0 84.9 39.4 32.4 13.1 15.1
MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES Total ............................................................... Member(s) employed, total ............................ Husband only ............................................. Wife only .................................................... Husband and wife ...................................... Other employment combinations ............... No member(s) employed ................................ FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN1 Total ............................................................... Member(s) employed, total ............................ Householder only ....................................... Householder and other member(s) ............ Other member(s), not householder ............ No member(s) employed ................................ FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN1 Total ............................................................... Member(s) employed, total ............................ Householder only ....................................... Householder and other member(s) ............ Other member(s), not householder ............ No member(s) employed ................................
Note: Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. 1No
spouse present.
76 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-22. Unemployment in Families, by Presence and Relationship of Employed Members and Family Type, Annual Averages, 2000–2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) Number
Percent distribution
Characteristic 2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES With Unemployed Member(s), Total ........... No member employed .................................... Some member(s) employed ........................... Husband unemployed .................................... Wife employed ........................................... Wife unemployed ........................................... Husband employed .................................... Other family member unemployed .................
2 584 411 2 174 836 531 789 694 959
3 081 531 2 550 1 160 736 918 809 1 003
3 772 676 3 096 1 523 993 1 117 969 1 133
3 857 713 3 144 1 600 1 023 1 129 991 1 129
3 521 615 2 906 1 333 850 1 041 913 1 147
3 243 580 2 664 1 190 753 1 004 873 1 049
2 968 526 2 442 1 061 679 898 772 1 010
100.0 17.2 82.8 37.7 23.9 29.8 26.3 32.6
100.0 17.9 82.1 40.4 26.3 29.6 25.7 30.0
100.0 18.5 81.5 41.5 26.5 29.3 25.7 29.3
100.0 17.5 82.5 37.9 24.2 29.6 25.9 32.6
100.0 17.9 82.1 36.7 23.2 31.0 26.9 32.4
100.0 17.9 82.1 36.7 23.2 31.0 26.9 32.4
100.0 17.7 82.3 35.7 22.9 30.3 26.0 34.0
1 194 587 607 522 102 672
1 324 643 681 593 129 731
1 504 787 717 737 147 767
1 612 842 770 791 162 821
1 521 829 692 758 146 764
1 539 797 743 746 161 793
1 429 753 675 688 132 740
100.0 48.6 51.4 44.8 9.7 55.2
100.0 52.3 47.7 49.0 9.8 51.0
100.0 52.2 47.8 49.1 10.0 50.9
100.0 54.5 45.5 49.8 9.6 50.2
100.0 51.8 48.2 48.5 10.5 51.5
100.0 51.8 48.2 48.5 10.5 51.5
100.0 52.7 47.3 48.2 9.3 51.8
331 139 192 173 67 158
442 178 264 234 96 208
533 220 313 303 129 230
610 239 371 340 158 270
551 234 316 296 117 255
536 225 310 301 122 235
516 215 301 284 118 232
100.0 40.3 59.7 52.9 21.7 47.1
100.0 41.3 58.7 56.8 24.2 43.2
100.0 39.2 60.8 55.7 25.9 44.3
100.0 42.5 57.5 53.7 21.3 46.3
100.0 42.1 57.9 56.1 22.8 43.9
100.0 42.1 57.9 56.1 22.8 43.9
100.0 41.7 58.3 55.0 22.8 45.0
FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN1 With Unemployed Member(s), Total ........... No member employed .................................... Some member(s) employed ........................... Householder unemployed .......................... Other member(s) employed ................... Other member(s) unemployed ................... FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN1 With Unemployed Member(s), Total ........... No member employed .................................... Some member(s) employed ........................... Householder unemployed .......................... Other member(s) employed ................... Other member(s) unemployed ...................
Note: Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. 1No
spouse present.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 77
Table 1-23. Employment Status of the Population, by Sex, Marital Status, and Presence and Age of Own Children Under 18 Years, Annual Averages, 2000–2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) 2000 Characteristic
Both sexes
Men
With Own Children Under 18 Years, Total Civilian noninstitutional population ................................... Civilian labor force ............................................................ Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ....................................... Full-time workers1 .................................................... Part-time workers2 .................................................... Unemployed ................................................................. Unemployment rate ......................................................
63 267 51 944 82.1 50 259 79.4 43 365 6 894 1 685 3.2
27 673 26 202 94.7 25 622 92.6 24 922 699 581 2.2
Married, Spouse Present Civilian noninstitutional population ................................... Civilian labor force ............................................................ Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ....................................... Full-time workers1 .................................................... Part-time workers2 .................................................... Unemployed ................................................................. Unemployment rate ......................................................
51 415 42 361 82.4 41 357 80.4 35 793 5 564 1 004 2.4
Other Marital Status3 Civilian noninstitutional population ................................... Civilian labor force ............................................................ Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ....................................... Full-time workers1 .................................................... Part-time workers2 .................................................... Unemployed ................................................................. Unemployment rate ......................................................
2001 Both sexes
Men
35 595 25 742 72.3 24 637 69.2 18 443 6 195 1 104 4.3
64 100 52 489 81.9 50 455 78.7 43 424 7 031 2 034 3.9
28 076 26 551 94.6 25 750 91.7 24 964 787 801 3.0
25 540 24 290 95.1 23 816 93.2 23 212 604 474 2.0
25 874 18 072 69.8 17 541 67.8 12 581 4 960 531 2.9
51 981 42 712 82.2 41 431 79.7 35 772 5 659 1 282 3.0
11 853 9 583 80.8 8 902 75.1 7 572 1 330 681 7.1
2 132 1 913 89.7 1 806 84.7 1 710 96 107 5.6
9 720 7 670 78.9 7 096 73.0 5 862 1 234 574 7.5
With Own Children 6 to 17 Years, None Younger Civilian noninstitutional population ................................... Civilian labor force ............................................................ Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ....................................... Full-time workers1 .................................................... Part-time workers2 .................................................... Unemployed ................................................................. Unemployment rate ......................................................
34 737 29 576 85.1 28 744 82.7 25 042 3 703 832 2.8
15 165 14 178 93.5 13 877 91.5 13 513 364 302 2.1
With Own Children Under 6 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ................................... Civilian labor force ............................................................ Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ....................................... Full-time workers1 .................................................... Part-time workers2 .................................................... Unemployed ................................................................. Unemployment rate ......................................................
28 530 22 368 78.4 21 515 75.4 18 323 3 191 853 3.8
With No Own Children Under 18 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ................................... Civilian labor force ............................................................ Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ....................................... Full-time workers1 .................................................... Part-time workers2 .................................................... Unemployed ................................................................. Unemployment rate ......................................................
145 199 88 014 60.6 84 058 57.9 68 046 16 012 3 956 4.5
2002 Both sexes
Men
36 024 25 938 72.0 24 704 68.6 18 460 6 244 1 233 4.8
64 399 52 566 81.6 50 022 77.7 42 884 7 138 2 543 4.8
28 137 26 529 94.3 25 474 90.5 24 644 829 1 056 4.0
25 796 24 512 95.0 23 849 92.5 23 169 680 662 2.7
26 185 18 201 69.5 17 581 67.1 12 603 4 979 619 3.4
51 947 42 492 81.8 40 867 78.7 35 180 5 687 1 625 3.8
12 119 9 777 80.7 9 024 74.5 7 652 1 372 752 7.7
2 280 2 039 89.4 1 902 83.4 1 795 107 138 6.8
9 839 7 737 78.6 7 123 72.4 5 857 1 265 614 7.9
19 572 15 398 78.7 14 868 76.0 11 529 3 339 530 3.4
35 523 30 182 85.0 29 174 82.1 25 382 3 792 1 008 3.3
15 486 14 489 93.6 14 096 91.0 13 689 407 393 2.7
12 508 12 024 96.1 11 745 93.9 11 410 335 279 2.3
16 022 10 344 64.6 9 770 61.0 6 914 2 856 574 5.6
28 577 22 307 78.1 21 280 74.5 18 041 3 239 1 026 4.6
71 825 48 140 67.0 45 781 63.7 39 136 6 645 2 359 4.9
73 374 39 874 54.3 38 278 52.2 28 910 9 367 1 596 4.0
149 643 90 171 60.3 85 421 57.1 69 074 16 347 4 750 5.3
Women
2003 Both sexes
Men
36 263 26 036 71.8 24 549 67.7 18 240 6 308 1 488 5.7
64 932 52 727 81.2 50 103 77.2 42 880 7 223 2 624 5.0
28 402 26 739 94.1 25 638 90.3 24 762 876 1 101 4.1
36 530 25 988 71.1 24 466 67.0 18 118 6 347 1 523 5.9
25 781 24 425 94.7 23 533 91.3 22 825 708 893 3.7
26 166 18 067 69.0 17 334 66.2 12 356 4 979 733 4.1
52 476 42 776 81.5 41 128 78.4 35 315 5 813 1 648 3.9
26 049 24 638 94.6 23 712 91.0 22 954 757 926 3.8
26 427 18 138 68.6 17 416 65.9 12 360 5 056 722 4.0
12 452 10 073 80.9 9 155 73.5 7 704 1 451 918 9.1
2 355 2 103 89.3 1 941 82.4 1 820 122 163 7.8
10 096 7 970 78.9 7 215 71.5 5 885 1 329 755 9.5
12 455 9 950 79.9 8 975 72.1 7 566 1 411 976 9.8
2 354 2 100 89.2 1 926 81.8 1 807 118 175 8.3
10 102 7 850 77.7 7 050 69.8 5 759 1 291 800 10.2
20 038 15 693 78.3 15 078 75.2 11 693 3 385 615 3.9
35 829 30 371 84.8 29 122 81.3 25 225 3 898 1 249 4.1
15 580 14 541 93.3 14 023 90.0 13 586 437 518 3.6
20 250 15 830 78.2 15 099 74.6 11 638 3 461 731 4.6
35 943 30 362 84.5 29 040 80.8 25 116 3 925 1 322 4.4
15 653 14 572 93.1 14 008 89.5 13 558 450 564 3.9
20 290 15 790 77.8 15 032 74.1 11 557 3 475 758 4.8
12 590 12 062 95.8 11 654 92.6 11 274 380 408 3.4
15 986 10 245 64.1 9 626 60.2 6 767 2 859 619 6.0
28 570 22 194 77.7 20 900 73.2 17 660 3 240 1 294 5.8
12 557 11 988 95.5 11 450 91.2 11 058 392 538 4.5
16 013 10 206 63.7 9 450 59.0 6 602 2 848 757 7.4
28 988 22 365 77.2 21 063 72.7 17 764 3 299 1 302 5.8
12 749 12 167 95.4 11 630 91.2 11 203 426 538 4.4
16 240 10 198 62.8 9 433 58.1 6 561 2 872 765 7.5
73 857 49 249 66.7 46 371 62.8 39 596 6 776 2 878 5.8
75 786 40 922 54.0 39 050 51.5 29 478 9 572 1 872 4.6
151 715 90 971 60.0 85 187 56.1 68 574 16 614 5 784 6.4
74 993 49 644 66.2 46 154 61.5 39 319 6 834 3 491 7.0
76 722 41 327 53.9 39 034 50.9 29 254 9 779 2 293 5.5
154 714 92 319 59.7 86 233 55.7 69 073 17 160 6 087 6.6
76 510 50 036 65.4 46 294 60.5 39 245 7 049 3 741 7.5
78 204 42 284 54.1 39 939 51.1 29 827 10 111 2 345 5.5
Women
Women
Women
Note: Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. 1Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs. 2Usually work less than 35 hours a week at all jobs. 3Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed
persons.
78 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-23. Employment Status of the Population, by Sex, Marital Status, and Presence and Age of Own Children Under 18 Years, Annual Averages, 2000–2006—Continued (Thousands of people, percent.) 2004 Characteristic
Both sexes
Men
With Own Children Under 18 Years, Total Civilian noninstitutional population ......................................................................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................................................................. Participation rate ..................................................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................................................ Employment-population ratio .............................................................................................. Full-time workers1 ........................................................................................................... Part-time workers2 .......................................................................................................... Unemployed ....................................................................................................................... Unemployment rate ............................................................................................................
64 758 52 288 80.7 49 957 77.1 42 758 7 200 2 331 4.5
28 272 26 607 94.1 25 696 90.9 24 794 902 911 3.4
Married, Spouse Present Civilian noninstitutional population ......................................................................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................................................................. Participation rate ..................................................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................................................ Employment-population ratio .............................................................................................. Full-time workers1 ........................................................................................................... Part-time workers2 .......................................................................................................... Unemployed ....................................................................................................................... Unemployment rate ............................................................................................................
52 109 42 247 81.1 40 847 78.4 35 141 5 706 1 400 3.3
Other Marital Status3 Civilian noninstitutional population ......................................................................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................................................................. Participation rate ..................................................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................................................ Employment-population ratio .............................................................................................. Full-time workers1 ........................................................................................................... Part-time workers2 .......................................................................................................... Unemployed ....................................................................................................................... Unemployment rate ............................................................................................................
2005 Both sexes
Men
36 486 25 681 70.4 24 261 66.5 17 964 6 298 1 420 5.5
64 482 52 056 80.7 49 882 77.4 42 852 7 029 2 174 4.2
28 065 26 399 94.1 25 587 91.2 24 713 875 811 3.1
25 852 24 449 94.6 23 703 91.7 22 935 768 747 3.1
26 258 17 798 67.8 17 144 65.3 12 206 4 938 653 3.7
51 519 41 905 81.3 40 614 78.8 35 086 5 528 1 291 3.1
12 649 10 042 79.4 9 110 72.0 7 617 1 494 931 9.3
2 420 2 158 89.2 1 993 82.4 1 859 134 165 7.6
10 229 7 883 77.1 7 117 69.6 5 757 1 360 766 9.7
With Own Children 6 to 17 Years, None Younger Civilian noninstitutional population ......................................................................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................................................................. Participation rate ..................................................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................................................ Employment-population ratio .............................................................................................. Full-time workers1 ........................................................................................................... Part-time workers2 .......................................................................................................... Unemployed ....................................................................................................................... Unemployment rate ............................................................................................................
35 874 30 182 84.1 29 013 80.9 25 069 3 944 1 170 3.9
15 597 14 516 93.1 14 056 90.1 13 597 459 460 3.2
With Own Children Under 6 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ......................................................................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................................................................. Participation rate ..................................................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................................................ Employment-population ratio .............................................................................................. Full-time workers1 ........................................................................................................... Part-time workers2 .......................................................................................................... Unemployed ....................................................................................................................... Unemployment rate ............................................................................................................
28 884 22 106 76.5 20 944 72.5 17 689 3 256 1 162 5.3
With No Own Children Under 18 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ......................................................................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................................................................. Participation rate ..................................................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................................................ Employment-population ratio .............................................................................................. Full-time workers1 ........................................................................................................... Part-time workers2 .......................................................................................................... Unemployed ....................................................................................................................... Unemployment rate ............................................................................................................
156 900 93 511 59.6 87 748 55.9 70 244 17 505 5 763 6.2
2006 Both sexes
Men
36 417 25 657 70.5 24 294 66.7 18 139 6 155 1 363 5.3
64 680 52 391 81.0 50 388 77.9 43 485 6 902 2 004 3.8
28 188 26 530 94.1 25 774 91.4 24 884 890 756 2.9
36 492 25 861 70.9 24 614 67.4 18 601 6 013 1 247 4.8
25 578 24 215 94.7 23 556 92.1 22 808 748 659 2.7
25 942 17 690 68.2 17 058 65.8 12 278 4 780 632 3.6
51 670 42 136 81.5 40 960 79.3 35 500 5 460 1 176 2.8
25 648 24 295 94.7 23 680 92.3 22 925 755 614 2.5
26 022 17 842 68.6 17 280 66.4 12 575 4 705 562 3.1
12 963 10 151 78.3 9 268 71.5 7 766 1 502 883 8.7
2 487 2 184 87.8 2 032 81.7 1 905 127 152 7.0
10 475 7 967 76.1 7 236 69.1 5 861 1 375 731 9.2
13 010 10 255 78.8 9 427 72.5 7 985 1 442 827 8.1
2 541 2 236 88.0 2 094 82.4 1 960 134 142 6.3
10 470 8 019 76.6 7 333 70.0 6 026 1 308 686 8.5
20 277 15 666 77.3 14 957 73.8 11 473 3 485 709 4.5
35 937 30 068 83.7 28 953 80.6 25 074 3 880 1 115 3.7
15 590 14 496 93.0 14 066 90.2 13 606 460 430 3.0
20 348 15 572 76.5 14 887 73.2 11 468 3 419 684 4.4
35 912 30 100 83.8 29 076 81.0 25 277 3 799 1 024 3.4
15 594 14 515 93.1 14 124 90.6 13 648 476 392 2.7
20 318 15 585 76.7 14 952 73.6 11 629 3 323 632 4.1
12 675 12 091 95.4 11 640 91.8 11 197 443 451 3.7
16 210 10 014 61.8 9 304 57.4 6 491 2 813 710 7.1
28 545 21 988 77.0 20 928 73.3 17 778 3 150 1 060 4.8
12 475 11 903 95.4 11 521 92.4 11 107 414 381 3.2
16 070 10 085 62.8 9 407 58.5 6 671 2 736 678 6.7
28 768 22 291 77.5 21 311 74.1 18 208 3 103 980 4.4
12 594 12 015 95.4 11 650 92.5 11 236 414 365 3.0
16 174 10 276 63.5 9 661 59.7 6 972 2 689 615 6.0
77 739 50 771 65.3 47 282 60.8 40 134 7 148 3 489 6.9
79 160 42 740 54.0 40 467 51.1 30 110 10 357 2 274 5.3
159 751 95 545 59.8 90 171 56.4 72 515 17 657 5 374 5.6
79 237 51 914 65.5 48 709 61.5 41 496 7 213 3 205 6.2
80 514 43 631 54.2 41 462 51.5 31 019 10 444 2 169 5.0
162 438 97 427 60.0 92 460 56.9 74 638 17 821 4 967 5.1
80 719 53 115 65.8 50 148 62.1 42 859 7 289 2 967 5.6
81 718 44 312 54.2 42 312 51.8 31 780 10 532 2 000 4.5
Women
Women
Women
Note: Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. 1Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs. 2Usually work less than 35 hours a week at all jobs. 3Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed
persons.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 79
Table 1-24. Employment Status of Mothers with Own Children Under 3 Years of Age, by Age of Youngest Child and Marital Status, Annual Averages, 2002–2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) Civilian labor force Year and characteristic
Civilian noninstitutional population
Unemployed
Employed Total
Percent of population
Total
Percent of population
Full-time workers1
Part-time workers2
Number
Percent of labor force
2002 Total Mothers with Own Children Under 3 Years .............................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
9 350 2 949 3 310 3 091
5 632 1 895 2 003 1 734
60.2 64.3 60.5 56.1
5 181 1 758 1 852 1 571
55.4 59.6 56.0 50.8
3 513 1 234 1 241 1 038
1 667 524 610 533
451 137 151 163
8.0 7.2 7.5 9.4
Married, Spouse Present with Own Children Under 3 Years ............ 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
7 073 2 201 2 509 2 363
4 071 1 333 1 446 1 292
57.6 60.6 57.6 54.7
3 869 1 274 1 379 1 216
54.7 57.9 55.0 51.5
2 572 870 902 800
1 297 404 477 416
203 59 67 77
5.0 4.4 4.6 6.0
Other Marital Status with Own Children Under 3 Years3 ................... 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
2 278 748 802 728
1 562 562 557 443
68.6 75.1 69.5 60.9
1 313 484 473 356
57.6 64.7 59.0 48.9
941 364 340 237
372 120 134 118
248 77 84 87
15.9 13.7 15.1 19.6
Total Mothers with Own Children Under 3 Years .............................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
9 450 2 987 3 353 3 110
5 563 1 896 1 997 1 670
58.9 63.5 59.6 53.7
5 115 1 752 1 842 1 521
54.1 58.7 54.9 48.9
3 430 1 205 1 223 1 002
1 685 547 619 519
446 143 154 149
8.0 7.5 7.7 8.9
Married, Spouse Present with Own Children Under 3 Years ............ 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
7 165 2 243 2 541 2 381
4 068 1 350 1 458 1 260
56.8 60.2 57.4 52.9
3 872 1 281 1 395 1 196
54.0 57.1 54.9 50.2
2 529 853 906 770
1 342 428 488 426
197 69 64 64
4.8 5.1 4.4 5.1
Other Marital Status with Own Children Under 3 Years3 ................... 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
2 287 744 813 730
1 495 546 539 410
65.4 73.4 66.3 56.2
1 244 471 448 325
54.4 63.3 55.1 44.5
902 352 317 233
341 118 131 92
250 75 91 84
16.7 13.7 16.9 20.5
Total Mothers with Own Children Under 3 Years .............................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
9 345 2 813 3 273 3 259
5 377 1 746 1 906 1 725
57.5 62.1 58.2 52.9
4 964 1 630 1 759 1 575
53.1 57.9 53.7 48.3
3 360 1 152 1 172 1 035
1 604 477 587 540
414 116 147 151
7.7 6.6 7.7 8.7
Married, Spouse Present with Own Children Under 3 Years ............ 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
7 071 2 111 2 519 2 441
3 910 1 246 1 401 1 262
55.3 59.0 55.6 51.7
3 740 1 200 1 337 1 203
52.9 56.8 53.1 49.3
2 513 839 877 797
1 227 361 459 406
170 46 65 59
4.4 3.7 4.6 4.7
Other Marital Status with Own Children Under 3 Years3 ................... 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
2 274 702 754 818
1 467 499 505 463
64.5 71.1 66.9 56.6
1 224 430 422 372
53.8 61.2 56.0 45.4
847 314 295 238
377 116 127 134
243 70 82 91
16.6 13.9 16.3 19.7
Total Mothers with Own Children Under 3 Years .............................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
9 365 2 845 3 287 3 233
5 470 1 773 1 958 1 740
58.4 62.3 59.6 53.8
5 077 1 654 1 823 1 600
54.2 58.1 55.5 49.5
3 501 1 162 1 247 1 092
1 576 492 576 508
393 119 135 140
7.2 6.7 6.9 8.0
Married, Spouse Present with Own Children Under 3 Years ............ 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
6 951 2 118 2 435 2 398
3 939 1 268 1 389 1 282
56.7 59.9 57.0 53.5
3 776 1 214 1 337 1 225
54.3 57.3 54.9 51.1
2 588 840 901 847
1 188 374 436 378
164 55 52 58
4.2 4.3 3.7 4.5
Other Marital Status with Own Children Under 3 Years3 ................... 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
2 414 726 852 836
1 531 504 569 457
63.4 69.5 66.8 54.7
1 301 440 486 375
53.9 60.6 57.0 44.9
913 322 346 245
388 118 139 130
230 64 83 82
15.0 12.7 14.6 18.0
Total Mothers with Own Children Under 3 Years .............................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
9 431 2 864 3 318 3 248
5 675 1 847 2 006 1 822
60.2 64.5 60.5 56.1
5 315 1 746 1 883 1 686
56.4 61.0 56.7 51.9
3 751 1 280 1 305 1 166
1 564 466 577 520
360 101 123 136
6.3 5.5 6.1 7.4
Married, Spouse Present with Own Children Under 3 Years ............ 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
6 998 2 114 2 494 2 390
4 076 1 305 1 456 1 315
58.2 61.7 58.4 55.0
3 933 1 265 1 404 1 264
56.2 59.8 56.3 52.9
2 756 910 962 883
1 177 354 442 381
143 40 52 51
3.5 3.1 3.6 3.9
Other Marital Status with Own Children Under 3 Years3 ................... 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................
2 433 750 824 859
1 600 543 550 507
65.7 72.3 66.7 59.0
1 382 481 479 422
56.8 64.2 58.1 49.2
996 369 344 283
386 112 135 139
217 61 71 85
13.6 11.3 13.0 16.7
2003
2004
2005
2006
Note: Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. Data for 2003 reflect the revised population controls used in the Current Population Survey (CPS). 1Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs. 2Usually work less than 35 hours a week at all jobs. 3Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed persons.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 81
UNEMPLOYMENT
The unemployment rate continued to decline in 2006, dropping to 4.6 percent, the lowest it has been since 2000. The unemployment rate dropped for all groups. However, the rates for Black men and women continued to be more than double the rates for White men and women. (See Table 1-27.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • The number of unemployed persons dropped by more than 500,000 for the third consecutive year in 2006. (See Table 1-28.) • Younger workers experience higher levels of unemployment. The 16- to 19-year-old group had the highest unemployment rate at 15.4 percent followed by the 20- to 24-year-old age group at 8.2 percent. For Whites, the unemployment rate dropped from 13.2 percent for persons age 16 to 19 years to 6.9 percent for persons age 20 to 24 years. For Blacks, the unemployment rate also fell but still remained extremely high, declining from 29.1 percent for persons age 16 to 19 to 16.2 percent for persons age 20 to 24 years. (See Table 1-27.) • The median duration of unemployment dropped again in 2006, declining from 8.9 to 8.3 weeks. (See Table 1-30.) • Among the states, Michigan had the highest unemployment rate in 2006 at 6.9 percent, followed by Mississippi at 6.8 percent and Alaska at 6.7 percent. Hawaii had the lowest unemployment rate at 2.4 percent. Utah, with an unemployment rate of 2.9 percent, was the only other state with an unemployment rate under 3.0 percent. (See Table 1-5.)
82 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-25. Unemployment Rate, by Selected Characteristics, 1948–2006 (Unemployment as a percent of civilian labor force.) Men, 20 years and over
Women, 20 years and over
Married men, spouse present
Married women, spouse present
Women who maintain families
All civilian workers
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
1948 .................................................. 1949 ..................................................
3.8 5.9
9.2 13.4
3.2 5.4
3.6 5.3
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
5.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 5.5
12.2 8.2 8.5 7.6 12.6
4.7 2.5 2.4 2.5 4.9
5.1 4.0 3.2 2.9 5.5
... ... ... ... 5.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
4.4 4.1 4.3 6.8 5.5
11.0 11.1 11.6 15.9 14.6
3.8 3.4 3.6 6.2 4.7
4.4 4.2 4.1 6.1 5.2
3.9 3.6 3.8 6.1 4.8
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
2.6 2.3 2.8 5.1 3.6
3.7 3.6 4.3 6.5 5.2
... ... ... ... ...
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
5.5 6.7 5.5 5.7 5.2
14.7 16.8 14.7 17.2 16.2
4.7 5.7 4.6 4.5 3.9
5.1 6.3 5.4 5.4 5.2
5.0 6.0 4.9 5.0 4.6
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
3.7 4.6 3.6 3.4 2.8
5.2 6.4 5.4 5.4 5.1
... ... ... ... ...
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
4.5 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5
14.8 12.8 12.9 12.7 12.2
3.2 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1
4.5 3.8 4.2 3.8 3.7
4.1 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.1
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
2.4 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.5
4.5 3.7 4.5 3.9 3.9
... ... 4.9 4.4 4.4
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6
15.3 16.9 16.2 14.5 16.0
3.5 4.4 4.0 3.3 3.8
4.8 5.7 5.4 4.9 5.5
4.5 5.4 5.1 4.3 5.0
... ... 10.4 9.4 10.5
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... 7.5 8.1
2.6 3.2 2.8 2.3 2.7
4.9 5.7 5.4 4.7 5.3
5.4 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.0
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8
19.9 19.0 17.8 16.4 16.1
6.8 5.9 5.2 4.3 4.2
8.0 7.4 7.0 6.0 5.7
7.8 7.0 6.2 5.2 5.1
14.8 14.0 14.0 12.8 12.3
... ... ... ... ...
12.2 11.5 10.1 9.1 8.3
5.1 4.2 3.6 2.8 2.8
7.9 7.1 6.5 5.5 5.1
10.0 10.1 9.4 8.5 8.3
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
7.1 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5
17.8 19.6 23.2 22.4 18.9
5.9 6.3 8.8 8.9 6.6
6.4 6.8 8.3 8.1 6.8
6.3 6.7 8.6 8.4 6.5
14.3 15.6 18.9 19.5 15.9
... ... ... ... ...
10.1 10.4 13.8 13.7 10.7
4.2 4.3 6.5 6.5 4.6
5.8 6.0 7.4 7.0 5.7
9.2 10.4 11.7 12.2 10.3
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3
18.6 18.3 16.9 15.3 15.0
6.2 6.1 5.4 4.8 4.5
6.6 6.2 5.4 4.9 4.7
6.2 6.0 5.3 4.7 4.5
15.1 14.5 13.0 11.7 11.4
... ... ... ... ...
10.5 10.6 8.8 8.2 8.0
4.3 4.4 3.9 3.3 3.0
5.6 5.2 4.3 3.9 3.7
10.4 9.8 9.2 8.1 8.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
5.6 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1
15.5 18.7 20.1 19.0 17.6
5.0 6.4 7.1 6.4 5.4
4.9 5.7 6.3 5.9 5.4
4.8 6.1 6.6 6.1 5.3
11.4 12.5 14.2 13.0 11.5
... ... ... ... ...
8.2 10.0 11.6 10.8 9.9
3.4 4.4 5.1 4.4 3.7
3.8 4.5 5.0 4.6 4.1
8.3 9.3 10.0 9.7 8.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2
17.3 16.7 16.0 14.6 13.9
4.8 4.6 4.2 3.7 3.5
4.9 4.8 4.4 4.1 3.8
4.9 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.7
10.4 10.5 10.0 8.9 8.0
... ... ... ... ...
9.3 8.9 7.7 7.2 6.4
3.3 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.2
3.9 3.6 3.1 2.9 2.7
8.0 8.2 8.1 7.2 6.4
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
4.0 4.7 5.8 6.0 5.5
13.1 14.7 16.5 17.5 17.0
3.3 4.2 5.3 5.6 5.0
3.6 4.1 5.1 5.1 4.9
3.5 4.2 5.1 5.2 4.8
7.6 8.6 10.2 10.8 10.4
3.6 4.5 5.9 6.0 4.4
5.7 6.6 7.5 7.7 7.0
2.0 2.7 3.6 3.8 3.1
2.7 3.1 3.7 3.7 3.5
5.9 6.6 8.0 8.5 8.0
2005 .................................................. 2006 ..................................................
5.1 4.6
16.6 15.4
4.4 4.0
4.6 4.1
4.4 4.0
10.0 8.9
4.0 3.0
6.0 5.2
2.8 2.4
3.3 2.9
7.8 7.1
Year
White1
Black1
Asian1
Hispanic2
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability. 1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. be of any race. . . . = Not available. 2May
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 83
Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
ALL RACES Both Sexes 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
2 276 3 637
409 576
180 238
228 337
1 869 3 060
455 680
457 776
347 603
290 471
226 384
93 146
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 288 2 055 1 883 1 834 3 532
513 336 345 307 501
226 168 180 150 221
287 168 165 157 247
2 776 1 718 1 539 1 529 3 032
561 273 268 256 504
702 435 389 379 793
530 354 325 325 680
478 318 274 280 548
368 238 195 218 374
137 103 86 70 132
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 852 2 750 2 859 4 602 3 740
450 478 497 678 654
211 231 230 299 301
239 247 266 379 354
2 403 2 274 2 362 3 923 3 085
396 395 430 701 543
577 554 573 993 726
521 476 499 871 673
436 429 448 731 603
355 311 300 472 405
120 109 111 154 135
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 852 4 714 3 911 4 070 3 786
712 828 721 884 872
325 363 312 420 436
387 465 409 462 437
3 140 3 886 3 191 3 187 2 913
583 723 636 658 660
752 890 712 732 607
671 850 688 674 605
614 751 605 589 543
396 516 411 410 378
122 159 141 126 117
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 366 2 875 2 975 2 817 2 832
874 837 839 838 853
411 395 400 414 436
463 441 438 426 416
2 491 2 041 2 140 1 978 1 978
557 446 511 543 560
529 441 480 443 453
546 426 422 371 358
436 369 383 314 320
322 265 256 219 216
103 92 86 88 72
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 093 5 016 4 882 4 365 5 156
1 106 1 262 1 308 1 235 1 422
537 596 633 634 699
569 665 676 600 722
2 987 3 755 3 573 3 130 3 733
866 1 130 1 132 1 008 1 212
718 933 878 866 1 044
515 630 576 451 559
476 573 510 430 498
309 381 368 290 321
104 109 111 88 99
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 929 7 406 6 991 6 202 6 137
1 767 1 719 1 663 1 583 1 555
799 796 781 796 739
968 924 881 787 816
6 161 5 687 5 330 4 620 4 583
1 865 1 714 1 629 1 483 1 442
1 776 1 710 1 650 1 422 1 446
951 849 785 694 705
893 758 666 552 540
520 510 450 345 346
155 147 147 123 104
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 637 8 273 10 678 10 717 8 539
1 669 1 763 1 977 1 829 1 499
778 781 831 753 646
890 981 1 145 1 076 854
5 969 6 510 8 701 8 888 7 039
1 835 1 976 2 392 2 330 1 838
2 024 2 211 3 037 3 078 2 374
940 1 065 1 552 1 650 1 335
676 715 966 1 039 828
399 444 647 677 566
94 98 107 114 97
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
8 312 8 237 7 425 6 701 6 528
1 468 1 454 1 347 1 226 1 194
662 665 648 573 537
806 789 700 653 657
6 844 6 783 6 077 5 475 5 333
1 738 1 651 1 453 1 261 1 218
2 341 2 390 2 129 1 929 1 851
1 340 1 371 1 281 1 166 1 159
813 790 723 657 637
518 489 412 375 379
93 91 78 87 91
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 047 8 628 9 613 8 940 7 996
1 212 1 359 1 427 1 365 1 320
527 587 641 606 624
685 772 787 759 696
5 835 7 269 8 186 7 575 6 676
1 299 1 573 1 649 1 514 1 373
1 995 2 447 2 702 2 395 2 067
1 328 1 719 1 976 1 896 1 627
723 946 1 138 1 121 971
386 473 589 541 485
105 113 132 108 153
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 404 7 236 6 739 6 210 5 880
1 346 1 306 1 271 1 205 1 162
652 617 589 573 544
695 689 683 632 618
6 058 5 929 5 467 5 005 4 718
1 244 1 239 1 152 1 081 1 042
1 841 1 757 1 571 1 419 1 278
1 549 1 505 1 418 1 258 1 154
844 883 830 782 753
425 406 369 343 367
153 139 127 122 124
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 692 6 801 8 378 8 774 8 149
1 081 1 162 1 253 1 251 1 208
502 531 540 545 554
579 632 714 706 653
4 611 5 638 7 124 7 523 6 942
1 022 1 209 1 430 1 495 1 431
1 207 1 498 1 890 1 960 1 784
1 133 1 355 1 691 1 815 1 578
762 989 1 315 1 356 1 288
355 458 635 713 682
132 129 163 183 179
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
7 591 7 001
1 186 1 119
541 509
645 610
6 405 5 882
1 335 1 234
1 661 1 521
1 400 1 279
1 195 1 094
630 595
184 159
84 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
ALL RACES Men 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
1 559 2 572
256 353
113 145
142 207
1 305 2 219
324 485
289 539
233 414
201 347
... 310
... 125
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 239 1 221 1 185 1 202 2 344
318 191 205 184 310
139 102 116 94 142
179 89 89 90 168
1 922 1 029 980 1 019 2 035
377 155 155 152 327
467 241 233 236 517
348 192 192 208 431
327 193 182 196 372
286 162 145 167 275
117 87 73 60 112
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 854 1 711 1 841 3 098 2 420
274 269 300 416 398
134 134 140 185 191
140 135 159 231 207
1 580 1 442 1 541 2 681 2 022
248 240 283 478 343
353 348 349 685 484
328 278 304 552 407
285 270 302 492 390
265 216 220 349 287
102 90 83 124 112
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 486 2 997 2 423 2 472 2 205
426 479 408 501 487
200 221 188 248 257
225 258 220 252 230
2 060 2 518 2 016 1 971 1 718
369 458 381 396 384
492 585 445 445 345
415 507 404 386 324
392 473 382 358 319
294 375 300 290 263
96 122 103 97 85
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 914 1 551 1 508 1 419 1 403
479 432 448 426 440
247 220 241 234 244
232 212 207 193 196
1 435 1 120 1 060 993 963
311 221 235 258 270
292 239 219 205 205
283 219 185 171 155
253 196 199 165 157
221 179 163 132 127
75 65 60 61 48
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 238 2 789 2 659 2 275 2 714
599 693 711 653 757
306 346 357 352 394
294 347 355 300 362
1 638 2 097 1 948 1 624 1 957
479 640 628 528 649
391 513 466 439 546
253 320 284 211 266
247 313 272 219 250
198 239 227 171 183
71 71 73 57 63
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 442 4 036 3 667 3 142 3 120
966 939 874 813 811
445 443 421 426 393
521 496 453 388 418
3 476 3 098 2 794 2 328 2 308
1 081 951 877 768 744
986 914 869 691 699
507 431 373 314 329
499 411 326 277 272
302 296 252 198 196
103 94 97 81 67
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 267 4 577 6 179 6 260 4 744
913 962 1 090 1 003 812
429 431 469 408 348
485 531 621 595 464
3 353 3 615 5 089 5 257 3 932
1 076 1 144 1 407 1 369 1 023
1 137 1 213 1 791 1 822 1 322
482 552 879 947 728
357 390 550 613 450
243 261 393 433 356
58 55 69 73 53
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 521 4 530 4 101 3 655 3 525
806 779 732 667 658
363 355 353 311 303
443 424 379 356 355
3 715 3 751 3 369 2 987 2 867
944 899 779 676 660
1 244 1 291 1 169 1 040 953
706 763 689 617 619
459 440 426 366 351
307 301 258 240 234
55 58 49 49 49
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 906 4 946 5 523 5 055 4 367
667 751 806 768 740
283 317 357 342 342
384 433 449 426 398
3 239 4 195 4 717 4 287 3 627
715 911 951 865 768
1 092 1 375 1 529 1 338 1 113
711 990 1 118 1 049 855
413 550 675 636 522
249 305 378 336 281
59 64 67 64 88
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 983 3 880 3 577 3 266 3 066
744 733 694 686 633
352 347 321 330 295
391 387 373 355 338
3 239 3 146 2 882 2 580 2 433
673 675 636 583 562
961 903 772 699 624
815 786 732 609 571
464 484 457 420 403
233 223 217 201 203
94 76 69 69 70
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 975 3 690 4 597 4 906 4 456
599 650 700 697 664
281 300 301 291 292
317 350 399 407 372
2 376 3 040 3 896 4 209 3 791
547 688 792 841 811
602 756 1 023 1 097 980
557 714 897 988 839
398 536 725 764 684
189 272 373 412 373
83 74 87 107 104
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
4 059 3 753
667 622
300 271
367 352
3 392 3 131
775 705
844 810
715 642
624 569
331 318
102 88
. . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 85
Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
ALL RACES Women 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................
717 1 065
153 223
67 93
86 130
564 841
131 195
168 237
114 189
89 124
49 74
12 21
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 049 834 698 632 1 188
195 145 140 123 191
87 66 64 56 79
108 79 76 67 79
854 689 559 510 997
184 118 113 104 177
235 194 156 143 276
182 162 133 117 249
151 125 92 84 176
82 76 50 51 99
20 16 13 10 20
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
998 1 039 1 018 1 504 1 320
176 209 197 262 256
77 97 90 114 110
99 112 107 148 147
823 832 821 1 242 1 063
148 155 147 223 200
224 206 224 308 242
193 198 195 319 266
151 159 146 239 213
90 95 80 123 118
18 19 28 30 23
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 366 1 717 1 488 1 598 1 581
286 349 313 383 385
125 142 124 172 179
162 207 189 210 207
1 080 1 368 1 175 1 216 1 195
214 265 255 262 276
260 305 267 287 262
256 343 284 288 281
222 278 223 231 224
102 141 111 120 115
26 37 38 29 32
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 452 1 324 1 468 1 397 1 429
395 405 391 412 413
164 175 159 180 192
231 229 231 233 220
1 056 921 1 078 985 1 015
246 225 277 285 290
237 202 261 238 248
263 207 237 200 203
183 173 184 149 163
101 86 93 87 89
28 27 26 27 24
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 855 2 227 2 222 2 089 2 441
506 568 598 583 665
231 250 276 282 305
275 318 322 301 360
1 349 1 658 1 625 1 507 1 777
387 489 503 480 564
327 420 413 427 497
262 310 293 240 294
229 260 237 212 248
111 142 141 119 137
33 38 38 31 36
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 486 3 369 3 324 3 061 3 018
802 780 789 769 743
355 352 361 370 346
447 429 428 399 396
2 684 2 588 2 535 2 292 2 276
783 763 752 714 697
791 795 782 731 748
444 417 412 381 375
395 346 340 275 268
219 214 198 148 150
52 53 50 43 38
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 370 3 696 4 499 4 457 3 794
755 800 886 825 687
349 350 362 344 298
407 450 524 481 390
2 615 2 895 3 613 3 632 3 107
760 833 985 961 815
886 998 1 246 1 255 1 052
459 513 673 703 607
318 325 416 427 378
155 184 254 244 211
36 43 38 41 45
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 791 3 707 3 324 3 046 3 003
661 675 616 558 536
298 310 295 262 234
363 365 321 297 302
3 129 3 032 2 709 2 487 2 467
794 752 674 585 558
1 098 1 099 960 889 897
634 609 592 550 540
355 350 298 291 286
211 189 155 136 144
39 33 30 38 41
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 140 3 683 4 090 3 885 3 629
544 608 621 597 580
243 270 283 264 282
301 338 338 333 298
2 596 3 074 3 469 3 288 3 049
584 662 698 648 605
902 1 071 1 173 1 058 954
617 728 858 847 772
310 396 463 485 449
137 168 210 205 204
46 49 66 45 66
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 421 3 356 3 162 2 944 2 814
602 573 577 519 529
299 270 268 242 249
303 303 310 277 280
2 819 2 783 2 585 2 424 2 285
571 564 516 498 480
880 854 800 720 654
735 720 686 650 584
381 399 373 362 350
193 183 152 141 163
60 63 58 53 54
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 717 3 111 3 781 3 868 3 694
483 512 553 554 543
221 230 238 255 262
262 282 315 299 281
2 235 2 599 3 228 3 314 3 150
475 521 638 654 619
604 742 866 863 804
577 641 795 827 739
364 453 591 592 605
165 187 263 302 309
50 55 76 76 75
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
3 531 3 247
519 496
240 238
278 258
3 013 2 751
560 530
817 711
685 637
571 524
299 277
82 71
86 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE1 Both Sexes 1954 ...................................................... 1955 ...................................................... 1956 ...................................................... 1957 ...................................................... 1958 ...................................................... 1959 ......................................................
2 859 2 252 2 159 2 289 3 680 2 946
423 373 382 401 541 525
191 181 191 195 245 255
232 191 191 204 297 270
2 436 1 879 1 777 1 888 3 139 2 421
394 304 297 331 541 406
610 412 406 425 756 526
540 402 363 401 686 525
447 358 355 373 614 496
329 300 258 262 405 348
115 105 98 98 136 120
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 065 3 743 3 052 3 208 2 999
575 669 580 708 708
273 295 262 350 365
302 374 318 358 342
2 490 3 074 2 472 2 500 2 291
456 566 488 501 508
573 668 515 540 441
520 652 522 518 472
502 611 485 485 447
330 438 345 349 323
109 139 117 107 100
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 691 2 255 2 338 2 226 2 260
705 651 635 644 660
329 315 311 326 351
374 336 325 318 309
1 986 1 604 1 703 1 582 1 601
437 338 393 422 432
399 323 360 330 354
427 336 336 297 294
358 298 321 269 269
276 227 221 187 185
91 80 75 80 66
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 339 4 085 3 906 3 442 4 097
871 1 011 1 021 955 1 104
438 491 515 513 561
432 521 506 443 544
2 468 3 074 2 885 2 486 2 993
679 887 887 758 925
570 732 679 664 821
433 517 459 358 448
415 500 439 371 427
275 338 324 257 283
95 100 95 77 88
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 421 5 914 5 441 4 698 4 664
1 413 1 364 1 284 1 189 1 193
657 649 636 631 589
755 715 648 558 603
5 007 4 550 4 157 3 509 3 472
1 474 1 326 1 195 1 059 1 038
1 413 1 329 1 255 1 059 1 068
774 682 621 543 545
753 637 569 453 443
460 448 388 290 290
136 128 129 104 87
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 884 6 343 8 241 8 128 6 372
1 291 1 374 1 534 1 387 1 116
625 629 683 609 510
666 745 851 778 605
4 593 4 968 6 707 6 741 5 256
1 364 1 449 1 770 1 678 1 282
1 528 1 658 2 283 2 282 1 723
740 827 1 223 1 294 1 036
550 578 796 837 660
335 379 549 563 475
74 77 86 88 81
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
6 191 6 140 5 501 4 944 4 770
1 074 1 070 995 910 863
507 509 495 437 407
567 561 500 473 456
5 117 5 070 4 506 4 033 3 908
1 235 1 149 1 017 874 856
1 695 1 751 1 527 1 371 1 297
1 039 1 056 984 890 871
642 629 576 520 503
432 407 333 309 311
75 78 68 69 70
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 186 6 560 7 169 6 655 5 892
903 1 029 1 037 992 960
401 461 484 468 471
502 568 553 523 489
4 283 5 532 6 132 5 663 4 933
899 1 132 1 156 1 057 952
1 401 1 805 1 967 1 754 1 479
983 1 330 1 483 1 411 1 184
582 759 915 907 779
330 410 495 442 407
88 96 116 92 132
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 459 5 300 4 836 4 484 4 273
952 939 912 876 844
476 456 438 424 414
476 484 475 451 430
4 507 4 361 3 924 3 608 3 429
866 854 765 731 720
1 311 1 223 1 068 978 865
1 161 1 117 1 035 901 843
676 709 648 620 595
362 336 302 276 303
131 122 106 101 104
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
4 121 4 969 6 137 6 311 5 847
795 845 925 909 890
386 402 407 414 414
409 443 518 495 476
3 326 4 124 5 212 5 401 4 957
682 829 977 1 012 959
835 1 062 1 340 1 354 1 211
817 985 1 237 1 287 1 130
591 761 1 004 1 025 953
294 378 518 569 557
107 109 137 155 148
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
5 350 5 002
845 794
391 375
454 419
4 505 4 208
878 832
1 106 1 029
1 006 920
884 813
488 480
144 135
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 87
Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE1 Men 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 913 1 478 1 366 1 477 2 489 1 903
266 232 221 243 333 318
125 114 112 118 149 162
142 117 108 124 184 156
1 647 1 246 1 145 1 234 2 156 1 585
260 196 186 222 382 256
408 260 265 257 525 350
341 246 212 239 436 316
299 233 225 250 404 320
241 223 177 193 299 245
98 89 81 73 110 98
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 988 2 398 1 915 1 976 1 779
341 384 334 407 400
167 176 158 211 217
174 208 176 196 183
1 647 2 014 1 581 1 569 1 379
295 370 300 309 310
376 442 332 342 262
330 395 311 297 255
317 382 308 294 266
243 318 246 246 216
86 107 84 80 70
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 556 1 241 1 208 1 142 1 137
387 340 342 328 343
200 178 186 185 198
186 162 156 143 145
1 169 901 866 814 794
254 172 185 206 214
226 185 171 162 165
228 173 153 140 130
206 160 167 142 134
190 154 140 111 108
67 57 52 55 43
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 857 2 309 2 173 1 836 2 169
485 562 564 513 584
255 288 288 284 311
230 275 276 229 274
1 372 1 747 1 610 1 323 1 585
388 513 506 411 505
316 418 375 353 434
212 268 231 166 218
216 272 237 188 213
177 211 199 153 161
64 66 60 51 53
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 627 3 258 2 883 2 411 2 405
785 754 672 615 633
369 368 342 338 319
416 385 330 277 313
2 841 2 504 2 211 1 797 1 773
871 750 660 558 553
796 730 682 525 526
412 346 297 250 253
411 341 276 227 220
265 259 213 169 165
86 78 82 68 56
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 345 3 580 4 846 4 859 3 600
716 755 854 761 608
347 349 387 328 280
369 406 467 433 328
2 629 2 825 3 991 4 098 2 992
827 869 1 066 1 019 722
884 943 1 385 1 410 991
378 433 696 755 572
291 317 460 497 363
206 221 331 362 302
44 42 53 54 42
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 426 3 433 3 132 2 766 2 636
592 576 548 499 487
282 276 272 239 230
310 299 276 260 257
2 834 2 857 2 584 2 268 2 149
694 645 568 480 476
931 978 879 777 694
553 586 536 477 470
356 349 350 293 280
257 248 209 200 191
43 51 43 40 38
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 935 3 859 4 209 3 828 3 275
504 575 590 565 540
214 249 270 261 259
290 327 319 305 280
2 431 3 284 3 620 3 263 2 735
510 677 686 619 555
796 1 064 1 155 1 015 827
530 780 858 793 626
330 438 543 512 417
214 269 318 270 236
51 55 58 53 74
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 999 2 896 2 641 2 431 2 274
535 532 502 510 461
260 260 234 254 223
275 273 268 257 237
2 465 2 363 2 140 1 920 1 813
483 478 439 405 398
711 655 553 512 441
621 592 549 441 419
371 383 358 342 322
200 188 182 164 172
79 67 58 58 61
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 177 2 754 3 459 3 643 3 282
446 479 516 518 497
217 232 228 221 224
229 247 288 298 274
1 731 2 275 2 943 3 125 2 785
368 494 562 589 560
428 547 772 798 694
403 529 672 723 620
302 413 554 591 516
162 229 305 333 307
68 64 77 91 88
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
2 931 2 730
480 449
220 202
260 247
2 450 2 281
522 483
586 567
536 482
463 417
263 259
81 73
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
88 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE1 Women 1954 ...................................................... 1955 ...................................................... 1956 ...................................................... 1957 ...................................................... 1958 ...................................................... 1959 ......................................................
946 774 793 812 1 191 1 043
157 141 161 158 208 207
66 67 79 77 96 93
90 74 83 80 113 114
789 633 632 654 983 836
134 108 111 109 159 150
202 152 141 168 231 176
199 156 151 162 250 209
148 125 130 123 210 176
88 77 81 69 106 103
17 16 17 25 26 22
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 077 1 345 1 137 1 232 1 220
234 285 246 301 308
106 119 104 139 148
128 166 142 162 159
843 1 060 891 931 912
161 196 188 192 198
197 226 183 198 179
190 257 211 221 217
185 229 177 191 181
87 120 99 103 107
23 32 33 27 30
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 135 1 014 1 130 1 084 1 123
318 311 293 316 317
129 137 125 141 153
188 174 169 175 164
817 703 837 768 806
183 166 209 216 218
173 138 189 168 189
199 163 183 157 164
152 138 154 127 135
86 73 81 76 77
24 23 23 25 23
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 482 1 777 1 733 1 606 1 927
386 449 457 442 519
183 203 227 228 250
202 246 230 214 270
1 096 1 328 1 275 1 164 1 408
291 376 381 347 420
254 314 304 311 387
221 249 227 192 230
199 228 202 183 214
98 126 125 104 122
31 34 35 26 35
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 794 2 656 2 558 2 287 2 260
628 611 612 574 560
288 280 294 292 270
340 330 318 281 290
2 166 2 045 1 946 1 713 1 699
602 577 536 500 485
617 598 573 533 542
362 336 323 294 293
342 296 293 226 223
195 188 175 122 125
49 49 47 37 32
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 540 2 762 3 395 3 270 2 772
576 620 680 626 508
278 281 296 282 231
298 339 384 345 277
1 964 2 143 2 715 2 643 2 264
537 580 704 659 559
645 715 898 872 731
362 394 527 539 464
259 261 337 340 297
129 158 217 201 173
31 36 33 33 39
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 765 2 708 2 369 2 177 2 135
482 495 447 412 376
225 233 223 198 177
257 262 224 214 199
2 283 2 213 1 922 1 766 1 758
541 504 449 393 380
763 773 648 594 603
486 470 448 413 401
286 281 227 227 223
175 159 124 110 120
32 27 25 30 32
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 251 2 701 2 959 2 827 2 617
399 453 447 426 420
187 212 214 208 211
212 241 233 219 208
1 852 2 248 2 512 2 400 2 197
389 455 469 438 397
605 741 811 739 652
453 550 625 618 558
251 320 372 395 361
116 141 177 172 170
37 41 58 39 58
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 460 2 404 2 195 2 053 1 999
418 407 411 365 383
216 196 204 171 190
201 211 207 195 193
2 042 1 998 1 784 1 688 1 616
384 376 326 327 322
600 568 515 467 423
540 525 486 460 423
306 326 290 279 273
162 148 119 112 131
52 55 49 43 43
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 944 2 215 2 678 2 668 2 565
349 366 409 391 393
168 170 179 194 191
180 196 230 197 202
1 595 1 849 2 269 2 276 2 172
314 335 415 423 399
407 515 567 555 516
414 456 565 564 510
289 348 449 434 437
133 150 213 235 250
39 45 60 64 60
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
2 419 2 271
365 345
172 173
193 172
2 054 1 927
356 349
520 462
469 437
421 395
225 222
63 62
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 89
Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
Total
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK1 Both Sexes 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
906 846 965
279 262 297
113 114 127
167 148 170
627 584 666
226 231 261
183 181 201
106 82 95
62 53 65
37 29 33
12 9 10
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 369 1 334 1 393 1 330 1 319
330 330 354 360 333
130 134 135 150 137
200 195 218 210 197
1 040 1 005 1 040 972 986
362 350 397 379 369
321 338 355 320 335
157 145 140 127 137
126 101 81 82 82
54 54 51 47 48
17 16 16 17 15
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 553 1 731 2 142 2 272 1 914
343 357 396 392 353
134 138 130 125 122
210 219 266 267 230
1 209 1 374 1 747 1 879 1 561
426 483 565 591 504
433 493 662 700 577
171 207 278 299 253
109 119 141 174 138
53 55 84 95 75
18 17 17 21 15
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 864 1 840 1 684 1 547 1 544
357 347 312 288 300
135 138 134 121 116
221 209 178 167 184
1 507 1 493 1 373 1 259 1 245
455 453 397 349 322
562 564 533 502 494
254 269 247 230 246
143 127 124 111 109
74 69 62 51 53
18 10 10 15 20
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 565 1 723 2 011 1 844 1 666
268 280 324 313 300
112 105 127 112 127
156 175 197 201 173
1 297 1 443 1 687 1 530 1 366
349 378 421 387 351
505 539 610 532 468
278 318 402 376 346
106 151 178 153 130
44 44 64 72 55
14 13 13 11 16
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 538 1 592 1 560 1 426 1 309
325 310 302 281 268
143 133 123 124 109
182 177 179 156 159
1 213 1 282 1 258 1 146 1 041
311 327 327 301 273
423 454 426 366 339
303 313 307 294 249
116 127 136 125 121
42 48 45 45 46
18 13 16 16 14
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 241 1 416 1 693 1 787 1 729
230 260 260 255 241
96 102 103 93 103
134 158 156 162 138
1 011 1 155 1 433 1 532 1 487
281 307 365 375 353
289 340 407 442 441
254 283 349 385 341
131 159 215 217 245
38 52 76 93 86
20 15 21 20 21
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
1 700 1 549
267 253
115 102
152 151
1 433 1 296
358 318
423 388
310 276
222 214
92 81
28 19
Men 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
448 395 494
143 128 159
66 62 75
77 66 82
305 267 336
113 108 129
84 75 103
45 37 41
31 27 35
23 16 19
9 5 8
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
741 698 698 641 636
170 170 187 180 164
71 69 73 80 68
100 103 114 101 97
571 528 512 462 473
195 185 197 185 174
169 166 170 148 152
83 73 63 53 66
78 60 40 40 44
33 32 31 24 27
13 13 12 11 10
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
815 891 1 167 1 213 1 003
179 188 213 211 188
72 73 72 70 62
108 115 141 142 126
636 703 954 1 002 815
222 248 304 313 272
222 245 355 358 289
88 102 154 162 132
60 65 74 96 67
32 32 54 59 45
12 10 12 14 9
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
951 946 826 771 773
193 180 160 154 153
69 68 70 64 65
124 112 90 90 88
757 765 666 617 619
224 225 186 177 162
268 273 253 233 226
127 148 122 111 129
85 70 61 58 59
43 44 39 30 33
11 5 6 8 10
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
806 890 1 067 971 848
142 145 180 170 167
62 54 71 66 69
80 91 109 104 97
664 745 886 801 682
177 201 221 201 173
247 252 301 260 218
146 172 208 201 180
62 87 107 87 72
27 25 42 46 29
6 7 6 7 10
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
762 808 747 671 626
168 169 162 147 145
73 73 70 61 60
95 96 92 86 85
593 639 585 524 480
153 163 165 151 135
195 210 178 148 143
150 158 141 133 114
63 75 72 60 60
21 26 22 24 22
11 7 7 8 7
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
620 709 835 891 860
121 136 140 132 128
52 51 54 49 52
70 85 85 83 75
499 573 695 760 733
145 150 181 192 188
134 159 180 212 211
121 142 165 189 160
72 84 120 109 120
17 31 40 47 46
9 7 9 10 8
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
844 774
145 134
63 53
82 81
699 640
192 167
189 189
143 118
116 112
45 43
14 11
BLACK1
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
90 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
16 to 17 years
Total
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK1 Women 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
458 451 470
136 134 139
47 51 51
90 82 87
322 317 331
113 123 132
99 105 98
61 45 55
31 26 30
14 13 14
3 4 2
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
629 637 695 690 683
160 160 167 179 169
60 66 63 70 69
100 93 104 110 100
469 477 528 510 513
167 165 200 194 195
153 172 185 173 183
75 73 77 74 71
48 41 41 41 38
22 23 21 23 21
4 3 4 6 5
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
738 840 975 1 059 911
164 169 182 181 165
62 65 58 56 60
102 104 124 125 104
574 671 793 878 747
204 235 261 278 231
211 248 307 342 288
83 105 123 137 121
49 54 67 77 71
21 23 29 36 30
6 7 5 7 5
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
913 894 858 776 772
164 167 152 134 147
66 70 64 57 51
98 97 88 78 96
750 728 706 642 625
231 228 211 172 160
295 291 280 269 267
127 121 125 118 118
58 57 63 53 50
31 25 23 22 21
7 5 4 7 9
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
758 833 944 872 818
126 135 144 143 133
49 51 56 46 57
76 84 88 97 76
633 698 800 729 685
172 177 200 186 178
258 288 308 272 249
132 145 194 175 166
44 64 71 66 59
17 19 22 26 26
8 6 6 5 6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
777 784 813 756 684
157 141 140 134 123
... 60 53 63 49
87 80 87 71 74
620 643 673 622 561
158 164 163 150 138
228 244 248 218 196
153 155 166 160 135
53 52 64 65 61
20 21 24 21 25
... 7 9 8 7
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
621 706 858 895 868
109 124 120 123 114
44 52 49 44 51
65 72 71 79 63
512 582 738 772 755
136 157 183 183 166
154 181 228 230 230
132 141 185 195 180
59 75 95 109 126
22 21 35 46 40
10 8 12 10 13
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
856 775
123 120
52 50
70 70
734 656
166 150
233 199
168 158
106 102
47 38
14 8
Both Sexes 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
277 325
80 88
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
508 485 456 452 434
123 106 113 110 106
... 51 50 63 54
... 55 60 47 51
... 385 344 342 329
... 116 98 98 100
... 113 114 116 102
... 72 56 65 65
... 53 48 41 37
... 26 24 16 20
... 6 5 5 4
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
620 678 929 961 800
145 144 175 167 149
66 60 73 64 60
79 84 102 104 88
474 533 754 793 651
138 171 221 214 164
168 178 267 270 235
90 92 140 156 124
49 57 75 93 71
24 31 45 54 51
5 5 6 5 5
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
811 857 751 732 750
141 141 136 148 132
55 57 57 63 59
85 84 79 84 73
670 716 615 585 618
171 183 152 145 158
256 258 222 209 218
123 143 128 120 124
73 85 75 69 76
41 38 33 36 36
7 9 5 6 6
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
876 1 092 1 311 1 248 1 187
161 179 219 201 198
68 79 94 86 90
94 99 124 115 108
714 913 1 093 1 047 989
167 214 240 237 220
263 332 390 354 348
156 206 267 261 227
85 110 126 132 132
36 44 59 54 51
7 8 10 10 12
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 140 1 132 1 069 1 026 945
205 199 197 214 196
96 85 87 89 79
109 114 110 125 117
934 933 872 812 750
209 217 206 194 171
325 296 269 260 233
224 246 229 203 190
106 101 99 96 104
54 59 56 48 42
16 14 13 11 10
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
954 1 138 1 353 1 441 1 342
194 208 221 192 203
83 84 81 79 86
112 123 140 113 117
759 931 1 132 1 249 1 139
190 212 265 273 255
247 315 373 419 371
189 228 271 294 261
79 111 146 183 161
42 56 62 69 74
12 9 15 10 18
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
1 191 1 081
191 170
78 74
113 97
1 000 911
227 194
324 294
231 231
142 128
61 49
15 14
HISPANIC2
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. be of any race. . . . = Not available. 2May
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 91
Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
16 to 17 years
Total
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
HISPANIC2 Men 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
158 187
... ...
... ...
... ...
114 139
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
296 278 253 234 223
... 60 60 59 55
... 30 27 35 29
... 31 33 24 27
225 217 195 175 168
... 69 57 51 52
... 63 65 59 50
... 38 28 30 33
... 29 22 20 19
... 16 15 10 11
... ... ... ... ...
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
370 408 565 591 480
86 87 104 100 87
39 40 45 38 36
47 47 59 62 51
284 321 461 491 393
85 105 138 134 103
96 113 169 168 142
51 49 80 92 69
31 31 40 57 41
16 19 29 36 33
... ... ... ... ...
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
483 520 451 437 423
82 82 77 86 81
34 33 32 36 36
49 50 45 50 45
401 438 374 351 342
108 115 88 83 88
156 159 137 128 113
69 86 77 70 69
40 46 46 42 43
23 26 22 24 25
... ... ... ... ...
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
524 685 807 747 680
100 110 132 118 121
40 47 56 50 54
60 62 75 68 67
425 575 675 629 558
99 139 156 144 128
154 210 239 217 203
91 126 156 148 113
53 62 75 79 75
25 33 42 33 30
... ... ... ... 9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
651 607 582 552 480
121 112 110 117 106
59 49 47 54 42
63 63 63 62 63
530 495 471 436 374
123 117 125 115 96
185 165 137 142 109
120 124 113 97 83
57 49 54 49 54
33 31 35 29 24
13 9 8 5 7
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
494 611 764 809 755
106 117 127 116 120
46 52 42 42 48
60 65 86 74 72
388 495 636 693 635
105 129 151 157 158
118 152 213 239 207
93 116 144 153 133
42 55 82 98 82
23 36 38 41 41
8 6 8 5 13
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
647 601
112 104
42 43
70 61
536 497
134 110
168 169
119 114
74 66
31 29
9 8
Women 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
119 137
... ...
... ...
... ...
83 98
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
212 207 204 219 211
... 45 50 51 50
... 22 23 28 26
... 24 27 23 24
160 166 153 168 160
... 47 40 46 48
... 52 49 58 52
... 33 28 36 32
... 22 25 20 18
... 10 11 8 10
... ... ... ... ...
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
249 269 364 369 320
59 57 71 68 62
28 20 28 26 25
31 37 43 42 37
190 212 293 302 258
53 65 83 80 61
72 65 98 102 93
39 43 60 65 55
18 25 35 36 30
8 13 16 18 17
... ... ... ... ...
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
327 337 300 296 327
58 59 59 62 51
22 25 25 27 23
37 35 34 34 28
269 278 241 234 276
63 68 64 63 70
100 99 85 81 105
54 57 51 50 55
32 39 29 27 33
18 12 11 12 11
... ... ... ... ...
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
351 407 504 501 508
62 69 87 83 77
28 32 38 36 36
34 37 49 47 40
289 339 418 418 431
68 74 84 93 92
109 122 151 136 145
65 80 111 113 115
32 48 51 53 57
11 12 17 21 21
... ... ... ... 2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
488 525 488 473 466
84 88 87 98 90
38 36 40 35 36
46 52 46 63 54
404 438 401 376 376
86 100 81 80 75
140 131 132 118 124
104 122 117 106 107
50 52 46 48 50
21 27 21 19 17
3 5 4 5 3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
460 527 590 631 587
88 91 94 76 83
37 33 39 37 38
51 58 54 39 45
371 436 496 555 504
86 83 113 116 97
129 163 160 180 164
96 112 127 141 128
38 56 65 86 78
19 20 24 28 32
4 3 7 5 5
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
544 480
80 67
36 31
43 36
464 414
93 84
156 125
112 116
68 62
30 20
6 6
HISPANIC2
2May be of any race. . . . = Not available.
92 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 (Percent of labor force.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
ALL RACES Both Sexes 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
3.8 5.9
9.2 13.4
10.1 14.0
8.6 13.0
3.3 5.4
6.2 9.3
3.2 5.4
2.6 4.4
2.7 4.2
3.1 5.2
3.2 4.9
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
5.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 5.5
12.2 8.2 8.5 7.6 12.6
13.6 9.6 10.0 8.7 13.5
11.2 7.1 7.3 6.8 10.7
4.8 3.0 2.7 2.6 5.1
7.7 4.1 4.6 4.7 9.2
4.8 3.0 2.6 2.5 5.3
3.8 2.5 2.3 2.2 4.5
4.2 2.7 2.3 2.3 4.4
4.8 3.1 2.4 2.7 4.5
4.5 3.4 2.9 2.2 4.1
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
4.4 4.1 4.3 6.8 5.5
11.0 11.1 11.6 15.9 14.6
12.3 12.3 12.5 16.4 15.3
10.0 10.2 10.9 15.5 14.0
3.9 3.7 3.8 6.2 4.8
7.0 6.6 7.1 11.2 8.5
3.8 3.7 3.9 6.8 5.0
3.4 3.0 3.1 5.4 4.2
3.4 3.2 3.3 5.2 4.2
4.2 3.5 3.4 5.2 4.4
3.6 3.2 3.4 4.8 4.3
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
5.5 6.7 5.5 5.7 5.2
14.7 16.8 14.7 17.2 16.2
15.5 18.3 16.3 19.3 17.8
14.1 15.8 13.6 15.6 14.9
4.8 5.9 4.9 4.8 4.3
8.7 10.4 9.0 8.8 8.3
5.2 6.2 5.1 5.2 4.3
4.1 5.2 4.1 4.0 3.6
4.1 5.0 4.0 3.8 3.5
4.2 5.4 4.2 4.1 3.7
3.8 5.1 4.5 4.1 3.8
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
4.5 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5
14.8 12.8 12.9 12.7 12.2
16.5 14.8 14.6 14.7 14.5
13.5 11.3 11.6 11.2 10.5
3.6 2.9 3.0 2.7 2.7
6.7 5.3 5.7 5.8 5.7
3.7 3.1 3.2 2.8 2.8
3.2 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.2
2.8 2.3 2.4 1.9 1.9
3.1 2.5 2.4 2.0 1.9
3.3 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.2
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6
15.3 16.9 16.2 14.5 16.0
17.1 18.7 18.5 17.3 18.3
13.8 15.5 14.6 12.4 14.3
4.0 4.9 4.5 3.9 4.5
8.2 10.0 9.3 7.8 9.1
4.2 5.3 4.6 4.2 4.8
3.1 3.9 3.5 2.7 3.3
2.8 3.4 3.0 2.5 2.9
2.7 3.3 3.2 2.6 2.8
3.2 3.5 3.6 3.0 3.4
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8
19.9 19.0 17.8 16.4 16.1
21.4 21.1 19.9 19.3 18.1
18.9 17.5 16.2 14.2 14.7
7.3 6.5 5.9 5.0 4.8
13.6 12.0 11.0 9.6 9.1
7.8 7.1 6.5 5.3 5.2
5.6 4.9 4.4 3.7 3.6
5.2 4.5 3.9 3.3 3.2
4.6 4.5 3.9 2.9 2.9
5.2 5.1 5.0 4.0 3.4
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
7.1 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5
17.8 19.6 23.2 22.4 18.9
20.0 21.4 24.9 24.5 21.2
16.2 18.4 22.1 21.1 17.4
6.1 6.5 8.6 8.6 6.7
11.5 12.3 14.9 14.5 11.5
6.9 7.3 9.7 9.7 7.3
4.6 5.0 6.9 7.0 5.4
4.0 4.2 5.7 6.2 4.9
3.3 3.7 5.4 5.6 4.7
3.1 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.3
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3
18.6 18.3 16.9 15.3 15.0
21.0 20.2 19.1 17.4 17.2
17.0 17.0 15.2 13.8 13.6
6.4 6.2 5.4 4.8 4.6
11.1 10.7 9.7 8.7 8.6
7.0 6.9 6.0 5.4 5.2
5.1 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.8
4.7 4.5 4.0 3.4 3.2
4.3 4.1 3.5 3.2 3.2
3.2 3.0 2.5 2.7 2.6
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
5.6 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1
15.5 18.7 20.1 19.0 17.6
17.9 21.0 23.1 21.4 19.9
14.1 17.2 18.2 17.5 16.0
4.9 6.1 6.8 6.2 5.4
8.8 10.8 11.4 10.5 9.7
5.6 6.9 7.6 6.9 6.0
4.1 5.2 5.8 5.5 4.6
3.6 4.5 5.1 4.8 4.0
3.3 4.1 5.1 4.7 4.1
3.0 3.3 3.8 3.2 4.0
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2
17.3 16.7 16.0 14.6 13.9
20.2 18.9 18.2 17.2 16.3
15.3 15.2 14.5 12.8 12.4
4.9 4.7 4.3 3.9 3.6
9.1 9.3 8.5 7.9 7.5
5.4 5.2 4.7 4.3 4.0
4.3 4.1 3.8 3.4 3.0
3.3 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.6
3.6 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.7
4.0 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.1
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
4.0 4.7 5.8 6.0 5.5
13.1 14.7 16.5 17.5 17.0
15.4 17.2 18.8 19.1 20.2
11.6 13.1 15.1 16.4 15.0
3.4 4.2 5.2 5.4 4.9
7.2 8.3 9.7 10.0 9.4
3.7 4.6 5.9 6.1 5.5
3.0 3.6 4.6 4.9 4.4
2.5 3.1 4.0 4.1 3.8
2.5 3.0 3.9 4.1 3.8
3.1 2.9 3.6 3.8 3.6
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
5.1 4.6
16.6 15.4
19.1 17.2
14.9 14.1
4.5 4.1
8.8 8.2
5.1 4.7
3.9 3.6
3.5 3.1
3.3 3.0
3.5 2.9
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 93
Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Percent of labor force.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
ALL RACES Men 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
3.6 5.9
9.8 14.3
10.2 13.7
9.5 14.6
3.2 5.4
6.9 10.4
2.8 5.2
2.4 4.3
2.5 4.3
3.1 5.4
3.4 5.1
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
5.1 2.8 2.8 2.8 5.3
12.7 8.1 8.9 7.9 13.5
13.3 9.4 10.5 8.8 13.9
12.3 7.0 7.4 7.2 13.2
4.7 2.5 2.4 2.5 4.9
8.1 3.9 4.6 5.0 10.7
4.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 4.8
3.6 2.0 1.9 2.0 4.1
4.0 2.4 2.2 2.3 4.3
4.9 2.8 2.4 2.8 4.5
4.8 3.5 3.0 2.4 4.4
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
4.2 3.8 4.1 6.8 5.2
11.6 11.1 12.4 17.1 15.3
12.5 11.7 12.4 16.3 15.8
10.8 10.5 12.3 17.8 14.9
3.8 3.4 3.6 6.2 4.7
7.7 6.9 7.8 12.7 8.7
3.3 3.3 3.3 6.5 4.7
3.1 2.6 2.8 5.1 3.7
3.2 3.0 3.3 5.3 4.1
4.3 3.5 3.5 5.5 4.5
4.0 3.5 3.4 5.2 4.8
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
5.4 6.4 5.2 5.2 4.6
15.3 17.1 14.7 17.2 15.8
15.5 18.3 16.0 18.8 17.1
15.0 16.3 13.8 15.9 14.6
4.7 5.7 4.6 4.5 3.9
8.9 10.8 8.9 8.8 8.1
4.8 5.7 4.5 4.5 3.5
3.8 4.6 3.6 3.5 2.9
4.1 4.9 3.9 3.6 3.2
4.6 5.7 4.6 4.3 3.9
4.2 5.5 4.6 4.5 4.0
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
4.0 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.8
14.1 11.7 12.3 11.6 11.4
16.1 13.7 14.5 13.9 13.8
12.4 10.2 10.5 9.7 9.3
3.2 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1
6.4 4.6 4.7 5.1 5.1
2.9 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.9
2.5 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.5
2.5 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.5
3.3 2.6 2.3 1.9 1.8
3.5 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.2
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
4.4 5.3 5.0 4.2 4.9
15.0 16.6 15.9 13.9 15.6
16.9 18.7 18.3 17.0 18.4
13.4 15.0 14.1 11.4 13.3
3.5 4.4 4.0 3.3 3.8
8.4 10.3 9.3 7.3 8.8
3.5 4.4 3.8 3.4 4.0
2.4 3.1 2.7 2.0 2.6
2.4 3.0 2.6 2.1 2.4
2.8 3.3 3.2 2.4 2.6
3.3 3.4 3.6 3.0 3.3
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
7.9 7.1 6.3 5.3 5.1
20.1 19.2 17.3 15.8 15.9
21.6 21.4 19.5 19.1 17.9
19.0 17.6 15.6 13.3 14.3
6.8 5.9 5.2 4.3 4.2
14.3 12.1 10.8 9.2 8.7
6.9 6.2 5.7 4.4 4.3
4.9 4.1 3.5 2.8 2.9
4.8 4.0 3.2 2.7 2.7
4.3 4.2 3.6 2.8 2.7
5.4 5.1 5.2 4.2 3.4
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
6.9 7.4 9.9 9.9 7.4
18.3 20.1 24.4 23.3 19.6
20.4 22.0 26.4 25.2 21.9
16.7 18.8 23.1 22.2 18.3
5.9 6.3 8.8 8.9 6.6
12.5 13.2 16.4 15.9 11.9
6.7 6.9 10.1 10.1 7.2
4.1 4.5 6.9 7.1 5.2
3.6 4.0 5.6 6.3 4.6
3.4 3.6 5.5 6.1 5.0
3.1 2.9 3.7 3.9 3.0
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
7.0 6.9 6.2 5.5 5.2
19.5 19.0 17.8 16.0 15.9
21.9 20.8 20.2 18.2 18.6
17.9 17.7 16.0 14.6 14.2
6.2 6.1 5.4 4.8 4.5
11.4 11.0 9.9 8.9 8.8
6.6 6.7 5.9 5.3 4.8
4.9 5.1 4.4 3.8 3.7
4.6 4.4 4.2 3.5 3.2
4.3 4.3 3.7 3.5 3.5
3.1 3.2 2.6 2.5 2.4
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
5.7 7.2 7.9 7.2 6.2
16.3 19.8 21.5 20.4 19.0
18.4 21.8 24.6 22.9 21.0
15.0 18.5 19.5 18.8 17.6
5.0 6.4 7.1 6.4 5.4
9.1 11.6 12.2 11.3 10.2
5.5 7.0 7.8 7.0 5.9
4.1 5.5 6.1 5.6 4.5
3.7 4.8 5.6 5.1 4.0
3.8 4.6 5.8 5.2 4.4
3.0 3.3 3.3 3.2 4.0
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
5.6 5.4 4.9 4.4 4.1
18.4 18.1 16.9 16.2 14.7
21.1 20.8 19.1 19.1 17.0
16.5 16.3 15.4 14.1 13.1
4.8 4.6 4.2 3.7 3.5
9.2 9.5 8.9 8.1 7.7
5.1 4.9 4.3 3.9 3.6
4.2 4.0 3.6 3.0 2.8
3.5 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.6
3.6 3.3 3.1 2.8 2.7
4.3 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.0
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
3.9 4.8 5.9 6.3 5.6
14.0 16.0 18.1 19.3 18.4
16.8 19.1 21.1 20.7 22.0
12.2 14.0 16.4 18.4 16.3
3.3 4.2 5.3 5.6 5.0
7.3 9.0 10.2 10.6 10.1
3.4 4.3 5.8 6.2 5.5
2.8 3.6 4.5 5.0 4.3
2.4 3.2 4.2 4.4 3.9
2.4 3.3 4.3 4.5 3.9
3.3 3.0 3.4 4.0 3.7
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
5.1 4.6
18.6 16.9
22.0 18.6
16.5 15.7
4.4 4.0
9.6 8.7
4.7 4.5
3.7 3.3
3.5 3.1
3.3 3.0
3.4 2.8
94 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Percent of labor force.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
ALL RACES Women 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................
4.1 6.0
8.3 12.3
10.0 14.4
7.4 11.2
3.6 5.3
4.8 7.3
4.3 5.9
... 4.7
... 4.0
3.1 4.4
2.3 3.8
1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................
5.7 4.4 3.6 3.3 6.0
11.4 8.3 8.0 7.2 11.4
14.2 10.0 9.1 8.5 12.7
9.8 7.2 7.3 6.4 7.7
5.1 4.0 3.2 2.9 5.5
6.9 4.4 4.5 4.3 7.3
5.7 4.5 3.6 3.4 6.6
4.4 3.8 3.0 2.5 5.3
4.5 3.5 2.5 2.3 4.6
4.5 4.0 2.5 2.5 4.6
3.4 2.9 2.2 1.4 3.0
1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
4.9 4.8 4.7 6.8 5.9
10.2 11.2 10.6 14.3 13.5
12.0 13.2 12.6 16.6 14.4
9.1 9.9 9.4 12.9 13.0
4.4 4.2 4.1 6.1 5.2
6.1 6.3 6.0 8.9 8.1
5.3 4.8 5.3 7.3 5.9
4.0 3.9 3.8 6.2 5.1
3.6 3.6 3.2 4.9 4.2
3.8 3.6 3.0 4.5 4.1
2.3 2.3 3.4 3.7 2.8
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
5.9 7.2 6.2 6.5 6.2
13.9 16.3 14.6 17.2 16.6
15.5 18.3 16.7 20.2 18.8
12.9 15.1 13.5 15.2 15.2
5.1 6.3 5.4 5.4 5.2
8.3 9.8 9.1 8.9 8.6
6.3 7.4 6.5 6.9 6.3
4.8 6.4 5.2 5.1 5.0
4.2 5.1 4.1 4.2 3.9
3.4 4.5 3.5 3.6 3.3
2.9 4.0 4.2 3.2 3.3
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
5.5 4.8 5.2 4.8 4.7
15.7 14.1 13.5 14.0 13.3
17.2 16.6 14.8 15.9 15.5
14.8 12.6 12.8 12.9 11.8
4.5 3.8 4.2 3.8 3.7
7.3 6.3 7.0 6.7 6.3
5.5 4.5 5.4 4.7 4.6
4.6 3.6 4.1 3.4 3.4
3.2 2.9 3.1 2.4 2.6
2.8 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.2
2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.3
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
5.9 6.9 6.6 6.0 6.7
15.6 17.2 16.7 15.3 16.6
17.4 18.7 18.8 17.7 18.2
14.4 16.2 15.2 13.5 15.4
4.8 5.7 5.4 4.9 5.5
7.9 9.6 9.4 8.5 9.5
5.7 7.0 6.2 5.8 6.2
4.4 5.2 4.9 3.9 4.6
3.5 4.0 3.6 3.2 3.7
2.7 3.3 3.3 2.8 3.2
3.1 3.6 3.5 2.9 3.6
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
9.3 8.6 8.2 7.2 6.8
19.7 18.7 18.3 17.1 16.4
21.2 20.8 20.5 19.5 18.3
18.7 17.4 16.9 15.3 15.0
8.0 7.4 7.0 6.0 5.7
12.7 11.9 11.2 10.1 9.6
9.1 8.4 7.7 6.7 6.5
6.8 6.1 5.7 5.0 4.6
5.9 5.2 5.1 4.0 3.9
5.1 4.9 4.4 3.2 3.2
5.0 5.0 4.7 3.8 3.3
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
7.4 7.9 9.4 9.2 7.6
17.2 19.0 21.9 21.3 18.0
19.6 20.7 23.2 23.7 20.4
15.6 17.9 21.0 19.9 16.6
6.4 6.8 8.3 8.1 6.8
10.4 11.2 13.2 12.9 10.9
7.2 7.7 9.3 9.1 7.4
5.3 5.7 7.0 6.9 5.6
4.5 4.6 5.9 6.0 5.2
3.3 3.8 5.2 5.0 4.3
3.1 3.6 3.2 3.4 3.8
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
7.4 7.1 6.2 5.6 5.4
17.6 17.6 15.9 14.4 14.0
20.0 19.6 18.0 16.6 15.7
16.0 16.3 14.3 12.9 13.0
6.6 6.2 5.4 4.9 4.7
10.7 10.3 9.4 8.5 8.3
7.4 7.2 6.2 5.6 5.6
5.5 5.0 4.6 4.1 3.9
4.8 4.5 3.7 3.4 3.2
4.3 3.8 3.1 2.7 2.8
3.3 2.8 2.4 2.9 2.9
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
5.5 6.4 7.0 6.6 6.0
14.7 17.5 18.6 17.5 16.2
17.4 20.2 21.5 19.8 18.7
13.1 15.9 16.6 16.1 14.3
4.9 5.7 6.3 5.9 5.4
8.5 9.8 10.3 9.7 9.2
5.6 6.8 7.4 6.8 6.2
4.2 4.8 5.5 5.3 4.7
3.4 4.2 4.6 4.5 4.0
2.8 3.4 4.2 4.0 3.9
3.1 3.3 4.5 3.1 4.0
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
5.6 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.3
16.1 15.2 15.0 12.9 13.2
19.2 16.9 17.2 15.1 15.5
14.0 14.0 13.6 11.5 11.6
4.9 4.8 4.4 4.1 3.8
9.0 9.0 8.1 7.8 7.2
5.7 5.5 5.2 4.8 4.4
4.4 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.3
3.2 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.5
3.6 3.4 2.7 2.4 2.6
3.7 4.0 3.6 3.3 3.2
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
4.1 4.7 5.6 5.7 5.4
12.1 13.4 14.9 15.6 15.5
13.9 15.2 16.6 17.5 18.5
10.8 12.2 13.8 14.2 13.5
3.6 4.1 5.1 5.1 4.9
7.1 7.5 9.1 9.3 8.7
4.1 5.1 5.9 5.9 5.6
3.3 3.7 4.6 4.9 4.4
2.5 3.0 3.8 3.7 3.7
2.5 2.7 3.5 3.7 3.6
2.7 2.9 3.9 3.6 3.4
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
5.1 4.6
14.5 13.8
16.5 15.9
13.1 12.4
4.6 4.1
7.9 7.6
5.6 4.9
4.1 3.9
3.5 3.1
3.3 2.9
3.5 3.0
. . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 95
Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Percent of labor force.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE1 Both Sexes 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
5.0 3.9 3.6 3.8 6.1 4.8
12.1 10.4 10.1 10.6 14.4 13.1
13.2 12.0 11.5 11.9 15.2 14.4
11.3 9.2 9.0 9.6 13.9 12.1
4.6 3.4 3.2 3.4 5.6 4.3
8.3 6.2 5.7 6.3 9.9 7.3
4.6 3.1 3.1 3.3 5.9 4.2
4.0 2.9 2.6 2.8 4.8 3.7
4.0 3.1 2.9 3.0 4.8 3.8
4.3 3.8 3.2 3.2 4.9 4.1
3.9 3.4 3.1 3.2 4.6 4.1
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
5.0 6.0 4.9 5.0 4.6
13.5 15.3 13.3 15.5 14.8
14.6 16.7 15.3 17.9 16.5
12.6 14.4 12.0 13.7 13.3
4.3 5.3 4.2 4.2 3.8
7.9 9.4 7.9 7.7 7.3
4.5 5.3 4.2 4.4 3.6
3.6 4.5 3.6 3.5 3.2
3.8 4.5 3.6 3.5 3.2
3.9 5.0 3.9 3.8 3.5
3.7 4.8 4.0 3.8 3.5
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
4.1 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.1
13.4 11.2 11.0 11.0 10.7
14.8 13.3 12.8 12.9 13.0
12.3 9.7 9.8 9.6 8.9
3.3 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.4
6.1 4.6 5.0 5.2 5.0
3.2 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.5
2.9 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.0
2.5 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.8
2.9 2.4 2.3 1.9 1.8
3.2 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.2
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
4.5 5.4 5.1 4.3 5.0
13.5 15.1 14.2 12.6 14.0
15.5 17.0 16.6 15.4 16.3
11.9 13.8 12.3 10.4 12.2
3.7 4.5 4.1 3.5 4.1
7.3 9.0 8.4 6.8 8.0
3.8 4.7 4.1 3.7 4.4
3.0 3.6 3.2 2.5 3.1
2.7 3.3 2.9 2.4 2.8
2.7 3.3 3.1 2.5 2.8
3.2 3.5 3.4 2.9 3.3
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
7.8 7.0 6.2 5.2 5.1
17.9 16.9 15.4 13.9 14.0
19.5 19.0 17.9 17.0 16.1
16.7 15.3 13.5 11.5 12.4
6.7 5.9 5.3 4.3 4.2
12.3 10.7 9.3 8.0 7.6
7.1 6.3 5.7 4.6 4.4
5.2 4.5 4.0 3.3 3.2
4.9 4.2 3.8 3.0 3.0
4.5 4.3 3.7 2.7 2.7
5.1 4.9 4.9 3.8 3.1
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
6.3 6.7 8.6 8.4 6.5
15.5 17.3 20.4 19.3 16.0
17.9 19.2 22.8 22.0 18.8
13.8 15.9 18.8 17.6 14.3
5.4 5.7 7.6 7.5 5.7
9.9 10.4 12.8 12.1 9.3
6.1 6.3 8.5 8.4 6.2
4.2 4.5 6.3 6.3 4.8
3.7 3.9 5.4 5.7 4.4
3.1 3.5 5.1 5.2 4.4
2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.0
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
6.2 6.0 5.3 4.7 4.5
15.7 15.6 14.4 13.1 12.7
18.3 17.6 16.7 15.3 15.2
13.9 14.1 12.7 11.6 11.1
5.5 5.3 4.7 4.1 3.9
9.2 8.7 8.0 7.1 7.2
5.9 5.9 5.1 4.5 4.3
4.6 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.3
4.3 4.1 3.7 3.1 2.9
4.0 3.8 3.2 3.0 3.0
2.9 2.9 2.4 2.4 2.3
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
4.8 6.1 6.6 6.1 5.3
13.5 16.5 17.2 16.2 15.1
15.8 19.0 20.3 19.0 17.6
12.1 14.9 15.2 14.4 13.3
4.3 5.5 6.0 5.5 4.7
7.3 9.2 9.5 8.8 8.1
4.6 6.1 6.7 6.0 5.2
3.6 4.7 5.2 4.9 4.0
3.3 4.2 4.8 4.5 3.7
3.2 4.0 4.9 4.3 3.9
2.8 3.1 3.7 3.0 3.8
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
4.9 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.7
14.5 14.2 13.6 12.6 12.0
17.3 16.4 15.8 14.8 14.5
12.5 12.6 12.0 11.0 10.2
4.3 4.1 3.6 3.3 3.1
7.7 7.8 6.9 6.5 6.3
4.6 4.4 3.9 3.7 3.3
3.9 3.6 3.3 2.9 2.7
3.1 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.4
3.5 3.2 2.7 2.4 2.5
3.8 3.5 3.0 2.9 2.9
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
3.5 4.2 5.1 5.2 4.8
11.4 12.7 14.5 15.2 15.0
13.9 15.3 16.7 17.2 17.9
9.8 11.0 13.2 13.9 13.1
3.0 3.7 4.6 4.7 4.3
5.9 7.0 8.1 8.4 7.9
3.2 4.1 5.2 5.3 4.7
2.6 3.2 4.1 4.3 3.9
2.2 2.8 3.7 3.7 3.4
2.4 2.9 3.7 3.8 3.6
2.8 2.8 3.5 3.7 3.3
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
4.4 4.0
14.2 13.2
16.4 15.1
12.7 11.9
3.9 3.6
7.2 6.9
4.3 4.0
3.5 3.2
3.1 2.8
3.0 2.8
3.1 2.8
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
96 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Percent of labor force.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE1 Men 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
4.8 3.7 3.4 3.6 6.1 4.6
13.4 11.3 10.5 11.5 15.7 14.0
14.0 12.2 11.2 11.9 14.9 15.0
13.0 10.4 9.7 11.1 16.5 13.0
4.4 3.3 3.0 3.2 5.5 4.1
9.8 7.0 6.1 7.0 11.7 7.5
4.2 2.7 2.8 2.7 5.6 3.8
3.6 2.6 2.2 2.5 4.4 3.2
3.8 2.9 2.8 3.0 4.8 3.7
4.3 3.9 3.1 3.4 5.2 4.2
4.2 3.8 3.4 3.2 5.0 4.5
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
4.8 5.7 4.6 4.7 4.1
14.0 15.7 13.7 15.9 14.7
14.6 16.5 15.2 17.8 16.1
13.5 15.2 12.7 14.2 13.3
4.2 5.1 4.0 3.9 3.4
8.3 10.1 8.1 7.8 7.4
4.1 4.9 3.8 3.9 3.0
3.3 4.0 3.1 2.9 2.5
3.6 4.4 3.5 3.3 2.9
4.1 5.3 4.1 4.0 3.5
4.0 5.2 4.0 4.1 3.6
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
3.6 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5
12.9 10.5 10.7 10.1 10.0
14.7 12.5 12.7 12.3 12.5
11.3 8.9 9.0 8.3 7.9
2.9 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9
5.9 4.1 4.2 4.6 4.6
2.6 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.7
2.3 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.4
2.3 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.4
3.1 2.5 2.2 1.7 1.7
3.4 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.2
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
4.0 4.9 4.5 3.8 4.4
13.7 15.1 14.2 12.3 13.5
15.7 17.1 16.4 15.2 16.2
12.0 13.5 12.4 10.0 11.5
3.2 4.0 3.6 3.0 3.5
7.8 9.4 8.5 6.6 7.8
3.1 4.0 3.4 3.0 3.6
2.3 2.9 2.5 1.8 2.4
2.3 2.9 2.5 2.0 2.2
2.7 3.2 3.0 2.4 2.5
3.2 3.4 3.3 2.9 3.0
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
7.2 6.4 5.5 4.6 4.5
18.3 17.3 15.0 13.5 13.9
19.7 19.7 17.6 16.9 16.1
17.2 15.5 13.0 10.8 12.2
6.2 5.4 4.7 3.7 3.6
13.1 10.9 9.3 7.7 7.5
6.3 5.6 5.0 3.8 3.7
4.5 3.7 3.1 2.5 2.5
4.4 3.7 3.0 2.5 2.5
4.1 4.0 3.3 2.6 2.5
5.0 4.7 4.9 3.9 3.2
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
6.1 6.5 8.8 8.8 6.4
16.2 17.9 21.7 20.2 16.8
18.5 19.9 24.2 22.6 19.7
14.5 16.4 20.0 18.7 15.0
5.3 5.6 7.8 7.9 5.7
11.1 11.6 14.3 13.8 9.8
5.9 6.1 8.9 9.0 6.2
3.6 4.0 6.2 6.4 4.6
3.3 3.6 5.3 5.7 4.2
3.1 3.4 5.1 5.6 4.7
2.5 2.4 3.2 3.2 2.6
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
6.1 6.0 5.4 4.7 4.5
16.5 16.3 15.5 13.9 13.7
19.2 18.4 17.9 16.1 16.4
14.7 14.7 13.7 12.4 12.0
5.4 5.3 4.8 4.1 3.9
9.7 9.2 8.4 7.4 7.5
5.7 5.8 5.2 4.6 4.1
4.3 4.4 3.9 3.4 3.2
4.1 4.0 3.9 3.2 2.9
4.0 4.0 3.4 3.3 3.1
2.7 3.0 2.5 2.2 2.1
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
4.9 6.5 7.0 6.3 5.4
14.3 17.6 18.5 17.7 16.3
16.1 19.7 21.5 20.2 18.5
13.2 16.3 16.5 16.0 14.7
4.3 5.8 6.4 5.7 4.8
7.6 10.2 10.5 9.6 8.8
4.7 6.4 7.0 6.2 5.2
3.5 5.0 5.5 5.0 3.9
3.4 4.4 5.1 4.7 3.7
3.6 4.6 5.5 4.7 4.1
2.8 3.1 3.2 2.9 3.7
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
4.9 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.6
15.6 15.5 14.3 14.1 12.6
18.2 18.3 16.3 17.1 15.1
13.8 13.5 12.9 12.1 10.8
4.3 4.1 3.6 3.2 3.0
7.9 8.1 7.3 6.7 6.5
4.5 4.2 3.7 3.5 3.1
3.8 3.5 3.2 2.6 2.4
3.2 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.4
3.4 3.2 3.0 2.6 2.6
4.0 3.2 2.7 2.9 2.9
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
3.4 4.2 5.3 5.6 5.0
12.3 13.9 15.9 17.1 16.3
15.3 17.4 18.8 18.5 19.8
10.4 11.7 14.2 16.1 14.2
2.8 3.7 4.7 5.0 4.4
5.9 7.8 8.7 9.1 8.5
2.9 3.8 5.3 5.5 4.8
2.4 3.1 4.1 4.4 3.8
2.2 2.9 3.8 4.0 3.5
2.4 3.2 4.0 4.2 3.7
3.0 2.8 3.4 3.8 3.5
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
4.4 4.0
16.1 14.6
18.9 16.5
14.3 13.4
3.8 3.5
7.9 7.3
4.1 3.9
3.3 3.0
3.0 2.7
3.0 2.8
3.1 2.7
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 97
Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Percent of labor force.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
WHITE1 Women 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................
5.5 4.3 4.2 4.3 6.2 5.3
10.4 9.1 9.7 9.5 12.7 12.0
12.0 11.6 12.1 11.9 15.6 13.3
9.4 7.7 8.3 7.8 11.0 11.1
5.1 3.9 3.7 3.8 5.6 4.7
6.4 5.1 5.1 5.1 7.3 7.0
5.7 4.3 4.0 4.7 6.6 5.2
4.9 3.8 3.5 3.7 5.6 4.7
4.4 3.4 3.3 3.0 4.9 3.9
4.5 3.6 3.5 2.9 4.3 4.0
2.8 2.2 2.3 3.4 3.5 2.9
1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................
5.3 6.5 5.5 5.8 5.5
12.7 14.8 12.8 15.1 14.9
14.5 17.0 15.6 18.1 17.1
11.5 13.6 11.3 13.2 13.2
4.6 5.7 4.7 4.8 4.6
7.2 8.4 7.7 7.4 7.1
5.7 6.6 5.4 5.8 5.2
4.2 5.6 4.5 4.6 4.5
4.0 4.8 3.7 3.9 3.6
3.3 4.3 3.5 3.5 3.5
2.8 3.8 4.0 3.3 3.4
1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................
5.0 4.3 4.6 4.3 4.2
14.0 12.1 11.5 12.1 11.5
15.0 14.5 12.9 13.9 13.7
13.4 10.7 10.6 11.0 10.0
4.0 3.3 3.8 3.4 3.4
6.3 5.3 6.0 5.9 5.5
4.9 3.7 4.7 3.9 4.2
4.1 3.3 3.7 3.1 3.2
3.0 2.7 2.9 2.3 2.4
2.7 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.1
2.7 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.4
1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
5.4 6.3 5.9 5.3 6.1
13.4 15.1 14.2 13.0 14.5
15.3 16.7 17.0 15.8 16.4
11.9 14.1 12.3 10.9 13.0
4.4 5.3 4.9 4.3 5.1
6.9 8.5 8.2 7.1 8.2
5.3 6.3 5.5 5.1 5.8
4.3 4.9 4.4 3.7 4.3
3.4 3.9 3.5 3.2 3.6
2.6 3.3 3.3 2.7 3.2
3.3 3.6 3.7 2.8 3.9
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
8.6 7.9 7.3 6.2 5.9
17.4 16.4 15.9 14.4 14.0
19.2 18.2 18.2 17.1 15.9
16.1 15.1 14.2 12.4 12.5
7.5 6.8 6.2 5.2 5.0
11.2 10.4 9.3 8.3 7.8
8.4 7.6 6.7 5.8 5.6
6.5 5.8 5.3 4.5 4.2
5.8 5.0 5.0 3.8 3.7
5.0 4.8 4.4 3.0 3.0
5.3 5.3 4.9 3.7 3.1
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
6.5 6.9 8.3 7.9 6.5
14.8 16.6 19.0 18.3 15.2
17.3 18.4 21.2 21.4 17.8
13.1 15.3 17.6 16.4 13.6
5.6 5.9 7.3 6.9 5.8
8.5 9.1 10.9 10.3 8.8
6.3 6.6 8.0 7.6 6.1
4.9 5.1 6.4 6.2 5.0
4.3 4.2 5.5 5.5 4.8
3.1 3.7 5.0 4.7 4.0
3.0 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.7
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
6.4 6.1 5.2 4.7 4.5
14.8 14.9 13.4 12.3 11.5
17.2 16.7 15.5 14.4 13.8
13.1 13.6 11.7 10.8 10.1
5.7 5.4 4.6 4.1 4.0
8.5 8.1 7.4 6.7 6.8
6.2 6.1 5.0 4.5 4.5
4.9 4.5 4.1 3.7 3.4
4.5 4.3 3.3 3.1 2.9
4.1 3.7 2.9 2.5 2.7
3.1 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.5
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
4.7 5.6 6.1 5.7 5.2
12.6 15.2 15.8 14.7 13.8
15.5 18.2 18.9 17.8 16.6
10.9 13.3 13.7 12.6 11.8
4.1 5.0 5.5 5.2 4.6
6.8 8.1 8.3 7.9 7.4
4.6 5.7 6.2 5.8 5.1
3.7 4.3 4.9 4.7 4.2
3.2 4.0 4.3 4.3 3.7
2.7 3.3 4.0 3.9 3.7
2.8 3.1 4.5 3.0 3.9
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
4.8 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.8
13.4 12.9 12.8 10.9 11.3
16.4 14.4 15.2 12.4 13.9
11.2 11.7 11.1 9.8 9.6
4.3 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.3
7.4 7.4 6.4 6.3 6.1
4.7 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.6
3.9 3.8 3.4 3.3 3.0
3.0 3.1 2.6 2.5 2.3
3.5 3.1 2.4 2.2 2.5
3.5 3.8 3.4 3.0 2.9
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
3.6 4.1 4.9 4.8 4.7
10.4 11.4 13.1 13.3 13.6
12.5 13.1 14.6 15.9 16.1
9.0 10.2 12.1 11.5 11.9
3.1 3.6 4.4 4.4 4.2
5.8 6.1 7.4 7.6 7.1
3.5 4.5 5.0 4.9 4.6
2.9 3.3 4.1 4.2 3.9
2.3 2.7 3.5 3.3 3.3
2.4 2.5 3.3 3.4 3.5
2.4 2.7 3.5 3.5 3.1
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
4.4 4.0
12.3 11.7
14.0 13.8
11.1 10.2
3.9 3.6
6.4 6.3
4.7 4.1
3.6 3.4
3.1 2.9
3.0 2.8
3.2 3.0
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
98 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Percent of labor force.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK1 Both Sexes 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
10.4 9.4 10.5
35.4 31.5 35.0
38.7 37.0 40.0
33.6 28.1 31.8
7.9 7.2 8.0
16.3 15.5 17.5
8.7 8.1 8.5
6.1 4.7 5.4
4.2 3.5 4.3
4.1 3.2 3.6
4.3 3.5 3.9
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
14.8 14.0 14.0 12.8 12.3
39.5 39.3 41.1 38.7 36.5
41.6 44.2 44.5 43.9 40.2
38.1 36.7 39.2 35.7 34.4
12.3 11.5 11.5 10.2 10.1
24.5 22.7 24.2 21.8 20.6
13.0 12.8 12.7 10.8 10.8
8.9 8.0 7.4 6.4 6.7
8.3 6.7 5.3 5.2 5.2
5.9 5.9 5.5 4.8 4.9
6.6 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.3
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
14.3 15.6 18.9 19.5 15.9
38.5 41.4 48.0 48.5 42.7
41.1 44.8 48.6 50.5 45.7
37.1 39.5 47.8 47.6 41.2
12.1 13.4 16.6 17.3 13.9
23.6 26.4 30.6 31.6 26.1
13.3 14.7 19.0 19.0 15.2
8.2 9.5 12.1 12.4 9.9
6.8 7.4 8.7 10.7 8.2
5.4 5.5 8.3 9.2 7.4
6.9 7.0 7.1 9.2 6.5
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
15.1 14.5 13.0 11.7 11.4
40.2 39.3 34.7 32.4 32.4
43.6 43.0 39.7 35.1 32.9
38.3 37.2 31.6 30.7 32.2
13.1 12.7 11.3 10.2 9.9
24.5 24.1 21.8 19.6 18.0
14.5 14.0 12.8 11.9 11.5
9.5 9.6 8.4 7.5 7.6
8.2 7.1 6.8 5.9 5.6
7.0 6.6 5.6 4.8 5.2
7.0 4.5 3.9 5.5 6.9
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
11.4 12.5 14.2 13.0 11.5
30.9 36.1 39.7 38.8 35.2
36.5 39.5 44.7 39.7 36.1
27.8 34.4 37.1 38.4 34.6
10.1 11.1 12.6 11.4 10.0
19.9 21.6 23.8 21.9 19.5
11.7 12.7 14.2 12.6 11.1
7.8 8.5 10.5 9.5 8.5
5.3 7.4 8.3 6.9 5.6
4.6 4.4 6.2 7.1 5.4
5.3 5.2 4.9 4.7 6.2
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
10.4 10.5 10.0 8.9 8.0
35.7 33.6 32.4 27.6 27.9
39.1 36.3 35.0 33.6 31.0
33.4 31.7 30.8 24.2 26.2
8.7 9.0 8.6 7.7 6.8
17.7 18.8 18.3 16.8 14.6
9.9 10.5 9.9 8.4 7.6
7.3 7.3 7.0 6.5 5.3
4.8 5.0 5.0 4.4 4.0
4.0 4.4 4.2 3.9 3.9
6.7 5.3 6.1 5.6 5.0
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
7.6 8.6 10.2 10.8 10.4
24.5 29.0 29.8 33.0 31.7
26.9 30.8 34.9 32.2 37.8
22.9 27.9 27.2 33.5 28.3
6.5 7.4 9.1 9.7 9.4
15.0 16.3 19.1 19.8 18.4
6.7 8.1 9.9 10.9 10.8
5.6 6.3 7.8 8.6 7.8
4.1 4.8 6.3 6.2 6.9
3.0 3.9 5.4 6.3 5.6
6.1 4.3 5.9 5.4 5.5
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
10.0 8.9
33.3 29.1
41.2 32.2
29.0 27.3
8.8 7.9
18.3 16.2
10.2 9.3
7.1 6.3
6.0 5.7
5.6 4.6
6.9 4.7
Men 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
9.3 8.0 9.8
31.7 27.8 33.1
36.7 35.7 39.9
28.4 23.0 28.3
7.0 6.0 7.4
14.9 13.2 16.2
7.2 6.2 8.1
4.8 3.9 4.3
3.8 3.2 4.2
4.4 3.2 3.6
5.4 3.3 5.3
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
14.8 13.7 13.3 11.8 11.4
38.1 37.5 39.2 36.7 34.2
41.9 40.8 41.0 43.0 37.9
35.9 36.0 38.2 32.9 32.2
12.5 11.4 10.7 9.3 9.3
24.7 22.6 23.0 21.0 18.7
12.7 12.0 11.8 9.8 9.6
8.7 7.5 6.2 5.1 6.3
9.3 7.3 4.9 4.9 5.2
6.3 6.3 6.0 4.4 5.1
8.7 8.7 7.8 6.6 6.4
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
14.5 15.7 20.1 20.3 16.4
37.5 40.7 48.9 48.8 42.7
39.7 43.2 52.7 52.2 44.0
36.2 39.2 47.1 47.3 42.2
12.4 13.5 17.8 18.1 14.3
23.7 26.4 31.5 31.4 26.6
13.4 14.4 20.1 19.4 15.0
8.2 9.3 13.4 13.5 10.4
7.2 7.8 9.0 11.4 7.9
6.2 6.1 10.3 11.0 8.9
8.7 7.5 9.3 11.8 7.9
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
15.3 14.8 12.7 11.7 11.5
41.0 39.3 34.4 32.7 31.9
42.9 41.4 39.0 34.4 34.4
40.0 38.2 31.6 31.7 30.3
13.2 12.9 11.1 10.1 10.0
23.5 23.5 20.3 19.4 17.9
13.8 13.5 12.2 11.0 10.5
9.6 10.9 8.7 7.6 8.4
9.7 7.8 6.7 6.2 6.2
7.9 8.0 6.6 5.2 6.2
8.9 4.3 4.3 5.6 7.4
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
11.9 13.0 15.2 13.8 12.0
31.9 36.3 42.0 40.1 37.6
38.8 39.0 47.5 42.7 39.3
28.0 34.8 39.1 38.6 36.5
10.4 11.5 13.5 12.1 10.3
20.1 22.4 24.6 23.0 19.4
11.5 11.9 14.2 12.3 10.6
8.4 9.5 11.2 10.5 9.1
6.3 8.6 10.3 8.1 6.5
5.4 5.0 8.1 9.0 6.0
4.6 6.1 4.9 5.8 8.2
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
10.6 11.1 10.2 8.9 8.2
37.1 36.9 36.5 30.1 30.9
39.7 39.9 39.5 33.9 33.3
35.4 34.9 34.4 27.9 29.4
8.8 9.4 8.5 7.4 6.7
17.6 19.2 19.8 18.0 16.2
9.3 10.1 8.7 7.3 6.9
7.6 7.8 6.7 6.2 5.2
5.5 6.3 5.6 4.4 4.3
4.4 5.2 4.2 4.5 3.9
7.6 5.0 5.5 5.2 5.0
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
8.0 9.3 10.7 11.6 11.1
26.2 30.4 31.3 36.0 35.6
28.5 30.5 36.6 35.6 40.8
24.7 30.4 28.7 36.3 32.7
6.9 8.0 9.5 10.3 9.9
16.6 17.6 20.0 20.9 20.3
6.7 8.3 9.4 11.3 10.9
5.8 6.9 8.0 9.2 8.0
4.8 5.5 7.4 6.7 7.2
2.7 4.8 6.1 6.8 6.4
6.3 4.0 5.0 5.6 4.2
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
10.5 9.5
36.3 32.7
45.1 34.8
31.5 31.5
9.2 8.3
20.5 17.2
9.7 9.5
7.0 5.9
6.7 6.3
5.9 5.5
7.1 5.8
BLACK1
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 99
Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Percent of labor force.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
BLACK1 Women 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
11.8 11.1 11.3
40.5 36.1 37.4
42.0 38.6 40.2
40.1 34.2 36.0
9.0 8.6 8.8
17.9 18.4 19.0
10.5 10.3 9.0
7.6 5.6 6.6
4.6 3.9 4.4
3.7 3.3 3.6
2.6 3.7 1.9
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
14.8 14.3 14.9 13.8 13.3
41.0 41.6 43.4 40.8 39.1
41.2 48.4 49.5 45.0 42.7
40.6 37.6 40.4 38.7 36.9
12.2 11.7 12.3 11.2 10.9
24.3 22.8 25.5 22.7 22.6
13.4 13.6 13.6 11.9 12.1
9.0 8.5 8.7 7.8 7.2
7.0 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.2
5.3 5.4 4.8 5.2 4.7
3.6 2.4 3.4 4.7 3.9
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
14.0 15.6 17.6 18.6 15.4
39.8 42.2 47.1 48.2 42.6
42.9 46.5 44.2 48.6 47.5
38.2 39.8 48.6 48.0 40.2
11.9 13.4 15.4 16.5 13.5
23.5 26.4 29.6 31.8 25.6
13.2 14.9 17.8 18.6 15.4
8.2 9.8 10.7 11.4 9.4
6.4 6.9 8.5 9.9 8.6
4.5 4.7 6.1 7.3 5.9
4.9 6.0 4.5 6.3 4.9
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
14.9 14.2 13.2 11.7 11.4
39.2 39.2 34.9 32.0 33.0
44.3 44.6 40.5 35.9 31.1
36.4 36.1 31.7 29.6 34.0
13.1 12.4 11.6 10.4 9.8
25.6 24.7 23.3 19.8 18.1
15.1 14.6 13.5 12.7 12.5
9.3 8.5 8.1 7.4 7.0
6.8 6.4 6.9 5.6 5.0
6.0 5.0 4.5 4.3 4.2
5.2 4.9 3.4 5.4 6.4
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
10.9 12.0 13.2 12.1 11.0
29.9 36.0 37.2 37.4 32.6
34.1 40.1 41.7 36.1 32.9
27.6 33.9 34.8 38.1 32.5
9.7 10.6 11.8 10.7 9.8
19.6 20.7 23.1 20.9 19.6
11.9 13.4 14.1 12.9 11.7
7.2 7.6 9.8 8.6 8.0
4.3 6.2 6.4 5.8 4.9
3.6 3.8 4.2 5.1 4.9
5.9 4.4 5.0 3.6 4.4
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
10.2 10.0 9.9 9.0 7.8
34.3 30.3 28.7 25.3 25.1
38.5 32.8 30.3 33.2 28.5
31.5 28.6 27.8 20.9 23.3
8.6 8.7 8.8 7.9 6.8
17.8 18.4 17.1 15.7 13.4
10.5 11.0 10.9 9.5 8.3
7.0 6.9 7.2 6.7 5.5
4.2 3.8 4.4 4.3 3.8
3.6 3.8 4.1 3.4 3.9
... 5.6 6.6 6.1 5.0
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
7.1 8.1 9.8 10.2 9.8
22.8 27.5 28.3 30.3 28.2
25.3 31.2 33.2 29.1 35.2
21.3 25.4 25.6 31.1 24.3
6.2 7.0 8.8 9.2 8.9
13.6 15.3 18.3 18.8 16.6
6.8 8.0 10.2 10.5 10.7
5.5 5.8 7.7 8.1 7.6
3.4 4.3 5.3 5.8 6.5
3.3 3.1 4.7 5.9 4.8
6.0 4.6 6.9 5.3 6.8
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
9.5 8.4
30.3 25.9
37.3 29.9
26.6 23.6
8.5 7.5
16.3 15.2
10.6 9.0
7.2 6.7
5.4 5.1
5.3 3.9
6.6 3.7
Both Sexes 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
7.5 8.1
19.7 19.8
23.4 23.5
17.3 17.2
6.0 6.6
8.5 9.8
5.7 6.3
5.6 5.9
4.7 4.6
5.5 6.1
3.9 6.3
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
12.2 11.5 10.1 9.1 8.3
27.7 23.8 22.9 20.7 19.2
30.0 29.2 27.0 28.3 26.0
26.5 19.2 19.6 15.1 14.9
10.3 10.1 8.5 7.7 7.0
16.7 15.9 12.0 10.9 10.4
9.9 9.1 8.6 8.0 6.7
8.6 8.2 6.1 6.5 6.2
8.1 8.4 7.3 5.8 5.2
7.7 8.8 8.2 5.0 6.0
9.9 12.6 9.2 7.5 5.7
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
10.1 10.4 13.8 13.7 10.7
22.5 23.9 29.9 28.4 24.1
27.6 28.0 38.1 33.8 28.9
19.5 21.7 25.9 25.8 21.6
8.6 9.1 12.3 12.3 9.5
12.1 13.9 17.7 16.7 12.4
9.1 8.8 12.3 11.9 9.7
7.7 7.4 10.7 11.3 8.2
5.7 6.4 8.4 10.0 7.5
5.9 7.3 10.1 10.9 9.7
6.0 5.4 6.5 5.8 6.1
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
10.5 10.6 8.8 8.2 8.0
24.3 24.7 22.3 22.0 19.4
27.8 28.1 27.7 27.1 26.4
22.5 22.9 19.5 19.3 16.0
9.4 9.5 7.8 7.0 7.2
12.6 12.9 10.6 9.8 10.7
9.9 9.6 7.7 7.1 7.0
7.7 8.4 6.7 6.0 5.9
7.4 7.8 6.9 6.0 6.3
7.8 7.3 6.0 5.8 5.8
8.1 10.1 6.5 5.6 5.3
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
8.2 10.0 11.6 10.8 9.9
19.5 22.9 27.5 26.1 24.5
24.5 31.9 35.7 35.1 31.7
16.9 18.7 23.4 21.8 20.6
7.2 9.0 10.4 9.7 8.9
9.1 11.6 13.2 13.1 11.8
7.3 9.2 10.4 9.3 9.0
6.6 8.1 9.8 9.1 7.7
6.4 8.0 8.8 8.6 8.1
5.6 6.5 8.6 8.0 7.3
6.0 7.0 8.1 6.6 7.9
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
9.3 8.9 7.7 7.2 6.4
24.1 23.6 21.6 21.3 18.6
33.1 30.0 27.7 28.0 23.7
19.5 20.3 18.4 18.1 16.3
8.2 7.8 6.8 6.1 5.5
11.5 11.8 10.3 9.4 8.3
8.2 7.3 6.3 5.9 5.4
7.2 7.3 6.4 5.5 4.8
6.4 6.0 5.1 4.6 4.8
7.5 7.3 6.5 5.3 4.5
10.6 8.2 6.8 6.4 5.0
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
5.7 6.6 7.5 7.7 7.0
16.6 17.7 20.1 20.0 20.4
22.5 24.0 24.2 24.6 29.0
13.9 15.0 18.2 17.7 16.8
4.9 5.8 6.7 7.0 6.2
7.5 8.1 9.9 10.2 9.3
4.8 5.9 6.6 7.0 6.3
4.5 5.2 6.0 6.0 5.3
3.3 4.3 5.5 6.3 5.2
4.5 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.8
5.7 4.5 6.8 3.9 6.0
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
6.0 5.2
18.4 15.9
23.6 20.4
16.0 13.6
5.3 4.6
8.6 7.2
5.3 4.7
4.5 4.3
4.4 3.7
4.4 3.3
4.9 3.9
HISPANIC2
1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group
were included in the group they identified as their main race. 2May be of any race. . . . = Not available.
100 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2006 —Continued (Percent of labor force.) 16 to 19 years Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year
16 years and over
Total
16 to 17 years
20 years and over 18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
Total
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
HISPANIC2 Men 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
6.7 7.3
19.0 19.0
20.9 22.0
17.7 17.1
5.4 6.0
8.2 9.9
5.0 5.5
4.2 5.0
4.5 4.3
5.4 5.4
... ...
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
11.4 10.8 9.0 7.7 7.0
27.6 23.3 20.9 19.7 17.5
29.3 28.7 25.9 27.5 23.5
26.5 19.7 18.2 13.9 13.8
9.6 9.4 7.7 6.4 5.8
16.3 16.0 11.7 9.4 9.2
9.6 8.1 7.9 6.6 5.3
7.9 7.0 4.9 4.8 5.1
7.0 7.4 5.4 4.8 4.4
6.8 8.7 7.4 4.4 5.0
... ... ... ... ...
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
9.7 10.2 13.6 13.6 10.5
21.9 24.3 31.3 28.7 25.2
26.2 30.9 40.2 34.7 31.5
19.3 20.3 26.8 25.9 22.2
8.3 8.8 12.1 12.2 9.3
12.2 14.1 18.2 17.0 12.5
8.3 8.9 12.4 11.6 9.2
7.1 6.5 9.9 10.8 7.6
6.0 5.9 7.5 10.3 7.2
5.9 6.7 10.0 11.7 10.2
... ... ... ... ...
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
10.2 10.5 8.7 8.1 7.6
24.7 24.5 22.2 22.7 20.2
29.1 28.5 28.2 29.5 27.6
22.4 22.4 19.3 19.5 16.8
9.1 9.5 7.8 7.0 6.6
12.9 13.0 10.2 9.2 9.7
9.6 9.5 7.6 7.0 5.9
7.2 8.5 6.9 5.9 5.7
6.8 7.0 7.1 6.1 6.0
7.0 8.0 6.7 6.7 6.6
... ... ... ... ...
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
8.0 10.3 11.7 10.6 9.4
19.5 23.5 28.2 25.9 26.3
24.0 33.6 36.6 34.5 33.3
17.4 19.2 24.0 21.9 22.5
7.0 9.3 10.5 9.5 8.3
8.4 11.6 13.7 12.6 10.8
6.9 9.3 10.1 9.0 8.4
6.5 8.5 9.8 8.8 6.6
6.8 7.9 8.9 8.8 8.1
6.5 8.1 10.2 8.5 7.4
... ... ... ... 10.5
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
8.8 7.9 7.0 6.4 5.6
25.3 22.5 20.8 20.6 17.8
34.8 31.5 26.5 29.0 23.4
20.2 18.4 17.9 16.4 15.3
7.7 6.9 6.1 5.4 4.7
10.6 10.3 9.8 8.9 7.8
7.5 6.6 5.1 5.2 4.1
6.7 6.3 5.4 4.5 3.8
5.9 5.1 4.8 4.2 4.5
7.9 6.7 6.8 5.3 4.6
12.9 8.3 7.2 5.0 5.0
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
5.0 5.9 7.2 7.2 6.5
15.7 17.1 20.2 21.9 21.2
22.3 25.8 22.9 25.9 30.7
12.8 13.4 19.1 20.1 17.6
4.2 5.2 6.4 6.4 5.8
6.6 8.1 9.3 9.6 9.4
3.7 4.6 6.1 6.3 5.5
3.8 4.5 5.4 5.3 4.5
3.1 3.8 5.5 6.0 4.7
4.1 6.3 6.2 6.0 5.7
6.2 4.8 6.3 3.6 6.9
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
5.4 4.8
19.3 17.3
23.4 22.6
17.5 14.8
4.7 4.2
8.2 6.7
4.3 4.2
3.9 3.6
4.0 3.4
4.0 3.5
4.8 3.7
Women 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................
9.0 9.4
20.7 20.8
26.8 25.3
16.7 17.4
7.3 7.7
9.0 9.7
6.9 7.7
8.3 7.5
5.1 5.3
5.6 7.5
... ...
1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................
13.5 12.7 11.9 11.3 10.3
27.9 22.2 24.4 21.8 21.2
31.0 30.3 28.5 29.9 30.0
26.4 18.7 21.9 16.6 15.8
11.5 11.4 10.1 9.8 8.9
17.2 15.8 12.1 13.0 12.1
10.5 10.8 9.8 10.3 8.9
9.9 10.0 8.2 9.2 7.7
10.0 9.8 10.6 7.4 7.1
9.3 9.0 11.0 7.2 7.9
... ... ... ... ...
1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................
10.7 10.8 14.1 13.8 11.1
23.4 23.4 28.2 28.0 22.8
29.7 23.5 35.1 32.5 26.1
19.8 23.4 25.0 25.7 21.0
9.2 9.5 12.5 12.4 9.9
12.0 13.5 16.8 16.2 12.2
10.6 8.7 12.2 12.5 10.3
8.6 8.9 11.9 12.2 9.1
5.3 7.2 9.9 9.7 7.9
5.8 8.4 10.4 9.6 8.8
... ... ... ... ...
1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................
11.0 10.8 8.9 8.3 8.8
23.8 25.1 22.4 21.0 18.2
26.2 27.6 27.1 24.5 24.7
22.6 23.6 19.9 18.9 14.9
9.9 9.6 7.7 7.1 8.0
12.1 12.9 11.4 10.7 12.2
10.6 9.8 7.8 7.2 8.6
8.5 8.2 6.5 6.2 6.3
8.1 8.9 6.7 5.9 6.7
9.2 6.2 5.0 4.6 4.5
... ... ... ... ...
1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................
8.4 9.6 11.4 11.0 10.7
19.4 21.9 26.4 26.3 22.2
25.4 29.6 34.5 36.0 29.7
16.2 17.9 22.4 21.7 18.1
7.5 8.6 10.2 9.9 9.8
10.4 11.7 12.4 14.0 13.5
8.0 9.1 11.0 9.9 10.1
6.7 7.6 9.7 9.5 9.2
6.0 8.1 8.5 8.3 8.0
4.3 4.1 6.2 7.2 7.1
... ... ... ... 3.6
1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................
10.0 10.2 8.9 8.2 7.6
22.6 25.1 22.7 22.1 19.8
30.7 28.2 29.2 26.4 24.0
18.7 23.3 19.1 20.2 17.7
8.9 9.2 7.9 7.1 6.6
13.0 14.1 11.0 10.1 9.1
9.5 8.5 8.2 7.2 7.3
7.9 8.7 7.7 6.9 6.3
7.0 7.2 5.5 5.1 5.1
6.8 8.1 6.1 5.4 4.3
6.4 8.0 6.0 8.8 4.8
2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................
6.8 7.5 8.0 8.4 7.6
18.0 18.5 19.9 17.7 19.3
22.7 21.6 25.8 23.2 27.0
15.6 17.1 17.0 14.4 15.5
5.9 6.6 7.2 7.8 7.0
9.0 8.2 10.8 11.3 9.1
6.4 7.8 7.4 8.2 7.6
5.4 6.2 6.7 7.1 6.4
3.6 4.8 5.5 6.8 5.8
5.0 4.8 5.0 5.3 5.8
4.8 4.0 7.5 4.4 4.6
2005 ............................................ 2006 ............................................
6.9 5.9
17.2 14.1
23.8 18.1
14.0 11.9
6.3 5.3
9.2 8.1
7.1 5.5
5.5 5.5
4.8 4.2
5.0 3.1
5.1 4.2
HISPANIC2
2May be of any race. . . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 101
Table 1-28. Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates, by Selected Occupation, 2000–2006 (Thousands of people, percent of civilian labor force.) Occupation
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Total Unemployed Persons, 16 Years and Over1 ............................. Management, professional, and related ............................................... Management, business, and financial operations ............................. Professional and related ................................................................... Services ................................................................................................ Sales and office .................................................................................... Sales and related .............................................................................. Office and administrative support ..................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .............................. Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................................................... Construction and extraction .............................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving .................................. Production ......................................................................................... Transportation and material moving .................................................
5 692 827 320 507 1 132 1 446 673 773 758 133 507 119 1 081 575 505
6 801 1 102 455 647 1 311 1 652 779 873 943 163 626 154 1 318 759 559
8 378 1 482 622 859 1 544 2 110 998 1 112 1 155 142 788 225 1 530 848 682
8 774 1 556 627 929 1 681 2 070 995 1 076 1 244 136 814 295 1 555 807 748
8 149 1 346 544 801 1 617 1 937 912 1 025 1 140 132 786 222 1 393 714 679
7 591 1 172 464 708 1 587 1 820 874 946 1 069 103 751 214 1 245 677 568
7 001 1 065 427 638 1 485 1 667 812 856 1 007 101 699 207 1 127 544 583
Total Unemployment Rate, 16 Years and Over1 ............................... Management, professional, and related ............................................... Management, business, and financial operations ............................. Professional and related ................................................................... Services ................................................................................................ Sales and office .................................................................................... Sales and related .............................................................................. Office and administrative support ..................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .............................. Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................................................... Construction and extraction .............................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving .................................. Production ......................................................................................... Transportation and material moving .................................................
4.0 1.8 1.6 1.9 5.2 3.8 4.1 3.6 5.3 10.2 6.2 2.4 5.1 4.8 5.6
4.7 2.3 2.2 2.3 5.8 4.4 4.7 4.2 6.4 13.4 7.3 3.2 6.4 6.6 6.2
5.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 6.6 5.6 5.9 5.4 7.8 12.0 9.1 4.6 7.6 7.8 7.4
6.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 7.1 5.5 5.9 5.2 8.1 11.4 9.1 5.5 7.9 7.7 8.2
5.5 2.7 2.6 2.8 6.6 5.2 5.4 5.0 7.3 11.8 8.4 4.2 7.2 7.0 7.4
5.1 2.3 2.2 2.4 6.4 4.8 5.0 4.6 6.5 9.6 7.6 3.9 6.5 6.7 6.2
4.6 2.1 2.0 2.1 5.9 4.4 4.7 4.2 6.0 9.5 6.8 3.7 5.8 5.5 6.2
1Includes
persons with no work experience and persons whose last job was in the armed forces.
102 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-29. Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates, by Class of Worker and Industry, 2000–2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) Class of worker and industry
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Total Unemployed Persons, 16 Years and Over .......................... Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers ............................. Mining ........................................................................................... Construction ................................................................................. Manufacturing ............................................................................... Durable goods .......................................................................... Nondurable goods .................................................................... Wholesale trade and retail trade ................................................... Transportation and utilities ........................................................... Information .................................................................................... Financial activities ........................................................................ Professional and business services ............................................. Education and health services ...................................................... Leisure and hospitality .................................................................. Other services .............................................................................. Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers ................. Government workers ........................................................................ Self-employed and unpaid family workers ........................................
5 692 4 483 21 513 691 400 290 837 193 124 208 573 383 720 219 134 422 219
6 801 5 540 23 609 992 630 362 945 236 190 252 768 463 833 229 153 430 218
8 378 6 926 33 800 1 205 789 416 1 202 274 253 320 1 009 570 961 301 139 512 265
8 774 7 131 37 810 1 166 762 404 1 237 283 246 319 1 042 640 1 006 347 140 568 294
8 149 6 484 21 769 966 590 375 1 197 236 189 332 861 617 972 324 129 548 303
7 591 5 989 20 712 812 485 326 1 137 232 163 272 792 627 921 301 104 534 298
7 001 5 523 22 671 699 410 289 1 039 229 126 264 746 568 865 293 95 473 293
Total Unemployment Rate, 16 Years and Over1 .......................... Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers ............................. Mining ........................................................................................... Construction ................................................................................. Manufacturing ............................................................................... Durable goods .......................................................................... Nondurable goods .................................................................... Wholesale trade and retail trade ................................................... Transportation and utilities ........................................................... Information .................................................................................... Financial activities ........................................................................ Professional and business services ............................................. Education and health services ...................................................... Leisure and hospitality .................................................................. Other services .............................................................................. Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers ................. Government workers ........................................................................ Self-employed and unpaid family workers ........................................
4.0 4.1 4.4 6.2 3.5 3.2 4.0 4.3 3.4 3.2 2.4 4.8 2.5 6.6 3.9 9.0 2.1 2.1
4.7 5.0 4.2 7.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 4.9 4.3 4.9 2.9 6.1 2.8 7.5 4.0 11.2 2.2 2.1
5.8 6.2 6.3 9.2 6.7 6.9 6.2 6.1 4.9 6.9 3.5 7.9 3.4 8.4 5.1 10.1 2.5 2.6
6.0 6.3 6.7 9.3 6.6 6.9 6.1 6.0 5.3 6.8 3.5 8.2 3.6 8.7 5.7 10.2 2.8 2.7
5.5 5.7 3.9 8.4 5.7 5.5 5.9 5.8 4.4 5.7 3.6 6.8 3.4 8.3 5.3 9.9 2.7 2.8
5.1 5.2 3.1 7.4 4.9 4.6 5.3 5.4 4.1 5.0 2.9 6.2 3.4 7.8 4.8 8.3 2.6 2.7
4.6 4.7 3.2 6.7 4.2 3.9 4.8 4.9 4.0 3.7 2.7 5.6 3.0 7.3 4.7 7.2 2.3 2.7
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability. 1Includes
persons with no work experience and persons whose last job was in the armed forces.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 103
Table 1-30. Unemployed Persons, by Duration of Unemployment, 1948–2006 (Thousands of people, number of weeks.) Duration of unemployment Year
Total unemployed
15 weeks and over Less than 5 weeks
5 to 14 weeks Total
15 to 26 weeks
27 weeks and over
Average duration, in weeks
Median duration, in weeks
1948 ............................................................................ 1949 ............................................................................
2 276 3 637
1 300 1 756
669 1 194
309 684
193 428
116 256
8.6 10.0
... ...
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
3 288 2 055 1 883 1 834 3 532
1 450 1 177 1 135 1 142 1 605
1 055 574 516 482 1 116
782 303 232 210 812
425 166 148 132 495
357 137 84 78 317
12.1 9.7 8.4 8.0 11.8
... ... ... ... ...
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
2 852 2 750 2 859 4 602 3 740
1 335 1 412 1 408 1 753 1 585
815 805 891 1 396 1 114
702 533 560 1 452 1 040
366 301 321 785 469
336 232 239 667 571
13.0 11.3 10.5 13.9 14.4
... ... ... ... ...
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
3 852 4 714 3 911 4 070 3 786
1 719 1 806 1 663 1 751 1 697
1 176 1 376 1 134 1 231 1 117
957 1 532 1 119 1 088 973
503 728 534 535 491
454 804 585 553 482
12.8 15.6 14.7 14.0 13.3
... ... ... ... ...
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
3 366 2 875 2 975 2 817 2 832
1 628 1 573 1 634 1 594 1 629
983 779 893 810 827
755 526 448 412 375
404 287 271 256 242
351 239 177 156 133
11.8 10.4 8.7 8.4 7.8
... ... 2.3 4.5 4.4
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
4 093 5 016 4 882 4 365 5 156
2 139 2 245 2 242 2 224 2 604
1 290 1 585 1 472 1 314 1 597
663 1 187 1 167 826 955
428 668 601 483 574
235 519 566 343 381
8.6 11.3 12.0 10.0 9.8
4.9 6.3 6.2 5.2 5.2
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
7 929 7 406 6 991 6 202 6 137
2 940 2 844 2 919 2 865 2 950
2 484 2 196 2 132 1 923 1 946
2 505 2 366 1 942 1 414 1 241
1 303 1 018 913 766 706
1 203 1 348 1 028 648 535
14.2 15.8 14.3 11.9 10.8
8.4 8.2 7.0 5.9 5.4
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
7 637 8 273 10 678 10 717 8 539
3 295 3 449 3 883 3 570 3 350
2 470 2 539 3 311 2 937 2 451
1 871 2 285 3 485 4 210 2 737
1 052 1 122 1 708 1 652 1 104
820 1 162 1 776 2 559 1 634
11.9 13.7 15.6 20.0 18.2
6.5 6.9 8.7 10.1 7.9
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
8 312 8 237 7 425 6 701 6 528
3 498 3 448 3 246 3 084 3 174
2 509 2 557 2 196 2 007 1 978
2 305 2 232 1 983 1 610 1 375
1 025 1 045 943 801 730
1 280 1 187 1 040 809 646
15.6 15.0 14.5 13.5 11.9
6.8 6.9 6.5 5.9 4.8
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
7 047 8 628 9 613 8 940 7 996
3 265 3 480 3 376 3 262 2 728
2 257 2 791 2 830 2 584 2 408
1 525 2 357 3 408 3 094 2 860
822 1 246 1 453 1 297 1 237
703 1 111 1 954 1 798 1 623
12.0 13.7 17.7 18.0 18.8
5.3 6.8 8.7 8.3 9.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
7 404 7 236 6 739 6 210 5 880
2 700 2 633 2 538 2 622 2 568
2 342 2 287 2 138 1 950 1 832
2 363 2 316 2 062 1 637 1 480
1 085 1 053 995 763 755
1 278 1 262 1 067 875 725
16.6 16.7 15.8 14.5 13.4
8.3 8.3 8.0 6.7 6.4
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................
5 692 6 801 8 378 8 774 8 149
2 558 2 853 2 893 2 785 2 696
1 815 2 196 2 580 2 612 2 382
1 318 1 752 2 904 3 378 3 072
669 951 1 369 1 442 1 293
649 801 1 535 1 936 1 779
12.6 13.1 16.6 19.2 19.6
5.9 6.8 9.1 10.1 9.8
2005 ............................................................................ 2006 ............................................................................
7 591 7 001
2 667 2 614
2 304 2 121
2 619 2 266
1 130 1 031
1 490 1 235
18.4 16.8
8.9 8.3
. . . = Not available.
104 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-31. Long-Term Unemployment, by Industry and Selected Occupation, 2000–2006 (Thousands of people.) Length of unemployment, industry, and occupation
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
UNEMPLOYED 15 WEEKS AND OVER Total ..............................................................................................................
1 318
1 752
2 904
3 378
3 072
2 619
2 266
Wage and Salary Workers, by Industry Agriculture and related .................................................................................. Mining ............................................................................................................ Construction .................................................................................................. Manufacturing ................................................................................................ Durable goods ........................................................................................... Nondurable goods ..................................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ............................................................................. Transportation and utilities ............................................................................ Information .................................................................................................... Financial activities ......................................................................................... Professional and business services .............................................................. Education and health services ...................................................................... Leisure and hospitality ................................................................................... Other services ............................................................................................... Public administration .....................................................................................
32 7 107 184 99 86 186 57 33 58 143 124 146 54 41
44 7 130 303 183 120 241 71 52 75 217 149 196 58 36
39 11 236 528 348 180 423 124 119 131 377 232 279 95 51
44 17 262 575 389 186 472 132 128 144 440 300 328 132 59
38 8 248 467 293 174 455 114 87 139 345 304 321 126 72
29 8 216 326 199 127 415 91 76 91 299 271 277 117 62
30 5 177 257 140 116 337 87 55 103 266 263 259 97 34
Experienced Workers, by Occupation Management, professional, and related ........................................................ Services ......................................................................................................... Sales and office ............................................................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ....................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ...........................................
213 246 331 161 273
313 323 419 212 360
603 447 759 346 575
692 564 810 424 654
571 565 750 386 561
436 511 641 341 461
373 464 561 294 380
Total ..............................................................................................................
649
801
1 535
1 936
1 779
1 490
1 235
Wage and Salary Workers, by Industry Agriculture and related .................................................................................. Mining ............................................................................................................ Construction .................................................................................................. Manufacturing ................................................................................................ Durable goods ........................................................................................... Nondurable goods ..................................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ............................................................................. Transportation and utilities ............................................................................ Information .................................................................................................... Financial activities ......................................................................................... Professional and business services .............................................................. Education and health services ...................................................................... Leisure and hospitality ................................................................................... Other services ............................................................................................... Public administration .....................................................................................
13 4 44 100 50 50 80 27 18 32 67 63 69 26 23
16 3 60 132 75 57 114 33 21 34 90 71 90 31 18
18 5 111 291 191 100 226 67 62 131 377 232 279 95 51
21 10 132 366 255 111 261 74 80 88 262 167 166 71 33
18 6 133 302 196 106 261 63 58 79 193 168 169 76 44
16 4 108 195 124 71 230 50 41 56 172 156 158 74 38
13 3 92 140 75 64 183 42 30 56 144 144 135 51 21
Experienced Workers, by Occupation Management, professional, and related ........................................................ Services ......................................................................................................... Sales and office ............................................................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ....................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ...........................................
101 128 151 74 140
135 156 185 96 162
340 225 397 164 313
429 295 459 229 388
356 307 419 221 336
269 284 354 186 261
206 249 299 158 206
UNEMPLOYED 27 WEEKS AND OVER
Note: Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 105
Table 1-32. Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates, by Reason for Unemployment, Sex, and Age, 1970–2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) Number of unemployed Sex, age, and year
Unemployed as a percent of the total civilian labor force Entrants
Total
Job losers
Entrants
Job leavers
Job losers Reentrants
Job leavers
New entrants
Reentrants
New entrants
Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over 1970 ...................................................... 1971 ...................................................... 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
4 093 5 016 4 882 4 365 5 156
1 811 2 323 2 108 1 694 2 242
550 590 641 683 768
1 228 1 472 1 456 1 340 1 463
504 630 677 649 681
2.2 2.8 2.4 1.9 2.4
0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8
1.5 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.6
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 929 7 406 6 991 6 202 6 137
4 386 3 679 3 166 2 585 2 635
827 903 909 874 880
1 892 1 928 1 963 1 857 1 806
823 895 953 885 817
4.7 3.8 3.2 2.5 2.5
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8
2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.7
0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 637 8 273 10 678 10 717 8 539
3 947 4 267 6 268 6 258 4 421
891 923 840 830 823
1 927 2 102 2 384 2 412 2 184
872 981 1 185 1 216 1 110
3.7 3.9 5.7 5.6 3.9
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7
1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 1.9
0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.0
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
8 312 8 237 7 425 6 701 6 528
4 139 4 033 3 566 3 092 2 983
877 1 015 965 983 1 024
2 256 2 160 1 974 1 809 1 843
1 039 1 029 920 816 677
3.6 3.4 3.0 2.5 2.4
0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8
2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5
0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 047 8 628 9 613 8 940 7 996
3 387 4 694 5 389 4 848 3 815
1 041 1 004 1 002 976 791
1 930 2 139 2 285 2 198 2 786
688 792 937 919 604
2.7 3.7 4.2 3.8 2.9
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6
1.5 1.7 1.8 1.7 2.1
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 404 7 236 6 739 6 210 5 880
3 476 3 370 3 037 2 822 2 622
824 774 795 734 783
2 525 2 512 2 338 2 132 2 005
579 580 569 520 469
2.6 2.5 2.2 2.1 1.9
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6
1.9 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
5 692 6 801 8 378 8 774 8 149
2 517 3 476 4 607 4 838 4 197
780 835 866 818 858
1 961 2 031 2 368 2 477 2 408
434 459 536 641 686
1.8 2.4 3.2 3.3 2.8
0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
1.4 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.6
0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
7 591 7 001
3 667 3 321
872 827
2 386 2 237
666 616
2.5 2.2
0.6 0.5
1.6 1.5
0.4 0.4
Both Sexes, 16 to 19 Years 1970 ...................................................... 1971 ...................................................... 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
1 106 1 262 1 308 1 235 1 422
200 233 248 212 280
126 117 129 146 173
378 410 395 364 436
401 501 536 513 533
2.8 3.1 3.1 2.4 3.1
1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.0
5.2 5.5 4.9 4.3 4.9
5.5 6.7 6.6 6.0 6.0
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 767 1 719 1 663 1 583 1 555
450 387 318 300 319
155 153 156 167 184
529 496 477 455 452
634 683 711 660 599
5.1 4.3 3.4 3.1 3.3
1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.9
6.0 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.7
7.1 7.5 7.6 6.8 6.2
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 669 1 763 1 977 1 829 1 499
388 385 460 370 271
156 162 134 110 114
481 487 509 482 370
643 728 874 867 745
4.1 4.3 5.4 4.6 3.4
1.7 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.4
5.1 5.4 6.0 5.9 4.7
6.9 8.1 10.2 10.6 9.4
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 468 1 454 1 347 1 226 1 194
275 240 210 207 198
113 145 146 159 200
390 374 375 310 345
689 695 617 550 452
3.5 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.5
1.4 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.5
4.9 4.7 4.7 3.9 4.3
8.7 8.8 7.7 6.8 5.7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 212 1 359 1 427 1 365 1 320
233 289 259 233 185
181 180 149 151 84
338 365 377 353 634
460 524 643 628 416
3.0 4.0 3.6 3.3 2.5
2.3 2.5 2.1 2.1 1.1
4.3 5.0 5.3 4.9 8.5
5.9 7.2 9.1 8.8 5.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 346 1 306 1 271 1 205 1 162
214 182 174 181 173
102 91 104 86 114
615 625 606 577 547
415 409 388 361 328
2.8 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1
1.3 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.4
7.9 8.0 7.6 7.0 6.6
5.3 5.2 4.9 4.4 3.9
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
1 081 1 162 1 253 1 251 1 208
157 185 197 188 165
109 98 91 85 76
516 568 597 554 510
299 311 368 424 456
1.9 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.3
1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1
6.2 7.2 7.9 7.7 7.2
3.6 3.9 4.9 5.9 6.4
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
1 186 1 119
155 145
76 78
489 461
466 435
2.2 2.0
1.1 1.1
6.8 6.3
6.5 6.0
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
106 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-32. Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates, by Reason for Unemployment, Sex, and Age, 1970–2006—Continued (Thousands of people, percent.) Number of unemployed Sex, age, and year
Unemployed as a percent of the total civilian labor force Entrants
Total
Job losers
Entrants
Job leavers
Job losers Reentrants
Job leavers
New entrants
Reentrants
New entrants
Men, 20 Years and Over 1970 ...................................................... 1971 ...................................................... 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
1 638 2 097 1 948 1 624 1 957
1 066 1 391 1 219 959 1 276
209 239 248 258 276
318 411 420 350 356
44 57 60 56 48
2.2 2.9 2.5 1.9 2.5
0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.7 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 476 3 098 2 794 2 328 2 308
2 598 2 167 1 816 1 433 1 464
298 323 335 337 325
506 521 540 471 446
76 86 103 86 73
5.0 4.1 3.4 2.6 2.6
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8
0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 353 3 615 5 089 5 257 3 932
2 389 2 565 3 965 4 088 2 800
359 356 327 336 324
516 592 678 695 663
90 102 119 138 146
4.2 4.5 6.8 6.9 4.7
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5
0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 715 3 751 3 369 2 987 2 867
2 568 2 568 2 289 1 939 1 843
352 444 413 416 394
671 611 558 534 541
124 128 108 98 88
4.3 4.1 3.7 3.1 2.9
0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6
1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 239 4 195 4 717 4 287 3 627
2 100 2 982 3 420 2 996 2 296
431 411 421 429 367
626 698 765 747 898
82 105 111 114 65
3.2 4.6 5.2 4.5 3.4
0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.3
0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 239 3 146 2 882 2 580 2 433
2 051 2 043 1 795 1 588 1 459
356 322 358 318 336
775 731 675 611 592
57 51 55 63 46
3.0 3.0 2.6 2.3 2.1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 376 3 040 3 896 4 209 3 791
1 416 1 999 2 702 2 899 2 503
328 372 386 376 398
577 612 743 846 791
55 56 65 88 99
2.0 2.7 3.7 3.9 3.3
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.0
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
4 059 3 131
2 188 1 927
445 368
1 067 757
359 78
2.7 2.5
0.5 0.5
1.0 1.0
0.1 0.1
Women, 20 Years and Over 1970 ...................................................... 1971 ...................................................... 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................
1 349 1 658 1 625 1 507 1 777
546 700 641 522 685
214 235 264 280 319
531 651 641 625 673
58 72 80 80 100
1.9 2.5 2.2 1.6 2.1
0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0
1.9 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.1
0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 684 2 588 2 535 2 292 2 276
1 339 1 124 1 031 852 851
375 427 419 371 370
858 912 945 930 908
114 126 140 138 145
4.0 3.2 2.8 2.2 2.1
1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9
2.6 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.3
0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 615 2 895 3 613 3 632 3 107
1 170 1 317 1 844 1 801 1 350
376 404 379 384 386
930 1 023 1 197 1 235 1 151
139 151 192 212 220
2.8 3.1 4.2 4.0 2.9
0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8
2.3 2.4 2.7 2.8 2.5
0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 129 3 032 2 709 2 487 2 467
1 296 1 225 1 067 946 942
412 426 406 408 430
1 195 1 175 1 041 965 958
227 206 194 168 137
2.7 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.8
0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8
2.5 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.8
0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 596 3 074 3 469 3 288 3 049
1 054 1 423 1 710 1 619 1 334
429 413 433 395 339
966 1 075 1 142 1 098 1 253
146 163 183 176 122
2.0 2.6 3.1 2.9 2.4
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6
1.8 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.2
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 819 2 783 2 585 2 424 2 285
1 211 1 145 1 069 1 053 990
366 361 333 330 333
1 135 1 156 1 057 944 866
107 120 126 97 96
2.1 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.6
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5
2.0 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 235 2 599 3 228 3 314 3 150
943 1 291 1 708 1 751 1 529
343 365 389 357 384
868 850 1 028 1 076 1 107
80 92 102 130 131
1.5 2.0 2.7 2.7 2.4
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
1.4 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.7
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
3 013 2 751
1 417 1 249
391 380
1 103 1 019
101 103
2.2 1.9
0.6 0.6
1.7 1.5
0.2 0.2
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 107
Table 1-33. Percent of the Population with Work Experience During the Year, by Age and Sex, 1987–2006 (Percent.) Sex and year
Total
16 to 17 years
18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 59 years
60 to 64 years
65 to 69 years
70 years and over
Both Sexes 1987 ...................................................... 1988 ...................................................... 1989 ......................................................
69.7 70.2 70.5
51.8 50.6 51.9
76.6 75.5 75.4
85.5 85.7 84.9
85.7 86.0 86.6
86.1 86.8 86.9
81.6 82.2 82.8
69.4 70.5 70.4
51.3 52.2 52.5
26.2 27.9 28.4
10.2 10.3 10.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
70.2 69.5 69.1 69.2 69.6
48.6 43.4 43.8 42.1 44.1
74.2 70.8 69.9 70.4 71.5
84.1 83.4 82.7 82.0 82.5
86.2 85.9 85.2 85.0 85.5
87.0 86.6 85.9 85.3 85.6
82.8 83.0 82.8 82.8 83.8
70.9 70.3 70.8 71.6 72.2
53.4 52.9 53.5 51.6 52.8
28.3 27.2 25.5 27.5 27.5
10.2 9.8 9.8 10.7 10.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
69.6 69.9 70.1 70.1 70.7
44.4 43.3 43.6 42.1 43.7
71.2 70.5 70.5 69.9 71.2
82.0 83.1 83.0 82.9 82.7
85.6 86.1 87.1 86.7 87.3
85.9 85.7 85.9 86.3 86.9
83.4 84.3 84.4 84.2 85.0
72.2 73.3 73.8 73.7 72.3
53.3 54.3 53.8 54.5 55.8
28.0 27.8 28.5 29.2 30.5
10.2 10.4 10.0 10.6 11.6
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
70.5 69.4 68.5 67.8 67.7
42.2 37.7 34.5 32.0 32.6
69.6 66.7 62.8 61.7 59.8
82.6 80.8 78.5 77.5 76.9
87.1 86.1 84.4 83.7 83.3
87.0 85.8 85.0 84.0 84.2
84.6 83.7 83.7 82.9 82.6
72.9 73.5 74.7 73.9 73.9
55.1 56.7 56.8 56.5 57.0
30.8 30.6 33.1 33.2 32.7
11.4 10.5 10.4 11.4 12.2
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
67.8 67.9
31.1 30.9
60.1 58.3
77.3 76.9
83.7 84.4
84.1 84.3
82.8 82.8
74.4 74.5
58.2 58.2
32.0 33.6
12.1 12.6
Men 1987 ...................................................... 1988 ...................................................... 1989 ......................................................
78.9 79.1 79.4
52.4 51.8 53.2
77.4 78.9 77.7
90.4 90.7 89.9
94.3 94.3 94.7
94.1 94.6 94.7
91.9 91.6 91.9
83.3 82.1 82.0
63.2 63.1 64.2
34.2 35.6 35.4
15.4 15.6 15.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
78.9 77.9 77.4 76.8 77.2
50.3 45.4 46.6 43.9 44.4
76.7 72.2 73.7 71.4 74.7
88.7 87.9 87.1 86.6 87.2
94.4 93.5 93.3 92.5 92.9
94.7 93.6 92.8 92.0 92.0
91.3 91.3 89.9 89.3 90.0
82.0 81.5 80.9 79.8 81.3
65.8 63.6 63.2 59.1 61.4
35.8 35.0 32.4 34.3 33.9
14.0 14.4 14.3 15.3 14.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
77.0 77.2 77.1 76.9 77.3
43.7 44.1 43.4 40.4 44.7
73.6 71.8 70.3 71.6 72.3
86.4 86.7 86.6 86.4 85.5
92.6 93.4 94.1 93.5 93.9
92.2 92.1 92.3 92.7 93.2
89.7 90.4 90.7 90.1 89.9
81.5 81.8 81.4 81.7 79.2
62.1 62.5 62.9 63.5 65.1
34.5 33.6 33.8 35.5 37.4
14.9 15.2 13.9 14.7 16.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
77.1 76.3 75.2 74.3 74.2
42.1 37.4 34.7 32.8 32.1
70.2 67.7 62.8 61.7 58.9
85.1 84.8 82.1 80.2 80.2
93.4 93.2 91.6 90.8 91.0
93.6 92.2 91.8 90.9 91.1
89.8 89.1 88.9 87.7 87.9
80.6 80.4 80.7 80.9 80.1
64.4 64.3 64.3 63.1 64.5
38.4 37.8 39.3 37.3 37.1
16.0 14.5 14.6 15.8 16.7
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
74.6 74.5
31.1 30.9
60.7 57.9
80.8 80.1
91.3 91.9
91.6 91.8
88.2 88.0
80.1 80.6
64.3 64.1
37.6 38.3
17.0 17.3
Women 1987 ...................................................... 1988 ...................................................... 1989 ......................................................
61.3 62.1 62.3
51.1 49.3 50.6
75.8 72.2 73.1
81.0 81.0 80.2
77.3 78.1 78.6
78.5 79.4 79.3
71.9 73.5 74.2
56.7 60.0 59.9
41.0 42.5 42.4
19.6 21.4 22.5
6.8 6.8 6.7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
62.2 61.8 61.5 62.1 62.5
46.8 41.4 40.9 40.3 43.7
71.7 69.4 66.1 69.4 68.4
79.6 79.0 78.4 77.5 77.8
78.0 78.3 77.2 77.6 78.1
79.6 79.9 79.1 78.7 79.4
74.9 75.3 76.1 76.5 78.0
60.4 59.9 61.5 63.9 63.9
42.5 43.6 44.4 44.7 45.0
22.1 20.6 20.0 22.1 22.2
7.7 6.7 6.7 7.7 6.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
62.8 63.2 63.6 63.7 64.5
45.2 42.5 43.9 44.1 42.6
68.7 69.2 70.7 68.2 70.1
77.7 79.5 79.5 79.4 79.9
78.8 78.9 80.1 80.1 80.9
79.8 79.5 79.6 80.0 80.7
77.6 78.4 78.4 78.6 80.3
63.2 65.4 66.7 66.3 66.2
45.6 46.9 45.6 46.2 47.3
22.4 23.0 24.0 23.8 24.4
7.1 7.1 7.3 7.8 8.2
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
64.3 63.1 62.3 61.7 61.5
42.3 38.1 34.3 31.2 33.1
69.0 65.7 62.8 61.6 60.7
80.2 76.9 74.9 74.6 73.7
80.9 79.2 77.2 76.6 75.6
80.5 79.5 78.4 77.2 77.4
79.5 78.6 78.7 78.4 77.5
65.7 67.1 69.1 67.3 68.2
47.0 49.8 50.0 50.7 50.3
23.9 24.2 27.8 29.6 28.7
8.2 7.9 7.4 8.3 9.0
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................
61.4 61.6
31.2 30.9
59.6 58.7
73.7 73.7
76.1 76.9
76.8 76.9
77.6 77.9
68.9 68.8
52.7 53.0
27.1 29.5
8.7 9.3
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
108 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-34. Persons with Work Experience During the Year, by Industry and Class of Worker of Job Held the Longest, 2002–2006 (Thousands of people.) Industry and class of worker
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
TOTAL ..................................................................................................
151 546
151 553
153 024
155 127
157 352
Agriculture ........................................................................................... Wage and salary workers ..................................................................... Self-employed workers ......................................................................... Unpaid family workers ..........................................................................
2 490 1 583 875 33
2 521 1 605 894 22
2 492 1 549 918 25
2 344 1 501 829 14
2 332 1 495 812 25
Nonagricultural Industries ................................................................. Wage and salary workers ..................................................................... Mining ............................................................................................... Construction ...................................................................................... Manufacturing ................................................................................... Durable goods .............................................................................. Nondurable goods ........................................................................ Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................ Wholesale trade ............................................................................ Retail trade ................................................................................... Transportation and utilities ................................................................ Transportation and warehousing .................................................. Utilities .......................................................................................... Information ........................................................................................ Financial activities ............................................................................. Finance and insurance ................................................................. Real estate and rental and leasing ............................................... Professional and business services .................................................. Professional, scientific, and technical services ............................. Management, administration, and waste management services .. Education and health services .......................................................... Education services ........................................................................ Health care and social assistance services .................................. Leisure and hospitality ...................................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation .............................................. Accommodation and food services ............................................... Other services and private household .............................................. Private households ....................................................................... Public administration ......................................................................... Self-employed workers ..................................................................... Unpaid family workers ......................................................................
149 055 139 909 594 9 488 17 660 11 013 6 647 21 615 4 402 17 213 7 039 5 745 1 294 3 989 9 591 6 986 2 605 13 883 7 989 5 894 29 343 12 765 16 578 13 260 2 852 10 408 6 416 873 6 290 9 023 124
149 032 139 747 576 9 423 17 349 10 622 6 727 21 650 4 691 16 959 6 934 5 736 1 198 3 755 9 822 7 135 2 687 13 485 7 855 5 629 29 571 13 026 16 544 13 110 2 789 10 321 6 529 897 6 734 9 169 116
150 532 140 885 630 10 076 17 196 10 814 6 382 22 091 4 470 17 621 7 040 5 827 1 213 3 359 9 956 7 192 2 764 13 277 7 793 5 484 29 814 13 169 16 645 13 345 2 888 10 457 6 473 907 6 897 9 520 128
152 783 143 002 696 10 423 17 243 10 930 6 313 22 479 4 517 17 962 7 248 6 095 1 153 3 495 9 748 7 011 2 737 13 537 7 768 5 769 30 552 13 282 17 270 13 405 2 877 10 528 6 490 866 6 917 9 658 123
155 021 145 152 758 10 989 17 112 10 995 6 116 21 822 4 395 17 427 7 413 6 197 1 216 3 710 10 101 7 190 2 912 14 412 8 294 6 118 31 314 13 659 17 655 13 455 2 797 10 658 6 341 912 7 076 9 733 135
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 109
Table 1-35. Number of Persons with Work Experience During the Year, by Extent of Employment and Sex, 1987–2006 (Thousands of people.) Full-time workers Sex and year
Part-time workers
Total Total
50 to 52 weeks
27 to 49 weeks
1 to 26 weeks
Total
50 to 52 weeks
27 to 49 weeks
1 to 26 weeks
Both Sexes 1987 .............................................. 1988 .............................................. 1989 ..............................................
128 315 130 451 132 817
100 288 102 131 104 876
77 015 79 627 81 117
13 361 12 875 14 271
9 912 9 629 9 488
28 027 28 320 27 941
10 973 11 384 11 275
6 594 6 624 6 987
10 460 10 312 9 679
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
133 535 133 410 133 912 136 354 138 468
105 323 104 472 104 813 106 299 108 141
80 932 80 385 81 523 83 384 85 764
14 758 14 491 13 587 13 054 13 051
9 633 9 596 9 703 9 861 9 326
28 212 28 938 29 099 30 055 30 327
11 507 11 946 12 326 12 818 12 936
7 012 7 003 6 841 6 777 6 956
9 693 9 989 9 932 10 460 10 435
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
139 724 142 201 143 968 145 566 148 295
110 063 112 313 113 879 116 412 119 096
88 173 90 252 92 631 95 772 97 941
12 970 12 997 12 508 12 156 12 294
8 920 9 064 8 740 8 484 8 861
29 661 29 888 30 089 29 155 29 199
12 725 13 382 13 810 13 538 13 680
6 831 6 643 6 565 6 480 6 317
10 105 9 863 9 714 9 137 9 202
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
149 361 151 042 151 546 151 553 153 024
120 591 121 921 121 726 121 158 122 404
100 349 100 357 100 659 100 700 102 427
12 071 13 172 12 544 11 972 11 862
8 171 8 392 8 523 8 486 8 115
28 770 29 121 29 819 30 395 30 621
13 865 14 038 14 635 15 333 15 552
6 161 6 139 6 184 6 027 6 077
8 744 8 944 9 000 9 035 8 992
2005 .............................................. 2006 ..............................................
155 127 157 352
124 683 127 340
104 876 107 734
11 816 11 736
7 991 7 870
30 444 30 012
15 374 15 131
6 161 6 223
8 909 8 657
Men 1987 .............................................. 1988 .............................................. 1989 ..............................................
69 144 70 021 71 640
59 736 60 504 62 108
47 040 48 299 49 693
7 503 7 329 7 642
5 193 4 876 4 773
9 408 9 517 9 532
3 260 3 468 3 619
2 191 2 199 2 254
3 957 3 850 3 659
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
71 953 71 700 72 007 72 872 73 958
62 319 61 636 61 722 62 513 63 634
49 175 47 895 48 300 49 832 51 582
8 188 8 324 7 965 7 317 7 094
4 956 5 417 5 457 5 364 4 958
9 634 10 064 10 285 10 359 10 324
3 650 3 820 3 864 4 005 3 948
2 322 2 342 2 354 2 144 2 358
3 662 3 902 4 067 4 210 4 018
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
74 381 75 760 76 408 76 918 78 145
64 145 65 356 66 089 67 250 68 347
52 671 53 795 54 918 56 953 57 520
6 973 6 891 6 638 6 208 6 401
4 501 4 670 4 533 4 089 4 426
10 236 10 404 10 319 9 669 9 797
4 034 4 321 4 246 4 197 4 297
2 257 2 136 2 274 2 090 2 062
3 945 3 947 3 799 3 382 3 438
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
78 804 79 971 80 282 80 317 81 261
68 925 70 074 70 132 69 766 70 780
58 756 58 715 58 765 58 778 60 096
6 094 7 087 6 804 6 479 6 428
4 075 4 272 4 563 4 509 4 256
9 879 9 897 10 151 10 551 10 482
4 485 4 306 4 519 5 042 4 987
1 957 1 989 2 042 1 872 1 992
3 437 3 602 3 590 3 637 3 503
2005 .............................................. 2006 ..............................................
82 735 83 767
72 056 73 578
61 510 63 058
6 299 6 373
4 247 4 147
10 679 10 189
5 153 4 747
2 074 2 046
3 452 3 396
Women 1987 .............................................. 1988 .............................................. 1989 ..............................................
59 171 60 430 61 178
40 552 41 627 42 768
29 975 31 328 31 424
5 858 5 546 6 629
4 719 4 753 4 715
18 619 18 803 18 410
7 713 7 916 7 656
4 403 4 425 4 733
6 503 6 462 6 021
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
61 582 61 712 61 904 63 481 64 511
43 004 42 837 43 090 43 785 44 508
31 757 32 491 33 223 33 552 34 182
6 570 6 167 5 621 5 736 5 957
4 677 4 179 4 246 4 497 4 369
18 578 18 875 18 814 19 696 20 003
7 857 8 126 8 462 8 813 8 988
4 690 4 662 4 487 4 633 4 598
6 031 6 087 5 865 6 250 6 417
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
65 342 66 439 67 559 68 648 70 150
45 917 46 955 47 790 49 162 50 748
35 502 36 457 37 713 38 819 40 421
5 997 6 105 5 870 5 948 5 892
4 418 4 393 4 207 4 395 4 435
19 425 19 484 19 769 19 486 19 402
8 691 9 061 9 564 9 341 9 383
4 574 4 507 4 291 4 390 4 255
6 160 5 916 5 914 5 755 5 764
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
70 556 71 071 71 263 71 236 71 763
51 665 51 848 51 593 51 391 51 624
41 593 41 642 41 893 41 921 42 331
5 977 6 085 5 741 5 493 5 434
4 095 4 120 3 959 3 977 3 859
18 891 19 223 19 671 19 844 20 139
9 380 9 731 10 117 10 291 10 565
4 204 4 150 4 143 4 155 4 085
5 307 5 342 5 411 5 398 5 489
2005 .............................................. 2006 ..............................................
72 392 73 585
52 627 53 762
43 366 44 676
5 517 5 364
3 744 3 723
19 765 19 823
10 222 10 384
4 087 4 178
5 456 5 261
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
110 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-36. Percent Distribution of the Population with Work Experience During the Year, by Extent of Employment and Sex, 1987–2006 (Percent of total people with work experience.) Full-time workers Sex and year
Part-time workers
Total Total
50 to 52 weeks
27 to 49 weeks
1 to 26 weeks
Total
50 to 52 weeks
27 to 49 weeks
1 to 26 weeks
Both Sexes 1987 .............................................. 1988 .............................................. 1989 ..............................................
100.0 100.0 100.0
78.1 78.3 78.9
60.0 61.0 61.1
10.4 9.9 10.7
7.7 7.4 7.1
21.9 21.7 21.1
8.6 8.7 8.5
5.1 5.1 5.3
8.2 7.9 7.3
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
78.9 78.4 78.2 78.0 78.0
60.6 60.3 60.9 61.2 61.9
11.1 10.9 10.1 9.6 9.4
7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 6.7
21.2 21.7 21.7 22.1 21.8
8.6 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.3
5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0
7.3 7.5 7.4 7.7 7.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
78.8 79.0 79.1 80.0 80.3
63.1 63.5 64.3 65.8 66.0
9.3 9.1 8.7 8.4 8.3
6.4 6.4 6.1 5.8 6.0
21.2 21.0 20.9 20.1 19.7
9.1 9.4 9.6 9.3 9.2
4.9 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.3
7.2 6.9 6.7 6.3 6.2
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
80.8 80.7 80.3 79.9 80.0
67.2 66.4 66.4 66.4 66.9
8.1 8.7 8.3 7.9 7.8
5.5 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.3
19.3 19.3 19.7 20.1 20.1
9.3 9.3 9.7 10.1 10.2
4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0
5.9 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.9
2005 .............................................. 2006 ..............................................
100.0 100.0
80.4 80.9
67.6 68.5
7.6 7.5
5.2 5.0
19.6 19.1
9.9 9.6
4.0 4.0
5.7 5.5
Men 1987 .............................................. 1988 .............................................. 1989 ..............................................
100.0 100.0 100.0
86.4 86.5 86.8
68.0 69.0 69.4
10.9 10.5 10.7
7.5 7.0 6.7
13.6 13.6 13.3
4.7 5.0 5.1
3.2 3.1 3.1
5.7 5.5 5.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
86.6 86.0 85.8 85.8 86.0
68.3 66.8 67.1 68.4 69.7
11.4 11.6 11.1 10.0 9.6
6.9 7.6 7.6 7.4 6.7
13.4 14.0 14.3 14.2 13.9
5.1 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.3
3.2 3.3 3.3 2.9 3.2
5.1 5.4 5.6 5.8 5.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
86.3 86.3 86.5 87.4 87.5
70.8 71.0 71.9 74.0 73.6
9.4 9.1 8.7 8.1 8.2
6.1 6.2 5.9 5.3 5.7
13.7 13.7 13.6 12.6 12.5
5.4 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.5
3.0 2.8 3.0 2.7 2.6
5.3 5.2 5.0 4.4 4.4
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
87.5 87.6 87.4 86.9 87.1
74.6 73.4 73.2 73.2 74.0
7.7 8.9 8.5 8.1 7.9
5.2 5.3 5.7 5.6 5.2
12.6 12.4 12.6 13.1 12.9
5.7 5.4 5.6 6.3 6.1
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.5
4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.3
2005 .............................................. 2006 ..............................................
100.0 100.0
87.0 87.8
74.3 75.3
7.6 7.6
5.1 5.0
12.9 12.2
6.2 5.7
2.5 2.4
4.2 4.1
Women 1987 .............................................. 1988 .............................................. 1989 ..............................................
100.0 100.0 100.0
68.6 68.9 69.9
50.7 51.8 51.4
9.9 9.2 10.8
8.0 7.9 7.7
31.4 31.1 30.0
13.0 13.1 12.5
7.4 7.3 7.7
11.0 10.7 9.8
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
69.9 69.4 69.7 69.0 69.0
51.6 52.6 53.7 52.9 53.0
10.7 10.0 9.1 9.0 9.2
7.6 6.8 6.9 7.1 6.8
30.2 30.7 30.4 31.0 30.9
12.8 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.9
7.6 7.6 7.2 7.3 7.1
9.8 9.9 9.5 9.8 9.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
70.3 70.7 70.7 71.6 72.3
54.3 54.9 55.8 56.5 57.6
9.2 9.2 8.7 8.7 8.4
6.8 6.6 6.2 6.4 6.3
29.7 29.3 29.4 28.4 27.7
13.3 13.6 14.2 13.6 13.4
7.0 6.8 6.4 6.4 6.1
9.4 8.9 8.8 8.4 8.2
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
73.2 73.0 72.5 72.1 72.0
58.9 58.6 58.8 58.8 59.0
8.5 8.6 8.1 7.7 7.6
5.8 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.4
26.8 27.0 27.6 27.8 28.0
13.3 13.7 14.2 14.4 14.7
6.0 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.7
7.5 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.6
2005 .............................................. 2006 ..............................................
100.0 100.0
72.7 73.1
59.9 60.7
7.6 7.3
5.2 5.1
27.2 26.9
14.1 14.1
5.6 5.7
7.5 7.1
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 111
Table 1-37. Extent of Unemployment During the Year, by Sex, 1995–2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) Sex and extent of unemployment
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
144 528 11.6
146 096 10.7
147 295 9.5
149 798 8.7
150 786 8.1
153 056 10.4
154 205 10.9
154 315 10.7
155 576 9.7
157 549 9.2
159 259 9.1
18 067 2 690 15 377 715 14 662 2 812 2 725 2 147 4 013 2 965 4 468 1 963 2 505
16 789 2 329 14 460 589 13 871 2 550 2 671 2 020 3 662 2 968 4 237 1 982 2 255
15 637 2 129 13 508 611 12 897 2 582 2 601 1 822 3 378 2 514 4 044 1 853 2 191
14 044 1 729 12 316 630 11 686 2 323 2 495 1 701 3 019 2 148 3 628 1 650 1 978
13 068 1 503 11 566 562 11 004 2 361 2 218 1 594 2 803 2 028 3 225 1 449 1 776
12 269 1 425 10 845 573 10 272 2 233 2 014 1 505 2 641 1 879 3 079 1 397 1 682
15 843 2 014 13 829 602 13 227 2 368 2 557 2 038 3 683 2 582 3 421 1 643 1 779
16 824 2 660 14 164 584 13 580 2 002 2 373 1 970 3 848 3 387 3 226 1 556 1 670
16 462 2 762 13 699 534 13 165 1 839 2 264 1 749 3 778 3 535 3 093 1 585 1 508
15 074 2 551 12 522 465 12 057 1 985 2 100 1 773 3 448 2 751 2 896 1 344 1 552
14 558 2 422 12 136 431 11 705 1 941 2 170 1 698 3 349 2 547 3 095 1 477 1 618
14 447 1 907 12 540 450 10 996 2 601 2 107 1 615 3 176 2 592 3 076 1 564 1 513
Total Who Worked or Looked for Work .................................. Percent with unemployment .......................................................
75 698 13.2
76 786 11.9
77 385 11.1
77 704 9.4
78 905 9.0
79 546 8.6
80 975 11.0
81 651 11.8
81 804 11.4
82 478 10.0
83 951 9.7
84 736 9.6
Total with Unemployment ........................................................ Did not work but looked for work ................................................ Worked during the year .............................................................. Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment ....... Part-year workers with unemployment ................................... 1 to 4 weeks ....................................................................... 5 to 10 weeks ..................................................................... 11 to 14 weeks ................................................................... 15 to 26 weeks ................................................................... 27 weeks or more ............................................................... With 2 or more spells of unemployment ............................. 2 spells ........................................................................... 3 or more spells .............................................................
9 996 1 317 8 679 462 8 217 1 398 1 434 1 253 2 439 1 693 2 793 1 110 1 683
9 157 1 026 8 130 395 7 735 1 272 1 478 1 258 2 076 1 651 2 554 1 109 1 445
8 604 978 7 626 382 7 244 1 275 1 474 1 068 1 949 1 478 2 437 1 078 1 359
7 284 787 6 497 386 6 111 1 085 1 363 980 1 585 1 098 2 014 880 1 134
7 091 760 6 332 373 5 959 1 166 1 168 937 1 655 1 033 1 845 787 1 058
6 806 742 6 064 379 5 685 1 070 1 135 880 1 595 1 005 1 809 804 1 005
8 928 1 004 7 924 421 7 502 1 247 1 446 1 207 2 191 1 412 2 100 1 002 1 099
9 621 1 369 8 252 365 7 887 1 075 1 342 1 186 2 282 2 002 1 920 914 1 006
9 339 1 487 7 854 359 7 495 958 1 314 1 039 2 178 2 006 1 882 946 936
8 256 1 217 7 039 289 6 750 1 028 1 170 1 021 2 065 1 466 1 828 808 1 020
8 116 1 216 6 899 296 6 603 1 052 1 209 1 024 1 923 1 395 1 975 940 1 035
8 115 969 7 146 295 6 850 1 283 1 267 961 1 868 1 472 1 936 945 991
Total Who Worked or Looked for Work .................................. Percent with unemployment .......................................................
66 716 12.1
67 742 11.3
68 710 10.2
69 591 9.7
70 893 8.4
71 240 7.7
72 081 9.6
72 554 9.9
72 511 9.8
73 097 9.3
73 598 8.8
74 523 8.5
Total with Unemployment ........................................................ Did not work but looked for work ................................................ Worked during the year .............................................................. Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment ....... Part-year workers with unemployment ................................... 1 to 4 weeks ....................................................................... 5 to 10 weeks ..................................................................... 11 to 14 weeks ................................................................... 15 to 26 weeks ................................................................... 27 weeks or more ............................................................... With 2 or more spells of unemployment ............................. 2 spells ........................................................................... 3 or more spells .............................................................
8 070 1 373 6 696 253 6 443 1 413 1 291 893 1 574 1 272 1 675 853 822
7 632 1 303 6 330 194 6 136 1 279 1 192 762 1 586 1 317 1 682 872 810
7 033 1 151 5 882 229 5 653 1 307 1 127 754 1 429 1 036 1 607 775 832
6 760 942 5 816 243 5 573 1 237 1 131 721 1 434 1 050 1 614 770 844
5 976 743 5 234 189 5 045 1 194 1 050 657 1 148 996 1 379 662 717
5 463 683 4 779 193 4 586 1 164 878 625 1 045 874 1 270 593 677
6 915 1 010 5 905 180 5 725 1 121 1 111 831 1 492 1 170 1 321 641 680
7 203 1 291 5 913 220 5 693 927 1 031 784 1 566 1 385 1 306 642 664
7 123 1 275 5 848 176 5 672 882 950 710 1 600 1 530 1 211 639 572
6 818 1 334 5 484 177 5 307 957 929 752 1 384 1 285 1 069 537 532
6 442 1 206 5 236 136 5 100 888 961 674 1 426 1 151 1 120 537 583
6 332 938 5 394 154 5 240 1 317 840 655 1 307 1 120 1 140 619 521
BOTH SEXES Total Who Worked or Looked for Work .................................. 142 413 Percent with unemployment ....................................................... 12.7 Total with Unemployment ........................................................ Did not work but looked for work ................................................ Worked during the year .............................................................. Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment ....... Part-year workers with unemployment ................................... 1 to 4 weeks ....................................................................... 5 to 10 weeks ..................................................................... 11 to 14 weeks ................................................................... 15 to 26 weeks ................................................................... 27 weeks or more ............................................................... With 2 or more spells of unemployment ............................. 2 spells ........................................................................... 3 or more spells ............................................................. MEN
WOMEN
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
112 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-38. Percent Distribution of Persons with Unemployment During the Year, by Sex and Extent of Unemployment, 1995–2006 (Percent.) Sex and extent of unemployment
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
BOTH SEXES Total with Unemployment Who Worked During the Year ..... Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment ........... Part-year workers with unemployment ....................................... 1 to 4 weeks ........................................................................... 5 to 10 weeks ......................................................................... 11 to 14 weeks ....................................................................... 15 to 26 weeks ....................................................................... 27 weeks or more ................................................................... With 2 or more spells of unemployment ................................. 2 spells ............................................................................... 3 or more spells .................................................................
100.0 4.6 95.4 18.3 17.7 14.0 26.1 19.3 29.1 12.8 16.3
100.0 4.1 96.0 17.6 18.5 14.0 25.3 20.6 29.3 13.7 15.6
100.0 4.5 95.5 19.1 19.3 13.5 25.0 18.6 29.9 13.7 16.2
100.0 5.1 95.0 18.9 20.3 13.8 24.5 17.5 29.5 13.4 16.1
100.0 4.9 95.1 20.4 19.2 13.8 24.2 17.5 27.9 12.5 15.4
100.0 5.3 94.8 20.6 18.6 13.9 24.4 17.3 28.4 12.9 15.5
100.0 4.4 95.6 17.1 18.5 14.7 26.6 18.7 24.8 11.9 12.9
100.0 4.1 95.9 14.1 16.8 13.9 27.2 23.9 22.8 11.0 11.8
100.0 3.9 96.1 13.4 16.5 12.8 27.6 25.8 22.6 11.6 11.0
100.0 3.7 96.3 15.9 16.8 14.2 27.5 22.0 23.1 10.7 12.4
100.0 3.6 96.4 16.0 17.9 14.0 27.6 20.9 25.5 12.2 13.3
100.0 3.6 96.4 20.7 16.8 12.9 25.3 20.7 24.5 12.5 12.1
100.0 5.3 94.7 16.1 16.5 14.4 28.1 19.5 32.2 12.8 19.4
100.0 4.9 95.1 15.6 18.2 15.5 25.5 20.3 31.4 13.6 17.8
100.0 5.0 95.1 16.7 19.3 14.0 25.6 19.4 31.9 14.1 17.8
100.0 5.9 94.1 16.7 21.0 15.1 24.4 16.9 31.0 13.5 17.5
100.0 5.9 94.0 18.4 18.4 14.8 26.1 16.3 29.1 12.4 16.7
99.9 6.3 93.6 17.6 18.7 14.5 26.3 16.5 29.9 13.3 16.6
100.0 5.3 94.7 15.7 18.2 15.2 27.6 17.8 26.5 12.6 13.9
100.0 4.4 95.6 13.0 16.3 14.4 27.7 24.3 23.3 11.1 12.2
100.0 4.6 95.4 12.2 16.7 13.2 27.7 25.5 24.0 12.1 11.9
100.0 4.1 95.9 14.6 16.6 14.5 29.3 20.8 26.0 11.5 14.5
100.0 4.3 95.7 15.3 17.5 14.8 27.9 20.2 28.6 13.6 15.0
100.0 4.1 95.9 18.0 17.7 13.4 26.1 20.6 27.1 13.2 13.9
100.0 3.8 96.2 21.1 19.3 13.3 23.5 19.0 25.0 12.7 12.3
100.0 3.1 96.9 20.2 18.8 12.0 25.1 20.8 26.6 13.8 12.8
100.0 3.9 96.1 22.2 19.2 12.8 24.3 17.6 27.3 13.2 14.1
100.0 4.2 95.8 21.3 19.4 12.4 24.7 18.0 27.7 13.2 14.5
100.0 3.6 96.4 22.8 20.1 12.6 21.9 19.0 26.3 12.6 13.7
100.0 4.0 96.0 24.3 18.4 13.1 21.9 18.3 26.6 12.4 14.2
100.0 3.1 96.9 19.0 18.8 14.1 25.3 19.8 22.4 10.9 11.5
100.0 3.7 96.3 15.7 17.4 13.3 26.5 23.4 22.1 10.9 11.2
100.0 3.0 97.0 15.1 16.2 12.1 27.4 26.2 20.7 10.9 9.8
100.0 3.2 96.8 17.4 16.9 13.7 25.2 23.5 19.5 9.8 9.7
100.0 2.6 97.4 17.0 18.4 12.9 27.2 22.0 21.4 10.3 11.1
100.0 2.9 97.1 24.4 15.6 12.1 24.2 20.8 21.1 11.5 9.7
MEN Total with Unemployment Who Worked During the Year ..... Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment ........... Part-year workers with unemployment ....................................... 1 to 4 weeks ........................................................................... 5 to 10 weeks ......................................................................... 11 to 14 weeks ....................................................................... 15 to 26 weeks ....................................................................... 27 weeks or more ................................................................... With 2 or more spells of unemployment ................................. 2 spells ............................................................................... 3 or more spells ................................................................. WOMEN Total With Unemployment Who Worked During the Year .... Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment ........... Part-year workers with unemployment ....................................... 1 to 4 weeks ........................................................................... 5 to 10 weeks ......................................................................... 11 to 14 weeks ....................................................................... 15 to 26 weeks ....................................................................... 27 weeks or more ................................................................... With 2 or more spells of unemployment ................................. 2 spells ............................................................................... 3 or more spells .................................................................
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 113
Table 1-39. Number and Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round, Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Age, Sex, and Race, 1995–2006 (Thousands of people, dollars.) Sex, age, and race
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over ............................... 16 to 24 years ............................................................. 25 to 44 years ............................................................. 25 to 34 years ......................................................... 35 to 44 years ......................................................... 45 to 54 years ............................................................. 55 to 64 years ............................................................. 65 years and over .......................................................
83 407 6 892 48 695 23 310 25 385 18 436 8 122 1 263
85 611 6 809 49 225 23 071 26 154 19 714 8 455 1 408
86 905 7 063 49 513 23 186 26 327 20 109 8 901 1 318
89 748 7 618 50 264 23 048 27 216 21 274 9 273 1 318
91 722 7 631 50 532 22 952 27 580 22 375 9 594 1 590
94 359 8 384 51 159 23 044 28 115 23 307 9 870 1 639
94 531 7 989 49 939 22 744 27 195 23 855 10 948 1 800
94 526 7 903 49 120 22 657 26 463 23 999 11 584 1 921
94 731 7 631 48 343 22 512 25 831 24 507 12 207 2 042
96 098 7 702 48 421 22 405 26 016 25 074 12 812 2 090
98 632 7 956 49 149 22 808 26 341 25 661 13 605 2 262
101 353 8 113 50 056 23 613 26 443 26 338 14 340 2 507
Men, 16 Years and Over ........................................... 16 to 24 years ............................................................. 25 to 44 years ............................................................. 25 to 34 years ......................................................... 35 to 44 years ......................................................... 45 to 54 years ............................................................. 55 to 64 years ............................................................. 65 years and over .......................................................
49 334 4 094 28 940 13 844 15 096 10 589 4 884 827
50 407 3 942 29 282 13 817 15 465 11 372 4 908 903
50 772 4 021 29 453 13 735 15 718 11 388 5 133 775
52 509 4 479 29 763 13 612 16 151 12 030 5 438 801
53 132 4 347 29 738 13 471 16 267 12 546 5 498 1 003
54 477 4 602 30 080 13 497 16 583 13 045 5 693 1 057
54 630 4 605 29 271 13 386 15 885 13 363 6 253 1 138
54 420 4 570 28 855 13 400 15 455 13 330 6 502 1 163
54 575 4 421 28 499 13 288 15 211 13 616 6 872 1 165
55 610 4 493 28 763 13 430 15 333 13 975 7 165 1 213
57 020 4 663 29 151 13 629 15 522 14 382 7 489 1 334
58 533 4 812 29 589 13 933 15 655 14 758 7 905 1 469
Women, 16 Years and Over ...................................... 16 to 24 years ............................................................. 25 to 44 years ............................................................. 25 to 34 years ......................................................... 35 to 44 years ......................................................... 45 to 54 years ............................................................. 55 to 64 years ............................................................. 65 years and over .......................................................
34 073 2 798 19 755 9 467 10 288 7 847 3 238 436
35 203 2 867 19 942 9 254 10 688 8 343 3 547 505
36 133 3 041 20 060 9 451 10 609 8 721 3 767 543
37 239 3 140 20 503 9 437 11 066 9 244 3 836 517
38 591 3 285 20 794 9 481 11 313 9 829 4 096 586
39 887 3 782 21 081 9 548 11 533 10 263 4 178 583
39 901 3 384 20 668 9 358 11 310 10 493 4 695 662
40 106 3 333 20 264 9 257 11 007 10 669 5 082 758
40 156 3 210 19 844 9 224 10 620 10 891 5 335 877
40 488 3 209 19 656 8 974 10 682 11 099 5 647 877
41 613 3 293 19 997 9 179 10 818 11 279 6 116 927
42 820 3 301 20 467 9 679 10 788 11 580 6 434 1 038
White, 16 Years and Over ......................................... Men ............................................................................. Women ........................................................................
70 430 42 608 27 822
72 068 43 554 28 514
72 650 43 429 29 221
75 046 44 901 30 145
76 203 45 211 30 992
77 790 46 105 31 685
78 306 46 373 31 933
77 632 45 823 31 809
77 545 45 816 31 729
78 236 46 317 31 919
80 546 47 790 32 756
82 411 48 897 33 513
Black, 16 Years and Over ......................................... Men ............................................................................. Women ........................................................................
9 446 4 686 4 759
9 706 4 682 5 024
10 248 5 026 5 222
10 532 5 202 5 329
11 145 5 411 5 734
11 899 5 636 6 264
11 001 5 281 5 720
10 966 5 150 5 816
10 979 5 196 5 783
11 301 5 470 5 832
11 417 5 402 6 015
11 988 5 679 6 309
Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over ............................... 16 to 24 years ............................................................. 25 to 34 years ............................................................. 35 to 44 years ............................................................. 45 to 54 years ............................................................. 55 to 64 years ............................................................. 65 years and over .......................................................
27 000 15 500 25 000 30 000 32 000 30 000 29 600
28 000 15 600 25 300 31 000 33 000 30 000 26 496
30 000 16 000 27 000 32 000 35 000 32 000 28 200
30 000 18 000 28 500 33 000 35 000 34 000 26 000
31 000 18 000 30 000 34 992 36 000 35 000 30 000
32 000 19 000 30 000 35 000 38 000 35 000 32 000
34 000 20 000 31 000 36 000 39 500 36 400 32 000
35 000 20 000 31 800 37 000 40 000 39 145 33 000
35 000 20 000 32 000 39 000 40 000 40 000 32 000
35 672 20 000 33 000 40 000 40 000 40 000 35 000
36 400 20 000 33 000 40 000 42 000 41 000 35 000
38 000 21 000 35 000 41 000 44 000 43 000 35 001
Men, 16 Years and Over ........................................... 16 to 24 years ............................................................. 25 to 34 years ............................................................. 35 to 44 years ............................................................. 45 to 54 years ............................................................. 55 to 64 years ............................................................. 65 years and over .......................................................
31 000 16 000 27 000 35 000 40 000 36 000 36 000
32 000 17 000 28 000 36 000 40 000 36 000 33 000
34 000 17 000 29 852 37 000 41 000 39 000 36 400
35 000 18 720 30 000 38 000 42 000 40 000 35 000
36 000 19 000 32 000 40 000 44 616 40 853 36 000
37 600 20 000 33 500 40 000 45 000 44 000 35 999
38 500 20 000 34 000 42 000 45 000 45 000 35 000
40 000 20 000 34 740 43 000 47 000 47 000 37 861
40 000 20 800 35 000 43 900 48 000 50 000 42 000
40 000 20 800 35 000 45 000 48 000 50 000 40 000
40 051 20 800 35 000 45 000 50 000 50 000 41 000
42 000 22 000 36 000 48 000 50 000 50 000 44 000
Women, 16 Years and Over ...................................... 16 to 24 years ............................................................. 25 to 34 years ............................................................. 35 to 44 years ............................................................. 45 to 54 years ............................................................. 55 to 64 years ............................................................. 65 years and over .......................................................
23 000 15 000 22 000 25 000 25 000 22 500 23 290
24 000 15 000 23 000 25 000 26 000 24 000 20 800
25 000 15 000 24 000 26 000 27 040 24 800 24 000
25 000 17 000 25 000 27 200 28 132 25 775 22 000
26 000 17 000 26 000 28 000 30 000 27 000 20 800
27 500 18 000 27 000 29 000 30 000 28 000 24 000
29 000 19 000 28 080 30 000 32 000 30 000 25 000
30 000 19 000 29 500 30 400 32 000 31 410 28 000
30 000 20 000 30 000 32 000 33 466 32 000 26 000
30 001 20 000 30 000 32 800 34 771 33 000 27 000
32 000 20 000 30 000 35 000 35 000 33 000 28 768
33 000 20 000 31 000 35 000 36 000 35 000 27 878
White, 16 Years and Over ......................................... Men ............................................................................. Women ........................................................................
28 000 32 000 23 000
29 000 33 000 24 000
30 000 35 000 25 000
31 000 36 000 26 000
32 000 37 200 27 000
34 000 39 000 28 000
35 000 40 000 30 000
35 000 40 000 30 000
36 000 40 000 31 000
37 000 42 000 31 800
38 000 42 000 32 000
40 000 44 707 34 000
Black, 16 Years and Over ......................................... Men ............................................................................. Women ........................................................................
22 000 24 500 20 000
23 784 26 000 21 000
24 000 26 000 22 000
25 000 27 000 23 000
25 760 30 000 24 000
26 000 30 000 25 000
28 500 30 000 26 000
29 000 30 000 26 000
30 000 32 000 27 000
30 000 30 000 28 000
30 000 33 000 29 141
31 000 34 000 30 000
NUMBER
MEDIAN ANNUAL EARNINGS
Note: Detail for the race groups will not sum to totals because data for other race groups are not presented. See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
114 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-40. Number and Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round, Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Sex and Occupation of Job Held the Longest, 2002–2006 (Thousands of people, dollars.) Sex and occupation
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Both Sexes, Number of Workers Management, business, and financial operations .................................... Management ........................................................................................ Business and financial operations ........................................................ Professional and related .......................................................................... Computer and mathematical ................................................................ Architecture and engineering ............................................................... Life, physical, and social sciences ....................................................... Community and social services ............................................................ Legal .................................................................................................... Education, training, and library ............................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media .................................... Health care practitioner and technical .................................................. Services ................................................................................................... Health care support .............................................................................. Protective services ............................................................................... Food preparation and serving related .................................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ................................ Personal care and services .................................................................. Sales and office ........................................................................................ Sales and related ................................................................................. Office and administrative support ......................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .................................. Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................................... Construction and extraction ................................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ...................................... Production ............................................................................................ Transportation and material moving ..................................................... Armed forces ............................................................................................
15 707 11 350 4 357 19 149 2 644 2 257 1 094 1 694 1 006 4 606 1 453 4 395 12 011 1 767 2 042 3 592 2 843 1 767 23 791 9 929 13 862 9 823 573 5 256 3 994 13 386 7 736 5 650 658
15 552 11 102 4 450 19 607 2 598 2 273 1 010 1 698 1 149 4 918 1 374 4 586 11 990 1 703 2 385 3 223 2 942 1 735 23 766 9 804 13 962 9 709 562 5 070 4 077 13 391 7 670 5 721 717
15 575 11 125 4 451 19 592 2 680 2 349 999 1 632 1 087 4 742 1 416 4 688 12 457 1 781 2 406 3 383 3 116 1 771 23 619 9 951 13 668 10 574 629 5 711 4 234 13 648 7 787 5 861 632
16 299 11 685 4 613 20 093 2 779 2 361 1 096 1 728 1 093 4 894 1 362 4 780 13 117 2 027 2 429 3 586 3 285 1 790 24 010 10 251 13 758 10 864 556 6 145 4 163 13 586 7 623 5 963 664
16 806 11 866 4 941 21 268 2 888 2 491 1 142 1 835 1 168 5 195 1 633 4 916 13 236 2 081 2 506 3 646 3 120 1 883 24 467 10 497 13 970 11 295 585 6 484 4 226 13 704 7 762 5 942 576
Both Sexes, Median Annual Earnings Management, business, and financial operations .................................... Management ........................................................................................ Business and financial operations ........................................................ Professional and related .......................................................................... Computer and mathematical ................................................................ Architecture and engineering ............................................................... Life, physical, and social sciences ....................................................... Community and social services ............................................................ Legal .................................................................................................... Education, training, and library ............................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media .................................... Health care practitioner and technical .................................................. Services ................................................................................................... Health care support .............................................................................. Protective services ............................................................................... Food preparation and serving related .................................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ................................ Personal care and services .................................................................. Sales and office ........................................................................................ Sales and related ................................................................................. Office and administrative support ......................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .................................. Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................................... Construction and extraction ................................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ...................................... Production ............................................................................................ Transportation and material moving ..................................................... Armed forces .............................................................................................
50 000 55 000 44 000 46 000 60 000 59 400 50 000 34 000 61 860 38 000 43 500 46 000 22 000 22 100 38 000 18 000 20 000 21 840 30 000 35 000 28 000 33 000 20 000 31 200 36 000 28 704 28 000 29 000 36 000
52 000 58 000 45 000 46 000 60 000 62 000 50 000 34 349 75 000 39 000 40 000 48 000 22 000 22 000 42 000 18 000 20 000 20 678 30 000 35 000 29 000 34 000 20 000 32 000 38 000 30 000 30 000 30 000 36 000
55 000 60 000 45 000 48 000 62 000 60 000 50 000 36 000 70 000 40 000 40 000 50 000 22 000 22 000 42 000 18 000 20 000 22 537 30 000 35 000 30 000 35 000 20 000 33 000 38 300 30 000 30 000 30 000 40 000
57 000 60 000 49 000 50 000 62 400 65 000 53 500 36 000 72 000 40 000 42 000 50 000 23 000 22 000 42 000 19 656 21 000 23 000 31 200 35 000 30 000 35 000 21 000 32 000 40 000 30 200 30 000 30 800 39 000
60 000 62 500 50 000 50 000 68 000 69 000 57 000 36 780 70 000 40 282 45 000 52 000 24 000 23 000 45 000 19 000 23 000 23 000 32 002 37 000 30 000 35 000 20 000 35 000 40 000 30 000 30 000 30 000 40 000
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 115
Table 1-40. Number and Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round, Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Sex and Occupation of Job Held the Longest, 2002–2006—Continued (Thousands of people, dollars.) Sex and occupation
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Men, Number of Workers Management, business, and financial operations .................................... Management ........................................................................................ Business and financial operations ........................................................ Professional and related .......................................................................... Computer and mathematical ................................................................ Architecture and engineering ............................................................... Life, physical, and social sciences ....................................................... Community and social services ............................................................ Legal .................................................................................................... Education, training, and library ............................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media .................................... Health care practitioner and technical .................................................. Services ................................................................................................... Health care support .............................................................................. Protective services ............................................................................... Food preparation and serving related .................................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ................................ Personal care and services .................................................................. Sales and office ........................................................................................ Sales and related ................................................................................. Office and administrative support ......................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .................................. Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................................... Construction and extraction ................................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ...................................... Production ............................................................................................ Transportation and material moving ..................................................... Armed forces .............................................................................................
9 178 7 145 2 033 9 299 1 953 1 984 667 726 490 1 407 847 1 225 5 988 181 1 689 1 836 1 788 494 9 453 5 933 3 520 9 434 463 5 156 3 815 10 472 5 517 4 955 600
8 961 6 991 1 970 9 535 1 913 2 004 668 730 610 1 476 811 1 323 6 204 178 1 967 1 638 1 914 508 9 398 5 891 3 507 9 348 470 4 972 3 905 10 492 5 513 4 979 636
8 849 6 911 1 938 9 497 1 972 2 049 626 705 537 1 386 848 1 374 6 314 208 1 906 1 716 2 002 482 9 380 5 892 3 488 10 178 536 5 576 4 065 10 812 5 637 5 176 580
9 496 7 477 2 019 9 561 2 060 2 041 668 713 490 1 421 789 1 378 6 658 240 1 919 1 873 2 153 473 9 464 5 896 3 568 10 503 469 6 026 4 008 10 747 5 503 5 244 591
9 519 7 361 2 157 10 387 2 159 2 174 748 756 546 1 587 953 1 464 6 715 252 1 998 1 991 1 939 535 9 747 6 125 3 622 10 904 482 6 344 4 078 10 733 5 525 5 208 528
Men, Median Annual Earnings Management, business, and financial operations .................................... Management ........................................................................................ Business and financial operations ........................................................ Professional and related .......................................................................... Computer and mathematical ................................................................ Architecture and engineering ............................................................... Life, physical, and social sciences ....................................................... Community and social services ............................................................ Legal .................................................................................................... Education, training, and library ............................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media .................................... Health care practitioner and technical .................................................. Services ................................................................................................... Health care support .............................................................................. Protective services ............................................................................... Food preparation and serving related .................................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ................................ Personal care and services .................................................................. Sales and office ........................................................................................ Sales and related ................................................................................. Office and administrative support ......................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .................................. Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................................... Construction and extraction ................................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ...................................... Production ............................................................................................ Transportation and material moving ..................................................... Armed forces .............................................................................................
60 000 65 000 52 000 55 000 60 000 60 000 52 000 35 000 100 000 45 600 46 000 72 000 25 000 24 000 40 000 20 000 24 500 30 000 38 000 41 600 32 000 33 592 22 000 31 304 36 000 30 000 30 360 30 000 36 000
60 200 65 000 51 000 58 000 65 000 64 558 50 801 35 000 100 000 48 000 45 000 65 500 26 000 22 537 44 000 18 720 22 156 28 559 39 000 41 000 32 000 34 283 22 000 32 000 38 000 32 000 32 000 30 000 36 000
65 000 70 000 55 000 58 000 65 000 61 785 55 000 38 000 101 000 47 000 45 000 70 000 25 000 20 400 44 000 18 720 24 000 26 000 40 000 44 000 34 000 35 000 22 000 33 000 38 870 33 000 34 000 32 000 40 000
69 000 70 000 60 000 60 000 65 000 66 921 62 000 40 000 108 000 50 000 50 000 70 000 26 000 22 880 45 000 20 000 24 000 30 000 40 000 42 000 34 000 35 000 22 500 32 000 40 000 34 000 35 000 32 760 40 000
68 000 70 000 60 000 61 000 70 000 70 000 61 000 39 000 100 000 50 000 50 000 72 000 29 000 25 000 46 886 20 000 25 000 30 000 40 000 45 000 35 000 35 674 20 000 35 000 40 000 33 358 35 000 32 000 40 000
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
116 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-40. Number and Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round, Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Sex and Occupation of Job Held the Longest, 2002–2006—Continued (Thousands of people, dollars.) Sex and occupation
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Women, Number of Workers Management, business, and financial operations .................................... Management ........................................................................................ Business and financial operations ........................................................ Professional and related .......................................................................... Computer and mathematical ................................................................ Architecture and engineering ............................................................... Life, physical, and social sciences ....................................................... Community and social services ............................................................ Legal .................................................................................................... Education, training, and library ............................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media .................................... Health care practitioner and technical .................................................. Services ................................................................................................... Health care support .............................................................................. Protective services ............................................................................... Food preparation and serving related .................................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ................................ Personal care and services .................................................................. Sales and office ........................................................................................ Sales and related ................................................................................. Office and administrative support ......................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .................................. Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................................... Construction and extraction ................................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ...................................... Production ............................................................................................ Transportation and material moving ..................................................... Armed forces .............................................................................................
6 529 4 205 2 324 9 851 691 273 428 968 516 3 199 606 3 170 6 026 1 586 354 1 757 1 055 1 274 14 338 3 996 10 342 391 111 100 180 2 914 2 219 695 58
6 591 4 111 2 479 10 071 685 269 342 968 539 3 441 563 3 263 5 786 1 525 419 1 585 1 029 1 228 14 368 3 913 10 455 361 92 97 172 2 899 2 157 742 81
6 726 4 214 2 512 10 095 708 300 373 927 550 3 356 568 3 314 6 144 1 573 500 1 668 1 115 1 289 14 239 4 060 10 180 396 93 135 169 2 835 2 150 685 52
6 803 4 209 2 594 10 532 718 320 428 1 015 603 3 473 573 3 403 6 459 1 787 510 1 713 1 132 1 317 14 546 4 355 10 191 360 87 119 155 2 839 2 120 719 73
7 287 4 504 2 783 10 881 729 317 394 1 079 622 3 608 681 3 452 6 522 1 829 509 1 655 1 181 1 349 14 720 4 372 10 348 391 104 140 148 2 971 2 237 734 48
Women, Median Annual Earnings Management, business, and financial operations .................................... Management ........................................................................................ Business and financial operations ........................................................ Professional and related .......................................................................... Computer and mathematical ................................................................ Architecture and engineering ............................................................... Life, physical, and social sciences ....................................................... Community and social services ............................................................ Legal .................................................................................................... Education, training, and library ............................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media .................................... Health care practitioner and technical .................................................. Services ................................................................................................... Health care support .............................................................................. Protective services ............................................................................... Food preparation and serving related .................................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ................................ Personal care and services .................................................................. Sales and office ........................................................................................ Sales and related ................................................................................. Office and administrative support ......................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................................... Construction and extraction ................................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ...................................... Production ............................................................................................ Transportation and material moving ..................................................... Armed forces .............................................................................................
41 000 44 000 38 500 40 000 51 627 50 000 44 000 33 000 45 000 35 000 40 000 41 000 20 000 22 000 30 900 16 160 16 491 20 000 26 989 25 000 27 000 26 000 17 000 26 000 34 000 22 000 21 632 22 000 40 000
43 000 47 000 40 000 40 000 52 000 48 000 45 000 33 000 45 000 35 000 35 000 43 000 20 000 22 000 32 000 17 000 16 000 20 000 28 000 26 000 28 000 28 000 16 000 29 500 37 000 22 100 22 000 22 710 32 000
43 000 46 000 40 000 40 000 57 000 47 500 45 995 35 000 46 000 37 000 36 000 45 000 20 000 22 000 32 000 16 000 16 866 21 000 28 000 26 000 28 000 30 000 15 700 40 000 33 000 23 000 23 000 23 000 35 100
46 000 50 000 41 000 42 000 57 000 55 000 50 000 35 000 47 500 38 000 35 000 46 000 20 000 21 000 34 344 18 000 18 000 20 800 29 000 26 000 29 800 30 200 18 000 31 200 36 000 23 000 23 400 21 000 32 652
50 000 52 000 46 000 43 000 60 000 52 000 48 000 36 000 50 000 38 632 38 000 48 000 20 500 23 000 37 896 18 000 19 000 20 000 30 000 26 000 30 000 27 000 18 808 24 980 40 000 23 000 23 000 24 000 32 000
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 117
Table 1-41. Wage and Salary Workers Paid Hourly Rates with Earnings at or Below the Prevailing Federal Minimum Wage, by Selected Characteristics, 2005–2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) Workers paid hourly rates Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage
Characteristic
Below prevailing federal minimum wage
Total
At prevailing federal minimum wage
Percent of hourly-paid workers
Number
2005 Age and Sex Both sexes, 16 years and over ............................................. 16 to 24 years ................................................................... 25 years and over ............................................................. Men, 16 years and over ........................................................ 16 to 24 years ................................................................... 25 years and over ............................................................. Women, 16 years and over ................................................... 16 to 24 years ................................................................... 25 years and over .............................................................
75 609 16 374 59 235 37 652 8 288 29 364 37 957 8 086 29 871
1 403 720 683 459 223 236 944 496 447
479 283 196 189 130 60 290 153 137
1 882 1 002 880 648 353 296 1 234 650 584
2.5 6.1 1.5 1.7 4.3 1.0 3.3 8.0 2.0
Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin White, 16 years and over ....................................................... Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Black, 16 years and over ....................................................... Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Asian, 16 years and over ....................................................... Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Hispanic,1 16 years and over ................................................. Men ................................................................................... Women .............................................................................
60 978 30 901 30 078 9 793 4 421 5 372 2 720 1 283 1 437 12 527 7 467 5 060
1 188 352 836 119 63 57 51 25 26 210 85 125
349 133 216 96 42 54 14 5 9 71 29 42
1 537 485 1 053 215 105 111 65 30 35 282 114 167
2.5 1.6 3.5 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.2 1.5 3.3
Full- and Part-Time Status2 and Sex Full-time workers .................................................................. Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Part-time workers .................................................................. Men ................................................................................... Women .............................................................................
57 385 31 911 25 474 18 084 5 669 12 415
608 252 356 790 207 583
143 69 74 336 120 216
752 321 430 1 126 327 799
1.3 1.0 1.7 6.2 5.8 6.4
Age and Sex Both sexes, 16 years and over ............................................. 16 to 24 years ................................................................... 25 years and over ............................................................. Men, 16 years and over ........................................................ 16 to 24 years ................................................................... 25 years and over ............................................................. Women, 16 years and over ................................................... 16 to 24 years ................................................................... 25 years and over .............................................................
76 514 16 649 59 865 38 193 8 583 29 609 38 321 8 065 30 256
1 283 619 664 422 198 224 861 421 440
409 247 162 146 98 49 263 149 114
1 692 866 826 569 296 273 1 124 570 553
2.2 5.2 1.4 1.5 3.4 0.9 2.9 7.1 1.8
Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin White, 16 years and over ....................................................... Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Black, 16 years and over ....................................................... Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Asian, 16 years and over ....................................................... Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Hispanic,1 16 years and over ................................................. Men ................................................................................... Women .............................................................................
61 907 31 403 30 504 9 903 4 485 5 419 2 654 1 259 1 395 13 121 7 780 5 341
1 105 354 751 111 40 72 30 13 17 155 67 88
329 115 215 62 28 34 8 1 7 68 29 40
1 435 469 966 173 67 106 38 14 24 223 96 127
2.3 1.5 3.2 1.8 1.5 2.0 1.4 1.1 1.7 1.7 1.2 2.4
Full- and Part-Time Status2 and Sex Full-time workers .................................................................. Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Part-time workers .................................................................. Men ................................................................................... Women .............................................................................
58 452 32 477 25 975 17 930 5 652 12 278
554 213 341 724 205 519
99 35 64 310 112 198
653 247 406 1 034 317 717
1.1 0.8 1.6 5.8 5.6 5.8
2006
Note: The prevailing federal minimum wage was $5.15 per hour in 2006. Data are for wage and salary workers, excluding the incorporated self-employed. They refer to a person’s earnings for their sole or principal job and pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other non-hourly workers are not included. The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act, as there are exceptions to the minimum wage provisions of the law. In addition, some survey respondents might have rounded hourly earnings to the nearest dollar, and, as a result, reported hourly earnings below the minimum wage even though they earned the minimum wage or higher. Beginning in January 2005, data reflect the revised population controls used in the household survey. 1May be of any race. 2The distinction between
full- and part-time workers is based on the hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
118 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-42. Absences from Work of Employed Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Age and Sex, 2004–2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) Year, sex, and age
Total employed
Absence rate1 Total
Illness or injury
Lost worktime rate2 Other reasons
Total
Illness or injury
Other reasons
2004 Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over .............................. 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 54 years ........................................................ 55 years and over ..................................................
101 011 1 663 9 191 90 157 76 458 13 699
3.2 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.5
2.3 2.4 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.9
0.9 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.7
1.7 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.7 2.1
1.2 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.8
0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3
Men, 16 Years and Over .......................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 54 years ........................................................ 55 years and over ..................................................
56 922 1 015 5 242 50 665 43 177 7 489
2.3 2.9 2.2 2.3 2.2 3.0
1.8 2.4 1.6 1.8 1.7 2.4
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
1.2 1.7 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.9
1.0 1.4 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.6
0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Women, 16 Years and Over ..................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 54 years ........................................................ 55 years and over ..................................................
44 088 648 3 949 39 492 33 282 6 210
4.4 3.7 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.2
2.9 2.3 2.6 3.0 2.9 3.4
1.4 1.3 1.8 1.4 1.5 0.9
2.4 1.8 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4
1.5 0.9 1.1 1.6 1.5 2.0
0.9 0.9 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.4
Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over .............................. 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 54 years ........................................................ 55 years and over ..................................................
103 410 1 691 9 376 92 344 77 674 14 670
3.3 2.8 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.8
2.4 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.3 3.1
0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.7
1.8 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 2.1
1.3 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.8
0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3
Men, 16 Years and Over .......................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 54 years ........................................................ 55 years and over ..................................................
58 287 997 5 343 51 947 43 953 7 994
2.5 1.8 2.3 2.5 2.4 3.1
1.9 1.4 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.6
0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6
1.3 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.8
1.1 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.6
0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
Women, 16 Years and Over ..................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 54 years ........................................................ 55 years and over ..................................................
45 123 694 4 033 40 397 33 720 6 676
4.4 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.5
3.0 2.6 2.7 3.1 2.9 3.6
1.4 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.5 0.9
2.4 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4
1.5 1.3 1.1 1.6 1.5 2.1
0.8 1.1 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.4
Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over .............................. 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 54 years ........................................................ 55 years and over ..................................................
105 785 1 741 9 490 94 555 78 821 15 733
3.2 3.0 2.8 3.3 3.2 3.6
2.3 2.1 1.9 2.3 2.2 3.0
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.7
1.8 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.7 2.0
1.2 1.1 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.7
0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.3
Men, 16 Years and Over .......................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 54 years ........................................................ 55 years and over ..................................................
59 633 1 059 5 462 53 111 44 601 8 510
2.4 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.3 3.2
1.8 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.7 2.7
0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5
1.3 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.9
1.0 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.7
0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2
Women, 16 Years and Over ..................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 54 years ........................................................ 55 years and over ..................................................
46 152 681 4 027 41 443 34 221 7 223
4.3 4.4 3.8 4.3 4.3 4.2
2.8 2.9 2.3 2.9 2.8 3.3
1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 0.9
2.4 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.5 2.3
1.5 1.2 1.0 1.6 1.5 1.8
0.9 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.4
2005
2006
Note: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect the revised population controls used in the household survey. 1Absences
are defined as instances when persons who usually work 35 or more hours a week worked less than 35 hours during the reference week for reasons including own illness, injury, or medical problems; childcare problems; other family or personal obligations; civic or military duty; and maternity or paternity leave. Excluded are situations in which work was missed due to vacation or personal days, holidays, labor disputes, and other reasons. For multiple jobholders, absence data refer only to work missed at their main jobs. The absence rate is the ratio of workers with absences to total full-time wage and salary employment. The estimates of full-time wage and salary employment shown in this table do not match those in other tables because the estimates in this table are based on the full Current Population Survey (CPS) sample. Those in the other tables are based on a quarter of the sample only. 2Hours absent as a percentage of hours usually worked.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 119
Table 1-43. Median Years of Tenure with Current Employer for Employed Wage and Salary Workers, by Age and Sex, Selected Years, February 1996–January 2006 (Number of years.) Sex and age
February 1996
February 1998
February 2000
January 2002
January 2004
January 2006
Both Sexes 16 years and over .................................................................................... 16 to 17 years ...................................................................................... 18 to 19 years ...................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ...................................................................................... 25 years and over .................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ...................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ...................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ...................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ...................................................................................... 65 years and over ................................................................................
3.8 0.7 0.7 1.2 5.0 2.8 5.3 8.3 10.2 8.4
3.6 0.6 0.7 1.1 4.7 2.7 5.0 8.1 10.1 7.8
3.5 0.6 0.7 1.1 4.7 2.6 4.8 8.2 10.0 9.4
3.7 0.7 0.8 1.2 4.7 2.7 4.6 7.6 9.9 8.6
4.0 0.7 0.8 1.3 4.9 2.9 4.9 7.7 9.6 9.0
4.0 0.6 0.7 1.3 4.9 2.9 4.9 7.3 9.3 8.8
Men 16 years and over .................................................................................... 16 to 17 years ...................................................................................... 18 to 19 years ...................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ...................................................................................... 25 years and over .................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ...................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ...................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ...................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ...................................................................................... 65 years and over ................................................................................
4.0 0.6 0.7 1.2 5.3 3.0 6.1 10.1 10.5 8.3
3.8 0.6 0.7 1.2 4.9 2.8 5.5 9.4 11.2 7.1
3.8 0.6 0.7 1.2 4.9 2.7 5.3 9.5 10.2 9.0
3.9 0.8 0.8 1.4 4.9 2.8 5.0 9.1 10.2 8.1
4.1 0.7 0.8 1.3 5.1 3.0 5.2 9.6 9.8 8.2
4.1 0.7 0.7 1.4 5.0 2.9 5.1 8.1 9.5 8.3
Women 16 years and over .................................................................................... 16 to 17 years ...................................................................................... 18 to 19 years ...................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ...................................................................................... 25 years and over .................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ...................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ...................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ...................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ...................................................................................... 65 years and over ................................................................................
3.5 0.7 0.7 1.2 4.7 2.7 4.8 7.0 10.0 8.4
3.4 0.6 0.7 1.1 4.4 2.5 4.5 7.2 9.6 8.7
3.3 0.6 0.7 1.0 4.4 2.5 4.3 7.3 9.9 9.7
3.4 0.7 0.8 1.1 4.4 2.5 4.2 6.5 9.6 9.4
3.8 0.6 0.8 1.3 4.7 2.8 4.5 6.4 9.2 9.6
3.9 0.6 0.7 1.2 4.8 2.8 4.6 6.7 9.2 9.5
Note: Data for 1996 and 1998 are based on population controls from the 1990 census. Data beginning in 2000 reflect the introduction of Census 2000 population controls and are not strictly comparable with data for prior years. In addition, data for 2004 reflect the introduction of revised population controls in January 2003 and January 2004, and data for January 2006 reflect the introduction of revisions to the population controls in January 2005 and 2006.
120 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-44. Median Years of Tenure with Current Employer for Employed Wage and Salary Workers, by Industry, Selected Years, February 2000–January 2006 (Number of years.) Industry
February 2000
January 2002
January 2004
January 2006
TOTAL, 16 YEARS AND OVER ............................................................................
3.5
3.7
4.0
4.0
Private Sector ....................................................................................................... Agriculture and related industries ........................................................................... Nonagricultural industries ....................................................................................... Mining ................................................................................................................. Construction ....................................................................................................... Manufacturing .................................................................................................... Durable goods manufacturing ........................................................................ Nonmetallic mineral product ....................................................................... Primary metals and fabricated metal product ............................................. Machinery manufacturing ........................................................................... Computers and electronic product ............................................................. Electrical equipment and appliances .......................................................... Transportation equipment .......................................................................... Wood product ............................................................................................. Furniture and fixtures ................................................................................. Miscellaneous manufacturing ..................................................................... Nondurable goods manufacturing .................................................................. Food manufacturing ................................................................................... Beverage and tobacco product .................................................................. Textiles, apparel, and leather ..................................................................... Paper and printing ...................................................................................... Petroleum and coal product ....................................................................... Chemicals .................................................................................................. Plastics and rubber product ....................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................................. Wholesale trade ............................................................................................. Retail trade ..................................................................................................... Transportation and utilities ................................................................................. Transportation and warehousing .................................................................... Utilities ............................................................................................................ Information1 ........................................................................................................ Publishing, except Internet ............................................................................. Motion picture and sound recording industries .............................................. Broadcasting, except Internet ........................................................................ Telecommunications ...................................................................................... Financial activities .............................................................................................. Finance and insurance ................................................................................... Finance ...................................................................................................... Insurance ................................................................................................... Real estate and rental and leasing ................................................................. Real estate ................................................................................................. Rental and leasing services ....................................................................... Professional and business services ................................................................... Professional and technical services ............................................................... Management, administrative, and waste services1 ........................................ Administrative and support services .......................................................... Waste management and remediation services .......................................... Education and health services ........................................................................... Education services ......................................................................................... Health care and social assistance .................................................................. Hospitals .................................................................................................... Health services, except hospitals ............................................................... Social assistance ....................................................................................... Leisure and hospitality ....................................................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................................................ Accommodation and food services ................................................................ Accommodation ......................................................................................... Food services and drinking places ............................................................. Other services .................................................................................................... Other services, except private households .................................................... Repair and maintenance ............................................................................ Personal and laundry services ................................................................... Membership associations and organizations ............................................. Other services, private households ................................................................
3.2 3.7 3.2 4.8 2.7 4.9 4.8 5.5 5.0 5.3 3.9 5.0 6.4 3.7 4.4 3.7 5.0 4.6 5.5 4.7 5.1 9.5 6.0 4.6 2.7 3.9 2.5 4.7 4.0 11.5 3.4 4.2 1.6 3.6 4.3 3.5 3.6 3.3 4.4 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.4 2.6 2.0 1.8 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.5 5.1 3.2 2.4 1.7 2.6 1.5 2.8 1.4 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.7 4.0 3.0
3.3 4.2 3.3 4.5 3.0 5.4 5.5 5.3 6.3 6.8 4.7 5.5 7.0 4.3 4.7 4.5 5.3 5.0 4.6 5.0 6.2 9.8 5.7 5.3 2.8 3.9 2.6 4.9 4.3 13.4 3.3 4.8 2.3 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9 3.6 4.5 3.0 3.2 2.2 2.7 3.1 2.1 1.9 4.3 3.5 3.6 3.5 4.9 3.1 2.5 1.8 2.3 1.6 2.7 1.4 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.8 4.1 2.7
3.5 3.7 3.5 5.2 3.0 5.8 6.0 4.8 6.4 6.4 5.2 9.8 7.7 5.0 4.7 4.6 5.5 4.9 8.0 5.0 6.9 11.4 5.3 5.7 3.1 4.3 2.8 5.3 4.7 13.3 4.3 4.7 2.2 4.0 4.6 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.4 3.3 3.5 2.9 3.2 3.6 2.6 2.4 3.4 3.6 3.8 3.6 4.7 3.3 2.8 2.0 2.8 1.9 3.1 1.6 3.3 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.9 2.3
3.6 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.0 5.5 5.6 5.0 6.2 6.6 5.9 6.2 7.2 4.7 4.2 3.9 5.4 5.2 5.4 4.4 6.3 5.0 6.1 5.0 3.1 4.6 2.8 4.9 4.3 10.4 4.8 5.3 1.9 4.6 5.3 4.0 4.1 3.9 4.7 3.4 3.5 3.1 3.2 3.8 2.5 2.4 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 5.2 3.6 3.1 1.9 3.1 1.6 2.5 1.4 3.2 3.3 2.9 2.8 4.2 2.8
Public Sector ........................................................................................................ Federal government ............................................................................................... State government ................................................................................................... Local government ...................................................................................................
7.1 11.5 5.5 6.7
6.7 11.3 5.4 6.2
6.9 10.4 6.4 6.4
6.9 9.9 6.3 6.6
Note: Data for January 2004 reflect the introduction of revisions to the population controls in January 2003 and 2004. Data for January 2006 reflect the introduction of revisions to the population controls in January 2005 and 2006. 1Includes
other industries not shown separately.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 121
Table 1-45. Employment Status of the Population, by Sex and Marital Status, March 1990–March 2007 (Thousands of people, percent.) Men
Women
Labor force Marital status and year Population
Total Number
Labor force Unemployed
Percent of population
Employed Number
Population
Percent of labor force
Total Number
Unemployed
Percent of population
Employed Number
Percent of labor force
Single 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
25 757 26 220 26 529 26 951 28 350
18 829 19 014 19 229 19 625 20 365
73.1 72.5 72.5 72.8 71.8
16 893 16 418 16 401 16 858 17 826
1 936 2 596 2 828 2 767 2 539
10.3 13.7 14.7 14.1 12.5
21 088 21 688 21 738 21 848 22 885
14 003 14 125 14 072 14 091 14 903
66.4 65.1 64.7 64.5 65.1
12 856 12 887 12 793 12 711 13 419
1 147 1 238 1 279 1 380 1 484
8.2 8.8 9.1 9.8 10.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
28 318 28 695 29 294 29 558 29 883
20 449 20 561 20 942 21 255 21 329
72.2 71.7 71.5 71.9 71.4
18 286 18 097 18 683 19 124 19 465
2 163 2 464 2 259 2 131 1 864
10.6 12.0 10.8 10.0 8.7
22 853 23 632 24 215 24 808 25 674
14 974 15 417 16 178 16 885 17 486
65.5 65.2 66.8 68.1 68.1
13 673 14 084 14 747 15 626 16 185
1 301 1 333 1 431 1 259 1 301
8.7 8.6 8.8 7.5 7.4
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
30 232 30 968 32 220 32 852 33 786
21 641 22 232 22 761 22 821 23 212
71.6 71.8 70.6 69.5 68.7
19 823 20 239 20 066 20 194 20 434
1 818 1 993 2 695 2 627 2 778
8.4 9.0 11.8 11.5 12.0
25 863 26 180 26 942 27 527 28 033
17 749 17 900 18 079 17 901 18 089
68.6 68.4 67.1 65.0 64.5
16 446 16 631 16 499 16 219 16 506
1 303 1 269 1 580 1 682 1 583
7.3 7.1 8.7 9.4 8.8
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... 2007 ......................................................
34 069 34 906 35 359
23 335 24 369 24 506
68.5 69.8 69.3
20 831 21 961 22 224
2 504 2 408 2 281
10.7 9.9 9.3
28 508 29 357 29 695
18 554 18 989 19 218
65.1 64.7 64.7
16 902 17 444 17 935
1 652 1 545 1 284
8.9 8.1 6.7
Married, Spouse Present 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
52 464 52 460 52 780 53 488 53 436
41 020 40 883 40 930 41 255 40 993
78.2 77.9 77.5 77.1 76.7
39 562 38 843 38 650 39 069 39 085
1 458 2 040 2 280 2 186 1 908
3.6 5.0 5.6 5.3 4.7
53 207 53 176 53 464 54 146 54 198
30 967 31 103 31 686 32 158 32 863
58.2 58.5 59.3 59.4 60.6
29 870 29 668 30 130 30 757 31 397
1 097 1 435 1 556 1 401 1 466
3.5 4.6 4.9 4.4 4.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
54 166 53 996 53 981 54 685 55 256
41 806 41 837 41 967 42 288 42 557
77.2 77.5 77.7 77.3 77.0
40 262 40 356 40 628 41 039 41 476
1 544 1 481 1 339 1 249 1 081
3.7 3.5 3.2 3.0 2.5
54 902 54 640 54 611 55 241 55 801
33 563 33 382 33 907 34 136 34 349
61.1 61.1 62.1 61.8 61.6
32 267 32 258 32 836 33 028 33 403
1 296 1 124 1 071 1 108 946
3.9 3.4 3.2 3.2 2.8
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
55 897 56 152 57 325 57 940 58 395
43 254 43 463 44 271 44 700 44 860
77.4 77.4 77.2 77.1 76.8
42 261 42 245 42 508 42 797 43 247
993 1 218 1 763 1 903 1 613
2.3 2.8 4.0 4.3 3.6
56 432 56 740 57 883 58 545 59 008
34 959 35 234 35 624 36 185 35 918
61.9 62.1 61.5 61.8 60.9
33 998 34 273 34 295 34 806 34 582
961 961 1 329 1 379 1 336
2.7 2.7 3.7 3.8 3.7
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... 2007 ......................................................
58 854 58 850 60 126
45 263 45 082 46 129
76.9 76.6 76.7
43 763 43 877 44 813
1 500 1 205 1 317
3.3 2.7 2.9
59 449 59 476 60 656
35 809 36 192 37 335
60.2 60.9 61.6
34 738 35 185 36 370
1 071 1 007 965
3.0 2.8 2.6
Widowed, Divorced, or Separated 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
11 152 11 588 11 927 11 861 12 239
7 513 7 804 8 049 7 956 8 156
67.4 67.3 67.5 67.1 66.6
6 959 6 985 7 140 7 055 7 382
554 819 909 901 774
7.4 10.5 11.3 11.3 9.5
23 857 24 105 24 582 24 661 25 098
11 168 11 145 11 486 11 308 11 879
46.8 46.2 46.7 45.9 47.3
10 530 10 386 10 610 10 528 10 995
638 759 876 780 884
5.7 6.8 7.6 6.9 7.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
12 410 13 176 14 113 14 166 14 225
8 315 8 697 9 420 9 482 9 449
67.0 66.0 66.7 66.9 66.4
7 632 7 976 8 715 8 954 8 971
683 721 705 528 478
8.2 8.3 7.5 5.6 5.1
25 373 25 786 26 301 26 092 26 199
12 001 12 430 12 814 12 880 12 951
47.3 48.2 48.7 49.4 49.4
11 308 11 742 12 071 12 235 12 307
693 688 743 645 644
5.8 5.5 5.8 5.0 5.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
14 289 14 392 14 617 15 180 15 059
9 623 9 421 9 650 9 855 9 789
67.3 65.5 66.0 64.9 65.0
9 152 8 927 8 931 9 020 9 059
471 494 719 835 730
4.9 5.2 7.5 8.5 7.5
26 354 26 747 27 802 28 240 28 228
13 228 13 454 13 716 14 154 14 194
50.2 50.3 49.3 50.1 50.3
12 657 12 887 12 855 13 240 13 324
571 567 861 914 870
4.3 4.2 6.3 6.5 6.1
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... 2007 ......................................................
15 779 16 405 16 247
10 256 10 815 10 799
65.0 65.9 66.5
9 569 10 141 10 150
687 674 650
6.7 6.2 6.0
28 576 28 981 28 950
14 233 14 220 14 320
49.8 49.1 49.5
13 472 13 539 13 620
761 681 700
5.3 4.8 4.9
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
122 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-45. Employment Status of the Population, by Sex and Marital Status, March 1990–March 2007 —Continued (Thousands of people, percent.) Men
Women
Labor force Marital status and year Population
Total Number
Labor force Unemployed
Percent of population
Employed Number
Population
Percent of labor force
Total Number
Unemployed
Percent of population
Employed Number
Percent of labor force
Widowed 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
2 331 2 385 2 529 2 468 2 220
519 486 566 596 474
22.3 20.4 22.4 24.1 21.4
490 448 501 535 440
29 38 65 61 34
5.6 7.8 11.5 10.2 7.2
11 477 11 288 11 325 11 214 11 073
2 243 2 150 2 131 1 961 1 945
19.5 19.0 18.8 17.5 17.6
2 149 2 044 2 029 1 856 1 825
94 106 102 105 120
4.2 4.9 4.8 5.4 6.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 282 2 476 2 686 2 567 2 540
496 487 559 563 562
21.7 19.7 20.8 21.9 22.1
469 466 529 551 532
27 21 30 12 30
5.4 4.3 5.4 2.1 5.3
11 080 11 070 11 058 11 027 10 943
1 941 1 916 2 018 2 157 2 039
17.5 17.3 18.2 19.6 18.6
1 844 1 820 1 926 2 071 1 942
97 96 92 86 97
5.0 5.0 4.6 4.0 4.8
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 601 2 638 2 635 2 694 2 651
583 568 629 628 581
22.4 21.5 23.9 23.3 21.9
547 546 581 588 558
36 22 48 40 23
6.2 3.9 7.6 6.4 4.0
11 061 11 182 11 411 11 295 11 159
2 011 2 137 2 001 2 087 2 157
18.2 19.1 17.5 18.5 19.3
1 911 2 045 1 887 1 991 2 048
100 92 114 96 109
5.0 4.3 5.7 4.6 5.1
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... 2007 ......................................................
2 729 2 626 2 697
618 610 631
22.6 23.2 23.4
590 563 588
28 47 43
4.5 7.7 6.8
11 125 11 305 11 220
2 111 2 164 2 058
19.0 19.1 18.3
2 005 2 094 1 971
106 70 87
5.0 3.2 4.2
Divorced 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
6 256 6 586 6 743 6 770 7 222
5 004 5 262 5 418 5 330 5 548
80.0 79.9 80.3 78.7 76.8
4 639 4 722 4 823 4 736 5 028
365 540 595 594 520
7.3 10.3 11.0 11.1 9.4
8 845 9 152 9 569 9 879 10 113
6 678 6 779 7 076 7 183 7 473
75.5 74.1 73.9 72.7 73.9
6 333 6 365 6 578 6 736 6 962
345 414 498 447 511
5.2 6.1 7.0 6.2 6.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
7 343 7 734 8 191 8 307 8 529
5 739 5 954 6 298 6 378 6 481
78.2 77.0 76.9 76.8 76.0
5 266 5 468 5 851 6 045 6 151
473 486 447 333 330
8.2 8.2 7.1 5.2 5.1
10 262 10 508 11 102 11 065 11 130
7 559 7 829 8 092 8 038 8 171
73.7 74.5 72.9 72.6 73.4
7 206 7 468 7 666 7 687 7 841
353 361 426 351 330
4.7 4.6 5.3 4.4 4.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
8 532 8 580 8 643 8 938 8 942
6 583 6 403 6 519 6 621 6 622
77.2 74.6 75.4 74.1 74.1
6 279 6 074 6 053 6 052 6 104
304 329 466 569 518
4.6 5.1 7.1 8.6 7.8
11 061 11 719 12 227 12 653 12 817
8 505 8 662 8 902 9 191 9 246
76.9 73.9 72.8 72.6 72.1
8 217 8 335 8 416 8 673 8 706
288 327 486 518 540
3.4 3.8 5.5 5.6 5.8
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... 2007 ......................................................
9 196 9 646 9 608
6 754 7 065 7 110
73.4 73.2 74.0
6 281 6 631 6 679
473 434 431
7.0 6.1 6.1
12 950 13 107 13 214
9 253 9 188 9 334
71.5 70.1 70.6
8 836 8 799 8 896
417 389 439
4.5 4.2 4.7
Separated 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
2 565 2 616 2 655 2 623 2 797
1 990 2 057 2 065 2 030 2 134
77.6 78.6 77.8 77.4 76.3
1 830 1 816 1 816 1 784 1 914
160 241 249 246 220
8.0 11.7 12.1 12.1 10.3
3 535 3 665 3 688 3 568 3 911
2 247 2 216 2 279 2 165 2 461
63.6 60.5 61.8 60.7 62.9
2 048 1 977 2 003 1 937 2 208
199 239 276 228 253
8.9 10.8 12.1 10.5 10.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
2 784 2 966 3 236 3 293 3 156
2 081 2 255 2 563 2 542 2 405
74.7 76.0 79.2 77.2 76.2
1 898 2 041 2 335 2 358 2 287
183 214 228 184 118
8.8 9.5 8.9 7.2 4.9
4 031 4 209 4 141 4 000 4 126
2 501 2 684 2 705 2 683 2 740
62.0 63.8 65.3 67.1 66.4
2 258 2 453 2 480 2 476 2 523
243 231 225 207 217
9.7 8.6 8.3 7.7 7.9
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
3 157 3 174 3 339 3 548 3 466
2 456 2 450 2 502 2 606 2 586
77.8 77.2 74.9 73.4 74.6
2 326 2 307 2 297 2 380 2 397
130 143 205 226 189
5.3 5.8 8.2 8.7 7.3
4 012 3 846 4 164 4 293 4 251
2 711 2 654 2 812 2 877 2 791
67.6 69.0 67.5 67.0 65.7
2 528 2 507 2 551 2 576 2 569
183 147 261 301 222
6.8 5.5 9.3 10.5 8.0
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... 2007 ......................................................
3 855 4 132 3 943
2 884 3 141 3 058
74.8 76.0 77.6
2 698 2 947 2 883
186 194 176
6.4 6.2 5.7
4 501 4 569 4 516
2 870 2 869 2 927
63.8 62.8 64.8
2 632 2 647 2 753
238 222 174
8.3 7.7 6.0
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 123
Table 1-46. Employment Status of All Women and Single Women, by Presence and Age of Children, March 1990–March 2007 (Thousands of women, percent.) All women Presence and age of children and year
Civilian labor force
Single women
Civilian Employed labor force as percent Percent Percent of Number full time part time population
Unemployed
Number
Percent of labor force
Civilian labor force
Civilian Employed labor force as percent Percent Percent of Number full time part time population
Unemployed
Number
Percent of labor force
Women with No Children Under 18 Years 1990 ....................................................... 1991 ....................................................... 1992 ....................................................... 1993 ....................................................... 1994 .......................................................
33 942 34 047 34 487 34 495 35 454
52.3 52.0 52.3 52.1 53.1
32 391 32 167 32 481 32 476 33 343
74.4 74.0 74.3 74.6 72.7
25.6 26.0 25.7 25.4 27.3
1 551 1 880 2 006 2 020 2 110
4.6 5.5 5.8 5.9 6.0
12 478 12 472 12 355 12 223 12 737
68.1 67.0 66.9 66.4 66.8
11 611 11 529 11 374 11 201 11 674
65.9 66.2 66.6 66.1 64.5
34.1 33.8 33.4 33.9 35.5
866 943 982 1 022 1 063
6.9 7.6 7.9 8.4 8.3
1995 ....................................................... 1996 ....................................................... 1997 ....................................................... 1998 ....................................................... 1999 .......................................................
35 843 36 509 37 295 38 253 39 316
52.9 53.0 53.6 54.1 54.3
34 054 34 698 35 572 36 680 37 589
72.9 73.3 73.7 74.1 74.6
27.1 26.7 26.3 25.9 25.4
1 789 1 811 1 723 1 573 1 727
5.0 5.0 4.6 4.1 4.4
12 870 13 172 13 405 13 888 14 435
67.1 66.1 66.5 67.2 67.1
11 919 12 255 12 442 13 082 13 491
64.5 64.6 64.0 64.8 65.6
35.5 35.4 36.0 35.2 34.4
951 918 964 806 944
7.4 7.0 7.2 5.8 6.5
2000 ....................................................... 2001 ....................................................... 2002 ....................................................... 2003 ....................................................... 2004 .......................................................
40 142 40 836 41 278 42 039 42 289
54.8 54.9 54.0 54.1 53.8
38 408 39 219 39 038 39 667 40 000
75.4 75.7 75.1 74.8 74.6
24.6 24.3 24.9 25.2 25.4
1 733 1 617 2 241 2 372 2 289
4.3 4.0 5.4 5.6 5.4
14 677 14 877 14 855 14 678 14 828
67.6 67.4 65.6 63.5 63.0
13 713 13 993 13 682 13 430 13 670
66.6 67.3 65.9 65.1 65.5
33.4 32.7 34.1 34.9 34.5
964 884 1 173 1 249 1 157
6.6 5.9 7.9 8.5 7.8
2005 ....................................................... 2006 ....................................................... 2007 .......................................................
42 039 43 392 44 039
54.1 53.6 53.9
39 667 41 440 42 279
74.8 75.3 75.3
25.2 24.7 24.7
2 372 1 952 1 760
5.6 4.5 4.0
14 678 15 673 15 704
63.5 63.4 63.4
13 430 14 547 14 801
65.1 66.5 66.4
34.9 33.5 33.6
1 249 1 125 903
8.5 7.2 5.7
Women with Children Under 18 Years 1990 ....................................................... 1991 ....................................................... 1992 ....................................................... 1993 ....................................................... 1994 .......................................................
22 196 22 327 22 756 23 063 24 191
66.7 66.6 67.2 66.9 68.4
20 865 20 774 21 052 21 521 22 467
73.0 73.0 73.8 73.9 70.8
27.0 27.0 26.2 26.1 29.2
1 331 1 552 1 704 1 541 1 724
6.0 7.0 7.5 6.7 7.1
1 525 1 654 1 716 1 869 2 166
55.2 53.6 52.5 54.4 56.9
1 244 1 358 1 420 1 510 1 745
79.1 76.4 75.9 74.8 73.9
20.9 23.6 24.1 25.2 26.1
280 296 297 359 421
18.4 17.9 17.3 19.2 19.4
1995 ....................................................... 1996 ....................................................... 1997 ....................................................... 1998 ....................................................... 1999 .......................................................
24 695 24 720 25 604 25 647 25 469
69.7 70.2 72.1 72.3 72.1
23 195 23 386 24 082 24 209 24 305
71.7 72.6 74.1 74.0 74.1
28.3 27.4 25.9 26.0 25.9
1 500 1 334 1 522 1 438 1 165
6.1 5.4 5.9 5.6 4.6
2 104 2 245 2 772 2 997 3 051
57.5 60.5 68.1 72.5 73.4
1 754 1 829 2 305 2 544 2 694
73.6 73.5 76.6 75.6 75.8
26.4 26.5 23.4 24.4 24.2
350 416 467 453 357
16.6 18.5 16.8 15.1 11.7
2000 ....................................................... 2001 ....................................................... 2002 ....................................................... 2003 ....................................................... 2004 .......................................................
25 795 25 751 26 140 26 202 25 913
72.9 73.1 72.2 71.7 70.7
24 693 24 572 24 612 24 598 24 413
74.6 75.6 74.8 74.3 74.2
25.4 24.4 25.2 25.7 25.8
1 102 1 179 1 529 1 603 1 501
4.3 4.6 5.8 6.1 5.8
3 073 3 022 3 224 3 222 3 262
73.9 73.8 75.3 73.1 72.6
2 734 2 638 2 818 2 789 2 836
79.7 81.8 79.1 79.5 76.8
20.3 18.2 20.9 20.5 23.2
339 385 406 433 426
11.0 12.7 12.6 13.4 13.1
2005 ....................................................... 2006 ....................................................... 2007 .......................................................
26 202 26 009 26 834
71.7 70.6 71.3
24 598 24 728 25 646
74.3 75.6 75.2
25.7 24.4 24.8
1 603 1 281 1 188
6.1 4.9 4.4
3 222 3 317 3 514
73.1 71.5 71.4
2 789 2 896 3 133
79.5 77.8 76.4
20.5 22.2 23.6
433 420 381
13.4 12.7 10.8
Women with Children Under 6 Years 1990 ....................................................... 1991 ....................................................... 1992 ....................................................... 1993 ....................................................... 1994 .......................................................
9 397 9 636 9 573 9 621 10 328
58.2 58.4 58.0 57.9 60.3
8 732 8 758 8 662 8 764 9 394
69.6 69.5 70.2 70.1 67.1
30.4 30.5 29.8 29.9 32.9
664 878 911 857 935
7.1 9.1 9.5 8.9 9.1
929 1 050 1 029 1 125 1 379
48.7 48.8 45.8 47.4 52.2
736 819 829 869 1 062
75.0 72.2 73.2 70.0 70.0
25.0 27.8 26.8 30.0 30.0
194 231 200 257 317
20.9 22.0 19.4 22.8 23.0
1995 ....................................................... 1996 ....................................................... 1997 ....................................................... 1998 ....................................................... 1999 .......................................................
10 395 10 293 10 610 10 619 10 322
62.3 62.3 65.0 65.2 64.4
9 587 9 592 9 800 9 839 9 674
67.5 68.4 70.5 69.8 69.0
32.5 31.6 29.5 30.2 31.0
809 701 810 780 648
7.8 6.8 7.6 7.3 6.3
1 328 1 378 1 755 1 755 1 811
53.0 55.1 65.1 67.3 68.1
1 069 1 099 1 424 1 448 1 565
68.6 67.3 71.6 71.7 71.0
31.4 32.7 28.4 28.3 29.0
259 279 330 307 246
19.5 20.2 18.8 17.5 13.6
2000 ....................................................... 2001 ....................................................... 2002 ....................................................... 2003 ....................................................... 2004 .......................................................
10 316 10 200 10 193 10 209 10 131
65.3 64.9 64.1 62.9 62.2
9 763 9 618 9 441 9 433 9 407
70.5 71.2 70.4 70.0 69.4
29.5 28.8 29.6 30.0 30.6
553 582 752 776 724
5.4 5.7 7.4 7.6 7.1
1 835 1 783 1 819 1 893 1 885
70.5 69.7 71.0 70.2 68.4
1 603 1 542 1 568 1 614 1 605
75.3 79.1 74.5 75.2 70.1
24.7 20.9 25.5 24.8 29.9
232 242 251 279 279
12.6 13.6 13.8 14.7 14.8
2005 ....................................................... 2006 ....................................................... 2007 .......................................................
10 209 10 430 10 894
62.9 63.0 63.5
9 433 9 779 10 305
70.0 72.0 71.9
30.0 28.0 28.1
776 651 589
7.6 6.2 5.4
1 893 1 934 2 066
70.2 68.6 67.4
1 614 1 659 1 827
75.2 72.8 72.7
24.8 27.2 27.3
279 276 239
14.7 14.3 11.6
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
124 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-47. Employment Status of Ever-Married Women and Married Women, Spouse Present, by Presence and Age of Children, March 1990–March 2007 (Thousands of women, percent.) Ever-married women1 Presence and age of children and year
Civilian labor force
Married women, spouse present
Civilian Employed Unemployed labor force as percent Percent Percent Percent of Number Number of labor full time part time population force
Civilian labor force
Civilian Employed Unemployed labor force as percent Percent Percent Percent of Number Number of labor full time part time population force
Women with No Children Under 18 Years 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
21 464 21 575 22 132 22 273 22 716
46.1 46.1 46.6 46.6 47.6
20 779 20 637 21 108 21 275 21 669
79.1 78.4 78.5 79.0 77.1
20.9 21.6 21.5 21.0 22.9
685 937 1 024 998 1 047
3.2 4.3 4.6 4.5 4.6
14 467 14 529 14 851 15 211 15 234
51.1 51.2 51.9 52.4 53.2
14 068 13 976 14 247 14 630 14 641
77.3 77.6 77.8 77.6 75.6
22.7 22.4 22.2 22.4 24.4
399 552 604 581 593
2.8 3.8 4.1 3.8 3.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
22 973 23 337 23 890 24 366 24 881
47.3 47.7 48.3 48.7 48.9
22 134 22 444 23 130 23 598 24 098
77.4 78.1 78.9 79.3 79.7
22.6 21.9 21.1 20.7 20.3
839 893 760 767 783
3.7 3.8 3.2 3.1 3.1
15 594 15 628 15 750 16 007 16 484
53.2 53.4 54.2 54.1 54.4
15 072 15 123 15 315 15 581 16 061
76.3 76.8 77.7 78.3 78.2
23.7 23.2 22.3 21.7 21.8
522 506 435 426 423
3.3 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.6
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
25 465 25 959 26 423 27 361 27 461
49.4 49.6 49.1 50.1 49.8
24 695 25 226 25 356 26 238 26 329
80.3 80.4 80.0 79.7 79.3
19.7 19.6 20.0 20.3 20.7
769 733 1 068 1 123 1 131
3.0 2.8 4.0 4.1 4.1
16 786 16 909 17 353 17 901 17 965
54.7 54.8 54.8 55.7 55.0
16 357 16 528 16 780 17 273 17 367
79.1 78.7 78.4 78.6 78.6
20.9 21.3 21.6 21.4 21.4
429 381 573 628 598
2.6 2.3 3.3 3.5 3.3
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... 2007 ......................................................
27 361 27 719 28 335
50.1 49.3 49.8
26 238 26 893 27 477
79.7 80.1 80.1
20.3 19.9 19.9
1 123 827 858
4.1 3.0 3.0
17 901 18 124 18 766
55.7 54.8 55.4
17 273 17 691 18 326
78.6 79.3 79.6
21.4 20.7 20.4
628 434 441
3.5 2.4 2.3
Women with Children Under 18 Years 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
20 671 20 673 21 040 21 194 22 025
67.8 67.9 68.8 68.3 69.8
19 621 19 416 19 633 20 011 20 722
72.6 72.8 73.6 73.9 70.5
27.4 27.2 26.4 26.1 29.5
1 051 1 257 1 407 1 183 1 303
5.1 6.1 6.7 5.6 5.9
16 500 16 575 16 835 16 947 17 628
66.3 66.8 67.8 67.5 69.0
15 803 15 692 15 884 16 127 16 755
69.8 70.1 71.3 71.4 68.0
30.2 29.9 28.7 28.6 32.0
698 883 952 820 873
4.2 5.3 5.7 4.8 5.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
22 591 22 475 22 831 22 650 22 419
71.1 71.4 72.6 72.3 71.9
21 441 21 556 21 777 21 665 21 611
71.5 72.5 73.9 73.8 73.9
28.5 27.5 26.1 26.2 26.1
1 150 919 1 054 985 808
5.1 4.1 4.6 4.3 3.6
17 969 17 754 18 157 18 129 17 865
70.2 70.0 71.1 70.6 70.1
17 195 17 136 17 521 17 447 17 342
68.8 69.6 71.6 71.5 71.5
31.2 30.4 28.4 28.5 28.5
774 618 636 682 523
4.3 3.5 3.5 3.8 2.9
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
22 722 22 729 22 917 22 979 22 651
72.7 73.0 71.8 71.5 70.5
21 960 21 934 21 794 21 809 21 576
74.0 74.9 74.3 73.7 73.8
26.0 25.1 25.7 26.3 26.2
763 795 1 122 1 170 1 075
3.4 3.5 4.9 5.1 4.7
18 174 18 325 18 271 18 284 17 953
70.6 70.8 69.6 69.2 68.2
17 641 17 745 17 515 17 533 17 215
71.7 72.6 71.7 71.0 71.3
28.3 27.4 28.3 29.0 28.7
533 580 756 751 738
2.9 3.2 4.1 4.1 4.1
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... 2007 ......................................................
22 979 22 692 23 320
71.5 70.5 71.3
21 809 21 831 22 513
73.7 75.3 75.0
26.3 24.7 25.0
1 170 861 807
5.1 3.8 3.5
18 284 18 067 18 569
69.2 68.4 69.3
17 533 17 494 18 045
71.0 73.0 72.6
29.0 27.0 27.4
751 574 524
4.1 3.2 2.8
Women with Children Under 6 Years 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
8 467 8 585 8 544 8 496 8 949
59.5 59.9 60.0 59.6 61.8
7 996 7 938 7 832 7 895 8 332
69.1 69.2 69.9 70.2 66.7
30.9 30.8 30.1 29.8 33.3
471 647 711 600 617
5.6 7.5 8.3 7.1 6.9
7 247 7 434 7 333 7 289 7 723
58.9 59.9 59.9 59.6 61.7
6 901 6 933 6 819 6 840 7 291
67.4 67.5 68.5 68.8 65.4
32.6 32.5 31.5 31.2 34.6
346 501 514 450 432
4.8 6.7 7.0 6.2 5.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
9 067 8 915 8 856 8 864 8 511
63.9 63.6 64.9 64.8 63.7
8 517 8 493 8 376 8 391 8 109
67.4 68.6 70.3 69.5 68.6
32.6 31.4 29.7 30.5 31.4
550 422 480 473 402
6.1 4.7 5.4 5.3 4.7
7 759 7 590 7 582 7 655 7 246
63.5 62.7 63.6 63.7 61.8
7 349 7 297 7 252 7 309 6 979
66.1 66.5 69.1 68.1 67.1
33.9 33.5 30.9 31.9 32.9
409 293 330 346 267
5.3 3.9 4.4 4.5 3.7
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
8 481 8 417 8 373 8 315 8 246
64.3 64.0 62.8 61.4 61.0
8 159 8 077 7 873 7 818 7 801
69.5 69.7 69.6 68.9 69.3
30.5 30.3 30.4 31.1 30.7
321 340 501 497 445
3.8 4.0 6.0 6.0 5.4
7 341 7 319 7 166 7 175 7 107
62.8 62.5 60.8 59.8 59.3
7 087 7 062 6 804 6 826 6 774
68.1 68.5 67.7 67.1 68.1
31.9 31.5 32.3 32.9 31.9
254 257 363 349 332
3.5 3.5 5.1 4.9 4.7
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... 2007 ......................................................
8 315 8 496 8 829
61.4 61.9 62.7
7 818 8 121 8 479
68.9 71.8 71.7
31.1 28.2 28.3
497 375 350
6.0 4.4 4.0
7 175 7 366 7 664
59.8 60.3 61.5
6 826 7 092 7 407
67.1 70.6 70.8
32.9 29.4 29.2
349 274 257
4.9 3.7 3.4
1Ever-married
women are women who are, or have ever been, married.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 125
Table 1-48. Employment Status of Women Who Maintain Families, by Marital Status and Presence and Age of Children, March 1990–March 2007 (Thousands of women, percent.) Civilian labor force Marital status, age of children, and year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Unemployed Percent of the population
Number
Employed
Not in the labor force
Percent of the labor force
Number
Total, Women Who Maintain Families 1990 ..................................................................................... 1991 ..................................................................................... 1992 ..................................................................................... 1993 ..................................................................................... 1994 .....................................................................................
11 309 11 765 12 214 12 489 12 963
7 088 7 329 7 517 7 777 8 214
62.7 62.3 61.5 62.3 63.4
6 471 6 657 6 798 7 093 7 413
617 672 719 684 801
8.7 9.2 9.6 8.8 9.8
4 221 4 436 4 697 4 712 4 750
1995 ..................................................................................... 1996 ..................................................................................... 1997 ..................................................................................... 1998 ..................................................................................... 1999 .....................................................................................
12 762 12 993 13 258 13 102 13 191
8 192 8 460 8 998 8 976 9 213
64.2 65.1 67.9 68.5 69.8
7 527 7 832 8 192 8 309 8 596
665 628 806 667 617
8.1 7.4 9.0 7.4 6.7
4 570 4 532 4 260 4 127 3 978
2000 ..................................................................................... 2001 ..................................................................................... 2002 ..................................................................................... 2003 ..................................................................................... 2004 .....................................................................................
13 145 12 930 13 489 14 000 14 165
9 226 9 034 9 523 9 759 9 869
70.2 69.9 70.6 69.7 69.7
8 592 8 453 8 755 8 898 9 054
634 581 768 861 815
6.9 6.4 8.1 8.8 8.3
3 918 3 897 3 966 4 241 4 297
2005 ..................................................................................... 2006 ..................................................................................... 2007 .....................................................................................
14 391 14 485 14 833
9 941 9 966 10 172
69.1 68.8 68.6
9 140 9 227 9 510
801 739 661
8.1 7.4 6.5
4 450 4 520 4 662
Women with No Children Under 18 Years 1990 ..................................................................................... 1991 ..................................................................................... 1992 ..................................................................................... 1993 ..................................................................................... 1994 .....................................................................................
4 290 4 447 4 651 4 708 4 758
2 227 2 364 2 427 2 466 2 609
51.9 53.2 52.2 52.4 54.8
2 132 2 231 2 307 2 339 2 489
95 133 120 127 120
4.3 5.6 4.9 5.2 4.6
2 062 2 083 2 223 2 242 2 149
1995 ..................................................................................... 1996 ..................................................................................... 1997 ..................................................................................... 1998 ..................................................................................... 1999 .....................................................................................
4 610 4 847 4 909 4 952 4 942
2 471 2 552 2 663 2 649 2 667
53.6 52.7 54.2 53.5 54.0
2 394 2 462 2 571 2 578 2 556
77 90 92 71 111
3.1 3.5 3.5 2.7 4.2
2 139 2 295 2 246 2 303 2 275
2000 ..................................................................................... 2001 ..................................................................................... 2002 ..................................................................................... 2003 ..................................................................................... 2004 .....................................................................................
5 097 5 185 5 119 5 457 5 551
2 707 2 772 2 764 2 934 3 052
53.1 53.5 54.0 53.8 55.0
2 546 2 668 2 628 2 728 2 855
161 104 136 206 197
5.9 3.8 4.9 7.0 6.5
2 390 2 413 2 355 2 522 2 499
2005 ..................................................................................... 2006 ..................................................................................... 2007 .....................................................................................
5 692 5 693 5 823
3 095 3 088 3 124
54.4 54.2 53.7
2 961 2 945 2 990
134 143 134
4.3 4.6 4.3
2 597 2 604 2 699
Women with Children Under 18 Years 1990 ..................................................................................... 1991 ..................................................................................... 1992 ..................................................................................... 1993 ..................................................................................... 1994 .....................................................................................
7 018 7 318 7 564 7 781 8 205
4 860 4 965 5 090 5 311 5 604
69.3 67.8 67.3 68.3 68.3
4 338 4 426 4 491 4 755 4 924
522 539 599 556 680
10.7 10.9 11.8 10.5 12.1
2 159 2 353 2 473 2 470 2 601
1995 ..................................................................................... 1996 ..................................................................................... 1997 ..................................................................................... 1998 ..................................................................................... 1999 .....................................................................................
8 152 8 146 8 348 8 151 8 248
5 720 5 908 6 335 6 327 6 546
70.2 72.5 75.9 77.6 79.4
5 132 5 370 5 621 5 731 6 040
588 538 714 596 506
10.3 9.1 11.3 9.4 7.7
2 431 2 237 2 014 1 823 1 702
2000 ..................................................................................... 2001 ..................................................................................... 2002 ..................................................................................... 2003 ..................................................................................... 2004 .....................................................................................
8 048 7 746 8 370 8 543 8 614
6 520 6 261 6 759 6 825 6 817
81.0 80.8 80.8 79.9 79.1
6 046 5 785 6 127 6 170 6 199
474 476 632 655 618
7.3 7.6 9.4 9.6 9.1
1 528 1 484 1 611 1 718 1 798
2005 ..................................................................................... 2006 ..................................................................................... 2007 .....................................................................................
8 699 8 793 9 010
6 846 6 878 7 047
78.7 78.2 78.2
6 179 6 282 6 520
667 596 527
9.7 8.7 7.5
1 853 1 915 1 963
Single Women with No Children Under 18 Years 1990 ..................................................................................... 1991 ..................................................................................... 1992 ..................................................................................... 1993 ..................................................................................... 1994 .....................................................................................
642 682 745 752 704
450 469 505 531 490
70.1 68.8 67.8 70.6 69.6
425 441 475 494 451
25 28 30 37 39
5.6 6.0 5.9 7.0 8.0
192 214 241 221 213
1995 ..................................................................................... 1996 ..................................................................................... 1997 ..................................................................................... 1998 ..................................................................................... 1999 .....................................................................................
779 895 860 893 969
534 588 585 637 674
68.5 65.7 68.0 71.3 69.6
508 572 563 613 638
26 16 22 24 36
4.9 2.7 3.8 3.8 5.3
245 308 275 256 295
2000 ..................................................................................... 2001 ..................................................................................... 2002 ..................................................................................... 2003 ..................................................................................... 2004 .....................................................................................
1 004 1 096 1 154 1 254 1 381
720 787 796 814 977
71.7 71.8 69.0 64.9 70.7
642 756 747 713 887
78 31 49 101 90
10.8 3.9 6.2 12.4 9.2
284 309 358 440 404
2005 ..................................................................................... 2006 ..................................................................................... 2007 .....................................................................................
1 388 1 370 1 413
926 933 986
66.7 68.1 69.8
855 861 930
71 72 57
7.7 7.7 5.7
463 437 427
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
126 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-48. Employment Status of Women Who Maintain Families, by Marital Status and Presence and Age of Children, March 1990–March 2007—Continued (Thousands of women, percent.) Civilian labor force Marital status, age of children, and year
Civilian noninstitutional population
Unemployed Number
Percent of the population
Employed
Not in the labor force
Percent of the labor force
Number
Single Women with Children Under 18 Years 1990 ..................................................................................... 1991 ..................................................................................... 1992 ..................................................................................... 1993 ..................................................................................... 1994 .....................................................................................
1 953 2 208 2 376 2 445 2 790
1 095 1 187 1 256 1 414 1 625
56.1 53.8 52.9 57.8 58.2
874 985 1 067 1 161 1 328
221 202 189 253 297
20.2 17.0 15.0 17.9 18.3
858 1 021 1 120 1 031 1 165
1995 ..................................................................................... 1996 ..................................................................................... 1997 ..................................................................................... 1998 ..................................................................................... 1999 .....................................................................................
2 613 2 639 3 012 3 083 3 163
1 510 1 633 2 087 2 280 2 415
57.8 61.9 69.3 74.0 76.4
1 261 1 346 1 749 1 960 2 146
249 287 338 320 269
16.5 17.6 16.2 14.0 11.1
1 102 1 006 925 803 748
2000 ..................................................................................... 2001 ..................................................................................... 2002 ..................................................................................... 2003 ..................................................................................... 2004 .....................................................................................
3 167 3 097 3 315 3 421 3 414
2 413 2 351 2 566 2 584 2 568
76.2 75.9 77.4 75.5 75.2
2 151 2 055 2 241 2 272 2 233
262 296 325 312 335
10.9 12.6 12.7 12.1 13.0
754 745 749 837 846
2005 ..................................................................................... 2006 ..................................................................................... 2007 .....................................................................................
3 591 3 671 3 748
2 708 2 710 2 782
75.4 73.8 74.2
2 325 2 370 2 491
383 340 291
14.1 12.5 10.4
882 961 966
Widowed, Divorced, or Separated Women with No Children Under 18 Years 1990 ..................................................................................... 1991 ..................................................................................... 1992 ..................................................................................... 1993 ..................................................................................... 1994 .....................................................................................
3 648 3 765 3 905 3 956 4 054
1 778 1 896 1 923 1 935 2 118
48.7 50.4 49.2 48.9 52.2
1 708 1 791 1 832 1 845 2 037
70 105 91 90 81
3.9 5.5 4.7 4.7 3.8
1 870 1 869 1 982 2 021 1 936
1995 ..................................................................................... 1996 ..................................................................................... 1997 ..................................................................................... 1998 ..................................................................................... 1999 .....................................................................................
3 831 3 952 4 049 4 058 3 974
1 938 1 964 2 077 2 011 1 993
50.6 49.7 51.3 49.6 50.2
1 887 1 890 2 008 1 965 1 918
51 74 69 46 75
2.6 3.8 3.3 2.3 3.8
1 894 1 988 1 971 2 047 1 980
2000 ..................................................................................... 2001 ..................................................................................... 2002 ..................................................................................... 2003 ..................................................................................... 2004 .....................................................................................
4 093 4 088 3 964 4 203 4 170
1 987 1 985 1 968 2 121 2 075
48.5 48.6 49.6 50.5 49.8
1 904 1 912 1 882 2 016 1 968
83 73 86 105 107
4.2 3.7 4.4 5.0 5.2
2 106 2 104 1 997 2 082 2 095
2005 ..................................................................................... 2006 ..................................................................................... 2007 .....................................................................................
4 304 4 323 4 410
2 170 2 156 2 138
50.4 49.9 48.5
2 106 2 084 2 061
64 72 77
2.9 3.3 3.6
2 135 2 168 2 272
Widowed, Divorced, or Separated Women with Children Under 18 Years 1990 ..................................................................................... 1991 ..................................................................................... 1992 ..................................................................................... 1993 ..................................................................................... 1994 .....................................................................................
5 065 5 109 5 187 5 336 5 415
3 765 3 778 3 834 3 897 3 979
74.3 73.9 73.9 73.0 73.5
3 464 3 441 3 424 3 594 3 596
301 337 410 303 383
8.0 8.9 10.7 7.8 9.6
1 301 1 331 1 353 1 439 1 436
1995 ..................................................................................... 1996 ..................................................................................... 1997 ..................................................................................... 1998 ..................................................................................... 1999 .....................................................................................
5 539 5 507 5 337 5 068 5 086
4 210 4 275 4 248 4 047 4 131
76.0 77.6 79.6 79.9 81.2
3 871 4 024 3 872 3 771 3 894
339 251 376 276 237
8.1 5.9 8.9 6.8 5.7
1 329 1 231 1 089 1 020 955
2000 ..................................................................................... 2001 ..................................................................................... 2002 ..................................................................................... 2003 ..................................................................................... 2004 .....................................................................................
4 881 4 649 5 056 5 122 5 201
4 107 3 910 4 193 4 241 4 249
84.1 84.1 82.9 82.8 81.7
3 895 3 730 3 886 3 898 3 966
212 180 307 343 283
5.2 4.6 7.3 8.1 6.7
774 739 862 881 952
2005 ..................................................................................... 2006 ..................................................................................... 2007 .....................................................................................
5 108 5 121 5 262
4 137 4 167 4 266
81.0 81.4 81.1
3 854 3 912 4 029
283 255 237
6.8 6.1 5.5
971 955 997
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 127
Table 1-49. Number and Age of Children in Families, by Type of Family and Labor Force Status of Mother, March 1990–March 2007 (Thousands of children.)
Age of children and year
Total children
Mother in labor force
Mother not in labor force
Married-couple families
Families maintained by women
Mother in labor force
Mother in labor force
Total
Mother not in labor force
Total
Mother not in labor force
Families maintained by men
Children Under 18 Years 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
59 596 60 330 61 262 62 020 63 407
36 712 36 968 38 081 38 542 40 186
21 110 21 526 21 176 21 444 21 188
45 898 45 912 45 966 46 499 47 247
29 077 29 056 29 882 30 054 31 279
16 820 16 856 16 084 16 445 15 968
11 925 12 582 13 291 13 487 14 127
7 635 7 912 8 199 8 488 8 907
4 290 4 670 5 093 4 999 5 220
1 774 1 836 2 005 2 034 2 033
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
63 989 64 506 64 710 65 043 65 191
41 365 41 573 42 747 43 156 43 419
20 421 20 449 19 223 19 069 19 074
47 675 47 484 47 529 47 909 47 945
32 190 31 764 32 263 32 533 32 193
15 486 15 720 15 265 15 376 15 752
14 111 14 538 14 441 14 317 14 547
9 176 9 809 10 483 10 623 11 226
4 935 4 729 3 958 3 694 3 322
2 202 2 484 2 740 2 818 2 699
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
65 601 65 777 65 978 66 521 66 386
44 188 44 051 43 821 43 769 43 144
18 674 18 864 19 243 19 782 20 229
48 902 49 352 48 836 49 004 48 656
33 149 33 436 32 673 32 411 31 892
15 753 15 916 16 163 16 593 16 764
13 960 13 563 14 228 14 547 14 717
11 039 10 615 11 149 11 359 11 252
2 921 2 948 3 079 3 189 3 465
2 739 2 862 2 914 2 970 3 014
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... 2007 ......................................................
66 526 66 883 67 228
43 239 43 278 44 116
20 179 20 440 20 073
48 688 48 853 48 927
31 886 31 946 32 496
16 802 16 908 16 431
14 729 14 865 15 263
11 352 11 332 11 620
3 377 3 532 3 643
3 108 3 165 3 038
Children 6 to 17 Years 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
39 095 39 470 40 064 40 622 41 795
25 805 25 806 26 666 27 046 28 179
12 079 12 392 12 067 12 291 12 287
29 726 29 598 29 673 30 233 30 895
20 067 19 907 20 586 20 796 21 663
9 659 9 691 9 087 9 437 9 233
8 157 8 599 9 060 9 104 9 570
5 737 5 899 6 079 6 249 6 516
2 420 2 701 2 980 2 854 3 054
1 211 1 272 1 331 1 285 1 329
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
42 423 42 964 43 488 43 771 44 110
28 931 29 381 30 308 30 579 30 885
12 000 11 897 11 400 11 367 11 370
31 298 31 231 31 509 31 707 31 975
22 239 22 092 22 602 22 706 22 706
9 059 9 139 8 906 9 001 9 269
9 633 10 047 10 199 10 238 10 281
6 692 7 289 7 705 7 873 8 179
2 941 2 758 2 493 2 365 2 101
1 492 1 685 1 781 1 826 1 855
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
44 562 44 458 44 865 45 273 45 066
31 531 31 411 31 437 31 559 31 040
11 198 11 153 11 510 11 635 11 968
32 732 32 957 32 799 32 782 32 506
23 393 23 599 23 296 23 160 22 736
9 339 9 358 9 504 9 622 9 769
9 997 9 608 10 148 10 412 10 502
8 138 7 813 8 142 8 399 8 304
1 859 1 795 2 006 2 013 2 199
1 833 1 894 1 918 2 080 2 058
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... 2007 ......................................................
45 027 45 039 45 155
30 930 30 591 31 252
11 995 12 250 11 855
32 412 32 311 32 417
22 565 22 315 22 788
9 847 9 996 9 629
10 514 10 530 10 690
8 366 8 276 8 464
2 148 2 254 2 226
2 102 2 198 2 048
Children Under 6 Years 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................
20 502 20 860 21 198 21 398 21 612
10 907 11 162 11 415 11 496 12 007
9 031 9 134 9 109 9 153 8 901
16 171 16 313 16 293 16 266 16 352
9 010 9 148 9 296 9 258 9 617
7 161 7 165 6 997 7 008 6 735
3 767 3 983 4 232 4 383 4 556
1 897 2 013 2 119 2 239 2 391
1 870 1 969 2 112 2 145 2 166
563 563 674 749 704
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
21 566 21 542 21 222 21 272 21 081
12 435 12 192 12 439 12 577 12 533
8 421 8 552 7 823 7 703 7 704
16 377 16 253 16 020 16 201 15 971
9 951 9 672 9 661 9 827 9 487
6 427 6 581 6 359 6 375 6 484
4 478 4 491 4 243 4 079 4 267
2 484 2 520 2 778 2 751 3 046
1 995 1 971 1 464 1 328 1 220
710 799 959 992 844
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................
21 039 21 318 21 113 21 248 21 321
12 657 12 640 12 384 12 210 12 104
7 476 7 711 7 733 8 147 8 261
16 170 16 395 16 037 16 222 16 151
9 757 9 837 9 377 9 251 9 156
6 413 6 558 6 660 6 971 6 995
3 963 3 956 4 080 4 136 4 214
2 901 2 802 3 007 2 960 2 948
1 062 1 153 1 073 1 176 1 266
906 968 996 890 956
2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... 2007 ......................................................
21 498 21 844 22 073
12 308 12 687 12 864
8 184 8 190 8 218
16 276 16 542 16 509
9 321 9 631 9 708
6 955 6 911 6 802
4 216 4 335 4 572
2 987 3 057 3 156
1 229 1 278 1 416
1 006 968 991
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
128 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-50. Number of Families and Median Family Income, by Type of Family and Earner Status of Members, 1995–2006 (Thousands of families, dollars.) Number and type of families and median family income
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Married-Couple Families, Total ..................................... No earners ....................................................................... One earner ....................................................................... Husband ....................................................................... Wife .............................................................................. Other family member .................................................... Two earners ..................................................................... Husband and wife ........................................................ Husband and other family member .............................. Husband not an earner ................................................ Three earners or more ..................................................... Husband and wife ........................................................ Husband, not wife ........................................................ Husband not an earner ................................................
53 621 7 276 11 708 8 792 2 251 666 27 180 25 274 1 393 513 7 456 6 770 531 155
53 654 7 145 11 493 8 611 2 207 674 27 260 25 274 1 483 502 7 756 7 126 479 150
54 362 7 286 11 700 8 770 2 298 632 27 712 25 731 1 406 575 7 664 7 023 478 163
54 829 7 257 12 246 9 173 2 411 662 27 593 25 696 1 306 590 7 733 7 102 456 176
55 352 7 160 12 290 9 062 2 585 643 28 010 26 134 1 325 552 7 892 7 220 528 144
55 650 7 297 12 450 9 319 2 545 586 28 329 26 447 1 277 605 7 575 6 917 537 120
56 798 7 662 12 852 9 573 2 689 590 28 779 26 829 1 424 526 7 504 6 859 530 115
57 362 7 803 13 503 10 121 2 821 560 28 891 26 966 1 391 534 7 165 6 565 455 145
57 767 8 043 14 061 10 478 3 027 557 28 693 26 860 1 322 511 6 970 6 349 467 154
58 180 7 998 14 385 10 853 2 993 539 28 806 26 758 1 462 586 6 991 6 459 381 152
58 225 8 017 14 301 10 611 3 097 593 28 802 26 833 1 376 594 7 104 6 535 445 124
59 050 8 091 14 562 10 706 3 264 591 29 216 27 241 1 358 616 7 181 6 620 397 165
Families Maintained by Women, Total ......................... No earners ....................................................................... One earner ....................................................................... Householder ................................................................. Other family member .................................................... Two earners or more ........................................................ Householder and other family member(s) .................... Householder not an earner ..........................................
13 007 2 664 6 815 5 590 1 225 3 527 3 225 302
13 277 2 574 7 027 5 817 1 211 3 675 3 431 245
13 115 2 332 7 091 5 841 1 251 3 692 3 398 294
13 206 2 143 7 351 6 167 1 183 3 712 3 399 313
13 164 1 883 7 441 6 127 1 314 3 840 3 508 332
12 950 1 786 7 462 6 132 1 331 3 702 3 376 325
13 517 2 076 7 693 6 436 1 257 3 748 3 442 306
14 033 2 228 8 153 6 832 1 321 3 652 3 290 362
14 196 2 451 8 012 6 725 1 286 3 733 3 364 369
14 404 2 610 8 074 6 788 1 285 3 720 3 399 321
14 505 2 616 8 052 6 724 1 329 3 836 3 468 368
14 852 2 627 8 303 6 904 1 398 3 923 3 547 376
Families Maintained by Men, Total ............................... No earners ....................................................................... One earner ....................................................................... Householder ................................................................. Other family member .................................................... Two earners or more ........................................................ Householder and other family member(s) .................... Householder not an earner ..........................................
3 557 357 1 800 1 548 253 1 400 1 302 98
3 924 359 1 972 1 667 305 1 593 1 469 124
3 982 344 2 104 1 791 313 1 534 1 427 107
4 041 381 2 027 1 725 302 1 634 1 532 102
4 086 376 2 044 1 721 323 1 666 1 522 143
4 316 380 2 223 1 879 344 1 713 1 585 128
4 499 461 2 319 1 911 408 1 719 1 629 90
4 747 466 2 434 2 026 408 1 847 1 709 138
4 778 530 2 466 2 053 413 1 782 1 625 157
4 953 492 2 573 2 152 421 1 888 1 736 152
5 193 537 2 661 2 196 464 1 995 1 848 147
5 119 555 2 584 2 155 429 1 979 1 828 152
Married-Couple Families, Total ..................................... No earners ....................................................................... One earner ....................................................................... Husband ....................................................................... Wife .............................................................................. Other family member .................................................... Two earners ..................................................................... Husband and wife ........................................................ Husband and other family member .............................. Husband not an earner ................................................ Three earners or more ..................................................... Husband and wife ........................................................ Husband, not wife ........................................................ Husband not an earner ................................................
47 000 21 888 35 100 36 052 32 098 37 784 53 500 53 626 52 530 47 121 68 996 69 371 60 360 61 196
49 614 22 622 36 468 38 150 30 301 39 644 56 000 56 392 49 610 46 990 70 400 71 148 61 824 55 495
51 475 23 782 39 140 40 300 34 050 40 317 58 020 58 564 53 854 47 979 75 593 76 105 68 890 62 684
54 043 24 525 40 519 42 000 35 625 42 414 61 300 61 900 57 680 50 955 78 973 79 907 71 001 63 205
56 792 25 262 41 261 44 200 35 546 41 120 64 007 64 950 53 541 52 466 81 940 83 000 69 561 69 275
59 200 25 356 44 424 47 010 36 458 45 492 67 500 68 132 56 503 53 430 83 990 84 634 79 050 68 050
60 100 25 900 44 400 47 500 36 140 44 270 69 543 70 000 65 240 58 725 86 090 87 000 76 230 80 661
61 000 25 954 45 000 48 004 39 072 40 927 71 282 72 150 62 848 54 840 88 632 89 962 82 180 68 400
62 388 26 312 46 546 48 948 41 180 45 936 73 309 74 500 60 100 58 000 93 000 94 353 77 316 91 771
63 627 26 798 47 749 50 000 41 000 46 324 75 100 76 000 66 120 63 050 94 212 95 524 87 000 73 137
65 586 28 376 50 000 52 000 43 505 50 263 76 960 77 539 67 350 65 622 98 000 99 800 79 417 84 638
69 300 30 000 50 400 53 360 45 000 49 352 81 500 82 762 68 828 63 657 103 803 104 045 91 965 97 510
Families Maintained by Women, Total ......................... No earners ....................................................................... One earner ....................................................................... Householder ................................................................. Other family member .................................................... Two earners or more ........................................................ Householder and other family member(s) .................... Householder not an earner ..........................................
19 306 7 440 18 824 17 890 23 166 35 000 34 674 39 444
19 416 7 092 18 500 18 000 21 000 36 400 36 400 38 249
20 470 7 476 19 000 18 000 22 870 39 275 39 000 47 471
21 875 7 737 20 000 18 800 25 981 40 000 39 713 43 725
23 100 8 010 20 092 19 000 26 800 41 144 40 855 48 004
25 000 8 988 22 306 21 400 27 524 43 035 43 000 45 600
25 064 8 160 23 008 22 001 28 476 45 244 44 842 51 000
26 000 8 808 24 597 23 760 29 524 46 580 46 000 51 248
26 000 8 344 24 752 23 832 28 857 47 576 46 701 57 267
26 400 8 400 25 040 24 801 29 700 48 549 47 974 56 799
27 000 8 228 25 308 24 505 31 700 50 000 48 989 64 805
28 218 8 657 26 393 25 381 31 462 52 400 51 479 61 699
Families Maintained by Men, Total ............................... No earners ....................................................................... One earner ....................................................................... Householder ................................................................. Other family member .................................................... Two earners or more ........................................................ Householder and other family member(s) .................... Householder not an earner ..........................................
30 000 12 240 25 337 25 069 27 291 43 100 43 000 55 133
31 500 12 030 26 100 25 874 28 584 44 275 43 065 47 001
32 984 14 252 26 897 27 000 25 486 49 900 50 000 44 786
35 000 15 468 29 125 29 125 28 241 51 288 50 954 68 257
37 000 13 752 31 038 30 483 34 756 51 040 50 960 57 407
37 040 14 946 30 160 30 816 29 118 55 010 55 400 51 945
36 000 12 840 30 800 30 500 31 052 55 024 54 850 61 824
37 440 15 200 30 139 30 014 32 000 55 000 55 220 49 852
37 914 15 408 32 097 31 355 35 525 57 840 57 400 64 658
40 000 14 167 35 000 35 000 35 438 57 600 57 058 65 400
40 293 13 950 35 001 35 075 35 000 60 024 60 000 70 879
41 130 15 462 35 100 35 011 37 840 61 000 61 000 62 000
NUMBER OF FAMILIES
MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME
Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 129
Table 1-51. Employment Status of the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations, by Selected Characteristics, 2005–2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) Civilian labor force Year and characteristic
Civilian noninstitutional population
Unemployed Total
Participation rate
Employed Number
Rate
2005 TOTAL Both sexes, 16 years and over ......................................................... Men ................................................................................................... Women .............................................................................................
226 082 109 151 116 931
149 320 80 033 69 288
66.0 73.3 59.3
141 730 75 973 65 757
7 591 4 059 3 531
5.1 5.1 5.1
Both sexes, 16 years and over ......................................................... Men ................................................................................................... Women .............................................................................................
32 558 16 321 16 236
22 042 13 263 8 779
67.7 81.3 54.1
21 022 12 720 8 302
1 020 544 477
4.6 4.1 5.4
Age 16 to 24 years ................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ................................................................................... 65 years and over .............................................................................
4 168 7 902 7 620 5 578 3 499 3 791
2 469 6 094 6 162 4 473 2 278 566
59.2 77.1 80.9 80.2 65.1 14.9
2 277 5 824 5 930 4 285 2 163 542
192 270 232 188 115 24
7.8 4.4 3.8 4.2 5.1 4.2
Race and Hispanic Origin White, non-Hispanic ......................................................................... Black, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Asian, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Hispanic1 ..........................................................................................
7 239 2 360 7 289 15 360
4 351 1 746 4 922 10 794
60.1 74.0 67.5 70.3
4 187 1 631 4 728 10 252
165 115 194 541
3.8 6.6 3.9 5.0
Educational Attainment Total, 25 years and over ................................................................... Less than a high school diploma ...................................................... High school graduate, no college2 .................................................... Some college or associate’s degree ................................................. Bachelor’s degree or higher3 ............................................................
28 389 9 053 7 106 4 354 7 876
19 573 5 545 4 804 3 181 6 043
68.9 61.2 67.6 73.1 76.7
18 745 5 227 4 599 3 064 5 856
828 318 205 118 188
4.2 5.7 4.3 3.7 3.1
Both sexes, 16 years and over ......................................................... Men ................................................................................................... Women .............................................................................................
193 525 92 830 100 695
127 278 66 769 60 509
65.8 71.9 60.1
120 708 63 254 57 454
6 570 3 516 3 055
5.2 5.3 5.0
Age 16 to 24 years ................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ................................................................................... 65 years and over .............................................................................
32 505 31 162 35 385 36 529 26 666 31 278
19 821 26 247 29 868 29 930 16 701 4 712
61.0 84.2 84.4 81.9 62.6 15.1
17 493 24 856 28 699 28 922 16 186 4 552
2 328 1 391 1 168 1 008 515 160
11.7 5.3 3.9 3.4 3.1 3.4
Race and Hispanic Origin White, non-Hispanic ......................................................................... Black, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Asian, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Hispanic1 ..........................................................................................
150 155 23 283 2 444 13 773
99 539 14 694 1 496 9 030
66.3 63.1 61.2 65.6
95 430 13 155 1 434 8 380
4 109 1 538 62 650
4.1 10.5 4.2 7.2
Educational Attainment Total, 25 years and over ................................................................... Less than a high school diploma ...................................................... High school graduates, no college2 .................................................. Some college or associate’s degree ................................................. Bachelor’s degree or higher3 ............................................................
161 019 18 818 53 302 43 915 44 984
107 457 7 135 33 392 31 793 35 137
66.7 37.9 62.6 72.4 78.1
103 215 6 485 31 799 30 561 34 369
4 242 649 1 593 1 232 768
3.9 9.1 4.8 3.9 2.2
FOREIGN BORN
NATIVE BORN
Note: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2006, estimated levels for 2006 are not strictly comparable with those for 2005. Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to total because data are not presented for all races. 1May be of any race. 2Includes persons with 3Includes persons with
a high school diploma or equivalent. bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
130 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-51. Employment Status of the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations, by Selected Characteristics, 2005–2006—Continued (Thousands of people, percent.) Civilian labor force Year and characteristic
Civilian noninstitutional population
Unemployed Total
Participation rate
Employed Number
Rate
2006 TOTAL Both sexes, 16 years and over ......................................................... Men ................................................................................................... Women .............................................................................................
228 815 110 605 118 210
151 428 81 255 70 173
66.2 73.5 59.4
144 427 77 502 66 925
7 001 3 753 3 247
4.6 4.6 4.6
Both sexes, 16 years and over ......................................................... Men ................................................................................................... Women .............................................................................................
33 733 16 989 16 743
23 148 13 885 9 263
68.6 81.7 55.3
22 225 13 395 8 831
923 491 432
4.0 3.5 4.7
Age 16 to 24 years ................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ................................................................................... 65 years and over .............................................................................
4 156 7 997 8 022 5 896 3 707 3 955
2 501 6 267 6 552 4 740 2 428 660
60.2 78.4 81.7 80.4 65.5 16.7
2 318 6 027 6 325 4 575 2 340 640
183 240 227 165 87 20
7.3 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.1
Race and Hispanic Origin White, non-Hispanic ......................................................................... Black, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Asian, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Hispanic1 ..........................................................................................
7 329 2 450 7 481 16 156
4 503 1 807 5 060 11 549
61.4 73.7 67.6 71.5
4 344 1 708 4 917 11 034
159 99 142 514
3.5 5.5 2.8 4.5
Educational Attainment Total, 25 years and over ................................................................... Less than a high school diploma ...................................................... High school graduates, no college2 .................................................. Some college or associate degree ................................................... Bachelor’s degree and higher3 .........................................................
29 576 9 361 7 358 4 511 8 347
20 647 5 865 5 032 3 346 6 405
69.8 62.7 68.4 74.2 76.7
19 908 5 566 4 855 3 232 6 255
739 299 177 114 149
3.6 5.1 3.5 3.4 2.3
Both sexes, 16 years and over ......................................................... Men ................................................................................................... Women .............................................................................................
195 082 93 615 101 467
128 280 67 370 60 910
65.8 72.0 60.0
122 202 64 107 58 095
6 078 3 263 2 815
4.7 4.8 4.6
Age 16 to 24 years ................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ................................................................................... 65 years and over .............................................................................
32 787 31 233 34 731 37 005 27 668 31 658
19 893 26 305 29 296 30 405 17 557 4 824
60.7 84.2 84.3 82.2 63.5 15.2
17 723 25 024 28 244 29 477 17 049 4 685
2 170 1 282 1 051 928 508 139
10.9 4.9 3.6 3.1 2.9 2.9
Race and Hispanic Origin White, non-Hispanic ......................................................................... Black, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Asian, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Hispanic1 ..........................................................................................
150 979 23 668 2 522 13 947
100 126 14 905 1 552 9 145
66.3 63.0 61.5 65.6
96 262 13 500 1 493 8 578
3 864 1 405 59 567
3.9 9.4 3.8 6.2
Educational Attainment Total, 25 years and over ................................................................... Less than a high school diploma ...................................................... High school graduates, no college2 .................................................. Some college or associate degree ................................................... Bachelor’s degree or higher3 ............................................................
162 295 18 181 53 390 44 500 46 224
108 387 6 893 33 322 32 064 36 108
66.8 37.9 62.4 72.1 78.1
104 479 6 326 31 847 30 911 35 394
3 908 567 1 475 1 152 714
3.6 8.2 4.4 3.6 2.0
FOREIGN BORN
NATIVE BORN
Note: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2006, estimated levels for 2006 are not strictly comparable with those for 2005. Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to total because data are not presented for all races. 1May be of any race. 2Includes persons with 3Includes persons with
a high school diploma or equivalent. bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 131
Table 1-52. Employment Status of the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations Age 16 Years and Over, by Sex and Presence and Age of Youngest Child, Annual Averages, 2005–2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) 2005
2006
Characteristic Both sexes
Men
Women
Both sexes
Men
Women
FOREIGN BORN With Own Children Under 18 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate ..........................................................
12 781 9 653 75.5 9 247 72.3 406 4.2
6 084 5 737 94.3 5 547 91.2 190 3.3
6 697 3 916 58.5 3 700 55.2 216 5.5
13 239 10 068 76.0 9 674 73.1 394 3.9
6 283 5 912 94.1 5 731 91.2 182 3.1
6 956 4 155 59.7 3 943 56.7 212 5.1
With Own Children 6 to 17 Years, None Younger Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate ..........................................................
6 353 5 053 79.5 4 852 76.4 201 4.0
2 950 2 750 93.2 2 658 90.1 93 3.4
3 403 2 303 67.7 2 194 64.5 108 4.7
6 604 5 256 79.6 5 052 76.5 204 3.9
3 050 2 828 92.7 2 737 89.7 91 3.2
3 554 2 428 68.3 2 315 65.1 113 4.6
With Own Children Under 6 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate ..........................................................
6 428 4 600 71.6 4 395 68.4 206 4.5
3 134 2 987 95.3 2 889 92.2 98 3.3
3 294 1 613 49.0 1 505 45.7 108 6.7
6 635 4 812 72.5 4 622 69.7 190 3.9
3 233 3 084 95.4 2 994 92.6 90 2.9
3 402 1 727 50.8 1 628 47.8 100 5.8
With Own Children Under 3 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate ..........................................................
3 732 2 595 69.5 2 489 66.7 106 4.1
1 841 1 760 95.6 1 711 93.0 49 2.8
1 891 835 44.2 778 41.1 57 6.8
3 805 2 658 69.8 2 552 67.1 105 4.0
1 845 1 758 95.3 1 706 92.5 51 2.9
1 961 900 45.9 846 43.1 54 6.0
With No Own Children Under 18 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate ..........................................................
19 777 12 389 62.6 11 775 59.5 614 5.0
10 237 7 526 73.5 7 173 70.1 354 4.7
9 539 4 863 51.0 4 603 48.2 260 5.4
20 493 13 080 63.8 12 552 61.2 529 4.0
10 706 7 973 74.5 7 664 71.6 309 3.9
9 787 5 107 52.2 4 888 49.9 220 4.3
Note: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2006, estimated levels for 2006 are not strictly comparable with those for 2005.
132 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-52. Employment Status of the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations Age 16 Years and Over, by Sex and Presence and Age of Youngest Child, Annual Averages, 2005–2006—Continued (Thousands of people, percent.) 2005
2006
Characteristic Both sexes
Men
Women
Both sexes
Men
Women
NATIVE BORN With Own Children Under 18 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate ..........................................................
52 845 43 521 82.4 41 727 79.0 1 794 4.1
23 226 21 852 94.1 21 202 91.3 650 3.0
29 619 21 669 73.2 20 524 69.3 1 145 5.3
52 551 43 400 82.6 41 768 79.5 1 632 3.8
23 118 21 774 94.2 21 176 91.6 598 2.7
29 433 21 626 73.5 20 592 70.0 1 034 4.8
With Own Children 6 to 17 Years, None Younger Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate ..........................................................
30 095 25 526 84.8 24 600 81.7 926 3.6
13 252 12 329 93.0 11 977 90.4 351 2.9
16 843 13 197 78.4 12 623 74.9 574 4.4
29 775 25 296 85.0 24 471 82.2 825 3.3
13 114 12 219 93.2 11 912 90.8 307 2.5
16 662 13 077 78.5 12 559 75.4 518 4.0
With Own Children Under 6 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate ..........................................................
22 749 17 995 79.1 17 127 75.3 869 4.8
9 974 9 524 95.5 9 225 92.5 298 3.1
12 776 8 472 66.3 7 901 61.8 570 6.7
22 776 18 104 79.5 17 297 75.9 807 4.5
10 004 9 555 95.5 9 264 92.6 291 3.0
12 772 8 549 66.9 8 033 62.9 516 6.0
With Own Children Under 3 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate ..........................................................
13 384 10 285 76.8 9 769 73.0 516 5.0
5 910 5 650 95.6 5 470 92.6 180 3.2
7 474 4 635 62.0 4 299 57.5 336 7.3
13 433 10 481 78.0 9 992 74.4 489 4.7
5 963 5 706 95.7 5 523 92.6 183 3.2
7 470 4 775 63.9 4 469 59.8 306 6.4
With No Own Children Under 18 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate ..........................................................
140 680 83 757 59.5 78 981 56.1 4 776 5.7
69 605 44 917 64.5 42 051 60.4 2 866 6.4
71 076 38 840 54.6 36 930 52.0 1 910 4.9
142 531 84 880 59.6 80 434 56.4 4 446 5.2
70 497 45 596 64.7 42 931 60.9 2 665 5.8
72 034 39 284 54.5 37 503 52.1 1 781 4.5
Note: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2006, estimated levels for 2006 are not strictly comparable with those for 2005.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 133
Table 1-53. Employment Status of the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations Age 25 Years and Over, by Educational Attainment, Race, and Hispanic Origin, Annual Averages, 2005–2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) 2005 Characteristic
Less than a high school diploma
High school graduate, no college1
2006
Some college or associate’s degree
Bachelor’s degree or higher2
Less than a high school diploma
High school graduate, no college1
Some college or associate’s degree
Bachelor’s degree or higher2
FOREIGN BORN White, Non-Hispanic Civilian noninstitutional population ...................................... Civilian labor force ........................................................... Participation rate ...................................................... Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Unemployment rate .................................................
928 345 37.1 325 35.0 19 5.6
1 869 988 52.8 955 51.1 33 3.4
1 258 797 63.4 766 60.9 31 3.9
2 525 1 862 73.8 1 805 71.5 57 3.1
940 349 37.1 331 35.2 18 5.3
1 803 971 53.8 937 52.0 33 3.4
1 296 848 65.4 819 63.1 30 3.5
2 647 1 969 74.4 1 920 72.6 48 2.5
Black, Non-Hispanic Civilian noninstitutional population ...................................... Civilian labor force ........................................................... Participation rate ...................................................... Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Unemployment rate .................................................
361 219 60.7 203 56.1 17 7.5
641 490 76.5 458 71.5 32 6.5
499 407 81.5 382 76.6 25 6.1
558 468 83.9 452 80.9 17 3.6
357 226 63.2 207 57.8 19 8.6
648 477 73.7 453 69.9 25 5.2
507 416 81.9 398 78.4 18 4.3
608 510 83.9 495 81.4 15 3.0
Asian, Non-Hispanic Civilian noninstitutional population ...................................... Civilian labor force ........................................................... Participation rate ...................................................... Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Unemployment rate .................................................
857 402 46.9 378 44.1 24 5.9
1 332 845 63.5 804 60.4 41 4.9
998 725 72.7 702 70.3 23 3.2
3 385 2 606 77.0 2 524 74.6 82 3.2
858 391 45.6 376 43.8 15 3.9
1 340 862 64.3 834 62.3 27 3.2
1 016 742 73.0 721 71.0 21 2.8
3 575 2 743 76.7 2 684 75.1 58 2.1
Hispanic3 Civilian noninstitutional population ...................................... Civilian labor force ........................................................... Participation rate ...................................................... Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Unemployment rate .................................................
6 870 4 558 66.4 4 301 62.6 257 5.6
3 207 2 437 76.0 2 340 72.9 98 4.0
1 534 1 202 78.3 1 164 75.9 38 3.1
1 309 1 026 78.4 997 76.2 29 2.9
7 167 4 875 68.0 4 631 64.6 243 5.0
3 506 2 677 76.4 2 587 73.8 90 3.4
1 615 1 279 79.2 1 234 76.4 46 3.6
1 424 1 111 78.0 1 085 76.1 27 2.4
White, Non-Hispanic Civilian noninstitutional population ...................................... Civilian labor force ........................................................... Participation rate ...................................................... Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Unemployment rate .................................................
12 313 4 479 36.4 4 157 33.8 322 7.2
42 100 25 768 61.2 24 740 58.8 1 027 4.0
34 792 24 879 71.5 24 058 69.1 821 3.3
38 847 30 102 77.5 29 490 75.9 612 2.0
11 847 4 369 36.9 4 079 34.4 289 6.6
42 087 25 714 61.1 24 773 58.9 941 3.7
35 100 24 931 71.0 24 157 68.8 774 3.1
39 751 30 787 77.4 30 200 76.0 586 1.9
Black, Non-Hispanic Civilian noninstitutional population ...................................... Civilian labor force ........................................................... Participation rate ...................................................... Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Unemployment rate .................................................
3 464 1 277 36.9 1 077 31.1 200 15.7
6 778 4 538 66.9 4 135 61.0 403 8.9
5 039 3 780 75.0 3 518 69.8 263 6.9
3 211 2 617 81.5 2 528 78.7 89 3.4
3 396 1 236 36.4 1 065 31.4 171 13.8
6 801 4 488 66.0 4 115 60.5 373 8.3
5 215 3 885 74.5 3 634 69.7 251 6.5
3 379 2 762 81.7 2 687 79.5 75 2.7
Asian, Non-Hispanic Civilian noninstitutional population ...................................... Civilian labor force ........................................................... Participation rate ...................................................... Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Unemployment rate .................................................
158 57 36.3 56 35.3 2 2.8
303 162 53.5 158 52.0 5 2.8
380 257 67.8 249 65.5 9 3.4
859 680 79.2 664 77.3 17 2.4
152 55 36.4 53 35.1 2 3.4
339 188 55.4 183 54.0 5 2.6
391 276 70.6 265 67.7 11 4.1
880 710 80.7 696 79.2 13 1.9
Hispanic3 Civilian noninstitutional population ...................................... Civilian labor force ........................................................... Participation rate ...................................................... Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Unemployment rate .................................................
2 455 1 163 47.4 1 066 43.4 97 8.4
3 182 2 313 72.7 2 195 69.0 118 5.1
2 735 2 164 79.1 2 064 75.5 100 4.6
1 504 1 272 84.5 1 235 82.1 36 2.9
2 352 1 073 45.6 989 42.0 85 7.9
3 232 2 331 72.1 2 214 68.5 117 5.0
2 781 2 222 79.9 2 143 77.1 79 3.6
1 626 1 373 84.4 1 344 82.6 29 2.1
NATIVE BORN
Note: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2006, estimated levels for 2006 are not strictly comparable with those for 2005. Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to total because data are not presented for all races. 1Includes persons with 2Includes persons with 3May be of any race.
a high school diploma or equivalent. bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
134 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-54. Employed Foreign-Born and Native-Born Persons Age 16 Years and Over, by Occupation and Sex, 2006 Averages (Thousands of people, percent.) Foreign born
Native born
Occupation Both sexes
Male
Female
Both sexes
Male
Female
TOTAL EMPLOYED ..............................................................................................
22 225
13 395
8 831
122 202
64 107
58 095
Percent Employed ................................................................................................ Management, professional, and related ................................................................. Management, business, and financial operations .............................................. Management .................................................................................................. Business and financial operations .................................................................. Professional and related .................................................................................... Computer and mathematical .......................................................................... Architecture and engineering ......................................................................... Life, physical, and social sciences ................................................................. Community and social services ...................................................................... Legal .............................................................................................................. Education, training, and library ....................................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media .............................................. Health care practitioner and technical ............................................................ Services ................................................................................................................. Health care support ............................................................................................ Protective services ............................................................................................. Food preparation and serving related ................................................................ Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance .............................................. Personal care and services ................................................................................ Sales and office ...................................................................................................... Sales and related ............................................................................................... Office and administrative support ....................................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ................................................ Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................................................. Construction and extraction ............................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................................. Production, transportation, and material moving .................................................... Production .......................................................................................................... Transportation and material moving ...................................................................
100.0 26.4 10.0 7.2 2.9 16.4 3.1 2.0 1.1 0.8 0.4 3.1 1.2 4.6 22.5 2.5 0.8 7.7 7.9 3.6 17.9 9.2 8.7 16.5 1.6 11.8 3.1 16.7 9.7 7.0
100.0 24.3 10.1 8.0 2.1 14.2 3.9 2.7 1.1 0.6 0.3 1.8 1.1 2.7 17.2 0.6 1.0 7.4 7.0 1.3 12.9 7.9 5.0 26.1 2.1 19.0 4.9 19.5 9.7 9.8
100.0 29.6 9.9 5.9 4.0 19.7 2.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.7 5.0 1.5 7.3 30.4 5.5 0.4 8.1 9.3 7.1 25.6 11.3 14.2 1.9 1.0 0.7 0.2 12.5 9.6 2.9
100.0 36.4 15.5 11.2 4.4 20.9 2.1 1.9 1.0 1.6 1.3 6.1 2.0 4.9 15.4 2.1 2.3 4.8 3.0 3.2 26.3 11.9 14.4 10.0 0.5 5.6 3.8 11.9 5.9 6.0
100.0 33.8 17.1 13.4 3.8 16.7 2.9 3.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 2.9 2.0 2.4 12.2 0.4 3.4 3.6 3.6 1.3 18.0 11.6 6.4 18.1 0.7 10.4 6.9 17.9 8.2 9.7
100.0 39.4 13.8 8.7 5.1 25.6 1.2 0.5 0.9 2.1 1.4 9.6 2.1 7.8 18.9 4.0 1.1 6.2 2.3 5.4 35.5 12.3 23.1 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.4 5.3 3.4 1.8
Note: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2006, estimated levels for 2006 are not strictly comparable with those for 2005.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 135
Table 1-55. Median Usual Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers for the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations, by Selected Characteristics, Annual Averages, 2005–2006 (Thousands of people, dollars, percent.) Foreign born Year and characteristic
Native born
Median weekly earnings
Number
Earnings of foreign born as a percent of earnings of native born1
Median weekly earnings
Number
2005 Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over ..................................................... Men ................................................................................................... Women .............................................................................................
16 340 10 396 5 945
511 523 487
87 220 48 011 39 210
677 760 596
75.6 68.9 81.7
Age 16 to 24 years ................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ................................................................................... 65 years and over .............................................................................
1 578 4 831 4 700 3 352 1 582 297
353 495 587 563 607 494
9 529 20 181 22 403 22 299 11 192 1 616
404 633 755 772 757 578
87.3 78.3 77.8 73.0 80.2 85.4
Race and Hispanic Origin White, non-Hispanic ......................................................................... Black, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Asian, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Hispanic2 ..........................................................................................
2 978 1 326 3 541 8 331
733 521 747 412
67 458 10 671 1 041 6 343
720 521 777 555
101.8 100.0 96.1 74.2
Educational Attainment Total, 25 years and over ................................................................... Less than a high school diploma ...................................................... High school graduate, no college3 .................................................... Some college .................................................................................... Bachelor’s degree or higher4 ............................................................
14 762 4 305 3 589 2 316 4 553
543 385 496 592 960
77 691 4 557 23 926 23 155 26 053
724 442 594 679 1 023
74.9 87.0 83.4 87.2 93.8
Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over ..................................................... Men ................................................................................................... Women .............................................................................................
17 267 10 931 6 336
532 563 502
88 839 48 816 40 022
698 782 611
76.2 72.0 82.1
Age 16 to 24 years ................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ................................................................................... 65 years and over .............................................................................
1 608 5 008 5 035 3 567 1 703 345
379 508 597 612 608 554
9 753 20 407 22 159 22 814 11 919 1 787
414 647 776 801 787 588
91.5 78.4 76.9 76.4 77.3 94.3
Race and Hispanic Origin White, non-Hispanic ......................................................................... Black, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Asian, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Hispanic2 ..........................................................................................
3 051 1 349 3 685 9 010
765 563 790 430
68 410 10 939 1 066 6 683
740 557 789 572
103.3 101.1 100.1 75.1
Educational Attainment Total, 25 years and over ................................................................... Less than a high school diploma ...................................................... High school graduates, no college3 .................................................. Some college .................................................................................... Bachelor’s degree and higher4 .........................................................
15 659 4 542 3 813 2 446 4 857
575 396 507 613 1 024
79 085 4 487 24 210 23 580 26 808
743 462 607 701 1 042
77.4 85.8 83.5 87.4 98.2
2006
Note: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2006, estimated levels for 2006 are not strictly comparable with those for 2005. Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to total because data are not presented for all races. 1These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ slightly from 2May be of any race. 3Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 4Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
percentages computed using the rounded medians displayed in this table.
136 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-56. Percent Distribution of the Civilian Labor Force Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Race, March 1990–March 2007 (Thousands of people, percent.) Percent distribution Sex, race, and year
Civilian labor force
Less than a high school diploma
Total
4 years of high school only
1 to 3 years of college
4 or more years of college
Both Sexes 1990 .................................................. 1991 .................................................. 1992 .................................................. 1993 .................................................. 1994 ..................................................
99 175 100 480 102 387 103 504 104 868
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
13.4 13.0 12.2 11.5 11.0
39.5 39.4 36.2 35.2 34.0
20.7 21.1 25.2 26.3 27.7
26.4 26.5 26.4 27.0 27.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
106 519 108 037 110 514 111 857 112 542
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
10.8 10.9 10.9 10.7 10.3
33.1 32.9 33.0 32.8 32.3
27.8 27.7 27.4 27.4 27.4
28.3 28.5 28.6 29.1 30.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
114 052 115 073 117 738 119 261 119 392
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
9.8 9.8 10.1 10.1 9.7
31.8 31.4 30.6 30.1 30.1
27.9 28.1 27.7 27.8 27.8
30.4 30.7 31.6 31.9 32.4
2005 .................................................. 2006 .................................................. 2007 ..................................................
120 461 122 541 124 581
100.0 100.0 100.0
9.8 9.8 9.8
30.1 29.6 29.3
27.8 28.0 27.3
32.3 32.6 33.6
Men 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
54 476 55 165 55 917 56 544 56 633
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
15.1 14.7 13.9 13.2 12.7
37.2 37.5 34.7 33.9 32.9
19.7 20.2 23.8 24.7 25.8
28.0 27.6 27.5 28.1 28.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
57 454 58 121 59 268 59 905 60 030
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
12.2 12.7 12.8 12.3 11.7
32.3 32.2 32.2 32.3 32.0
25.7 26.0 25.8 25.8 25.8
29.7 29.1 29.2 29.6 30.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
60 510 61 091 62 794 63 466 63 699
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
11.1 11.0 11.8 12.0 11.5
31.8 31.6 30.6 30.1 30.5
26.1 26.3 25.9 25.8 25.8
30.9 31.1 31.7 32.1 32.2
2005 .................................................. 2006 .................................................. 2007 ..................................................
64 562 65 708 66 742
100.0 100.0 100.0
11.6 11.8 11.7
31.4 30.7 30.6
25.4 25.7 25.1
31.6 31.8 32.7
Women 1990 .................................................. 1991 .................................................. 1992 .................................................. 1993 .................................................. 1994 ..................................................
44 699 45 315 46 469 46 961 48 235
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
11.3 10.9 10.2 9.3 9.1
42.4 41.6 37.9 36.7 35.3
21.9 22.2 26.9 28.2 29.8
24.5 25.2 25.0 25.8 25.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
49 065 49 916 51 246 51 953 52 512
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
9.1 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.7
34.1 33.7 34.0 33.3 32.7
30.2 29.7 29.3 29.3 29.2
26.6 27.8 28.0 28.6 29.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
53 541 53 982 54 944 55 795 55 693
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
8.4 8.5 8.2 8.0 7.7
31.8 31.1 30.6 30.1 29.6
30.0 30.1 29.7 30.1 30.2
29.8 30.2 31.5 31.8 32.5
2005 .................................................. 2006 .................................................. 2007 ..................................................
55 899 56 833 57 839
100.0 100.0 100.0
7.8 7.6 7.5
28.6 28.2 27.9
30.5 30.6 29.9
33.1 33.6 34.6
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 137
Table 1-56. Percent Distribution of the Civilian Labor Force Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Race, March 1990–March 2007—Continued (Thousands of people, percent.) Percent distribution Sex, race, and year
Civilian labor force
Less than a high school diploma
Total
4 years of high school only
1 to 3 years of college
4 or more years of college
White1 1990 .................................................. 1991 .................................................. 1992 .................................................. 1993 .................................................. 1994 ..................................................
85 238 86 344 87 656 88 457 89 009
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
12.6 12.2 11.3 10.7 10.5
39.6 39.3 36.1 35.0 33.7
20.6 21.1 25.5 26.4 27.7
27.1 27.4 27.1 27.9 28.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
90 192 91 506 93 179 93 527 94 216
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
10.0 10.4 10.4 10.2 9.8
32.8 32.8 32.8 32.7 32.2
27.8 27.5 27.3 27.4 27.2
29.3 29.3 29.5 29.8 30.8
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
95 073 95 562 97 699 98 241 98 030
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
9.5 9.5 9.8 9.9 9.5
31.8 31.0 30.6 30.0 29.8
27.7 28.0 27.6 27.7 27.8
31.0 31.4 32.0 32.4 32.9
2005 .................................................. 2006 .................................................. 2007 ..................................................
98 581 100 205 101 548
100.0 100.0 100.0
9.7 9.7 9.7
29.8 29.3 29.1
27.8 28.1 27.3
32.7 32.9 33.9
Black1 1990 .................................................. 1991 .................................................. 1992 .................................................. 1993 .................................................. 1994 ..................................................
10 537 10 650 10 936 11 051 11 368
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
19.9 19.5 19.2 16.8 14.5
42.5 42.9 40.3 39.5 39.3
22.1 22.1 24.9 27.6 29.2
15.5 15.4 15.6 16.1 17.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
11 695 11 891 12 253 12 893 12 945
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
14.1 14.2 14.3 14.3 13.0
38.6 37.2 37.8 37.3 37.2
29.6 31.2 31.3 30.1 30.4
17.7 17.4 16.6 18.2 19.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................
13 383 13 617 13 319 13 315 13 372
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
11.8 12.0 12.4 11.3 11.0
36.1 37.1 34.5 35.6 36.6
31.5 31.1 32.0 31.5 30.5
20.7 19.8 21.0 21.6 21.9
2005 .................................................. 2006 .................................................. 2007 ..................................................
13 635 13 855 14 186
100.0 100.0 100.0
11.2 10.9 10.1
37.3 35.6 35.4
29.9 30.4 31.4
21.6 23.0 23.1
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
138 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-57. Labor Force Participation Rates of Persons Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Race, March 1990–March 2007 (Civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.) Participation rates Sex, race, and year
Less than a high school diploma
Total
4 years of high school only
1 to 3 years of college
4 or more years of college
Both Sexes 1990 ............................................................. 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1993 ............................................................. 1994 .............................................................
78.6 78.6 79.0 78.9 78.9
60.7 60.7 60.3 59.6 58.3
78.2 78.1 78.3 77.7 77.8
83.3 83.2 83.5 82.9 83.2
88.4 88.4 88.4 88.3 88.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
79.3 79.4 80.1 80.2 80.0
59.8 60.2 61.7 63.0 62.7
77.3 77.9 78.5 78.4 78.1
83.2 83.7 83.7 83.5 83.0
88.7 87.8 88.5 88.0 87.6
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
80.3 80.2 79.7 79.4 78.8
62.7 63.5 63.5 64.1 63.2
78.4 78.4 77.7 76.9 76.1
83.2 83.0 82.1 81.9 81.2
87.8 87.0 86.7 86.2 85.9
2005 ............................................................. 2006 ............................................................. 2007 .............................................................
78.5 78.7 79.0
62.9 63.2 63.7
75.7 75.9 76.3
81.1 81.0 81.1
85.7 85.9 85.9
Men 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
88.8 88.6 88.6 88.1 87.0
75.1 75.1 75.1 74.9 71.5
89.9 89.3 89.0 88.1 86.8
91.5 92.0 91.8 90.6 90.3
94.5 94.2 93.7 93.7 93.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
87.4 87.5 87.7 87.8 87.5
72.0 74.3 75.2 75.3 74.4
86.9 86.9 86.4 86.7 86.6
90.1 90.0 90.6 90.0 89.4
93.8 92.9 93.5 93.4 93.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
87.5 87.4 87.0 86.4 85.9
74.9 75.4 75.5 76.1 75.2
86.2 85.8 85.3 84.3 83.8
88.9 89.1 88.8 87.5 87.0
93.3 92.9 92.4 92.2 91.9
2005 ............................................................. 2006 ............................................................. 2007 .............................................................
86.0 86.0 86.2
75.7 76.3 75.7
83.7 83.4 83.9
87.5 87.8 87.2
91.7 91.7 92.4
Women 1990 ............................................................. 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1993 ............................................................. 1994 .............................................................
68.9 69.1 70.0 70.0 71.1
46.2 46.2 45.6 44.2 44.7
68.7 68.6 69.1 68.8 70.0
75.9 75.2 76.2 76.1 77.0
81.1 81.8 82.2 82.2 82.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
71.5 71.8 72.8 73.0 72.8
47.2 45.7 47.1 49.8 50.5
68.9 69.8 71.4 70.9 70.4
77.3 78.1 77.6 77.8 77.4
82.8 82.3 83.2 82.3 81.9
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
73.5 73.4 72.7 72.6 72.0
50.4 51.7 50.4 50.5 49.7
71.2 71.3 70.4 69.8 68.6
78.3 77.7 76.4 77.1 76.2
82.0 80.9 81.0 80.1 80.0
2005 ............................................................. 2006 ............................................................. 2007 .............................................................
71.4 71.7 72.1
48.7 48.3 49.6
67.4 68.2 68.4
75.8 75.3 76.0
79.8 80.4 79.7
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 139
Table 1-57. Labor Force Participation Rates of Persons Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Race, March 1990–March 2007—Continued (Civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.) Participation rates Sex, race, and year
Less than a high school diploma
Total
4 years of high school only
1 to 3 years of college
4 or more years of college
White1 1990 ............................................................. 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1993 ............................................................. 1994 .............................................................
79.2 79.4 79.8 79.7 79.8
62.5 62.5 61.5 61.1 60.3
78.4 78.3 78.7 78.2 78.3
83.3 83.1 83.8 83.1 83.5
88.3 88.6 88.7 88.8 88.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
80.1 80.4 81.0 80.6 80.6
61.6 62.5 63.8 63.8 64.2
77.9 78.6 79.2 78.6 78.5
83.4 83.9 83.9 83.5 83.3
88.8 88.2 89.0 88.3 87.9
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
80.8 80.7 80.3 80.1 79.5
64.2 64.5 65.0 65.7 64.6
78.7 78.7 78.2 77.5 76.7
83.1 83.1 82.4 82.3 81.6
87.9 87.2 87.0 86.5 86.2
2005 ............................................................. 2006 ............................................................. 2007 .............................................................
79.2 79.5 79.6
63.8 65.1 65.1
76.4 76.5 77.2
81.5 81.4 81.4
86.1 86.2 86.1
Black1 1990 ............................................................. 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1993 ............................................................. 1994 .............................................................
74.6 73.9 74.4 73.8 73.5
54.5 53.9 55.4 53.4 49.4
78.2 77.1 76.9 74.7 75.2
84.2 84.1 83.4 83.0 82.4
92.0 90.2 89.1 89.6 89.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
74.2 73.7 74.9 77.7 76.5
51.0 50.1 52.9 59.3 55.1
74.5 74.3 75.0 77.0 76.5
82.8 83.0 83.8 85.0 82.9
90.9 87.9 89.0 88.8 88.6
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
77.9 78.1 76.4 75.8 75.0
55.5 58.7 56.6 55.4 55.2
77.0 76.8 75.0 73.9 73.4
84.2 83.0 81.7 81.2 79.0
90.3 90.5 88.9 88.2 87.9
2005 ............................................................. 2006 ............................................................. 2007 .............................................................
75.2 75.0 75.6
58.2 54.0 55.3
72.6 73.3 72.5
79.5 79.6 80.7
87.2 87.7 88.0
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
140 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-58. Unemployment Rates of Persons Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment and Sex, March 1990–March 2007 (Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.) Unemployment rates Sex, race, and year
Less than a high school diploma
Total
4 years of high school only
1 to 3 years of college
4 or more years of college
Both Sexes 1990 ............................................................. 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1993 ............................................................. 1994 .............................................................
4.5 6.1 6.7 6.4 5.8
9.6 12.3 13.5 13.0 12.6
4.9 6.7 7.7 7.3 6.7
3.7 5.0 5.9 5.5 5.0
1.9 2.9 2.9 3.2 2.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
4.8 4.8 4.4 4.0 3.5
10.0 10.9 10.4 8.5 7.7
5.2 5.5 5.1 4.8 4.0
4.5 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.1
2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.9
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
3.3 3.5 5.0 5.3 5.1
7.9 8.1 10.2 9.9 10.5
3.8 4.2 6.1 6.4 5.9
3.0 2.9 4.5 5.2 4.9
1.5 2.0 2.8 3.0 2.9
2005 ............................................................. 2006 ............................................................. 2007 .............................................................
4.4 4.1 3.9
9.0 8.3 8.5
5.5 4.7 4.7
4.1 3.9 3.7
2.3 2.3 1.8
Men 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
4.8 6.8 7.5 7.3 6.2
9.6 13.4 14.8 14.1 12.8
5.3 7.7 8.8 8.7 7.2
3.9 5.2 6.4 6.3 5.3
2.1 3.2 3.2 3.4 2.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
5.1 5.3 4.7 4.1 3.5
10.9 11.0 9.9 8.0 7.0
5.7 6.4 5.6 5.1 4.1
4.4 4.5 4.0 3.7 3.2
2.6 2.3 2.1 1.7 1.9
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
3.3 3.7 5.5 5.8 5.4
7.1 7.5 9.9 9.5 9.4
3.9 4.6 6.7 6.9 6.6
3.1 3.2 4.9 6.0 5.4
1.6 1.9 3.0 3.2 3.0
2005 ............................................................. 2006 ............................................................. 2007 .............................................................
4.7 4.3 4.3
7.9 7.6 8.4
6.0 5.0 5.5
4.3 4.2 3.9
2.5 2.4 1.9
Women 1990 ............................................................. 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1993 ............................................................. 1994 .............................................................
4.2 5.2 5.7 5.2 5.4
9.5 10.7 11.4 11.2 12.4
4.6 5.5 6.5 5.8 6.2
3.5 4.8 5.3 4.6 4.7
1.7 2.5 2.5 2.9 2.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
4.4 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.5
8.6 10.7 11.3 9.3 8.8
4.6 4.4 4.5 4.4 3.9
4.5 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.0
2.4 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
3.2 3.3 4.6 4.8 4.7
9.1 8.9 10.6 10.6 12.2
3.6 3.8 5.4 5.9 5.2
2.9 2.6 4.1 4.4 4.3
1.4 2.0 2.6 2.8 2.9
2005 ............................................................. 2006 ............................................................. 2007 .............................................................
4.2 3.8 3.4
10.9 9.4 8.5
4.8 4.4 3.8
4.0 3.7 3.6
2.2 2.1 1.8
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 141
Table 1-58. Unemployment Rates of Persons Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment and Sex, March 1990–March 2007—Continued (Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.) Unemployment rates Sex, race, and year
Less than a high school diploma
Total
4 years of high school only
1 to 3 years of college
4 or more years of college
White1 1990 ............................................................. 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1993 ............................................................. 1994 .............................................................
4.0 5.6 6.0 5.8 5.2
8.3 11.6 12.9 12.4 11.7
4.4 6.2 6.8 6.5 5.8
3.3 4.6 5.3 5.0 4.5
1.8 2.7 2.7 3.1 2.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
4.3 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.1
9.2 10.2 9.4 7.5 7.0
4.6 4.6 4.6 4.2 3.4
4.2 3.7 3.4 3.2 2.8
2.3 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.7
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
3.0 3.1 4.6 4.7 4.6
7.5 7.2 9.1 9.0 9.6
3.3 3.6 5.5 5.7 5.4
2.7 2.7 4.1 4.5 4.4
1.4 1.8 2.6 2.7 2.8
2005 ............................................................. 2006 ............................................................. 2007 .............................................................
3.9 3.5 3.5
7.7 7.1 7.8
4.9 4.0 4.2
3.6 3.5 3.3
2.2 2.1 1.7
Black1 1990 ............................................................. 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1993 ............................................................. 1994 .............................................................
8.6 10.1 12.4 10.9 10.6
15.9 15.9 17.2 17.3 17.4
8.6 10.3 14.1 12.4 12.2
6.5 8.0 10.7 8.7 8.3
1.9 5.2 4.8 4.1 4.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
7.7 8.9 8.1 7.3 6.3
13.7 15.3 16.6 13.4 12.0
8.4 10.8 8.2 8.4 6.7
6.3 6.9 6.1 6.4 5.2
4.1 3.3 4.4 2.1 3.3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................
5.4 6.5 8.1 9.0 8.4
10.4 14.0 15.4 14.7 15.8
6.3 7.7 9.7 9.9 9.3
4.3 4.3 6.0 8.9 7.9
2.5 3.3 4.1 4.7 3.7
2005 ............................................................. 2006 ............................................................. 2007 .............................................................
8.3 7.8 6.5
17.9 16.4 14.0
8.6 9.0 7.7
7.5 6.5 5.7
3.6 3.6 2.5
1Beginning
in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.
142 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-59. Workers Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Occupation of Longest Job Held, and Sex, 2005–2006 (Thousands of people with work experience during the year.) Year, sex, and occupation
Less than a high school diploma
Total
4 years of high school only
1 to 3 years of college
4 or more years of college
2005 Both Sexes ........................................................................................................ Management, business, and financial operations ............................................. Management ................................................................................................. Business and financial operations ................................................................. Professional and related .................................................................................... Computer and mathematical ......................................................................... Architecture and engineering ........................................................................ Life, physical, and social sciences ................................................................ Community and social services ..................................................................... Legal .............................................................................................................. Education, training, and library ...................................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ............................................. Health care practitioner and technical ........................................................... Services ............................................................................................................. Health care support ....................................................................................... Protective services ........................................................................................ Food preparation and serving related ........................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance .......................................... Personal care and services ........................................................................... Sales and office ................................................................................................. Sales and related .......................................................................................... Office and administrative support .................................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ........................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................................................................ Construction and extraction ........................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ............................................... Production ..................................................................................................... Transportation and material moving .............................................................. Armed forces ......................................................................................................
125 664 19 624 14 083 5 541 26 851 3 116 2 509 1 317 1 992 1 389 7 659 2 400 6 469 18 586 2 772 2 576 4 771 4 787 3 680 29 770 12 984 16 786 13 977 818 8 430 4 729 16 255 8 835 7 420 602
12 170 442 394 48 173 19 3 ... 18 6 33 62 30 3 336 301 84 1 034 1 492 425 1 653 917 736 3 287 431 2 263 594 3 273 1 887 1 386 7
37 080 3 348 2 633 715 2 245 258 253 87 163 96 574 304 510 7 499 1 092 691 2 132 2 143 1 441 9 939 3 998 5 941 5 964 262 3 679 2 023 7 955 4 220 3 736 129
35 438 5 132 3 674 1 458 6 184 799 662 172 361 237 1 030 682 2 240 5 425 1 044 1 179 1 124 847 1 231 10 963 4 052 6 912 3 684 74 1 917 1 693 3 806 2 098 1 708 244
40 976 10 702 7 382 3 320 18 249 2 040 1 592 1 057 1 449 1 050 6 022 1 352 3 688 2 325 335 621 481 304 584 7 214 4 016 3 198 1 042 51 571 420 1 221 631 590 222
Men .................................................................................................................... Management, business, and financial operations ............................................. Management ................................................................................................. Business and financial operations ................................................................. Professional and related .................................................................................... Computer and mathematical ......................................................................... Architecture and engineering ........................................................................ Life, physical, and social sciences ................................................................ Community and social services ..................................................................... Legal .............................................................................................................. Education, training, and library ...................................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ............................................. Health care practitioner and technical ........................................................... Services ............................................................................................................. Health care support ....................................................................................... Protective services ......................................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ........................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance .......................................... Personal care and services ........................................................................... Sales and office ................................................................................................. Sales and related .......................................................................................... Office and administrative support .................................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ........................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................................................................ Construction and extraction ........................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ............................................... Production ..................................................................................................... Transportation and material moving .............................................................. Armed forces ......................................................................................................
67 099 11 244 8 840 2 403 11 428 2 271 2 165 728 751 636 1 958 1 266 1 652 7 824 296 1 959 2 007 2 781 781 10 528 6 688 3 840 13 326 612 8 185 4 529 12 222 5 988 6 234 527
7 739 309 287 21 75 16 3 ... 5 3 3 33 12 1 386 12 61 482 761 70 583 329 254 3 115 321 2 215 579 2 266 1 106 1 160 5
20 592 1 846 1 646 199 790 179 217 57 47 4 51 156 78 2 990 98 523 804 1 288 276 3 076 1 826 1 250 5 761 209 3 597 1 955 6 011 2 861 3 150 118
17 354 2 618 2 127 491 2 281 562 590 103 116 12 162 418 318 2 286 108 895 490 541 252 3 500 2 131 1 369 3 479 47 1 830 1 603 2 986 1 570 1 416 204
21 416 6 472 4 780 1 692 8 282 1 514 1 355 568 583 618 1 742 658 1 244 1 162 78 479 231 191 183 3 369 2 403 967 971 35 543 392 960 451 509 200
Women .............................................................................................................. Management, business, and financial operations ............................................. Management ................................................................................................. Business and financial operations ................................................................. Professional and related .................................................................................... Computer and mathematical ......................................................................... Architecture and engineering ........................................................................ Life, physical, and social sciences ................................................................ Community and social services ..................................................................... Legal .............................................................................................................. Education, training, and library ...................................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ............................................. Health care practitioner and technical ........................................................... Services ............................................................................................................. Health care support ....................................................................................... Protective services ........................................................................................ Food preparation and serving related ........................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance .......................................... Personal care and services ........................................................................... Sales and office ................................................................................................. Sales and related .......................................................................................... Office and administrative support .................................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ........................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................................................................ Construction and extraction ........................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ............................................... Production ..................................................................................................... Transportation and material moving .............................................................. Armed forces ......................................................................................................
58 567 8 380 5 243 3 138 15 424 846 344 589 1 241 753 5 701 1 134 4 817 10 762 2 476 617 2 765 2 005 2 899 19 242 6 296 12 946 651 206 245 200 4 033 2 847 1 186 75
4 432 133 107 26 98 3 ... ... 13 4 31 29 18 1 949 289 23 552 731 355 1 070 589 481 172 110 48 15 1 008 781 226 2
16 488 1 502 986 516 1 455 79 36 30 116 92 523 148 432 4 510 994 168 1 328 855 1 165 6 863 2 173 4 690 203 53 82 68 1 944 1 359 585 11
18 085 2 514 1 547 967 3 903 237 72 69 245 225 869 264 1 922 3 139 936 284 634 306 979 7 464 1 921 5 543 205 28 87 90 820 528 293 40
19 561 4 231 2 602 1 628 9 967 527 237 489 866 432 4 279 693 2 444 1 163 257 142 250 113 400 3 845 1 614 2 232 71 16 28 28 261 179 82 23
. . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 143
Table 1-59. Workers Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Occupation of Longest Job Held, and Sex, 2005–2006—Continued (Thousands of people with work experience during the year.) Year, sex, and occupation
Less than a high school diploma
Total
4 years of high school only
1 to 3 years of college
4 or more years of college
2006 Both Sexes ........................................................................................................ Management, business, and financial operations ............................................. Management ................................................................................................. Business and financial operations ................................................................. Professional and related .................................................................................... Computer and mathematical ......................................................................... Architecture and engineering ........................................................................ Life, physical, and social sciences ................................................................ Community and social services ..................................................................... Legal .............................................................................................................. Education, training, and library ...................................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ............................................. Health care practitioner and technical ........................................................... Services ............................................................................................................. Health care support ....................................................................................... Protective services ........................................................................................ Food preparation and serving related ........................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance .......................................... Personal care and services ........................................................................... Sales and office ................................................................................................. Sales and related .......................................................................................... Office and administrative support .................................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ........................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................................................................ Construction and extraction ........................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ............................................... Production ..................................................................................................... Transportation and material moving .............................................................. Armed forces ......................................................................................................
127 402 20 041 14 133 5 908 27 923 3 122 2 664 1 345 2 155 1 455 8 012 2 557 6 614 18 354 2 763 2 616 4 698 4 661 3 616 29 825 13 234 16 590 14 350 820 8 903 4 627 16 398 8 813 7 585 511
12 394 483 422 61 202 17 8 ... 17 14 50 48 47 3 378 297 82 1 081 1 480 438 1 653 892 761 3 305 396 2 346 563 3 363 1 874 1 489 10
37 276 3 334 2 592 742 2 266 254 213 113 192 123 571 321 479 7 184 1 064 740 1 990 2 032 1 357 10 132 3 981 6 151 6 306 273 3 973 2 061 7 935 4 170 3 766 118
34 978 5 058 3 573 1 484 5 999 717 620 139 431 217 1 068 660 2 147 5 406 1 090 1 117 1 160 811 1 227 10 716 4 103 6 613 3 712 104 1 985 1 623 3 867 2 119 1 748 220
42 755 11 166 7 546 3 620 19 456 2 134 1 823 1 093 1 515 1 101 6 322 1 527 3 941 2 387 312 677 467 338 594 7 323 4 259 3 065 1 027 48 599 380 1 233 650 583 164
Men .................................................................................................................... Management, business, and financial operations ............................................. Management ................................................................................................. Business and financial operations ................................................................. Professional and related .................................................................................... Computer and mathematical ......................................................................... Architecture and engineering ........................................................................ Life, physical, and social sciences ................................................................ Community and social services ..................................................................... Legal .............................................................................................................. Education, training, and library ...................................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ............................................. Health care practitioner and technical ........................................................... Services ............................................................................................................. Health care support ....................................................................................... Protective services ........................................................................................ Food preparation and serving related ........................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance .......................................... Personal care and services ........................................................................... Sales and office ................................................................................................. Sales and related .......................................................................................... Office and administrative support .................................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ........................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................................................................ Construction and extraction ........................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ............................................... Production ..................................................................................................... Transportation and material moving .............................................................. Armed forces ......................................................................................................
67 964 11 171 8 672 2 499 12 072 2 295 2 291 832 787 683 2 139 1 374 1 672 7 577 270 1 992 2 011 2 607 696 10 674 6 948 3 726 13 724 619 8 660 4 446 12 280 5 956 6 323 466
7 957 325 295 30 90 12 4 ... 10 12 11 33 7 1 419 25 62 516 758 59 629 375 254 3 152 305 2 305 542 2 333 1 112 1 222 8
20 673 1 852 1 636 216 792 164 171 69 77 9 59 159 84 2 717 76 526 729 1 158 229 3 099 1 811 1 289 6 098 213 3 874 2 011 6 001 2 852 3 149 114
17 141 2 570 2 074 497 2 162 523 539 91 151 12 183 379 283 2 273 115 901 521 479 257 3 436 2 104 1 332 3 509 65 1 903 1 541 2 992 1 548 1 445 199
22 194 6 424 4 668 1 756 9 028 1 596 1 576 672 549 650 1 885 803 1 297 1 167 55 504 245 212 152 3 510 2 659 851 966 36 577 353 954 445 509 145
Women .............................................................................................................. Management, business, and financial operations ............................................. Management ................................................................................................. Business and financial operations ................................................................. Professional and related .................................................................................... Computer and mathematical ......................................................................... Architecture and engineering ........................................................................ Life, physical, and social sciences ................................................................ Community and social services ..................................................................... Legal .............................................................................................................. Education, training, and library ...................................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ............................................. Health care practitioner and technical ........................................................... Services .............................................................................................................. Health care support ....................................................................................... Protective services ........................................................................................ Food preparation and serving related ........................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance .......................................... Personal care and services ........................................................................... Sales and office ................................................................................................. Sales and related .......................................................................................... Office and administrative support .................................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ........................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................................................................ Construction and extraction ........................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ............................................... Production ..................................................................................................... Transportation and material moving .............................................................. Armed forces ......................................................................................................
59 438 8 869 5 461 3 409 15 852 827 373 513 1 369 772 5 873 1 183 4 942 10 777 2 492 624 2 687 2 054 2 920 19 151 6 286 12 865 625 201 243 181 4 119 2 857 1 262 45
4 437 158 127 31 112 5 4 ... 7 2 39 16 40 1 958 272 20 565 722 379 1 024 517 507 153 91 41 21 1 030 763 267 2
16 603 1 482 956 526 1 475 90 42 44 115 114 512 162 395 4 467 989 215 1 261 874 1 128 7 033 2 170 4 863 208 59 99 50 1 935 1 318 617 4
17 837 2 487 1 500 988 3 837 193 81 49 280 205 886 280 1 864 3 133 975 216 639 332 970 7 281 1 999 5 281 204 39 82 82 875 571 304 21
20 561 4 742 2 878 1 864 10 428 538 247 420 966 451 4 436 725 2 644 1 220 257 173 222 126 442 3 813 1 600 2 214 61 12 22 27 279 205 74 18
. . . = Not available.
144 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-60. Percent Distribution of Workers Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Occupation of Longest Job Held, and Sex, 2005–2006 (Percent of total workers in occupation.) Year, sex, and occupation
Less than a high school diploma
Total
4 years of high school only
1 to 3 years of college
4 or more years of college
2005 Both Sexes ........................................................................................................ Management, business, and financial operations ............................................. Management ................................................................................................. Business and financial operations ................................................................. Professional and related .................................................................................... Computer and mathematical ......................................................................... Architecture and engineering ........................................................................ Life, physical, and social sciences ................................................................ Community and social services ..................................................................... Legal .............................................................................................................. Education, training, and library ...................................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ............................................. Health care practitioner and technical ........................................................... Services ............................................................................................................. Health care support ....................................................................................... Protective services ........................................................................................ Food preparation and serving related ........................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance .......................................... Personal care and services ........................................................................... Sales and office ................................................................................................. Sales and related .......................................................................................... Office and administrative support .................................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ........................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................................................................ Construction and extraction ........................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ............................................... Production ..................................................................................................... Transportation and material moving .............................................................. Armed forces ......................................................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
9.7 2.3 2.8 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.1 ... 0.9 0.5 0.4 2.6 0.5 17.9 10.8 3.3 21.7 31.2 11.6 5.6 7.1 4.4 23.5 52.7 26.8 12.6 20.1 21.4 18.7 1.1
29.5 17.1 18.7 12.9 8.4 8.3 10.1 6.6 8.2 6.9 7.5 12.7 7.9 40.4 39.4 26.8 44.7 44.8 39.2 33.4 30.8 35.4 42.7 32.0 43.6 42.8 48.9 47.8 50.3 21.4
28.2 26.2 26.1 26.3 23.0 25.6 26.4 13.1 18.1 17.1 13.5 28.4 34.6 29.2 37.7 45.8 23.6 17.7 33.4 36.8 31.2 41.2 26.4 9.1 22.7 35.8 23.4 23.7 23.0 40.5
32.6 54.5 52.4 59.9 68.0 65.5 63.4 80.3 72.7 75.6 78.6 56.3 57.0 12.5 12.1 24.1 10.1 6.4 15.9 24.2 30.9 19.1 7.5 6.2 6.8 8.9 7.5 7.1 8.0 37.0
Men .................................................................................................................... Management, business, and financial operations ............................................. Management ................................................................................................. Business and financial operations ................................................................. Professional and related .................................................................................... Computer and mathematical ......................................................................... Architecture and engineering ........................................................................ Life, physical, and social sciences ................................................................ Community and social services ..................................................................... Legal .............................................................................................................. Education, training, and library ...................................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ............................................. Health care practitioner and technical ........................................................... Services ............................................................................................................. Health care support ....................................................................................... Protective services ......................................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ........................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance .......................................... Personal care and services ........................................................................... Sales and office ................................................................................................. Sales and related .......................................................................................... Office and administrative support .................................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ........................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................................................................ Construction and extraction ........................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ............................................... Production ..................................................................................................... Transportation and material moving .............................................................. Armed forces ......................................................................................................
... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
... 2.7 3.3 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.1 ... 0.7 0.4 0.1 2.6 0.7 17.7 4.1 3.1 24.0 27.4 9.0 5.5 4.9 6.6 23.4 52.4 27.1 12.8 18.5 18.5 18.6 0.9
... 16.4 18.6 8.3 6.9 7.9 10.0 7.8 6.3 0.6 2.6 12.4 4.7 38.2 33.0 26.7 40.1 46.3 35.4 29.2 27.3 32.6 43.2 34.2 43.9 43.2 49.2 47.8 50.5 22.5
... 23.3 24.1 20.4 20.0 24.7 27.2 14.1 15.4 1.9 8.3 33.0 19.3 29.2 36.5 45.7 24.4 19.4 32.2 33.2 31.9 35.6 26.1 7.6 22.4 35.4 24.4 26.2 22.7 38.7
... 57.6 54.1 70.4 72.5 66.7 62.6 78.0 77.6 97.0 89.0 52.0 75.3 14.8 26.4 24.5 11.5 6.9 23.4 32.0 35.9 25.2 7.3 5.8 6.6 8.7 7.9 7.5 8.2 37.9
Women .............................................................................................................. Management, business, and financial operations ............................................. Management ................................................................................................. Business and financial operations ................................................................. Professional and related .................................................................................... Computer and mathematical ......................................................................... Architecture and engineering ........................................................................ Life, physical, and social sciences ................................................................ Community and social services ..................................................................... Legal .............................................................................................................. Education, training, and library ...................................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ............................................. Health care practitioner and technical ........................................................... Services ............................................................................................................. Health care support ....................................................................................... Protective services ........................................................................................ Food preparation and serving related ........................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance .......................................... Personal care and services ........................................................................... Sales and office ................................................................................................. Sales and related .......................................................................................... Office and administrative support .................................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ........................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................................................................ Construction and extraction ........................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ............................................... Production ..................................................................................................... Transportation and material moving .............................................................. Armed forces ......................................................................................................
... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
... 1.6 2.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 ... ... 1.1 0.5 0.5 2.6 0.4 18.1 11.7 3.8 20.0 36.5 12.2 5.6 9.4 3.7 26.5 53.4 19.5 7.4 25.0 27.4 19.1 2.2
... 17.9 18.8 16.4 9.4 9.3 10.4 5.1 9.3 12.2 9.2 13.0 9.0 41.9 40.1 27.2 48.0 42.6 40.2 35.7 34.5 36.2 31.1 25.6 33.6 33.9 48.2 47.7 49.4 14.2
... 30.0 29.5 30.8 25.3 28.0 20.9 11.8 19.8 29.9 15.2 23.3 39.9 29.2 37.8 46.0 22.9 15.3 33.8 38.8 30.5 42.8 31.5 13.5 35.6 45.0 20.3 18.5 24.7 53.4
... 50.5 49.6 51.9 64.6 62.3 68.7 83.1 69.8 57.4 75.1 61.1 50.7 10.8 10.4 23.0 9.1 5.6 13.8 20.0 25.6 17.2 10.9 7.6 11.4 13.8 6.5 6.3 6.9 30.3
. . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 145
Table 1-60. Percent Distribution of Workers Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Occupation of Longest Job Held, and Sex, 2005–2006—Continued (Percent of total workers in occupation.) Year, sex, and occupation
Less than a high school diploma
Total
4 years of high school only
1 to 3 years of college
4 or more years of college
2006 Both Sexes ........................................................................................................ Management, business, and financial operations ............................................. Management ................................................................................................. Business and financial operations ................................................................. Professional and related .................................................................................... Computer and mathematical ......................................................................... Architecture and engineering ........................................................................ Life, physical, and social sciences ................................................................ Community and social services ..................................................................... Legal .............................................................................................................. Education, training, and library ...................................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ............................................. Health care practitioner and technical ........................................................... Services ............................................................................................................. Health care support ....................................................................................... Protective services ........................................................................................ Food preparation and serving related ........................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance .......................................... Personal care and services ........................................................................... Sales and office ................................................................................................. Sales and related .......................................................................................... Office and administrative support .................................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ........................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................................................................ Construction and extraction ........................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ............................................... Production ..................................................................................................... Transportation and material moving .............................................................. Armed forces ......................................................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
9.7 2.4 3.0 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.8 1.0 0.6 1.9 0.7 18.4 10.7 3.1 23.0 31.8 12.1 5.5 6.7 4.6 23.0 48.3 26.4 12.2 20.5 21.3 19.6 1.9
29.3 16.6 18.3 12.6 8.1 8.1 8.0 8.4 8.9 8.4 7.1 12.6 7.2 39.1 38.5 28.3 42.4 43.6 37.5 34.0 30.1 37.1 43.9 33.2 44.6 44.5 48.4 47.3 49.6 23.1
27.5 25.2 25.3 25.1 21.5 23.0 23.3 10.4 20.0 14.9 13.3 25.8 32.5 29.5 39.5 42.7 24.7 17.4 33.9 35.9 31.0 39.9 25.9 12.7 22.3 35.1 23.6 24.0 23.0 43.0
33.6 55.7 53.4 61.3 69.7 68.4 68.4 81.2 70.3 75.7 78.9 59.7 59.6 13.0 11.3 25.9 9.9 7.2 16.4 24.6 32.2 18.5 7.2 5.8 6.7 8.2 7.5 7.4 7.7 32.0
Men .................................................................................................................... Management, business, and financial operations ............................................. Management ................................................................................................. Business and financial operations ................................................................. Professional and related .................................................................................... Computer and mathematical ......................................................................... Architecture and engineering ........................................................................ Life, physical, and social sciences ................................................................ Community and social services ..................................................................... Legal .............................................................................................................. Education, training, and library ...................................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ............................................. Health care practitioner and technical ........................................................... Services ............................................................................................................. Health care support ....................................................................................... Protective services ........................................................................................ Food preparation and serving related ........................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance .......................................... Personal care and services ........................................................................... Sales and office ................................................................................................. Sales and related .......................................................................................... Office and administrative support .................................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ........................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................................................................ Construction and extraction ........................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ............................................... Production ..................................................................................................... Transportation and material moving .............................................................. Armed forces ......................................................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
11.7 2.9 3.4 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.0 1.3 1.8 0.5 2.4 0.4 18.7 9.2 3.1 25.7 29.1 8.4 5.9 5.4 6.8 23.0 49.3 26.6 12.2 19.0 18.7 19.3 1.7
30.4 16.6 18.9 8.7 6.6 7.1 7.5 8.3 9.7 1.3 2.8 11.6 5.0 35.9 28.0 26.4 36.2 44.4 32.9 29.0 26.1 34.6 44.4 34.5 44.7 45.2 48.9 47.9 49.8 24.5
25.2 23.0 23.9 19.9 17.9 22.8 23.5 10.9 19.2 1.8 8.5 27.6 17.0 30.0 42.5 45.2 25.9 18.4 36.9 32.2 30.3 35.8 25.6 10.5 22.0 34.6 24.4 26.0 22.8 42.7
32.7 57.5 53.8 70.3 74.8 69.5 68.8 80.8 69.7 95.1 88.2 58.4 77.6 15.4 20.3 25.3 12.2 8.1 21.9 32.9 38.3 22.8 7.0 5.8 6.7 7.9 7.8 7.5 8.0 31.1
Women .............................................................................................................. Management, business, and financial operations ............................................. Management ................................................................................................. Business and financial operations ................................................................. Professional and related .................................................................................... Computer and mathematical ......................................................................... Architecture and engineering ........................................................................ Life, physical, and social sciences ................................................................ Community and social services ..................................................................... Legal .............................................................................................................. Education, training, and library ...................................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ............................................. Health care practitioner and technical ........................................................... Services .............................................................................................................. Health care support ....................................................................................... Protective services ........................................................................................ Food preparation and serving related ........................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance .......................................... Personal care and services ........................................................................... Sales and office ................................................................................................. Sales and related .......................................................................................... Office and administrative support .................................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ........................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................................................................ Construction and extraction ........................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ............................................... Production ..................................................................................................... Transportation and material moving .............................................................. Armed forces ......................................................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
7.5 1.8 2.3 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.7 1.3 0.8 18.2 10.9 3.3 21.0 35.1 13.0 5.3 8.2 3.9 24.4 45.1 16.8 11.7 25.0 26.7 21.2 3.4
27.9 16.7 17.5 15.4 9.3 10.9 11.3 8.6 8.4 14.8 8.7 13.7 8.0 41.4 39.7 34.4 46.9 42.6 38.6 36.7 34.5 37.8 33.3 29.5 40.6 27.6 47.0 46.1 48.9 9.2
30.0 28.0 27.5 29.0 24.2 23.4 21.6 9.5 20.4 26.5 15.1 23.7 37.7 29.1 39.1 34.6 23.8 16.2 33.2 38.0 31.8 41.1 32.6 19.5 33.7 45.6 21.2 20.0 24.1 46.5
34.6 53.5 52.7 54.7 65.8 65.1 66.1 81.9 70.6 58.5 75.5 61.3 53.5 11.3 10.3 27.7 8.3 6.1 15.1 19.9 25.4 17.2 9.7 5.9 8.9 15.1 6.8 7.2 5.9 41.0
146 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-61. Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round, Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment and Sex, 2000–2006 (Thousands of workers, dollars.) Year and sex
Total
Less than a high school diploma
4 years of high school only
1 to 3 years of college
4 or more years of college
2000 Both Sexes Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
84 337 35 000
7 354 20 000
26 144 28 600
24 064 34 000
26 775 50 000
Men Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
48 816 40 000
4 738 22 500
15 057 33 000
13 242 40 000
15 780 60 000
Women Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
35 521 29 000
2 616 16 000
11 087 24 000
10 822 28 000
10 995 40 000
Both Sexes Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
84 743 35 000
7 623 20 800
25 522 29 000
23 719 35 000
27 879 50 000
Men Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
48 887 40 000
5 049 24 000
14 655 33 800
12 968 40 000
16 215 60 000
Women Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
35 856 30 000
2 574 17 000
10 867 24 000
10 751 30 000
11 664 42 000
Both Sexes Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
84 702 36 000
7 578 21 000
25 078 30 000
23 604 35 100
28 443 52 000
Men Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
48 687 41 000
5 102 23 400
14 306 34 000
12 677 41 500
16 602 61 000
Women Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
36 015 30 000
2 476 18 000
10 772 25 000
10 927 30 000
11 841 43 500
Both Sexes Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
85 058 37 752
7 245 21 000
25 352 30 000
23 702 36 000
28 759 53 000
Men Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
48 988 42 000
4 879 24 000
14 657 35 000
12 766 42 000
16 686 62 000
Women Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
36 070 32 000
2 366 18 000
10 695 25 111
10 936 31 000
12 073 45 000
Both Sexes Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
86 306 38 000
7 648 21 840
25 786 30 000
23 897 37 000
28 976 55 000
Men Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
49 904 42 900
5 178 24 000
15 263 35 000
12 822 43 000
16 642 65 000
Women Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
36 402 32 000
2 470 18 000
10 523 25 280
11 074 31 200
12 334 45 000
Both Sexes Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
88 415 39 768
7 758 22 880
26 023 31 000
24 623 38 000
30 012 55 000
Men Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
51 022 44 000
5 376 25 000
15 451 35 360
13 199 45 000
16 996 65 000
Women Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
37 393 33 644
2 381 18 200
10 571 26 000
11 424 32 000
13 016 46 700
Both Sexes Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
90 733 40 000
7 951 23 000
26 233 32 000
24 737 39 482
31 812 57 588
Men Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
52 252 45 000
5 485 25 000
15 525 36 665
13 204 45 000
18 038 68 000
Women Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................
38 481 35 000
2 466 19 000
10 708 26 800
11 533 33 000
13 774 49 000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 147
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS CONTINGENT AND ALTERNATIVE EMPLOYMENT Data on contingent workers is collected through a supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that provides data on employment and unemployment for the nation. The purpose of this supplement is to obtain information from workers on whether they held contingent jobs (jobs expected to last for only a limited period of time). Information is also collected on several alternative employment arrangements, namely working on call and as independent contractors, as well as working through temporary help agencies or contract firms. Several major changes introduced into the CPS in 2003 affect the data that is presented in this Handbook. These include the introduction of Census 2000 population controls, the use of new questions about race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, the presentation of data for Asians, and the introduction of new industry and occupational classification systems. All employed persons, except unpaid family workers, were included in the February 2005 supplement. For persons holding more than one job, the questions referred to the characteristics of their main job—the job at which they worked the most hours. Similar surveys were conducted in Februaries of 1995, 1997, 1999, and 2001, and 2005. Defining and Estimating the Contingent Workforce Contingent workers are defined as those who do not have an explicit or implicit contract for long-term employment. Several pieces of data are collected in the supplement; these allow the existence of a contingent employment arrangement to be discerned. Included information consists of the following: whether the job is temporary or not expected to continue, how long the worker expects to be able to hold the job, and how long the worker has held the job. For workers who have a job with an intermediary (namely a temporary help agency or a contract company), information is collected about their employment at the place they are assigned to work by the intermediary as well as about their employment with the intermediary itself. The key factor used to determine whether a worker’s job fits the conceptual definition of contingent is whether the job is temporary or not expected to continue. The first questions in the supplement ask: (1) “Some people are in temporary jobs that last only for a limited time or until the completion of a project. Is your job temporary?” (2) “Provided the economy does not change and your job performance is adequate, can you continue to work for your current employer as long as you wish?” Respondents who answer “yes” to the first question or “no” to the second are then asked a series of questions designed to distinguish persons in temporary jobs from those who, for personal reasons, are temporarily holding jobs that offer the oppor-
tunity of ongoing employment. For example, students holding part-time jobs in fast-food restaurants while in school might view those jobs as temporary if they intend to leave them at the end of the school year. Other workers, however, would be available to fill those jobs themselves once the students leave. To assess the impact of altering some of the defining factors on the estimated size of the contingent workforce, three measures of contingent employment were developed: 1) Estimate one, which is the narrowest of the three estimates, measures contingent workers as wage and salary workers who expect to work in their current job for one year or less and who have worked for their current employer for one year or less. Self-employed workers, both incorporated and unincorporated, and independent contractors are excluded from the count of contingent workers under estimate one; individuals who work for temporary help agencies or contract companies are considered contingent under estimate one only if they expect their employment arrangement with the temporary help or contract company to last for one year or less and they have worked for the company for one year or less. 2) Estimate two expands the measure of the contingent work force by including the self-employed—both the incorporated and the unincorporated—and independent contractors who expect to be, and have been, in such employment arrangements for one year or less. (The questions asked of the self-employed are different from those asked of wage and salary workers.) In addition, temporary help and contract company workers are classified as contingent under estimate two if they have worked and expect to work with customers to whom they have been assigned for one year or less. 3) Estimate three expands the count of contingency by removing the one-year requirement on both expected duration of the job and current tenure for wage and salary workers. The estimate effectively includes all the wage and salary workers who do not expect their employment to last, except for those who, for personal reasons, expect to leave jobs that they would otherwise be able to keep. Thus, a worker who has held a job for five years could be considered contingent if he or she now views the job as temporary. These conditions on expected and current tenure are not relaxed for the self-employed and independent contractors because they are asked a different set of questions than wage and salary workers. Sources of Additional Information A complete description of the survey and additional tables are available from BLS news release USDL 05-1433, “Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements, February 2005” at .
148 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-62. Employed Contingent and Noncontingent Workers, by Selected Characteristics, February 2005 (Thousands of people.) Contingent workers Characteristic
Total employed
Noncontingent workers Estimate 1
Estimate 2
Estimate 3
Age and Sex Both sexes, 16 years and over ................................................................ 16 to 19 years .......................................................................................... 20 to 24 years .......................................................................................... 25 to 34 years .......................................................................................... 35 to 44 years .......................................................................................... 45 to 54 years .......................................................................................... 55 to 64 years .......................................................................................... 65 years and over ....................................................................................
138 952 5 510 13 114 30 103 34 481 32 947 17 980 4 817
2 504 308 606 693 415 263 143 76
3 177 338 688 874 580 387 198 111
5 705 476 1 077 1 447 1 044 875 536 250
133 247 5 035 12 036 28 656 33 437 32 072 17 445 4 567
Men, 16 years and over ........................................................................... 16 to 19 years .......................................................................................... 20 to 24 years .......................................................................................... 25 to 34 years .......................................................................................... 35 to 44 years .......................................................................................... 45 to 54 years .......................................................................................... 55 to 64 years .......................................................................................... 65 years and over ....................................................................................
73 946 2 579 6 928 16 624 18 523 17 193 9 485 2 615
1 325 145 358 395 245 95 70 17
1 648 157 394 512 303 140 107 35
2 914 229 597 829 540 368 261 92
71 032 2 351 6 331 15 794 17 983 16 825 9 224 2 523
Women, 16 years and over ..................................................................... 16 to 19 years .......................................................................................... 20 to 24 years .......................................................................................... 25 to 34 years .......................................................................................... 35 to 44 years .......................................................................................... 45 to 54 years .......................................................................................... 55 to 64 years .......................................................................................... 65 years and over ....................................................................................
65 006 2 931 6 186 13 480 15 958 15 754 8 495 2 202
1 180 163 249 298 171 168 73 58
1 529 182 294 362 277 247 91 76
2 790 247 481 618 504 508 275 158
62 216 2 684 5 705 12 862 15 454 15 247 8 220 2 044
Race and Hispanic Origin White ....................................................................................................... Black ........................................................................................................ Asian ........................................................................................................ Hispanic1 .................................................................................................
115 043 14 688 6 083 18 062
2 007 296 121 603
2 534 387 161 704
4 521 660 350 1 185
110 522 14 028 5 733 16 876
Full- or Part-Time Status Full-time workers ..................................................................................... Part-time workers ....................................................................................
113 798 25 154
1 367 1 137
1 812 1 364
3 410 2 294
110 387 22 860
Note: Noncontingent workers are those who do not fall into any estimate of contingent workers. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black, and Asian) do not sum to total because data are not presented for all races. Detail for other characteristics may not sum to total due to rounding. 1May
be of any race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 149
Table 1-63. Employed Contingent and Noncontingent Workers, by Occupation and Industry, February 2005 (Thousands of people, percent.) Contingent workers Characteristic
Noncontingent workers Estimate 1
Estimate 2
Estimate 3
OCCUPATION Total, 16 years and over .................................................................................................................
2 504
3 177
5 705
133 247
Percent Distribution ..................................................................................................................... Management, professional, and related ......................................................................................... Management, business, and financial operations ...................................................................... Professional and related ............................................................................................................. Services .......................................................................................................................................... Sales and office .............................................................................................................................. Sales and related ....................................................................................................................... Office and administrative support ............................................................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ........................................................................ Farming, fishing, and forestry ..................................................................................................... Construction and extraction ........................................................................................................ Installation, maintenance, and repair ......................................................................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ............................................................................ Production .................................................................................................................................. Transportation and material moving ...........................................................................................
100.0 28.4 5.5 22.8 17.3 24.3 4.9 19.4 16.5 2.4 11.4 2.7 13.6 4.5 9.1
100.0 30.7 8.0 22.6 17.6 22.5 6.0 16.5 16.7 2.0 12.3 2.4 12.5 4.0 8.5
100.0 35.9 8.7 27.2 15.7 20.6 5.7 14.8 16.1 2.1 11.1 2.9 11.7 5.2 6.5
100.0 35.2 14.6 20.6 15.6 26.0 12.1 13.9 10.2 0.5 5.8 3.8 13.1 6.8 6.2
INDUSTRY Total, 16 years and over .................................................................................................................
2 504
3 177
5 705
133 247
Percent Distribution ..................................................................................................................... Agriculture and related industries ................................................................................................... Mining ............................................................................................................................................. Construction ................................................................................................................................... Manufacturing ................................................................................................................................. Wholesale trade ............................................................................................................................. Retail trade ..................................................................................................................................... Transportation and utilities ............................................................................................................. Information .................................................................................................................................... Financial activities .......................................................................................................................... Professional and business services ............................................................................................... Education and health services ....................................................................................................... Leisure and hospitality .................................................................................................................... Other services ................................................................................................................................ Public administration ......................................................................................................................
100.0 2.5 0.7 13.0 6.7 3.2 6.4 5.0 1.6 1.4 18.2 23.5 10.1 5.0 2.8
100.0 2.3 0.6 14.0 6.0 2.9 6.7 4.7 1.3 2.6 20.7 21.8 8.9 5.3 2.3
100.0 1.7 0.4 12.3 6.4 2.2 6.4 3.7 2.1 3.1 18.2 27.1 7.4 4.9 4.0
100.0 1.3 0.4 7.2 11.9 3.2 12.4 5.3 2.3 7.7 9.7 20.8 8.1 4.7 4.9
Note: Noncontingent workers are those who do not fall into any estimate of contingent workers. See notes and definitions for more information on contingent and noncontingent workers. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding.
150 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-64. Employed Workers with Alternative and Traditional Work Arrangements, by Selected Characteristics, February 2005 (Thousands of people.) Workers with alternative arrangements Characteristic
Total employed
Independent contractors
On-call workers
Temporary help agency workers
Workers provided by contract firms
Workers with traditional arrangements
Age and Sex Both sexes, 16 years and over ................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................................. 20 to 24 years ............................................................. 25 to 34 years ............................................................. 35 to 44 years ............................................................. 45 to 54 years ............................................................. 55 to 64 years ............................................................. 65 years and over .......................................................
138 952 5 510 13 114 30 103 34 481 32 947 17 980 4 817
10 342 89 356 1 520 2 754 2 799 1 943 881
2 454 133 355 535 571 417 267 175
1 217 33 202 362 253 200 135 33
813 7 87 205 196 186 114 18
123 843 5 194 12 055 27 427 30 646 29 324 15 496 3 701
Men, 16 years and over .............................................. 16 to 19 years ............................................................. 20 to 24 years ............................................................. 25 to 34 years ............................................................. 35 to 44 years ............................................................. 45 to 54 years ............................................................. 55 to 64 years ............................................................. 65 years and over .......................................................
73 946 2 579 6 928 16 624 18 523 17 193 9 485 2 615
6 696 32 194 1 006 1 824 1 764 1 287 589
1 241 82 200 299 252 209 108 91
574 24 107 185 120 71 52 16
561 7 61 138 140 143 70 3
64 673 2 389 6 331 14 950 16 130 15 003 7 954 1 917
Women, 16 years and over ......................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................................. 20 to 24 years ............................................................. 25 to 34 years ............................................................. 35 to 44 years ............................................................. 45 to 54 years ............................................................. 55 to 64 years ............................................................. 65 years and over .......................................................
65 006 2 931 6 186 13 480 15 958 15 754 8 495 2 202
3 647 57 162 514 930 1 035 656 292
1 212 52 155 236 319 208 158 84
643 9 95 177 133 129 83 17
252 0 27 67 57 43 44 15
59 170 2 805 5 724 12 477 14 516 14 322 7 542 1 785
Race and Hispanic Origin White ........................................................................... Black ........................................................................... Asian ........................................................................... Hispanic1 .....................................................................
115 043 14 688 6 083 18 062
9 169 583 370 951
2 097 212 64 385
840 276 63 255
637 121 43 133
102 052 13 471 5 538 16 202
Full- or Part-Time Status Full-time workers ......................................................... Part-time workers ........................................................
113 798 25 154
7 732 2 611
1 370 1 084
979 238
695 119
102 889 20 954
Note: Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories. Detail may not add to totals because the total employed includes day laborers (an alternative arrangement not shown separately) and a small number of workers who were both "on call" and "provided by contract firms." Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Detail for other characteristics may not sum to total due to rounding. 1May
be of any race.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 151
Table 1-65. Employed Contingent and Noncontingent Workers and Those with Alternative and Traditional Work Arrangements, by Health Insurance Coverage and Eligibility for Employer-Provided Pension Plans, February 2005 (Thousands of people, percent.) Percent with health insurance coverage Characteristic
Percent eligible for employerprovided pension plan1
Total employed Provided by employer2
Total
Included in employer-provided pension plan
Total
Contingent Workers Estimate 1 .................................................................................................... Estimate 2 .................................................................................................... Estimate 3 ....................................................................................................
2 504 3 177 5 705
51.8 52.5 59.1
9.4 7.9 18.1
9.2 8.3 18.6
4.6 4.1 12.4
Noncontingent Workers ............................................................................
133 247
79.4
52.1
49.6
44.7
With Alternative Arrangements Independent contractors .............................................................................. On-call workers ............................................................................................ Temporary help agency workers .................................................................. Workers provided by contract firms ..............................................................
10 342 2 454 1 217 813
69.3 66.9 39.7 80.2
X 25.7 8.3 48.9
2.6 33.2 8.9 42.6
1.9 27.8 3.8 33.5
With Traditional Arrangements .................................................................
123 843
80.0
56.0
52.9
47.7
Note: Noncontingent workers are those who do not fall into any estimate of contingent workers. Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories. See notes and definitions for more information on contingent and noncontingent workers. 1Excludes 2Excludes
the self-employed (incorporated and unincorporated); includes independent contractors who were self-employed. the self-employed (incorporated and unincorporated) and independent contractors. X = Not applicable.
152 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-66. Median Usual Weekly Earnings of Full- and Part-Time Contingent Wage and Salary Workers and Those with Alternative Work Arrangements, by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, February 2005 (Dollars.) Contingent workers
Workers with alternative arrangements
Characteristic Estimate 1
Estimate 2
Estimate 3
Independent contractors
On-call workers
Temporary help agency workers
Workers provided by contract firms
Full-Time Workers Total, 16 years and over ........................................................................... Men .......................................................................................................... Women ..................................................................................................... White ........................................................................................................ Black ......................................................................................................... Asian ........................................................................................................ Hispanic2 ..................................................................................................
405 427 376 413 344 (1) 335
411 440 383 421 375 (1) 331
488 505 423 498 387 619 370
716 794 462 731 474 889 603
519 586 394 561 303 (1) 417
414 405 424 418 375 (1) 311
756 860 595 772 (1) (1) 513
Part-Time Workers Total, 16 years and over ........................................................................... Men .......................................................................................................... Women ..................................................................................................... White ........................................................................................................ Black ......................................................................................................... Asian ........................................................................................................ Hispanic2 ..................................................................................................
152 165 142 154 133 (1) 152
152 169 138 154 133 (1) 153
161 183 149 163 145 190 175
253 330 216 252 196 (1) 207
173 206 159 177 (1) (1) 249
224 253 202 247 (1) (1) (1)
204 (1) (1) (1) (1) 0 (1)
Note: Earnings data for contingent workers exclude the incorporated self-employed and independent contractors. Data for independent contractors include the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed. However, these groups are excluded from the data for workers with other arrangements. Full- or part-time status is determined by hours usually worked at the sole or primary job. See notes and definitions for more information on contingent and noncontingent workers. 1Data not shown where 2May be of any race.
base is less than 100,000.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 153
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS FLEXIBLE WORKERS These data and other information on work schedules were obtained from a supplement to the May 2004 Current Population Survey (CPS). This was the first time since 2001 that the supplemental survey was conducted. Respondents to the May 2004 supplement answered questions about flexible and shift schedules, their reasons for working particular shifts, the beginning and ending hours of work, the availability of formal flextime programs and home-based work, and other related topics. The data cover
the incidence and nature of flexible and shift schedules and pertain to wage and salary workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their principal job. The data exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Sources of Additional Information For further information see BLS new release USDL 051198, “Workers on Flexible and Shift Schedules in May 2004,” at .
154 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-67. Flexible Schedules: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Selected Characteristics, May 2004 (Thousands of people, percent.) Both sexes
Men
With flexible schedules
Characteristic Total1
Number
Percent of total
Women
With flexible schedules Total1 Number
Percent of total
With flexible schedules Total1 Number
Percent of total
Age Total, 16 years and over ...................................................... 16 to 19 years .................................................................. 20 years and over ................................................................ 20 to 24 years .................................................................. 25 to 34 years .................................................................. 35 to 44 years .................................................................. 45 to 54 years .................................................................. 55 to 64 years .................................................................. 65 years and over ............................................................
99 778 1 427 98 351 9 004 24 640 26 766 24 855 11 745 1 341
27 411 336 27 075 2 058 6 902 7 807 6 651 3 181 475
27.5 23.6 27.5 22.9 28.0 29.2 26.8 27.1 35.4
56 412 903 55 509 5 147 14 358 15 424 13 440 6 383 757
15 853 185 15 668 1 065 4 051 4 605 3 769 1 865 314
28.1 20.5 28.2 20.7 28.2 29.9 28.0 29.2 41.4
43 366 524 42 842 3 856 10 283 11 342 11 415 5 361 585
11 558 151 11 406 993 2 851 3 202 2 882 1 316 161
26.7 28.9 26.6 25.8 27.7 28.2 25.2 24.5 27.6
Race and Hispanic Origin White ................................................................................... Black .................................................................................... Asian .................................................................................... Hispanic2 .............................................................................
80 498 12 578 4 136 14 110
23 121 2 476 1 132 2 596
28.7 19.7 27.4 18.4
46 222 6 447 2 300 8 621
13 582 1 193 720 1 430
29.4 18.5 31.3 16.6
34 276 6 131 1 836 5 489
9 539 1 283 412 1 166
27.8 20.9 22.4 21.2
Marital Status Married, spouse present ...................................................... Not married .......................................................................... Never married .................................................................. Other marital status .........................................................
57 630 42 148 25 144 17 004
16 270 11 141 6 693 4 448
28.2 26.4 26.6 26.2
34 926 21 486 14 469 7 018
10 382 5 471 3 605 1 866
29.7 25.5 24.9 26.6
22 704 20 662 10 676 9 986
5 888 5 670 3 088 2 582
25.9 27.4 28.9 25.9
Presence and Age of Children Without own children under 18 years .................................. With own children under 18 years ....................................... With youngest child 6 to 17 years .................................... With youngest child under 6 years ..................................
61 761 38 018 21 739 16 279
16 759 10 652 5 960 4 692
27.1 28.0 27.4 28.8
34 680 21 733 11 477 10 256
9 410 6 443 3 341 3 102
27.1 29.6 29.1 30.2
27 081 16 285 10 262 6 023
7 349 4 209 2 619 1 590
27.1 25.8 25.5 26.4
Note: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic origin groups will not sum to total because data for the "other races" group are not presented. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. 1Includes persons who 2May be of any race.
did not provide information on flexible schedules.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 155
Table 1-68. Flexible Schedules: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Sex, Occupation, and Industry, May 2004 (Thousands of people, percent.) Both sexes
Men
With flexible schedules
Occupation and industry Total1
Number
Percent of total
Women
With flexible schedules Total1 Number
Percent of total
With flexible schedules Total1 Number
Percent of total
Occupation Total, 16 years and over ....................................................................... Management, professional, and related .......................................... Management, business, and financial operations ........................ Management ............................................................................ Business and financial operations ........................................... Professional and related .............................................................. Computer and mathematical .................................................... Architecture and engineering ................................................... Life, physical, and social sciences ........................................... Community and social services ............................................... Legal ........................................................................................ Education, training, and library ................................................ Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ....................... Health care practitioner and technical ..................................... Services ............................................................................................ Health care support ..................................................................... Protective services ....................................................................... Food preparation and serving related .......................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ........................ Personal care and services ......................................................... Sales and office ............................................................................... Sales and related ......................................................................... Office and administrative support ................................................ Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ......................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ...................................................... Construction and extraction ......................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ........................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ............................. Production .................................................................................... Transportation and material moving ............................................
99 778 36 200 14 496 10 036 4 461 21 704 2 683 2 478 1 016 1 866 1 118 6 414 1 502 4 626 13 423 1 908 2 224 3 881 3 481 1 929 24 359 9 634 14 724 10 848 744 5 825 4 280 14 948 8 281 6 666
27 411 13 325 6 483 4 598 1 885 6 842 1 405 1 080 483 860 497 843 613 1 060 2 849 315 419 972 531 612 7 196 3 669 3 527 1 908 172 942 795 2 133 1 030 1 102
27.5 36.8 44.7 45.8 42.3 31.5 52.4 43.6 47.5 46.1 44.5 13.1 40.8 22.9 21.2 16.5 18.8 25.0 15.2 31.7 29.5 38.1 24.0 17.6 23.1 16.2 18.6 14.3 12.4 16.5
56 412 17 911 7 969 6 000 1 969 9 942 2 023 2 147 640 786 536 1 779 915 1 115 6 858 199 1 807 2 086 2 260 505 9 561 5 683 3 878 10 403 591 5 750 4 061 11 679 5 928 5 751
15 853 7 832 3 741 2 862 879 4 091 1 085 917 285 430 312 374 396 291 1 339 37 312 524 318 148 3 069 2 305 764 1 820 132 925 762 1 793 806 986
28.1 43.7 46.9 47.7 44.7 41.1 53.6 42.7 44.6 54.7 58.2 21.0 43.3 26.1 19.5 18.7 17.2 25.1 14.1 29.2 32.1 40.6 19.7 17.5 22.4 16.1 18.8 15.3 13.6 17.1
43 366 18 289 6 527 4 035 2 492 11 762 660 330 376 1 080 582 4 635 587 3 511 6 566 1 708 417 1 795 1 221 1 424 14 798 3 952 10 847 445 152 74 218 3 268 2 353 915
11 558 5 492 2 742 1 736 1 006 2 751 320 163 198 430 185 469 217 769 1 510 278 107 448 213 465 4 127 1 364 2 763 88 39 17 32 340 224 116
26.7 30.0 42.0 43.0 40.4 23.4 48.5 49.3 52.6 39.8 31.8 10.1 37.0 21.9 23.0 16.3 25.7 25.0 17.4 32.6 27.9 34.5 25.5 19.8 25.7 (2) 14.7 10.4 9.5 12.7
Industry Private sector ........................................................................................ Agriculture and related industries ..................................................... Nonagricultural industries ................................................................. Mining ........................................................................................... Construction .................................................................................. Manufacturing ............................................................................... Durable goods .......................................................................... Nondurable goods .................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ............................................................ Wholesale trade ........................................................................ Retail trade ............................................................................... Transportation and utilities ............................................................ Transportation and warehousing .............................................. Utilities ...................................................................................... Information3 .................................................................................. Publishing, except Internet ....................................................... Motion picture and sound recording industries ......................... Broadcasting, except Internet ................................................... Telecommunications ................................................................. Financial activities ......................................................................... Finance and insurance ............................................................. Finance ................................................................................. Insurance .............................................................................. Real estate and rental and leasing ........................................... Professional and business services .............................................. Professional and technical services .......................................... Management, administrative, and waste services .................... Education and health services ...................................................... Education services .................................................................... Health care and social assistance ............................................ Leisure and hospitality .................................................................. Arts, entertainment, and recreation .......................................... Accommodation and food services ........................................... Accommodation .................................................................... Food services and drinking places ....................................... Other services ............................................................................... Other services, except private households ............................... Other services, private households .......................................... Public sector ......................................................................................... Federal government .......................................................................... State government ............................................................................. Local government .............................................................................
82 870 888 81 982 446 6 617 15 125 9 249 5 875 14 008 3 771 10 237 4 226 3 482 744 2 716 648 211 512 1 180 7 341 5 537 3 633 1 904 1 805 8 997 5 476 3 521 12 485 2 260 10 226 6 111 1 134 4 977 1 123 3 854 3 911 3 584 327 16 909 2 786 4 724 9 399
23 978 233 23 745 102 1 341 3 631 2 351 1 280 4 100 1 209 2 891 1 086 912 173 948 274 74 116 419 2 767 2 056 1 218 838 711 3 381 2 570 811 3 202 541 2 661 1 686 312 1 374 252 1 122 1 502 1 370 132 3 433 803 1 340 1 289
28.9 26.3 29.0 22.9 20.3 24.0 25.4 21.8 29.3 32.1 28.2 25.7 26.2 23.3 34.9 42.3 35.3 22.7 35.5 37.7 37.1 33.5 44.0 39.4 37.6 46.9 23.0 25.6 23.9 26.0 27.6 27.5 27.6 22.4 29.1 38.4 38.2 40.4 20.3 28.8 28.4 13.7
48 724 702 48 023 416 6 059 10 659 6 881 3 777 8 717 2 698 6 019 3 454 2 858 596 1 674 364 162 319 732 3 117 2 100 1 443 657 1 017 5 342 3 113 2 229 2 969 812 2 157 3 458 630 2 828 546 2 282 2 158 2 140 18 7 688 1 617 2 089 3 982
14 119 180 13 939 84 1 153 2 638 1 794 844 2 544 910 1 634 906 767 139 600 165 62 79 254 1 323 943 584 359 380 2 072 1 596 477 862 246 616 956 165 791 147 644 801 792 9 1 734 453 640 641
29.0 25.6 29.0 20.2 19.0 24.7 26.1 22.3 29.2 33.7 27.1 26.2 26.8 23.4 35.8 45.4 38.5 24.7 34.7 42.4 44.9 40.5 54.6 37.3 38.8 51.3 21.4 29.0 30.3 28.6 27.6 26.2 28.0 26.9 28.2 37.1 37.0 (2) 22.6 28.0 30.7 16.1
34 145 186 33 959 30 558 4 466 2 368 2 098 5 291 1 072 4 219 771 624 147 1 041 284 49 193 448 4 224 3 437 2 190 1 247 787 3 655 2 364 1 292 9 517 1 448 8 069 2 653 504 2 149 577 1 572 1 753 1 444 309 9 221 1 169 2 635 5 417
9 859 53 9 806 18 188 993 558 436 1 557 300 1 257 179 145 34 348 109 12 37 164 1 444 1 113 633 480 332 1 309 974 335 2 339 295 2 045 730 147 583 105 478 701 577 123 1 699 351 700 648
28.9 28.7 28.9 (2) 33.7 22.2 23.6 20.8 29.4 27.9 29.8 23.2 23.3 23.0 33.4 38.4 (2) 19.4 36.7 34.2 32.4 28.9 38.5 42.1 35.8 41.2 25.9 24.6 20.4 25.3 27.5 29.2 27.1 18.2 30.4 40.0 40.0 39.9 18.4 30.0 26.6 12.0
Note: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. 1Includes persons who did not provide information on 2Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000. 3Includes other industries not shown separately.
flexible schedules.
156 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-69. Flexible Schedules: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Formal Flextime Program Status, Occupation, and Industry, May 2004 (Thousands of people, percent.) With a formal flextime program With flexible schedules
Total1
Occupation and industry
Percent of total employed
Number
Percent of workers with flexible schedules
Occupation Total, 16 years and over ................................................................................ Management, professional, and related ................................................... Management, business, and financial operations ................................ Management .................................................................................... Business and financial operations .................................................... Professional and related ....................................................................... Computer and mathematical ............................................................ Architecture and engineering ........................................................... Life, physical, and social sciences ................................................... Community and social services ........................................................ Legal ................................................................................................. Education, training, and library ......................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ................................ Health care practitioner and technical .............................................. Services .................................................................................................... Health care support .............................................................................. Protective services ............................................................................... Food preparation and serving related .................................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ................................. Personal care and services .................................................................. Sales and office ........................................................................................ Sales and related ................................................................................. Office and administrative support ......................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .................................. Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................................... Construction and extraction .................................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ...................................... Production ............................................................................................ Transportation and material moving .....................................................
99 778 36 200 14 496 10 036 4 461 21 704 2 683 2 478 1 016 1 866 1 118 6 414 1 502 4 626 13 423 1 908 2 224 3 881 3 481 1 929 24 359 9 634 14 724 10 848 744 5 825 4 280 14 948 8 281 6 666
27 411 13 325 6 483 4 598 1 885 6 842 1 405 1 080 483 860 497 843 613 1 060 2 849 315 419 972 531 612 7 196 3 669 3 527 1 908 172 942 795 2 133 1 030 1 102
10 642 5 137 2 293 1 436 857 2 844 729 509 203 325 140 278 272 389 1 188 139 192 423 178 256 2 734 1 175 1 559 697 47 416 234 885 490 395
10.7 14.2 15.8 14.3 19.2 13.1 27.1 20.5 19.9 17.4 12.6 4.3 18.1 8.4 8.9 7.3 8.6 10.9 5.1 13.3 11.2 12.2 10.6 6.4 6.3 7.1 5.5 5.9 5.9 5.9
38.8 38.6 35.4 31.2 45.5 41.6 51.8 47.1 42.0 37.8 28.2 33.0 44.4 36.6 41.7 44.3 45.8 43.5 33.5 41.8 38.0 32.0 44.2 36.5 27.1 44.2 29.5 41.5 47.6 35.8
Industry Private sector ................................................................................................ Agriculture and related industries .............................................................. Nonagricultural industries .......................................................................... Mining .................................................................................................... Construction .......................................................................................... Manufacturing ........................................................................................ Durable goods ................................................................................... Nondurable goods ............................................................................. Wholesale and retail trade ..................................................................... Wholesale trade ................................................................................ Retail trade ........................................................................................ Transportation and utilities .................................................................... Transportation and warehousing ....................................................... Utilities ............................................................................................... Information2 ........................................................................................... Publishing, except Internet ................................................................ Motion picture and sound recording industries .................................. Broadcasting, except Internet ............................................................ Telecommunications ......................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................................. Finance and insurance ...................................................................... Finance .......................................................................................... Insurance ....................................................................................... Real estate and rental and leasing .................................................... Professional and business services ...................................................... Professional and technical services .................................................. Management, administrative, and waste services ............................. Education and health services .............................................................. Education services ............................................................................ Health care and social assistance ..................................................... Leisure and hospitality ........................................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................................... Accommodation and food services ................................................... Accommodation ............................................................................. Food services and drinking places ................................................ Other services ....................................................................................... Other services, except private households ....................................... Other services, private households ................................................... Public sector .................................................................................................. Federal government .................................................................................. State government ...................................................................................... Local government ......................................................................................
82 870 888 81 982 446 6 617 15 125 9 249 5 875 14 008 3 771 10 237 4 226 3 482 744 2 716 648 211 512 1 180 7 341 5 537 3 633 1 904 1 805 8 997 5 476 3 521 12 485 2 260 10 226 6 111 1 134 4 977 1 123 3 854 3 911 3 584 327 16 909 2 786 4 724 9 399
23 978 233 23 745 102 1 341 3 631 2 351 1 280 4 100 1 209 2 891 1 086 912 173 948 274 74 116 419 2 767 2 056 1 218 838 711 3 381 2 570 811 3 202 541 2 661 1 686 312 1 374 252 1 122 1 502 1 370 132 3 433 803 1 340 1 289
8 816 53 8 762 47 493 1 618 1 061 557 1 302 300 1 002 432 335 97 371 102 33 43 170 1 066 868 425 443 198 1 294 991 303 1 118 156 962 598 84 513 105 408 422 404 18 1 826 561 665 600
10.6 6.0 10.7 10.5 7.5 10.7 11.5 9.5 9.3 8.0 9.8 10.2 9.6 13.0 13.7 15.8 15.9 8.4 14.4 14.5 15.7 11.7 23.3 11.0 14.4 18.1 8.6 9.0 6.9 9.4 9.8 7.4 10.3 9.3 10.6 10.8 11.3 5.5 10.8 20.1 14.1 6.4
36.8 22.9 36.9 46.1 36.8 44.6 45.1 43.5 31.8 24.8 34.6 39.8 36.7 55.9 39.2 37.3 (3) 37.2 40.5 38.5 42.2 34.9 52.9 27.9 38.3 38.6 37.3 34.9 28.8 36.2 35.4 27.1 37.4 41.5 36.4 28.1 29.5 13.6 53.2 69.9 49.6 46.5
Note: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. 1Includes persons who did not provide information on 2Includes other industries not shown separately. 3Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000.
flexible schedules.
CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 157
Table 1-70. Shift Usually Worked: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Selected Characteristics, May 2004 (Thousands of people, percent.) Shift workers Characteristic
Total1
Regular daytime schedule
Total
Evening shift
Night shift
Rotating shift
Split shift
Employerarranged irregular schedule
Other shift
Age and Sex Both sexes, 16 years and over ............................................ 16 to 19 years .................................................................. 20 years and over ................................................................ 20 to 24 years .................................................................. 25 to 34 years .................................................................. 35 to 44 years .................................................................. 45 to 54 years .................................................................. 55 to 64 years .................................................................. 65 years and over ............................................................
99 778 1 427 98 351 9 004 24 640 26 766 24 855 11 745 1 341
84.6 64.9 84.9 76.8 84.1 85.4 86.8 87.1 88.8
14.8 34.6 14.6 22.3 15.2 14.1 12.8 12.5 10.3
4.7 14.5 4.6 8.8 5.0 4.1 3.6 3.8 3.5
3.2 4.4 3.2 3.7 3.4 3.2 3.2 2.6 1.8
2.5 6.1 2.5 3.3 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.4
0.5 1.0 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5
3.1 8.3 3.0 4.6 2.8 3.1 2.5 3.0 2.9
0.7 0.2 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.2
Men ...................................................................................... Women ................................................................................
56 412 43 366
82.7 87.0
16.7 12.4
5.2 4.1
3.6 2.8
2.8 2.2
0.5 0.5
3.6 2.4
0.9 0.4
Race and Hispanic Origin White ................................................................................... Black .................................................................................... Asian .................................................................................... Hispanic2 .............................................................................
80 498 12 578 4 136 14 110
85.8 78.0 83.6 83.1
13.7 20.8 15.7 16.0
4.1 7.9 5.4 5.8
3.0 4.5 4.1 3.9
2.3 4.1 1.6 2.1
0.5 0.4 1.2 0.6
3.1 3.0 2.6 2.6
0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9
Marital Status and Presence and Age of Children Men Married, spouse present ...................................................... Not married .......................................................................... Never married .................................................................. Other marital status ......................................................... Without own children under 18 years .................................. With own children under 18 years ....................................... With youngest child 6 to 17 years .................................... With youngest child under 6 years ..................................
34 926 21 486 14 469 7 018 34 680 21 733 11 477 10 256
84.8 79.5 78.6 81.4 81.8 84.3 85.1 83.5
14.9 19.7 20.6 17.8 17.6 15.3 14.6 16.1
3.9 7.4 8.1 5.9 6.0 4.0 3.9 4.2
3.3 3.9 3.8 4.2 3.6 3.6 3.2 3.9
2.9 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.7 3.0 3.1 2.9
0.5 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.8
3.4 4.0 4.2 3.6 3.8 3.2 3.4 3.0
0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.2
Women Married, spouse present ...................................................... Not married .......................................................................... Never married .................................................................. Other marital status ......................................................... Without own children under 18 years .................................. With own children under 18 years ....................................... With youngest child 6 to 17 years .................................... With youngest child under 6 years ..................................
22 704 20 662 10 676 9 986 27 081 16 285 10 262 6 023
90.4 83.2 81.2 85.5 86.4 87.9 89.1 86.0
9.2 16.0 17.9 13.9 13.0 11.5 10.5 13.2
2.8 5.6 6.3 4.8 4.1 4.3 3.4 5.8
2.4 3.2 3.0 3.5 2.7 2.9 3.0 2.7
1.4 3.0 3.6 2.3 2.5 1.7 1.6 1.8
0.3 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.4
1.9 2.9 3.6 2.1 2.7 1.9 1.8 2.1
0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4
Note: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic origin groups will not sum to total because data for the "other races" group are not presented. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. 1Includes persons who 2May be of any race.
did not provide information on shift usually worked.
158 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 1-71. Shift Usually Worked: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Occupation and Industry, May 2004 (Thousands of people, civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.) Shift workers Occupation and industry
Total1
Regular daytime schedule
Total
Evening shift
Night shift
Rotating shift
Split shift
Employerarranged irregular schedule
Other shift
Occupation Total, 16 years and over ...................................................... Management, professional, and related ......................... Management, business, and financial operations ...... Management ........................................................... Business and financial operations .......................... Professional and related ............................................. Computer and mathematical .................................. Architecture and engineering .................................. Life, physical, and social sciences .......................... Community and social services .............................. Legal ....................................................................... Education, training, and library ............................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ...... Health care practitioner and technical .................... Services .......................................................................... Health care support .................................................... Protective services ..................................................... Food preparation and serving related ......................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ....... Personal care and services ........................................ Sales and office .............................................................. Sales and related ........................................................ Office and administrative support ............................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ........ Farming, fishing, and forestry ..................................... Construction and extraction ........................................ Installation, maintenance, and repair .......................... Production, transportation, and material moving ............ Production .................................................................. Transportation and material moving ...........................
99 778 36 200 14 496 10 036 4 461 21 704 2 683 2 478 1 016 1 866 1 118 6 414 1 502 4 626 13 423 1 908 2 224 3 881 3 481 1 929 24 359 9 634 14 724 10 848 744 5 825 4 280 14 948 8 281 6 666
84.6 91.9 94.6 93.6 96.8 90.1 95.2 95.7 93.9 87.0 97.4 97.3 84.7 74.5 66.5 70.4 48.3 58.7 82.1 70.9 87.3 83.8 89.6 92.0 89.8 95.1 88.2 73.3 75.0 71.2
14.8 7.6 5.0 6.1 2.7 9.4 4.1 3.9 5.8 12.7 1.8 2.3 14.7 24.6 32.6 28.0 50.6 40.4 17.5 28.1 12.0 15.2 9.9 7.5 9.8 4.4 11.4 26.2 24.4 28.5
4.7 1.7 1.1 1.4 0.5 2.1 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.9 0.0 0.6 3.1 5.8 12.5 12.5 14.4 17.6 8.3 7.3 3.5 3.5 3.6 2.1 0.6 0.8 4.3 9.1 10.1 7.8
3.2 1.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 2.4 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.3 0.0 0.1 1.6 8.3 6.2 7.1 12.9 3.4 5.4 4.6 2.6 1.9 3.0 1.9 2.4 0.8 3.4 6.5 7.1 5.7
2.5 1.3 0.9 1.1 0.4 1.6 0.8 0.7 2.0 2.2 0.0 0.2 2.2 4.4 5.2 3.8 11.9 5.8 1.5 4.5 2.3 3.8 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.5 4.2 4.7 3.7
0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.4 0.7 0.6 3.3 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.3 1.4
3.1 2.2 2.0 2.4 0.9 2.3 0.4 0.7 1.2 4.9 1.4 0.9 6.0 4.4 5.5 3.1 6.2 8.9 1.1 8.1 2.8 5.0 1.4 1.5 2.4 1.3 1.7 4.6 1.4 8.4
0.7 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.1 2.0 0.2 0.2 1.2 1.1 1.7 0.7 4.3 1.1 0.7 2.7 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 2.0 0.3 0.5 1.1 0.8 1.5
Industry Private sector ....................................................................... Agriculture and related industries .................................... Nonagricultural industries ................................................ Mining .......................................................................... Construction ................................................................ Manufacturing .............................................................. Durable goods ......................................................... Nondurable goods ................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ........................................... Wholesale trade ....................................................... Retail trade .............................................................. Transportation and utilities .......................................... Transportation and warehousing ............................. Utilities ..................................................................... Information2 ................................................................. Publishing, except Internet ...................................... Motion picture and sound recording industries ........ Broadcasting, except Internet .................................. Telecommunications ................................................ Financial activities ....................................................... Finance and insurance ............................................ Finance ................................................................ Insurance ............................................................. Real estate and rental and leasing .......................... Professional and business services ............................ Professional and technical services ........................ Management, administrative, and waste services ... Education and health services ..................................... Education services .................................................. Health care and social assistance ........................... Leisure and hospitality ................................................. Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................... Accommodation and food services .......................... Accommodation ................................................... Food services and drinking places ...................... Other services ............................................................. Other services, except private households .............. Other services, private households ......................... Public sector ........................................................................ Federal government ........................................................ State government ............................................................ Local government ............................................................
82 870 888 81 982 446 6 617 15 125 9 249 5 875 14 008 3 771 10 237 4 226 3 482 744 2 716 648 211 512 1 180 7 341 5 537 3 633 1 904 1 805 8 997 5 476 3 521 12 485 2 260 10 226 6 111 1 134 4 977 1 123 3 854 3 911 3 584 327 16 909 2 786 4 724 9 399
84.0 90.1 83.9 68.0 96.6 81.5 85.3 75.6 82.9 91.5 79.8 71.4 67.5 89.5 87.3 87.6 85.0 84.4 88.8 94.0 96.7 96.8 96.5 85.6 92.0 96.5 84.9 83.2 93.9 80.9 60.8 67.7 59.3 70.2 56.1 88.9 89.3 85.0 87.6 84.8 87.9 88.3
15.4 9.9 15.5 31.9 2.9 18.1 14.4 23.8 16.3 8.0 19.4 27.9 31.8 9.5 11.7 10.3 15.0 15.0 10.5 5.4 2.8 2.6 3.1 13.4 7.8 3.2 15.0 16.0 5.6 18.3 38.3 31.9 39.8 29.4 42.8 10.6 10.3 14.1 11.9 14.7 11.5 11.3
5.0 1.4 5.1 3.6 0.5 7.2 6.7 8.1 4.4 2.7 5.0 5.0 5.6 1.9 4.2 2.3 5.5 6.4 3.6 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 4.3 2.7 0.6 6.1 5.5 3.0 6.0 15.2 10.2 16.4 11.1 17.9 1.5 1.4 3.3 3.4 4.4 3.8 2.9
3.3 2.3 3.3 4.9 0.5 5.2 4.2 6.8 3.2 1.8 3.7 4.8 5.6 0.8 2.4 3.6 2.2 0.1 2.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 1.4 2.4 0.5 5.3 4.5 0.4 5.4 4.8 7.9 4.1 6.6 3.3 1.0 1.0 0.6 2.9 4.9 3.3 2.0
2.6 1.1 2.6 15.1 0.3 3.3 1.9 5.4 3.6 0.7 4.6 4.0 3.9 4.4 1.7 0.8 1.8 2.9 1.9 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 1.0 0.7 0.4 1.1 2.4 0.3 2.9 5.2 1.6 6.0 4.2 6.6 1.9 1.9 2.7 2.4 1.2 1.9 3.0
0.5 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.5 1.7 1.9 0.9 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.4 0.7 2.9 0.7 3.5 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4
3.3 3.2 3.3 6.1 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.9 4.1 2.3 4.8 11.0 13.1 1.1 2.6 2.0 5.5 3.3 2.3 1.8 0.5 0.3 0.8 5.9 1.4 1.3 1.5 2.3 1.3 2.6 9.4 9.2 9.5 5.9 10.5 4.8 4.9 4.0 1.9 3.1 1.4 1.8
0.7 1.0 0.7 2.1 0.2 0.8 0.7 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.6 1.3 1.4 0.5 0.6 1.3 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.8 1.2 2.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.8 3.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.1
Note: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. 1Includes 2Includes
persons who did not provide information on shift usually worked. other industries not shown seperately.
CHAPTER 2 EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS
EMPLOYMENT AND HOURS HIGHLIGHTS The employment, hours, and earnings data in this section are presented by industry and state and are derived from the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey, which covers 400,000 establishments. The employment numbers differ from those presented in from the household survey in Chapter 1 because of dissimilarities in methodology, concepts, definitions, and coverage. As the CES survey data are obtained from payroll records, they are consistent for industry classifications. The data on hours and earnings are also likely to be more accurate.
Percent Change in Nonfarm Payroll Employment, 1996–2006 8 6
Percent
4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year Total private
Private service-providing
Manufacturing
Government
Total employment rose 1.8 percent in 2006, which was slightly higher than the increase in 2005. Employment was relatively stagnant from 2000 to 2003. Private employment rose 2.0 percent, while employment in government grew a slight 0.9 percent. (See Table 2-1.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • The private sector provided an increase of almost 2.3 million jobs in 2006, which accounted for almost 93 percent of the overall increase. (See Table 2-1.) • In 2006, construction employment increased 4.8 percent, which was down slightly from the 5.2 percent increase in 2005. Manufacturing continued to decline. Employment in information remained about the same; however, there was a small decline in telecommunications employment. (See Table 2-1.) • While government employment increased, federal government employment declined for the seventh time in a decade. (See Table 2-1.) • Average weekly hours in manufacturing increased slightly in 2006. For the total private non-farm sector, the increase in average hours was very small, but aggregate weekly hours increased 3.0 percent. (See Tables 2-6 and 2-9.)
161
162 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS Collection and Coverage
For an establishment engaging in more than one activity, the entire employment of the establishment is included under the industry indicated by the principal activity.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) works with State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs) to conduct the Current Employment Statistics (CES), or establishment, survey. This survey collects monthly data on employment, hours, and earnings from a sample of nonfarm establishments (including government). The CES sample includes about 160,000 businesses and government agencies and covers approximately 400,000 individual worksites. The active CES sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm payroll workers. From these data, a large number of employment, hours, and earnings series with considerable industrial and geographic detail are prepared and published.
Industry employment
The most frequently used data collection method is the touchtone data entry (TDE) system. Under the TDE system, the respondent uses a touchtone telephone to call a toll-free number and activate an interview session. Other frequently used data collection methods include computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI), electronic files transmission (EDI), and interviews over the Internet.
Persons on establishment payrolls who were on paid sick leave (for cases in which pay is received directly from the firm), paid holiday, or vacation leave, or who work during part of the pay period despite being unemployed or on strike during the rest of the period were counted as employed. Not counted as employed were persons on layoff, on leave without pay, on strike for the entire period, or who had been hired but had not yet reported during to their new jobs.
Establishment survey data are adjusted annually to accord with comprehensive counts of employment in March of the preceding year; these adjustments are called “benchmarks.” All estimates back to the most recent benchmark month are subject to revision each year when new benchmarks become available. National benchmarks are published 11 months after the benchmark month (March). The benchmarks are derived mainly from employment reports from all employers subject to unemployment insurance. The related series on production and nonsupervisory workers, hours, and earnings are recalculated to be consistent with the employment benchmarks. Concepts and Definitions Industry classification The CES survey completed a conversion from its original quota sample design to a probability-based sample survey design, and switched from the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) in 2003. The industry-coding update included reconstruction of historical estimates in order to preserve time series for data users. The foundation of industrial classification with NAICS has changed how establishments are classified into industries and how businesses, as they exist today, are recognized. Establishments reporting on BLS Form 790 are classified into industries on the basis of their primary activities. Those that use comparable capital equipment, labor, and raw material inputs are classified together. This information is collected on a supplement to the quarterly unemployment insurance tax reports filed by employers.
Employment data refer to persons on establishment payrolls who received pay for any part of the pay period containing the 12th day of the month. The data exclude proprietors, the self-employed, unpaid volunteer or family workers, farm workers, and domestic workers. Salaried officers of corporations are included. Government employment covers only civilian employees; military personnel are excluded. Employees of the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency, the National Imagery and Mapping Agency, and the Defense Intelligence Agency are also excluded.
Beginning with the June 2003 publication of May 2003 data, the CES national federal government employment series has been estimated from a sample of federal establishments and benchmarked annually to counts from unemployment insurance tax records. It reflects employee counts as of the pay period containing the 12th day of the month, which is consistent with other CES industry series. Previously, the national series was an end-of-month count produced by the Office of Personnel Management. The exclusion of farm employment, self-employment, and domestic service employment accounts from the payroll survey accounts for the differences in employment figures between the household and payroll surveys. The payroll survey also excludes workers on leave without pay. (These workers are counted as employed in the household survey.) Persons who worked in more than one establishment during the reporting period are counted each time their names appear on payrolls; these persons are only counted once in the household survey. Production and related workers. This category includes working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers (including group leaders and trainees) engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, inspecting, receiving, storing, handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, trucking, hauling, maintenance, repair, janitorial, guard services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (such as a power plant), record- keeping, and other services closely associated with production operations.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 163 Construction workers. This group includes the following employees in the construction division: working supervisors, qualified craft workers, mechanics, apprentices, helpers, and laborers engaged in new work, alterations, demolition, repair, maintenance, and the like, whether working at the site of construction or at jobs in shops or yards at jobs (such as precutting and pre-assembling) ordinarily performed by members of the construction trades. Nonsupervisory workers. This category consists of employees such as office and clerical workers, repairers, salespersons, operators, drivers, physicians, lawyers, accountants, nurses, social workers, research aides, teachers, drafters, photographers, beauticians, musicians, restaurant workers, custodial workers, attendants, line installers and repairers, laborers, janitors, guards, and other employees at similar occupational levels whose services are closely associated with those of the employees listed. It excludes persons in executive, managerial, and supervisory positions. Payroll. This refers to payments made to full- and parttime production, construction, or nonsupervisory workers who received pay for any part of the pay period containing the 12th day of the month. The payroll is reported before deductions of any kind, such as those for old age and unemployment insurance, group insurance, withholding tax, bonds, or union dues. Also included is pay for overtime, holidays, and vacation, as well as for sick leave paid directly by the firm. Bonuses (unless earned and paid regularly each pay period), other pay not earned in the pay period reported (such as retroactive pay), tips, and the value of free rent, fuel, meals, or other payment-in-kind are excluded. Employee benefits (such as health and other types of insurance and contributions to retirement, as paid by the employer) are also excluded. Total hours. During the pay period, total hours include all hours worked (including overtime hours), hours paid for standby or reporting time, and equivalent hours for which employees received pay directly from the employer for sick leave, holidays, vacations, and other leave. Overtime and other premium pay hours are not converted to straight-time equivalent hours. The concept of total hours differs from those of scheduled hours and hours worked. The average weekly hours derived from paid total hours reflect the effects of such factors as unpaid absenteeism, labor turnover, part-time work, and work stoppages, as well as fluctuations in work schedules.
work stoppages cause average weekly hours to be lower than scheduled hours of work for an establishment. Group averages further reflect changes in the workweeks of component industries. Industry hours and earnings. Average hours and earnings data are derived from reports of payrolls and hours for production and related workers in manufacturing and natural resources and mining, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in private service-providing industries. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls. The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s aggregate by the average of the 12 monthly figures for 1982. For basic industries, the hours aggregates are the product of average weekly hours and production worker or nonsupervisory worker employment. At all higher levels of industry aggregation, hours aggregates are the sum of the component aggregates. The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s aggregate by the average of the 12 monthly figures for 1982. For basic industries, the payroll aggregates are the product of average hourly earnings and aggregate weekly hours. At all higher levels of industry aggregation, payroll aggregates are the sum of the component aggregates. Average overtime hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of average weekly hours that exceeded regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. If an employee worked during a paid holiday at regular rates, receiving as total compensation his or her holiday pay plus straight-time pay for hours worked that day, no overtime hours would be reported. Since overtime hours are premium hours by definition, weekly hours and overtime hours do not necessarily move in the same direction from month to month. Factors such as work stoppages, absenteeism, and labor turnover may not have the same influence on overtime hours as on average hours. Diverse trends at the industry group level may also be caused by a marked change in hours for a component industry in which little or no overtime was worked in both the previous and current months.
Overtime hours. These are hours worked by production or related workers for which overtime premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the number of hours of either the straight-time workday or the total workweek. Weekend and holiday hours are included only if overtime premiums were paid. Hours for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums were paid are excluded.
Average hourly earnings. Average hourly earnings are on a “gross” basis. They reflect not only changes in basic hourly and incentive wage rates, but also such variable factors as premium pay for overtime and late-shift work and changes in output of workers paid on an incentive plan. They also reflect shifts in the number of employees between relatively high-paid and low-paid work and changes in workers’ earnings in individual establishments. Averages for groups and divisions further reflect changes in average hourly earnings for individual industries.
Average weekly hours. The workweek information relates to the average hours for which pay was received and is different from standard or scheduled hours. Such factors as unpaid absenteeism, labor turnover, part-time work, and
Averages of hourly earnings differ from wage rates. Earnings are the actual return to the worker for a stated period; rates are the amount stipulated for a given unit of work or time. The earnings series do not measure the level
164 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) of total labor costs on the part of the employer because the following items are excluded: irregular bonuses, retroactive items, payroll taxes paid by employers, and earnings for those employees not covered under the definitions of production workers, construction workers, or nonsupervisory employees. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime-premium pay, are computed by dividing the total production worker payroll for the industry group by the sum of total production worker hours and one-half of total overtime hours. No adjustments are made for other premium payment provisions, such as holiday pay, late-shift premiums, and overtime rates other than time and one-half. Average weekly earnings. These estimates are derived by multiplying average weekly hours estimates by average hourly earnings estimates. Therefore, weekly earnings are affected not only by changes in average hourly earnings but also by changes in the length of the workweek. Monthly variations in factors, such as the proportion of part-time workers, work stoppages, labor turnover during the survey period, and absenteeism for which employees are not paid may cause the average workweek to fluctuate. Long-term trends of average weekly earnings can be affected by structural changes in the makeup of the workforce. For example, persistent long-term increases in the proportion of part-time workers in retail trade and many of the services industries have reduced average workweeks in these industries and have affected the average weekly earnings series. These earnings are in constant dollars and are calculated from the earnings averages for the current month using a deflator derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earnings and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). The reference year for these series is 1982. Experimental All Employee Hours and Earnings Series from the Current Employment Statistics Program Background The Current Employment Statistics (CES) program began work in 2005 to add new series on hours and earnings. New series have been developed to measure the average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and gross monthly earnings of all nonfarm private sector employees. The new hours and earnings series are more comprehensive in coverage, thereby providing improved information for analyzing economic trends and improved input to productivity and personal income series. Additionally, CES is adding average overtime hours in manufacturing. Historically, the CES program has published average hours and earnings series for production workers in the goods-producing industries and nonsupervisory workers in the service-providing industries. These workers account for about 80 percent of total private nonfarm employment.
Experimental designation and future publication plans BLS is designating the first release of these new series as experimental because of the limited experience to date with the editing and review of the sample reports and the resultant estimates. BLS began the first collection of the all employee payroll, hours, and gross monthly earnings data from respondents late in 2005. There is not yet enough historical information to apply all of the edit and review techniques used in the published CES data to these new series, nor is there sufficient data to allow seasonal adjustment of the new series. The first release of experimental series on April 6, 2007, included national-level estimates at a total private-sector level and limited industry detail from March 2006 through January 2007. As BLS and data users gain more experience with these new data series, additional industry detail may be released, and publication of first and second preliminary estimates may be added over the next two to three years. Beginning in March 2008, BLS plans to publish experimental all employee hours and earnings series in limited industry detail for all states. Total private gross monthly earnings will also be published at the statewide level. For metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), BLS will publish total private all employee hours and earnings; in some cases, limited industry detail also will be available. There will be no gross monthly earnings data published for MSAs. By the end of 2009, BLS should have sufficient historical data to seasonally adjust the all employee payroll and hours series. Beginning in February 2010, the bureau and is planning to publish them as official CES data in the “Employment Situation” news release and other BLS publications. Definitions and Methodology In order to publish all employee average weekly hours, average hourly earnings, and average weekly earnings, BLS is collecting all employees total payroll and all employees total hours from survey respondents. The definitions of these data items parallel the definitions used for the production worker payroll and hours data; the only difference is that they cover all employees, rather than just production or nonsupervisory workers. More detailed information on current estimation formulas can be found at . Sources of Additional Information For further information on sampling and estimation methods see the updated version of Chapter 2 in the BLS Handbook of Methods, BLS news releases, and the publication Employment and Earnings. All of these resources are available on the BLS Web site at .
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 165 Table 2-1. Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector and Selected Component Groups, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 (Thousands of people.) Industry
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
TOTAL ........................................................................
117 298
119 708
122 776
125 930
128 993
131 785
131 826
130 341
129 999
131 435
133 703
136 174
Total Private ..............................................................
97 866
100 169
103 113
106 021
108 686
110 996
110 707
108 828
108 416
109 814
111 899
114 184
Goods-Producing ......................................................
23 156
23 410
23 886
24 354
24 465
24 649
23 873
22 557
21 816
21 882
22 190
22 570
Natural Resources and Mining ................................ Mining ......................................................................... Logging .......................................................................
641 558 83
637 556 81
654 571 82
645 565 80
598 517 81
599 520 79
606 533 74
583 512 70
572 503 69
591 523 68
628 562 65
684 619 65
Construction .............................................................. Construction of buildings ............................................. Heavy and civil engineering ........................................ Specialty trade contractors .........................................
5 274 1 325 775 3 174
5 536 1 380 800 3 355
5 813 1 435 825 3 553
6 149 1 509 865 3 775
6 545 1 586 909 4 050
6 787 1 633 937 4 217
6 826 1 589 953 4 284
6 716 1 575 931 4 210
6 735 1 576 903 4 256
6 976 1 630 907 4 439
7 336 1 712 951 4 673
7 689 1 806 983 4 900
Manufacturing ........................................................... Durable goods ............................................................. Wood product .......................................................... Nonmetallic mineral product ................................... Primary metals ........................................................ Fabricated metal product ........................................ Machinery ............................................................... Computer and electronic product ............................ Electrical equipment and appliances ...................... Transportation equipment ....................................... Furniture and related product .................................. Miscellaneous manufacturing ................................. Nondurable goods ....................................................... Food manufacturing ................................................ Beverage and tobacco product ............................... Textile mills ............................................................. Textile product mills ................................................ Apparel .................................................................... Paper and paper product ........................................ Printing and related support activities ..................... Petroleum and coal product .................................... Chemicals ............................................................... Plastics and rubber product ....................................
17 241 10 372 574 513 642 1 623 1 440 1 688 593 1 977 607 715 6 869 1 560 203 469 219 814 640 817 140 988 915
17 237 10 485 583 517 639 1 648 1 467 1 747 591 1 974 604 716 6 752 1 562 204 443 216 743 631 816 137 985 920
17 419 10 704 595 526 639 1 696 1 494 1 803 586 2 026 615 723 6 716 1 558 206 436 217 700 631 821 136 987 934
17 560 10 910 609 535 642 1 740 1 512 1 831 592 2 077 641 732 6 650 1 555 209 425 217 639 625 828 135 993 943
17 322 10 830 620 541 625 1 728 1 466 1 781 588 2 087 665 729 6 492 1 550 208 397 217 556 616 815 128 983 948
17 263 10 876 613 554 622 1 753 1 455 1 820 591 2 056 680 733 6 388 1 553 207 378 216 497 605 807 123 980 952
16 441 10 335 574 545 571 1 676 1 368 1 749 557 1 938 642 715 6 107 1 551 209 333 206 427 578 768 121 959 897
15 259 9 483 555 516 509 1 549 1 230 1 507 497 1 829 604 688 5 775 1 526 207 291 195 360 547 707 118 928 848
14 510 8 963 538 494 477 1 479 1 149 1 355 460 1 774 573 663 5 547 1 518 200 261 179 312 516 681 114 906 815
14 315 8 924 550 506 467 1 497 1 143 1 323 445 1 766 573 656 5 391 1 494 195 237 176 286 496 663 112 887 806
14 226 8 955 559 505 466 1 522 1 163 1 316 434 1 771 565 652 5 272 1 478 192 218 170 257 484 646 112 872 803
14 197 9 001 560 508 462 1 554 1 191 1 316 436 1 765 556 652 5 197 1 484 195 196 161 238 469 636 114 869 797
Private Service-Providing ........................................
74 710
76 759
79 227
81 667
84 221
86 346
86 834
86 271
86 599
87 932
89 709
91 615
Trade, Transportation, and Utilities ........................
23 834
24 239
24 700
25 186
25 771
26 225
25 983
25 497
25 287
25 533
25 959
26 231
Wholesale Trade ....................................................... Durable goods ............................................................. Nondurable goods ....................................................... Electronic markets, agents, and brokers .....................
5 433 2 909 1 969 555
5 522 2 978 1 978 567
5 664 3 072 2 008 584
5 795 3 162 2 033 600
5 893 3 220 2 061 612
5 933 3 251 2 065 618
5 773 3 130 2 031 611
5 652 3 008 2 015 629
5 608 2 941 2 005 662
5 663 2 951 2 010 702
5 764 2 999 2 022 743
5 898 3 077 2 040 781
Retail Trade ............................................................... Motor vehicle and parts dealers .................................. Furniture and home furnishing stores ......................... Electronic and appliance stores .................................. Building material and garden supply stores ................ Food and beverage stores .......................................... Health and personal care stores ................................. Gasoline stations ........................................................ Clothing and clothing accessories stores .................... Sporting goods, hobby, and music stores .................. General merchandise stores ....................................... Miscellaneous store retailers ...................................... Nonstore retailers ........................................................
13 897 1 627 461 449 982 2 880 812 922 1 246 606 2 635 841 435
14 143 1 686 474 470 1 007 2 928 826 946 1 221 614 2 657 874 439
14 389 1 723 485 494 1 043 2 957 853 956 1 236 626 2 658 913 445
14 609 1 741 499 510 1 062 2 966 876 961 1 269 635 2 687 950 453
14 970 1 797 524 542 1 101 2 985 898 944 1 307 664 2 752 986 472
15 280 1 847 544 564 1 142 2 993 928 936 1 322 686 2 820 1 007 492
15 239 1 855 541 555 1 152 2 951 952 925 1 321 679 2 842 993 474
15 025 1 879 539 525 1 177 2 882 939 896 1 313 661 2 812 960 444
14 917 1 883 547 512 1 185 2 838 938 882 1 305 647 2 822 931 427
15 058 1 902 563 516 1 227 2 822 941 876 1 364 641 2 863 914 429
15 280 1 919 576 536 1 276 2 818 954 871 1 415 647 2 934 900 435
15 319 1 908 589 538 1 323 2 828 956 861 1 439 647 2 913 885 434
Transportation and Warehousing ........................... Air transportation ......................................................... Rail transportation ....................................................... Water transportation ................................................... Truck transportation .................................................... Transit and ground passenger transportation ............. Pipeline transportation ................................................ Scenic and sightseeing transportation ........................ Support activities for transportation ............................ Couriers and messengers ........................................... Warehousing and storage ...........................................
3 838 511 233 51 1 249 328 54 22 430 517 444
3 935 526 225 51 1 282 339 51 23 446 540 452
4 027 542 221 51 1 308 350 50 25 473 546 462
4 168 563 225 51 1 354 363 48 25 497 568 474
4 300 586 229 52 1 392 371 47 26 518 586 494
4 410 614 232 56 1 406 372 46 28 537 605 514
4 372 615 227 54 1 387 375 45 29 539 587 514
4 224 564 218 53 1 339 381 42 26 525 561 517
4 185 528 218 55 1 326 382 40 27 520 562 528
4 249 515 226 56 1 352 385 38 27 535 557 558
4 361 501 228 61 1 398 389 38 29 552 571 595
4 466 487 225 64 1 437 394 39 27 571 585 636
166 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-1. Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector and Selected Component Groups, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) Industry
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Utilities .......................................................................
666
640
621
613
609
601
599
596
577
564
554
549
Information ................................................................ Publishing industries, except Internet ......................... Motion picture and sound recording industry .............. Broadcasting, except Internet ..................................... Internet publishing and broadcasting .......................... Telecommunications ................................................... ISPs, search portals, and data processing ................. Other information services ..........................................
2 843 911 311 298 19 976 291 38
2 940 927 335 309 21 997 312 39
3 084 956 353 313 24 1 060 339 40
3 218 982 370 321 27 1 108 369 41
3 419 1 005 384 329 37 1 180 439 44
3 631 1 035 383 344 51 1 263 510 46
3 629 1 021 377 345 46 1 302 494 46
3 395 964 388 334 34 1 187 441 47
3 188 925 376 324 29 1 082 402 49
3 118 909 385 325 30 1 035 384 51
3 061 904 378 328 32 992 378 51
3 055 904 378 331 35 973 383 51
Financial Activities ................................................... Finance and insurance ................................................ Monetary authorities, central bank .............................. Credit intermediation ................................................... Securities, commodity contracts, and investments ..... Insurance carriers and related activities ..................... Funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles .................. Real estate and rental and leasing ............................. Real estate .............................................................. Rental and leasing services .................................... Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets ...............
6 827 5 072 23 2 314 562 2 108 64 1 755 1 179 557 19
6 969 5 154 23 2 368 590 2 108 66 1 814 1 206 588 21
7 178 5 305 22 2 434 636 2 144 70 1 873 1 241 610 23
7 462 5 532 22 2 532 692 2 209 77 1 930 1 274 631 25
7 648 5 668 23 2 591 737 2 236 82 1 979 1 299 653 27
7 687 5 680 23 2 548 805 2 221 85 2 007 1 312 667 28
7 807 5 773 23 2 598 831 2 234 88 2 035 1 340 666 29
7 847 5 817 23 2 686 789 2 233 85 2 030 1 353 649 28
7 977 5 923 23 2 792 758 2 266 84 2 054 1 384 643 27
8 031 5 949 22 2 817 766 2 259 85 2 082 1 415 641 26
8 153 6 023 21 2 869 786 2 259 88 2 130 1 457 646 27
8 363 6 184 22 2 937 816 2 316 93 2 180 1 503 647 29
Professional and Business Services ...................... Professional and technical services ............................ Management of companies and enterprises ............... Administrative and waste services .............................. Administrative and support services ....................... Waste management and remediation services .......
12 844 5 101 1 686 6 057 5 783 273
13 462 5 337 1 703 6 422 6 140 282
14 335 5 656 1 730 6 950 6 659 291
15 147 6 021 1 756 7 369 7 070 299
15 957 6 375 1 774 7 807 7 497 311
16 666 6 734 1 796 8 136 7 823 313
16 476 6 902 1 779 7 795 7 478 317
15 976 6 676 1 705 7 595 7 277 318
15 987 6 630 1 687 7 670 7 348 322
16 395 6 774 1 724 7 896 7 567 329
16 954 7 053 1 759 8 142 7 804 338
17 552 7 372 1 809 8 371 8 024 347
Education and Health Services ............................... Education services ...................................................... Health care and social assistance .............................. Ambulatory health care services ............................. Hospitals ................................................................. Nursing and residential health facilities ................... Social assistance ....................................................
13 289 2 010 11 278 3 768 3 734 2 308 1 470
13 683 2 078 11 605 3 940 3 773 2 380 1 512
14 087 2 155 11 932 4 093 3 822 2 443 1 574
14 446 2 233 12 214 4 161 3 892 2 487 1 673
14 798 2 320 12 477 4 227 3 936 2 529 1 786
15 109 2 390 12 718 4 320 3 954 2 583 1 860
15 645 2 511 13 134 4 462 4 051 2 676 1 946
16 199 2 643 13 556 4 633 4 160 2 743 2 020
16 588 2 695 13 893 4 786 4 245 2 786 2 075
16 953 2 763 14 190 4 952 4 285 2 818 2 135
17 372 2 836 14 536 5 114 4 345 2 855 2 222
17 838 2 918 14 920 5 283 4 427 2 901 2 309
Leisure and Hospitality ........................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................. Performing arts and spectator sports .......................... Museums, historical sites ............................................ Amusements, gambling, and recreation ..................... Accommodation and food services ............................. Accommodation ...................................................... Food services and drinking places ..........................
10 501 1 459 308 84 1 068 9 042 1 653 7 389
10 777 1 522 329 89 1 105 9 254 1 699 7 555
11 018 1 600 350 94 1 157 9 418 1 730 7 689
11 232 1 645 350 97 1 198 9 586 1 774 7 813
11 543 1 709 361 103 1 245 9 834 1 832 8 002
11 862 1 788 382 110 1 296 10 074 1 884 8 189
12 036 1 824 382 115 1 327 10 211 1 852 8 359
11 986 1 783 364 114 1 305 10 203 1 779 8 425
12 173 1 813 372 115 1 327 10 360 1 775 8 584
12 493 1 850 368 118 1 364 10 643 1 790 8 854
12 816 1 892 376 121 1 395 10 923 1 819 9 104
13 143 1 927 399 124 1 404 11 216 1 833 9 383
Other Services ........................................................... Repair and maintenance ............................................. Personal and laundry services .................................... Membership associations and organizations ..............
4 572 1 079 1 144 2 349
4 690 1 136 1 166 2 389
4 825 1 169 1 180 2 475
4 976 1 189 1 206 2 581
5 087 1 222 1 220 2 644
5 168 1 242 1 243 2 683
5 258 1 257 1 255 2 746
5 372 1 247 1 257 2 868
5 401 1 234 1 264 2 904
5 409 1 229 1 273 2 908
5 395 1 236 1 277 2 882
5 432 1 249 1 284 2 899
Government ............................................................... Federal ........................................................................ Federal, excluding U.S. Postal Service ................... State ............................................................................ State, excluding education ...................................... Local ........................................................................... Local, excluding education ......................................
19 432 2 949 2 099 4 635 2 716 11 849 5 396
19 539 2 877 2 010 4 606 2 695 12 056 5 464
19 664 2 806 1 940 4 582 2 678 12 276 5 517
19 909 2 772 1 891 4 612 2 690 12 525 5 604
20 307 2 769 1 880 4 709 2 726 12 829 5 709
20 790 2 865 1 985 4 786 2 756 13 139 5 845
21 118 2 764 1 891 4 905 2 792 13 449 5 970
21 513 2 766 1 924 5 029 2 786 13 718 6 063
21 583 2 761 1 952 5 002 2 748 13 820 6 110
21 621 2 730 1 948 4 982 2 744 13 909 6 144
21 804 2 732 1 957 5 032 2 772 14 041 6 185
21 990 2 728 1 958 5 080 2 785 14 182 6 243
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 167 Table 2-2. Women Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector and Selected Component Groups, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 (Thousands of people.) Industry
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
TOTAL NONFARM ..........................................
56 213
57 406
58 914
60 309
61 810
63 222
63 683
63 360
63 237
63 739
64 718
65 571
Total Private ....................................................
45 514
46 573
47 923
49 144
50 358
51 452
51 669
51 033
50 901
51 404
52 329
53 338
Goods-Producing ........................................... Natural resources and mining ........................... Construction .................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................
6 225 98 666 5 462
6 214 96 700 5 417
6 294 99 730 5 466
6 353 100 769 5 484
6 299 96 818 5 386
6 297 92 846 5 359
5 961 90 832 5 039
5 486 85 827 4 574
5 192 80 822 4 290
5 117 80 841 4 197
5 104 79 890 4 136
5 097 82 945 4 070
Private Service-Providing .............................. Trade, transportation, and utilities .................... Wholesale trade ............................................ Retail trade ................................................... Transportation and warehousing .................. Utilities .......................................................... Information ........................................................ Financial activities ............................................ Professional and business services ................. Education and health services .......................... Leisure and hospitality ...................................... Other services ..................................................
39 289 9 870 1 668 7 021 1 018 163 1 380 4 164 5 979 10 181 5 382 2 333
40 360 10 043 1 701 7 142 1 043 157 1 433 4 241 6 273 10 474 5 520 2 376
41 629 10 230 1 746 7 272 1 060 153 1 481 4 359 6 705 10 779 5 640 2 435
42 791 10 413 1 778 7 380 1 103 152 1 514 4 515 7 030 11 042 5 760 2 517
44 059 10 658 1 809 7 543 1 154 152 1 600 4 605 7 370 11 323 5 933 2 570
45 155 10 859 1 827 7 680 1 202 151 1 697 4 638 7 680 11 586 6 082 2 614
45 708 10 768 1 770 7 635 1 212 151 1 684 4 726 7 591 12 037 6 224 2 677
45 547 10 466 1 718 7 449 1 149 150 1 554 4 755 7 314 12 474 6 215 2 769
45 709 10 321 1 700 7 339 1 134 147 1 428 4 830 7 248 12 786 6 319 2 779
46 287 10 364 1 714 7 387 1 117 146 1 366 4 831 7 360 13 073 6 516 2 776
47 225 10 535 1 738 7 524 1 130 143 1 333 4 896 7 574 13 408 6 708 2 772
48 241 10 601 1 794 7 565 1 096 146 1 312 5 053 7 774 13 769 6 921 2 810
Government .................................................... Federal ............................................................. State ................................................................ Local .................................................................
10 698 1 285 2 326 7 088
10 832 1 261 2 316 7 255
10 991 1 240 2 324 7 426
11 164 1 184 2 354 7 627
11 452 1 174 2 412 7 866
11 771 1 231 2 464 8 076
12 015 1 148 2 534 8 333
12 327 1 155 2 621 8 551
12 337 1 173 2 599 8 565
12 335 1 168 2 562 8 606
12 389 1 177 2 575 8 637
12 233 1 193 2 634 8 407
168 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-3. Production Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 (Thousands of people.) Industry
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
TOTAL PRIVATE .............................................
79 845
81 773
84 158
86 316
88 430
90 336
89 983
88 393
87 658
88 937
91 135
93 503
Goods-Producing ........................................... Natural resources and mining ........................... Construction ..................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................
17 137 458 4 113 12 566
17 318 461 4 325 12 532
17 698 479 4 546 12 673
18 008 473 4 807 12 729
18 067 438 5 105 12 524
18 169 446 5 295 12 428
17 466 457 5 332 11 677
16 400 436 5 196 10 768
15 732 420 5 123 10 190
15 821 440 5 309 10 072
16 145 473 5 611 10 060
16 586 518 5 900 10 168
Private Service-Providing .............................. Trade, transportation, and utilities .................... Wholesale trade ............................................ Retail trade ................................................... Transportation and warehousing .................. Utilities .......................................................... Information ........................................................ Financial activities ............................................ Professional and business services ................. Education and health services .......................... Leisure and hospitality ...................................... Other services ..................................................
62 708 19 984 4 361 11 841 3 260 522 2 007 5 165 10 645 11 765 9 330 3 812
64 455 20 325 4 423 12 057 3 339 506 2 096 5 279 11 161 12 123 9 565 3 907
66 460 20 698 4 523 12 274 3 407 494 2 181 5 415 11 896 12 478 9 780 4 013
68 308 21 059 4 605 12 440 3 522 492 2 217 5 605 12 566 12 791 9 947 4 124
70 363 21 576 4 673 12 772 3 642 489 2 351 5 728 13 184 13 089 10 216 4 219
72 167 21 965 4 686 13 040 3 753 485 2 502 5 737 13 790 13 362 10 516 4 296
72 517 21 709 4 555 12 952 3 718 483 2 530 5 810 13 588 13 846 10 662 4 373
71 993 21 337 4 474 12 774 3 611 478 2 398 5 872 13 049 14 311 10 576 4 449
71 926 21 078 4 396 12 655 3 563 464 2 347 5 967 12 910 14 532 10 666 4 426
73 116 21 319 4 444 12 788 3 637 450 2 371 5 989 13 287 14 771 10 955 4 425
74 990 21 830 4 584 13 030 3 774 443 2 386 6 090 13 854 15 129 11 263 4 438
76 917 22 126 4 719 13 080 3 885 442 2 412 6 307 14 435 15 549 11 599 4 489
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 169 Table 2-4. Production Workers on Durable Goods Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 (Thousands of people.) Industry
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Total Durable Goods ...................................... Wood product ................................................... Nonmetallic mineral product ............................. Primary metals .................................................. Fabricated metal product .................................. Machinery .........................................................
7 351 478 400 500 1 223 969
7 425 485 405 500 1 242 983
7 597 497 413 502 1 285 1 006
7 720 508 421 505 1 320 1 015
7 650 514 426 492 1 305 977
7 658 506 440 490 1 326 960
7 163 468 427 447 1 254 889
6 529 449 399 396 1 147 785
6 152 433 375 370 1 093 731
6 139 444 388 364 1 109 728
6 219 453 387 363 1 129 748
6 369 451 390 361 1 163 776
Computer and electronic product ..................... Electrical equipment and appliances ................ Transportation equipment ................................. Furniture and related product ........................... Miscellaneous manufacturing ...........................
890 438 1 471 480 502
915 434 1 480 478 503
951 428 1 521 490 507
965 432 1 529 512 514
933 433 1 525 532 512
949 433 1 497 544 513
876 402 1 398 509 493
744 352 1 309 475 473
673 320 1 269 444 445
656 307 1 264 444 435
700 300 1 276 435 428
761 305 1 302 432 429
170 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-5. Production Workers on Nondurable Goods Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 (Thousands of people.) Industry
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Total Nondurable Goods ................................ Food manufacturing .......................................... Beverage and tobacco product ......................... Textile mills ....................................................... Textile product mills .......................................... Apparel .............................................................
5 215 1 221 117 393 176 719
5 107 1 228 120 372 173 650
5 076 1 228 121 367 175 612
5 009 1 228 123 357 174 550
4 873 1 229 120 334 173 472
4 770 1 228 117 315 172 415
4 514 1 221 116 276 164 351
4 239 1 202 120 242 154 294
4 038 1 193 106 217 141 249
3 933 1 178 107 194 141 225
3 841 1 170 112 174 138 198
3 799 1 176 115 158 130 187
Leather and allied product ................................ Paper and paper product .................................. Printing and related support ............................. Petroleum and coal product .............................. Chemicals ......................................................... Plastics and rubber product ..............................
89 494 599 89 598 720
79 488 594 87 595 721
74 489 597 88 593 733
67 484 598 87 601 740
60 474 585 85 595 747
55 468 576 83 588 754
47 446 544 81 562 705
40 421 493 78 532 663
35 393 471 74 525 634
33 374 460 77 520 626
31 365 447 75 510 621
29 357 448 73 509 617
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 171 Table 2-6. Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 (Hours.) Industry
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
TOTAL PRIVATE .............................................
34.3
34.3
34.5
34.5
34.3
34.3
34.0
33.9
33.7
33.7
33.8
33.9
Goods-Producing ........................................... Natural resources and mining ........................... Construction ..................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................
40.8 45.3 38.8 41.3
40.8 46.0 38.9 41.3
41.1 46.2 38.9 41.7
40.8 44.9 38.8 41.4
40.8 44.2 39.0 41.4
40.7 44.4 39.2 41.3
39.9 44.6 38.7 40.3
39.9 43.2 38.4 40.5
39.8 43.6 38.4 40.4
40.0 44.5 38.3 40.8
40.1 45.6 38.6 40.7
40.5 45.6 39.0 41.1
Private Service-Providing .............................. Trade, transportation, and utilities .................... Wholesale trade ............................................ Retail trade ................................................... Transportation and warehousing .................. Utilities .......................................................... Information ........................................................ Financial activities ............................................ Professional and business services ................. Education and health services .......................... Leisure and hospitality ...................................... Other services ..................................................
32.6 34.1 38.6 30.8 38.9 42.3 36.0 35.5 34.0 32.0 25.9 32.6
32.6 34.1 38.6 30.7 39.1 42.0 36.4 35.5 34.1 31.9 25.9 32.5
32.8 34.3 38.8 30.9 39.4 42.0 36.3 35.7 34.3 32.2 26.0 32.7
32.8 34.2 38.6 30.9 38.7 42.0 36.6 36.0 34.3 32.2 26.2 32.6
32.7 33.9 38.6 30.8 37.6 42.0 36.7 35.8 34.4 32.1 26.1 32.5
32.7 33.8 38.8 30.7 37.4 42.0 36.8 35.9 34.5 32.2 26.1 32.5
32.5 33.5 38.4 30.7 36.7 41.4 36.9 35.8 34.2 32.3 25.8 32.3
32.5 33.6 38.0 30.9 36.8 40.9 36.5 35.6 34.2 32.4 25.8 32.0
32.4 33.6 37.9 30.9 36.8 41.1 36.2 35.5 34.1 32.3 25.6 31.4
32.3 33.5 37.8 30.7 37.2 40.9 36.3 35.5 34.2 32.4 25.7 31.0
32.4 33.4 37.7 30.6 37.0 41.1 36.5 35.9 34.2 32.6 25.7 30.9
32.5 33.4 38.0 30.5 36.9 41.4 36.6 35.8 34.6 32.5 25.7 30.9
172 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-7. Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 (Hours.) Industry
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
DURABLE GOODS Total ................................................................. Wood product ................................................... Nonmetallic mineral product ............................. Primary metals .................................................. Fabricated metal product .................................. Machinery .........................................................
42.1 41.0 41.8 43.4 41.9 43.5
42.1 41.2 42.0 43.6 41.9 43.3
42.6 41.4 41.9 44.3 42.3 44.0
42.1 41.4 42.2 43.5 41.9 43.1
41.9 41.3 42.1 43.8 41.7 42.3
41.8 41.0 41.6 44.2 41.9 42.3
40.6 40.2 41.6 42.4 40.6 40.9
40.8 39.9 42.0 42.4 40.6 40.5
40.8 40.4 42.2 42.3 40.7 40.8
41.3 40.7 42.3 43.1 41.1 41.9
41.1 40.0 42.2 43.1 41.0 42.1
41.4 39.8 43.0 43.6 41.4 42.4
Computer and electronic product ..................... Electrical equipment and appliances ................ Transportation equipment ................................. Furniture and related product ........................... Miscellaneous manufacturing ...........................
42.2 41.9 43.7 38.5 39.2
41.9 42.1 43.8 38.3 39.1
42.5 42.1 44.2 39.1 39.7
41.8 41.8 43.2 39.4 39.2
41.5 41.8 43.6 39.3 39.3
41.4 41.6 43.3 39.2 39.0
39.8 39.8 41.9 38.3 38.8
39.7 40.1 42.5 39.2 38.6
40.4 40.6 41.9 38.9 38.4
40.4 40.7 42.5 39.5 38.5
40.0 40.6 42.4 39.2 38.7
40.5 41.0 42.7 38.8 38.7
Total ................................................................. Food manufacturing .......................................... Beverage and tobacco product ......................... Textile mills ....................................................... Textile product mills .......................................... Apparel .............................................................
40.1 39.6 39.3 40.9 39.1 35.3
40.1 39.5 39.7 40.8 39.2 35.2
40.5 39.8 40.0 41.6 39.6 35.5
40.5 40.1 40.3 41.0 39.5 35.5
40.4 40.2 41.0 41.0 39.4 35.4
40.3 40.1 42.0 41.4 39.0 35.7
39.9 39.6 40.9 40.0 38.6 36.0
40.1 39.6 39.4 40.6 39.2 36.7
39.8 39.3 39.1 39.1 39.6 35.6
40.0 39.3 39.2 40.1 38.9 36.0
39.9 39.0 40.1 40.3 39.0 35.7
40.6 40.1 40.7 40.6 40.0 36.5
Leather and allied product ................................ Paper and paper product .................................. Printing and related support ............................. Petroleum and coal product .............................. Chemicals ......................................................... Plastics and rubber product ..............................
37.7 43.4 39.1 43.7 43.3 41.1
37.8 43.5 39.1 43.7 43.3 41.0
38.2 43.9 39.5 43.1 43.4 41.4
37.4 43.6 39.3 43.6 43.2 41.3
37.2 43.6 39.1 42.6 42.7 41.3
37.5 42.8 39.2 42.7 42.2 40.8
36.4 42.1 38.7 43.8 41.9 40.0
37.5 41.9 38.4 43.0 42.3 40.6
39.3 41.5 38.2 44.5 42.4 40.4
38.4 42.1 38.4 44.9 42.8 40.4
38.4 42.5 38.4 45.5 42.3 40.0
38.9 42.9 39.2 45.0 42.5 40.6
NONDURABLE GOODS
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 173 Table 2-8. Average Weekly Overtime Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 (Hours.) Industry
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
TOTAL MANUFACTURING .............................
4.7
4.8
5.1
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.0
4.2
4.2
4.6
4.6
4.4
Total Durable Goods ...................................... Wood product ................................................... Nonmetallic mineral product ............................. Primary metals .................................................. Fabricated metal product .................................. Machinery .........................................................
5.0 3.9 5.7 5.7 4.8 5.3
5.0 4.0 6.1 5.8 4.8 5.2
5.4 4.0 6.0 6.3 5.3 5.8
5.0 4.0 6.4 5.9 4.9 5.1
5.0 4.2 6.1 6.3 4.8 5.0
4.8 4.1 6.1 6.5 4.9 5.1
3.9 3.7 5.5 5.5 4.1 3.9
4.2 3.9 5.9 5.6 4.1 4.0
4.3 4.1 5.8 5.5 4.1 4.2
4.7 4.4 6.1 6.5 4.5 4.8
4.6 4.1 6.3 6.3 4.6 5.0
4.4 3.8 5.7 6.3 4.5 4.6
Computer and electronic product ..................... Electrical equipment and appliances ................ Transportation equipment ................................. Furniture and related product ........................... Miscellaneous manufacturing ...........................
4.9 3.5 6.5 2.8 3.4
4.7 3.7 6.7 2.9 3.4
5.2 3.9 7.2 3.3 3.7
4.8 3.6 6.4 3.6 3.4
4.6 3.6 6.1 3.9 3.7
4.6 3.7 5.5 3.5 3.1
3.2 3.0 4.5 2.7 2.8
3.4 3.1 5.1 3.4 2.9
3.8 3.4 5.0 3.5 2.7
3.7 4.0 5.5 3.6 3.2
3.6 3.8 5.3 3.2 3.3
3.5 4.1 4.9 3.0 2.9
Total Nondurable Goods ............................... Food manufacturing .......................................... Beverage and tobacco product ......................... Textile mills ....................................................... Textile product mills .......................................... Apparel .............................................................
4.3 4.4 4.8 5.0 3.4 2.2
4.4 4.4 5.0 5.0 3.8 2.3
4.6 4.6 4.8 5.5 4.1 2.4
4.5 4.8 5.0 5.2 4.1 2.2
4.6 5.0 5.3 5.0 4.1 2.4
4.4 4.8 5.8 4.8 3.5 2.1
4.1 4.6 4.9 3.8 2.7 1.8
4.2 4.6 4.8 4.2 3.3 2.3
4.1 4.4 4.0 4.0 3.2 2.0
4.4 4.7 4.3 4.4 3.0 2.2
4.4 4.7 5.7 3.9 4.4 2.1
4.4 4.8 5.5 3.8 4.3 2.3
Leather and allied product ................................ Paper and paper product .................................. Printing and related support ............................. Petroleum and coal product .............................. Chemicals ......................................................... Plastics and rubber product ..............................
4.0 5.5 3.8 6.3 5.6 3.9
4.0 5.7 3.8 6.4 5.7 4.0
4.7 6.0 4.2 6.4 5.8 4.3
4.7 5.8 3.9 6.8 5.6 4.2
4.1 5.9 3.6 6.6 5.2 4.2
4.6 5.7 3.7 6.5 5.0 3.9
2.2 4.9 3.4 7.9 4.6 3.6
2.9 5.1 3.4 7.0 4.7 3.9
2.7 5.1 3.2 8.3 4.5 3.9
2.2 5.4 3.4 8.2 4.9 4.2
2.2 5.6 3.3 8.5 4.6 4.0
3.6 5.6 3.5 7.7 4.1 3.9
174 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-9. Indexes of Aggregate Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 (2002 = 100.) Industry
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
TOTAL PRIVATE .............................................
91.6
93.8
97.1
99.4
101.5
103.6
102.1
100.0
98.7
100.2
102.8
105.9
Goods-Producing ........................................... Natural resources and mining ........................... Construction ..................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................
106.8 110.2 79.9 119.0
108.1 112.7 84.3 118.8
111.2 117.6 88.6 121.4
112.3 112.8 93.4 121.0
112.6 102.9 99.7 118.9
113.1 105.1 104.0 117.7
106.6 108.3 103.2 108.1
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
95.8 97.4 98.4 94.5
96.8 104.0 101.7 94.3
98.9 114.7 108.3 93.9
102.7 125.7 115.3 95.9
Private Service-Providing .............................. Trade, transportation, and utilities .................... Wholesale trade ............................................ Retail trade ................................................... Transportation and warehousing .................. Utilities .......................................................... Information ........................................................ Financial activities ............................................ Professional and business services ................. Education and health services .......................... Leisure and hospitality ...................................... Other services ..................................................
87.3 95.1 99.2 92.3 95.6 112.9 82.5 87.8 81.2 81.2 88.5 87.1
89.7 96.6 100.7 93.7 98.3 108.6 86.9 89.8 85.2 83.4 90.8 89.1
93.1 98.8 103.4 95.9 101.0 106.1 90.4 92.6 91.5 86.7 93.4 91.9
95.8 100.3 104.8 97.2 102.7 105.8 92.6 96.5 96.7 88.9 95.5 94.3
98.4 101.9 106.2 99.5 103.2 105.0 98.5 98.0 101.7 90.6 97.9 96.3
101.0 103.5 107.1 101.3 105.6 104.2 104.9 98.5 106.6 92.8 100.6 97.8
100.8 101.5 102.9 100.5 102.8 102.4 106.6 99.5 104.0 96.6 100.7 99.1
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
99.5 98.6 98.0 98.9 98.8 97.4 97.0 101.5 98.7 101.4 100.1 97.5
101.1 99.6 98.9 99.4 101.9 94.2 98.2 101.9 101.8 103.3 103.0 96.1
103.8 101.6 101.8 100.8 105.2 93.1 99.4 104.8 106.3 106.4 106.3 96.2
106.7 103.1 105.6 100.8 107.9 93.8 100.8 107.9 112.0 109.0 109.1 97.4
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 175 Table 2-10. Indexes of Aggregate Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 (2002 = 100.) Industry
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
DURABLE GOODS Total ................................................................. Wood product ................................................... Nonmetallic mineral product ............................. Primary metals .................................................. Fabricated metal product .................................. Machinery .........................................................
116.3 109.3 99.7 129.3 109.9 132.3
117.5 111.6 101.5 129.9 111.6 133.8
121.6 114.8 103.2 132.3 116.6 139.0
122.0 117.5 105.8 131.1 118.6 137.4
120.6 118.6 106.9 128.4 116.7 129.9
120.4 115.8 109.1 128.9 119.1 127.6
109.3 105.0 106.1 113.0 109.3 114.1
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
94.3 97.8 94.3 93.4 95.3 93.6
95.2 100.9 98.0 93.3 97.7 95.9
96.1 101.3 97.5 93.1 99.3 98.8
99.1 100.3 100.1 93.8 103.2 103.3
Computer and electronic product ..................... Electrical equipment and appliances ................................................... Transportation equipment ................................. Furniture and related product ........................... Miscellaneous manufacturing ...........................
127.1
129.9
136.8
136.7
131.1
133.0
117.9
100.0
92.1
89.7
94.8
104.3
130.3 115.4 99.3 107.7
129.4 116.4 98.3 107.7
127.7 120.7 102.9 110.0
127.8 118.7 108.5 110.3
128.3 119.5 112.6 110.3
127.8 116.4 114.8 109.5
113.4 105.3 104.8 104.8
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
92.0 95.4 93.0 93.6
88.7 96.5 94.3 91.8
86.4 97.3 91.8 90.6
88.6 99.9 90.1 90.9
Total ................................................................. Food manufacturing .......................................... Beverage and tobacco product ......................... Textile mills ....................................................... Textile product mills .......................................... Apparel .............................................................
123.1 101.6 97.9 163.5 114.4 235.4
120.5 101.8 101.4 154.1 112.8 211.9
120.9 102.6 103.1 155.2 114.8 201.4
119.4 103.4 104.9 148.9 114.1 181.2
116.1 103.8 104.7 139.1 113.5 154.7
113.3 103.5 104.2 132.4 111.1 137.4
106.0 101.5 100.3 112.2 105.0 117.1
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
94.7 98.4 88.4 86.3 92.9 81.9
92.7 97.1 88.8 79.0 91.0 75.1
90.2 95.8 94.8 71.3 89.2 65.7
90.8 99.0 99.5 65.2 86.6 63.3
Leather and allied product ................................ Paper and paper product .................................. Printing and related support ............................. Petroleum and coal product .............................. Chemicals ......................................................... Plastics and rubber product ..............................
221.8 121.4 123.9 115.5 115.4 109.9
197.5 120.1 122.8 113.5 114.7 110.1
187.1 121.5 124.6 112.7 114.6 112.7
166.6 119.5 124.3 113.4 115.4 113.8
148.3 117.1 120.9 107.6 113.1 114.6
138.4 113.4 119.4 105.8 110.4 114.3
113.3 106.6 111.5 105.6 104.7 105.0
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
91.3 92.4 95.3 98.7 98.9 95.2
83.6 89.2 93.4 102.6 99.0 94.2
79.0 87.9 90.9 102.4 95.9 92.4
75.4 86.7 92.7 97.8 96.4 93.1
NONDURABLE GOODS
176 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-11. Employees on Total Nonfarm Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, 1966–2006 (Thousands of people.) State
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
UNITED STATES ................................
64 020
65 931
68 023
70 512
71 006
71 335
73 798
76 912
78 389
77 069
79 502
82 593
86 826
89 932
90 528
Alabama ............................................... Alaska .................................................. Arizona ................................................. Arkansas .............................................. California ..............................................
936 73 435 490 6 145
952 77 446 501 6 368
970 80 473 515 6 642
1 000 87 517 534 6 932
1 010 93 547 536 6 946
1 022 98 581 551 6 917
1 072 104 646 582 7 210
1 136 110 714 615 7 622
1 170 128 746 641 7 834
1 155 162 729 624 7 847
1 207 172 759 660 8 154
1 269 163 809 696 8 600
1 337 164 895 733 9 200
1 362 167 980 750 9 665
1 356 169 1 014 742 9 849
Colorado .............................................. Connecticut .......................................... Delaware .............................................. District of Columbia .............................. Florida ..................................................
631 1 095 193 587 1 727
656 1 130 197 595 1 816
687 1 158 203 583 1 932
721 1 194 212 575 2 070
750 1 198 217 567 2 152
787 1 164 225 567 2 276
869 1 190 232 572 2 513
936 1 239 239 574 2 779
960 1 264 233 580 2 864
964 1 223 230 577 2 746
1 003 1 240 237 576 2 784
1 058 1 282 239 579 2 933
1 150 1 346 248 596 3 181
1 218 1 398 257 613 3 381
1 251 1 427 259 616 3 576
Georgia ................................................ Hawaii .................................................. Idaho .................................................... Illinois ................................................... Indiana .................................................
1 338 232 185 4 095 1 737
1 395 242 188 4 210 1 777
1 456 255 193 4 285 1 817
1 532 276 201 4 376 1 880
1 558 294 208 4 346 1 849
1 603 302 217 4 296 1 841
1 695 313 237 4 315 1 922
1 803 328 252 4 467 2 028
1 828 336 267 4 546 2 031
1 756 343 273 4 419 1 942
1 839 349 291 4 565 2 024
1 927 359 307 4 656 2 114
2 050 377 331 4 789 2 206
2 128 394 338 4 880 2 236
2 159 404 330 4 850 2 130
Iowa ..................................................... Kansas ................................................. Kentucky .............................................. Louisiana ............................................. Maine ...................................................
804 634 804 958 309
833 653 837 997 317
852 672 869 1 021 323
873 687 896 1 033 330
877 679 910 1 034 332
883 678 932 1 056 332
912 718 718 718 718
961 763 1 039 1 176 355
999 790 1 066 1 221 362
999 801 1 058 1 250 357
1 037 835 1 103 1 314 375
1 079 871 1 148 1 365 388
1 119 913 1 210 1 464 406
1 132 947 1 245 1 517 416
1 110 945 1 210 1 579 418
Maryland .............................................. Massachusetts ..................................... Michigan .............................................. Minnesota ............................................ Mississippi ...........................................
1 132 2 097 2 861 1 148 522
1 179 2 148 2 901 1 200 535
1 224 2 188 2 960 1 243 552
1 272 2 249 3 081 1 300 573
1 349 2 244 2 999 1 315 584
1 372 2 211 2 995 1 310 602
718 718 718 718 718
1 472 2 333 3 284 1 436 693
1 494 2 354 3 278 1 481 711
1 479 2 273 3 137 1 474 692
1 498 2 324 3 283 1 521 728
1 546 2 416 3 442 1 597 766
1 626 2 526 3 609 1 689 814
1 691 2 604 3 637 1 767 838
1 712 2 654 3 443 1 770 829
Missouri ............................................... Montana ............................................... Nebraska ............................................. Nevada ................................................ New Hampshire ...................................
1 554 185 434 162 235
1 596 188 449 166 244
1 631 193 459 177 252
1 672 196 474 194 259
1 668 199 484 203 259
1 661 205 491 211 260
718 718 718 718 718
1 771 224 541 245 298
1 789 234 562 256 300
1 741 238 558 263 293
1 798 251 572 280 313
1 862 265 594 308 337
1 953 280 610 350 360
2 011 284 631 384 379
1 970 280 628 400 385
New Jersey .......................................... New Mexico ......................................... New York ............................................. North Carolina ...................................... North Dakota ........................................
2 359 272 6 710 1 534 148
2 422 273 6 858 1 601 152
2 485 277 7 002 1 679 156
2 570 288 7 182 1 747 158
2 606 293 7 157 1 783 164
2 608 306 7 011 1 814 167
718 328 7 039 718 718
2 760 346 7 132 2 018 184
2 783 360 7 077 2 048 194
2 700 370 6 830 1 980 204
2 754 390 6 790 2 083 215
2 837 415 6 858 2 171 221
2 962 444 7 045 2 278 234
3 027 461 7 179 2 373 244
3 060 465 7 207 2 380 245
Ohio ..................................................... Oklahoma ............................................ Oregon ................................................. Pennsylvania ....................................... Rhode Island ........................................
3 537 676 640 4 077 330
3 620 700 652 4 171 338
3 751 720 679 4 264 343
3 887 748 709 4 375 346
3 881 763 711 4 352 344
3 840 774 729 4 291 343
718 718 718 718 718
4 113 852 816 4 507 366
4 169 887 838 4 515 367
4 016 900 837 4 436 349
4 095 931 879 4 513 367
4 230 972 937 4 565 382
4 395 1 036 1 009 4 716 396
4 485 1 088 1 056 4 806 400
4 367 1 138 1 045 4 753 398
South Carolina ..................................... South Dakota ....................................... Tennessee ........................................... Texas ................................................... Utah .....................................................
735 160 1 184 3 109 317
755 164 1 219 3 259 327
783 168 1 264 3 424 335
820 173 1 310 3 597 348
842 175 1 328 3 625 357
863 179 1 357 3 684 369
718 718 718 718 718
984 199 1 531 4 142 415
1 016 207 1 558 4 360 434
983 209 1 506 4 463 440
1 038 219 1 575 4 684 463
1 082 227 1 648 4 907 489
1 138 237 1 737 5 272 525
1 176 241 1 777 5 602 548
1 189 238 1 747 5 851 551
Vermont ............................................... Virginia ................................................. Washington .......................................... West Virginia ........................................ Wisconsin ............................................ Wyoming ..............................................
131 1 285 989 495 1 394 ...
136 1 330 1 045 504 1 431 ...
140 1 385 1 099 508 1 472 103
146 1 436 1 120 512 1 525 107
148 1 519 1 079 517 1 530 108
148 1 567 1 064 520 1 525 111
718 718 718 718 718 718
161 1 753 1 152 562 1 661 126
163 1 805 1 199 572 1 703 137
162 1 779 1 226 575 1 677 146
168 1 848 1 283 596 1 726 157
178 1 930 1 367 612 1 799 171
191 2 034 1 485 633 1 887 187
198 2 115 1 581 659 1 960 201
200 2 157 1 608 646 1 938 210
Puerto Rico .......................................... Virgin Islands .......................................
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... 33
... 31
... 32
... 34
... 36
693 37
. . . = Not available.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 177 Table 2-11. Employees on Total Nonfarm Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, 1966–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) State
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
UNITED STATES ................................................
91 289
89 677
90 280
94 530
97 511
99 474
102 088
105 345
108 014
109 487
108 374
108 726
110 844
Alabama ............................................................... Alaska .................................................................. Arizona ................................................................. Arkansas .............................................................. California ..............................................................
1 348 186 1 041 740 9 985
1 313 200 1 030 720 9 810
1 329 214 1 078 741 9 918
1 388 226 1 182 780 10 390
1 427 231 1 279 797 10 770
1 463 221 1 338 814 11 086
1 508 210 1 386 837 11 473
1 559 214 1 419 865 11 912
1 601 227 1 455 893 12 239
1 636 238 1 483 924 12 500
1 642 243 1 491 937 12 359
1 674 247 1 517 963 12 154
1 717 253 1 584 994 12 045
Colorado .............................................................. Connecticut .......................................................... Delaware .............................................................. District of Columbia .............................................. Florida ..................................................................
1 295 1 438 259 611 3 736
1 317 1 429 259 598 3 762
1 327 1 444 266 597 3 905
1 402 1 517 280 614 4 204
1 419 1 558 293 629 4 410
1 408 1 598 303 640 4 599
1 413 1 638 321 656 4 848
1 436 1 667 334 674 5 067
1 482 1 666 345 681 5 261
1 521 1 620 347 686 5 376
1 545 1 557 342 677 5 283
1 597 1 526 341 674 5 348
1 671 1 531 349 670 5 560
Georgia ................................................................ Hawaii .................................................................. Idaho .................................................................... Illinois ................................................................... Indiana .................................................................
2 199 405 328 4 732 2 115
2 202 399 312 4 593 2 028
2 280 406 318 4 531 2 030
2 449 413 331 4 672 2 122
2 570 426 336 4 755 2 169
2 672 439 328 4 791 2 222
2 782 460 333 4 928 2 305
2 876 478 349 5 098 2 396
2 941 506 366 5 214 2 479
2 992 528 385 5 288 2 522
2 938 539 398 5 233 2 507
2 987 543 415 5 235 2 554
3 109 539 433 5 330 2 627
Iowa ..................................................................... Kansas ................................................................. Kentucky .............................................................. Louisiana ............................................................. Maine ...................................................................
1 089 950 1 196 1 631 419
1 042 921 1 161 1 607 416
1 040 922 1 152 1 565 425
1 075 961 1 214 1 602 446
1 074 968 1 250 1 591 458
1 074 985 1 274 1 519 477
1 109 1 005 1 328 1 484 501
1 156 1 035 1 382 1 512 527
1 200 1 064 1 433 1 539 542
1 226 1 092 1 471 1 588 535
1 238 1 097 1 475 1 611 514
1 253 1 116 1 509 1 625 512
1 279 1 135 1 548 1 657 519
Maryland .............................................................. Massachusetts ..................................................... Michigan .............................................................. Minnesota ............................................................ Mississippi ...........................................................
1 716 2 672 3 364 1 761 819
1 676 2 642 3 193 1 707 791
1 724 2 697 3 223 1 718 793
1 814 2 856 3 381 1 820 821
1 888 2 931 3 562 1 866 839
1 952 2 992 3 657 1 893 848
2 028 3 071 3 736 1 963 864
2 102 3 138 3 819 2 028 896
2 155 3 118 3 922 2 087 919
2 173 2 988 3 947 2 136 937
2 103 2 824 3 884 2 146 938
2 084 2 798 3 919 2 194 960
2 104 2 843 3 999 2 252 1 002
Missouri ............................................................... Montana ............................................................... Nebraska ............................................................. Nevada ................................................................ New Hampshire ...................................................
1 957 282 623 411 395
1 923 274 610 401 394
1 937 276 611 403 410
2 033 281 635 426 442
2 095 279 651 446 466
2 143 275 653 468 490
2 198 274 667 500 513
2 259 283 688 538 529
2 315 291 708 581 529
2 345 297 730 621 508
2 309 304 739 629 482
2 334 317 750 639 487
2 395 326 767 672 502
New Jersey .......................................................... New Mexico ......................................................... New York ............................................................. North Carolina ...................................................... North Dakota ........................................................
3 099 476 7 287 2 392 249
3 093 474 7 255 2 347 250
3 165 480 7 313 2 419 251
3 329 503 7 570 2 565 253
3 414 520 7 751 2 651 252
3 488 526 7 908 2 744 250
3 576 529 8 059 2 863 252
3 651 548 8 187 2 987 257
3 690 562 8 247 3 074 260
3 635 580 8 212 3 122 266
3 499 585 7 886 3 076 271
3 458 602 7 730 3 140 277
3 493 626 7 759 3 243 285
Ohio ..................................................................... Oklahoma ............................................................ Oregon ................................................................. Pennsylvania ....................................................... Rhode Island ........................................................
4 318 1 201 1 019 4 729 401
4 124 1 217 961 4 580 391
4 093 1 171 967 4 524 396
4 260 1 180 1 007 4 655 416
4 373 1 165 1 030 4 730 429
4 472 1 124 1 059 4 791 443
4 583 1 109 1 100 4 915 452
4 701 1 132 1 153 5 042 459
4 818 1 164 1 206 5 139 462
4 882 1 202 1 256 5 170 454
4 819 1 217 1 254 5 084 424
4 848 1 228 1 277 5 076 424
4 918 1 253 1 318 5 123 430
South Carolina ..................................................... South Dakota ....................................................... Tennessee ........................................................... Texas ................................................................... Utah .....................................................................
1 197 236 1 755 6 180 558
1 162 230 1 703 6 263 561
1 189 235 1 719 6 194 567
1 263 247 1 812 6 492 601
1 296 249 1 868 6 663 624
1 338 252 1 930 6 564 634
1 392 257 2 012 6 517 640
1 449 266 2 092 6 678 660
1 500 276 2 167 6 840 691
1 540 289 2 193 7 102 724
1 510 296 2 184 7 181 745
1 525 308 2 245 7 276 769
1 568 318 2 328 7 488 810
Vermont ............................................................... Virginia ................................................................. Washington .......................................................... West Virginia ........................................................ Wisconsin ............................................................ Wyoming ..............................................................
204 2 161 1 612 629 1 923 224
203 2 146 1 569 608 1 867 218
206 2 207 1 586 582 1 867 203
215 2 333 1 660 597 1 949 204
225 2 455 1 710 597 1 983 207
234 2 558 1 770 598 2 024 196
246 2 680 1 852 599 2 090 183
256 2 773 1 941 610 2 169 189
262 2 862 2 047 615 2 236 193
258 2 894 2 143 630 2 292 199
249 2 829 2 177 629 2 302 203
251 2 848 2 222 640 2 358 206
257 2 919 2 253 652 2 413 210
Puerto Rico .......................................................... Virgin Islands .......................................................
680 38
642 37
646 36
684 37
693 37
728 38
764 40
818 42
837 42
846 43
838 44
858 45
872 49
178 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-11. Employees on Total Nonfarm Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, 1966–2006—Continued (Thousands of people.) State
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
UNITED STATES ................................................
114 291
117 298
119 708
122 776
125 930
128 993
131 785
131 826
130 341
129 999
131 435
133 703
136 174
Alabama ............................................................... Alaska .................................................................. Arizona ................................................................. Arkansas .............................................................. California ..............................................................
1 759 259 1 692 1 034 12 160
1 804 262 1 793 1 070 12 422
1 829 264 1 892 1 087 12 743
1 866 269 1 985 1 105 13 130
1 898 275 2 075 1 122 13 596
1 920 278 2 163 1 142 13 992
1 931 284 2 243 1 159 14 488
1 909 289 2 265 1 154 14 602
1 883 295 2 265 1 146 14 458
1 876 299 2 296 1 145 14 392
1 902 304 2 381 1 158 14 530
1 945 310 2 509 1 178 14 798
1 982 315 2 644 1 200 15 073
Colorado .............................................................. Connecticut .......................................................... Delaware .............................................................. District of Columbia .............................................. Florida ..................................................................
1 756 1 544 356 659 5 788
1 835 1 562 366 643 5 985
1 901 1 582 376 623 6 172
1 980 1 608 388 618 6 403
2 058 1 643 400 614 6 625
2 133 1 669 413 627 6 816
2 214 1 693 420 650 7 070
2 227 1 681 419 654 7 160
2 184 1 665 415 664 7 169
2 153 1 645 415 666 7 250
2 180 1 650 424 674 7 499
2 226 1 662 431 682 7 800
2 279 1 680 436 688 8 007
Georgia ................................................................ Hawaii .................................................................. Idaho .................................................................... Illinois ................................................................... Indiana .................................................................
3 266 536 459 5 463 2 713
3 402 533 475 5 593 2 787
3 527 531 489 5 685 2 814
3 614 532 506 5 771 2 858
3 741 531 521 5 899 2 917
3 855 535 539 5 959 2 970
3 949 551 560 6 045 3 000
3 943 555 568 5 995 2 933
3 870 557 568 5 884 2 901
3 845 568 572 5 811 2 895
3 901 583 588 5 816 2 929
4 003 602 611 5 862 2 955
4 086 617 640 5 935 2 973
Iowa ..................................................................... Kansas ................................................................. Kentucky .............................................................. Louisiana ............................................................. Maine ...................................................................
1 320 1 167 1 597 1 720 532
1 358 1 200 1 643 1 770 538
1 383 1 228 1 672 1 808 542
1 407 1 270 1 711 1 848 554
1 443 1 314 1 753 1 887 569
1 469 1 328 1 795 1 894 586
1 478 1 346 1 827 1 918 604
1 466 1 349 1 805 1 915 608
1 447 1 336 1 789 1 896 607
1 440 1 313 1 783 1 906 607
1 457 1 325 1 799 1 918 612
1 481 1 333 1 825 1 892 612
1 503 1 354 1 845 1 857 615
Maryland .............................................................. Massachusetts ..................................................... Michigan .............................................................. Minnesota ............................................................ Mississippi ...........................................................
2 148 2 907 4 142 2 320 1 056
2 184 2 980 4 269 2 388 1 075
2 213 3 039 4 353 2 443 1 089
2 269 3 114 4 439 2 500 1 107
2 326 3 184 4 514 2 564 1 134
2 392 3 243 4 585 2 622 1 153
2 455 3 329 4 677 2 685 1 154
2 472 3 339 4 561 2 690 1 130
2 480 3 259 4 487 2 665 1 124
2 487 3 198 4 414 2 660 1 115
2 518 3 195 4 395 2 681 1 125
2 556 3 212 4 390 2 723 1 130
2 588 3 243 4 341 2 760 1 142
Missouri ............................................................... Montana ............................................................... Nebraska ............................................................. Nevada ................................................................ New Hampshire ...................................................
2 470 340 796 738 523
2 521 352 817 786 540
2 567 362 837 843 554
2 639 367 857 891 570
2 684 376 880 926 589
2 727 384 897 983 606
2 749 391 914 1 027 622
2 730 392 920 1 051 627
2 699 396 912 1 052 618
2 681 401 914 1 088 618
2 695 411 922 1 153 627
2 735 421 935 1 223 636
2 774 434 947 1 282 639
New Jersey .......................................................... New Mexico ......................................................... New York ............................................................. North Carolina ...................................................... North Dakota ........................................................
3 553 657 7 831 3 351 295
3 601 682 7 892 3 451 302
3 639 695 7 938 3 536 309
3 725 708 8 067 3 653 314
3 801 720 8 236 3 759 319
3 901 730 8 455 3 849 324
3 995 745 8 635 3 915 328
3 997 757 8 591 3 894 330
3 984 766 8 458 3 836 330
3 979 776 8 406 3 789 333
3 999 790 8 461 3 836 338
4 039 809 8 533 3 915 345
4 075 833 8 612 4 021 353
Ohio ..................................................................... Oklahoma ............................................................ Oregon ................................................................. Pennsylvania ....................................................... Rhode Island ........................................................
5 076 1 286 1 372 5 192 434
5 221 1 322 1 428 5 253 439
5 296 1 360 1 485 5 306 441
5 392 1 400 1 537 5 406 450
5 482 1 445 1 563 5 495 458
5 564 1 466 1 586 5 586 466
5 625 1 493 1 618 5 691 477
5 543 1 507 1 606 5 683 478
5 445 1 487 1 585 5 641 479
5 398 1 458 1 574 5 611 484
5 408 1 474 1 607 5 644 489
5 427 1 512 1 655 5 702 491
5 441 1 552 1 702 5 753 493
South Carolina ..................................................... South Dakota ....................................................... Tennessee ........................................................... Texas ................................................................... Utah .....................................................................
1 605 331 2 423 7 758 860
1 644 342 2 499 8 029 908
1 673 347 2 533 8 263 954
1 718 353 2 584 8 614 994
1 783 360 2 638 8 944 1 023
1 830 370 2 685 9 160 1 049
1 859 378 2 729 9 432 1 075
1 823 379 2 688 9 514 1 081
1 804 377 2 664 9 416 1 073
1 807 378 2 663 9 370 1 074
1 833 383 2 706 9 497 1 104
1 867 390 2 743 9 741 1 148
1 903 399 2 783 10 053 1 203
Vermont ............................................................... Virginia ................................................................. Washington .......................................................... West Virginia ........................................................ Wisconsin ............................................................ Wyoming ..............................................................
264 3 004 2 304 674 2 491 217
270 3 070 2 347 688 2 559 219
275 3 136 2 416 699 2 601 221
279 3 232 2 515 708 2 656 225
285 3 320 2 595 719 2 718 228
292 3 412 2 649 726 2 784 233
299 3 517 2 711 736 2 834 239
302 3 517 2 697 735 2 814 245
299 3 494 2 654 733 2 782 248
299 3 498 2 658 728 2 775 250
303 3 584 2 701 737 2 807 255
306 3 664 2 777 747 2 842 264
307 3 726 2 859 756 2 861 277
Puerto Rico .......................................................... Virgin Islands .......................................................
898 44
930 42
973 41
989 42
997 42
1 011 41
1 025 42
1 009 44
1 005 43
1 022 42
1 046 43
1 048 44
1 043 45
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 179 Table 2-12. Employees on Manufacturing Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 1990–2006 (Thousands of people.) State
1990
UNITED STATES ...................... 17 695
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
17 068
16 799
16 774
17 021
17 241
17 237
17 419
17 560
17 322
17 263
16 441
15 259
14 510
14 315
14 226
14 197
Alabama .................................... Alaska ....................................... Arizona ...................................... Arkansas ................................... California ...................................
364 14 177 219 1 969
354 15 171 219 1 895
357 16 167 224 1 796
359 15 170 231 1 704
362 14 182 240 1 692
370 15 191 246 1 724
362 14 199 241 1 783
364 14 205 241 1 833
365 13 211 242 1 864
358 12 207 241 1 837
351 12 210 240 1 864
326 12 202 227 1 791
307 11 184 214 1 645
294 12 175 206 1 555
292 12 177 203 1 533
299 13 182 201 1 514
303 13 187 199 1 505
Colorado .................................... Connecticut ............................... Delaware ................................... District of Columbia ................... Florida .......................................
170 301 46 7 494
165 286 46 6 464
164 274 44 5 458
167 262 44 5 464
172 254 43 5 460
179 249 43 5 465
181 245 41 5 471
187 245 43 4 472
191 248 44 4 468
187 240 44 4 464
189 236 42 4 463
180 227 39 3 441
164 211 37 3 414
154 200 36 3 396
152 197 35 2 397
150 195 33 2 402
149 194 34 2 403
Georgia ..................................... Hawaii ....................................... Idaho ......................................... Illinois ........................................ Indiana ......................................
523 21 53 915 606
499 20 55 876 587
508 19 58 855 597
518 18 61 860 611
533 17 63 878 628
547 16 63 894 653
552 16 66 899 647
555 16 68 902 652
553 16 69 906 658
550 16 69 882 666
538 16 70 871 665
505 16 69 815 615
471 15 66 754 588
452 15 62 714 573
448 15 62 697 572
450 15 64 688 571
449 15 66 683 566
Iowa ........................................... Kansas ...................................... Kentucky ................................... Louisiana ................................... Maine ........................................
219 178 273 177 93
216 175 267 178 88
216 174 271 177 84
221 172 279 177 83
230 176 289 179 83
237 180 299 182 83
235 186 298 183 81
239 198 302 185 81
251 206 307 185 81
253 204 309 181 81
251 201 310 177 80
240 195 292 172 75
227 184 275 161 68
220 175 265 156 64
223 177 264 153 63
229 180 262 152 61
231 183 261 152 60
Maryland ................................... Massachusetts .......................... Michigan .................................... Minnesota .................................. Mississippi .................................
200 480 837 342 230
188 447 792 339 231
180 432 795 343 236
176 420 804 351 239
176 413 847 361 244
176 412 871 375 241
173 411 864 381 231
175 412 872 391 228
175 413 888 397 234
173 400 896 395 233
173 403 895 397 223
168 389 820 379 201
156 349 760 356 188
147 324 716 343 179
142 313 697 343 180
140 305 677 347 178
136 299 648 347 176
Missouri ..................................... Montana .................................... Nebraska ................................... Nevada ...................................... New Hampshire .........................
392 20 97 24 99
373 19 97 25 92
366 20 98 26 90
365 20 100 29 91
366 21 105 33 94
377 21 110 36 97
376 22 111 38 99
377 22 112 40 102
378 22 114 41 104
373 22 113 41 101
365 22 114 43 103
345 21 111 44 97
325 20 106 43 85
314 19 102 44 80
311 19 101 46 80
309 20 101 48 80
307 20 102 51 77
New Jersey ............................... New Mexico ............................... New York ................................... North Carolina ........................... North Dakota .............................
530 38 983 824 16
498 38 910 792 16
474 37 870 803 17
463 39 836 820 18
456 42 816 824 19
449 43 810 828 20
437 43 797 809 20
435 43 797 800 22
429 43 792 796 22
422 41 773 777 23
422 42 751 758 24
401 41 708 704 24
368 38 652 644 24
350 37 613 599 24
338 36 597 577 25
330 36 581 565 26
325 38 568 553 26
Ohio ........................................... Oklahoma .................................. Oregon ...................................... Pennsylvania ............................. Rhode Island .............................
1 060 156 204 950 95
1 018 156 196 911 87
993 152 193 890 85
980 156 195 879 84
1 003 158 203 880 83
1 037 161 211 881 80
1 030 162 218 867 77
1 027 168 227 871 76
1 030 175 229 874 75
1 028 177 224 864 72
1 021 177 225 864 71
953 170 216 822 68
885 152 202 760 62
843 143 195 712 59
822 142 200 691 57
812 145 204 679 55
797 149 207 672 53
South Carolina .......................... South Dakota ............................ Tennessee ................................ Texas ........................................ Utah ...........................................
348 34 498 948 104
334 34 484 936 103
338 36 497 929 102
342 38 508 942 106
345 41 519 966 112
347 44 524 995 117
339 44 507 1 017 122
339 44 503 1 045 126
341 44 504 1 077 127
336 44 500 1 063 126
336 44 493 1 068 126
314 41 454 1 027 122
290 38 429 949 114
276 38 413 900 112
268 39 412 891 115
261 40 409 897 118
252 42 400 926 123
Vermont ..................................... Virginia ...................................... Washington ............................... West Virginia ............................. Wisconsin .................................. Wyoming ...................................
43 387 336 82 523 9
40 376 329 79 513 9
40 373 325 78 517 9
40 370 317 79 526 10
40 371 312 77 546 10
41 373 311 78 567 10
43 371 325 78 568 10
44 374 350 77 579 10
45 376 361 78 593 10
45 367 343 77 595 10
46 364 332 76 594 10
46 341 316 72 560 10
41 320 285 69 528 10
38 305 267 65 504 9
37 299 264 63 503 9
37 296 273 62 505 10
36 289 286 61 505 10
Puerto Rico ............................... Virgin Islands .............................
... 2
... 2
... 3
... 3
... 3
... 2
... 2
... 2
... 2
... 2
... 2
132 2
121 2
118 2
118 2
115 2
110 2
. . . = Not available.
180 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-13. Employees on Government Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 1990–2006 (Thousands of people.) State
1990
UNITED STATES ...................... 18 415
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
18 545
18 787
18 989
19 275
19 432
19 539
19 664
19 909
20 307
20 790
21 118
21 513
21 583
21 621
21 804
21 990
Alabama .................................... Alaska ....................................... Arizona ...................................... Arkansas ................................... California ...................................
327 71 273 159 2 075
333 72 285 163 2 091
338 73 291 167 2 096
341 75 295 170 2 081
346 74 303 173 2 093
343 73 310 177 2 107
343 73 318 180 2 113
346 73 328 183 2 141
347 74 341 185 2 166
351 74 354 187 2 239
352 74 367 191 2 318
352 79 378 194 2 382
355 81 390 195 2 447
358 82 394 199 2 426
359 81 399 200 2 396
363 81 403 204 2 417
371 82 410 208 2 447
Colorado .................................... Connecticut ............................... Delaware ................................... District of Columbia ................... Florida .......................................
277 210 48 277 847
283 208 48 281 859
291 207 49 286 870
297 211 50 285 882
299 217 50 270 911
304 221 51 255 918
309 223 52 240 928
316 226 53 233 942
322 228 54 226 955
328 235 55 222 966
337 242 57 224 1 002
344 244 57 226 1 023
355 249 57 232 1 039
356 246 57 231 1 053
359 243 58 231 1 066
363 244 59 234 1 081
368 246 61 233 1 098
Georgia ..................................... Hawaii ....................................... Idaho ......................................... Illinois ........................................ Indiana ......................................
532 106 81 766 375
537 109 84 771 376
537 111 88 774 384
548 112 90 774 387
564 112 93 786 387
570 111 96 799 387
570 111 97 809 386
577 112 100 808 387
586 112 103 816 394
590 113 105 826 398
597 115 109 840 405
610 115 110 850 410
625 118 112 861 417
632 119 113 853 423
637 120 114 845 426
650 120 115 846 426
663 121 116 846 426
Iowa ........................................... Kansas ...................................... Kentucky ................................... Louisiana ................................... Maine ........................................
219 214 260 326 96
221 219 267 332 96
221 226 273 340 96
222 230 277 342 95
227 233 281 351 94
230 237 287 358 93
233 234 289 362 93
235 236 291 364 93
236 240 295 367 95
239 240 301 370 97
243 245 308 373 100
245 248 312 374 102
244 251 315 375 103
245 250 313 379 104
245 251 310 382 105
245 251 314 374 105
247 254 318 348 105
Maryland ................................... Massachusetts .......................... Michigan .................................... Minnesota .................................. Mississippi .................................
422 410 631 348 203
419 398 633 354 204
417 391 636 362 208
419 396 638 371 210
422 398 639 380 214
423 404 641 387 215
423 409 644 389 217
423 414 647 389 219
433 422 656 391 223
444 428 667 397 227
450 435 681 408 234
457 440 685 409 238
465 436 687 414 240
462 426 685 413 241
463 422 680 412 242
466 425 674 415 241
471 429 670 414 240
Missouri ..................................... Montana .................................... Nebraska ................................... Nevada ...................................... New Hampshire .........................
370 71 143 76 73
371 72 146 81 72
371 74 148 86 73
377 74 149 89 74
385 77 152 92 76
390 78 151 97 76
401 79 151 101 78
413 80 152 107 79
414 81 151 112 80
421 82 151 117 82
426 84 154 122 84
429 84 157 127 86
431 85 159 131 88
432 86 160 135 90
429 87 160 139 90
429 86 161 144 91
433 87 162 150 91
New Jersey ............................... New Mexico ............................... New York ................................... North Carolina ........................... North Dakota .............................
577 150 1 473 492 68
572 152 1 445 502 68
572 156 1 428 514 69
571 159 1 433 527 70
573 163 1 436 539 70
573 166 1 416 551 71
571 171 1 400 561 70
570 177 1 406 576 70
572 178 1 424 594 70
578 180 1 445 604 71
589 183 1 467 622 73
603 186 1 467 636 73
614 191 1 492 642 74
622 195 1 487 641 75
633 198 1 484 652 75
642 201 1 489 663 75
649 198 1 487 675 76
Ohio ........................................... Oklahoma .................................. Oregon ...................................... Pennsylvania ............................. Rhode Island .............................
722 262 232 699 62
728 265 235 695 61
735 270 240 693 61
736 270 242 702 61
741 270 245 706 62
749 270 250 712 61
752 271 257 713 61
758 276 260 715 63
763 278 266 712 63
772 283 272 716 63
785 288 279 725 64
794 296 282 728 65
800 301 286 739 66
803 296 280 746 66
802 302 282 744 66
800 312 285 745 65
801 318 287 746 65
South Carolina .......................... South Dakota ............................ Tennessee ................................ Texas ........................................ Utah ...........................................
282 63 351 1 263 151
286 65 353 1 288 154
292 67 357 1 334 157
296 69 362 1 376 159
295 71 371 1 414 161
294 69 373 1 446 164
295 69 382 1 458 167
299 69 380 1 483 172
309 69 386 1 504 177
315 70 390 1 535 180
323 71 399 1 562 185
323 73 403 1 586 190
326 74 410 1 626 195
326 74 411 1 646 197
325 75 415 1 656 199
328 75 413 1 684 202
330 75 415 1 712 204
Vermont ..................................... Virginia ...................................... Washington ............................... West Virginia ............................. Wisconsin .................................. Wyoming ...................................
44 578 398 127 343 55
44 581 412 128 346 56
44 589 424 132 357 57
44 598 430 133 362 57
45 603 437 137 367 58
45 598 444 136 379 58
45 596 451 139 384 58
46 597 458 139 387 58
46 602 466 141 393 58
48 611 474 141 399 59
49 625 483 143 406 61
50 629 505 141 414 62
51 635 516 143 415 63
52 638 521 143 413 64
52 651 524 143 412 65
53 662 527 144 415 65
54 674 529 145 416 66
Puerto Rico ............................... Virgin Islands .............................
... 14
... 13
... 14
... 14
... 14
... 14
... 14
... 14
... 14
... 13
... 13
282 12
295 13
301 13
307 12
305 12
299 12
. . . = Not available.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 181 Table 2-14. Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 2001–2006 (Hours.) State
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
UNITED STATES .......................................................
40.3
40.5
40.4
40.8
40.7
41.1
Alabama ...................................................................... Alaska ......................................................................... Arizona ........................................................................ Arkansas ..................................................................... California .....................................................................
41.0 43.1 40.3 39.9 39.6
41.4 37.4 40.0 39.7 39.6
41.0 43.0 40.4 39.6 39.7
40.8 40.6 40.5 39.9 40.0
40.8 32.9 40.7 39.9 39.9
40.9 40.5 40.6 41.0 40.4
Colorado ..................................................................... Connecticut ................................................................. Delaware ..................................................................... District of Columbia ..................................................... Florida .........................................................................
40.7 41.7 39.7 ... 40.6
40.6 41.6 40.0 ... 42.1
40.4 41.4 40.3 ... 41.0
40.4 41.8 40.1 ... 41.1
38.5 42.2 39.7 ... 41.7
39.2 42.2 39.9 ... 41.5
Georgia ....................................................................... Hawaii ......................................................................... Idaho ........................................................................... Illinois .......................................................................... Indiana ........................................................................
40.4 36.0 39.1 41.0 41.0
40.9 35.6 39.6 41.4 42.4
39.8 37.2 41.3 40.6 42.1
39.2 37.9 40.5 41.0 42.1
39.0 38.4 40.3 40.8 41.9
39.5 38.6 41.7 41.1 41.7
Iowa ............................................................................ Kansas ........................................................................ Kentucky ..................................................................... Louisiana ..................................................................... Maine ..........................................................................
40.9 40.7 41.5 43.1 39.8
41.3 40.8 42.2 43.9 39.9
41.7 40.5 41.7 44.1 40.0
42.2 41.0 40.8 43.9 39.6
41.6 41.1 40.6 42.0 39.6
41.9 43.0 41.1 43.0 41.4
Maryland ..................................................................... Massachusetts ............................................................ Michigan ...................................................................... Minnesota ................................................................... Mississippi ...................................................................
... 40.3 ... 39.6 39.7
... 40.8 ... 39.7 40.6
39.5 40.6 42.1 40.2 39.9
40.1 41.1 42.4 40.9 40.1
40.1 41.5 41.7 40.9 40.1
40.6 40.7 42.2 41.0 39.4
Missouri ....................................................................... Montana ...................................................................... Nebraska ..................................................................... Nevada ........................................................................ New Hampshire ..........................................................
40.3 38.8 41.2 38.7 40.6
39.3 38.2 41.9 38.8 39.8
40.5 38.4 41.6 39.0 40.0
40.2 38.3 41.6 40.1 40.0
39.6 40.1 40.0 39.8 41.2
39.3 40.0 40.9 39.4 41.2
New Jersey ................................................................. New Mexico ................................................................ New York .................................................................... North Carolina ............................................................. North Dakota ...............................................................
40.6 39.0 39.8 39.4 40.9
40.9 39.9 40.3 40.2 40.2
41.0 39.4 40.0 39.8 40.0
42.1 39.6 39.7 40.3 39.3
42.0 39.1 39.6 40.0 39.2
42.1 39.2 41.1 40.0 39.0
Ohio ............................................................................ Oklahoma .................................................................... Oregon ........................................................................ Pennsylvania ............................................................... Rhode Island ...............................................................
41.2 39.4 39.1 40.4 39.4
41.4 39.2 39.1 40.3 38.7
41.0 39.3 39.3 40.0 39.3
41.7 40.5 39.1 40.3 39.2
41.4 39.4 40.2 40.5 38.4
41.4 39.9 40.5 40.8 38.9
South Carolina ............................................................ South Dakota .............................................................. Tennessee .................................................................. Texas .......................................................................... Utah ............................................................................
... 41.7 38.9 41.6 38.4
... 42.3 40.1 41.1 37.8
41.3 42.5 39.8 41.4 39.7
39.5 42.0 40.0 39.8 38.1
39.7 42.3 39.2 40.0 39.2
41.0 42.1 39.4 40.9 41.1
Vermont ...................................................................... Virginia ........................................................................ Washington ................................................................. West Virginia ............................................................... Wisconsin .................................................................... Wyoming .....................................................................
39.6 40.1 40.0 ... 40.2 38.6
40.0 40.8 40.1 ... 40.5 39.3
40.0 40.8 39.5 41.3 40.3 40.2
40.2 41.5 40.0 41.4 40.3 39.7
39.2 41.4 39.7 41.4 40.4 40.5
39.6 41.3 40.6 41.3 40.7 41.2
Puerto Rico ................................................................. Virgin Islands ..............................................................
39.9 43.9
40.6 43.7
40.9 42.8
41.0 46.4
40.8 43.7
40.5 43.9
. . . = Not available.
182 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-15. Average Weekly Hours of All Employees on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Major Industry Sector and Selected Industry Detail, Not Seasonally Adjusted, 2006 (Hours.) Industry
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November December
TOTAL PRIVATE ......................................
...
...
34.2
34.6
34.3
34.6
34.9
34.6
34.5
34.9
34.4
34.6
Goods-Producing .................................... Natural resources and mining .................... Construction .............................................. Manufacturing ............................................ Overtime hours ...................................... Durable goods ........................................... Overtime hours ...................................... Nondurable goods ..................................... Overtime hours ......................................
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
39.0 42.1 37.2 39.7 3.3 40.2 3.4 39.0 3.2
38.8 42.9 37.3 39.4 2.9 39.7 2.8 38.8 3.0
39.3 42.5 37.8 39.9 3.4 40.4 3.4 39.1 3.4
39.7 43.1 38.4 40.2 3.5 40.6 3.5 39.4 3.5
39.4 43.2 38.3 39.9 3.3 40.3 3.3 39.3 3.4
39.7 43.3 38.7 40.1 3.5 40.6 3.5 39.3 3.4
39.6 43.1 38.1 40.2 3.4 40.5 3.4 39.6 3.5
39.7 42.6 38.6 40.2 3.3 40.6 3.3 39.5 3.4
39.3 42.2 37.8 40.0 3.3 40.2 3.3 39.4 3.5
39.6 42.6 38.1 40.3 3.5 40.7 3.5 39.5 3.4
Private Service-Providing ....................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ............. Wholesale trade ..................................... Retail trade ............................................ Transportation and warehousing ........... Utilities ................................................... Information ................................................. Financial activities ..................................... Professional and business services .......... Education and health services ................... Leisure and hospitality ............................... Other services ...........................................
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
33.0 33.6 37.3 30.8 37.7 40.7 36.0 36.5 34.9 33.2 25.9 33.0
33.6 34.4 38.0 31.6 38.1 41.5 36.8 37.5 35.4 33.5 26.4 33.3
33.1 34.0 37.4 31.3 37.9 41.2 36.0 36.3 35.0 33.2 26.1 32.9
33.4 34.3 37.7 31.6 38.3 41.4 36.3 36.5 35.5 33.3 26.5 33.1
33.8 34.8 38.1 32.2 38.6 41.8 37.2 37.3 35.5 33.6 27.2 33.3
33.4 34.5 37.5 31.9 38.4 41.4 36.5 36.3 35.1 33.3 26.8 33.2
33.3 34.4 37.5 31.7 38.5 41.4 36.2 36.3 35.2 33.4 26.0 32.9
33.7 34.7 38.2 31.9 38.8 41.7 36.7 37.3 35.8 33.6 26.4 33.2
33.3 34.3 37.7 31.6 38.5 41.5 35.9 36.2 35.3 33.4 25.9 32.9
33.4 34.7 37.8 32.2 38.5 41.6 36.0 36.4 35.3 33.4 26.0 32.9
. . . = Not available.
EARNINGS Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Total Nonfarm Payrolls, in Current and Constant 1982 Dollars, 1996–2006 600 500
Percent
400 300 200 Constant 1982 dollars Current dollars
100 0 1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year Weekly earnings of production workers adjusted for inflation rose for the first time since 2002. Current dollar earnings rose 4.3 percent and prices for urban wage earners and clerical workers rose 3.2 percent, leading to an increase in real earnings of 1.1 percent. (See Table 2-18.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • In the manufacturing sector, real weekly earning of production workers decreased slightly. The largest increase in current dollar earnings was in professional and business services, which rose by 7.0 percent. (See Table 2-18.) • Production workers in utilities had the highest average weekly earnings at $1,136.08 in 2006—double the average weekly earnings of all private workers. (See Table 2-18.) Although average weekly earnings were $690.83 in the manufacturing sector, the highest level within that sector was in the petroleum and coal product industry ($1,084.83), while the lowest was in the apparel industry ($387.27). (See Tables 2-18 and 2-19.) • For all covered workers, the highest average annual pay was in the utilities sector at $78,341. Within the government sector, the federal government had the highest annual pay at $62,274, while local government the lowest average annual pay at $39,179. (See Table 2-23.)
183
184 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-16. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 (Dollars.) Industry
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
TOTAL PRIVATE .............................................
11.65
12.04
12.51
13.01
13.49
14.02
14.54
14.97
15.37
15.69
16.13
16.76
Goods-Producing ........................................... Natural resources and mining ........................... Construction ..................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................
12.96 14.78 14.73 12.34
13.38 15.10 15.11 12.75
13.82 15.57 15.67 13.14
14.23 16.20 16.23 13.45
14.71 16.33 16.80 13.85
15.27 16.55 17.48 14.32
15.78 17.00 18.00 14.76
16.33 17.19 18.52 15.29
16.80 17.56 18.95 15.74
17.19 18.07 19.23 16.15
17.60 18.72 19.46 16.56
18.02 19.90 20.02 16.80
Private Service-Providing .............................. Trade, transportation, and utilities .................... Wholesale trade ............................................ Retail trade ................................................... Transportation and warehousing .................. Utilities .......................................................... Information ........................................................ Financial activities ............................................ Professional and business services ................. Education and health services .......................... Leisure and hospitality ...................................... Other services ..................................................
11.21 11.10 13.34 8.85 13.18 19.19 15.68 12.28 12.53 11.80 6.79 10.51
11.59 11.46 13.80 9.21 13.45 19.78 16.30 12.71 13.00 12.17 6.99 10.85
12.07 11.90 14.41 9.59 13.78 20.59 17.14 13.22 13.57 12.56 7.32 11.29
12.61 12.39 15.07 10.05 14.12 21.48 17.67 13.93 14.27 13.00 7.67 11.79
13.09 12.82 15.62 10.45 14.55 22.03 18.40 14.47 14.85 13.44 7.96 12.26
13.62 13.31 16.28 10.86 15.05 22.75 19.07 14.98 15.52 13.95 8.32 12.73
14.18 13.70 16.77 11.29 15.33 23.58 19.80 15.59 16.33 14.64 8.57 13.27
14.59 14.02 16.98 11.67 15.76 23.96 20.20 16.17 16.81 15.21 8.81 13.72
14.99 14.34 17.36 11.90 16.25 24.77 21.01 17.14 17.21 15.64 9.00 13.84
15.29 14.58 17.65 12.08 16.52 25.61 21.40 17.52 17.48 16.15 9.15 13.98
15.74 14.92 18.16 12.36 16.70 26.68 22.06 17.94 18.08 16.71 9.38 14.34
16.42 15.40 18.91 12.58 17.28 27.42 23.23 18.80 19.12 17.38 9.75 14.77
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 185 Table 2-17. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 (Dollars.) Industry
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
DURABLE GOODS Total ................................................................. Wood product ................................................... Nonmetallic mineral product ............................. Primary metals .................................................. Fabricated metal product .................................. Machinery .........................................................
13.05 9.92 12.39 14.75 11.91 13.14
13.45 10.24 12.80 15.12 12.26 13.49
13.83 10.53 13.17 15.40 12.64 13.94
14.07 10.85 13.59 15.66 12.97 14.24
14.46 11.18 13.97 16.00 13.34 14.77
14.93 11.63 14.53 16.64 13.77 15.22
15.38 11.99 14.86 17.06 14.19 15.49
16.02 12.33 15.40 17.68 14.68 15.92
16.45 12.71 15.76 18.13 15.01 16.30
16.82 13.03 16.25 18.57 15.31 16.68
17.33 13.16 16.61 18.94 15.80 17.03
17.67 13.40 16.59 19.35 16.17 17.20
Computer and electronic product ..................... Electrical equipment and appliances ................ Transportation equipment ................................. Furniture and related product ........................... Miscellaneous manufacturing ...........................
12.29 11.25 17.21 9.75 10.23
12.75 11.80 17.67 10.08 10.60
13.24 12.24 18.00 10.50 10.89
13.85 12.51 17.92 10.88 11.18
14.37 12.90 18.24 11.27 11.56
14.73 13.23 18.89 11.72 11.93
15.42 13.78 19.48 12.14 12.46
16.20 13.98 20.64 12.61 12.91
16.69 14.36 21.23 12.98 13.30
17.27 14.90 21.49 13.16 13.84
18.39 15.24 22.10 13.45 14.08
18.96 15.53 22.41 13.79 14.36
Total ................................................................. Food manufacturing .......................................... Beverage and tobacco product ......................... Textile mills ....................................................... Textile product mills .......................................... Apparel .............................................................
11.30 10.27 15.40 9.63 8.76 7.22
11.68 10.50 15.73 9.88 9.12 7.45
12.04 10.77 16.00 10.22 9.45 7.76
12.45 11.09 16.03 10.58 9.75 8.05
12.85 11.40 16.54 10.90 10.18 8.35
13.31 11.77 17.40 11.23 10.43 8.60
13.75 12.18 17.67 11.40 10.60 8.82
14.15 12.55 17.73 11.73 10.96 9.10
14.63 12.80 17.96 11.99 11.23 9.56
15.05 12.98 19.14 12.13 11.39 9.75
15.27 13.04 18.76 12.38 11.67 10.24
15.32 13.13 18.19 12.55 11.94 10.61
Leather and allied product ................................ Paper and paper product .................................. Printing and related support ............................. Petroleum and coal product .............................. Chemicals ......................................................... Plastics and rubber product ..............................
8.50 13.94 12.08 20.24 14.86 10.86
8.94 14.38 12.41 20.18 15.37 11.17
9.31 14.76 12.78 21.10 15.78 11.48
9.68 15.20 13.20 21.75 16.23 11.79
9.93 15.58 13.67 22.22 16.40 12.25
10.35 15.91 14.09 22.80 17.09 12.69
10.69 16.38 14.48 22.90 17.57 13.21
11.00 16.85 14.93 23.04 17.97 13.55
11.66 17.33 15.37 23.63 18.50 14.18
11.63 17.91 15.71 24.39 19.17 14.59
11.50 17.99 15.74 24.47 19.67 14.80
11.44 18.01 15.80 24.08 19.60 14.96
NONDURABLE GOODS
186 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-18. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Nonfarm Payrolls, by Industry, in Current and Constant 1982 Dollars, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 (Dollars.) Industry
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Current dollars .................................................. Constant 1982 dollars .......................................
400.07 258.78
413.28 259.92
431.86 265.60
448.56 272.18
463.15 275.03
481.01 275.97
493.79 275.71
506.72 279.18
518.06 279.13
529.09 277.88
544.33 276.17
567.87 279.19
Goods-Producing Current dollars .................................................. Constant 1982 dollars .......................................
528.62 341.93
546.48 343.70
568.43 349.59
580.99 352.54
599.99 356.29
621.86 356.78
630.04 351.78
651.61 359.01
669.13 360.52
688.17 361.43
705.31 357.84
729.87 358.83
Natural resources and mining Current dollars .................................................. Constant 1982 dollars .......................................
670.32 433.58
695.07 437.15
720.11 442.87
727.28 441.31
721.74 428.59
734.92 421.64
757.92 423.18
741.97 408.80
765.94 412.68
803.82 422.17
853.71 433.14
908.01 446.42
Construction Current dollars .................................................. Constant 1982 dollars .......................................
571.57 369.71
588.48 370.11
609.48 374.83
629.75 382.13
655.11 389.02
685.78 393.45
695.89 388.55
711.82 392.19
726.83 391.61
735.55 386.32
750.22 380.63
781.04 383.99
Manufacturing Current dollars .................................................. Constant 1982 dollars .......................................
509.26 329.40
526.55 331.16
548.22 337.16
557.12 338.06
573.17 340.36
590.65 338.87
595.19 332.32
618.75 340.91
635.99 342.67
658.59 345.90
673.37 341.64
690.83 339.64
Private Service-Providing Current dollars .................................................. Constant 1982 dollars .......................................
364.80 235.96
377.37 237.34
395.51 243.24
413.50 250.91
427.98 254.14
445.74 255.73
461.08 257.44
473.80 261.05
484.81 261.21
494.22 259.57
509.58 258.54
532.84 261.97
Trade, transportation, and utilities Current dollars .................................................. Constant 1982 dollars .......................................
378.79 245.01
390.64 245.69
407.57 250.66
423.30 256.86
434.31 257.90
449.88 258.11
459.53 256.58
471.27 259.65
481.14 259.23
488.42 256.52
498.43 252.88
514.61 253.00
Wholesale trade Current dollars .................................................. Constant 1982 dollars .......................................
515.14 333.21
533.29 335.40
559.39 344.03
582.21 353.28
602.77 357.94
631.40 362.25
643.45 359.27
644.38 355.03
657.29 354.14
667.09 350.36
685.00 347.54
718.30 353.15
Retail trade Current dollars .................................................. Constant 1982 dollars .......................................
272.56 176.30
282.76 177.84
295.97 182.02
310.34 188.31
321.63 190.99
333.38 191.27
346.16 193.28
360.81 198.79
367.15 197.82
371.13 194.92
377.58 191.57
383.16 188.38
Transportation and warehousing Current dollars .................................................. Constant 1982 dollars .......................................
513.37 332.06
525.60 330.57
542.55 333.67
546.86 331.83
547.97 325.40
562.31 322.61
562.70 314.18
579.75 319.42
598.41 322.42
614.82 322.91
618.58 313.84
637.14 313.24
Utilities Current dollars .................................................. Constant 1982 dollars .......................................
811.52 524.92
830.74 522.48
865.26 532.14
902.94 547.90
924.59 549.04
955.66 548.28
977.18 545.61
979.09 539.44
1 017.27 548.10
1 048.44 550.65
1 095.90 556.01
1 136.08 558.54
Information Current dollars .................................................. Constant 1982 dollars .......................................
564.98 365.45
592.68 372.75
622.40 382.78
646.52 392.31
675.32 401.02
700.89 402.12
731.11 408.21
738.17 406.71
760.81 409.92
777.05 408.11
805.00 408.42
850.81 418.29
Financial activities Current dollars .................................................. Constant 1982 dollars .......................................
436.12 282.10
451.49 283.96
472.37 290.51
500.95 303.97
517.57 307.35
537.37 308.30
558.02 311.57
575.51 317.09
609.08 328.17
622.87 327.14
645.10 327.30
672.40 330.58
Professional and business services Current dollars .................................................. Constant 1982 dollars .......................................
426.44 275.83
442.81 278.50
465.51 286.29
490.00 297.33
510.99 303.44
535.07 306.98
557.84 311.47
574.66 316.62
587.02 316.28
597.56 313.84
618.87 313.99
662.23 325.58
Education and health services Current dollars .................................................. Constant 1982 dollars .......................................
377.73 244.33
388.27 244.19
404.65 248.86
418.82 254.14
431.35 256.15
449.29 257.77
473.39 264.32
492.74 271.48
505.69 272.46
523.78 275.09
544.59 276.30
564.95 277.75
Leisure and hospitality Current dollars .................................................. Constant 1982 dollars .......................................
175.74 113.67
180.98 113.82
190.52 117.17
200.82 121.86
208.05 123.55
217.20 124.61
220.73 123.24
227.17 125.16
230.42 124.15
234.86 123.35
241.36 122.46
250.11 122.96
Other services Current dollars .................................................. Constant 1982 dollars .......................................
342.36 221.45
352.62 221.77
368.63 226.71
384.25 233.16
398.77 236.80
413.41 237.18
428.64 239.33
439.76 242.29
434.41 234.06
433.04 227.44
443.37 224.95
456.60 224.48
TOTAL PRIVATE
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 187 Table 2-19. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1995–2006 (Dollars.) Industry
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
TOTAL MANUFACTURING .......................
509.26
526.55
548.22
557.12
573.17
590.65
595.19
618.75
635.99
658.59
673.37
690.83
Total Durable Goods ................................. Wood product .............................................. Nonmetallic mineral product ........................ Primary metals ............................................ Fabricated metal product ............................. Machinery ....................................................
549.49 406.51 517.68 639.70 498.48 571.25
566.53 422.32 537.81 658.68 513.57 584.69
589.10 435.78 552.02 681.47 534.48 613.49
591.68 449.78 572.96 681.64 543.20 613.87
606.67 461.61 587.53 700.76 555.86 625.40
624.38 477.23 604.88 734.62 576.68 643.92
624.54 481.36 618.79 723.95 576.60 632.77
652.97 492.00 646.91 749.32 596.38 645.55
671.21 514.10 664.92 767.60 610.37 664.79
694.13 530.15 688.20 799.78 628.80 699.59
712.95 526.65 700.78 815.78 647.34 716.55
731.81 533.44 713.34 842.94 668.84 728.99
Computer and electronic product ................ Electrical equipment and appliances ............................................... Transportation equipment ........................... Furniture and related product ...................... Miscellaneous manufacturing ......................
518.25
534.42
562.69
579.70
596.25
609.70
613.07
642.87
674.72
697.83
735.59
767.86
471.63 751.74 375.06 400.85
496.69 773.95 385.68 414.13
515.73 795.82 410.38 431.89
522.51 774.82 428.50 437.99
538.98 796.25 443.38 454.56
550.56 817.98 459.69 465.02
548.00 817.08 464.57 483.44
560.24 877.87 494.01 499.13
583.23 889.48 505.30 510.82
606.97 912.98 519.62 533.07
618.97 938.03 527.35 545.21
635.87 957.43 535.35 556.16
Total Nondurable Goods .......................... Food manufacturing .................................... Beverage and tobacco product ................... Textile mills .................................................. Textile product mills ..................................... Apparel ........................................................
452.83 406.66 605.00 394.17 342.17 254.85
467.88 414.74 624.82 403.08 356.90 261.90
487.04 428.58 639.69 425.53 373.95 275.61
503.99 444.81 646.26 434.15 385.13 286.07
519.91 458.63 679.06 447.38 401.01 295.20
536.82 472.09 730.35 464.51 406.24 307.00
548.41 481.67 721.68 456.64 408.56 317.15
566.84 496.91 698.39 476.52 429.01 333.66
582.61 502.92 702.45 469.33 444.70 340.12
602.53 509.55 751.20 486.68 443.12 351.56
608.95 508.55 751.54 498.47 455.52 366.17
621.78 526.02 741.31 509.41 477.56 387.27
Leather and allied product ........................... Paper and paper product ............................. Printing and related support ........................ Petroleum and coal product ........................ Chemicals .................................................... Plastics and rubber product .........................
319.98 604.74 472.37 883.68 644.30 445.91
337.86 625.38 484.99 881.24 666.00 458.15
355.63 647.55 504.46 908.50 685.26 474.87
361.87 662.20 518.32 949.28 700.53 487.00
369.80 679.24 534.15 947.60 700.45 505.31
388.46 681.34 552.15 973.53 721.90 517.74
388.83 690.06 560.89 1 003.34 735.54 528.69
412.99 705.62 573.05 990.88 759.53 549.85
457.83 719.73 587.58 1 052.32 783.95 572.26
446.66 754.14 603.97 1 095.00 819.73 589.84
441.96 764.04 604.73 1 114.51 831.76 591.58
445.50 772.26 618.81 1 084.03 833.59 607.82
188 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-20. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 2001–2006 (Dollars.) State
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
UNITED STATES ................................................................
14.76
15.29
15.74
16.15
16.56
16.80
Alabama .............................................................................. Alaska .................................................................................. Arizona ................................................................................ Arkansas .............................................................................. California .............................................................................
12.76 11.70 13.80 12.90 14.69
13.10 13.24 14.16 13.30 14.89
13.56 12.18 14.38 13.55 15.04
14.33 12.01 14.20 13.49 15.36
14.93 14.22 14.55 13.71 15.70
15.56 14.30 14.88 13.35 15.95
Colorado .............................................................................. Connecticut .......................................................................... Delaware ............................................................................. District of Columbia ............................................................. Florida ..................................................................................
14.72 16.42 16.56 ... 12.68
15.44 17.24 16.60 ... 13.30
16.89 17.74 16.91 ... 14.09
16.46 18.35 17.66 ... 13.84
15.91 18.96 17.74 ... 13.89
16.58 19.78 18.13 ... 14.75
Georgia ................................................................................ Hawaii .................................................................................. Idaho .................................................................................... Illinois ................................................................................... Indiana .................................................................................
12.50 13.18 13.85 14.66 16.42
13.38 13.07 13.80 14.99 17.15
14.08 12.90 13.72 15.20 17.84
14.54 13.50 14.15 15.61 17.92
14.56 14.34 14.96 15.84 18.14
14.74 15.89 16.89 16.03 18.57
Iowa ..................................................................................... Kansas ................................................................................. Kentucky .............................................................................. Louisiana ............................................................................. Maine ...................................................................................
14.67 15.48 15.44 16.18 14.71
15.32 15.98 15.73 17.03 15.55
15.70 15.83 16.01 16.86 16.28
16.17 16.57 16.50 16.40 16.97
16.25 17.14 16.65 17.30 17.28
16.40 17.68 16.92 17.94 18.57
Maryland .............................................................................. Massachusetts ..................................................................... Michigan .............................................................................. Minnesota ............................................................................ Mississippi ...........................................................................
... 15.75 ... 14.76 11.93
... 16.25 ... 15.06 12.32
15.74 16.53 21.20 15.43 12.89
16.47 16.89 21.51 16.04 13.12
16.98 17.66 21.50 16.63 13.53
17.87 18.26 21.83 17.23 13.78
Missouri ............................................................................... Montana ............................................................................... Nebraska ............................................................................. Nevada ................................................................................ New Hampshire ...................................................................
16.11 14.03 13.64 13.79 13.98
16.80 14.43 14.05 14.62 14.21
18.22 14.02 14.86 14.63 14.85
17.92 14.87 15.19 14.60 15.48
17.42 15.62 15.44 14.98 15.87
17.16 15.90 15.04 15.47 16.56
New Jersey .......................................................................... New Mexico ......................................................................... New York ............................................................................. North Carolina ..................................................................... North Dakota .......................................................................
14.74 13.27 16.24 12.81 12.77
15.19 13.41 16.75 13.18 13.17
15.45 13.19 16.78 13.66 14.04
15.89 13.13 17.29 14.25 14.35
16.33 13.66 17.77 14.38 15.29
16.55 14.06 18.29 14.57 14.97
Ohio ..................................................................................... Oklahoma ............................................................................ Oregon ................................................................................. Pennsylvania ....................................................................... Rhode Island .......................................................................
16.79 13.66 14.74 14.37 12.68
17.49 14.11 15.06 14.75 12.75
17.99 14.13 15.20 14.99 12.88
18.47 14.24 15.34 15.16 13.03
19.07 14.56 15.49 15.26 13.12
19.16 14.77 15.57 15.37 13.42
South Carolina ..................................................................... South Dakota ....................................................................... Tennessee ........................................................................... Texas ................................................................................... Utah .....................................................................................
... 12.11 12.88 14.04 13.76
... 12.60 13.15 13.93 14.12
14.19 13.13 13.56 13.94 14.90
14.73 13.37 13.84 13.98 15.38
15.23 13.47 14.02 14.03 14.73
15.03 13.75 14.04 14.01 15.25
Vermont ............................................................................... Virginia ................................................................................. Washington .......................................................................... West Virginia ....................................................................... Wisconsin ............................................................................ Wyoming ..............................................................................
14.18 14.50 17.96 ... 15.44 17.26
14.33 15.20 18.15 ... 15.86 17.72
14.54 15.90 18.02 16.05 16.12 16.75
14.60 16.11 18.28 16.57 16.19 16.58
15.06 16.40 18.83 17.14 16.29 17.08
15.79 16.75 19.90 17.89 16.54 17.44
Puerto Rico .......................................................................... Virgin Islands .......................................................................
9.84 22.57
10.30 22.98
10.46 23.37
10.84 23.35
11.10 23.49
11.47 26.53
. . . = Not available.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 189 Table 2-21. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 2001–2006 (Dollars.) State
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
UNITED STATES ................................................................
595.19
618.75
635.99
658.59
673.37
690.83
Alabama .............................................................................. Alaska .................................................................................. Arizona ................................................................................ Arkansas .............................................................................. California .............................................................................
523.16 504.27 556.14 514.71 581.72
542.34 495.18 566.40 528.01 589.64
555.96 523.74 580.95 536.58 597.09
584.66 487.61 575.10 538.25 614.40
609.14 467.84 592.19 547.03 626.43
636.40 579.15 604.13 547.35 644.38
Colorado .............................................................................. Connecticut .......................................................................... Delaware ............................................................................. District of Columbia ............................................................. Florida ..................................................................................
599.10 684.71 657.43 ... 514.81
626.86 717.18 664.00 ... 559.93
682.36 734.44 681.47 ... 577.69
664.98 767.03 708.17 ... 568.82
612.54 800.11 704.28 ... 579.21
649.94 834.72 723.39 ... 612.13
Georgia ................................................................................ Hawaii .................................................................................. Idaho .................................................................................... Illinois ................................................................................... Indiana .................................................................................
505.00 474.48 541.54 601.06 673.22
547.24 465.29 546.48 620.59 727.16
560.38 479.88 566.64 617.12 751.06
569.97 511.65 573.08 640.01 754.43
567.84 550.66 602.89 646.27 760.07
582.23 613.35 704.31 658.83 774.37
Iowa ..................................................................................... Kansas ................................................................................. Kentucky .............................................................................. Louisiana ............................................................................. Maine ...................................................................................
600.00 630.04 640.76 697.36 585.46
632.72 651.98 663.81 747.62 620.45
654.69 641.12 667.62 743.53 651.20
682.37 679.37 673.20 719.96 672.01
676.00 704.45 675.99 726.60 684.29
687.16 760.24 695.41 771.42 768.80
Maryland .............................................................................. Massachusetts ..................................................................... Michigan .............................................................................. Minnesota ............................................................................ Mississippi ...........................................................................
... 634.73 ... 584.50 473.62
... 663.00 ... 597.88 500.19
621.73 671.12 892.52 620.29 514.31
660.45 694.18 912.02 656.04 526.11
680.90 732.89 896.55 680.17 542.55
725.52 743.18 921.23 706.43 542.93
Missouri ............................................................................... Montana ............................................................................... Nebraska ............................................................................. Nevada ................................................................................ New Hampshire ...................................................................
649.23 544.36 561.97 533.67 567.59
660.24 551.23 588.70 567.26 565.56
737.91 538.37 618.18 570.57 594.00
720.38 569.52 631.90 585.46 619.20
689.83 626.36 617.60 596.20 653.84
674.39 636.00 615.14 609.52 682.27
New Jersey .......................................................................... New Mexico ......................................................................... New York ............................................................................. North Carolina ..................................................................... North Dakota .......................................................................
598.44 517.53 646.35 504.71 522.29
621.27 535.06 675.03 529.84 529.43
633.45 519.69 671.20 543.67 561.60
668.97 519.95 686.41 574.28 563.96
685.86 534.11 703.69 575.20 599.37
696.76 551.15 751.72 582.80 583.83
Ohio ..................................................................................... Oklahoma ............................................................................ Oregon ................................................................................. Pennsylvania ....................................................................... Rhode Island .......................................................................
691.75 538.20 576.33 580.55 499.59
724.09 553.11 588.85 594.43 493.43
737.59 555.31 597.36 599.60 506.18
770.20 576.72 599.79 610.95 510.78
789.50 573.66 622.70 618.03 503.81
793.22 589.32 630.59 627.10 522.04
South Carolina ..................................................................... South Dakota ....................................................................... Tennessee ........................................................................... Texas ................................................................................... Utah .....................................................................................
... 504.99 501.03 584.06 528.38
... 532.98 527.32 572.52 533.74
586.05 558.03 539.69 577.12 591.53
581.84 561.54 553.60 556.40 585.98
604.63 569.78 549.58 561.20 577.42
616.23 578.88 553.18 573.01 626.78
Vermont ............................................................................... Virginia ................................................................................. Washington .......................................................................... West Virginia ....................................................................... Wisconsin ............................................................................ Wyoming ..............................................................................
561.53 581.30 718.40 ... 620.69 666.24
573.20 621.30 727.82 ... 642.33 696.40
581.60 647.70 711.79 662.87 649.64 673.35
586.92 668.57 731.20 686.00 652.46 658.23
590.35 678.96 747.55 709.60 658.12 691.74
625.28 691.78 807.94 738.86 673.18 718.53
Puerto Rico .......................................................................... Virgin Islands .......................................................................
392.62 990.82
418.18 1 004.23
427.81 1 000.24
444.44 1 083.44
452.88 1 026.51
464.54 1 164.67
. . . = Not available.
190 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-22. Average Hourly Earnings of All Employees on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Industry Sector and Selected Industry Detail, Not Seasonally Adjusted, Experimental Series, 2006 (Dollars.) Industry
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November December
TOTAL PRIVATE ......................................
...
...
20.02
20.32
20.02
20.01
20.24
20.09
20.31
20.47
20.40
20.56
Goods-Producing .................................... Natural resources and mining .................... Construction .............................................. Manufacturing ............................................
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
21.16 22.91 21.84 20.75
21.41 23.64 22.02 20.98
21.18 23.22 21.93 20.69
21.25 23.47 22.05 20.70
21.44 23.77 22.19 20.91
21.36 23.40 22.20 20.80
21.53 23.64 22.43 20.94
21.69 24.32 22.54 21.10
21.69 24.84 22.50 21.10
21.96 24.80 22.75 21.41
Private Service-Providing ....................... Trade, transportation, and utilities ............. Wholesale trade ..................................... Retail trade ............................................ Transportation and warehousing ........... Utilities ................................................... Information ................................................. Financial activities ..................................... Professional and business services .......... Education and health services ................... Leisure and hospitality ............................... Other services ...........................................
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
19.69 18.24 22.83 15.26 19.10 29.26 26.69 23.92 23.40 19.90 11.54 17.20
20.01 18.53 23.33 15.44 19.42 29.75 27.22 24.85 23.87 19.99 11.59 17.33
19.68 18.22 22.90 15.20 19.18 29.18 26.99 24.28 23.24 19.92 11.65 17.25
19.64 18.25 22.90 15.22 19.31 28.92 26.91 24.21 23.15 20.00 11.55 17.14
19.89 18.46 23.51 15.28 19.50 29.30 27.19 24.90 23.68 20.16 11.54 17.13
19.71 18.20 23.13 15.08 19.25 28.91 27.05 24.69 23.32 20.14 11.58 17.13
19.95 18.38 23.49 15.20 19.22 29.20 27.46 24.71 23.65 20.19 11.77 17.33
20.11 18.40 23.54 15.18 19.26 29.66 27.55 25.14 23.97 20.18 11.92 17.36
20.03 18.20 23.51 14.96 19.15 29.52 27.32 25.12 23.82 20.23 12.01 17.36
20.16 18.24 23.87 14.91 19.26 29.42 27.50 25.11 24.23 20.33 12.16 17.49
. . . = Not available.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 191
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS QUARTERLY CENSUS OF EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES The Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), also called the ES-202 program, is a cooperative endeavor of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs). Using quarterly data submitted by the agencies, BLS summarizes the employment and wage data for workers covered by state unemployment insurance laws and civilian workers covered by the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) program. The QCEW tables use the 2002 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as the basis for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry. The structure of NAICS is significantly different than that of the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system, which was previously used for industry classification purposes. Due to these differences, results in NAICS-based data are not directly comparable with historical SIC-based data. The NAICS classification system was described in the sixth edition of this Handbook and more information on NAICS can be found on the BLS Web site at . The QCEW data series is the most complete universe of employment and wage information by industry, county, and state. These data serve as the basic source of benchmark information for employment by industry in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey, which is described in the first section of notes in this chapter. Therefore, the entire employment series is not presented here. The wage series is presented because the CES only provides earnings only for production and nonsupervisory employees. The QCEW is more comprehensive. BLS aggregates the data by industry and ownership; these aggregations are available at the national, state, county, and metropolitan statistical area (MSA) levels. Collection and Coverage Employment data under the QCEW program represent the number of covered workers who worked during (or received pay for) the pay period containing the 12th of the month. Excluded are members of the armed forces, the self-employed, proprietors, domestic workers, unpaid family workers, and railroad workers covered by the railroad unemployment insurance system. Annual pay data are compiled from reports submitted by employers subject to state and federal unemployment
insurance (UI) laws, covering approximately 131.6 million full- and part-time workers. Average annual pay is computed by dividing total annual payrolls of employees covered by UI programs by the average monthly number of these employees. Pay differences among states reflect the varying composition of employment by occupation, industry, hours of work, and other factors, and pay differences among industries are similarly affected. For example, the relatively large share of part-time workers reduces average annual pay levels in retail trade industries. Correspondingly, pay levels in construction industries reflect the prevalence of part-year employment due to weather and seasonal factors. Over-the-year pay changes may reflect shifts in the composition of employment, as well as changes in the average level of pay. Total wages, for purposes of the quarterly UI reports submitted by private industry employers in private industry in most states, include gross wages and salaries, bonuses, stock options, tips and other gratuities, and the value of meals and lodging (when supplied). In some of the states, employer contributions to certain deferred compensation plans, such as 401(k) plans, are included in total wages. Total wages, however, do not include employer contributions to Old-Age, Survivors’, and Disability Insurance (OASDI), health insurance, unemployment insurance, workers’ compensation, and private pension and welfare funds. In most states, firms report the total wages paid during the calendar quarter, regardless of the timing of the services performed. However, under the laws of a few states, the employers report total wages earned during the quarter (payable) rather than actual amounts paid. For federal workers, wages represent the gross amount of all payrolls for all pay periods paid within the quarter. This gross amount includes cash allowances and the cash equivalent of any type of remuneration. It includes all lump-sum payments for terminal leave, withholding taxes, and retirement deductions. Federal employee remuneration generally covers the same types of services as those for workers in private industry. Sources of Additional Information Additional information and the sub-national data are available in the BLS publication, Employment and Wages, Annual Averages, which can be found on the BLS Web site at .
192 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-23. Employment and Average Annual Pay for All Covered Workers,1 by Industry, NAICS Basis, 2001–2006 (Number, dollars.) 2001
2002
2003
Industry Employment
Average annual pay
Employment
Average annual pay
Employment
Average annual pay
Total Private .............................................................. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ................... Natural resources and mining .................................... Construction ............................................................... Manufacturing ............................................................
109 304 802 1 170 570 1 705 759 6 773 512 16 386 001
36 157 20 188 32 580 38 412 42 969
107 577 281 1 155 890 1 661 870 6 683 553 15 209 192
36 539 20 890 32 917 39 027 44 097
107 065 553 1 156 242 1 656 345 6 672 360 14 459 712
37 508 21 366 33 729 39 509 45 916
Wholesale trade ......................................................... Retail trade ................................................................. Transportation and warehousing ............................... Utilities ....................................................................... Information .................................................................
5 730 294 15 179 753 4 138 146 599 899 3 591 995
48 791 22 667 36 189 65 561 57 288
5 617 456 15 018 588 3 989 116 592 152 3 364 485
49 241 23 232 36 823 67 374 56 103
5 589 032 14 930 765 3 946 170 575 877 3 180 752
50 835 23 804 37 436 68 651 58 002
Financial activities ...................................................... Professional and business services ............................ Education and health services .................................. Leisure and hospitality ................................................ Other services ............................................................
7 678 974 16 324 890 14 849 666 11 884 966 4 206 345
55 515 43 566 32 718 15 426 23 220
7 706 265 15 939 596 15 346 718 11 995 950 4 246 011
55 172 43 899 33 931 15 777 23 784
7 826 930 15 858 457 15 738 013 12 162 238 4 261 165
57 143 45 052 35 071 16 138 24 348
Total Government ..................................................... Federal ....................................................................... State ........................................................................... Local ..........................................................................
20 330 998 2 752 619 4 452 237 13 126 143
36 549 48 940 37 814 33 521
20 656 638 2 758 627 4 485 071 13 412 941
37 935 52 050 39 212 34 605
20 730 273 2 764 275 4 481 845 13 484 153
39 094 54 239 40 057 35 669
2004
2005
2006
Industry Employment
Average annual pay
Employment
Average annual pay
Employment
Average annual pay
Total Private .............................................................. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ................... Natural resources and mining .................................... Construction ............................................................... Manufacturing ............................................................
108 490 066 1 155 106 1 675 038 6 916 398 14 257 380
39 134 22 337 36 086 40 521 47 861
110 611 016 1 163 629 1 724 044 7 269 317 14 190 394
40 505 23 117 39 080 42 100 49 287
112 718 858 1 160 179 1 776 777 7 602 148 14 110 663
42 414 24 132 42 904 44 496 51 427
Wholesale trade ......................................................... Retail trade ................................................................. Transportation and warehousing ............................... Utilities ....................................................................... Information .................................................................
5 642 537 15 060 686 4 009 165 563 931 3 099 633
53 310 24 415 38 834 72 403 60 722
5 752 802 15 256 340 4 098 553 550 593 3 056 431
55 262 24 930 39 515 75 208 62 853
5 885 194 15 370 040 4 204 514 546 521 3 040 577
58 046 25 567 40 848 78 341 65 962
Financial activities ...................................................... Professional and business services ............................ Education and health services .................................. Leisure and hospitality ................................................ Other services ............................................................
7 890 786 16 294 776 16 084 963 12 467 597 4 287 999
61 487 47 401 36 548 16 624 25 152
8 037 850 16 869 852 16 479 482 12 739 466 4 324 015
64 398 49 574 37 654 17 068 25 883
8 162 063 17 469 679 16 916 228 13 024 615 4 364 889
68 901 51 974 39 115 17 781 26 923
Total Government ..................................................... Federal ....................................................................... State ........................................................................... Local ..........................................................................
20 788 110 2 739 596 4 484 997 13 563 517
40 500 57 782 41 118 36 805
20 960 607 2 733 675 4 527 514 13 699 418
41 585 59 864 42 249 37 718
21 114 976 2 728 974 4 565 908 13 820 093
43 180 62 274 43 875 39 179
1Includes
workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 193 Table 2-24. Employment and Average Annual Pay for All Covered Workers,1 by State and Selected Territory, 2001–2006 (Number, dollars.) 2001
2002
2003
State Employment
Average annual pay
Employment
Average annual pay
Employment
Average annual pay
UNITED STATES ..........................................................
129 635 800
36 219
128 233 919
36 764
127 795 827
37 765
Alabama ........................................................................ Alaska ............................................................................ Arizona .......................................................................... Arkansas ........................................................................ California .......................................................................
1 854 462 283 033 2 243 652 1 127 151 14 981 757
30 102 36 170 33 411 27 260 41 327
1 830 620 287 231 2 240 234 1 119 428 14 837 334
31 163 37 134 34 036 28 074 41 419
1 823 573 291 797 2 272 393 1 115 891 14 807 656
32 236 37 804 35 056 28 893 42 592
Colorado ........................................................................ Connecticut .................................................................... Delaware ....................................................................... District of Columbia ....................................................... Florida ............................................................................
2 201 379 1 665 607 406 736 635 749 7 153 589
37 952 46 993 38 427 55 908 31 553
2 153 857 1 648 547 401 971 650 515 7 164 523
38 005 46 852 39 684 57 914 32 426
2 117 773 1 625 801 402 166 651 088 7 248 097
38 942 48 328 40 954 60 417 33 544
Georgia .......................................................................... Hawaii ............................................................................ Idaho .............................................................................. Illinois ............................................................................. Indiana ...........................................................................
3 871 763 557 146 571 314 5 886 248 2 871 236
35 136 31 253 27 768 39 083 31 779
3 807 915 558 651 571 869 5 771 132 2 832 553
35 734 32 671 28 163 39 688 32 603
3 783 232 569 532 575 889 5 698 184 2 821 879
36 626 33 742 28 677 40 540 33 379
Iowa ............................................................................... Kansas ........................................................................... Kentucky ........................................................................ Louisiana ....................................................................... Maine .............................................................................
1 429 543 1 083 162 1 736 575 1 869 966 593 166
28 837 30 153 30 021 29 131 28 815
1 412 203 1 064 161 1 717 975 1 847 754 591 052
29 668 30 825 30 904 30 115 29 736
1 404 377 1 048 871 1 714 060 1 855 554 591 372
30 708 31 489 31 855 30 782 30 750
Maryland ........................................................................ Massachusetts ............................................................... Michigan ........................................................................ Minnesota ...................................................................... Mississippi .....................................................................
2 421 899 3 276 224 4 476 659 2 609 669 1 111 255
38 253 44 975 37 391 36 587 25 923
2 427 257 3 202 323 4 390 209 2 585 650 1 104 225
39 382 44 954 38 135 37 458 26 665
2 434 245 3 141 089 4 321 094 2 576 452 1 096 802
40 686 46 323 39 433 38 610 27 591
Missouri ......................................................................... Montana ......................................................................... Nebraska ....................................................................... Nevada .......................................................................... New Hampshire .............................................................
2 652 876 383 905 883 920 1 043 748 610 192
32 421 25 195 28 377 33 121 35 481
2 627 082 388 161 874 063 1 045 012 603 234
33 118 26 001 29 448 33 993 36 176
2 615 848 393 541 875 251 1 080 624 604 340
33 788 26 907 30 382 35 329 37 321
New Jersey .................................................................... New Mexico ................................................................... New York ....................................................................... North Carolina ............................................................... North Dakota .................................................................
3 876 194 729 422 8 423 312 3 805 498 311 632
44 320 28 702 46 727 32 024 25 707
3 855 419 737 418 8 272 274 3 751 648 311 800
45 182 29 431 46 328 32 689 26 550
3 850 590 745 935 8 224 387 3 719 444 314 283
46 351 30 202 47 247 33 532 27 628
Ohio ............................................................................... Oklahoma ...................................................................... Oregon ........................................................................... Pennsylvania ................................................................. Rhode Island .................................................................
5 434 769 1 463 622 1 596 753 5 552 366 468 952
33 283 28 016 33 204 34 978 33 603
5 332 891 1 439 701 1 573 057 5 504 553 468 557
34 214 28 654 33 684 35 808 34 810
5 281 390 1 411 640 1 563 725 5 471 255 472 586
35 153 29 699 34 450 36 995 36 415
South Carolina ............................................................... South Dakota ................................................................. Tennessee ..................................................................... Texas ............................................................................. Utah ...............................................................................
1 786 899 364 715 2 625 746 9 350 770 1 050 674
29 255 25 601 31 520 36 045 30 077
1 765 717 363 292 2 601 518 9 261 089 1 041 707
30 003 26 360 32 531 36 248 30 585
1 766 861 364 263 2 598 748 9 208 473 1 041 938
30 750 27 210 33 581 36 968 31 106
Vermont ......................................................................... Virginia ........................................................................... Washington .................................................................... West Virginia ................................................................. Wisconsin ...................................................................... Wyoming ........................................................................
298 020 3 436 172 2 689 507 685 754 2 717 660 237 278
30 238 36 733 37 459 27 981 31 540 28 043
295 443 3 404 760 2 643 754 683 183 2 690 830 239 615
31 041 37 222 38 242 28 612 32 464 28 975
294 395 3 410 834 2 653 237 677 901 2 687 919 241 699
32 086 38 585 39 021 29 284 33 425 29 924
Puerto Rico .................................................................... Virgin Islands .................................................................
1 007 919 44 330
19 728 29 210
992 529 43 070
20 662 30 506
1 023 102 41 961
21 548 30 994
1Includes
workers covered by the unemployment insurance (UI) and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs.
194 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-24. Employment and Average Annual Pay for All Covered Workers,1 by State and Selected Territory, 2001–2006—Continued (Number, dollars.) 2004
2005
2006
State Employment
Average annual pay
Employment
Average annual pay
Employment
Average annual pay
UNITED STATES ..........................................................
129 278 176
39 354
131 571 623
40 677
133 833 834
42 535
Alabama ........................................................................ Alaska ............................................................................ Arizona .......................................................................... Arkansas ........................................................................ California .......................................................................
1 851 769 296 292 2 354 660 1 129 018 14 953 022
33 414 39 062 36 646 30 245 44 641
1 894 616 302 330 2 489 462 1 147 615 15 234 188
34 598 40 216 38 154 31 266 46 211
1 928 281 307 637 2 614 344 1 167 925 15 503 144
36 204 41 750 40 019 32 389 48 345
Colorado ........................................................................ Connecticut .................................................................... Delaware ....................................................................... District of Columbia ....................................................... Florida ............................................................................
2 142 352 1 631 240 411 298 659 542 7 463 255
40 276 51 007 42 487 63 887 35 186
2 189 516 1 644 274 417 692 667 512 7 747 729
41 601 52 954 44 622 66 696 36 800
2 242 012 1 672 109 422 187 671 143 7 952 023
43 506 54 814 46 285 70 151 38 485
Georgia .......................................................................... Hawaii ............................................................................ Idaho .............................................................................. Illinois ............................................................................. Indiana ...........................................................................
3 840 663 585 131 591 355 5 700 643 2 848 873
37 866 35 198 29 871 42 277 34 694
3 932 315 603 668 614 548 5 748 355 2 873 795
39 096 36 353 30 777 43 744 35 431
4 024 699 618 178 643 671 5 821 022 2 892 419
40 370 37 799 32 580 45 650 36 553
Iowa ............................................................................... Kansas ........................................................................... Kentucky ........................................................................ Louisiana ....................................................................... Maine .............................................................................
1 422 454 1 058 858 1 729 015 1 865 164 597 238
32 097 32 738 33 165 31 880 31 906
1 446 568 1 067 241 1 757 997 1 841 046 594 481
33 070 33 864 33 965 33 566 32 701
1 470 742 1 085 952 1 779 202 1 807 563 598 525
34 320 35 696 35 201 36 604 33 794
Maryland ........................................................................ Massachusetts ............................................................... Michigan ........................................................................ Minnesota ...................................................................... Mississippi .....................................................................
2 459 362 3 138 738 4 301 743 2 600 360 1 105 915
42 579 48 916 40 373 40 398 28 535
2 497 487 3 159 934 4 297 017 2 640 326 1 111 269
44 368 50 095 41 214 40 800 29 763
2 530 011 3 194 914 4 235 650 2 670 222 1 122 474
46 162 52 435 42 157 42 185 31 194
Missouri ......................................................................... Montana ......................................................................... Nebraska ....................................................................... Nevada .......................................................................... New Hampshire .............................................................
2 627 401 403 432 882 263 1 145 762 613 310
34 845 27 830 31 507 37 106 39 176
2 664 447 413 460 892 397 1 215 783 620 893
35 951 29 150 32 422 38 763 40 551
2 699 860 426 182 902 383 1 271 634 627 371
37 143 30 596 33 814 40 070 42 447
New Jersey .................................................................... New Mexico ................................................................... New York ....................................................................... North Carolina ............................................................... North Dakota .................................................................
3 873 787 760 449 8 271 927 3 777 872 321 108
48 064 31 411 49 941 34 791 28 987
3 917 397 778 233 8 348 739 3 856 748 328 097
49 471 32 605 51 937 35 912 29 956
3 951 210 807 063 8 429 519 3 965 479 335 718
51 645 34 567 55 479 37 439 31 316
Ohio ............................................................................... Oklahoma ...................................................................... Oregon ........................................................................... Pennsylvania ................................................................. Rhode Island .................................................................
5 292 088 1 427 618 1 595 003 5 496 599 475 628
36 441 30 743 35 630 38 555 37 651
5 308 808 1 465 969 1 652 773 5 552 301 477 420
37 333 31 721 36 588 39 661 38 751
5 314 572 1 507 196 1 699 932 5 607 139 480 570
38 568 34 022 38 077 41 349 40 454
South Carolina ............................................................... South Dakota ................................................................. Tennessee ..................................................................... Texas ............................................................................. Utah ...............................................................................
1 789 447 369 632 2 644 749 9 323 537 1 071 855
31 839 28 281 34 925 38 511 32 171
1 819 217 375 707 2 685 491 9 583 457 1 115 375
32 927 29 149 35 879 40 150 33 328
1 855 842 383 876 2 728 694 9 922 313 1 170 587
34 281 30 291 37 564 42 458 35 130
Vermont ......................................................................... Virginia ........................................................................... Washington .................................................................... West Virginia ................................................................. Wisconsin ...................................................................... Wyoming ........................................................................
298 454 3 495 767 2 694 933 686 936 2 714 847 248 051
33 274 40 534 39 361 30 382 34 743 31 210
300 919 3 578 558 2 766 451 695 382 2 744 006 254 418
34 197 42 287 40 721 31 347 35 471 33 251
303 205 3 636 417 2 850 073 705 189 2 767 141 266 894
35 542 44 051 42 897 32 728 36 821 36 662
Puerto Rico .................................................................... Virgin Islands .................................................................
1 043 949 43 156
22 259 31 846
1 048 004 44 464
22 859 33 404
1 036 802 45 114
23 707 35 357
1Includes
workers covered by the unemployment insurance (UI) and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs.
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS Private Sector Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses, Seasonally Adjusted, September 1992–December 2006
Numbers (in thousands)
10,000 Gross job gains Gross job losses 9,000
8,000
7,000
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
6,000
Year The change in the number of jobs is the net result of the gross increase in the number of jobs from expanding and opening establishments and the gross decrease in jobs from contracting and closing establishments. The net gain of 512,000 in the fourth quarter of 2006 resulted from 7.809 million gross job gains and 7.297 million gross job losses. There was a net increase of 501,000 jobs from the third quarter of 2006. However, the net gain in the fourth quarter of 2006 was still somewhat lower than the net gain in the fourth quarter of 2005. (See Table 2-25.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • The number of gross jobs gained from expanding establishments and opening establishments was similar in the fourth quarter 2005 as it was in the fourth quarter of 2006. In 2005, expanding establishments accounted for 6.293 millions jobs, while opening establishments accounted for 1.525 million jobs. In 2006, they accounted for 6.271 million jobs and 1.538 million jobs, respectively. (See Table 2-25.) • The service-providing sector had a net gain of 595,000 jobs in the fourth quarter of 2006, with gains exceeding losses by about 10.7 percent. The goods-producing sector, which is much smaller, showed a net loss of 83,000 jobs, with most of the net loss in manufacturing. There was a net gain in natural resources and mining jobs in the fourth quarter of 2006. (See Table 2-27.) • In March 2007, the net change—the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses—was negative in 11 states. Michigan had a net loss of over 17,000 jobs, while Texas (81,080) and Washington State (36,005) and had the largest net gains. (See Table 2-28.)
195
196 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS (BED) The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative program known as the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), or the ES-202 program. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) compiles the BED data from existing quarterly state unemployment insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the United States are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by UI laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) to BLS. These reports form the basis of the BLS establishment universe-sampling frame. In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows estimations of jobs gained at opening and expanding establishments and of jobs lost at closing and contracting establishments. BLS publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for every given quarter. Each of these measures—the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey, the QCEW program, and the BED data each make use of the quarterly UI employment reports. However, each measure has somewhat different types of universal coverage, estimation procedures, and publication products. (See the notes and corresponding tables for CES and QCEW in earlier sections of this chapter.) Concepts and Definitions The BED data measure the net change in employment at the establishment level. These changes can come about in four different ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening establishments or ex- panding establishments. A net decrease in employment can come
from either closing establishments or contracting establishments. Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding establishments. Gross job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting establishments. The net change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Openings consist of establishments with positive thirdmonth em-ployment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third-month employment in the current quarter, following zero employment in the previous quarter. Expansions include establishments with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period. Closings consist of establishments with positive thirdmonth employment in the previous quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current quarter. Contractions include establishments with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period. Sources of Additional Information For additional information, see BLS news release 07-1244, “Business Employment Dynamics: Fourth Quarter 2006.” An extensive article on the BED data appeared in the April 2004 edition of the Monthly Labor Review. These resources can be found on the BLS Web site at .
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 197 Table 2-25. Private Sector Gross Job Gains and Job Losses, Seasonally Adjusted, September 1992– December 2006 (Thousands of jobs.) Gross job gains Year and month
Net change1
Expanding establishments
Total
Gross job losses Opening establishments
Contracting establishments
Total
Closing establishments
1992 September .............................. December ...............................
455 216
7 377 7 101
5 632 5 465
1 745 1 636
6 922 6 885
5 351 5 487
1 571 1 398
1993 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
313 786 874 641
7 309 7 330 7 523 7 436
5 410 5 794 5 881 5 840
1 899 1 536 1 642 1 596
6 996 6 544 6 649 6 795
5 354 5 136 5 316 5 420
1 642 1 408 1 333 1 375
1994 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
517 1 021 1 175 507
7 400 7 807 7 972 7 630
5 807 6 060 6 227 5 998
1 593 1 747 1 745 1 632
6 883 6 786 6 797 7 123
5 435 5 295 5 493 5 647
1 448 1 491 1 304 1 476
1995 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
746 402 771 407
7 782 7 714 7 970 7 877
6 129 6 017 6 291 6 153
1 653 1 697 1 679 1 724
7 036 7 312 7 199 7 470
5 660 5 839 5 680 5 934
1 376 1 473 1 519 1 536
1996 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
460 642 632 861
7 943 8 080 8 189 8 278
6 190 6 302 6 326 6 409
1 753 1 778 1 863 1 869
7 483 7 438 7 557 7 417
5 957 5 894 5 998 5 889
1 526 1 544 1 559 1 528
1997 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
799 594 854 702
8 292 8 098 8 593 8 731
6 448 6 342 6 680 6 727
1 844 1 756 1 913 2 004
7 493 7 504 7 739 8 029
5 900 5 925 5 981 6 068
1 593 1 579 1 758 1 961
1998 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
747 666 659 759
8 788 8 722 8 539 8 576
6 633 6 569 6 574 6 778
2 155 2 153 1 965 1 798
8 041 8 056 7 880 7 817
6 107 6 218 6 161 6 060
1 934 1 838 1 719 1 757
1999 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
380 569 548 1 105
8 744 8 800 8 817 9 144
6 733 6 788 6 871 7 112
2 011 2 012 1 946 2 032
8 364 8 231 8 269 8 039
6 466 6 419 6 397 6 264
1 898 1 812 1 872 1 775
2000 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
818 541 146 336
8 906 8 764 8 724 8 690
6 988 6 975 6 834 6 862
1 918 1 789 1 890 1 828
8 088 8 223 8 578 8 354
6 361 6 509 6 719 6 582
1 727 1 714 1 859 1 772
2001 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
-101 -771 -1 380 -871
8 555 8 254 7 749 7 893
6 768 6 439 5 990 6 055
1 787 1 815 1 759 1 838
8 656 9 025 9 129 8 764
6 756 7 149 7 174 6 995
1 900 1 876 1 955 1 769
2002 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
-1 -80 -211 -175
8 128 8 050 7 763 7 702
6 324 6 246 6 083 6 059
1 804 1 804 1 680 1 643
8 129 8 130 7 974 7 877
6 400 6 411 6 345 6 267
1 729 1 719 1 629 1 610
2003 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
-404 -142 72 344
7 472 7 560 7 396 7 646
5 932 6 033 5 897 6 063
1 540 1 527 1 499 1 583
7 876 7 702 7 324 7 302
6 321 6 138 5 893 5 816
1 555 1 564 1 431 1 486
2004 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
435 594 191 869
7 745 7 857 7 789 8 081
6 231 6 292 6 123 6 365
1 514 1 565 1 666 1 716
7 310 7 263 7 598 7 212
5 871 5 726 5 953 5 727
1 439 1 537 1 645 1 485
2005 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
325 574 628 551
7 635 7 932 8 055 7 818
6 171 6 311 6 423 6 293
1 464 1 621 1 632 1 525
7 310 7 358 7 427 7 267
5 852 5 873 5 915 5 888
1 458 1 485 1 512 1 379
2006 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
774 416 11 512
7 679 7 811 7 473 7 809
6 261 6 292 6 032 6 271
1 418 1 519 1 441 1 538
6 905 7 395 7 462 7 297
5 633 6 015 6 110 5 943
1 272 1 380 1 352 1 354
1Net
change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
198 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-26. Private Sector Gross Job Gains and Job Losses, as a Percent of Employment,1 Seasonally Adjusted, September 1992–December 2006 (Percent.) Gross job gains Year and month
Net change2
Expanding establishments
Total
Gross job losses Opening establishments
Contracting establishments
Total
Closing establishments
1992 September .............................. December ...............................
0.5 0.2
8.3 7.9
6.3 6.1
2.0 1.8
7.8 7.7
6.0 6.1
1.8 1.6
1993 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
0.3 0.8 0.9 0.6
8.1 8.1 8.2 8.0
6.0 6.4 6.4 6.3
2.1 1.7 1.8 1.7
7.8 7.3 7.3 7.4
6.0 5.7 5.8 5.9
1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5
1994 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
0.5 1.1 1.2 0.6
8.0 8.4 8.4 8.0
6.3 6.5 6.6 6.3
1.7 1.9 1.8 1.7
7.5 7.3 7.2 7.4
5.9 5.7 5.8 5.9
1.6 1.6 1.4 1.5
1995 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
0.8 0.5 0.8 0.4
8.1 8.0 8.2 8.1
6.4 6.2 6.5 6.3
1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8
7.3 7.5 7.4 7.7
5.9 6.0 5.8 6.1
1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6
1996 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
0.4 0.6 0.7 0.9
8.1 8.2 8.3 8.3
6.3 6.4 6.4 6.4
1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9
7.7 7.6 7.6 7.4
6.1 6.0 6.0 5.9
1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5
1997 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
0.7 0.5 0.8 0.6
8.2 7.9 8.4 8.4
6.4 6.2 6.5 6.5
1.8 1.7 1.9 1.9
7.5 7.4 7.6 7.8
5.9 5.8 5.9 5.9
1.6 1.6 1.7 1.9
1998 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7
8.5 8.4 8.2 8.1
6.4 6.3 6.3 6.4
2.1 2.1 1.9 1.7
7.8 7.8 7.5 7.4
5.9 6.0 5.9 5.7
1.9 1.8 1.6 1.7
1999 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
0.3 0.6 0.5 1.1
8.2 8.3 8.2 8.5
6.3 6.4 6.4 6.6
1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9
7.9 7.7 7.7 7.4
6.1 6.0 6.0 5.8
1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6
2000 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
0.8 0.4 0.1 0.3
8.2 7.9 7.9 7.9
6.4 6.3 6.2 6.2
1.8 1.6 1.7 1.7
7.4 7.5 7.8 7.6
5.8 5.9 6.1 6.0
1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6
2001 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
-0.1 -0.8 -1.3 -0.8
7.7 7.4 7.1 7.3
6.1 5.8 5.5 5.6
1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7
7.8 8.2 8.4 8.1
6.1 6.5 6.6 6.5
1.7 1.7 1.8 1.6
2002 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2
7.6 7.5 7.3 7.1
5.9 5.8 5.7 5.6
1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5
7.5 7.6 7.4 7.3
5.9 6.0 5.9 5.8
1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5
2003 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
-0.5 -0.2 0.1 0.4
6.9 7.0 6.9 7.2
5.5 5.6 5.5 5.7
1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5
7.4 7.2 6.8 6.8
5.9 5.7 5.5 5.4
1.5 1.5 1.3 1.4
2004 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
0.4 0.5 0.2 0.7
7.2 7.2 7.2 7.4
5.8 5.8 5.7 5.8
1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6
6.8 6.7 7.0 6.7
5.5 5.3 5.5 5.3
1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4
2005 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
0.3 0.6 0.5 0.6
6.9 7.2 7.3 7.1
5.6 5.7 5.8 5.7
1.3 1.5 1.5 1.4
6.6 6.6 6.8 6.5
5.3 5.3 5.4 5.3
1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2
2006 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................
0.8 0.4 0.1 0.5
6.9 6.9 6.7 7.0
5.6 5.6 5.4 5.6
1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4
6.1 6.5 6.6 6.5
5.0 5.3 5.4 5.3
1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2
1The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the 2Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
previous and current employment.
EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 199 Table 2-27. Three-Month Private Sector Job Gains and Losses, by Industry, Seasonally Adjusted, March 2005–December 2006 (Thousands of jobs.) Gross job gains (3 months ended)
Gross job losses (3 months ended)
Industry March 2005
June 2005
September 2005 December 2005
March 2005
June 2005
September 2005 December 2005
TOTAL PRIVATE1 .............................................
7 635
7 932
8 055
7 818
7 310
7 358
7 427
7 267
Goods-Producing ............................................. Natural resources and mining ............................ Construction ....................................................... Manufacturing ....................................................
1 720 307 844 569
1 713 288 859 566
1 698 265 868 565
1 722 279 862 581
1 686 284 806 596
1 679 285 786 608
1 663 265 782 616
1 606 265 774 567
Service-Providing1 ........................................... Wholesale trade ................................................. Retail trade ......................................................... Transportation and warehousing ........................ Utilities ................................................................
5 915 319 1 020 243 15
6 219 337 1 047 248 15
6 357 338 1 074 254 13
6 096 320 1 058 268 14
5 624 310 980 231 15
5 679 300 989 262 18
5 764 311 1 063 236 12
5 661 302 1 015 231 16
Information ......................................................... Financial activities .............................................. Professional and business services ................... Education and health services .......................... Leisure and hospitality .......................................
143 452 1 370 741 1 138
155 475 1 456 800 1 212
170 480 1 523 811 1 202
152 472 1 432 766 1 175
164 443 1 304 704 1 131
153 439 1 332 701 1 135
154 413 1 311 691 1 219
156 434 1 303 699 1 165
Other services ....................................................
302
309
297
289
297
300
309
296
Gross job gains (3 months ended)
Gross job losses (3 months ended)
Industry March 2006
June 2006
September 2006 December 2006
March 2006
June 2006
September 2006 December 2006
TOTAL PRIVATE1 .............................................
7 679
7 811
7 473
7 809
6 905
7 395
7 462
7 297
Goods-Producing ............................................. Natural resources and mining ............................ Construction ....................................................... Manufacturing ....................................................
1 737 283 924 530
1 692 293 838 561
1 572 269 791 512
1 636 287 825 524
1 572 277 757 538
1 667 268 841 558
1 739 263 868 608
1 719 266 845 608
Service-Providing1 ........................................... Wholesale trade ................................................. Retail trade ......................................................... Transportation and warehousing ........................ Utilities ................................................................
5 942 315 1 056 240 11
6 119 332 1 062 247 15
5 901 311 1 030 241 15
6 173 322 1 081 269 19
5 333 290 986 230 11
5 728 292 1 100 232 13
5 723 305 1 085 224 15
5 578 303 1 004 225 18
Information ......................................................... Financial activities .............................................. Professional and business services ................... Education and health services .......................... Leisure and hospitality .......................................
143 429 1 329 791 1 226
150 457 1 438 787 1 210
148 446 1 335 784 1 180
167 457 1 427 795 1 223
149 419 1 202 662 1 064
144 442 1 287 713 1 182
171 445 1 279 674 1 184
146 444 1 313 692 1 105
Other services ....................................................
298
313
295
299
283
287
305
291
1Includes
unclassified sector, not shown separately.
200 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-28. Private Sector Gross Job Gains and Losses, by State and Selected Territory, Seasonally Adjusted, March 2006–March 2007 (Number.) Gross job gains (3 months ended) State March 2006
June 2006
September 2006
December 2006
Gross job losses (3 months ended) March 2007
March 2006
June 2006
September 2006
December 2006
March 2007
UNITED STATES ...............................................
7 679 000
7 811 000
7 473 000
7 809 000
7 509 000
6 905 000
7 395 000
7 462 000
7 297 000
7 071 000
Alabama ............................................................. Alaska ................................................................ Arizona ............................................................... Arkansas ............................................................ California ............................................................
103 596 26 202 172 977 63 662 935 087
100 840 28 861 170 647 59 654 955 811
100 446 22 123 174 546 58 160 910 172
106 892 25 702 161 693 62 275 982 478
112 765 24 244 156 804 60 704 947 540
93 285 22 112 128 109 53 032 914 176
100 349 23 040 154 963 60 404 926 329
103 700 26 742 152 200 63 784 927 374
104 477 26 432 165 067 58 778 907 888
89 364 22 400 153 133 52 796 912 613
Colorado ............................................................. Connecticut ........................................................ Delaware ............................................................ District of Columbia ............................................ Florida ................................................................
137 903 79 072 25 605 25 795 487 572
149 241 87 841 28 310 29 069 526 449
142 546 81 794 23 470 27 044 508 541
150 220 85 126 26 159 25 599 501 285
146 688 75 957 29 733 28 423 464 050
127 514 75 076 24 123 23 511 413 474
132 280 80 456 26 663 26 424 495 061
142 570 82 496 27 718 25 381 493 363
138 889 77 497 23 392 26 443 522 827
131 774 81 107 28 414 23 213 451 580
Georgia .............................................................. Hawaii ................................................................ Idaho .................................................................. Illinois ................................................................. Indiana ...............................................................
252 674 27 726 47 870 282 837 153 735
257 404 29 136 46 245 306 757 149 946
247 388 28 211 45 061 278 177 148 107
263 872 27 446 47 395 293 431 153 325
249 091 27 483 48 396 281 177 145 342
222 660 25 165 38 960 265 446 139 656
233 395 24 918 42 628 263 652 151 845
251 362 26 129 41 378 288 515 154 760
252 232 26 250 40 019 281 099 148 985
227 479 26 630 40 735 268 855 140 603
Iowa .................................................................... Kansas ............................................................... Kentucky ............................................................ Louisiana ............................................................ Maine .................................................................
78 930 70 596 100 762 151 997 35 790
79 031 72 012 88 851 123 125 40 612
75 093 78 985 92 740 120 127 35 951
79 518 85 024 106 958 123 095 40 832
72 577 78 808 101 623 121 990 37 283
70 936 62 938 83 028 108 712 37 017
73 192 72 548 94 323 112 380 37 701
74 910 74 864 96 675 108 558 39 975
73 886 68 067 90 552 104 159 37 567
73 448 67 661 95 549 99 462 37 189
Maryland ............................................................ Massachusetts ................................................... Michigan ............................................................. Minnesota ........................................................... Mississippi ..........................................................
142 555 158 389 217 382 150 980 69 320
136 710 181 498 246 077 155 378 63 581
131 708 167 647 226 583 138 439 68 823
136 491 166 346 229 109 146 430 67 302
130 873 154 124 216 604 140 915 60 198
124 678 157 177 240 704 139 748 57 864
136 422 158 219 237 059 150 512 66 289
136 408 169 849 255 227 165 270 62 884
130 083 163 458 261 024 147 210 58 428
125 994 157 024 234 035 133 393 62 486
Missouri .............................................................. Montana ............................................................. Nebraska ............................................................ Nevada ............................................................... New Hampshire ..................................................
147 042 32 383 45 650 83 071 39 074
150 269 30 383 45 693 79 576 41 230
137 786 27 503 47 050 73 442 37 381
151 637 32 922 47 973 80 115 39 715
148 426 32 066 44 773 79 439 36 043
133 236 26 344 40 465 65 159 36 571
143 796 27 899 45 424 72 527 39 132
142 506 29 606 44 754 76 814 40 708
144 042 26 893 45 236 77 068 37 503
133 861 26 215 41 131 70 468 37 188
New Jersey ........................................................ New Mexico ........................................................ New York ............................................................ North Carolina .................................................... North Dakota ......................................................
220 345 50 814 453 399 230 967 21 355
238 571 56 728 497 341 230 531 19 942
217 626 46 361 451 199 228 819 19 561
226 397 49 483 491 296 271 718 19 077
200 823 45 658 439 880 238 694 19 613
201 996 40 539 450 140 195 552 17 434
228 241 46 459 450 660 216 862 19 436
230 836 46 285 454 776 222 867 17 615
221 251 45 992 436 426 209 905 18 029
216 208 39 391 450 887 203 669 17 877
Ohio .................................................................... Oklahoma ........................................................... Oregon ............................................................... Pennsylvania ...................................................... Rhode Island ......................................................
276 942 86 999 107 378 294 436 25 198
280 652 86 252 103 093 292 189 29 960
266 494 85 999 103 167 281 640 28 749
273 486 87 109 107 374 286 900 28 621
259 261 85 616 104 745 282 273 25 073
268 183 72 308 95 893 266 079 25 959
279 071 86 973 97 275 277 751 25 774
286 805 80 220 94 670 278 525 28 340
285 789 80 850 97 684 278 568 28 374
260 711 73 657 96 037 266 506 27 137
South Carolina ................................................... South Dakota ..................................................... Tennessee ......................................................... Texas ................................................................. Utah ....................................................................
112 697 22 210 146 716 556 703 83 821
112 410 21 897 149 007 555 610 78 264
124 764 21 559 143 225 545 573 77 218
109 561 22 548 156 388 566 668 79 960
113 532 21 003 148 938 542 825 80 804
97 125 20 193 127 034 451 599 63 988
110 062 19 443 152 368 508 951 65 772
103 809 20 198 143 136 480 295 68 620
97 192 19 873 157 013 476 908 64 989
98 842 19 153 144 012 461 745 62 978
Vermont .............................................................. Virginia ............................................................... Washington ........................................................ West Virginia ...................................................... Wisconsin ........................................................... Wyoming ............................................................
17 022 194 262 177 761 43 348 142 738 23 117
19 375 196 604 187 676 38 485 151 415 19 438
16 515 181 450 176 707 37 841 143 515 20 984
18 861 193 009 184 842 40 697 146 759 22 692
16 966 192 908 190 639 38 687 144 613 22 362
18 312 168 421 158 900 35 457 135 231 16 596
17 694 193 525 161 486 39 828 143 378 18 839
18 832 196 437 170 405 40 489 146 137 19 491
18 099 181 525 166 948 36 849 143 350 16 482
18 899 174 760 154 634 37 621 141 179 18 199
Puerto Rico ........................................................ Virgin Islands ......................................................
48 421 2 492
46 809 2 243
50 294 2 727
56 039 2 358
43 159 2 091
54 363 1 899
55 110 2 287
56 054 2 766
47 988 1 980
55 059 2 501
CHAPTER 3 OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES
OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES HIGHLIGHTS This chapter presents employment and wage statistics from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’s Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) program.
50
50
45
45
Mean hourly wage in dollars Percent of total employment
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dm
He
Major occupational group The distribution of wages and employment changed little from 2005 to 2006. Office and administration support occupations continued to employ the largest percentage of workers of any major group (17.4 percent). Average hourly wages for this group increased by less than the average (2.2 percent compared with 3.5 percent). Management occupations made up 4.4 percent of total employment, while their mean hourly wage increased faster than the average (4.0 percent). This increased the wage disparity between the higher- and lower-paid occupations. (See Table 3-1.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • Food preparation and serving occupations, which accounted for 8.3 percent of total employment in 2006, continued to be the lowest-paying occupational group in 2006, with a mean hourly wage of only $8.86 per hour (less than half the mean hourly wage for all occupations). (See Table 3-1.) • Meanwhile, management occupations continued to have the highest mean hourly wage in 2006 at $44.20 per hour, followed by legal occupations at $41.04 per hour. However, the mean hourly wage for legal occupations increased by a greater amount (5.3 percent) than that for management occupations (4.0 percent). (See Table 3-1.) • Surgeons and anesthesiologists were the most highly paid occupations, with average salaries of over $180,000 in 2006. The largest group of health support workers—nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants—earned less than $23,000 per year. (See Table 3-3.) • There was a wider variation in the mean annual wages of postsecondary school teachers with a range of salaries mostly between $55,000 and $95,000 a year. For elementary school teachers, the average wage was about $49,000 per year. (See Table 3-3.)
203
204 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS COLLECTION AND COVERAGE The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey is a federal-state cooperative program conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs). The OES survey provides estimates of employment and hourly and annual wages for wage and salary workers in 22 major occupational groups and 801 detailed occupations. BLS funds the survey and provides procedural and technical support, while the SWAs collect the necessary data. Scope of the Survey In 1999, the OES survey began using the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The SOC system is the first occupational classification system for federal agencies required by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The SOC system consists of 821 detailed occupations grouped into 449 broad occupations, 96 minor occupational groups, and 23 major occupational groups. The OES survey uses 22 of the 23 major occupational groups from the SOC to categorize workers into 801 detailed occupations. Military-specific occupations, which are not covered by the OES survey, are not included. Prior to 2002, the OES survey was conducted annually by mail and measured occupational employment and occupational wage rates for wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments by industry. The survey sampled and contacted approximately 400,000 establishments in the fourth quarter of each year.
duty station regardless of whether that unit prepares their paycheck. Self-employed owners, partners in unincorporated firms, household workers, and unpaid family workers are excluded. Occupations are classified based on work performed and required skills. Employees are assigned to an occupation based on the work they perform and not on their education or training. For example, an employee trained as an engineer but working as a drafter is reported as a drafter. Employees who perform the duties of two or more occupations are reported as being in either the occupation that requires the highest level of skill or the occupation in which the most time is spent (if there is no measurable difference in skill requirements). The OES survey form sent to an establishment contains between 50 and 225 SOC occupations selected on the basis of the industry classification and size class of the sampled establishment. To reduce paperwork and respondent burden, no survey form contains every SOC occupation. Data for specific occupations are thus primarily collected from establishments within the industries that are the predominant employers of labor for these occupations. However, each survey form is structured to allow a respondent to provide information for each detailed occupation employed at the establishment; unlisted occupations can be added to the survey form.
Beginning in November 2002 the OES survey became a semi-annual survey that sampled approximately 200,000 establishments per panel. The OES survey also switched from the Standard Industrial Classification System (SIC) to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) in 2002. More information about NAICS can be found on the BLS Web site at .
Wages are money that is paid or received for work or services performed in a specified period. Base rate, costof-living allowances, guaranteed pay, hazardous-duty pay, incentive pay (including commissions and production bonuses), tips, and on-call pay are included. Excluded are back pay, jury duty pay, overtime pay, severance pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, employer cost of supplementary benefits, and tuition reimbursements.
May 2006 employment and wage estimates are based on all data collected from establishments in the May 2006, November 2005, May 2005, November 2004, May 2004, and November 2003 semi-annual samples. Approximately 1.2 million establishments are sampled over the course of a 3-year cycle.
Mean wage refers to an average wage; an occupational mean wage estimate is calculated by summing the wages of all the employees in a given occupation and then dividing the total wages by the number of employees.
Concepts and Definitions Employment is the estimate of total wage and salary employment in an occupation across the industries in which it was reported. The OES survey defines employment as the number of workers who can be classified as full-time or part-time employees, including workers on paid vacations or other types of leave; workers on unpaid short-term absences; employees who are salaried officers, executives, or staff members of incorporated firms; employees temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for whom the reporting unit is their permanent
An establishment is defined as an economic unit that processes goods or provides services, such as a factory, store, or mine. The establishment is generally at a single physical location and is primarily engaged in one type of economic activity. Additional Information For additional data including area data, see BLS news release USDL 07-0712, “Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2006,” and special reports on the BLS Web site at .
CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES 205 Table 3-1. Employment and Wages, by Major Occupational Group, May 2005 and May 2006 (Number, percent, dollars.) May 2005 Occupation
Employment Number
Percent
May 2006
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Employment Number
Percent
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
All Occupations .............................................................................. Management ..................................................................................... Business and financial operations .................................................... Computer and mathematical sciences ............................................. Architecture and engineering ........................................................... Life, physical, and social sciences ....................................................
130 307 850 5 960 560 5 410 410 2 952 740 2 382 480 1 185 730
100.0 4.6 4.2 2.3 1.8 0.9
18.21 42.52 27.85 32.26 30.73 27.90
37 870 88 450 57 930 67 100 63 910 58 030
132 604 980 5 892 900 5 826 140 3 076 200 2 430 250 1 231 070
100.0 4.4 4.4 2.3 1.8 0.9
18.84 44.20 28.85 33.29 31.82 28.68
39 190 91 930 60 000 69 240 66 190 59 660
Community and social services ........................................................ Legal ................................................................................................. Education, training, and library ......................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ................................ Health care practitioner and technical ..............................................
1 692 950 986 740 8 078 500 1 683 310 6 547 350
1.3 0.8 6.2 1.3 5.0
18.04 38.98 20.89 21.30 28.45
37 530 81 070 43 450 44 310 59 170
1 749 210 976 740 8 206 440 1 727 380 6 713 780
1.3 0.7 6.2 1.3 5.1
18.75 41.04 21.79 22.17 29.82
39 000 85 360 45 320 46 110 62 030
Health care support .......................................................................... Protective services ........................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ............................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ............................. Personal care and services ..............................................................
3 363 800 3 056 660 10 797 700 4 342 550 3 188 850
2.6 2.3 8.3 3.3 2.4
11.47 17.19 8.58 10.55 10.67
23 850 35 750 17 840 21 930 22 180
3 483 270 3 024 840 11 029 280 4 396 250 3 249 760
2.6 2.3 8.3 3.3 2.5
11.83 17.81 8.86 10.86 11.02
24 610 37 040 18 430 22 580 22 920
Sales and related .............................................................................. Office and administrative support ..................................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................................................... Construction and extraction .............................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................
13 930 320 22 784 330 443 070 6 370 400 5 305 260
10.7 17.5 0.3 4.9 4.1
15.77 14.28 10.10 18.39 18.30
32 800 29 710 21 010 38 260 38 050
14 114 860 23 077 190 450 040 6 680 710 5 352 420
10.6 17.4 0.3 5.0 4.0
16.52 14.60 10.49 18.89 18.78
34 350 30 370 21 810 39 290 39 060
Production ........................................................................................ Transportation and material moving .................................................
10 249 220 9 594 920
7.9 7.4
14.37 13.85
29 890 28 820
10 268 510 9 647 730
7.7 7.3
14.65 14.16
30 480 29 460
1The
annual wage has been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a ’’year-round, full-time’’ hours figure of 2,080 hours; for occupations with no published hourly mean wage, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.
206 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 3-2. Distribution of Employment, by Wage Range and Occupational Group, May 2006 (Percent distribution.) Wage range Occupation
Total
Under $9.50
$9.50 to $11.99
$12.00 to $15.24
$15.25 to $19.24
$19.25 to $24.49
$24.50 to $30.99
$31.00 to $39.24
$39.25 to $49.74
$49.75 and over
Management ...................................................................... Business and financial operations ..................................... Computer and mathematical sciences ............................... Architecture and engineering ............................................ Life, physical, and social sciences .....................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1.2 1.7 0.7 0.8 2.0
1.1 2.4 1.6 2.0 3.7
2.8 7.4 4.2 4.9 9.0
5.4 13.8 8.3 9.2 14.1
9.6 20.1 14.1 15.5 18.1
13.7 20.7 18.8 20.5 18.2
16.8 16.5 21.8 20.6 15.2
17.3 9.8 18.1 16.2 10.5
32.0 7.6 12.3 10.4 9.1
Community and social services ......................................... Legal .................................................................................. Education, training, and library .......................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ................. Health care practitioner and technical ...............................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
7.8 1.3 11.9 13.9 2.7
11.8 2.6 9.0 9.9 5.0
19.3 6.6 11.1 13.3 8.7
21.3 10.7 16.0 15.7 12.9
18.5 13.6 19.3 15.8 18.9
12.8 12.9 15.3 12.5 20.1
6.0 11.3 9.7 8.6 13.8
1.9 11.1 4.4 5.2 7.3
0.6 30.0 3.4 5.0 10.4
Health care support ........................................................... Protective services ............................................................. Food preparation and serving related ................................ Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance .............. Personal care and services ...............................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
30.1 19.1 71.3 47.2 53.8
30.5 15.1 15.1 23.5 20.1
22.7 15.1 8.1 15.4 11.4
11.1 14.0 3.5 8.2 6.5
4.1 14.3 1.5 4.1 3.8
1.1 12.0 0.5 1.2 2.3
0.3 7.1 0.1 0.3 1.0
0.1 2.7 0.1 0.7
0.7 0.3
Sales and related ............................................................... Office and administrative support ...................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................ Construction and extraction ............................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair .................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
39.4 18.4 60.7 8.3 8.5
14.9 20.0 14.8 13.3 11.4
11.3 23.6 10.4 19.3 17.4
9.3 18.6 7.3 19.1 20.3
8.0 13.0 4.2 17.2 20.4
6.0 4.5 1.7 12.6 14.2
4.3 1.4 0.6 7.3 6.0
3.0 0.4 0.2 2.3 1.4
3.9 0.1 0.6 0.3
Production .......................................................................... Transportation and material moving ..................................
100.0 100.0
21.9 29.8
20.0 19.1
21.1 18.7
16.8 14.5
11.1 10.0
6.3 4.8
2.1 1.6
0.6 0.6
0.1 0.9
- = Quantity represents or rounds to zero.
CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES 207 Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2005 and May 2006 (Number of people, dollars.) May 2005 Occupation
Employment
Median hourly wage
May 2006
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Employment
ALL OCCUPATIONS ......................................................................................................... 130 307 840
14.15
18.21
37 870
132 604 980
Management Chief executives .................................................................................................................. General and operations managers ..................................................................................... Legislators ........................................................................................................................... Advertising and promotions managers ............................................................................... Marketing managers ...........................................................................................................
321 300 1 663 810 61 060 41 710 166 470
68.48 39.17 (3) 33.10 44.56
67.22 45.90 (3) 39.06 49.03
139 810 95 470 31 320 81 250 101 990
299 520 1 663 280 62 020 38 130 159 950
Sales managers .................................................................................................................. Public relations managers ................................................................................................... Administrative services managers ...................................................................................... Computer and information systems managers ................................................................... Financial managers .............................................................................................................
317 970 43 770 239 410 259 330 471 950
42.11 36.75 30.78 46.41 41.48
47.36 41.26 33.44 49.21 46.45
98 510 85 820 69 540 102 360 96 620
Compensation and benefits managers ............................................................................... Training and development managers ................................................................................. Human resources managers, all other ................................................................................ Industrial production managers ........................................................................................... Purchasing managers .........................................................................................................
51 470 28 720 57 830 153 950 69 300
33.23 35.66 40.47 36.34 36.67
36.68 38.55 43.24 39.41 39.16
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers ........................................................... Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers .................................................................... Farmers and ranchers ......................................................................................................... Construction managers ....................................................................................................... Education administrators, preschool and childcare center/programs .................................
84 870 4 070 350 192 610 47 670
33.23 24.60 16.41 34.74 17.79
Education administrators, elementary and secondary schools ........................................... Education administrators, postsecondary ........................................................................... Education administrators, all other ...................................................................................... Engineering managers ........................................................................................................ Food service managers ......................................................................................................
213 250 105 360 24 710 187 410 191 420
Funeral directors ................................................................................................................. Gaming managers .............................................................................................................. Lodging managers .............................................................................................................. Medical and health services managers ............................................................................... Natural sciences managers ................................................................................................
Median hourly wage
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
14.61
18.84
39 190
(2) 40.97 (3) 35.12 47.46
69.52 47.73 (3) 40.93 51.74
144 600 99 280 32 730 85 140 107 610
307 960 44 010 232 410 251 210 468 270
44.02 39.51 32.54 48.84 43.74
49.39 44.35 35.02 51.56 48.77
102 730 92 250 72 840 107 250 101 450
76 300 80 180 89 950 81 960 81 440
46 640 27 450 55 280 153 410 66 490
35.94 38.58 42.55 37.34 39.22
39.43 41.67 45.63 40.37 41.35
82 010 86 670 94 910 83 970 86 020
36.12 26.81 19.09 39.31 20.51
75 130 55 760 39 720 81 760 42 670
89 010 3 300 300 207 630 46 890
35.14 25.03 17.85 35.43 18.15
37.77 28.15 20.92 39.79 20.88
78 560 58 550 43 520 82 760 43 430
(3) 33.82 30.85 48.44 19.87
(3) 37.78 33.38 50.71 21.60
76 890 78 590 69 430 105 470 44 930
215 630 103 330 26 570 183 960 189 050
(3) 35.57 32.03 50.69 20.68
(3) 39.82 34.38 52.90 22.49
79 200 82 820 71 520 110 030 46 780
21 960 3 310 31 040 230 130 40 400
22.90 28.82 19.53 33.51 44.75
27.04 31.69 22.80 37.09 47.66
56 240 65 920 47 420 77 140 99 140
22 810 3 330 31 300 232 920 38 660
23.86 30.20 20.35 35.26 48.11
27.53 32.38 23.83 39.02 51.91
57 250 67 340 49 560 81 160 107 970
Postmasters and mail superintendents ............................................................................... Property, real estate, and community association managers ............................................. Social and community service managers ........................................................................... Managers, all other .............................................................................................................
26 120 154 230 112 910 340 720
25.34 20.14 23.80 38.06
25.83 24.31 25.92 40.16
53 740 50 570 53 920 83 530
26 580 156 880 112 360 326 390
26.82 20.71 25.03 39.66
26.74 25.14 26.97 41.95
55 630 52 290 56 090 87 250
Business and Financial Operations Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes .................................. Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products ................................................................... Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products ............................................................ Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products ........................................ Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators ..................................................................
10 640 12 970 132 900 267 410 234 030
25.87 22.44 20.61 23.57 22.21
33.68 25.47 23.58 25.27 23.66
70 060 52 970 49 050 52 560 49 210
11 130 13 110 137 310 275 910 279 240
31.01 22.49 21.46 24.39 24.36
40.42 25.83 24.52 26.04 25.36
84 070 53 730 51 010 54 160 52 750
Insurance appraisers, auto damage ................................................................................... Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation ................................................................................................................ Cost estimators ................................................................................................................... Emergency management specialists .................................................................................. Employment, recruitment, and placement specialists .........................................................
12 900
23.12
23.43
48 740
12 630
23.65
24.03
49 980
161 810 204 330 11 240 181 260
23.73 25.01 22.10 20.08
25.63 26.91 23.90 23.31
53 320 55 980 49 720 48 470
222 080 216 900 11 330 186 620
22.62 25.45 22.79 20.40
24.47 27.32 24.26 24.07
50 890 56 820 50 450 50 070
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists ......................................................... Training and development specialists ................................................................................. Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists, all other .................................. Logisticians ......................................................................................................................... Management analysts .........................................................................................................
97 740 206 860 171 880 52 220 441 000
23.49 22.05 23.29 28.90 31.91
24.88 23.58 24.27 30.30 36.06
51 750 49 060 50 480 63 010 75 000
103 870 197 050 204 290 79 570 476 070
24.15 22.99 25.13 30.49 32.72
25.72 24.57 26.30 31.56 37.15
53 500 51 100 54 700 65 640 77 270
Meeting and convention planners ....................................................................................... Business operations specialists, all other ........................................................................... Accountants and auditors ................................................................................................... Appraisers and assessors of real estate ............................................................................. Budget analysts ..................................................................................................................
40 040 916 290 1 051 220 63 800 53 510
19.85 26.22 25.10 20.88 28.32
21.44 28.38 27.89 23.96 29.89
44 590 59 030 58 020 49 830 62 180
42 510 983 340 1 092 960 66 420 58 100
20.28 26.76 26.26 21.38 29.53
21.92 28.96 29.17 24.57 30.73
45 580 60 240 60 670 51 110 63 920
Credit analysts .................................................................................................................... Financial analysts ............................................................................................................... Personal financial advisers ................................................................................................. Insurance underwriters ....................................................................................................... Financial examiners ............................................................................................................
61 500 180 910 108 640 98 970 22 160
24.22 30.70 30.53 24.65 30.33
27.94 35.16 39.89 27.15 32.74
58 110 73 130 82 970 56 480 68 090
66 690 196 960 119 690 99 430 24 430
25.17 32.02 31.79 25.17 31.43
28.94 37.16 41.70 27.86 34.25
60 190 77 280 86 730 57 960 71 240
Loan counselors .................................................................................................................. Loan officers ....................................................................................................................... Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents ................................................................. Tax preparers ...................................................................................................................... Financial specialists, all other .............................................................................................
28 030 332 690 72 290 58 850 122 320
17.15 23.77 21.26 12.36 24.64
20.85 28.53 23.78 14.90 27.47
43 370 59 350 49 460 31 000 57 130
30 430 359 260 75 160 62 860 120 790
17.21 24.89 21.93 13.15 25.81
20.12 29.77 23.89 15.94 28.65
41 840 61 930 49 690 33 160 59 600
1Annual
wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for occupations with no published hourly mean wage, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.
2Median hourly wage is equal to or greater than $70.00 per hour. 3Wages for some occupations that do not generally entail year-round,
paid).
full-time employment are reported as either hourly wages or annual salaries (depending on how employees are typically
208 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2005 and May 2006—Continued (Number of people, dollars.) May 2005 Occupation
Employment
Median hourly wage
May 2006
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Employment
Median hourly wage
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Computer and Mathematical Sciences Computer and information scientists, research ................................................................... Computer programmers ...................................................................................................... Computer software engineers, applications ........................................................................ Computer software engineers, systems software ............................................................... Computer support specialists ..............................................................................................
25 890 389 090 455 980 320 720 499 860
43.86 30.49 37.06 39.48 19.52
45.21 32.40 38.24 40.54 20.86
94 030 67 400 79 540 84 310 43 380
27 650 396 020 472 520 329 060 514 460
45.17 31.50 38.36 41.04 19.94
46.36 33.42 39.42 41.95 21.32
96 440 69 500 82 000 87 250 44 350
Computer systems analysts ................................................................................................ Database administrators ..................................................................................................... Network and computer systems administrators .................................................................. Network systems and data communications analysts ........................................................ Computer specialists, all other ............................................................................................
492 120 99 380 270 330 185 190 116 760
32.84 30.41 28.81 29.69 28.57
33.86 31.54 30.39 31.23 30.38
70 430 65 590 63 210 64 970 63 190
446 460 109 840 289 520 203 710 180 270
33.54 31.09 29.87 31.06 32.97
34.73 32.43 31.37 32.43 33.35
72 230 67 460 65 260 67 460 69 370
Actuaries ............................................................................................................................. Mathematicians ................................................................................................................... Operations research analysts ............................................................................................. Statisticians ......................................................................................................................... Mathematical technicians .................................................................................................... Mathematical scientists, all other ........................................................................................
15 770 2 930 52 530 17 480 1 430 7 320
39.25 38.90 29.90 30.02 17.54 29.74
43.63 39.02 31.70 31.79 22.23 29.60
90 760 81 150 65 940 66 130 46 230 61 560
16 620 2 840 56 170 19 660 1 210 10 190
39.81 41.79 31.08 31.60 18.21 30.56
44.14 41.72 33.22 33.21 22.12 31.21
91 810 86 780 69 100 69 080 46 010 64 920
Architecture and Engineering Architects, except landscape and naval .............................................................................. Landscape architects .......................................................................................................... Cartographers and photogrammetrists ............................................................................... Surveyors ............................................................................................................................ Aerospace engineers ..........................................................................................................
96 740 20 220 11 260 54 220 81 100
30.22 26.07 23.20 22.05 40.43
32.96 28.62 24.68 23.53 41.08
68 560 59 540 51 340 48 950 85 450
101 010 22 130 11 430 56 820 86 720
30.84 26.51 23.19 23.22 42.12
33.54 29.08 25.29 24.71 42.92
69 760 60 480 52 600 51 390 89 260
Agricultural engineers ......................................................................................................... Biomedical engineers .......................................................................................................... Chemical engineers ............................................................................................................ Civil engineers .................................................................................................................... Computer hardware engineers ...........................................................................................
3 170 11 660 27 550 229 700 78 580
31.20 34.54 37.09 31.82 40.59
31.91 36.24 38.09 33.41 41.91
66 370 75 380 79 230 69 480 87 170
3 050 14 030 29 060 236 690 74 480
31.75 35.54 37.91 32.98 42.54
32.60 37.51 39.23 34.67 43.88
67 810 78 030 81 600 72 120 91 280
Electrical engineers ............................................................................................................. Electronics engineers, except computer ............................................................................. Environmental engineers .................................................................................................... Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors ................... Industrial engineers .............................................................................................................
144 920 130 050 50 140 25 330 191 640
35.34 37.52 32.74 31.35 32.05
36.57 38.46 34.00 32.33 32.93
76 060 79 990 70 720 67 240 68 500
147 670 131 880 51 370 24 620 198 340
36.50 38.97 33.63 31.87 32.99
37.93 39.82 34.90 32.89 33.96
78 900 82 820 72 590 68 400 70 630
Marine engineers and naval architects ............................................................................... Materials engineers ............................................................................................................. Mechanical engineers ......................................................................................................... Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers ................................. Nuclear engineers ...............................................................................................................
6 550 20 950 220 750 5 680 14 290
35.06 33.49 32.49 33.69 42.45
35.73 34.32 33.65 36.09 43.60
74 320 71 390 70 000 75 070 90 690
7 810 21 230 217 500 6 810 14 870
35.09 35.57 33.58 34.69 43.38
36.25 36.52 34.89 37.32 44.25
75 400 75 960 72 580 77 620 92 040
Petroleum engineers ........................................................................................................... Engineers, all other ............................................................................................................. Architectural and civil drafters ............................................................................................. Electrical and electronics drafters ....................................................................................... Mechanical drafters .............................................................................................................
14 860 152 940 101 040 30 270 74 650
44.71 37.09 19.42 21.90 20.84
46.80 37.29 20.24 23.27 21.87
97 350 77 570 42 110 48 410 45 490
15 060 155 620 107 110 32 440 72 950
47.30 39.26 20.17 22.51 21.01
48.86 39.30 21.11 23.85 22.10
101 620 81 750 43 900 49 610 45 960
Drafters, all other ................................................................................................................ Aerospace engineering and operations technicians ........................................................... Civil engineering technicians .............................................................................................. Electrical and electronic engineering technicians ............................................................... Electromechanical technicians ............................................................................................
20 870 9 950 90 390 165 850 15 130
20.34 25.22 18.85 23.10 21.10
21.84 26.31 19.61 23.42 21.96
45 420 54 720 40 780 48 710 45 670
22 800 8 280 86 730 166 340 15 310
20.70 25.62 19.50 24.35 21.50
21.87 26.19 20.37 24.44 22.37
45 480 54 480 42 380 50 840 46 540
Environmental engineering technicians .............................................................................. Industrial engineering technicians ....................................................................................... Mechanical engineering technicians ................................................................................... Engineering technicians, except drafters, all other ............................................................. Surveying and mapping technicians ...................................................................................
19 900 73 310 46 580 78 300 63 910
19.14 21.77 21.55 25.25 15.04
20.16 23.67 22.37 25.19 16.05
41 940 49 220 46 520 52 400 33 390
20 600 73 640 46 660 78 260 70 940
19.50 22.51 22.04 26.08 15.55
20.72 24.48 22.94 25.89 16.63
43 100 50 920 47 710 53 850 34 590
Life, Physical, and Social Sciences Animal scientists ................................................................................................................. Food scientists and technologists ....................................................................................... Soil and plant scientists ...................................................................................................... Biochemists and biophysicists ............................................................................................ Microbiologists ....................................................................................................................
3 000 7 570 10 100 17 690 15 250
20.76 24.73 26.22 34.14 27.34
22.88 27.33 27.90 36.21 30.46
47 600 56 840 58 040 75 320 63 360
3 930 8 770 10 720 18 680 15 730
22.98 25.87 26.96 36.69 27.87
25.59 28.49 28.52 38.90 31.35
53 230 59 260 59 330 80 900 65 200
Zoologists and wildlife biologists ......................................................................................... Biological scientists, all other .............................................................................................. Conservation scientists ....................................................................................................... Foresters ............................................................................................................................. Epidemiologists ...................................................................................................................
16 440 26 200 15 540 10 750 3 630
25.02 28.94 25.65 23.40 25.08
26.58 30.61 26.27 24.53 27.09
55 280 63 670 54 640 51 030 56 340
18 000 25 220 16 000 10 760 4 120
25.63 29.30 26.43 24.61 27.25
26.98 30.56 26.64 25.22 28.99
56 120 63 560 55 410 52 450 60 290
Medical scientists, except epidemiologists ......................................................................... Life scientists, all other ........................................................................................................ Astronomers ........................................................................................................................ Physicists ............................................................................................................................ Atmospheric and space scientists .......................................................................................
73 670 12 790 970 15 160 7 050
29.68 27.10 50.32 43.18 35.55
33.24 31.04 48.73 43.98 35.11
69 140 64 570 101 360 91 480 73 020
78 210 12 830 1 430 15 420 8 250
29.66 27.39 46.03 45.31 37.09
33.82 31.00 45.67 45.95 37.41
70 350 64 480 95 000 95 580 77 810
Chemists ............................................................................................................................. Materials scientists .............................................................................................................. Environmental scientists and specialists, including health .................................................. Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers ......................................................... Hydrologists ........................................................................................................................
76 540 7 880 72 000 27 430 8 360
27.83 34.35 25.30 34.44 30.68
30.51 35.74 27.63 38.46 32.33
63 470 74 350 57 470 79 990 67 260
80 500 9 390 77 720 28 980 7 740
28.78 35.87 26.97 34.93 31.86
31.75 37.02 29.38 38.41 32.80
66 040 77 010 61 120 79 890 68 230
1Annual
wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for occupations with no published hourly mean wage, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.
CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES 209 Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2005 and May 2006—Continued (Number of people, dollars.) May 2005 Occupation
Employment
Median hourly wage
May 2006
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Employment
Median hourly wage
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Life, Physical, and Social Sciences—Continued Physical scientists, all other ................................................................................................ Economists ......................................................................................................................... Market research analysts .................................................................................................... Survey researchers ............................................................................................................. Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists ...................................................................
23 800 12 470 195 710 21 650 98 820
40.05 35.43 27.55 14.97 27.49
40.57 38.90 30.95 18.13 30.75
84 380 80 900 64 370 37 710 63 960
21 380 12 970 213 590 24 140 97 330
40.12 37.03 28.28 16.04 28.58
41.01 40.14 31.70 19.08 31.78
85 310 83 500 65 930 39 680 66 110
Industrial-organizational psychologists ............................................................................... Psychologists, all other ....................................................................................................... Sociologists ......................................................................................................................... Urban and regional planners ............................................................................................... Anthropologists and archeologists ......................................................................................
1 070 6 750 3 500 31 650 4 790
40.72 35.70 25.37 26.53 22.07
43.26 35.70 29.66 27.70 24.07
89 980 74 250 61 700 57 620 50 060
1 140 7 960 3 440 32 640 4 960
41.55 36.69 28.99 27.22 24.00
43.23 38.63 32.83 28.33 25.43
89 920 80 360 68 300 58 940 52 900
Geographers ....................................................................................................................... Historians ............................................................................................................................ Political scientists ................................................................................................................ Social scientists and related workers, all other ................................................................... Agricultural and food science technicians ...........................................................................
810 2 850 5 010 31 900 19 340
30.56 21.35 40.43 30.12 15.08
31.07 23.86 40.78 31.27 15.99
64 620 49 620 84 820 65 040 33 260
960 3 090 3 970 31 110 19 220
30.28 23.33 43.34 31.21 15.26
30.64 25.36 41.52 32.56 16.20
63 720 52 750 86 370 67 720 33 700
Biological technicians .......................................................................................................... Chemical technicians .......................................................................................................... Geological and petroleum technicians ................................................................................ Nuclear technicians ............................................................................................................. Social science research assistants .....................................................................................
67 080 59 790 11 130 6 050 16 320
16.47 18.51 21.03 29.39 16.32
17.54 19.29 23.82 28.77 17.29
36 480 40 120 49 550 59 840 35 960
71 590 59 900 11 280 6 400 15 840
17.17 18.87 22.19 31.49 16.28
18.38 19.70 24.76 31.14 17.23
38 240 40 970 51 490 64 760 35 840
Environmental science and protection technicians, including health .................................. Forensic science technicians .............................................................................................. Forest and conservation technicians .................................................................................. Life, physical, and social science technicians, all other ......................................................
32 460 11 030 29 940 63 810
17.43 21.44 13.72 19.25
18.52 22.79 15.13 21.72
38 520 47 390 31 480 45 180
34 790 12 310 30 580 58 080
18.31 21.79 14.84 18.23
19.36 23.14 16.24 19.65
40 260 48 130 33 780 40 870
Community and Social Services Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors ....................................................... Educational, vocational, and school counselors ................................................................. Marriage and family therapists ............................................................................................ Mental health counselors .................................................................................................... Rehabilitation counselors ....................................................................................................
72 210 214 160 18 500 87 220 117 230
15.66 22.33 20.34 16.35 13.62
16.73 23.33 21.90 18.01 15.07
34 800 48 530 45 550 37 470 31 350
75 940 226 720 21 330 91 830 121 380
16.36 22.85 20.78 16.53 14.04
17.28 23.92 21.49 18.19 15.80
35 950 49 760 44 700 37 840 32 870
Counselors, all other ........................................................................................................... Child, family, and school social workers ............................................................................. Medical and public health social workers ............................................................................ Mental health and substance abuse social workers ........................................................... Social workers, all other ......................................................................................................
21 390 256 430 112 220 120 140 60 940
17.91 17.00 19.77 16.54 19.85
19.01 18.65 20.52 17.75 20.54
39 540 38 780 42 690 36 920 42 720
24 260 262 830 116 750 114 820 61 270
18.37 18.02 20.69 17.02 20.95
19.37 19.54 21.48 18.26 21.61
40 280 40 640 44 690 37 980 44 950
Health educators ................................................................................................................. Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists .................................................... Social and human service assistants .................................................................................. Community and social service specialists, all other ............................................................ Clergy ..................................................................................................................................
51 970 90 600 313 210 99 860 36 590
19.10 19.33 12.03 15.83 18.53
20.89 20.92 12.79 16.85 20.05
43 440 43 510 26 600 35 060 41 700
57 900 89 650 318 620 107 380 37 820
19.87 20.43 12.30 16.93 19.07
21.81 22.18 13.08 17.99 20.70
45 370 46 130 27 200 37 410 43 060
Directors, religious activities and education ........................................................................ Religious workers, all other .................................................................................................
13 610 6 670
15.64 11.43
17.09 13.48
35 540 28 050
14 750 5 990
16.47 11.70
18.06 14.11
37 570 29 350
Legal Lawyers ............................................................................................................................... Administrative law judges, adjudicators, and hearing officers ............................................ Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators ............................................................................... Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates ...................................................................... Paralegals and legal assistants ..........................................................................................
529 190 15 350 5 780 25 330 217 700
47.56 33.98 26.14 46.91 19.79
53.13 36.89 28.78 43.99 20.92
110 520 76 730 59 870 91 500 43 510
547 710 14 470 8 110 25 870 229 430
49.26 34.90 23.80 48.89 20.69
54.65 37.37 28.27 45.98 21.86
113 660 77 730 58 790 95 640 45 460
Court reporters .................................................................................................................... Law clerks ........................................................................................................................... Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers ....................................................................... Legal support workers, all other ..........................................................................................
17 130 40 620 64 580 71 060
20.02 17.12 16.88 21.06
21.84 17.78 19.26 22.54
45 420 36 980 40 070 46 890
16 940 31 890 63 410 38 910
21.93 17.48 17.32 21.70
23.25 18.85 19.55 24.29
48 370 39 210 40 660 50 520
Education, Training, and Library Business teachers, postsecondary ..................................................................................... Computer science teachers, postsecondary ....................................................................... Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary ................................................................. Architecture teachers, postsecondary ................................................................................. Engineering teachers, postsecondary .................................................................................
67 420 38 520 44 660 6 110 34 500
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
67 500 60 330 58 850 65 740 78 780
67 390 36 630 44 570 5 820 31 950
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
70 220 65 000 62 790 67 390 82 080
Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary ................................................................... Biological science teachers, postsecondary ....................................................................... Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary ............................................. Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary ....................... Chemistry teachers, postsecondary ....................................................................................
11 460 59 540 2 990 8 810 19 520
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
73 680 77 690 67 550 70 960 65 400
10 120 51 950 2 630 8 670 19 560
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
77 190 82 110 66 970 74 880 70 100
Environmental science teachers, postsecondary ................................................................ Physics teachers, postsecondary ....................................................................................... Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary ..................................................... Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary ................................................ Economics teachers, postsecondary ..................................................................................
4 340 13 310 5 320 7 970 12 670
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
66 020 71 020 66 700 62 480 74 600
4 310 12 340 5 040 7 350 12 330
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
71 980 74 650 68 240 63 710 79 370
1Annual
wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for occupations with no published hourly mean wage, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. for some occupations that do not generally entail year-round, full-time employment are reported as either hourly wages or annual salaries (depending on how employees are typically paid).
3Wages
210 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2005 and May 2006—Continued (Number of people, dollars.) May 2005 Occupation
Employment
Median hourly wage
May 2006
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Employment
Median hourly wage
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Education, Training, and Library–Continued Geography teachers, postsecondary .................................................................................. Political science teachers, postsecondary .......................................................................... Psychology teachers, postsecondary ................................................................................. Sociology teachers, postsecondary .................................................................................... Social sciences teachers, postsecondary, all other ............................................................
4 250 13 710 30 240 14 980 6 330
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
61 790 65 760 61 980 59 030 66 060
4 070 13 850 29 690 16 110 5 750
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
(3) (3) (3) (3) (?3 )
62 850 69 040 64 580 63 160 69 640
Health specialties teachers, postsecondary ........................................................................ Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary ............................................................... Education teachers, postsecondary .................................................................................... Library science teachers, postsecondary ............................................................................ Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary .........................................
108 680 37 020 51 320 3 960 9 880
(3) (3) (?3 ) (3) (3)
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
82 450 56 840 54 790 56 630 52 930
116 370 39 350 53 470 3 830 10 430
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
(?3 ) (?3 ) (?3 ) (?3 ) (3)
91 260 58 690 57 410 57 550 55 310
Law teachers, postsecondary ............................................................................................. Social work teachers, postsecondary ................................................................................. Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary ................................................................. Communications teachers, postsecondary ......................................................................... English language and literature teachers, postsecondary ..................................................
13 560 7 440 69 260 22 320 58 710
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
95 570 56 520 55 340 ... 53 950
11 870 7 860 72 100 23 560 59 320
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
94 290 57 990 58 250 56 600 57 320
Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary .................................................. History teachers, postsecondary ......................................................................................... Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary ............................................................... Graduate teaching assistants ............................................................................................. Home economics teachers, postsecondary ........................................................................
23 830 20 520 18 340 117 970 4 010
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
53 400 59 450 57 960 29 170 51 760
24 680 20 980 17 840 112 830 4 330
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
60 050 63 200 60 180 30 190 60 630
Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary .................................................... Vocational education teachers, postsecondary .................................................................. Postsecondary teachers, all other ....................................................................................... Preschool teachers, except special education .................................................................... Kindergarten teachers, except special education ...............................................................
16 530 105 980 267 280 348 690 171 290
(3) 20.07 (3) 10.57 (3)
(3) (3) (3) 12.09 (3)
48 960 45 110 67 540 25 150 45 250
17 110 109 360 272 410 361 600 165 780
(3) 21.11 (3) 10.91 (3)
(3) 22.65 (3) 12.45 (3)
54 020 47 110 72 310 25 900 47 040
Elementary school teachers, except special education ...................................................... Middle school teachers, except special and vocational education ...................................... Vocational education teachers, middle school .................................................................... Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational education ............................... Vocational education teachers, secondary school ..............................................................
1 486 650 637 340 15 380 1 015 740 96 600
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
46 990 47 890 46 080 49 400 49 240
1 509 180 652 700 15 740 1 030 780 95 040
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)
48 700 49 470 46 650 51 150 51 050
Special education teachers, preschool, kindergarten, and elementary school ................... Special education teachers, middle school ......................................................................... Special education teachers, secondary school ................................................................... Adult literacy, remedial education, and GED teachers and instructors ............................... Self-enrichment education teachers ...................................................................................
214 060 103 480 136 290 66 070 141 650
(3) (3) (3) 19.84 15.56
(3) (3) (3) 21.21 17.68
47 820 50 340 50 880 44 110 36 760
216 930 101 420 136 870 71 740 149 700
(3) (3) (3) 21.11 16.08
(3) (3) (3) 22.45 18.50
49 710 52 550 52 520 46 690 38 470
Teachers and instructors, all other ...................................................................................... Archivists ............................................................................................................................. Curators .............................................................................................................................. Museum technicians and conservators ............................................................................... Librarians ............................................................................................................................
530 670 5 410 8 790 9 370 146 740
(3) 17.99 21.75 16.39 22.79
(3) 19.64 23.64 17.94 23.61
33 510 40 850 49 180 37 320 49 110
576 840 5 460 9 520 9 810 148 610
(3) 19.58 22.26 16.51 23.59
(3) 21.35 24.03 18.30 24.45
35 370 44 400 49 980 38 060 50 860
Library technicians .............................................................................................................. Audio-visual collections specialists ..................................................................................... Farm and home management advisers .............................................................................. Instructional coordinators .................................................................................................... Teacher assistants .............................................................................................................. Education, training, and library workers, all other ...............................................................
115 770 6 910 12 620 112 880 1 260 400 72 450
12.33 19.36 20.14 24.24 (3) 14.37
12.95 19.76 22.05 25.66 (3) 16.33
26 940 41 100 45 860 53 360 21 100 33 970
113 940 6 520 12 390 117 630 1 246 030 84 390
12.77 19.49 20.06 25.38 (3) 15.46
13.42 20.23 22.59 26.72 (3) 17.14
27 910 42 090 46 990 55 570 21 860 35 640
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Art directors ......................................................................................................................... Craft artists .......................................................................................................................... Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators ................................................... Multimedia artists and animators ........................................................................................ Artists and related workers, all other ...................................................................................
29 350 4 300 10 390 23 790 5 290
30.75 10.78 19.85 24.18 15.01
35.48 13.15 22.44 27.53 17.73
73 790 27 360 46 670 57 270 36 880
31 030 4 870 11 260 26 260 7 870
32.74 11.58 20.18 24.69 20.19
37.70 13.75 22.65 27.90 23.51
78 420 28 610 47 100 58 030 48 890
Commercial and industrial designers .................................................................................. Fashion designers ............................................................................................................... Floral designers .................................................................................................................. Graphic designers ............................................................................................................... Interior designers ................................................................................................................
31 650 12 980 63 920 178 530 50 020
25.10 29.26 10.12 18.46 19.88
27.30 32.39 10.77 20.45 22.60
56 780 67 370 22 410 42 530 47 010
33 540 15 670 61 320 190 880 52 440
26.23 30.10 10.43 19.18 20.32
28.53 33.30 11.08 21.07 23.08
59 340 69 270 23 040 43 830 48 000
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers ................................................................... Set and exhibit designers .................................................................................................... Designers, all other ............................................................................................................. Actors .................................................................................................................................. Producers and directors ......................................................................................................
64 320 8 380 12 410 59 590 59 070
10.86 17.98 20.96 13.60 25.89
12.10 20.15 22.99 23.73 33.16
25 170 41 920 47 810 (?3 ) 68 970
62 580 8 320 11 390 51 880 63 840
11.45 20.11 21.09 11.61 27.07
12.77 21.93 23.50 21.84 34.72
26 550 45 620 48 890 (?3 ) 72 210
Athletes and sports competitors .......................................................................................... Coaches and scouts ........................................................................................................... Umpires, referees, and other sports officials ...................................................................... Dancers ............................................................................................................................... Choreographers ..................................................................................................................
12 230 145 440 12 800 16 240 16 150
(3) (3) (3) 8.92 15.84
(3) (3) (3) 13.22 18.26
71 900 32 050 27 150 (?3 ) 37 970
12 500 154 350 13 790 16 010 16 340
(3) (3) (3) 9.55 16.67
(3) (3) (3) 13.86 18.42
74 440 33 290 27 450 (?3 ) 38 320
1Annual
wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for occupations with no published hourly mean wage, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. for some occupations that do not generally entail year-round, full-time employment are reported as either hourly wages or annual salaries (depending on how employees are typically paid). . . . = Not available. 3Wages
CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES 211 Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2005 and May 2006—Continued (Number of people, dollars.) May 2005 Occupation
Employment
Median hourly wage
May 2006
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Employment
Median hourly wage
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media—Continued Music directors and composers .......................................................................................... Musicians and singers ........................................................................................................ Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other .................................... Radio and television announcers ........................................................................................ Public address system and other announcers ....................................................................
8 610 50 410 68 540 41 090 8 150
16.74 17.90 15.73 11.60 11.20
20.90 25.16 17.92 17.11 14.98
43 470 (3) (3) 35 600 31 160
9 470 46 600 59 450 40 020 8 300
19.11 19.73 15.11 11.69 12.02
25.63 27.51 16.84 17.36 16.33
53 320 (3) (3) 36 120 33 970
Broadcast news analysts .................................................................................................... Reporters and correspondents ........................................................................................... Public relations specialists .................................................................................................. Editors ................................................................................................................................. Technical writers .................................................................................................................
6 680 52 920 191 430 96 270 46 250
20.58 15.52 21.64 21.88 26.52
30.73 19.41 24.56 24.88 27.75
63 920 40 370 51 080 51 750 57 720
6 770 53 060 209 560 100 170 45 330
22.46 16.09 22.76 22.59 27.91
32.17 20.14 25.85 25.59 29.25
66 910 41 900 53 760 53 220 60 850
Writers and authors ............................................................................................................. Interpreters and translators ................................................................................................. Media and communication workers, all other ...................................................................... Audio and video equipment technicians ............................................................................. Broadcast technicians .........................................................................................................
43 020 29 240 25 660 40 390 30 730
22.32 16.73 20.14 15.84 14.62
25.89 18.41 22.13 17.48 17.00
53 850 38 300 46 030 36 350 35 350
43 260 30 910 22 970 40 360 32 070
23.38 17.10 20.47 16.75 14.75
27.93 19.11 22.26 18.61 17.09
58 080 39 750 46 310 38 710 35 540
Radio operators .................................................................................................................. Sound engineering technicians ........................................................................................... Photographers .................................................................................................................... Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture .................................................... Film and video editors ......................................................................................................... Media and communication equipment workers, all other ....................................................
1 190 12 680 58 260 22 530 15 200 17 200
17.42 18.46 12.55 20.01 22.56 22.95
18.21 22.98 15.10 22.13 26.31 24.81
37 880 47 790 31 410 46 040 54 730 51 610
1 220 14 080 60 300 22 230 17 380 17 740
18.22 20.68 12.58 19.26 22.44 25.03
18.69 24.16 15.30 22.19 27.93 25.59
38 870 50 260 31 830 46 150 58 100 53 230
Health Care Practitioner and Technical Chiropractors ...................................................................................................................... Dentists, general ................................................................................................................. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons .......................................................................................... Orthodontists ....................................................................................................................... Prosthodontists ...................................................................................................................
24 290 86 270 5 120 4 820 560
32.31 60.24 (2) (2) (2)
39.45 64.27 77.24 78.56 70.23
82 060 133 680 160 660 163 410 146 080
25 470 86 110 5 320 5 200 480
31.36 63.53 (2) (2) (2)
38.97 67.76 79.21 85.05 76.42
81 070 140 950 164 760 176 900 158 940
Dentists, all other specialists ............................................................................................... Dietitians and nutritionists ................................................................................................... Optometrists ........................................................................................................................ Pharmacists ........................................................................................................................ Anesthesiologists ................................................................................................................
3 480 48 850 23 720 229 740 27 970
45.48 21.61 42.33 43.18 (2)
55.60 22.09 45.91 42.62 83.77
115 640 45 950 95 500 88 650 174 240
4 560 51 230 24 220 239 920 29 890
43.85 22.59 43.77 45.44 (2)
52.09 23.02 47.38 44.95 88.63
108 340 47 890 98 550 93 500 184 340
Family and general practitioners ......................................................................................... Internists, general ............................................................................................................... Obstetricians and gynecologists ......................................................................................... Pediatricians, general ......................................................................................................... Psychiatrists ........................................................................................................................
112 150 48 210 21 910 26 400 23 450
67.50 (2) (2) 65.67 (2)
67.49 75.27 82.60 66.94 70.26
140 370 156 550 171 810 139 230 146 150
109 400 48 700 22 520 28 930 24 730
(2) (2) (2) 66.41 (2)
72.04 77.34 85.60 68.00 72.11
149 850 160 860 178 040 141 440 149 990
Surgeons ............................................................................................................................. Physicians and surgeons, all other ..................................................................................... Physician assistants ............................................................................................................ Podiatrists ........................................................................................................................... Registered nurses ...............................................................................................................
52 930 180 210 63 350 8 290 2 368 070
(2) 68.98 34.63 48.34 26.28
85.43 66.79 34.17 53.49 27.35
177 690 138 910 71 070 111 250 56 880
51 900 208 960 62 960 9 020 2 417 150
(2) (2) 36.05 52.03 27.54
88.53 68.38 35.71 56.97 28.71
184 150 142 220 74 270 118 500 59 730
Audiologists ......................................................................................................................... Occupational therapists ...................................................................................................... Physical therapists .............................................................................................................. Radiation therapists ............................................................................................................ Recreational therapists .......................................................................................................
10 330 87 430 151 280 14 120 23 260
25.72 27.34 30.33 29.97 16.10
27.72 28.41 31.42 30.59 16.90
57 660 59 100 65 350 63 620 35 150
10 910 88 570 156 100 14 290 24 130
27.46 29.07 31.83 31.81 16.82
29.38 30.05 32.72 32.49 17.55
61 110 62 510 68 050 67 580 36 510
Respiratory therapists ......................................................................................................... Speech-language pathologists ............................................................................................ Therapists, all other ............................................................................................................ Veterinarians ....................................................................................................................... Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other ........................................................
95 320 94 660 9 730 47 870 57 880
21.70 26.38 20.22 33.13 27.64
22.24 27.89 21.96 37.36 42.13
46 270 58 000 45 680 77 710 87 630
99 330 98 690 11 660 49 750 53 270
22.80 27.74 20.31 34.61 29.60
23.37 29.25 21.67 39.18 39.96
48 610 60 840 45 070 81 490 83 110
Medical and clinical laboratory technologists ...................................................................... Medical and clinical laboratory technicians ......................................................................... Dental hygienists ................................................................................................................. Cardiovascular technologists and technicians .................................................................... Diagnostic medical sonographers .......................................................................................
155 250 142 330 161 140 43 560 43 590
22.94 15.24 29.28 19.43 26.14
23.37 15.95 29.15 19.99 26.65
48 600 33 170 60 620 41 580 55 430
160 760 144 710 166 380 43 870 44 340
23.90 15.79 30.19 20.34 27.48
24.30 16.65 30.01 21.15 27.94
50 550 34 620 62 430 43 990 58 110
Nuclear medicine technologists .......................................................................................... Radiologic technologists and technicians ........................................................................... Emergency medical technicians and paramedics ............................................................... Dietetic technicians ............................................................................................................. Pharmacy technicians .........................................................................................................
18 280 184 580 196 880 23 780 266 790
28.69 22.09 12.54 11.28 11.73
29.10 22.60 13.68 12.20 12.19
60 530 47 010 28 440 25 380 25 350
19 270 190 180 196 190 24 450 282 450
29.95 23.16 13.01 11.56 12.32
30.29 23.71 14.13 12.55 12.75
63 000 49 320 29 390 26 090 26 510
Psychiatric technicians ........................................................................................................ Respiratory therapy technicians .......................................................................................... Surgical technologists ......................................................................................................... Veterinary technologists and technicians ............................................................................ Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses .............................................................
62 040 22 060 83 680 63 860 710 020
12.87 18.37 16.75 12.34 16.94
14.04 18.57 17.27 12.84 17.41
29 210 38 620 35 920 26 710 36 210
58 940 18 710 84 330 69 700 720 380
13.36 18.81 17.35 12.88 17.57
14.64 19.17 17.97 13.34 18.05
30 450 39 860 37 370 27 750 37 530
1Annual
wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for occupations with no published hourly mean wage, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.
2Median hourly wage is equal to or greater than $70.00 per hour. 3Wages for some occupations that do not generally entail year-round,
paid).
full-time employment are reported as either hourly wages or annual salaries (depending on how employees are typically
212 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2005 and May 2006—Continued (Number of people, dollars.) May 2005 Occupation
Employment
Median hourly wage
May 2006
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Employment
Median hourly wage
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Health Care Practitioner and Technical—Continued Medical records and health information technicians ........................................................... Opticians, dispensing .......................................................................................................... Orthotists and prosthetists .................................................................................................. Health technologists and technicians, all other ................................................................... Occupational health and safety specialists .........................................................................
160 450 70 090 5 190 71 140 35 460
12.83 13.94 25.85 16.49 25.82
13.81 14.80 28.87 18.04 26.83
28 720 30 770 60 050 37 520 55 800
164 700 65 190 5 290 72 180 42 220
13.48 14.57 28.36 16.89 27.90
14.49 15.49 29.86 18.39 28.50
30 140 32 220 62 110 38 260 59 270
Occupational health and safety technicians ........................................................................ Athletic trainers ................................................................................................................... Health care practitioners and technical workers, all other ..................................................
9 510 15 110 50 880
20.75 (3) 16.12
22.17 (3) 19.03
46 120 36 520 39 590
10 020 15 440 50 690
20.27 (3) 17.89
21.32 (3) 21.68
44 340 38 860 45 090
Health Care Support Home health aides .............................................................................................................. Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants ............................................................................ Psychiatric aides ................................................................................................................. Occupational therapist assistants ....................................................................................... Occupational therapist aides ...............................................................................................
663 280 1 391 430 56 150 22 160 6 220
9.04 10.31 11.02 19.11 11.69
9.34 10.67 11.47 19.13 13.20
19 420 22 200 23 860 39 800 27 450
751 480 1 376 660 57 000 23 700 7 780
9.34 10.67 11.49 20.22 12.03
9.66 11.04 12.01 20.25 13.35
20 100 22 960 24 990 42 110 27 760
Physical therapist assistants ............................................................................................... Physical therapist aides ...................................................................................................... Massage therapists ............................................................................................................. Dental assistants ................................................................................................................. Medical assistants ...............................................................................................................
58 670 41 930 37 670 270 720 382 720
18.98 10.34 15.81 14.19 12.19
18.98 11.01 19.33 14.41 12.58
39 490 22 900 40 210 29 970 26 160
59 350 45 520 41 920 277 040 409 570
19.88 10.61 16.06 14.53 12.64
19.91 11.20 18.93 14.83 13.07
41 410 23 290 39 380 30 850 27 190
Medical equipment preparers ............................................................................................. Medical transcriptionists ...................................................................................................... Pharmacy aides .................................................................................................................. Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers ..................................................... Health care support workers, all other ................................................................................
41 790 90 380 46 610 69 890 184 200
11.96 13.98 9.09 9.43 12.51
12.42 14.36 9.76 9.90 13.05
25 830 29 880 20 310 20 590 27 150
42 740 86 790 47 810 70 310 185 580
12.47 14.40 9.35 9.60 12.98
12.97 14.74 10.07 10.13 13.55
26 980 30 660 20 950 21 060 28 170
Protective Services First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers ...................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives ................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers ............................. First-line supervisors/managers of protective service workers, all other ............................ Firefighters ..........................................................................................................................
37 530 91 320 53 490 49 330 282 180
23.35 31.52 29.25 19.78 18.80
24.37 32.33 30.06 21.95 19.43
50 700 67 240 62 510 45 650 40 420
37 400 89 170 50 810 45 170 283 630
25.28 33.32 30.24 19.99 19.80
26.27 33.76 31.27 22.28 20.37
54 630 70 230 65 030 46 350 42 370
Fire inspectors and investigators ........................................................................................ Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists ................................................................ Bailiffs ................................................................................................................................. Correctional officers and jailers ........................................................................................... Detectives and criminal investigators ..................................................................................
12 820 1 720 17 160 411 080 85 270
22.64 16.48 16.25 16.39 26.82
23.44 18.44 16.90 17.60 28.24
48 760 38 360 35 160 36 600 58 750
13 360 1 710 17 890 417 810 100 110
23.10 15.84 16.45 17.19 28.01
24.02 17.21 17.43 18.42 29.03
49 950 35 810 36 260 38 310 60 390
Fish and game wardens ...................................................................................................... Parking enforcement workers ............................................................................................. Police and sheriff's patrol officers ....................................................................................... Transit and railroad police ................................................................................................... Animal control workers ........................................................................................................
6 300 10 140 624 130 5 090 13 940
20.60 13.98 22.25 23.49 12.87
20.85 14.72 22.73 24.20 13.50
43 360 30 620 47 270 50 330 28 090
7 520 10 090 624 380 5 320 14 600
21.01 14.50 22.82 22.63 13.42
21.25 15.03 23.27 23.86 14.12
44 200 31 260 48 410 49 620 29 370
Private detectives and investigators ................................................................................... Gaming surveillance officers and gaming investigators ...................................................... Security guards ................................................................................................................... Crossing guards .................................................................................................................. Lifeguards, ski patrol, and other recreational protective service workers ........................... Protective service workers, all other ...................................................................................
33 720 8 730 994 220 69 390 107 620 141 480
15.70 12.44 9.98 9.64 8.13 14.77
17.78 13.82 10.91 10.21 8.67 15.90
36 980 28 740 22 690 21 230 18 020 33 070
35 980 8 470 1 004 130 67 750 108 870 80 680
16.23 13.04 10.35 10.13 8.25 12.94
18.41 14.65 11.35 10.71 8.85 14.63
38 290 30 470 23 620 22 270 18 410 30 420
Food Preparation and Serving Related Chefs and head cooks ........................................................................................................ First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers ......................... Cooks, fast food .................................................................................................................. Cooks, institution and cafeteria ........................................................................................... Cooks, private household ...................................................................................................
115 850 748 550 631 190 393 500 830
15.54 12.53 7.25 9.44 10.01
17.23 13.44 7.45 9.88 11.18
35 840 27 960 15 500 20 550 23 250
104 080 769 320 612 020 375 210 900
16.52 12.97 7.41 9.81 11.00
18.21 13.88 7.67 10.25 13.64
37 880 28 870 15 960 21 320 28 370
Cooks, restaurant ................................................................................................................ Cooks, short order .............................................................................................................. Cooks, all other ................................................................................................................... Food preparation workers ................................................................................................... Bartenders ..........................................................................................................................
791 450 203 350 12 100 880 360 480 010
9.54 8.28 10.48 8.19 7.62
9.86 8.64 11.40 8.68 8.48
20 510 17 980 23 720 18 060 17 640
825 840 189 610 12 940 871 470 485 120
9.78 8.59 10.39 8.37 7.86
10.11 8.99 11.34 8.88 8.91
21 020 18 710 23 590 18 480 18 540
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food ................................ Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop ...................................... Waiters and waitresses ....................................................................................................... Food servers, nonrestaurant ............................................................................................... Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers .............................................
2 298 010 501 390 2 274 770 188 750 391 320
7.11 7.60 6.83 8.28 7.23
7.48 7.88 7.84 8.98 7.59
15 550 16 380 16 310 18 680 15 800
2 461 890 524 410 2 312 930 183 700 401 790
7.24 7.76 7.14 8.70 7.36
7.66 8.15 8.27 9.48 7.84
15 930 16 950 17 190 19 710 16 320
Dishwashers ....................................................................................................................... Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop ................................................ Food preparation and serving related workers, all other .....................................................
498 620 328 930 58 730
7.45 7.62 8.38
7.58 7.90 9.14
15 760 16 430 19 000
502 770 340 390 54 900
7.57 7.78 8.55
7.78 8.10 9.31
16 190 16 860 19 360
1Annual
wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for occupations with no published hourly mean wage, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. for some occupations that do not generally entail year-round, full-time employment are reported as either hourly wages or annual salaries (depending on how employees are typically paid).
3Wages
CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES 213 Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2005 and May 2006—Continued (Number of people, dollars.) May 2005 Occupation
Employment
Median hourly wage
May 2006
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Employment
Median hourly wage
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers ........................... First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers ......................................................................................................................... Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners ...................................... Maids and housekeeping cleaners ..................................................................................... Building cleaning workers, all other ....................................................................................
186 870
14.58
15.66
32 570
182 690
15.04
16.16
33 610
106 280 2 107 360 893 820 15 610
17.46 9.32 8.21 11.25
18.82 10.15 8.74 12.99
39 150 21 120 18 180 27 020
111 100 2 124 860 900 040 14 390
17.93 9.58 8.45 12.06
19.35 10.45 8.99 13.78
40 240 21 730 18 700 28 670
Pest control workers ........................................................................................................... Landscaping and groundskeeping workers ........................................................................ Pesticide handlers, sprayers, and applicators, vegetation .................................................. Tree trimmers and pruners ................................................................................................. Grounds maintenance workers, all other ............................................................................
62 400 896 690 25 770 29 790 17 960
13.06 9.94 12.56 13.42 10.04
13.89 10.74 13.22 14.35 11.78
28 880 22 350 27 500 29 850 24 510
62 710 924 330 25 880 28 300 21 930
13.41 10.22 12.84 13.58 9.82
14.11 11.06 13.73 14.38 11.77
29 350 23 010 28 560 29 910 24 490
Personal Care and Services First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers ............................................. Gaming supervisors ............................................................................................................ Slot key persons ................................................................................................................. Animal trainers .................................................................................................................... Nonfarm animal caretakers .................................................................................................
24 180 14 700 125 760 8 320 100 550
19.38 10.64 15.09 11.92 8.52
19.87 11.65 16.53 14.19 9.64
41 320 24 230 34 390 29 510 20 050
23 860 13 450 125 430 10 020 108 130
19.79 10.92 15.77 12.65 8.72
20.38 12.16 17.35 14.39 9.73
42 390 25 300 36 090 29 920 20 230
Gaming dealers ................................................................................................................... Gaming and sports book writers and runners ..................................................................... Gaming service workers, all other ....................................................................................... Motion picture projectionists ............................................................................................... Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers ........................................................................
82 320 19 290 16 070 10 230 102 330
6.85 8.87 10.37 8.07 7.41
7.71 9.58 11.53 9.30 8.05
16 040 19 930 23 980 19 340 16 740
82 960 17 780 ... 10 620 101 530
7.08 9.04 10.52 8.39 7.64
8.18 10.02 11.59 9.70 8.41
17 010 20 850 24 110 20 180 17 500
Amusement and recreation attendants ............................................................................... Costume attendants ............................................................................................................ Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants ..................................................... Embalmers ..........................................................................................................................
232 030 3 900 20 340 9 840
7.65 12.19 8.63 17.77
8.15 13.94 9.02 19.01
16 950 28 990 18 760 39 550
235 670 4 150 18 770 8 860
7.83 12.37 8.95 18.19
8.43 14.20 9.50 19.43
17 530 29 540 19 760 40 410
Funeral attendants .............................................................................................................. Barbers ............................................................................................................................... Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists .................................................................... Makeup artists, theatrical and performance ........................................................................ Manicurists and pedicurists .................................................................................................
30 220 13 630 338 910 1 070 42 960
9.48 10.46 9.91 11.29 8.79
10.39 11.88 11.36 15.70 9.81
21 600 24 700 ... 32 660 20 400
32 250 11 500 344 900 1 250 47 450
9.78 11.13 10.25 15.30 9.23
10.56 12.76 11.80 17.66 10.23
21 970 26 540 24 550 36 730 21 280
Shampooers ........................................................................................................................ Skin care specialists ........................................................................................................... Baggage porters and bellhops ............................................................................................ Concierges .......................................................................................................................... Tour guides and escorts .....................................................................................................
16 040 22 740 51 300 16 810 28 320
7.49 11.22 8.46 11.30 9.61
7.85 12.90 10.03 12.08 10.42
16 320 26 830 20 870 25 130 21 670
15 580 22 620 48 450 19 150 30 390
7.78 12.58 8.83 11.83 9.82
8.20 14.21 10.37 12.50 10.73
17 050 29 550 21 580 26 000 22 310
Travel guides ...................................................................................................................... Flight attendants ................................................................................................................. Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters .......................... Childcare workers ............................................................................................................... Personal and home care aides ...........................................................................................
3 120 99 590 24 810 557 680 566 860
14.06 (3) 9.28 8.20 8.34
15.03 (3) 9.88 8.74 8.52
31 270 53 740 20 550 18 180 17 710
3 220 96 760 20 790 572 950 578 290
13.68 (3) 9.65 8.48 8.54
14.83 (3) 10.17 9.05 8.74
30 840 56 150 21 140 18 820 18 180
Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors ............................................................................ Recreation workers ............................................................................................................. Residential advisers ............................................................................................................ Personal care and service workers, all other ......................................................................
189 220 264 840 50 490 60 260
12.43 9.67 10.51 8.91
14.93 10.78 11.39 10.20
31 060 22 420 23 690 21 210
205 970 273 280 48 470 58 440
12.46 9.84 10.90 9.12
15.24 11.03 11.79 10.40
31 710 22 950 24 520 21 640
Sales and Related First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers ...................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers ............................................... Cashiers .............................................................................................................................. Gaming change persons and booth cashiers ..................................................................... Counter and rental clerks ....................................................................................................
1 083 890 294 010 3 481 420 28 590 473 090
15.79 29.79 7.82 9.64 9.12
18.08 35.42 8.32 9.92 10.83
37 600 73 670 17 300 20 630 22 530
1 111 740 285 690 3 479 390 26 700 468 900
16.33 31.49 8.08 9.94 9.41
18.67 36.94 8.62 10.32 11.22
38 830 76 840 17 930 21 470 23 340
Parts salespersons ............................................................................................................. Retail salespersons ............................................................................................................. Advertising sales agents ..................................................................................................... Insurance sales agents ....................................................................................................... Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents ............................................
235 190 4 344 770 153 890 299 470 251 710
12.72 9.20 20.08 20.36 32.28
13.94 11.14 24.23 27.38 42.30
28 990 23 170 50 400 56 960 87 990
234 770 4 374 230 159 640 311 380 260 360
13.19 9.50 20.55 21.09 32.93
14.43 11.51 24.70 28.10 43.45
30 010 23 940 51 370 58 450 90 380
Travel agents ...................................................................................................................... Sales representatives, services, all other ........................................................................... Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific products .... Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and scientific products ........................................................................................................................ Demonstrators and product promoters ...............................................................................
88 590 439 450 379 890
13.78 22.50 29.21
14.78 26.07 33.14
30 750 54 230 68 940
87 600 501 850 390 280
14.05 23.12 30.98
15.12 27.13 34.95
31 460 56 420 72 700
1 436 800 86 050
22.78 9.96
26.90 11.81
55 940 24 570
1 488 990 82 830
23.85 10.65
28.14 12.39
58 540 25 770
Models ................................................................................................................................ Real estate brokers ............................................................................................................. Real estate sales agents ..................................................................................................... Sales engineers .................................................................................................................. Telemarketers .....................................................................................................................
1 430 41 760 150 200 69 790 400 860
10.92 27.49 18.87 35.68 9.79
13.26 36.98 25.04 38.16 11.30
27 570 76 930 52 090 79 370 23 500
1 470 46 950 168 400 75 150 385 700
11.22 29.23 19.12 37.37 10.09
13.45 38.57 26.13 39.94 11.63
27 980 80 230 54 350 83 080 24 190
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers ...................... Sales and related workers, all other ....................................................................................
10 970 178 480
9.83 15.77
12.19 19.05
25 350 39 610
11 140 161 700
9.71 16.47
12.92 19.63
26 880 40 820
1Annual
wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for occupations with no published hourly mean wage, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. for some occupations that do not generally entail year-round, full-time employment are reported as either hourly wages or annual salaries (depending on how employees are typically paid). . . . = Not available. 3Wages
214 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2005 and May 2006—Continued (Number of people, dollars.) May 2005 Occupation
Employment
Median hourly wage
May 2006
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Employment
Median hourly wage
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Office and Adminstrative Support First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers ................... Switchboard operators, including answering service .......................................................... Telephone operators ........................................................................................................... Communications equipment operators, all other ................................................................ Bill and account collectors ..................................................................................................
1 352 130 194 980 29 290 3 870 431 280
20.38 10.61 15.09 15.64 13.54
21.89 11.07 14.92 16.36 14.36
45 540 23 020 31 030 34 030 29 860
1 351 180 172 060 26 350 4 220 423 090
20.92 10.88 16.41 15.23 13.97
22.37 11.37 15.73 15.93 14.73
46 530 23 640 32 710 33 130 30 640
Billing and posting clerks and machine operators ............................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks .................................................................... Gaming cage workers ......................................................................................................... Payroll and timekeeping clerks ........................................................................................... Procurement clerks .............................................................................................................
513 020 1 815 340 18 730 205 600 71 390
13.36 14.18 10.76 15.08 15.49
13.87 14.76 11.28 15.44 15.64
28 860 30 700 23 460 32 120 32 530
517 750 1 856 890 17 970 205 970 74 370
13.87 14.69 11.13 15.58 15.91
14.39 15.28 11.62 15.93 16.13
29 930 31 780 24 170 33 140 33 540
Tellers ................................................................................................................................. Brokerage clerks ................................................................................................................. Correspondence clerks ....................................................................................................... Court, municipal, and license clerks ................................................................................... Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks .............................................................................
599 220 70 110 17 990 102 060 65 410
10.24 17.04 13.66 14.09 14.10
10.59 18.34 14.51 15.02 14.90
22 020 38 140 30 180 31 230 30 990
603 150 72 400 16 260 107 100 67 400
10.64 17.50 13.80 14.89 14.41
10.97 18.89 14.35 15.66 15.25
22 810 39 280 29 850 32 580 31 710
Customer service representatives ...................................................................................... Eligibility interviewers, government programs ..................................................................... File clerks ............................................................................................................................ Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks .................................................................................... Interviewers, except eligibility and loan ...............................................................................
2 067 700 85 550 229 830 207 190 201 790
13.22 16.22 10.30 8.56 12.07
14.27 16.53 10.98 9.05 12.54
29 680 34 390 22 840 18 820 26 070
2 147 770 106 210 223 090 214 110 211 500
13.62 18.05 10.62 8.88 12.64
14.61 18.16 11.32 9.37 13.07
30 400 37 770 23 540 19 480 27 190
Library assistants, clerical ................................................................................................... Loan interviewers and clerks .............................................................................................. New accounts clerks ........................................................................................................... Order clerks ........................................................................................................................ Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping ...........................................
104 650 231 700 82 450 259 760 161 870
10.16 14.52 13.18 12.30 15.74
10.76 15.33 13.69 13.18 16.24
22 380 31 880 28 460 27 410 33 790
109 090 248 050 80 770 264 520 159 750
10.40 14.89 13.65 12.66 16.23
11.03 15.71 14.19 13.52 16.70
22 940 32 680 29 510 28 130 34 740
Receptionists and information clerks .................................................................................. Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks .......................................... All other information and record clerks ............................................................................... Cargo and freight agents .................................................................................................... Couriers and messengers ...................................................................................................
1 088 400 160 120 288 730 78 730 106 520
10.65 13.52 16.16 17.24 10.03
11.12 14.45 19.10 17.97 10.80
23 120 30 050 39 720 37 380 22 460
1 112 350 157 650 230 990 84 340 105 070
11.01 13.72 14.98 17.84 10.36
11.45 14.48 15.82 18.54 11.14
23 810 30 120 32 900 38 560 23 170
Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers ............................................................................. Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance ................................................................ Meter readers, utilities ......................................................................................................... Postal service clerks ........................................................................................................... Postal service mail carriers .................................................................................................
94 060 172 550 46 920 78 710 347 180
14.45 15.09 14.09 23.23 22.27
15.03 16.15 14.92 22.51 21.38
31 270 33 590 31 030 46 820 44 460
94 710 185 410 45 770 81 670 346 990
15.13 15.48 14.58 21.54 21.32
15.67 16.56 15.41 21.13 21.03
32 590 34 450 32 040 43 950 43 750
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators ..................... Production, planning, and expediting clerks ....................................................................... Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks ................................................................................. Stock clerks and order fillers ............................................................................................... Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, record-keeping ........................................
208 600 287 980 759 910 1 625 430 79 050
20.88 18.07 12.10 9.66 12.17
20.01 18.71 12.80 10.60 12.99
41 620 38 920 26 620 22 060 27 030
203 110 286 160 763 350 1 705 450 77 520
21.10 18.57 12.53 9.83 12.20
19.75 19.23 13.21 10.79 13.14
41 070 40 000 27 480 22 440 27 330
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants ........................................................... Legal secretaries ................................................................................................................. Medical secretaries ............................................................................................................. Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive .............................................................. Computer operators ............................................................................................................
1 442 040 265 000 381 020 1 744 380 129 160
17.29 18.15 13.13 12.82 15.42
18.18 18.78 13.65 13.35 16.15
37 810 39 070 28 390 27 780 33 580
1 487 310 268 170 394 330 1 750 600 123 750
17.90 18.36 13.51 13.20 16.13
18.83 19.07 14.05 13.68 16.83
39 160 39 670 29 220 28 460 35 010
Data entry keyers ................................................................................................................ Word processors and typists ............................................................................................... Desktop publishers ............................................................................................................. Insurance claims and policy processing clerks ................................................................... Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service ..........................................
296 700 153 580 29 910 239 120 148 330
11.45 13.95 15.77 14.49 10.99
11.98 14.49 16.72 15.24 11.59
24 910 30 140 34 770 31 700 24 120
295 650 153 530 30 440 238 210 141 170
11.87 14.15 16.41 14.96 11.45
12.33 14.68 17.36 15.74 12.05
25 640 30 540 36 120 32 740 25 060
Office clerks, general .......................................................................................................... Office machine operators, except computer ....................................................................... Proofreaders and copy markers .......................................................................................... Statistical assistants ............................................................................................................ Office and administrative support workers, all other ...........................................................
2 997 370 87 900 18 070 18 700 287 270
11.09 11.53 12.30 13.92 12.52
11.82 12.24 13.30 15.04 13.50
24 580 25 460 27 660 31 270 28 070
3 026 710 91 810 16 960 19 680 277 310
11.40 11.80 13.20 15.02 13.08
12.12 12.51 14.12 15.84 14.07
25 200 26 010 29 380 32 950 29 260
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers .......................... Farm labor contractors ........................................................................................................ Agricultural inspectors ......................................................................................................... Animal breeders .................................................................................................................. Graders and sorters, agricultural products ..........................................................................
19 750 2 310 11 730 1 860 45 010
17.32 9.52 15.79 12.90 8.06
18.65 12.14 16.75 15.23 8.74
38 790 25 240 34 840 31 690 18 170
19 670 2 060 14 790 2 060 45 890
18.15 11.32 18.32 13.02 8.27
19.33 13.87 18.67 15.37 8.95
40 210 28 850 38 820 31 970 18 610
Agricultural equipment operators ........................................................................................ Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse ............................................... Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals ............................................................................... Agricultural workers, all other .............................................................................................. Fishers and related fishing workers ....................................................................................
19 940 227 750 49 740 8 970 770
9.36 7.91 8.76 10.61 12.08
10.06 8.35 9.56 11.60 13.94
20 930 17 370 19 890 24 140 29 000
21 140 230 780 47 870 8 550 880
9.72 7.95 9.17 10.80 13.10
10.55 8.48 9.92 12.05 13.71
21 950 17 630 20 630 25 070 28 510
Forest and conservation workers ........................................................................................ Fallers ................................................................................................................................. Logging equipment operators ............................................................................................. Log graders and scalers ..................................................................................................... Logging workers, all other ...................................................................................................
8 700 9 780 26 880 4 520 5 330
9.46 13.64 13.91 13.31 15.24
11.19 15.26 14.28 14.21 15.04
23 280 31 740 29 700 29 550 31 290
8 530 8 790 28 300 4 810 5 880
10.01 13.80 14.28 14.06 15.32
11.97 15.84 14.85 14.90 15.25
24 890 32 960 30 880 30 980 31 720
1Annual
wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for occupations with no published hourly mean wage, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.
CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES 215 Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2005 and May 2006—Continued (Number of people, dollars.) May 2005 Occupation
Employment
Median hourly wage
May 2006
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Employment
Median hourly wage
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Construction and Extraction First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers ................. Boilermakers ....................................................................................................................... Brickmasons and blockmasons .......................................................................................... Stonemasons ...................................................................................................................... Carpenters ..........................................................................................................................
555 380 17 760 115 950 17 030 935 920
24.98 23.10 20.13 16.66 17.11
26.79 23.62 20.60 17.53 18.62
55 720 49 130 42 850 36 450 38 720
574 870 17 240 118 080 18 210 985 990
25.89 22.58 20.66 17.29 17.57
27.64 23.37 21.33 18.29 19.20
57 500 48 600 44 370 38 040 39 930
Carpet installers .................................................................................................................. Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles ............................................................... Floor sanders and finishers ................................................................................................. Tile and marble setters ....................................................................................................... Cement masons and concrete finishers ..............................................................................
37 050 14 520 5 950 47 410 204 720
16.13 15.87 13.14 17.56 15.40
17.84 17.92 14.34 18.81 16.64
37 100 37 270 29 830 39 130 34 610
36 840 14 910 7 480 51 330 218 170
16.62 16.44 13.89 17.59 15.70
18.40 18.81 15.29 18.92 17.13
38 280 39 120 31 810 39 360 35 630
Terrazzo workers and finishers ........................................................................................... Construction laborers .......................................................................................................... Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators ......................................................... Pile-driver operators ............................................................................................................ Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators .....................................
5 440 934 000 63 220 4 410 378 720
15.40 12.22 14.58 23.51 17.23
16.69 13.97 15.93 24.27 18.85
34 720 29 050 33 140 50 490 39 210
6 550 1 016 530 63 090 5 280 393 090
15.21 12.66 15.05 22.20 17.74
16.78 14.39 16.45 24.02 19.50
34 900 29 930 34 210 49 950 40 560
Drywall and ceiling tile installers ......................................................................................... Tapers ................................................................................................................................. Electricians .......................................................................................................................... Glaziers ............................................................................................................................... Insulation workers, floor, ceiling, and wall ...........................................................................
126 810 38 570 606 500 49 310 34 250
16.70 19.17 20.57 16.12 15.08
18.07 19.91 21.94 17.75 16.59
37 580 41 410 45 630 36 920 34 510
140 630 40 090 617 370 51 990 31 450
17.38 19.85 20.97 16.64 14.67
18.66 20.48 22.41 18.30 16.48
38 810 42 590 46 620 38 060 34 280
Insulation workers, mechanical ........................................................................................... Painters, construction and maintenance ............................................................................. Paperhangers ..................................................................................................................... Pipelayers ........................................................................................................................... Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters ................................................................................
22 100 249 850 7 710 56 280 420 770
17.07 14.81 16.08 13.83 20.27
19.16 16.08 17.65 15.53 21.56
39 840 33 450 36 720 32 290 44 850
27 900 263 390 6 160 58 330 435 960
17.74 15.00 16.21 14.58 20.56
20.07 16.45 17.42 16.21 22.03
41 740 34 220 36 230 33 710 45 830
Plasterers and stucco masons ............................................................................................ Reinforcing iron and rebar workers ..................................................................................... Roofers ............................................................................................................................... Sheet metal workers ........................................................................................................... Structural iron and steel workers ........................................................................................
47 760 30 270 120 070 174 550 68 900
16.08 16.78 15.01 17.50 19.51
17.40 19.32 16.14 19.03 20.93
36 200 40 190 33 570 39 570 43 540
50 700 30 180 125 030 177 540 67 560
16.68 18.38 15.51 17.96 19.46
17.91 20.35 16.99 19.61 21.13
37 260 42 330 35 340 40 780 43 950
Helpers—brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters ............. Helpers—carpenters ........................................................................................................... Helpers—electricians .......................................................................................................... Helpers—painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons .................................... Helpers—pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters ..............................................
58 690 101 870 90 370 21 820 77 630
11.83 10.57 11.17 9.88 10.97
13.14 11.11 11.86 10.61 11.84
27 340 23 100 24 670 22 070 24 630
62 290 104 200 100 550 23 390 81 510
12.19 11.09 11.42 10.25 11.50
13.39 11.63 12.05 10.87 12.22
27 850 24 190 25 050 22 620 25 430
Helpers—roofers ................................................................................................................. Helpers—construction trades, all other ............................................................................... Construction and building inspectors .................................................................................. Elevator installers and repairers ......................................................................................... Fence erectors ....................................................................................................................
20 510 37 590 87 820 21 000 22 600
9.97 10.40 21.50 28.46 11.99
10.41 11.55 22.51 28.12 12.74
21 660 24 020 46 830 58 500 26 490
21 050 35 880 96 630 21 700 24 610
10.46 10.94 22.39 30.59 12.69
10.93 11.93 23.37 29.78 13.53
22 740 24 820 48 620 61 930 28 130
Hazardous materials removal workers ................................................................................ Highway maintenance workers ........................................................................................... Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators .................................................... Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners ................................................................... Segmental pavers ...............................................................................................................
38 260 140 600 13 510 17 940 330
16.20 14.54 19.23 14.64 12.02
17.90 14.88 18.81 15.38 12.82
37 240 30 950 39 120 31 980 26 670
38 740 138 670 13 680 22 090 880
17.04 15.17 19.23 15.11 13.80
18.43 15.56 19.06 15.65 13.75
38 340 32 370 39 640 32 560 28 600
Construction and related workers, all other ........................................................................ Derrick operators, oil and gas ............................................................................................. Rotary drill operators, oil and gas ....................................................................................... Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining ........................................................................ Earth drillers, except oil and gas .........................................................................................
63 340 13 270 15 500 19 530 18 800
14.36 16.29 18.03 14.74 16.23
15.50 17.16 19.18 16.61 17.20
32 230 35 690 39 880 34 560 35 770
56 130 16 920 18 010 25 360 19 070
14.65 17.42 18.49 15.82 16.59
15.81 18.23 20.36 17.37 17.80
32 880 37 930 42 350 36 120 37 030
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters ........................................... Continuous mining machine operators ............................................................................... Mine cutting and channeling machine operators ................................................................ Mining machine operators, all other .................................................................................... Rock splitters, quarry ..........................................................................................................
4 800 9 000 6 080 2 450 3 600
18.65 18.80 18.64 17.37 13.10
19.33 18.67 18.12 18.26 13.56
40 210 38 830 37 680 37 970 28 200
5 110 9 660 7 700 2 880 3 790
19.18 19.44 19.23 17.97 13.05
19.83 19.38 18.71 18.50 13.91
41 240 40 310 38 930 38 490 28 940
Roof bolters, mining ............................................................................................................ Roustabouts, oil and gas .................................................................................................... Helpers—extraction workers ............................................................................................... Extraction workers, all other ................................................................................................
4 140 33 570 25 550 9 060
18.91 11.96 13.19 16.35
18.84 12.71 13.76 17.32
39 180 26 430 28 620 36 010
4 240 41 120 23 980 8 880
19.83 12.36 13.79 17.04
20.29 12.93 14.65 18.49
42 200 26 890 30 460 38 470
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers ............................ Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers ................................................. Radio mechanics ................................................................................................................ Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers ................. Avionics technicians ............................................................................................................
455 690 138 210 6 170 198 350 22 490
24.99 17.34 18.25 24.33 22.42
26.15 18.10 18.78 23.72 22.57
54 390 37 640 39 070 49 330 46 940
450 710 139 770 6 250 190 130 15 360
25.91 17.54 18.12 25.21 22.57
26.98 18.29 19.17 24.33 22.78
56 110 38 050 39 880 50 610 47 380
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers ................................................................ Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment ..................... Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment ........................ Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay ............................ Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles ............................................
20 070 20 560 69 620 21 250 17 650
16.09 19.95 21.21 26.43 13.19
16.77 20.20 21.32 26.26 14.94
34 880 42 010 44 350 54 620 31 080
22 100 20 480 78 570 22 090 19 510
15.80 20.72 21.72 27.60 13.57
16.74 20.98 21.96 27.34 14.99
34 810 43 650 45 670 56 870 31 190
1Annual
wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for occupations with no published hourly mean wage, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.
216 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2005 and May 2006—Continued (Number of people, dollars.) May 2005 Occupation
Employment
Median hourly wage
May 2006
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Employment
Median hourly wage
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair—Continued Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers .................................... Security and fire alarm systems installers ........................................................................... Aircraft mechanics and service technicians ........................................................................ Automotive body and related repairers ............................................................................... Automotive glass installers and repairers ...........................................................................
35 360 49 470 115 120 158 160 17 760
13.91 16.21 22.74 16.74 14.18
14.83 17.06 23.68 18.23 14.67
30 840 35 480 49 260 37 920 30 510
35 310 51 740 118 210 155 500 18 650
14.42 16.73 22.95 16.92 14.77
15.25 17.51 23.70 18.38 15.41
31 710 36 410 49 300 38 230 32 050
Automotive service technicians and mechanics ................................................................. Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists ..................................................... Farm equipment mechanics ................................................................................................ Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines ......................................................... Rail car repairers .................................................................................................................
654 800 248 280 30 800 117 500 24 270
15.89 17.61 13.81 18.95 20.45
16.90 17.96 14.17 19.32 20.32
35 140 37 360 29 480 40 190 42 270
642 360 254 850 29 500 119 060 23 810
16.24 18.11 14.16 19.44 20.82
17.34 18.48 14.58 19.90 20.68
36 070 38 440 30 320 41 390 43 010
Motorboat mechanics .......................................................................................................... Motorcycle mechanics ........................................................................................................ Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics ........................................... Bicycle repairers ................................................................................................................. Recreational vehicle service technicians ............................................................................
18 190 16 140 24 680 7 980 13 540
15.76 14.16 12.41 10.05 14.65
16.31 15.11 12.95 10.33 15.43
33 920 31 430 26 930 21 490 32 100
18 550 16 700 25 560 8 350 13 560
15.96 14.45 12.94 10.48 15.15
16.55 15.39 13.44 10.87 16.00
34 430 32 000 27 950 22 610 33 280
Tire repairers and changers ................................................................................................ Mechanical door repairers .................................................................................................. Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door ................................... Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers ................................. Home appliance repairers ...................................................................................................
100 860 14 400 38 640 241 380 43 110
10.08 14.57 21.21 17.81 15.86
10.72 15.81 21.21 18.64 16.38
22 300 32 890 44 120 38 770 34 060
103 120 15 130 42 270 250 970 42 810
10.26 15.20 21.84 18.11 16.28
10.96 16.38 21.77 19.09 16.99
22 790 34 060 45 290 39 710 35 350
Industrial machinery mechanics .......................................................................................... Maintenance and repair workers, general ........................................................................... Maintenance workers, machinery ....................................................................................... Millwrights ........................................................................................................................... Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons ...........................................................
234 650 1 307 820 83 220 53 080 3 250
19.11 15.01 16.18 21.53 19.35
19.74 15.70 16.96 22.33 19.74
41 060 32 650 35 270 46 450 41 070
250 810 1 310 580 81 580 53 320 3 340
19.74 15.34 16.61 21.94 19.61
20.47 16.11 17.50 22.99 19.61
42 570 33 510 36 390 47 820 40 790
Electrical power line installers and repairers ....................................................................... Telecommunications line installers and repairers ............................................................... Camera and photographic equipment repairers ................................................................. Medical equipment repairers ............................................................................................... Musical instrument repairers and tuners .............................................................................
106 060 142 560 3 160 27 940 4 830
24.11 20.39 16.78 19.02 13.73
23.65 20.66 17.37 20.04 15.33
49 200 42 970 36 130 41 680 31 880
110 520 156 440 3 470 32 100 5 120
24.41 22.25 16.76 19.51 14.04
23.99 21.99 17.60 20.69 15.31
49 900 45 740 36 600 43 040 31 850
Watch repairers ................................................................................................................... Precision instrument and equipment repairers, all other ..................................................... Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers ...................................... Commercial divers .............................................................................................................. Fabric menders, except garment ........................................................................................
3 080 12 870 39 570 2 310 2 140
15.21 21.37 13.56 18.25 16.77
16.00 22.11 14.11 20.15 16.37
33 280 45 980 29 340 41 910 34 040
3 050 12 980 39 440 2 680 1 280
14.86 22.23 13.80 19.03 13.64
15.75 22.71 14.33 21.83 14.55
32 760 47 230 29 820 45 410 30 260
Locksmiths and safe repairers ............................................................................................ Manufactured building and mobile home installers ............................................................. Riggers ................................................................................................................................ Signal and track switch repairers ........................................................................................ Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair workers ..................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair workers, all other ......................................................
16 080 10 120 11 840 6 100 158 520 135 560
14.85 11.09 17.79 23.65 10.21 16.39
15.67 12.05 18.17 23.25 11.17 17.43
32 600 25 070 37 790 48 370 23 230 36 260
17 870 9 520 12 010 5 980 159 110 130 260
15.39 12.06 18.85 24.11 10.71 15.84
16.14 12.79 19.07 23.98 11.64 17.10
33 560 26 600 39 670 49 870 24 210 35 560
Production First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers ............................... Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers ............................................ Coil winders, tapers, and finishers ...................................................................................... Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers ................................................................. Electromechanical equipment assemblers .........................................................................
679 930 22 820 23 190 207 270 57 200
22.18 21.15 12.32 12.08 12.97
23.66 20.45 12.65 13.05 13.71
49 210 42 530 26 320 27 150 28 520
676 640 27 680 22 560 211 460 59 760
22.74 21.83 12.64 12.29 13.25
24.27 21.09 12.94 13.23 13.91
50 480 43 860 26 910 27 510 28 930
Engine and other machine assemblers ............................................................................... Structural metal fabricators and fitters ................................................................................ Fiberglass laminators and fabricators ................................................................................. Team assemblers ............................................................................................................... Timing device assemblers, adjusters, and calibrators ........................................................
49 430 93 490 30 560 1 242 370 2 460
16.72 14.56 12.13 11.60 13.54
17.38 15.09 12.64 12.50 14.23
36 150 31 390 26 300 26 000 29 600
45 120 99 680 32 510 1 250 120 2 460
15.99 14.56 12.49 11.63 13.86
17.02 15.11 12.96 12.59 14.68
35 400 31 440 26 960 26 180 30 530
Assemblers and fabricators, all other .................................................................................. Bakers ................................................................................................................................. Butchers and meat cutters .................................................................................................. Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers ....................................................................... Slaughterers and meat packers ..........................................................................................
258 240 144 110 128 660 136 690 132 000
12.62 10.35 12.78 9.53 10.20
14.49 11.13 13.37 9.99 10.33
30 140 23 150 27 810 20 780 21 490
288 370 139 700 128 350 139 830 118 610
12.85 10.59 12.95 9.79 10.43
14.90 11.40 13.61 10.22 10.55
31 000 23 710 28 310 21 260 21 940
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders ............... Food batchmakers .............................................................................................................. Food cooking machine operators and tenders .................................................................... Computer-controlled machine tool operators, metal and plastic ......................................... Numerical tool and process control programmers ..............................................................
18 160 89 400 43 100 136 490 17 860
11.17 10.82 10.29 14.91 20.11
12.15 11.61 11.03 15.41 21.15
25 280 24 140 22 950 32 060 43 990
18 510 92 590 44 060 139 580 17 800
11.30 11.11 10.23 15.23 20.42
12.36 11.92 10.94 15.78 21.54
25 710 24 790 22 750 32 820 44 810
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ........... Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic .................................. Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ................................... Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............................................................................................................................ Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ...........
87 290 33 850 37 500
13.46 13.93 14.65
13.84 14.53 15.02
28 790 30 220 31 240
93 810 31 050 34 710
13.58 13.94 14.93
14.10 14.41 15.43
29 330 29 980 32 080
265 480 43 180
12.49 13.85
13.13 14.72
27 310 30 610
269 640 42 480
12.66 14.36
13.33 15.21
27 730 31 640
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ........................................................................................................... Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............ Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ................. Machinists ........................................................................................................................... Metal refining furnace operators and tenders .....................................................................
101 530 71 410 29 140 368 380 17 960
13.34 15.26 15.13 16.51 15.83
14.23 15.74 15.44 17.00 16.26
29 600 32 750 32 120 35 350 33 820
100 010 65 840 29 040 385 690 18 430
13.50 15.46 15.18 16.71 15.69
14.32 15.98 15.52 17.22 16.14
29 780 33 250 32 280 35 810 33 560
1Annual
wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for occupations with no published hourly mean wage, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.
CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES 217 Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2005 and May 2006—Continued (Number of people, dollars.) May 2005 Occupation
Employment
Median hourly wage
May 2006
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Employment
Median hourly wage
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Production—Continued Pourers and casters, metal ................................................................................................. Model makers, metal and plastic ........................................................................................ Patternmakers, metal and plastic ........................................................................................ Foundry mold and coremakers ........................................................................................... Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............................................................................................................................
14 340 8 120 6 850 15 890
14.02 21.62 16.57 13.95
14.73 22.26 17.74 14.87
30 650 46 300 36 900 30 920
14 880 8 370 7 070 14 460
14.22 20.22 17.01 13.82
14.87 21.22 18.31 14.40
30 930 44 130 38 090 29 950
157 080
12.05
12.82
26 680
155 670
12.29
13.14
27 330
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ........................... Tool and die makers ........................................................................................................... Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers ............................................................................ Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders ......................... Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic .......................
98 120 99 680 358 050 45 220 26 310
14.32 20.95 14.90 14.63 14.57
15.17 21.61 15.52 15.55 14.97
31 550 44 940 32 280 32 350 31 130
96 480 96 960 376 630 48 770 27 050
14.68 21.29 15.10 14.90 14.83
15.45 21.95 15.81 16.08 15.27
32 140 45 650 32 880 33 440 31 750
Lay out workers, metal and plastic ...................................................................................... Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ................ Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners .................................................................................. Metal workers and plastic workers, all other ....................................................................... Bindery workers ..................................................................................................................
10 970 40 550 18 180 49 650 64 330
16.03 12.86 15.05 17.06 12.04
16.56 13.67 15.64 17.97 12.92
34 440 28 420 32 530 37 380 26 880
9 960 41 500 17 620 47 760 63 700
16.15 13.21 14.73 16.69 12.29
16.87 14.08 15.49 18.14 13.16
35 080 29 280 32 210 37 730 27 370
Bookbinders ........................................................................................................................ Job printers ......................................................................................................................... Prepress technicians and workers ...................................................................................... Printing machine operators ................................................................................................. Laundry and dry-cleaning workers ......................................................................................
7 660 50 580 72 050 192 520 218 360
14.04 15.35 15.79 14.77 8.38
14.52 16.02 16.53 15.61 8.87
30 200 33 320 34 380 32 470 18 450
7 120 46 200 70 890 191 610 217 580
14.55 15.58 16.01 14.90 8.58
15.49 16.36 16.70 15.79 9.08
32 210 34 020 34 730 32 840 18 890
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials ................................................................ Sewing machine operators ................................................................................................. Shoe and leather workers and repairers ............................................................................. Shoe machine operators and tenders ................................................................................. Sewers, hand ......................................................................................................................
78 620 233 130 7 680 3 850 11 090
8.45 8.82 9.62 9.90 9.51
8.76 9.55 10.11 10.31 10.61
18 220 19 860 21 030 21 440 22 060
75 150 219 080 7 450 4 080 9 750
8.56 9.04 9.83 10.54 9.79
8.88 9.78 10.41 10.92 10.43
18 470 20 340 21 660 22 710 21 680
Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers .......................................................................... Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders ............................................ Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders ..................................................... Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders ............................... Textile winding, twisting, and drawing-out machine setters, operators, and tenders ..........
30 150 21 660 21 420 42 760 47 670
10.95 10.80 10.30 11.40 11.04
11.79 11.16 10.83 11.41 11.30
24 530 23 200 22 530 23 740 23 510
30 000 20 070 19 140 38 900 44 210
11.01 11.20 10.39 11.68 11.08
11.91 11.50 10.93 11.80 11.32
24 770 23 920 22 740 24 530 23 550
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers ............................................................................................................................. Fabric and apparel patternmakers ...................................................................................... Upholsterers ........................................................................................................................ Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other ............................................................. Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters ................................................................................
23 040 9 650 41 040 24 740 121 660
13.82 15.07 12.84 11.01 12.51
14.20 17.62 13.46 11.35 13.29
29 540 36 660 27 990 23 610 27 650
17 860 8 840 40 340 22 890 127 780
13.78 15.74 13.09 11.03 12.99
14.38 18.45 13.70 11.91 13.83
29 910 38 380 28 500 24 770 28 760
Furniture finishers ............................................................................................................... Model makers, wood ........................................................................................................... Patternmakers, wood .......................................................................................................... Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood ..................................................... Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing .............................
24 610 2 280 2 000 60 280 94 690
11.83 13.46 13.78 11.15 11.25
12.60 15.71 15.16 11.72 11.83
26 200 32 680 31 540 24 380 24 610
24 890 1 920 2 270 60 230 97 700
12.02 13.69 15.15 11.67 11.51
12.83 15.86 16.20 12.20 12.07
26 680 33 000 33 690 25 380 25 110
Woodworkers, all other ....................................................................................................... Nuclear power reactor operators ........................................................................................ Power distributors and dispatchers ..................................................................................... Power plant operators ......................................................................................................... Stationary engineers and boiler operators ..........................................................................
10 550 3 730 7 520 33 650 43 110
10.20 31.84 28.44 25.56 21.44
11.13 32.17 28.61 25.65 21.94
23 150 66 900 59 510 53 350 45 640
11 350 3 750 8 420 34 200 42 730
10.86 33.35 30.09 26.44 22.13
12.03 34.04 30.12 26.60 22.59
25 030 70 800 62 640 55 340 46 990
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators ........................................... Chemical plant and system operators ................................................................................. Gas plant operators ............................................................................................................ Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers ................................. Plant and system operators, all other .................................................................................
102 940 58 640 10 530 40 470 13 920
16.79 22.45 24.96 24.55 21.57
17.34 22.55 25.15 24.19 21.50
36 060 46 900 52 310 50 320 44 730
106 550 52 970 12 120 40 880 13 820
17.34 23.60 25.80 25.18 22.25
17.88 23.53 25.90 25.20 22.33
37 180 48 930 53 870 52 410 46 450
Chemical equipment operators and tenders ....................................................................... Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders .......................................................................................................................... Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders ....................... Grinding and polishing workers, hand ................................................................................. Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders ...........................................
50 610
18.77
19.05
39 620
50 570
19.37
19.85
41 300
41 250 41 480 44 890 129 440
16.66 13.21 11.28 13.89
17.15 13.89 12.03 14.52
35 680 28 900 25 010 30 200
43 660 41 910 43 980 140 710
16.81 13.50 11.48 14.10
17.37 14.22 12.24 14.80
36 130 29 570 25 460 30 790
Cutters and trimmers, hand ................................................................................................ Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders .............................................. Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders ... Furnace, kiln, oven, dryer, and kettle operators and tenders .............................................. Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers ..........................................................
28 360 78 030 80 420 28 140 506 160
10.50 13.25 13.36 14.62 14.04
11.57 14.04 14.15 15.36 15.51
24 070 29 210 29 420 31 940 32 250
28 790 77 960 81 000 27 100 483 020
10.73 13.43 13.32 14.58 14.14
11.72 14.23 14.06 15.25 15.48
24 370 29 610 29 230 31 720 32 190
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers ................................................................ Dental laboratory technicians .............................................................................................. Medical appliance technicians ............................................................................................ Ophthalmic laboratory technicians ...................................................................................... Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders ........................................................
28 100 45 600 10 810 26 740 396 270
14.15 15.50 13.98 11.89 11.02
15.79 16.47 15.61 12.81 11.94
32 830 34 260 32 460 26 640 24 840
26 220 45 840 10 610 29 130 384 160
14.30 15.67 14.99 12.24 11.06
16.01 16.79 16.56 13.35 12.02
33 300 34 910 34 450 27 770 25 000
Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders .......................... Painters, transportation equipment ..................................................................................... Painting, coating, and decorating workers .......................................................................... Photographic process workers ............................................................................................ Photographic processing machine operators ......................................................................
100 830 52 650 27 830 28 000 53 970
12.82 16.75 10.89 10.51 9.26
13.50 18.14 12.15 12.05 10.16
28 080 37 720 25 280 25 070 21 120
102 210 52 170 29 950 24 180 50 040
12.90 17.15 11.04 11.19 9.38
13.57 18.57 12.14 12.84 10.35
28 230 38 630 25 260 26 710 21 540
1Annual
wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for occupations with no published hourly mean wage, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.
218 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2005 and May 2006—Continued (Number of people, dollars.) May 2005 Occupation
Employment
Median hourly wage
May 2006
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Employment
Median hourly wage
Mean hourly wage
Mean annual wage1
Production—Continued Semiconductor processors ................................................................................................. Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders ...................................................... Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders .......................... Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders ..................................................... Etchers and engravers ........................................................................................................
44 720 25 650 15 250 9 640 10 050
14.92 11.78 10.95 11.13 12.04
15.80 12.45 12.19 12.16 13.35
32 870 25 900 25 350 25 290 27 760
41 520 23 540 15 500 10 050 11 390
15.80 12.10 10.99 11.48 12.30
16.70 12.90 12.22 12.48 13.34
34 730 26 840 25 420 25 970 27 750
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic ................................................... Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders ....................................................... Tire builders ........................................................................................................................ Helpers—production ........................................................................................................... Production workers, all other ..............................................................................................
41 250 107 560 19 860 528 610 296 340
11.39 14.98 17.68 9.80 11.36
12.33 15.32 17.80 10.45 13.49
25 640 31 870 37 020 21 730 28 070
42 610 113 930 23 210 539 350 288 470
12.03 15.14 18.33 9.97 11.97
12.85 15.68 18.38 10.63 13.82
26 730 32 610 38 220 22 120 28 740
6 210 176 030
16.78 18.75
19.73 19.81
41 030 41 210
5 620 178 820
19.16 19.02
21.85 20.16
45 440 41 940
221 520 76 240 24 860
22.85 (3) (3)
24.63 (3) (3)
51 230 135 040 65 560
220 570 75 810 27 120
23.24 (3) (3)
24.51 (3) (3)
50 990 140 380 66 720
Air traffic controllers ............................................................................................................ Airfield operations specialists .............................................................................................. Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians ...................... Bus drivers, transit and intercity .......................................................................................... Bus drivers, school ..............................................................................................................
21 590 4 510 18 320 183 450 465 880
(3) 17.95 9.03 14.91 11.57
(3) 20.30 9.72 15.37 11.71
105 820 42 230 20 220 31 960 24 350
23 240 4 760 21 100 191 120 456 570
56.37 18.09 9.79 15.43 11.93
53.02 19.90 10.54 15.89 12.08
110 270 41 400 21 930 33 050 25 130
Driver/sales workers ........................................................................................................... Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer ............................................................................... Truck drivers, light or delivery services ............................................................................... Taxi drivers and chauffeurs ................................................................................................. Motor vehicle operators, all other ........................................................................................
400 530 1 624 740 938 280 144 280 76 500
9.67 16.48 11.92 9.60 10.71
11.44 17.05 12.99 10.36 12.29
23 800 35 460 27 020 21 550 25 570
396 680 1 673 950 941 590 154 490 71 880
9.99 16.85 12.17 9.78 10.92
11.72 17.46 13.23 10.62 12.76
24 380 36 320 27 520 22 080 26 550
Locomotive engineers ......................................................................................................... Locomotive firers ................................................................................................................. Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers ........................................................... Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators ...................................................................... Railroad conductors and yardmasters ................................................................................
37 390 540 6 970 20 700 38 330
26.69 18.65 18.28 23.89 25.98
28.96 20.54 18.99 25.07 27.50
60 230 42 710 39 500 ... 57 200
36 870 560 5 820 22 810 37 110
27.88 19.85 18.21 23.49 26.70
29.74 21.96 19.24 25.05 28.31
61 850 45 680 40 020 52 110 58 880
Subway and streetcar operators ......................................................................................... Rail transportation workers, all other .................................................................................. Sailors and marine oilers .................................................................................................... Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels ...................................................................... Motorboat operators ............................................................................................................
7 430 7 500 31 090 28 570 2 700
22.84 18.74 14.11 24.49 16.48
22.43 18.32 15.19 25.55 17.14
46 660 38 100 31 590 53 140 35 650
6 740 6 360 31 690 29 170 2 450
23.55 18.82 14.73 25.69 15.55
22.20 18.43 15.73 27.43 16.74
46 180 38 330 32 710 57 060 34 810
Ship engineers .................................................................................................................... Bridge and lock tenders ...................................................................................................... Parking lot attendants ......................................................................................................... Service station attendants ................................................................................................... Traffic technicians ...............................................................................................................
13 240 3 620 124 250 96 340 6 990
25.38 18.26 8.14 8.32 17.82
27.54 17.44 8.64 8.94 18.21
57 290 36 270 17 970 18 590 37 870
14 190 3 700 131 870 94 780 6 560
26.36 18.76 8.33 8.53 17.86
28.53 17.27 8.87 9.21 18.68
59 340 35 930 18 450 19 150 38 840
Transportation inspectors ................................................................................................... Transportation workers, all other ........................................................................................ Conveyor operators and tenders ........................................................................................ Crane and tower operators ................................................................................................. Dredge operators ................................................................................................................
25 570 54 010 49 220 43 690 1 720
23.79 15.68 12.81 18.69 14.92
25.59 15.98 13.24 19.65 16.08
53 230 33 240 27 530 40 860 33 450
23 790 42 130 50 080 45 740 1 780
24.22 14.51 13.09 18.77 16.26
26.62 15.55 13.45 19.93 17.81
55 370 32 350 27 970 41 450 37 050
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators ................................................... Loading machine operators, underground mining .............................................................. Hoist and winch operators .................................................................................................. Industrial truck and tractor operators .................................................................................. Cleaners of vehicles and equipment ...................................................................................
66 030 2 390 3 110 627 060 333 350
15.57 17.15 15.66 13.02 8.47
16.64 17.47 17.52 13.86 9.48
34 610 36 330 36 440 28 830 19 720
67 590 2 480 2 990 629 100 334 560
15.83 17.91 16.16 13.11 8.68
17.19 19.37 17.56 13.99 9.68
35 740 40 290 36 530 29 090 20 130
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand ..................................................... Machine feeders and offbearers ......................................................................................... Packers and packagers, hand ............................................................................................ Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators ......................................................... Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers ........................................................................
2 363 960 145 740 840 410 3 950 9 970
9.91 10.74 8.36 21.07 17.38
10.80 11.41 9.13 20.91 18.47
22 460 23 730 18 990 43 500 38 410
2 372 130 150 600 827 470 3 900 10 030
10.20 10.88 8.48 21.83 19.13
11.08 11.58 9.30 21.52 19.55
23 050 24 080 19 340 44 760 40 670
Wellhead pumpers .............................................................................................................. Refuse and recyclable material collectors .......................................................................... Shuttle car operators ........................................................................................................... Tank car, truck, and ship loaders ........................................................................................ Material moving workers, all other ......................................................................................
10 190 133 930 3 100 15 950 52 970
18.12 13.68 18.42 15.06 14.53
17.86 14.50 18.28 16.34 15.65
37 150 30 160 38 030 33 990 32 550
13 280 125 770 2 860 15 360 52 120
17.38 13.93 18.78 15.37 14.55
17.67 14.96 18.92 16.44 15.87
36 760 31 110 39 350 34 200 33 000
Transportation and Material Moving Aircraft cargo handling supervisors ..................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand ............. First-line supervisors/managers of transportation and material moving machine and vehicle operators ........................................................................................................... Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers ......................................................................... Commercial pilots ...............................................................................................................
1Annual
wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for occupations with no published hourly mean wage, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. for some occupations that do not generally entail year-round, full-time employment are reported as either hourly wages or annual salaries (depending on how employees are typically paid). . . . = Not available.
3Wages
CHAPTER 4 LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION
LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION HIGHLIGHTS Every two years, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) develops decade-long projections for industry output, employment, and occupations. This chapter presents the employment outlook for the 2006–2016 period. The projections are based on a set of explicit assumptions and an application of a model of economic relationships.
Percent Change and Projected Percent Change in the Labor Force, 1996–2006 and 2006–2016 70 60
Percent
50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 16 years and over
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Age 1996–2006
2006–2016
The labor force is projected to grow by 8.5 percent from 2006 to 2016, a slower rate than the 13.1 percent increase from 1996 to 2006. The aging of baby boomers has lead to a significant projected increase in the labor force of older workers. The labor force of those age 55 years and over is expected to grow by 46.7 percent, while the labor force of those age 65 years and over is expected to increase by over 80 percent. Meanwhile, the labor force made up of the 25- to 54-year-old age group is expected to increase by only 2.4 percent. (See Table 4-1.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • The increase in the number of workers age 55 years and over represents more than 90 percent of the total projected increase of the labor force during the 2006–2016 period. The shares of workers in the 16- to 24-year-old age group and the 35- to 54-year-old age group are actually expected to decline. (See Table 4-1.) • The proportion of men in the labor force is expected to decrease slightly during the 2006–2016 period, continuing the decline from the 1986–1996 and 1996–2006 periods. (See Table 4-1.) • The Hispanic labor force is projected to continue to increase but at a much slower rate (2.9 percent per year compared to 6.2 percent per year from 1996–2006); and it is projected to comprise 16.4 percent of the labor force by 2016. (See Table 4-1.)
221
222 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Concepts, Definitions, and Procedures The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) employment projections are carried out as a staged set of methodologies that move from the determination of labor supply and aggregate economic activity to the determination of jobs at a detailed industry level, and the demand for specific occupations within each of the detailed industries. The following notes include a general discussion of the methods used; greater detail on the projection techniques is presented in the BLS Handbook of Methods. The labor force projections are a function of two components—projections of the population and projections of labor force participation rates. Population projections are provided by the Census Bureau for detailed age, sex, race, and ethnicity groupings. BLS extrapolates participation rates for these same categories by applying well-specified smoothing and time series techniques to historical time series for the detailed participation rates. The extrapolation results are multiplied by the projected population to arrive at initial estimates of the labor force categories. Both the participation rate and the labor force projections are carefully examined by senior staff to ensure that relationships among the various categories do not change in unexplained ways over the forecast horizon. The total of all the categories in the labor force is used as one of the critical demographic assumptions in the next stage of the projections: the determination of aggregate economic activity. The aggregate economic projections are carried out using the Macroeconomic Advisers, LLC’s (MA) quarterly model of the U.S. economy. MA is a team of economists based in St. Louis, MO, that provides monthly short-term forecasts of the U.S. economy as well as quarterly longterm projections. The MA macroeconomic model comprises 744 variables descriptive of the U.S. economy. Of these, 134 are behavioral equations, 409 are identities. The remaining 201 variables are exogenous and must be supplied to the model in order to calculate a solution for the projections horizon. The industry projections involve two primary tasks. The first is to translate the gross domestic product (GDP) categories from the aggregate economic model into a detailed commodity-by-category matrix. This redistribution of GDP, carried out using an eclectic grouping of models, techniques, and expert judgments, provides the demand component of an interindustry model of the U.S. economy. Approximately 200 commodities and 160 categories of demand are identified for this exercise. The second task is to derive input-output tables for the projection year, which when combined with the final demand matrix, yield estimates of both commodity and industry total output necessary to produce that level of GDP. Industry total output, also referred to as gross duplicated output, com-
bines industry sales to final users with sales to intermediate users (other industries) in the economy and is the primary determinant of the factors of production (labor and capital) necessary to produce that total output. The determination of detailed employment estimates begins with the specification of a production function for each of the 200 industries for which employment estimates are carried out. The production function is solved for the labor input component, and the resulting set of equations determines total hours paid as a function of industry output, sector wage rates, the unemployment rate, and a trend variable standing in as a proxy for technological change. A separate set of trend equations is estimated for industryspecific measures of average annual hours. Dividing hours paid by average hours yields a count of jobs by industry. The final stage of the industry employment projections process is to extrapolate the 200 industries to a full, 4-digit North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) level of detail (about 310 industries) for input to occupational demand. The occupational projections also involve two basic tasks. The first is to extrapolate the latest historical industry-by occupation staffing pattern matrix to the projection year. A staffing pattern matrix presents the proportional distribution of detailed occupations within each of the 310 4digit NAICS industries. Analysts must determine whether each occupational ratio should remain unchanged, increase, or decrease relative to all the other ratios within a given industry. Straightforward balancing procedures are applied to ensure that the changed ratios still account for exactly 100 percent of industry employment. The projected industry employments from the previous step are then applied to the projected staffing pattern matrix and result in estimates of new job growth for about 700 detailed occupations. Estimates of job growth for the selfemployed are carried out as a separate step. In addition to the job growth estimates, analysts must also carry out estimates of replacement demand for individuals who have died, retired, or moved on to other occupations during the intervening decade. These estimates are based on relationships derived from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which is based on household employment behavior. In terms of occupational job opportunities, replacement demand often exceeds new job growth; thus, basing the analysis on measurements of new jobs alone could seriously underestimate job opportunities for many occupations. A detailed review process is carried out during this entire process. Review feedback can affect occupational ratios, industry outputs, and/or employment totals; it could even impose changes at the aggregate level of detail. The purpose of the detailed review process is to derive a set of estimates which are consistent at all levels of detail, from the aggregate level to the most detailed occupational level. The ultimate review, of course, occurs when historical data finally overtakes the projected years. BLS has
CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 223 been carrying out and publishing these types of reviews since the 1970 projections. It has pointed the way toward improvements in the process and has allowed users to determine for themselves the places where weak points might impact their use of the projections. Sources of Additional Information A complete presentation of the projections, including analysis of results and additional tables and a comprehen-
sive description of the methodology, can be found in the November 2007 edition of the Monthly Labor Review. See “An Overview of BLS Projections to 2016,” written by James C. Franklin, for specific detail. A more detailed description of methods can be found in Chapter 13 of the BLS Handbook of Methods and in the 2006–2007 edition of Occupational Projections and Training Data. All of these resources are available on the BLS Web site at .
224 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-1. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1986, 1996, 2006, and Projected 2016 (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Labor force
Change
Percent change
Age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 1986
1996
2006
2016
Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over ...................................... 16 to 24 years .................................................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................................... 20 to 24 years ............................................................... 25 to 54 years .................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................ 35 to 44 years ................................................................ 45 to 54 years ................................................................ 55 years and over ............................................................. 55 to 64 years ................................................................ 65 to 74 years ............................................................ 75 years and over ......................................................
117 834 23 367 7 926 15 441 79 563 34 591 27 232 17 739 14 904 11 894 2 594 417
133 943 21 183 7 806 13 377 96 786 33 833 36 556 26 397 15 974 12 146 3 194 634
151 428 22 394 7 281 15 113 103 566 32 573 35 848 35 146 25 468 19 984 4 404 1 080
164 232 20 852 5 896 14 955 106 026 37 289 33 654 35 083 37 354 27 288 8 076 1 990
16 109 -2 184 -120 -2 064 17 223 -758 9 324 8 658 1 070 252 600 217
17 485 1 211 -525 1 736 6 780 -1 260 -708 8 749 9 494 7 838 1 210 446
12 804 -1 542 -1 385 -158 2 460 4 716 -2 194 -63 11 886 7 304 3 672 910
13.7 -9.3 -1.5 -13.4 21.6 -2.2 34.2 48.8 7.2 2.1 23.1 52.0
13.1 5.7 -6.7 13.0 7.0 -3.7 -1.9 33.1 59.4 64.5 37.9 70.3
8.5 -6.9 -19.0 -1.0 2.4 14.5 -6.1 -0.2 46.7 36.5 83.4 84.3
Men, 16 Years and Over .................................................. 16 to 24 years .................................................................... 16 to 19 years ................................................................ 20 to 24 years ................................................................ 25 to 54 years .................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................ 35 to 44 years ................................................................ 45 to 54 years ................................................................ 55 years and over .............................................................. 55 to 64 years ................................................................ 65 to 74 years ............................................................ 75 years and over ......................................................
65 422 12 250 4 102 8 148 44 406 19 383 15 029 9 994 8 765 6 954 1 552 260
72 087 11 147 4 043 7 104 51 999 18 430 19 602 13 967 8 941 6 693 1 872 375
81 255 11 810 3 693 8 116 55 840 17 944 19 407 18 489 13 605 10 509 2 466 630
87 781 10 915 2 923 7 992 57 491 20 913 18 373 18 205 19 376 13 865 4 387 1 124
6 665 -1 103 -59 -1 044 7 593 -953 4 573 3 973 176 -261 320 115
9 168 663 -350 1 012 3 841 -486 -195 4 522 4 664 3 816 594 255
6 526 -895 -770 -124 1 651 2 969 -1 034 -284 5 771 3 356 1 921 494
10.2 -9.0 -1.4 -12.8 17.1 -4.9 30.4 39.8 2.0 -3.8 20.6 44.2
12.7 5.9 -8.7 14.2 7.4 -2.6 -1.0 32.4 52.2 57.0 31.7 68.0
8.0 -7.6 -20.9 -1.5 3.0 16.5 -5.3 -1.5 42.4 31.9 77.9 78.4
Women, 16 Years and Over ............................................ 16 to 24 years .................................................................... 16 to 19 years ................................................................ 20 to 24 years ................................................................ 25 to 54 years .................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................ 35 to 44 years ................................................................ 45 to 54 years ................................................................ 55 years and over .............................................................. 55 to 64 years ................................................................ 65 to 74 years ............................................................ 75 years and over ......................................................
52 413 11 117 3 824 7 293 35 158 15 208 12 204 7 746 6 139 4 940 1 042 159
61 856 10 036 3 763 6 273 44 787 15 403 16 954 12 430 7 033 5 452 1 321 260
70 173 10 584 3 588 6 997 47 726 14 628 16 441 16 656 11 863 9 475 1 937 451
76 450 9 937 2 974 6 963 48 534 16 376 15 281 16 877 17 979 13 423 3 689 867
9 443 -1 081 -61 -1 020 9 629 195 4 750 4 684 894 512 279 101
8 317 548 -175 724 2 939 -775 -513 4 226 4 830 4 023 616 191
6 277 -647 -614 -34 808 1 748 -1 160 221 6 116 3 948 1 752 416
18.0 -9.7 -1.6 -14.0 27.4 1.3 38.9 60.5 14.6 10.4 26.8 63.5
13.4 5.5 -4.7 11.5 6.6 -5.0 -3.0 34.0 68.7 73.8 46.6 73.5
8.9 -6.1 -17.1 -0.5 1.7 11.9 -7.1 1.3 51.6 41.7 90.4 92.2
White, 16 Years and Over ................................................ Men .................................................................................... Women .............................................................................
101 801 57 217 44 584
113 108 61 783 51 325
123 834 67 613 56 221
130 665 71 283 59 382
11 307 4 566 6 741
10 726 5 830 4 896
6 831 3 670 3 161
11.1 8.0 15.1
9.5 9.4 9.5
5.5 5.4 5.6
Black, 16 Years and Over ................................................ Men ................................................................................... Women .............................................................................
12 654 6 373 6 281
15 134 7 264 7 869
17 314 8 128 9 186
20 121 9 420 10 701
2 480 891 1 588
2 180 864 1 317
2 807 1 292 1 515
19.6 14.0 25.3
14.4 11.9 16.7
16.2 15.9 16.5
Asian, 16 Years and Over ................................................ Men .................................................................................... Women .............................................................................
3 379 1 831 1 548
5 701 3 039 2 662
6 727 3 621 3 106
8 741 4 600 4 141
2 322 1 208 1 114
1 026 582 444
2 014 979 1 035
68.7 66.0 72.0
18.0 19.2 16.7
29.9 27.0 33.3
All Other Groups,1 16 Years and Over ........................... Men ................................................................................... Women .............................................................................
... ... ...
... ... ...
3 553 1 893 1 660
4 705 2 478 2 227
... ... ...
... ... ...
1 152 585 567
... ... ...
... ... ...
32.4 30.9 34.2
Hispanic,2 16 Years and Over ......................................... Men ................................................................................... Women .............................................................................
8 076 4 948 3 128
12 774 7 646 5 128
20 694 12 488 8 206
26 889 15 802 11 087
4 698 2 698 2 000
7 920 4 842 3 078
6 195 3 314 2 881
58.2 54.5 63.9
62.0 63.3 60.0
29.9 26.5 35.1
Non-Hispanic, 16 Years and Over .................................. Men ................................................................................... Women .............................................................................
109 758 60 474 49 285
121 169 64 441 56 728
130 734 68 767 61 967
137 343 71 979 65 363
11 411 3 967 7 443
9 565 4 326 5 239
6 609 3 212 3 396
10.4 6.6 15.1
7.9 6.7 9.2
5.1 4.7 5.5
White Non-Hispanic, 16 Years and Over ....................... Men ................................................................................... Women .............................................................................
94 027 52 447 41 579
100 915 54 451 46 464
104 629 55 953 48 676
106 133 56 791 49 342
6 888 2 004 4 885
3 714 1 502 2 212
1 504 838 666
7.3 3.8 11.7
3.7 2.8 4.8
1.4 1.5 1.4
1The
1986–1996 1996–2006 2006–2016 1986–1996 1996–2006 2006–2016
"All other groups" category includes respondents who reported the racial categories of "American Indian and Alaska Native" or "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander," as well as those who reported two or more races. This category was not defined prior to 2003. be of any race. . . . = Not available. 2May
CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 225 Table 4-1. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1986, 1996, 2006, and Projected 2016—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Percent distribution
Annual growth rate (percent)
Age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 1986
1996
2006
2016
1986–1996
1996–2006
2006–2016
Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over ......................................................................... 16 to 24 years ....................................................................................................... 16 to 19 years .................................................................................................. 20 to 24 years .................................................................................................. 25 to 54 years ....................................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ................................................................................................... 55 years and over ................................................................................................ 55 to 64 years ................................................................................................... 65 to 74 years ............................................................................................... 75 years and over .........................................................................................
100.0 19.8 6.7 13.1 67.5 29.4 23.1 15.1 12.6 10.1 2.2 0.4
100.0 15.8 5.8 10.0 72.3 25.3 27.3 19.7 11.9 9.1 2.4 0.5
100.0 14.8 4.8 10.0 68.4 21.5 23.7 23.2 16.8 13.2 2.9 0.7
100.0 12.7 3.6 9.1 64.6 22.7 20.5 21.4 22.7 16.6 4.9 1.2
1.3 -1.0 -0.2 -1.4 2.0 -0.2 3.0 4.1 0.7 0.2 2.1 4.3
1.2 0.6 -0.7 1.2 0.7 -0.4 -0.2 2.9 4.8 5.1 3.3 5.5
0.8 -0.7 -2.1 -0.1 0.2 1.4 -0.6 0.0 3.9 3.2 6.3 6.3
Men, 16 Years and Over ..................................................................................... 16 to 24 years ....................................................................................................... 16 to 19 years ................................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ................................................................................................... 25 to 54 years ....................................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ................................................................................................... 55 years and over ................................................................................................. 55 to 64 years ................................................................................................... 65 to 74 years ............................................................................................... 75 years and over .........................................................................................
55.5 10.4 3.5 6.9 37.7 16.4 12.8 8.5 7.4 5.9 1.3 0.2
53.8 8.3 3.0 5.3 38.8 13.8 14.6 10.4 6.7 5.0 1.4 0.3
53.7 7.8 2.4 5.4 36.9 11.8 12.8 12.2 9.0 6.9 1.6 0.4
53.4 6.6 1.8 4.9 35.0 12.7 11.2 11.1 11.8 8.4 2.7 0.7
1.0 -0.9 -0.1 -1.4 1.6 -0.5 2.7 3.4 0.2 -0.4 1.9 3.7
1.2 0.6 -0.9 1.3 0.7 -0.3 -0.1 2.8 4.3 4.6 2.8 5.3
0.8 -0.8 -2.3 -0.2 0.3 1.5 -0.5 -0.2 3.6 2.8 5.9 6.0
Women, 16 Years and Over ............................................................................... 16 to 24 years ....................................................................................................... 16 to 19 years ................................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ................................................................................................... 25 to 54 years ....................................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ................................................................................................... 55 years and over ................................................................................................. 55 to 64 years ................................................................................................... 65 to 74 years ............................................................................................... 75 years and over .........................................................................................
44.5 9.4 3.2 6.2 29.8 12.9 10.4 6.6 5.2 4.2 0.9 0.1
46.2 7.5 2.8 4.7 33.4 11.5 12.7 9.3 5.3 4.1 1.0 0.2
46.3 7.0 2.4 4.6 31.5 9.7 10.9 11.0 7.8 6.3 1.3 0.3
46.6 6.1 1.8 4.2 29.6 10.0 9.3 10.3 10.9 8.2 2.2 0.5
1.7 -1.0 -0.2 -1.5 2.5 0.1 3.3 4.8 1.4 1.0 2.4 5.0
1.3 0.5 -0.5 1.1 0.6 -0.5 -0.3 3.0 5.4 5.7 3.9 5.7
0.9 -0.6 -1.9 0.0 0.2 1.1 -0.7 0.1 4.2 3.5 6.7 6.8
White, 16 Years and Over .................................................................................. Men ....................................................................................................................... Women ................................................................................................................
86.4 48.6 37.8
84.4 46.1 38.3
81.8 44.7 37.1
79.6 43.4 36.2
1.1 0.8 1.4
0.9 0.9 0.9
0.5 0.5 0.5
Black, 16 Years and Over ................................................................................... Men ...................................................................................................................... Women ................................................................................................................
10.7 5.4 5.3
11.3 5.4 5.9
11.4 5.4 6.1
12.3 5.7 6.5
1.8 1.3 2.3
1.4 1.1 1.6
1.5 1.5 1.5
Asian, 16 Years and Over .................................................................................. Men ....................................................................................................................... Women ................................................................................................................
2.9 1.6 1.3
4.3 2.3 2.0
4.4 2.4 2.1
5.3 2.8 2.5
5.4 5.2 5.6
1.7 1.8 1.6
2.7 2.4 2.9
All Other Groups,1 16 Years and Over .............................................................. Men ...................................................................................................................... Women ................................................................................................................
... ... ...
... ... ...
2.3 1.3 1.1
2.9 1.5 1.4
... ... ...
... ... ...
2.8 2.7 3.0
Hispanic,2 16 Years and Over ............................................................................ Men ...................................................................................................................... Women ................................................................................................................
6.9 4.2 2.7
9.5 5.7 3.8
13.7 8.2 5.4
16.4 9.6 6.8
4.7 4.4 5.1
4.9 5.0 4.8
2.7 2.4 3.1
Non-Hispanic, 16 Years and Over ..................................................................... Men ...................................................................................................................... Women ................................................................................................................
93.1 51.3 41.8
90.5 48.1 42.4
86.3 45.4 40.9
83.6 43.8 39.8
1.0 0.6 1.4
0.8 0.7 0.9
0.5 0.5 0.5
White Non-Hispanic, 16 Years and Over .......................................................... Men ...................................................................................................................... Women ................................................................................................................
79.8 44.5 35.3
75.3 40.7 34.7
69.1 37.0 32.1
64.6 34.6 30.0
0.7 0.4 1.1
0.4 0.3 0.5
0.1 0.1 0.1
1The
"All other groups" category includes respondents who reported the racial categories of "American Indian and Alaska Native" or "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander," as well as those who reported two or more races. This category was not defined prior to 2003. be of any race. . . . = Not available. 2May
PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT The 10 Fastest Growing Occupations, 2006–2016 Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors Veterinarians
Occupation
Medical assistants Makeup artists, theatrical, and performance Personal financial advisors Veterinary technologists and technicians Computer software engineers, applications Home health aides Personal and home health care aides Network systems and data communication analysts 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Projected percent growth Only two of the top ten fastest-growing occupations are associated with computers. Four are in the health care industry and two are concerned with veterinary activities. (See Table 4-2.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • The fastest-growing occupations do not necessarily provide the largest amount of additional jobs. The network systems and data communication analyst group is expected to be the fastest-growing occupation, however, it will still only employ approximately 402,000 people in 2016 (up from 262,000 in 2006). (See Table 4-2.) • Of the ten occupations with the fastest job growth, five require a bachelor’s degree or more. Only three require short-term or moderate-term on-the-job training. (See Table 4-2.) • Of the ten occupations with the largest job growth, seven require only short-term or moderate-term on-the-job training, indicating that these are relatively low-paying jobs. (See Table 4-3.) • By 2016, there are expected to be approximately 51,000 job openings (due to growth plus net replacements). Nearly one-third will due to growth, while the rest will be due to replacements. (See Table 4-7.)
227
228 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-2. Fastest-Growing Occupations, 2006–2016 (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Employment Occupation
Change
Occupational group 2006
2016
Number
Percent
Most significant source of postsecondary education or training1
Network systems and data communications analysts ............. Personal and home care aides ................................................ Home health aides ................................................................... Computer software engineers, applications ............................. Veterinary technologists and technicians ................................
Professional and related Service Service Professional and related Professional and related
262 767 787 507 71
402 1 156 1 171 733 100
140 389 384 226 29
53.4 50.6 48.7 44.6 41.0
Bachelor’s degree Short-term on-the-job training Short-term on-the-job training Bachelor’s degree Associate’s degree
Personal financial advisers ...................................................... Makeup artists, theatrical and performance ............................. Medical assistants ................................................................... Veterinarians ............................................................................ Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors ............
Management, business, and financial Service Service Professional and related Professional and related
176 2 417 62 83
248 3 565 84 112
72 1 148 22 29
41.0 39.8 35.4 35.0 34.3
Bachelor’s degree Postsecondary vocational award Moderate-term on-the-job training First professional degree Bachelor’s degree
Skin care specialists ................................................................ Financial analysts .................................................................... Social and human service assistants ....................................... Gaming surveillance officers and gaming investigators ........... Physical therapist assistants ....................................................
Service Management, business, and financial Professional and related Service Service
38 221 339 9 60
51 295 453 12 80
13 75 114 3 20
34.3 33.8 33.6 33.6 32.4
Postsecondary vocational award Bachelor’s degree Moderate-term on-the-job training Moderate-term on-the-job training Associate’s degree
Pharmacy technicians .............................................................. Forensic science technicians ................................................... Dental hygienists ..................................................................... Mental health counselors ......................................................... Mental health and substance abuse social workers ................
Professional and related Professional and related Professional and related Professional and related Professional and related
285 13 167 100 122
376 17 217 130 159
91 4 50 30 37
32.0 30.7 30.1 30.0 29.9
Moderate-term on-the-job training Bachelor’s degree Associate’s degree Master’s degree Master’s degree
Marriage and family therapists ................................................. Dental assistants ..................................................................... Computer systems analysts ..................................................... Database administrators .......................................................... Computer software engineers, systems software ....................
Professional and related Service Professional and related Professional and related Professional and related
25 280 504 119 350
32 362 650 154 449
7 82 146 34 99
29.8 29.2 29.0 28.6 28.2
Master’s degree Moderate-term on-the-job training Bachelor’s degree Bachelor’s degree Bachelor’s degree
Gaming and sports book writers and runners .......................... Environmental science and protection technicians, including health .................................................................................. Manicurists and pedicurists ..................................................... Physical therapists ................................................................... Physician assistants ................................................................
Service
18
24
5
28.0
Short-term on-the-job training
Professional and related Service Professional and related Professional and related
36 78 173 66
47 100 220 83
10 22 47 18
28.0 27.6 27.1 27.0
Associate’s degree Postsecondary vocational degree Master’s degree Master’s degree
1An
occupation is placed into one of 11 categories that best describes the education or training needed by most workers to become fully qualified in that occupation.
CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 229 Table 4-3. Occupations with the Largest Job Growth, 2006–2016 (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Employment Occupation
Change
Occupational group 2006
2016
Number
Percent
Most significant source of postsecondary education or training1
Registered nurses .................................................................... Retail salespersons ................................................................. Customer service representatives ........................................... Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food .............................................................................. Office clerks, general ...............................................................
Professional and related Sales and related Office and administrative
2 505 4 477 2 202
3 092 5 034 2 747
587 557 545
23.5 12.4 24.8
Associate’s degree Short-term on-the-job training Moderate-term on-the-job training
Service Office and administrative
2 503 3 200
2 955 3 604
452 404
18.1 12.6
Short-term on-the-job training Short-term on-the-job training
Personal and home care aides ................................................ Home health aides ................................................................... Postsecondary teachers .......................................................... Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners ................................................................................... Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants .................................
Service Service Professional and related
767 787 1 672
1 156 1 171 2 054
389 384 382
50.6 48.7 22.9
Short-term on-the-job training Short-term on-the-job training Doctoral degree
Service Service
2 387 1 447
2 732 1 711
345 264
14.5 18.2
Short-term on-the-job training Postsecondary vocational award
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks ......................... Waiters and waitresses ............................................................ Childcare workers .................................................................... Executive secretaries and administrative assistants ............... Computer software engineers, applications .............................
Office and administrative Service Service Office and administrative Professional and related
2 114 2 361 1 388 1 618 507
2 377 2 615 1 636 1 857 733
264 255 248 239 226
12.5 10.8 17.8 14.8 44.6
Moderate-term on-the-job training Short-term on-the-job training Short-term on-the-job training Work experience Bachelor’s degree
Accountants and auditors ........................................................ Landscaping and groundskeeping workers ............................. Elementary school teachers, except special education ........... Receptionists and information clerks ....................................... Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer ....................................
Management, business, and financial Service Professional and related Office and administrative Transportation and material moving
1 274 1 220 1 540 1 173 1 860
1 500 1 441 1 749 1 375 2 053
226 221 209 202 193
17.7 18.1 13.6 17.2 10.4
Bachelor’s degree Short-term on-the-job training Bachelor’s degree Short-term on-the-job training Moderate-term on-the-job training
Maids and housekeeping cleaners .......................................... Security guards ........................................................................ Carpenters ............................................................................... Management analysts .............................................................. Medical assistants ...................................................................
Service Service Construction and extraction Management and business Service
1 470 1 040 1 462 678 417
1 656 1 216 1 612 827 565
186 175 150 149 148
12.7 16.9 10.3 21.9 35.4
Short-term on-the-job training Short-term on-the-job training Long-term on-the-job training Bachelor’s degree or higher Moderate-term on-the-job training
Computer systems analysts ..................................................... Maintenance and repair workers, general ............................... Network systems and data communications analysts ............. Food preparation workers ........................................................ Teacher assistants ...................................................................
Professional and related Installation, maintenance, and repair Professional and related Service Professional and related
504 1 391 262 902 1 312
650 1 531 402 1 040 1 449
146 140 140 138 137
29.0 10.1 53.4 15.3 10.4
Bachelor’s degree Moderate-term on-the-job training Bachelor’s degree Short-term on-the-job training Short-term on-the-job training
1An
occupation is placed into one of 11 categories that best describes the education or training needed by most workers to become fully qualified in that occupation.
230 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-4. Industries with the Largest Output Growth and Declines, 2006–2016 (Dollars, number, percent.) Billions of chained (2000) dollars 2006
Average annual rate of change, 2006–2016
Change, 2006–2016
Industry 2016
Largest Growth Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing .................................................................................. Wholesale trade .......................................................................................................................................... Securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investments and related activities ........................... Retail trade ................................................................................................................................................. Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing ................................................................
134.5 1 041.9 351.2 1 305.3 162.6
867.0 1 702.7 958.3 1 892.1 543.4
732.5 660.8 607.1 586.8 380.8
20.5 5.0 10.6 3.8 12.8
Owner-occupied dwellings .......................................................................................................................... Telecommunications ................................................................................................................................... Monetary authorities, credit intermediation, and related activities .............................................................. Software publishers .................................................................................................................................... Offices of health practitioners .....................................................................................................................
919.8 469.6 659.5 153.3 432.8
1 229.4 758.5 946.0 419.8 643.0
309.6 288.9 286.5 266.5 210.2
2.9 4.9 3.7 10.6 4.0
Real estate ................................................................................................................................................. Management of companies and enterprises .............................................................................................. Management, scientific, and technical consulting services ........................................................................ Hospitals, private ........................................................................................................................................ Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works) .......................................................
847.0 435.0 171.0 397.2 138.6
1 007.4 591.7 317.8 542.6 278.4
160.4 156.7 146.8 145.4 139.8
1.7 3.1 6.4 3.2 7.2
Internet and other information services ...................................................................................................... Construction ............................................................................................................................................... Motor vehicle manufacturing ...................................................................................................................... Air transportation ........................................................................................................................................ Scientific research and development services ...........................................................................................
109.4 899.1 277.6 144.4 126.8
248.2 1 031.1 384.7 236.5 216.1
138.8 131.9 107.1 92.0 89.3
8.5 1.4 3.3 5.1 5.5
Largest Declines Tobacco manufacturing .............................................................................................................................. Cut and sew apparel manufacturing ........................................................................................................... Printing and related support activities ......................................................................................................... Natural gas distribution ............................................................................................................................... Fabric mills .................................................................................................................................................
39.2 27.6 83.6 51.9 15.0
22.1 15.1 73.2 45.4 10.6
-17.1 -12.5 -10.4 -6.5 -4.4
-5.6 -5.9 -1.3 -1.3 -3.4
Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing ............................................................ Industrial machinery manufacturing ............................................................................................................ Pipeline transportation ................................................................................................................................ Textile and fabric finishing and fabric coating mills .................................................................................... Converted paper product manufacturing ....................................................................................................
20.8 34.4 23.8 8.6 77.3
16.7 30.4 20.7 6.4 75.1
-4.1 -3.9 -3.1 -2.2 -2.2
-2.1 -1.2 -1.4 -3.0 -0.3
Logging ....................................................................................................................................................... Apparel knitting mills ................................................................................................................................... Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills .............................................................................................................. Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing ...................................................................... Fishing, hunting and trapping .....................................................................................................................
25.0 5.4 70.2 21.7 5.7
22.9 3.3 68.1 19.6 4.2
-2.1 -2.1 -2.1 -2.0 -1.5
-0.9 -4.8 -0.3 -1.0 -2.9
Leather and hide tanning and finishing, and other leather and allied product manufacturing .................... Hardware manufacturing ............................................................................................................................ Footwear manufacturing ............................................................................................................................. Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing .............................................................................. Cutlery and hand tool manufacturing .......................................................................................................... Other textile product mills ...........................................................................................................................
3.4 9.6 1.8 2.6 9.3 9.0
2.1 8.4 0.7 1.8 8.6 8.3
-1.2 -1.1 -1.0 -0.8 -0.7 -0.7
-4.5 -1.3 -8.4 -3.8 -0.8 -0.8
CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 231 Table 4-5. Employment and Total Job Openings, by Education Cluster, 2006–2016 (Numbers in thousands, percent, dollars.) Change in employment, 2006–2016
Employment
Total job openings due to growth and net replacements1
Education cluster Number
Percent distribution Number
Total, all occupations ........................................................... First professional degree ..................................................... Doctoral degree ................................................................... Master’s degree ................................................................... Bachelor’s or higher degree, plus work experience ............. Bachelor’s degree ................................................................ Associate’s degree .............................................................. Postsecondary vocational award ......................................... Work experience in a related occupation ............................ Long-term on-the-job training .............................................. Moderate-term on-the-job training ....................................... Short-term on-the-job training ..............................................
1Total 2
2006
2016
150 620 1 970 2 025 2 167 6 524 18 585 5 812 7 901 14 579 11 489 27 230 52 339
166 220 2 247 2 462 2 575 7 117 21 659 6 899 8 973 15 889 12 200 29 248 56 951
2006 100.0 1.3 1.3 1.4 4.3 12.3 3.9 5.2 9.7 7.6 18.1 34.7
Percent
Number
2016 100.0 1.4 1.5 1.5 4.3 13.0 4.2 5.4 9.6 7.3 17.6 34.3
15 600 277 437 409 592 3 074 1 087 1 072 1 310 711 2 018 4 613
10.4 14.0 21.6 18.9 9.1 16.5 18.7 13.6 9.0 6.2 7.4 8.8
50 732 638 793 819 2 008 6 706 2 240 2 491 4 126 3 272 7 516 20 123
Percent distribution
100.0 1.3 1.6 1.6 4.0 13.2 4.4 4.9 8.1 6.5 14.8 39.7
May 2006 median annual wages2
30 400 112 070 57 640 51 380 81 280 53 550 50 240 29 520 43 480 37 360 29 100 19 620
job openings are given by the sum of net employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements. Data for wage and salary workers are derived from the Occupational Employment Statistics Survey.
232 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-6. Employment and Output, by Industry, 1996, 2006, and Projected 2016 (Number, percent, dollars.) Employment Number of jobs (thousands)
Output
Change
Industry
Average annual rate of change (percent)
Billions of chained (2000) dollars
Average annual rate of change (percent)
1996– 2006
1996
1996– 2006
1996– 2006
2006– 2016
TOTAL1,2 .............................................................................................. 134 690 150 620 166 220
15 930
15 600
1.1
1.0
15 120
20 265
27 094
3.0
2.9
Nonagriculture Wage and Salary Workers3 ...................................... 120 371 136 912 151 962
16 541
15 050
1.3
1.0
14 880
19 998
26 757
3.0
3.0
1996
2006
2016
2006– 2016
2006
2016
2006– 2016
Mining .................................................................................................. Oil and gas extraction ........................................................................... Mining (except oil and gas) ................................................................... Coal mining ....................................................................................... Metal ore mining ............................................................................... Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying ........................................ Mining support activities ....................................................................
556 147 249 90 50 108 160
619 136 221 79 32 110 262
608 134 231 79 35 116 244
62 -11 -28 -12 -18 1 102
-10 -2 10 0.2 3 6 -17
1.1 -0.8 -1.2 -1.4 -4.3 0.1 5.0
-0.2 -0.2 0.4 0.0 0.8 0.6 -0.7
213 144 47 21 9 17 24
242 142 52 23 8 21 46
269 152 66 27 11 27 52
1.3 -0.1 1.0 1.1 -2.2 2.4 6.5
1.0 0.7 2.4 1.4 4.3 2.2 1.2
Utilities ................................................................................................. Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ..................... Natural gas distribution ......................................................................... Water, sewage, and other systems .......................................................
640 464 136 39
548 397 106 46
518 376 87 54
-91 -67 -30 7
-31 -21 -19 8
-1.5 -1.5 -2.5 1.6
-0.6 -0.5 -1.9 1.7
309 230 74 6
323 266 52 7
354 303 45 10
0.5 1.5 -3.4 1.2
0.9 1.3 -1.3 2.7
Construction ........................................................................................
5 536
7 689
8 470
2 153
781
3.3
1.0
741
899
1 031
2.0
1.4
Manufacturing ..................................................................................... Food ...................................................................................................... Animal food ....................................................................................... Grain and oilseed milling ................................................................... Sugar and confectionery product ...................................................... Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food ........................... Dairy product ..................................................................................... Animal slaughtering and processing ................................................. Seafood product preparation and packaging .................................... Bakery and tortilla ............................................................................. Other food ......................................................................................... Beverage and tobacco product ............................................................. Beverage ........................................................................................... Tobacco ............................................................................................ Textile mills ........................................................................................... Fiber, yarn, and thread mills ............................................................. Fabric mills ........................................................................................ Textile fabric finishing/fabric coating mills ......................................... Textile product mills .............................................................................. Textile furnishings mills ..................................................................... Other textile product mills ................................................................. Apparel .................................................................................................. Apparel knitting mills ......................................................................... Cut and sew apparel ......................................................................... Apparel accessories and other apparel ............................................ Leather and allied product .................................................................... Leather and hide tanning and finishing4 ............................................ Footwear ........................................................................................... Wood product ........................................................................................ Sawmills and wood preservation ...................................................... Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood product .............................. Other wood product .......................................................................... Paper .................................................................................................... Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills .................................................... Converted paper product .................................................................. Printing and related support activities ................................................... Petroleum and coal product .................................................................. Chemical ............................................................................................... Basic chemical .................................................................................. Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fiber and filament ........................................................................................ Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical .......................... Pharmaceutical and medicine ........................................................... Paint, coating, and adhesive ............................................................. Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation ............................. Other chemical product and preparation ........................................... Plastics and rubber product .................................................................. Plastics product ................................................................................. Rubber product ................................................................................. Nonmetallic mineral product ................................................................. Clay product and refractory ............................................................... Glass and glass product ....................................................................... Cement and concrete product ............................................................... Lime and gypsum product3 ................................................................... Primary metal ........................................................................................ Iron and steel mills ferroalloy ............................................................ Steel product from purchased steel .................................................. Alumina and aluminum production and processing .......................... Nonferrous (except aluminum) production and processing .............. Foundries ..........................................................................................
17 237 1 562 56 69 99 210 134 486 53 306 149 204 166 38 443 87 233 124 216 126 90 743 98 605 40 94 46 48 583 133 110 339 631 216 415 816 137 984 224
14 197 1 484 50 60 75 177 132 509 40 280 160 195 171 23 196 48 90 58 161 90 71 238 34 186 19 37 20 17 560 118 120 322 469 136 333 636 114 869 148
12 694 1 489 42 51 61 156 127 569 36 285 162 171 156 16 134 38 61 34 141 79 62 110 20 77 12 20 12 8 527 94 131 302 367 94 274 497 88 848 124
-3 039 -78 -6 -8 -24 -32 -2 23 -13 -26 11 -10 5 -15 -248 -38 -143 -66 -55 -36 -20 -505 -64 -419 -22 -57 -26 -31 -22 -15 10 -18 -162 -80 -82 -180 -23 -116 -77
-1 503 5 -8 -9 -14 -22 -5 60 -4 4 2 -24 -16 -8 -62 -10 -29 -23 -20 -11 -9 -129 -14 -108 -6 -17 -8 -9 -33 -24 10 -19 -102 -42 -60 -138 -26 -21 -23
-1.9 -0.5 -1.0 -1.3 -2.8 -1.7 -0.1 0.5 -2.7 -0.9 0.7 -0.5 0.3 -4.8 -7.8 -5.7 -9.1 -7.3 -2.9 -3.3 -2.4 -10.7 -10.0 -11.1 -7.3 -8.8 -8.0 -9.7 -0.4 -1.2 0.9 -0.5 -2.9 -4.5 -2.2 -2.5 -1.8 -1.2 -4.1
-1.1 0.0 -1.7 -1.6 -2.0 -1.3 -0.4 1.1 -1.2 0.1 0.2 -1.3 -1.0 -4.0 -3.7 -2.3 -3.8 -5.0 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -7.5 -5.1 -8.4 -4.1 -6.0 -4.9 -7.3 -0.6 -2.3 0.8 -0.6 -2.4 -3.6 -2.0 -2.4 -2.6 -0.2 -1.7
3 610 385 20 38 23 46 58 99 9 43 52 134 70 66 52 12 28 12 29 19 10 67 12 51 5 10 6 4 85 26 19 40 159 72 87 99 223 398 102
4 146 461 26 43 24 52 65 127 10 52 61 118 80 39 32 8 15 9 30 21 9 36 5 28 3 5 3 2 95 27 20 47 147 70 77 84 268 450 115
5 264 551 35 52 28 66 76 155 11 58 70 109 89 22 25 8 11 6 31 23 8 20 3 15 2 3 2 1 104 27 24 53 143 68 75 73 295 556 130
1.4 1.8 2.8 1.2 0.7 1.4 1.2 2.6 1.6 1.9 1.7 -1.3 1.4 -5.1 -4.7 -3.1 -6.0 -3.4 0.4 1.3 -1.3 -6.2 -7.6 -5.9 -5.8 -6.2 -5.0 -8.2 1.1 0.5 1.0 1.5 -0.8 -0.2 -1.2 -1.7 1.9 1.2 1.2
2.4 1.8 3.0 1.8 1.5 2.3 1.6 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.4 -0.8 1.1 -5.6 -2.4 -0.3 -3.4 -3.0 0.4 0.8 -0.8 -5.5 -4.8 -5.9 -3.8 -5.7 -4.5 -8.4 1.0 0.0 1.7 1.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -1.3 1.0 2.1 1.2
141 50 229 76 127 137 920 708 212 517 84 142 200 92 639 153 70 99 102 216
105 39 292 67 113 105 797 638 159 508 61 103 248 96 462 94 60 73 73 162
84 30 362 62 104 82 764 650 114 507 54 87 266 99 336 64 52 50 50 120
-36 -11 64 -9 -15 -32 -123 -71 -52 -9 -23 -39 48 4 -177 -58 -10 -26 -29 -54
-21 -8 69 -5 -8 -23 -33 13 -46 -1 -6 -16 18 4 -126 -31 -8 -22 -23 -42
-2.9 -2.4 2.5 -1.2 -1.2 -2.6 -1.4 -1.0 -2.8 -0.2 -3.2 -3.1 2.2 0.4 -3.2 -4.7 -1.6 -3.0 -3.3 -2.8
-2.3 -2.4 2.2 -0.8 -0.8 -2.5 -0.4 0.2 -3.3 0.0 -1.1 -1.6 0.7 0.4 -3.1 -3.9 -1.4 -3.6 -3.7 -3.0
62 21 99 26 52 36 150 118 32 88 10 21 36 20 157 52 18 33 27 27
63 21 123 25 67 37 168 139 29 98 9 25 43 22 150 55 15 34 18 29
67 17 186 27 87 41 239 208 30 114 10 28 52 26 157 58 16 33 19 30
0.1 -0.2 2.1 -0.3 2.6 0.4 1.1 1.6 -0.9 1.2 -1.1 1.5 1.7 1.1 -0.5 0.6 -1.8 0.1 -3.7 0.9
0.7 -2.1 4.3 0.9 2.7 1.0 3.6 4.1 0.3 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 -0.2 0.2 0.4
1Employment
data for wage and salary workers are from the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) Survey, which counts jobs, whereas data for self-employed, unpaid family workers and agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting workers are from the Current Population Survey (CPS, or household, survey), which counts workers.
2Output subcategories do not necessarily add to higher categories as a by-product of chain weighting. 3Includes wage and salary data from the CES Survey, except data for private households. Logging workers 4Employment data are based on estimates from the CES Survey.
are excluded.
CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 233 Table 4-6. Employment and Output, by Industry, 1996, 2006, and Projected 2016—Continued (Number, percent, dollars.) Employment Number of jobs (thousands)
Output
Change
Industry 1996
Manufacturing—Continued Fabricated metal product ...................................................................... Forging and stamping ....................................................................... Cutlery and handtool ......................................................................... Architectural and structural metals .................................................... Boiler, tank, and shipping container .................................................. Hardware .......................................................................................... Spring and wire product .................................................................... Machine shops; turned product; and screw, nut, and bolt ................ Coating, engraving, heat treating, and allied activities ...................... Other fabricated metal product ......................................................... Machinery ............................................................................................. Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery .............................. Industrial machinery .......................................................................... Commercial and service industry machinery .................................... Ventilation, heating, air-conditioning, and commercial refrigeration .................................................................................. Metalworking machinery ................................................................... Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment ........................ Other general purpose machinery .................................................... Computer and electronic product .......................................................... Computer and peripheral equipment ............................................... Communications equipment ............................................................. Audio and video equipment .............................................................. Semiconductor and other electronic component ............................... Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments ...................................................................................... Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media ........... Electrical equipment, appliance, and component ................................. Electric lighting equipment ................................................................ Household appliance ........................................................................ Electrical equipment .......................................................................... Other electrical equipment and component ...................................... Transportation equipment ..................................................................... Motor vehicle ..................................................................................... Motor vehicle body and trailer ........................................................... Motor vehicle parts ............................................................................ Aerospace product and parts ............................................................ Railroad rolling stock ......................................................................... Ship and boat building ...................................................................... Other transportation equipment ........................................................ Furniture and related product ................................................................ Household and institutional furniture and kitchen cabinet ................. Office furniture (including fixtures) .................................................... Other furniture related product .......................................................... Miscellaneous ....................................................................................... Medical equipment and supplies ....................................................... Other miscellaneous .........................................................................
2006
2016
1996– 2006
2006– 2016
Average annual rate of change (percent)
Billions of chained (2000) dollars
Average annual rate of change (percent)
1996– 2006
2006– 2016
1996
1996– 2006
2006– 2016
2006
2016
1 648 139 78 370 107 53 82 343 158 318 1 467 220 169 146
1 554 113 54 414 92 34 58 352 149 287 1 192 222 123 111
1 365 86 40 437 82 24 42 283 120 252 1 045 207 101 97
-94 -26 -24 45 -16 -19 -23 9 -9 -31 -275 1 -46 -34
-189 -27 -14 23 -10 -10 -16 -69 -29 -36 -146 -15 -22 -14
-0.6 -2.0 -3.6 1.1 -1.5 -4.4 -3.3 0.3 -0.6 -1.0 -2.1 0.1 -3.2 -2.7
-1.3 -2.7 -3.0 0.5 -1.1 -3.6 -3.2 -2.2 -2.2 -1.3 -1.3 -0.7 -2.0 -1.3
234 23 12 49 22 11 8 42 18 50 248 48 36 25
246 24 9 59 21 10 8 45 20 49 281 60 34 22
278 25 9 71 22 8 8 61 24 50 335 84 30 20
0.5 0.8 -2.5 2.0 -0.7 -1.5 -0.1 0.8 1.4 -0.1 1.3 2.4 -0.6 -1.5
1.2 0.2 -0.8 1.8 0.6 -1.3 0.2 3.0 1.4 0.2 1.8 3.4 -1.2 -1.0
187 280 113 352 1 747 305 238 53 607
160 203 100 273 1 316 199 144 32 463
145 166 84 246 1 159 132 145 25 399
-27 -77 -12 -79 -430 -106 -93 -21 -144
-15 -37 -16 -27 -157 -66 1 -7 -64
-1.6 -3.2 -1.1 -2.5 -2.8 -4.2 -4.9 -5.0 -2.7
-1.0 -2.0 -1.8 -1.0 -1.3 -4.0 0.0 -2.3 -1.5
30 29 23 56 321 52 66 8 107
35 27 38 64 493 134 78 10 163
46 29 48 76 1 214 867 116 13 543
1.8 -0.7 5.0 1.3 4.4 9.9 1.6 1.8 4.3
2.7 0.5 2.4 1.7 9.4 20.5 4.1 3.1 12.8
489 56 591 82 111 217 181 1 974 285 155 800 514 33 145 40 604 397 158 49 716 298 418
438 41 436 59 82 156 139 1 765 236 180 654 472 28 156 40 556 374 132 50 652 309 343
418 40 354 42 61 126 125 1 651 226 176 516 497 23 174 40 521 346 123 52 600 312 287
-52 -15 -155 -23 -29 -61 -42 -209 -49 25 -146 -43 -5 10 -1 -47 -24 -25 1 -64 11 -75
-20 -2 -81 -16 -21 -29 -14 -114 -10 -4 -138 25 -5 18 0 -36 -28 -9 1 -52 4 -56
-1.1 -3.0 -3.0 -3.2 -3.0 -3.3 -2.6 -1.1 -1.9 1.5 -2.0 -0.9 -1.7 0.7 -0.2 -0.8 -0.6 -1.7 0.2 -0.9 0.4 -2.0
-0.5 -0.4 -2.0 -3.2 -2.9 -2.1 -1.1 -0.7 -0.4 -0.2 -2.3 0.5 -1.8 1.1 0.0 -0.7 -0.8 -0.7 0.2 -0.8 0.1 -1.8
87 8 106 12 20 35 39 525 193 22 166 111 7 16 9 58 35 18 6 101 44 57
107 12 105 13 25 30 37 657 278 27 190 122 7 21 14 79 46 26 8 147 77 70
140 15 116 14 30 32 42 863 385 36 204 166 10 35 23 93 51 31 10 219 117 102
2.1 3.7 -0.1 1.0 2.4 -1.6 -0.5 2.3 3.7 1.7 1.3 1.0 -0.4 2.8 4.1 3.1 2.8 3.7 2.9 3.9 5.8 2.1
2.7 2.3 1.1 0.6 1.8 0.6 1.2 2.8 3.3 2.9 0.7 3.1 3.9 5.0 5.3 1.6 1.2 2.0 2.6 4.0 4.3 3.8
Wholesale Trade .................................................................................
5 522
5 898
6 326
376
428
0.7
0.7
654
1 042
1 703
4.8
5.0
Retail Trade .........................................................................................
14 143
15 319
16 006
1 177
687
0.8
0.4
824
1 305
1 892
4.7
3.8
Transportation and Warehousing ..................................................... Air transportation ................................................................................... Rail transportation ................................................................................. Water transportation ............................................................................. Truck transportation .............................................................................. Transit and ground passenger transportation ....................................... Pipeline transportation .......................................................................... Scenic and sightseeing transportation .................................................. Support activities for transportation ...................................................... Couriers and messengers ..................................................................... Warehousing and storage .....................................................................
3 936 526 225 51 1 282 339 51 23 446 540 452
4 466 486 225 64 1 437 394 39 27 571 585 636
4 962 522 213 76 1 595 438 26 35 668 603 786
530 -39 0.1 13 155 55 -12 4 125 46 185
496 35 -12 12 158 44 -13 8 97 18 150
1.3 -0.8 0.0 2.3 1.1 1.5 -2.7 1.5 2.5 0.8 3.5
1.1 0.7 -0.5 1.7 1.0 1.1 -3.8 2.5 1.6 0.3 2.1
523 97 43 29 179 26 27 2 41 47 31
670 144 37 22 261 32 24 2 48 63 40
890 236 49 29 338 39 21 2 54 83 58
2.5 4.0 -1.4 -2.6 3.8 2.3 -1.4 0.8 1.6 2.9 2.4
2.9 5.1 2.7 2.7 2.6 1.8 -1.4 1.1 1.1 2.8 3.8
Information .......................................................................................... Publishing industries, except Internet ................................................... Newspaper, periodical, book, and directory publishers .................... Software publishers .......................................................................... Motion picture, video, and sound recording industries .......................... Broadcasting, except Internet ............................................................... Telecommunications ............................................................................. Internet and other information services .................................................
2 940 927 752 175 335 309 997 372
3 055 904 660 243 378 331 973 469
3 267 932 611 321 414 363 1 022 536
115 -24 -92 69 43 22 -24 97
212 28 -49 78 36 31 49 67
0.4 -0.3 -1.3 3.4 1.2 0.7 -0.2 2.3
0.7 0.3 -0.8 2.8 0.9 0.9 0.5 1.3
634 165 118 49 70 59 301 41
1 006 274 132 153 81 73 470 109
1 683 461 167 420 116 99 758 248
4.7 5.2 1.1 12.0 1.5 2.1 4.6 10.3
5.3 5.3 2.4 10.6 3.7 3.1 4.9 8.5
Financial Activities ............................................................................. Monetary authorities, credit intermediation, and related activities ........ Securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investments and related activities ........................................................................ Insurance carriers ................................................................................. Agencies, brokerages, and other insurance-related activities .............. Funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles ............................................ Real estate ............................................................................................ Automotive equipment rental and leasing ............................................. Consumer goods rental and general rental centers .............................. Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment rental and leasing .............................................................................................. Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works) ..............................................................................................
6 969 2 391
8 363 2 958
9 570 3 196
1 395 567
1 207 238
1.8 2.2
1.4 0.8
1 726 415
2 621 660
3 762 946
4.3 4.7
3.7 3.7
590 1 382 726 66 1 206 180 320
816 1 428 888 93 1 503 200 326
1 192 1 463 1 025 122 1 796 229 361
227 46 162 28 298 20 6
376 35 137 29 293 30 35
3.3 0.3 2.0 3.6 2.2 1.0 0.2
3.9 0.2 1.4 2.8 1.8 1.4 1.0
112 288 88 57 664 26 20
351 355 104 72 847 30 24
958 406 153 90 1 007 34 34
12.1 2.1 1.6 2.4 2.5 1.2 1.7
10.6 1.3 4.0 2.2 1.7 1.2 3.6
88
122
148
34
27
3.3
2.0
33
43
54
2.9
2.3
21
29
37
8
8
3.3
2.4
63
139
278
8.3
7.2
234 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-6. Employment and Output, by Industry, 1996, 2006, and Projected 2016—Continued (Number, percent, dollars.) Employment Number of jobs (thousands)
Output
Change
Industry 1996
Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services ............................. Legal services ....................................................................................... Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services .......... Architectural, engineering, and related services ................................... Specialized design services .................................................................. Computer systems design and related services ................................... Management, scientific, and technical consulting services ................... Scientific research and development services ...................................... Advertising and related services ........................................................... Other professional, scientific, and technical services ........................... Management of companies and enterprises ......................................... Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services .................................................................... Administrative and support services ................................................. Office administrative services ........................................................... Facilities support services ..................................................................... Employment services ............................................................................ Business support services .................................................................... Travel arrangement and reservation services ....................................... Investigation and and security services ................................................ Services to buildings and dwellings ...................................................... Other support services .......................................................................... Waste management and remediation services ..................................... Waste collection ............................................................................... Waste treatment and disposal and waste management services ........................................................................................ Education services ............................................................................... Elementary and secondary schools .................................................. Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools ......................................................................................... Other education services .................................................................. Health care and social assistance ........................................................ Ambulatory health care services ........................................................... Offices of health practitioners ........................................................... Home health care services ............................................................... Outpatient, laboratory, and other ambulatory services ..................... Hospitals, private .................................................................................. Nursing and residential care facilities ................................................... Nursing care facilities ........................................................................ Residential care facilities .................................................................. Social assistance .................................................................................. Individual and family services ........................................................... Community, and vocational rehabilitation services ........................... Child day care services ..................................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ....................................................... Performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries ................. Performing arts companies ............................................................... Spectator sports ................................................................................ Promoters of events, and agents and managers .............................. Independent artists, writers, and performers .................................... Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions ................................ Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries ................................. Accommodation and food services ....................................................... Accommodation ................................................................................ Food services and drinking places .................................................... Other services ....................................................................................... Repair and maintenance ....................................................................... Automotive repair and maintenance ................................................. Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance ........... Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment (except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance .................... Personal and household goods repair and maintenance .................. Personal and laundry services .............................................................. Personal care services ...................................................................... Death care services .......................................................................... Dry-cleaning and laundry services .................................................... Other personal services .................................................................... Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations ................................................................................ Religious organizations ..................................................................... Grantmaking and giving services and social advocacy organizations ................................................................................ Civic, social, professional, and similar organizations ........................ Private households ............................................................................... Federal Government .......................................................................... Postal Service ....................................................................................... Federal electric utilities ......................................................................... Federal enterprises except Postal Service and electric utilities .................................................................................. Federal government except enterprises ............................................... Federal defense government ................................................................ Federal non-defense government except enterprises .......................... Federal government capital services .................................................... . . . = Not available.
2006
2016
1996– 2006
2006– 2016
Average annual rate of change (percent)
Billions of chained (2000) dollars
Average annual rate of change (percent)
1996– 2006
2006– 2016
1996
1996– 2006
2006– 2016
2006
2016
5 337 968 730 1 025 107 701 517 472 414 402 1 703
7 372 1 173 889 1 386 136 1 278 921 593 458 537 1 809
9 494 1 285 1 072 1 731 179 1 768 1 639 649 520 651 2 080
2 035 205 160 361 29 577 404 121 44 135 107
2 122 111 183 345 44 489 718 55 62 114 270
3.3 1.9 2.0 3.1 2.4 6.2 5.9 2.3 1.0 2.9 0.6
2.6 0.9 1.9 2.3 2.8 3.3 5.9 0.9 1.3 1.9 1.4
770 172 82 136 18 97 87 59 57 63 226
1 149 192 97 210 27 156 171 127 77 96 435
1 607 214 110 276 40 230 318 216 97 132 592
4.1 1.1 1.7 4.4 4.0 4.8 7.0 7.9 3.1 4.3 6.7
3.4 1.1 1.3 2.8 4.2 4.0 6.4 5.5 2.3 3.3 3.1
6 422 6 140 247 80 2 601 678 294 612 1 362 266 282 92
8 370 8 023 363 123 3 657 791 227 760 1 797 305 347 130
10 070 9 646 456 179 4 348 950 230 923 2 161 399 424 157
1 948 1 883 116 43 1 056 112 -67 149 436 39 65 38
1 700 1 623 93 56 692 160 3 163 364 94 77 26
2.7 2.7 3.9 4.4 3.5 1.5 -2.6 2.2 2.8 1.4 2.1 3.5
1.9 1.9 2.3 3.8 1.7 1.9 0.1 2.0 1.9 2.7 2.0 1.9
348 302 30 8 83 41 26 22 62 30 46 24
553 494 74 11 134 61 30 36 106 43 59 30
800 724 129 12 186 93 30 58 162 55 75 36
4.8 5.0 9.2 3.0 4.9 4.1 1.5 4.7 5.5 3.7 2.6 2.4
3.8 3.9 5.7 0.8 3.4 4.3 0.1 4.9 4.4 2.6 2.4 1.8
190 2 078 599
217 2 918 847
267 3 527 1 001
27 841 248
50 609 154
1.4 3.5 3.5
2.1 1.9 1.7
22 124 26
29 157 30
39 191 34
2.8 2.4 1.5
2.9 2.0 1.2
1 170 309 11 605 3 940 2 629 667 644 3 773 2 380 1 448 932 1 512 545 408 559 1 522 329 115 109 72 32 89 1 104 9 254 1 699 7 556 5 435 1 136 781 110
1 537 534 14 920 5 283 3 508 867 908 4 427 2 901 1 584 1 317 2 309 974 529 807 1 927 399 121 131 100 47 124 1 404 11 216 1 833 9 383 6 235 1 248 887 104
1 824 702 18 954 6 844 4 365 1 348 1 130 5 119 3 588 1 758 1 829 3 404 1 687 638 1 078 2 522 478 120 162 131 65 167 1 877 12 494 2 088 10 406 7 077 1 453 1 094 94
368 225 3 315 1 343 879 200 264 654 521 136 385 797 429 120 248 405 70 5 22 28 15 35 300 1 962 134 1 827 800 113 106 -6
287 168 4 034 1 561 857 480 223 692 687 174 512 1 095 713 110 272 595 79 -1 31 31 18 44 472 1 278 254 1 024 843 204 207 -10
2.8 5.6 2.5 3.0 2.9 2.7 3.5 1.6 2.0 0.9 3.5 4.3 6.0 2.6 3.7 2.4 2.0 0.5 1.9 3.3 3.9 3.4 2.4 1.9 0.8 2.2 1.4 1.0 1.3 -0.5
1.7 2.8 2.4 2.6 2.2 4.5 2.2 1.5 2.1 1.0 3.3 4.0 5.7 1.9 2.9 2.7 1.8 -0.1 2.1 2.8 3.3 3.1 2.9 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.5 2.1 -1.0
72 26 865 401 286 36 79 292 98 64 34 74 30 14 29 130 56 10 18 11 16 5 70 427 115 312 370 144 90 18
95 33 1 211 593 433 48 112 397 119 72 47 103 44 22 38 185 62 9 24 14 16 7 116 555 139 415 439 176 106 20
114 44 1 720 890 643 83 164 543 146 84 62 149 68 32 50 274 84 10 31 18 24 10 182 635 170 465 550 223 132 20
2.8 2.4 3.4 4.0 4.2 3.0 3.5 3.1 1.9 1.2 3.2 3.4 3.7 4.2 2.8 3.5 1.1 -0.8 2.5 2.0 -0.1 2.8 5.2 2.6 2.0 2.9 1.7 2.0 1.7 0.8
1.8 2.9 3.6 4.1 4.0 5.6 3.8 3.2 2.1 1.6 2.9 3.8 4.5 4.0 2.8 4.0 3.0 0.8 2.8 2.9 4.5 3.7 4.6 1.4 2.0 1.1 2.3 2.4 2.2 0.2
160 84 1 166 454 126 378 207
179 78 1 284 585 137 344 218
191 73 1 415 649 154 346 265
18 -6 118 131 10 -34 12
12 -5 131 64 18 2 47
1.1 -0.7 1.0 2.6 0.8 -0.9 0.6
0.7 -0.6 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.1 2.0
17 19 96 29 13 20 33
29 21 122 40 11 21 50
45 26 167 56 12 23 76
5.5 0.7 2.5 3.5 -1.5 0.3 4.1
4.4 2.2 3.1 3.3 0.6 1.0 4.3
2 389 1 310
2 899 1 666
3 373 1 981
510 356
474 316
2.0 2.4
1.5 1.7
118 47
128 49
147 56
0.8 0.5
1.4 1.3
251 828 744
321 913 802
367 1 025 837
70 85 58
46 112 34
2.5 1.0 0.8
1.4 1.2 0.4
15 57 13
18 60 13
22 69 15
2.3 0.5 0.4
1.9 1.4 0.9
2 877 867 26
2 728 770 22
2 626 757 23
-149 -97 -4
-103 -13 0.3
-0.5 -1.2 -1.5
-0.4 -0.2 0.1
580 58 9
715 58 10
761 62 12
2.1 -0.1 1.4
0.6 0.7 1.5
97 1 887 597 1 290 ...
45 1 891 492 1 398 ...
26 1 819 434 1 386 ...
-52 4 -105 109 ...
-19 -71 -58 -13 ...
-7.3 0.0 -1.9 0.8 ...
-5.2 -0.4 -1.3 -0.1 ...
8 506 274 152 80
7 640 358 192 90
8 680 385 192 102
-1.3 2.4 2.7 2.4 1.1
1.2 0.6 0.7 0.0 1.3
CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 235 Table 4-6. Employment and Output, by Industry, 1996, 2006, and Projected 2016—Continued (Number, percent, dollars.) Employment Number of jobs (thousands)
Output
Change
Industry
State and Local Government ............................................................ Local government passenger transit ..................................................... Local government enterprises except passenger transit ...................... Local government hospitals .................................................................. Local government educational services ................................................ Local government excluding enterprises, educational services, and hospitals .................................................................................... State government enterprises ............................................................... State government hospitals .................................................................. State government educational services ................................................ State government excluding enterprises, educational services, and hospitals .................................................................................... State and local government capital services .........................................
Average annual rate of change (percent)
Billions of chained (2000) dollars
Average annual rate of change (percent)
1996– 2006
2006– 2016
1996
1996– 2006
2006– 2016
1996
2006
2016
1996– 2006
2006– 2016
16 662 206 3 746 648 6 592
19 262 256 4 311 650 7 938
20 696 317 4 542 679 8 450
2 600 50 565 2 1 346
1 434 61 231 30 512
1.5 2.2 1.4 0.0 1.9
0.7 2.2 0.5 0.4 0.6
1 159 7 111 47 349
1 436 9 132 65 418
1 749 10 176 87 449
2.2 1.6 1.8 3.4 1.8
2.0 1.8 2.9 2.9 0.7
864 1 824 376 1 911
1 027 1 876 361 2 295
1 347 1 879 346 2 586
163 52 -15 384
320 4 -14 291
1.7 0.3 -0.4 1.8
2.7 0.0 -0.4 1.2
277 15 34 125
350 19 47 159
437 25 61 189
2.4 2.2 3.5 2.4
2.2 2.9 2.5 1.8
496 ...
549 ...
549 ...
53 ...
0.5 ...
1.0 ...
0.0 ...
124 71
135 103
179 140
0.8 3.9
2.9 3.0
2006
2016
Owner-Occupied Dwellings ...............................................................
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
680
920
1 229
3.1
2.9
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting5 ................................... Crop production .................................................................................... Animal production ................................................................................. Forestry ................................................................................................. Logging ................................................................................................. Fishing, hunting and trapping ................................................................ Support activities for agriculture and forestry ........................................
2 731 1 166 1 238 18 121 62 126
2 139 898 922 19 95 49 155
1 966 758 904 21 76 39 167
-592 -268 -316 1 -26 -13 29
-173 -139 -18 1 -19 -10 12
-2.4 -2.6 -2.9 0.5 -2.4 -2.3 2.1
-0.8 -1.7 -0.2 0.6 -2.2 -2.2 0.7
236 88 96 5 27 7 13
267 107 112 5 25 6 12
331 148 138 4 23 4 14
1.3 1.9 1.6 -1.4 -0.9 -1.5 -0.4
2.2 3.3 2.1 -0.4 -0.9 -2.9 1.1
Nonagriculture Self-Employed and Unpaid Family Workers6 .........
9 368
9 772
10 462
404
690
0.4
0.7
...
...
...
...
...
Secondary Wage and Salary Jobs in Agriculture and Private Household Industries7 ........................................................................
177
178
185
2
7
0.1
0.4
...
...
...
...
...
Secondary Jobs as Self-Employed or Unpaid Family Workers8 ....
2 043
1 619
1 646
-425
27
-2.3
0.2
...
...
...
...
...
5Includes
agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting wage and salary, self-employed, and unpaid family worker data from the household survey (except logging, which is from the CES Survey). Government wage and salary workers are excluded.
6Comparable estimate of output growth is not available. 7Workers who hold a secondary wage and salary job in agricultural production, forestry, fishing, and 8Wage and salary workers who hold a secondary job as a self-employed or unpaid family worker.
. . . = Not available.
private household industries.
236 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2006 and Projected 2016 (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Employment Occupation
Number
Change, 2006–2016
Percent distribution Number 2006
Percent
2016
Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2006–20161
2006
2016
ALL OCCUPATIONS ..............................................................................................................
150 620
166 220
100.0
100.0
15 600
10.4
50 732
Management, Business, and Financial .............................................................................. Management ........................................................................................................................... Top executives ................................................................................................................... Chief executives ............................................................................................................. General and operations managers ................................................................................. Legislators ...................................................................................................................... Advertising, marketing, promotions, public relations, and sales managers ............................. Advertising and promotions managers ............................................................................... Marketing and sales managers .......................................................................................... Marketing managers ....................................................................................................... Sales managers ............................................................................................................. Public relations managers .............................................................................................. Operations specialties managers ........................................................................................... Administrative services managers ...................................................................................... Computer and information systems managers ................................................................... Financial managers ............................................................................................................ Human resources managers .............................................................................................. Compensation and benefits managers ........................................................................... Training and development managers ............................................................................. Human resources managers, all other ........................................................................... Industrial production managers .......................................................................................... Purchasing managers ........................................................................................................ Transportation, storage, and distribution managers ........................................................... Other management occupations ............................................................................................ Agricultural managers ........................................................................................................ Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers ............................................................... Farmers and ranchers .................................................................................................... Construction managers ...................................................................................................... Education administrators .................................................................................................... Education administrators, preschool and childcare center/program ............................... Education administrators, elementary and secondary school ......................................... Education administrators, postsecondary ...................................................................... Education administrators, all other ................................................................................. Engineering managers ....................................................................................................... Food service managers ...................................................................................................... Funeral directors ................................................................................................................ Gaming managers .............................................................................................................. Lodging managers .............................................................................................................. Medical and health services managers .............................................................................. Natural sciences managers ................................................................................................ Postmasters and mail superintendents .............................................................................. Property, real estate, and community association managers .............................................. Social and community service managers ........................................................................... Managers, all other .............................................................................................................
15 397 8 789 2 187 402 1 720 65 583 47 486 167 318 50 1 474 247 264 506 136 49 29 58 157 70 94 4 545 1 317 258 1 058 487 443 56 226 131 30 187 350 29 4 71 262 41 26 329 130 870
16 993 9 322 2 222 410 1 746 65 651 50 542 192 351 58 1 628 276 307 570 153 55 33 65 148 72 102 4 821 1 230 261 969 564 496 69 243 150 33 201 368 32 5 80 305 45 26 379 162 930
10.2 5.8 1.5 0.3 1.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 3.0 0.9 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.6
10.2 5.6 1.3 0.2 1.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 2.9 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.6
1 596 533 35 8 26 1 68 3 57 24 33 8 154 29 43 64 17 6 5 7 -9 2 8 276 -87 3 -90 77 53 13 17 19 4 14 18 4 1 9 43 5 0 50 32 60
10.4 6.1 1.6 2.1 1.5 1.0 11.7 6.2 11.7 14.4 10.2 16.9 10.5 11.7 16.4 12.6 12.5 12.0 15.6 11.4 -5.9 3.4 8.4 6.1 -6.6 1.1 -8.5 15.7 11.9 23.5 7.6 14.2 12.6 7.3 5.0 12.5 24.4 12.2 16.4 11.4 -0.8 15.1 24.7 6.9
4 575 2 373 572 118 441 13 198 13 165 61 103 20 473 94 86 138 43 15 10 18 54 22 36 1 130 117 22 95 152 176 29 80 55 12 51 100 10 2 24 92 14 6 95 57 233
Business and Financial Operations .................................................................................... Business operations specialists ............................................................................................. Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes .................................. Buyers and purchasing agents ........................................................................................... Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products ............................................................... Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products ........................................................ Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products .................................... Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators ............................................... Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators ............................................................. Insurance appraisers, auto damage ............................................................................... Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation ................................................................................................................. Cost estimators .................................................................................................................. Emergency management specialists .................................................................................. Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists ................................................. Employment, recruitment, and placement specialists ..................................................... Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists ..................................................... Training and development specialists ............................................................................ Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists, all other .............................. Logisticians ......................................................................................................................... Management analysts ........................................................................................................ Meeting and convention planners ...................................................................................... Business operation specialists, all other ............................................................................ Financial specialists ............................................................................................................... Accountants and auditors ................................................................................................... Appraisers and assessors of real estate ............................................................................ Budget analysts .................................................................................................................. Credit analysts .................................................................................................................... Financial analysts and advisers ......................................................................................... Financial analysts ........................................................................................................... Personal financial advisers ............................................................................................. Insurance underwriters ................................................................................................... Financial examiners ........................................................................................................... Loan counselors and officers ............................................................................................. Loan counselors ............................................................................................................. Loan officers ................................................................................................................... Tax examiners, collectors, preparers, and revenue agents ................................................ Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents .............................................................. Tax preparers ................................................................................................................. Financial specialists, all other .............................................................................................
6 608 3 860 25 460 16 157 287 319 305 13
7 671 4 466 27 459 15 156 288 347 332 15
4.4 2.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
4.6 2.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0
1 063 606 2 -1 -1 0 0 29 27 2
16.1 15.7 9.6 -0.3 -8.6 -0.1 0.1 9.1 8.9 12.5
2 203 1 276 9 99 2 35 62 110 105 5
237 221 12 732 197 110 210 214 83 678 51 1 043 2 748 1 274 101 62 67 501 221 176 104 26 406 33 373 181 81 100 129
249 262 13 862 233 130 249 250 98 827 61 1 261 3 204 1 500 118 66 68 655 295 248 111 28 450 35 415 174 82 92 144
0.2 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.7 1.8 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.8 1.9 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
12 41 1 130 36 20 38 35 14 149 10 218 457 226 17 4 1 153 75 72 7 3 44 1 43 -7 2 -8 15
4.9 18.5 12.3 17.8 18.4 18.4 18.3 16.5 17.3 21.9 19.9 20.9 16.6 17.7 16.9 7.1 1.9 30.6 33.8 41.0 6.3 10.7 10.8 4.0 11.5 -3.7 2.1 -8.4 11.8
39 86 3 288 79 44 84 81 27 264 20 330 927 450 37 19 27 210 87 88 35 7 88 5 83 40 22 18 50
Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding. 1Total
job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.
CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 237 Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2006 and Projected 2016—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Employment Occupation
Number
Change, 2006–2016
Percent distribution Number
2006
2016
2006
Percent
2016
Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2006–20161
Computer and Mathematical Sciences ................................................................................ Computer specialists .............................................................................................................. Computer and information scientists, research .................................................................. Computer programmers ..................................................................................................... Computer software engineers ............................................................................................ Computer software engineers, applications ................................................................... Computer software engineers, systems software ........................................................... Computer support specialists ............................................................................................. Computer systems analysts ............................................................................................... Database administrators .................................................................................................... Network and computer systems administrators ................................................................. Network systems and data communications analysts ......................................................... Computer specialists, all other ........................................................................................... Mathematical science occupations ......................................................................................... Actuaries ............................................................................................................................ Mathematicians .................................................................................................................. Operations research analysts ............................................................................................. Statisticians ........................................................................................................................ Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations .............................................................. Mathematical technicians ............................................................................................... Mathematical scientists, all other ................................................................................... Architecture and engineering .................................................................................................. Architects, surveyors, and cartographers ............................................................................... Architects, except naval ..................................................................................................... Architects, except landscape and naval ......................................................................... Landscape architects ..................................................................................................... Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists ............................................................ Cartographers and photogrammetrists ........................................................................... Surveyors ....................................................................................................................... Engineers ............................................................................................................................... Aerospace engineers ......................................................................................................... Agricultural engineers ......................................................................................................... Biomedical engineers ......................................................................................................... Chemical engineers ............................................................................................................ Civil engineers .................................................................................................................... Computer hardware engineers ........................................................................................... Electrical and electronics engineers ................................................................................... Electrical engineers ........................................................................................................ Electronics engineers, except computer ........................................................................ Environmental engineers .................................................................................................... Industrial engineers, including health and safety ............................................................... Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors ................ Industrial engineers ........................................................................................................ Marine engineers and naval architects ............................................................................... Materials engineers ............................................................................................................ Mechanical engineers ........................................................................................................ Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers .................................. Nuclear engineers .............................................................................................................. Petroleum engineers .......................................................................................................... Engineers, all other ............................................................................................................ Drafters, engineering, and mapping technicians .................................................................... Drafters ............................................................................................................................... Architectural and civil drafters ........................................................................................ Electrical and electronics drafters .................................................................................. Mechanical drafters ........................................................................................................ Drafters, all other ............................................................................................................ Engineering technicians, except drafters ........................................................................... Aerospace engineering and operations technicians ........................................................ Civil engineering technicians .......................................................................................... Electrical and electronic engineering technicians ........................................................... Electromechanical technicians ....................................................................................... Environmental engineering technicians .......................................................................... Industrial engineering technicians .................................................................................. Mechanical engineering technicians .............................................................................. Engineering technicians, except drafters, all other .......................................................... Surveying and mapping technicians ...................................................................................
3 313 3 200 25 435 857 507 350 552 504 119 309 262 136 114 18 3 58 22 12 1 10 2 583 232 160 132 28 72 12 60 1 512 90 3 14 30 256 79 291 153 138 54 227 25 201 9 22 226 7 15 17 170 840 253 116 35 78 25 511 9 91 170 16 21 75 48 82 76
4 135 4 006 31 417 1 181 733 449 624 650 154 393 402 157 129 22 3 65 24 14 1 13 2 852 277 188 155 32 89 15 74 1 671 99 3 17 33 302 82 306 163 143 68 270 28 242 10 22 235 8 16 18 180 904 268 123 36 82 27 545 9 100 177 16 26 82 51 83 90
2.2 2.1 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
2.5 2.4 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
822 807 5 -18 324 226 99 71 146 34 83 140 21 15 4 0 6 2 2 0 2 268 45 28 23 5 17 2 14 160 9 0 3 2 46 4 15 10 5 14 43 2 41 1 1 9 1 1 1 9 64 15 7 1 4 3 34 1 9 6 0 5 7 3 2 15
24.8 25.2 21.5 -4.1 37.9 44.6 28.2 12.9 29.0 28.6 26.9 53.4 15.1 13.2 23.7 10.2 10.6 8.5 19.8 7.9 21.3 10.4 19.2 17.5 17.7 16.4 23.1 20.3 23.7 10.6 10.2 8.6 21.1 7.9 18.0 4.6 5.0 6.3 3.7 25.4 19.1 9.6 20.3 10.9 4.0 4.2 10.0 7.2 5.2 5.5 7.6 6.0 6.1 4.1 5.2 11.0 6.7 10.4 10.2 3.6 2.7 24.8 9.9 6.4 2.0 19.4
1 568 1 524 12 91 449 300 150 242 280 47 154 193 57 44 11 1 18 9 5 0 5 852 97 58 48 10 39 6 33 505 27 1 6 10 114 28 82 45 37 30 98 9 89 3 6 58 2 5 5 29 250 88 40 11 26 10 134 3 27 39 3 9 22 12 18 29
Life, Physical, and Social Sciences ..................................................................................... Life scientists .......................................................................................................................... Agricultural and food scientists ........................................................................................... Animal scientists ............................................................................................................. Food scientists and technologists .................................................................................. Soil and plant scientists .................................................................................................. Biological scientists ............................................................................................................ Biochemists and biophysicists ........................................................................................ Microbiologists ................................................................................................................ Zoologists and wildlife biologists .................................................................................... Biological scientists, all other ......................................................................................... Conservation scientists and foresters ................................................................................ Conservation scientists .................................................................................................. Foresters ........................................................................................................................ Medical scientists ............................................................................................................... Epidemiologists .............................................................................................................. Medical scientists, except epidemiologists ..................................................................... Life scientists, all other .......................................................................................................
1 407 258 33 5 12 16 87 20 17 20 29 33 20 13 92 5 87 14
1 610 292 36 6 13 17 95 23 19 22 30 35 21 14 110 5 105 16
0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0
1.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0
203 33 3 1 1 1 8 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 18 1 18 2
14.4 12.8 9.3 9.9 10.4 8.4 9.2 15.9 11.2 8.7 3.7 5.3 5.3 5.2 19.9 13.6 20.2 15.3
538 103 13 2 5 6 26 7 5 6 7 11 7 5 47 2 45 6
Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding. 1Total
job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.
238 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2006 and Projected 2016—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Employment Occupation
Number
Change, 2006–2016
Percent distribution Number
2006
2016
2006
Percent
2016
Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2006–20161
Life, Physical, and Social Sciences—Continued Physical scientists .................................................................................................................. Astronomers and physicists ............................................................................................... Astronomers ................................................................................................................... Physicists ....................................................................................................................... Atmospheric and space scientists ...................................................................................... Chemists and materials scientists ...................................................................................... Chemists ........................................................................................................................ Materials scientists ......................................................................................................... Environmental scientists and geoscientists ........................................................................ Environmental scientists and specialists, including health .............................................. Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geologists .......................................................... Hydrologists .................................................................................................................... Physical scientists, all other ............................................................................................... Social scientists and related .................................................................................................... Economists ......................................................................................................................... Market and survey researchers .......................................................................................... Market research analysts ............................................................................................... Survey researchers ........................................................................................................ Psychologists ..................................................................................................................... Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists ............................................................... Industrial-organizational psychologists ........................................................................... Psychologists, all other ................................................................................................... Sociologists ........................................................................................................................ Urban and regional planners .............................................................................................. Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers ........................................................... Anthropologists and archeologists ................................................................................. Geographers .................................................................................................................. Historians ....................................................................................................................... Political scientists ........................................................................................................... Social scientists and related workers, all other .............................................................. Life, physical, and social science technicians ........................................................................ Agricultural and food science technicians .......................................................................... Biological technicians ......................................................................................................... Chemical technicians ......................................................................................................... Geological and petroleum technicians ............................................................................... Nuclear technicians ............................................................................................................ Social science research assistants .................................................................................... Other life, physical, and social science technicians ............................................................ Environmental science and protection technicians, including health .............................. Forensic science technicians ......................................................................................... Forest and conservation technicians .............................................................................. Life, physical, and social science technicians, all other ..................................................
267 18 2 17 9 93 84 10 123 83 31 8 24 530 15 261 234 27 166 152 2 12 4 34 51 6 1 3 5 36 351 26 79 61 12 7 18 150 37 13 34 66
309 19 2 18 10 102 91 11 152 104 38 10 25 616 16 313 281 31 191 176 2 13 4 39 54 6 1 4 5 38 393 28 91 65 13 7 20 170 47 17 33 73
0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
42 1 0 1 1 8 8 1 30 21 7 2 1 86 1 51 47 4 25 24 0 1 0 5 3 1 0 0 0 2 42 2 13 4 1 0 2 20 10 4 -1 7
15.7 6.7 5.5 6.8 10.6 9.1 9.1 8.7 24.2 25.1 21.9 24.3 6.2 16.3 7.5 19.7 20.1 15.9 15.3 15.8 21.3 7.9 10.0 14.5 6.1 15.0 6.1 7.8 5.3 4.7 11.8 6.6 16.0 5.8 8.6 6.7 12.4 13.4 27.9 30.7 -2.0 9.9
109 6 0 5 3 33 30 3 61 42 15 4 6 160 5 69 63 6 51 47 1 3 1 15 19 3 0 1 2 13 165 6 41 24 5 3 9 78 24 9 13 32
Community and Social Services .......................................................................................... Counselors, social workers, and other community and social service specialists ................... Counselors ......................................................................................................................... Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors .................................................... Educational, vocational, and school counselors ............................................................. Marriage and family therapists ....................................................................................... Mental health counselors ............................................................................................... Rehabilitation counselors ............................................................................................... Counselors, all other ...................................................................................................... Social workers .................................................................................................................... Child, family, and school social workers ......................................................................... Medical and public health social workers ....................................................................... Mental health and substance abuse social workers ........................................................ Social workers, all other ................................................................................................. Miscellaneous community and social service specialists .................................................... Health educators ............................................................................................................ Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists ................................................ Social and human service assistants ............................................................................. Community and social service specialists, all other ........................................................ Religious workers ................................................................................................................... Clergy ................................................................................................................................. Directors, religious activities and education ....................................................................... Religious workers, all other ................................................................................................
2 386 1 843 635 83 260 25 100 141 27 595 282 124 122 66 613 62 94 339 118 543 404 99 39
2 927 2 280 771 112 292 32 130 173 32 727 336 154 159 78 783 78 105 453 148 646 481 119 47
1.6 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0
1.8 1.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0
541 438 136 29 33 7 30 32 5 132 54 30 37 12 170 16 10 114 30 104 76 20 8
22.7 23.8 21.3 34.4 12.6 29.8 30.0 23.0 16.6 22.2 19.1 24.2 29.9 17.8 27.7 26.2 10.9 33.6 25.1 19.1 18.9 19.7 19.7
945 760 261 45 84 12 50 60 10 258 114 56 62 26 241 23 21 153 43 185 130 42 12
Legal ....................................................................................................................................... Lawyers, judges, and related workers .................................................................................... Lawyers .............................................................................................................................. Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers ................................................................ Administrative law judges, adjudicators, and hearing officers ......................................... Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators .......................................................................... Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates .................................................................. Legal support workers ............................................................................................................ Paralegals and legal assistants .......................................................................................... Miscellaneous legal support workers ................................................................................. Court reporters ............................................................................................................... Law clerks ...................................................................................................................... Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers .................................................................. Legal support workers, all other .....................................................................................
1 222 812 761 51 15 8 27 410 238 173 19 37 69 48
1 367 898 844 53 15 9 29 469 291 179 24 36 68 50
0.8 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.8 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
145 86 84 2 0 1 1 59 53 6 5 0 -1 2
11.8 10.6 11.0 4.5 0.1 10.6 5.1 14.3 22.2 3.4 24.6 -1.2 -1.2 5.1
360 240 228 12 3 3 7 120 84 36 8 6 11 10
Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding. 1Total
job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.
CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 239 Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2006 and Projected 2016—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Employment Occupation
Number
Change, 2006–2016
Percent distribution Number
2006
2016
2006
Percent
2016
Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2006–20161
Education, Training, and Library ......................................................................................... Postsecondary teachers ......................................................................................................... Primary, secondary, and special education teachers ............................................................. Preschool and kindergarten teachers ................................................................................. Preschool teachers, except special education ............................................................... Kindergarten teachers, except special education ........................................................... Elementary and middle school teachers ............................................................................ Elementary school teachers, except special education ................................................... Middle school teachers, except special and vocational education .................................. Vocational education teachers, middle school ............................................................... Secondary school teachers ................................................................................................ Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational education ........................... Vocational education teachers, secondary school ......................................................... Special education teachers ................................................................................................ Special education teachers, preschool, kindergarten, and elementary school ........... Special education teachers, middle school ................................................................ Special education teachers, secondary school .......................................................... Other teachers and instructors ........................................................................................... Adult literacy, remedial education, and GED teachers and instructors ....................... Self-enrichment education teachers ........................................................................... Teachers and instructors, all other ............................................................................. Archivists, curators, and librarians ..................................................................................... Archivists, curators, and museum technicians ............................................................... Archivists .................................................................................................................... Curators ...................................................................................................................... Museum technicians and conservators ...................................................................... Librarians ........................................................................................................................ Library technicians ......................................................................................................... Other education, training, and library .................................................................................. Audio-visual collections specialists ................................................................................ Farm and home management advisers .......................................................................... Instructional coordinators ............................................................................................... Teacher assistants ......................................................................................................... Education, training, and library workers, all other ..........................................................
9 034 1 672 4 413 607 437 170 2 214 1 540 658 16 1 133 1 038 96 459 219 102 138 1 078 76 261 741 307 27 6 10 11 158 121 1 563 7 15 129 1 312 99
10 298 2 054 4 963 750 552 198 2 496 1 749 732 15 1 187 1 096 91 530 262 118 150 1 214 87 322 805 328 33 7 13 12 164 132 1 739 6 16 159 1 449 110
6.0 1.1 2.9 0.4 0.3 0.1 1.5 1.0 0.4 0.0 0.8 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.1
6.2 1.2 3.0 0.5 0.3 0.1 1.5 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.1
1 265 382 550 143 115 28 282 209 74 -1 54 59 -4 71 43 16 12 136 11 60 64 21 5 1 2 2 6 10 176 -1 1 29 137 10
14.0 22.9 12.5 23.5 26.3 16.3 12.7 13.6 11.2 -5.1 4.8 5.6 -4.6 15.5 19.6 15.8 8.5 12.6 14.2 23.1 8.7 6.9 18.3 14.4 23.3 15.9 3.6 8.5 11.2 -13.8 5.1 22.5 10.4 10.5
3 050 662 1 578 243 187 56 766 545 217 3 396 368 28 173 92 39 42 251 19 88 144 135 17 4 7 6 49 69 425 1 3 47 350 24
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media ................................................................ Art and design ......................................................................................................................... Artists and related workers ................................................................................................. Art directors .................................................................................................................... Craft artists ..................................................................................................................... Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators ............................................... Multimedia artists and animators .................................................................................... Artists and related workers, all other .............................................................................. Designers ........................................................................................................................... Commercial and industrial designers ............................................................................. Fashion designers .......................................................................................................... Floral designers .............................................................................................................. Graphic designers .......................................................................................................... Interior designers ............................................................................................................ Merchandise displayers and window trimmers ............................................................... Set and exhibit designers ............................................................................................... Designers, all other ........................................................................................................ Entertainers and performers, sports and related ..................................................................... Actors, producers, and directors ........................................................................................ Actors ............................................................................................................................. Producers and directors ................................................................................................. Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers ............................................................... Athletes and sports competitors ..................................................................................... Coaches and scouts ....................................................................................................... Umpires, referees, and other sports officials .................................................................. Dancers and choreographers ............................................................................................. Dancers .......................................................................................................................... Choreographers ............................................................................................................. Musicians, singers, and related workers ............................................................................ Music directors and composers ...................................................................................... Musicians and singers .................................................................................................... Entertainers and performers, sports and related, all other .................................................. Media and communication ...................................................................................................... Announcers ........................................................................................................................ Radio and television announcers ................................................................................... Public address system and other announcers ............................................................... News analysts, reporters, and correspondents .................................................................. Broadcast news analysts ................................................................................................ Reporters and correspondents ....................................................................................... Public relations specialists ................................................................................................. Writers and editors ............................................................................................................. Editors ............................................................................................................................ Technical writers ............................................................................................................ Writers and authors ........................................................................................................ Miscellaneous media and communication workers ............................................................ Interpreters and translators ............................................................................................ Media and communication workers, all other .................................................................
2 677 821 218 78 9 30 87 14 603 48 20 87 261 72 87 12 16 798 163 70 93 253 18 217 19 40 20 20 264 68 196 77 764 71 59 12 67 8 59 243 306 122 49 135 77 41 36
2 982 905 253 85 10 33 110 15 653 51 21 79 286 86 96 14 18 897 182 78 103 291 21 249 22 43 22 21 293 77 216 89 847 66 54 12 68 8 60 286 336 124 59 153 91 51 40
1.8 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
1.8 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
305 84 34 7 1 3 23 1 50 3 1 -8 26 14 9 2 2 100 18 8 10 38 3 32 3 2 2 0 29 9 20 12 83 -5 -5 0 1 0 1 43 30 3 10 17 14 10 4
11.4 10.2 15.8 9.0 8.0 9.9 25.8 8.4 8.2 7.2 5.0 -8.9 9.8 19.5 10.7 17.8 11.8 12.5 11.3 11.6 11.1 15.1 19.2 14.7 16.0 5.9 9.5 2.4 10.8 12.9 10.1 15.8 10.8 -6.9 -8.3 -0.2 1.8 6.0 1.2 17.6 9.7 2.3 19.5 12.8 18.1 23.6 11.7
968 303 85 25 3 10 43 4 218 16 6 23 95 33 32 5 6 307 60 23 38 103 8 87 8 25 13 12 82 23 60 37 245 24 20 4 22 3 19 61 105 39 24 42 32 20 13
Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding. 1Total
job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.
240 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2006 and Projected 2016—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Employment Occupation
Number
Change, 2006–2016
Percent distribution Number
2006
2016
2006
Percent
2016
Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2006–20161
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media—Continued Media and communication equipment occupations ............................................................... Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators ................................... Audio and video equipment technicians ......................................................................... Broadcast technicians .................................................................................................... Radio operators .............................................................................................................. Sound engineering technicians ...................................................................................... Photographers .................................................................................................................... Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors .................................. Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture ................................................ Film and video editors .................................................................................................... Media and communication equipment workers, all other ....................................................
294 105 50 38 2 16 122 47 27 21 19
332 123 62 42 1 18 135 53 30 23 21
0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
38 18 12 5 0 1 13 6 3 3 2
13.0 17.0 24.2 12.1 -16.3 9.1 10.3 12.0 11.5 12.7 10.2
113 52 28 17 1 7 40 15 8 6 7
Health Care Practitioner and Technical .............................................................................. Health diagnosing and treating practitioners .......................................................................... Chiropractors ...................................................................................................................... Dentists .............................................................................................................................. Dentists, general ............................................................................................................ Oral and maxillofacial surgeons ..................................................................................... Orthodontists .................................................................................................................. Prosthodontists ............................................................................................................... Dentists, all other specialists .......................................................................................... Dietitians and nutritionists .................................................................................................. Optometrists ....................................................................................................................... Pharmacists ........................................................................................................................ Physicians and surgeons ................................................................................................... Physician assistants ........................................................................................................... Podiatrists ........................................................................................................................... Registered nurses .............................................................................................................. Therapists ........................................................................................................................... Audiologists .................................................................................................................... Occupational therapists .................................................................................................. Physical therapists ......................................................................................................... Radiation therapists ........................................................................................................ Recreational therapists ................................................................................................... Respiratory therapists .................................................................................................... Speech-language pathologists ....................................................................................... Therapists, all other ........................................................................................................ Veterinarians ...................................................................................................................... Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other ........................................................ Health technologists and technicians ..................................................................................... Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians ............................................................... Medical and clinical laboratory technologists ................................................................. Medical and clinical laboratory technicians .................................................................... Dental hygienists ................................................................................................................ Diagnostic related technologists and technicians ............................................................... Cardiovascular technologists and technicians ............................................................... Diagnostic medical sonographers .................................................................................. Nuclear medicine technologists ...................................................................................... Radiologic technologists and technicians ....................................................................... Emergency medical technicians and paramedics .............................................................. Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians ......................................... Dietetic technicians ........................................................................................................ Pharmacy technicians .................................................................................................... Psychiatric technicians ................................................................................................... Respiratory therapy technicians ..................................................................................... Surgical technologists .................................................................................................... Veterinary technologists and technicians ....................................................................... Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses ............................................................ Medical records and health information technicians .......................................................... Opticians, dispensing ......................................................................................................... Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians ........................................................... Orthotists and prosthetists .............................................................................................. Health care technologists and technicians, all other ....................................................... Other health care practitioner and technical ............................................................................ Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians ............................................... Occupational health and safety specialists .................................................................... Occupational health and safety technicians ................................................................... Miscellaneous health care practitioner and technical .......................................................... Athletic trainers ............................................................................................................... Health care practitioner and technical workers, all other .................................................
7 198 4 460 53 161 136 8 9 1 7 57 33 243 633 66 12 2 505 570 12 99 173 15 25 102 110 35 62 65 2 612 319 167 151 167 307 45 46 20 196 201 549 25 285 62 19 86 71 749 170 66 85 6 79 126 56 45 10 70 17 53
8 620 5 383 60 176 149 8 10 1 7 62 36 296 723 83 13 3 092 684 13 122 220 18 26 126 121 38 84 73 3 094 362 188 174 217 360 57 54 23 226 240 692 29 376 60 19 107 100 854 200 72 98 6 91 143 61 49 12 82 21 61
4.8 3.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
5.2 3.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.0 1.9 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.9 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 423 923 8 15 13 1 1 0 0 5 4 53 90 18 1 587 114 1 23 47 4 1 23 12 3 22 8 482 43 21 23 50 53 12 9 3 30 39 143 4 91 -2 0 21 29 105 30 6 13 1 12 17 5 4 2 12 4 8
19.8 20.7 14.4 9.1 9.2 9.1 9.2 10.7 6.8 8.6 11.3 21.7 14.2 27.0 9.5 23.4 19.9 9.8 23.1 27.1 24.8 3.7 22.6 10.6 10.0 35.0 11.8 18.5 13.6 12.4 15.0 30.1 17.2 25.5 19.1 14.8 15.1 19.2 26.1 14.8 32.0 -3.3 0.9 24.4 41.0 14.0 17.8 8.7 14.7 11.8 15.0 13.7 9.3 8.1 14.6 17.1 24.3 14.8
2 785 1 670 13 46 39 2 3 0 2 19 9 95 204 27 5 1 001 197 3 37 68 6 5 38 33 8 34 19 1 074 92 46 46 82 95 18 15 6 56 62 313 11 178 19 6 47 51 309 76 27 19 1 18 41 16 12 4 25 7 18
Health Care Support .............................................................................................................. Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides .......................................................................... Home health aides ............................................................................................................. Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants ............................................................................ Psychiatric aides ................................................................................................................ Occupational and physical therapist assistants and aides ...................................................... Occupational therapist assistants and aides ...................................................................... Occupational therapist assistants ................................................................................... Occupational therapist aides .......................................................................................... Physical therapist assistants and aides .................................................................................. Physical therapist assistants .............................................................................................. Physical therapist aides ......................................................................................................
3 724 2 296 787 1 447 62 140 33 25 8 107 60 46
4 721 2 944 1 171 1 711 62 179 41 31 10 137 80 58
2.5 1.5 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
2.8 1.8 0.7 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
997 647 384 264 0 39 8 6 2 31 20 11
26.8 28.2 48.7 18.2 -0.1 27.9 24.5 25.4 21.9 28.9 32.4 24.4
1 399 853 454 393 6 58 13 10 3 44 27 17
Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding. 1Total
job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.
CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 241 Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2006 and Projected 2016—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Employment Occupation
Number
Change, 2006–2016
Percent distribution Number
2006
2016
2006
Percent
2016
Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2006–20161
Health Care Support—Continued Other health care support ........................................................................................................ Massage therapists ............................................................................................................ Miscellaneous health care support ...................................................................................... Dental assistants ............................................................................................................ Medical assistants .......................................................................................................... Medical equipment preparers ......................................................................................... Medical transcriptionists ................................................................................................. Pharmacy aides .............................................................................................................. Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers .................................................. Health care support workers, all other ............................................................................
1 287 118 1 170 280 417 45 98 50 75 204
1 598 142 1 457 362 565 52 112 45 86 236
0.9 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1
1.0 0.1 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
311 24 287 82 148 6 13 -6 12 32
24.2 20.3 24.5 29.2 35.4 14.2 13.5 -11.1 15.7 15.6
489 37 452 130 199 12 26 6 21 57
Protective Services ............................................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of protective service workers ................................................ First-line supervisors/managers of law enforcement workers ............................................. First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers .................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives ................................................ First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers ............................. First-line supervisors/managers of protective service workers, all other ............................. Fire fighting and prevention workers ...................................................................................... Firefighters ......................................................................................................................... Fire inspectors .................................................................................................................... Fire inspectors and investigators .................................................................................... Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists ........................................................... Law enforcement workers ...................................................................................................... Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers ............................................................................. Bailiffs ............................................................................................................................. Correctional officers and jailers ...................................................................................... Detectives and criminal investigators ................................................................................. Fish and game wardens ..................................................................................................... Parking enforcement workers ............................................................................................. Police officers ..................................................................................................................... Police and sheriff’s patrol officers ................................................................................... Transit and railroad police .............................................................................................. Other protective services ......................................................................................................... Animal control workers ....................................................................................................... Private detectives and investigators ................................................................................... Security guards and gaming surveillance officers ............................................................... Gaming surveillance officers and gaming investigators .................................................. Security guards .............................................................................................................. Miscellaneous protective services ....................................................................................... Crossing guards ............................................................................................................. Lifeguards, ski patrol, and other recreational protective service workers ........................ Protective service workers, all other ...............................................................................
3 163 233 133 40 93 52 48 308 293 16 14 2 1 239 460 19 442 106 8 11 654 648 6 1 382 15 52 1 049 9 1 040 266 69 114 83
3 616 260 146 45 102 58 55 345 328 17 15 2 1 406 537 21 516 125 8 12 724 719 6 1 605 17 61 1 227 12 1 216 299 71 136 93
2.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1
2.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1
453 26 13 5 9 6 7 37 35 2 2 0 167 77 2 75 18 0 1 70 70 0 223 2 9 178 3 175 33 1 21 10
14.3 11.4 10.2 12.5 9.2 11.5 14.5 12.0 12.1 10.0 11.0 2.1 13.5 16.6 11.2 16.9 17.3 -0.2 12.3 10.8 10.8 6.4 16.1 12.5 18.2 17.0 33.6 16.9 12.4 1.9 18.7 12.6
1 327 91 53 16 38 22 15 147 142 5 5 0 475 182 6 175 42 2 4 245 243 2 615 5 19 391 5 387 199 21 106 72
Food Preparation and Serving Related ............................................................................... Supervisors of food preparation and serving workers ............................................................. Chefs and head cooks ........................................................................................................ First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers .......................... Cooks and food preparation workers ..................................................................................... Cooks ................................................................................................................................. Cooks, fast food ............................................................................................................. Cooks, institution and cafeteria ...................................................................................... Cooks, private household ............................................................................................... Cooks, restaurant ........................................................................................................... Cooks, short order .......................................................................................................... Cooks, all other .............................................................................................................. Food preparation workers .................................................................................................. Food and beverage serving workers ...................................................................................... Bartenders .......................................................................................................................... Fast food and counter workers ........................................................................................... Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food ............................. Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop .................................. Waiters and waitresses ...................................................................................................... Food servers, nonrestaurant .............................................................................................. Other food preparation and serving related workers ............................................................... Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers ............................................. Dishwashers ....................................................................................................................... Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop ................................................ Food preparation and serving related workers, all other .....................................................
11 352 932 115 817 2 998 2 097 629 401 5 850 195 16 902 6 081 495 3 036 2 503 533 2 361 189 1 341 416 517 351 56
12 789 1 033 124 909 3 340 2 301 681 445 5 948 205 16 1 040 6 927 551 3 542 2 955 587 2 615 219 1 488 466 571 388 64
7.5 0.6 0.1 0.5 2.0 1.4 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.6 4.0 0.3 2.0 1.7 0.4 1.6 0.1 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0
7.7 0.6 0.1 0.5 2.0 1.4 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.6 4.2 0.3 2.1 1.8 0.4 1.6 0.1 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0
1 436 101 9 92 342 204 52 43 0 98 9 1 138 846 56 506 452 54 255 30 147 49 54 37 7
12.7 10.9 7.6 11.3 11.4 9.7 8.3 10.9 8.8 11.5 4.8 3.4 15.3 13.9 11.2 16.7 18.1 10.2 10.8 15.8 11.0 11.8 10.4 10.4 13.0
5 382 177 23 154 1 223 772 223 152 2 328 62 5 451 3 182 236 1 350 927 424 1 537 59 800 223 265 277 35
Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance ............................................................ Supervisors of building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers .............................. First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers ............................ First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers ........................................................................................................................ Building cleaning and pest control workers ............................................................................ Building cleaning workers ................................................................................................... Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping workers ................................... Maids and housekeeping cleaners ................................................................................. Building cleaning workers, all other ................................................................................ Pest control workers ........................................................................................................... Grounds maintenance ............................................................................................................. Landscaping and groundskeeping ...................................................................................... Pesticide handlers, sprayers, and applicators, vegetation .................................................. Tree trimmers and pruners ................................................................................................. Grounds maintenance workers, all other ............................................................................
5 745 484 282
6 595 555 318
3.8 0.3 0.2
4.0 0.3 0.2
850 71 36
14.8 14.7 12.7
1 833 127 77
202 3 941 3 872 2 387 1 470 16 70 1 319 1 220 31 41 28
237 4 486 4 405 2 732 1 656 18 81 1 554 1 441 35 45 33
0.1 2.6 2.6 1.6 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.1 2.7 2.7 1.6 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
36 544 533 345 186 2 11 235 221 4 5 5
17.6 13.8 13.8 14.5 12.7 15.1 15.5 17.8 18.1 14.0 11.1 16.6
49 1 298 1 270 802 463 5 28 409 382 8 10 8
Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding. 1Total
job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.
242 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2006 and Projected 2016—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Employment Occupation
Number
Change, 2006–2016
Percent distribution Number
2006
2016
2006
Percent
2016
Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2006–20161
Personal Care and Services ................................................................................................. Supervisors of personal care and service workers ................................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers ........................................................... Gaming supervisors ....................................................................................................... Slot key persons ............................................................................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers ............................................. Animal care and service workers ........................................................................................... Animal trainers ................................................................................................................... Nonfarm animal caretakers ................................................................................................ Entertainment attendants and related workers ....................................................................... Gaming services workers ................................................................................................... Gaming dealers .............................................................................................................. Gaming and sports book writers and runners ................................................................ Gaming service workers, all other .................................................................................. Motion picture projectionists ............................................................................................... Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers ....................................................................... Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers ............................................ Amusement and recreation attendants .......................................................................... Costume attendants ....................................................................................................... Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants .................................................. Funeral service ........................................................................................................................ Embalmers .......................................................................................................................... Funeral attendants .............................................................................................................. Personal appearance .............................................................................................................. Barbers and cosmetologists ............................................................................................... Barbers ........................................................................................................................... Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists ............................................................... Miscellaneous personal appearance ....................................................................................... Makeup artists, theatrical and performance ....................................................................... Manicurists and pedicurists ................................................................................................ Shampooers ....................................................................................................................... Skin care specialists ........................................................................................................... Transportation, tourism, and lodging attendants .................................................................... Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges ....................................................................... Baggage porters and bellhops ....................................................................................... Concierges ..................................................................................................................... Tour and travel guides ........................................................................................................ Tour guides and escorts ................................................................................................. Travel guides .................................................................................................................. Transportation attendants .................................................................................................. Flight attendants ............................................................................................................. Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters ...................... Other personal care and services ........................................................................................... Childcare workers ............................................................................................................... Personal and home care aides ........................................................................................... Recreation and fitness workers .......................................................................................... Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors ........................................................................ Recreation workers ........................................................................................................ Residential advisers ........................................................................................................... Personal care and service workers, all other .....................................................................
4 966 268 54 34 20 215 200 43 157 546 117 84 18 15 11 103 315 247 4 19 42 9 33 825 677 60 617 148 2 78 29 38 232 69 49 20 45 40 5 118 97 21 2 853 1 388 767 555 235 320 57 86
6 060 312 64 42 22 248 238 53 185 667 146 104 24 18 11 121 390 308 5 24 48 10 37 942 755 61 694 187 3 100 33 51 261 76 54 23 54 49 5 131 107 24 3 593 1 636 1 156 658 298 360 67 75
3.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.9 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1
3.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.2 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0
1 094 43 10 8 2 33 39 10 29 120 29 20 5 4 -1 17 75 60 1 4 6 1 5 117 77 1 77 39 1 22 4 13 29 7 4 3 9 9 0 13 10 3 739 248 389 104 63 41 11 -11
22.0 16.2 18.9 23.4 11.1 15.5 19.3 22.7 18.4 22.1 25.0 24.1 28.0 26.2 -8.4 16.9 23.8 24.3 14.1 21.6 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.2 11.4 1.1 12.4 26.7 39.8 27.6 13.3 34.3 12.7 10.4 9.0 14.1 20.1 21.2 10.5 11.2 10.6 14.0 25.9 17.9 50.6 18.7 26.8 12.7 18.5 -12.9
2 276 100 20 14 6 80 71 17 54 378 53 37 9 7 5 90 230 182 3 14 16 3 12 217 162 12 151 55 1 30 7 17 77 16 11 5 27 25 2 34 27 7 1 418 646 519 208 107 101 27 19
Sales and Related .................................................................................................................. Supervisors of sales workers ................................................................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers ...................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers ............................................... Retail sales .............................................................................................................................. Cashiers ............................................................................................................................. Cashiers, except gaming ................................................................................................ Gaming change persons and booth cashiers ................................................................. Counter and rental clerks and parts salespersons .............................................................. Counter and rental clerks ............................................................................................... Parts salespersons ......................................................................................................... Retail salespersons ............................................................................................................ Sales representatives, services .............................................................................................. Advertising sales agents .................................................................................................... Insurance sales agents ...................................................................................................... Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents ............................................. Travel agents ...................................................................................................................... Sales representatives, services, all other ........................................................................... Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing ............................................................. Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific products ...................................................................................................................... Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and scientific products ...................................................................................................................... Other sales and related workers ............................................................................................ Models, demonstrators, and product promoters ................................................................. Demonstrators and product promoters ........................................................................... Models ............................................................................................................................ Real estate brokers and sales agents ................................................................................ Real estate brokers ........................................................................................................ Real estate sales agents ................................................................................................ Sales engineers .................................................................................................................. Telemarketers ....................................................................................................................
15 985 2 206 1 676 530 8 719 3 527 3 500 27 715 477 238 4 477 1 567 170 436 320 101 540 1 973
17 203 2 296 1 747 549 9 263 3 411 3 382 29 819 586 233 5 034 1 889 205 492 399 102 690 2 155
10.6 1.5 1.1 0.4 5.8 2.3 2.3 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.2 3.0 1.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 1.3
10.3 1.4 1.1 0.3 5.6 2.1 2.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.1 3.0 1.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 1.3
1 218 91 71 19 544 -116 -118 2 104 109 -5 557 322 35 56 79 1 151 182
7.6 4.1 4.2 3.7 6.2 -3.3 -3.4 6.7 14.6 22.9 -2.2 12.4 20.6 20.3 12.9 24.8 1.0 27.9 9.2
6 171 519 423 96 3 932 1 679 1 664 15 318 291 27 1 935 663 64 151 161 8 278 617
411
462
0.3
0.3
51
12.4
142
1 562 1 520 107 105 2 564 131 432 76 395
1 693 1 599 126 124 2 624 146 478 82 356
1.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3
1.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.2
131 79 19 19 0 60 15 46 6 -39
8.4 5.2 17.9 18.0 9.8 10.7 11.1 10.6 8.5 -9.9
476 440 49 49 1 150 36 115 26 139
Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding. 1Total
job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.
CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 243 Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2006 and Projected 2016—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Employment Occupation
Number
Change, 2006–2016
Percent distribution Number
2006
2016
2006
Percent
2016
Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2006–20161
Sales and Related—Continued Miscellaneous sales and related ......................................................................................... Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers .................. Sales and related workers, all other ...............................................................................
379 200 180
412 207 205
0.3 0.1 0.1
0.2 0.1 0.1
33 7 25
8.6 3.7 14.0
76 34 41
Office and Administrative Support ...................................................................................... Supervisors of office and administrative support workers ....................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers .................... Communications equipment operators ................................................................................... Switchboard operators, including answering service .......................................................... Telephone operators .......................................................................................................... Communications equipment operators, all other ................................................................ Financial clerks ....................................................................................................................... Bill and account collectors .................................................................................................. Billing and posting clerks and machine operators ............................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks ................................................................... Gaming cage workers ........................................................................................................ Payroll and timekeeping clerks ........................................................................................... Procurement clerks ............................................................................................................ Tellers ................................................................................................................................. Information and record clerks ................................................................................................. Brokerage clerks ................................................................................................................ Correspondence clerks ...................................................................................................... Court, municipal, and license clerks ................................................................................... Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks ............................................................................ Customer service representatives ...................................................................................... Eligibility interviewers, government programs .................................................................... File clerks ........................................................................................................................... Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks ................................................................................... Interviewers, except eligibility and loan .............................................................................. Library assistants, clerical .................................................................................................. Loan interviewers and clerks .............................................................................................. New accounts clerks .......................................................................................................... Order clerks ........................................................................................................................ Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping ........................................... Receptionists and information clerks .................................................................................. Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks ........................................... Information and record clerks, all other .............................................................................. Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing occupations .............................. Cargo and freight agents .................................................................................................... Couriers and messengers .................................................................................................. Dispatchers ........................................................................................................................ Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers ......................................................................... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance ............................................................ Meter readers, utilities ........................................................................................................ Postal service workers ....................................................................................................... Postal service clerks ....................................................................................................... Postal service mail carriers ............................................................................................ Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators .................. Production, planning, and expediting clerks ........................................................................ Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks .................................................................................. Stock clerks and order fillers ............................................................................................... Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping ......................................... Secretaries and administrative assistants ............................................................................... Executive secretaries and administrative assistants ........................................................... Legal secretaries ................................................................................................................. Medical secretaries ............................................................................................................. Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive .............................................................. Other office and administrative support ................................................................................... Computer operators ............................................................................................................ Data entry and information processing ................................................................................ Data entry keyers ............................................................................................................ Word processors and typists ........................................................................................... Desktop publishers ............................................................................................................. Insurance claims and policy processing clerks .................................................................. Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service .......................................... Office clerks, general .......................................................................................................... Office machine operators, except computer ....................................................................... Proofreaders and copy markers ......................................................................................... Statistical assistants ........................................................................................................... Office and administrative support workers, all other ...........................................................
24 344 1 418 1 418 209 177 27 4 4 007 434 542 2 114 18 214 78 608 5 738 73 17 115 69 2 202 112 234 219 221 116 256 81 271 168 1 173 165 245 4 016 86 134 289 99 190 47 615 80 338 198 293 769 1 705 79 4 241 1 618 275 408 1 940 4 715 130 492 313 179 32 254 152 3 200 94 18 23 320
26 089 1 500 1 500 183 163 16 5 4 482 534 566 2 377 20 220 76 689 6 389 88 20 125 63 2 747 116 137 257 242 125 254 68 205 187 1 375 167 213 3 931 100 134 306 113 193 42 603 80 341 181 305 797 1 574 70 4 603 1 857 308 477 1 962 5 001 98 457 299 158 32 251 134 3 604 91 19 24 290
16.2 0.9 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.3 0.4 1.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.5 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.2 2.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.1 0.1 2.8 1.1 0.2 0.3 1.3 3.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 2.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2
15.7 0.9 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.3 0.3 1.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 3.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.1 2.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.0 2.8 1.1 0.2 0.3 1.2 3.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 2.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2
1 745 82 82 -25 -15 -11 0 476 99 24 264 2 7 -2 82 651 15 2 10 -6 545 3 -97 38 21 9 -2 -13 -66 19 202 2 -32 -86 14 0 16 13 3 -5 -12 1 4 -17 12 28 -131 -9 362 239 32 68 22 286 -32 -35 -15 -21 0 -3 -18 404 -3 1 2 -30
7.2 5.8 5.8 -12.1 -8.4 -39.5 7.4 11.9 22.9 4.4 12.5 11.3 3.1 -2.1 13.5 11.4 20.0 12.0 8.8 -8.4 24.8 3.1 -41.3 17.4 9.5 7.9 -0.9 -16.3 -24.4 11.3 17.2 1.1 -12.9 -2.1 16.5 -0.2 5.7 13.6 1.5 -10.3 -2.0 1.2 1.1 -8.4 4.2 3.7 -7.7 -11.3 8.5 14.8 11.7 16.7 1.2 6.1 -24.7 -7.2 -4.7 -11.6 1.0 -1.3 -11.6 12.6 -2.7 6.4 7.6 -9.3
7 424 374 374 42 37 3 1 1 283 165 93 594 7 61 16 347 2 320 38 7 36 21 1 158 23 62 127 79 46 44 24 57 31 489 38 39 1 050 38 36 89 38 51 15 142 19 102 21 92 213 405 21 1 037 497 76 133 331 1 318 21 111 77 34 7 31 40 991 31 5 12 71
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry ............................................................................................ Supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers ............................................................ Agricultural workers ................................................................................................................ Agricultural inspectors ........................................................................................................ Animal breeders ................................................................................................................. Graders and sorters, agricultural products ......................................................................... Miscellaneous agricultural ................................................................................................... Agricultural equipment operators ................................................................................... Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse ........................................... Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals ........................................................................... Agricultural workers, all other ......................................................................................... Fishing and hunting ................................................................................................................. Fishers and related fishing .................................................................................................. Hunters and trappers ..........................................................................................................
1 039 53 859 16 11 42 790 59 603 107 20 39 38 0
1 010 53 838 16 11 41 769 56 583 110 20 33 32 0
0.7 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.6 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
-29 0 -21 0 0 -1 -20 -3 -20 3 0 -6 -6 0
-2.8 -0.4 -2.4 -1.1 4.4 -1.8 -2.6 -5.0 -3.4 2.7 0.1 -16.2 -16.1 -19.0
251 10 214 4 3 6 201 15 151 30 5 5 5 0
Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding. 1Total
job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.
244 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2006 and Projected 2016—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Employment Occupation
Number
Change, 2006–2016
Percent distribution Number
2006
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry—Continued Forest, conservation, and logging ........................................................................................... Forest and conservation ...................................................................................................... Logging ................................................................................................................................ Fallers ............................................................................................................................. Logging equipment operators ......................................................................................... Log graders and scalers ................................................................................................. Logging workers, all other .............................................................................................. Construction and Extraction ................................................................................................ Supervisors of construction and extraction workers ................................................................ First-line supervisors/managers of construction and extraction workers ............................. Construction trades and related .............................................................................................. Boilermakers ...................................................................................................................... Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons ................................................................. Brickmasons and blockmasons ...................................................................................... Stonemasons ................................................................................................................. Carpenters .......................................................................................................................... Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers ..................................................................... Carpet installers ............................................................................................................. Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles ............................................................ Floor sanders and finishers ............................................................................................ Tile and marble setters ................................................................................................... Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers ................................................ Cement masons and concrete finishers ......................................................................... Terrazzo workers and finishers ...................................................................................... Construction laborers ......................................................................................................... Construction equipment operators ..................................................................................... Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators ..................................................... Pile-driver operators ....................................................................................................... Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators ................................. Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers ............................................................. Drywall and ceiling tile installers ..................................................................................... Tapers ............................................................................................................................ Electricians ......................................................................................................................... Glaziers .............................................................................................................................. Insulation workers .............................................................................................................. Insulation workers, floor, ceiling, and wall ...................................................................... Insulation workers, mechanical ...................................................................................... Painters and paperhangers ................................................................................................ Painters, construction and maintenance ........................................................................ Paperhangers ................................................................................................................. Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters .............................................................. Pipelayers ....................................................................................................................... Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters ........................................................................... Plasterers and stucco masons ........................................................................................... Reinforcing iron and rebar workers .................................................................................... Roofers ............................................................................................................................... Sheet metal workers ........................................................................................................... Structural iron and steel workers ........................................................................................ Helpers—construction trades ................................................................................................. Helpers—brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters ............................................................................................................................. Helpers—carpenters .......................................................................................................... Helpers—electricians ......................................................................................................... Helpers—painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons ..................................... Helpers—pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters .............................................. Helpers—roofers ................................................................................................................ Helpers—construction trades, all other ............................................................................... Other construction and related ................................................................................................ Construction and building inspectors .................................................................................. Elevator installers and repairers .......................................................................................... Fence erectors ................................................................................................................... Hazardous materials removal .............................................................................................. Highway maintenance ......................................................................................................... Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators .................................................... Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners .................................................................. Miscellaneous construction and related .............................................................................. Segmental pavers .......................................................................................................... Construction and related workers, all other .................................................................... Extraction workers .................................................................................................................. Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining ................................... Derrick operators, oil and gas ........................................................................................ Rotary drill operators, oil and gas ................................................................................... Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining ................................................................... Earth drillers, except oil and gas ........................................................................................ Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters ............................................ Mining machine operators .................................................................................................. Continuous mining machine operators ........................................................................... Mine cutting and channeling machine operators ............................................................ Mining machine operators, all other ............................................................................... Rock splitters, quarry .......................................................................................................... Roof bolters, mining ........................................................................................................... Roustabouts, oil and gas .................................................................................................... Helpers—extraction workers .............................................................................................. Extraction workers, all other ...............................................................................................
2016
2006
Percent
2016
Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2006–20161
88 20 69 13 40 7 8
87 21 66 12 40 7 7
0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
-1 1 -2 -1 -1 0 0
-1.4 5.5 -3.4 -7.4 -1.3 -5.3 -5.9
23 9 14 3 8 1 2
8 295 772 772 6 422 18 182 158 24 1 462 196 73 29 14 79 228 222 7 1 232 494 64 6 424 240 186 54 705 55 61 32 28 473 463 10 569 67 502 61 30 156 189 72 448
9 079 842 842 7 044 20 200 174 26 1 612 203 72 25 14 91 254 247 8 1 366 536 70 6 460 258 199 58 757 62 66 35 31 526 517 9 628 72 555 66 34 179 201 76 491
5.5 0.5 0.5 4.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3
5.5 0.5 0.5 4.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3
785 70 70 622 2 18 15 2 150 8 -1 -4 0 12 26 25 1 134 42 6 0 35 17 14 4 52 7 5 3 2 53 54 -1 59 6 53 5 3 22 13 4 43
9.5 9.1 9.1 9.7 14.0 9.7 9.7 10.0 10.3 3.9 -1.2 -12.2 -1.8 15.4 11.4 11.4 10.9 10.9 8.5 9.0 8.3 8.4 7.2 7.3 7.1 7.4 11.9 8.5 8.4 8.6 11.3 11.8 -12.2 10.4 8.7 10.6 8.1 11.5 14.3 6.8 6.0 9.6
2 249 178 178 1 719 9 56 48 7 348 41 11 4 2 24 92 89 3 227 138 19 2 118 50 39 11 234 16 19 10 9 138 137 2 176 20 157 19 11 58 59 28 157
65 109 105 24 85 22 38 451 110 22 32 39 145 15 24 63 1 62 202 67 19 20 28 22 5 21 10 8 3 4 4 44 25 10
73 122 112 24 95 23 42 502 130 24 36 44 158 15 26 69 1 68 200 63 18 19 26 23 5 22 11 8 3 5 4 43 25 10
0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
7 13 7 0 10 1 5 51 20 2 3 4 13 1 2 6 0 6 -2 -4 -1 -1 -2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 -1 0 0
11.0 11.7 6.8 -0.7 11.9 6.7 12.6 11.4 18.2 8.8 10.6 11.2 8.9 4.8 10.2 8.9 10.3 8.8 -0.8 -5.5 -5.8 -5.4 -5.4 6.5 1.4 4.3 4.6 3.8 4.9 25.1 1.2 -3.2 -0.2 0.4
24 40 34 6 32 7 14 144 40 8 10 13 39 4 7 22 0 22 52 7 2 2 3 8 2 9 4 3 1 2 1 13 7 2
Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding. 1Total
job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.
CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 245 Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2006 and Projected 2016—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Employment Occupation
Number
Change, 2006–2016
Percent distribution Number
2006
2016
2006
Percent
2016
Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2006–20161
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair ................................................................................. Supervisors of installation, maintenance, and repair workers ................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers ............................. Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers ............................... Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers ................................................. Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and reporters .................................... Radio mechanics ................................................................................................................ Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers .................. Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers .... Avionics technicians ....................................................................................................... Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers ............................................................ Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment ................. Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment ..................... Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay ......................... Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles ........................................ Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers ................................ Security and fire alarm systems installers ...................................................................... Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers ....................................... Aircraft mechanics and service technicians ....................................................................... Automotive technicians and repairers ................................................................................ Automotive body and related repairers .......................................................................... Automotive glass installers and repairers ....................................................................... Automotive service technicians and mechanics ............................................................. Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists ..................................................... Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics ......................... Farm equipment mechanics ........................................................................................... Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines ..................................................... Rail car repairers ............................................................................................................ Small engine mechanics .................................................................................................... Motorboat mechanics ..................................................................................................... Motorcycle mechanics .................................................................................................... Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics ....................................... Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers ........... Bicycle repairers ............................................................................................................. Recreational vehicle service technicians ........................................................................ Tire repairers and changers ........................................................................................... Other installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ........................................................ Control and valve installers and repairers .......................................................................... Mechanical door repairers .............................................................................................. Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door ............................... Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers ................................. Home appliance repairers .................................................................................................. Industrial machinery installation, repair, and maintenance ................................................. Industrial machinery mechanics ..................................................................................... Maintenance and repair workers, general ...................................................................... Maintenance workers, machinery ................................................................................... Millwrights ....................................................................................................................... Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons ...................................................... Line installers and repairers ............................................................................................... Electrical power line installers and repairers .................................................................. Telecommunications line installers and repairers .......................................................... Precision instrument and equipment repairers ................................................................... Camera and photographic equipment repairers ............................................................. Medical equipment repairers .......................................................................................... Musical instrument repairers and tuners ........................................................................ Watch repairers .............................................................................................................. Precision instrument and equipment repairers, all other ................................................. Miscellaneous installation, maintenance, and repair ........................................................... Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers .................................. Commercial divers .......................................................................................................... Fabric menders, except garment .................................................................................... Locksmiths and safe repairers ....................................................................................... Manufactured building and mobile home installers ........................................................ Riggers ........................................................................................................................... Signal and track switch repairers ................................................................................... Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair workers, all other ..................................................
5 883 465 465 661 175 205 7 198 281 16 25 21 80 22 20 40 57 1 771 122 979 183 24 773 275 188 31 131 27 78 24 21 33 128 9 14 106 2 987 58 15 43 292 57 1 794 261 1 391 84 55 3 275 112 162 68 4 38 6 4 16 442 48 3 2 26 12 12 7 163 168
6 433 499 499 690 180 209 6 203 301 17 24 22 86 21 21 41 68 2 003 135 1 115 204 28 883 306 206 31 147 28 87 29 24 35 153 9 17 127 3 241 61 18 43 317 58 1 960 284 1 531 83 58 3 290 120 170 77 4 46 6 4 17 478 46 4 2 32 11 12 7 183 181
3.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
3.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
550 34 34 29 5 5 0 5 19 1 -1 1 5 -1 1 1 11 232 13 136 21 4 110 32 18 0 16 1 9 5 3 2 25 1 3 21 254 2 2 0 25 1 165 24 140 -1 3 0 16 8 7 9 0 8 0 0 1 36 -1 1 0 6 0 0 0 19 13
9.3 7.3 7.3 4.4 3.0 2.3 -4.1 2.6 6.8 8.1 -4.2 4.3 6.8 -4.7 4.6 3.0 20.2 13.1 10.6 13.9 11.6 18.7 14.3 11.5 9.5 1.4 12.3 5.1 11.6 19.0 12.5 5.5 19.1 7.2 18.2 20.2 8.5 4.2 14.9 0.3 8.7 1.5 9.2 9.0 10.1 -1.1 5.8 -11.5 5.7 7.2 4.6 12.8 -2.1 21.7 2.8 -5.1 4.3 8.2 -3.0 17.7 -1.6 22.1 -2.9 -0.3 -5.1 11.8 7.5
1 502 143 143 170 26 55 2 54 89 3 10 5 33 8 7 5 19 589 25 343 64 13 265 91 55 6 42 7 25 9 7 8 50 2 5 42 599 13 5 8 77 14 265 67 174 14 10 1 93 43 50 28 1 19 2 1 5 109 13 1 0 11 2 1 0 58 24
Production ............................................................................................................................. Supervisors of production workers ......................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers ................................ Assemblers and fabricators .................................................................................................... Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers ............................................ Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers ................................................. Coil winders, tapers, and finishers ................................................................................. Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers ............................................................ Electromechanical equipment assemblers ..................................................................... Engine and other machine assemblers .............................................................................. Structural metal fabricators and fitters ................................................................................ Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators ........................................................................ Fiberglass laminators and fabricators ............................................................................ Team assemblers ........................................................................................................... Timing device assemblers, adjusters, and calibrators ..................................................... Assemblers and fabricators, all other .............................................................................
10 675 699 699 2 075 28 297 23 213 60 45 103 1 602 33 1 274 3 292
10 147 665 665 1 982 32 227 16 156 55 41 103 1 579 35 1 275 2 266
7.1 0.5 0.5 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.2
6.1 0.4 0.4 1.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.2
-528 -34 -34 -93 4 -70 -7 -57 -5 -4 0 -23 2 1 0 -25
-4.9 -4.8 -4.8 -4.5 12.8 -23.5 -30.5 -26.8 -9.1 -8.6 -0.2 -1.4 6.2 0.1 -7.6 -8.7
2 323 117 117 424 9 50 4 36 10 11 18 336 9 265 1 61
Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding. 1Total
job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.
246 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2006 and Projected 2016—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Employment Occupation
Number
Change, 2006–2016
Percent distribution Number
2006
Production—Continued Food processing ...................................................................................................................... Bakers ................................................................................................................................ Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing ....................................................... Butchers and meat cutters ............................................................................................. Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers .................................................................. Slaughterers and meat packers ..................................................................................... Miscellaneous food processing ........................................................................................... Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders ............ Food batchmakers .......................................................................................................... Food cooking machine operators and tenders ............................................................... Metal workers and plastic ........................................................................................................ Computer control programmers and operators .................................................................. Computer-controlled machine tool operators, metal and plastic ..................................... Numerical tool and process control programmers .......................................................... Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic .................................. Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ......................................................................................................................... Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............................... Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ................................ Machine tool cutting setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............................. Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............................................................................................................................. Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ........... Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine, tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic .......................................................................................... Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............ Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ................. Machinists .......................................................................................................................... Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders .................................................................... Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders ................................................................ Pourers and casters, metal ............................................................................................ Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic .......................................................... Model makers, metal and plastic .................................................................................... Patternmakers, metal and plastic ................................................................................... Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............. Foundry mold and coremakers ....................................................................................... Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators and tenders, metal and plastic .................................................................................................................. Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............................ Tool and die makers ........................................................................................................... Welding, soldering, and brazing .......................................................................................... Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers ........................................................................ Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders ..................... Miscellaneous metalworkers and plastic ............................................................................. Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, matal and plastic ................... Lay out workers, metal and plastic ................................................................................. Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............ Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners .............................................................................. Metal workers and plastic workers, all other .................................................................. Printing occupations ............................................................................................................... Bookbinders and bindery workers ...................................................................................... Bindery workers .............................................................................................................. Bookbinders ................................................................................................................... Printers ............................................................................................................................... Job printers ..................................................................................................................... Prepress technicians and workers ................................................................................. Printing machine operators ............................................................................................ Textile, apparel, and furnishings occupations ........................................................................ Laundry and dry-cleaning .................................................................................................... Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials ................................................................ Sewing machine operators .................................................................................................. Shoe and leather ................................................................................................................. Shoe and leather workers and repairers ........................................................................ Shoe machine operators and tenders ............................................................................ Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers ...................................................................................... Sewers, hand ................................................................................................................. Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers ..................................................................... Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders ................................................................ Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders ........................................ Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders .................................................. Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders ............................ Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders ...... Miscellaneous textile, apparel, and furnishings workers ................................................. Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic or glass fibers ....................................................................................................................... Fabric and apparel patternmakers ............................................................................. Upholsterers ............................................................................................................... Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other ..................................................... Woodworkers ......................................................................................................................... Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters ............................................................................... Furniture finishers ............................................................................................................... Model makers and patternmakers, wood ........................................................................... Model makers, wood ...................................................................................................... Patternmakers, wood ..................................................................................................... Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders ...................................................... Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood ................................................. Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing .........................
2016
2006
Percent
2016
Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2006–20161
705 149 398 131 144 122 158 19 95 44 2 258 158 141 18 161
764 164 431 134 160 138 169 21 105 42 2 087 153 136 16 140
0.5 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1
0.5 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1
59 15 34 3 16 16 10 2 10 -2 -171 -6 -4 -2 -20
8.4 10.1 8.5 1.9 10.9 12.7 6.5 10.8 10.9 -4.7 -7.6 -3.6 -3.0 -8.4 -12.7
267 47 160 44 61 54 61 9 35 17 455 19 17 2 43
94 31 36 513
87 22 32 425
0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3
0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3
-7 -9 -4 -88
-7.2 -30.4 -11.8 -17.1
26 10 7 100
272 43
231 33
0.2 0.0
0.1 0.0
-40 -9
-14.9 -22.2
65 9
101 68 29 397 33 18 15 16 9 7 171 15
85 52 23 384 27 15 12 15 8 7 148 11
0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
-16 -16 -6 -12 -6 -3 -3 -1 -1 0 -23 -3
-15.7 -23.3 -21.0 -3.1 -18.3 -19.0 -17.4 -5.9 -6.3 -5.5 -13.6 -22.7
10 13 3 61 5 3 2 4 2 2 40 3
157 97 101 462 409 53 150 27 10 42 22 49 389 72 65 7 317 48 71 198 873 239 77 233 20 16 4 77 23 54 122 19 19 40 43 106
137 97 91 484 430 54 122 23 8 37 18 36 343 57 51 6 286 44 56 186 777 262 74 170 17 14 3 76 21 55 88 14 14 28 33 92
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
-20 0 -10 22 21 2 -28 -4 -2 -5 -4 -12 -46 -15 -14 -1 -31 -4 -15 -11 -97 23 -3 -63 -3 -2 -1 -2 -3 1 -34 -6 -5 -12 -11 -14
-12.8 0.3 -9.6 4.8 5.1 3.0 -18.4 -14.8 -19.8 -12.2 -19.4 -25.1 -11.9 -21.3 -21.8 -16.9 -9.7 -9.3 -21.1 -5.7 -11.1 9.7 -4.4 -27.2 -15.6 -10.3 -35.7 -2.4 -12.2 1.9 -27.9 -30.2 -27.4 -30.9 -24.3 -13.5
37 20 13 120 107 13 30 5 2 12 4 8 70 10 9 1 59 5 11 44 169 77 6 22 4 3 0 14 4 10 27 3 6 12 6 20
18 9 55 24 370 149 31 4 2 2 165 65 100
15 7 50 21 380 153 30 2 1 1 173 68 106
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1
-3 -3 -5 -4 11 4 -1 -2 -1 -1 9 2 6
-17.6 -28.6 -9.0 -14.8 2.9 2.8 -3.1 -40.3 -40.8 -39.9 5.4 3.8 6.4
4 2 9 6 106 48 6 1 0 0 47 15 31
Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding. 1Total
job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.
CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 247 Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2006 and Projected 2016—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Employment Occupation
Number
Change, 2006–2016
Percent distribution Number
2006
Production—Continued Woodworkers, all other ....................................................................................................... Plant and system operators .................................................................................................... Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers .......................................................... Nuclear power reactor operators .................................................................................... Power distributors and dispatchers ................................................................................ Power plant operators .................................................................................................... Stationary engineers and boiler operators ......................................................................... Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators ........................................... Miscellaneous plant and system operators ........................................................................ Chemical plant and system operators ............................................................................ Gas plant operators ........................................................................................................ Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers ............................. Plant and system operators, all other ............................................................................. Other production .................................................................................................................. Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders ...................................... Chemical equipment operators and tenders .............................................................. Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders ............................................................................................................ Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending ........................................................ Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders ............... Grinding and polishing workers, hand ........................................................................ Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders .................................... Cutting ............................................................................................................................. Cutters and trimmers, hand ........................................................................................ Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders ...................................... Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders ................................................................................................................ Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders ........................................... Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers ...................................................... Jewelers and precious stone and metal .......................................................................... Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians .................................................. Dental laboratory technicians ..................................................................................... Medical appliance technicians .................................................................................... Ophthalmic laboratory technicians ............................................................................. Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders ..................................................... Painting workers ............................................................................................................. Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders .................. Painters, transportation equipment ............................................................................ Painting, coating, and decorating workers ..................................................................... Photographic process workers and processing machine operators .................................... Photographic process workers ....................................................................................... Photographic processing machine operators ................................................................. Semiconductor processors ................................................................................................. Miscellaneous production .................................................................................................... Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders ................................................... Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators, and tenders ..................... Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders ................................................. Etchers and engravers ................................................................................................... Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic ................................................ Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders ................................................... Tire builders .................................................................................................................... Helpers—production ........................................................................................................ Production workers, all other .......................................................................................... Transportation and Material Moving ................................................................................... Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers ................................................... Aircraft cargo handling supervisors .................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand .............. First-line supervisors/managers of transportation and material moving machine and vehicle operators ........................................................................................................ Air transportation ..................................................................................................................... Aircraft pilots and flight engineers ...................................................................................... Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers .................................................................... Commercial pilots ........................................................................................................... Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists ....................................................... Air traffic controllers ........................................................................................................ Airfield operations specialists ......................................................................................... Motor vehicle operators .......................................................................................................... Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians ...................... Bus drivers ......................................................................................................................... Bus drivers, transit and intercity ..................................................................................... Bus drivers, school ......................................................................................................... Driver/sales workers and truck drivers ............................................................................... Driver/sales workers ....................................................................................................... Truck drivers, heavy and tractor trailer ........................................................................... Truck drivers, light or delivery services .......................................................................... Taxi drivers and chauffeurs ................................................................................................ Motor vehicle operators, all other .......................................................................................
2016
2006
Percent
2016
Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2006–20161
20 325 47 4 9 35 45 111 122 53 12 42 14 2 981 97 53
21 327 48 4 8 36 47 126 106 45 11 36 14 2 822 94 51
0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.1 0.0
0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.1 0.0
0 2 1 0 0 1 2 15 -15 -8 -1 -6 0 -159 -3 -2
1.6 0.8 2.0 10.6 -4.9 2.7 3.4 13.8 -12.6 -15.3 -9.9 -13.4 -2.6 -5.3 -3.6 -3.9
5 95 18 2 3 13 9 35 34 15 3 12 4 619 22 12
44 230 42 45 143 107 29 79
43 215 37 42 136 98 27 71
0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1
0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
-1 -16 -5 -3 -7 -9 -2 -7
-3.2 -6.8 -11.9 -7.1 -5.1 -8.4 -6.1 -9.3
10 38 7 7 23 16 4 12
81 32 491 52 95 53 12 29 386 192 106 54 31 73 24 49 42 1 102 23 16 11 14 56 113 23 542 305
75 29 457 51 100 55 13 31 365 184 93 59 32 40 15 25 37 1 078 21 14 10 13 57 93 20 539 312
0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.2
0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.2
-7 -3 -35 -1 5 2 1 2 -21 -8 -14 5 1 -33 -9 -25 -5 -23 -2 -2 -1 -1 1 -21 -3 -3 7
-8.1 -8.7 -7.0 -2.2 5.3 3.7 9.5 6.6 -5.4 -4.2 -12.9 8.4 3.6 -45.4 -36.3 -49.8 -12.9 -2.1 -9.2 -9.8 -6.8 -4.8 1.3 -18.2 -12.0 -0.5 2.3
15 9 73 9 23 12 3 7 72 43 21 15 7 25 8 17 7 268 6 5 2 3 13 27 8 133 70
10 233 414 6 182
10 695 461 7 205
6.8 0.3 0.0 0.1
6.4 0.3 0.0 0.1
462 47 1 23
4.5 11.4 23.3 12.5
2 952 132 3 60
226 137 107 79 28 30 25 5 4 335 22 653 198 455 3 356 445 1 860 1 051 229 76
249 154 121 90 31 33 28 5 4 704 26 721 223 497 3 614 421 2 053 1 140 258 85
0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.3 2.2 0.3 1.2 0.7 0.2 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.3 2.2 0.3 1.2 0.7 0.2 0.1
23 17 14 10 4 3 3 1 368 5 67 25 42 258 -24 193 89 30 9
10.2 12.4 13.0 12.9 13.2 10.5 10.2 11.8 8.5 21.7 10.3 12.5 9.3 7.7 -5.3 10.4 8.5 13.0 11.4
69 57 45 33 12 11 9 2 1 117 7 153 51 102 877 79 523 275 59 21
Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding. 1Total
job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.
248 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2006 and Projected 2016—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Employment Occupation
Number
Change, 2006–2016
Percent distribution Number
2006
Transportation and Material Moving—Continued Rail transportation ................................................................................................................... Locomotive engineers and operators ................................................................................. Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators ..................................................................... Railroad conductors and yardmasters ................................................................................ Subway and streetcar operators ........................................................................................ Rail transportation workers, all other .................................................................................. Water transportation ................................................................................................................ Sailors and marine oilers .................................................................................................... Ship and boat captains and operators ................................................................................ Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels ................................................................. Motorboat operators ....................................................................................................... Ship engineers ................................................................................................................... Other transportation ................................................................................................................ Bridge and lock tenders ...................................................................................................... Parking lot attendants ......................................................................................................... Service station attendants .................................................................................................. Traffic technicians .............................................................................................................. Transportation inspectors ................................................................................................... Transportation workers, all other ........................................................................................ Material moving ....................................................................................................................... Conveyor operators and tenders ........................................................................................ Crane and tower operators ................................................................................................. Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators .......................................................... Dredge operators ........................................................................................................... Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators ................................................ Loading machine operators, underground mining ........................................................... Hoist and winch operators .................................................................................................. Industrial truck and tractor operators .................................................................................. Laborers and material movers, hand .................................................................................. Cleaners of vehicles and equipment .............................................................................. Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand ................................................. Machine feeders and offbearers ..................................................................................... Packers and packagers, hand ........................................................................................ Pumping station operators ................................................................................................. Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators ...................................................... Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers ................................................................... Wellhead pumpers ......................................................................................................... Refuse and recyclable material collectors .......................................................................... Shuttle car operators .......................................................................................................... Tank car, truck, and ship loaders ....................................................................................... Material moving workers, all other ......................................................................................
125 47 25 40 7 7 84 33 37 34 3 15 312 4 135 96 7 26 44 4 825 50 46 85 2 80 3 3 637 3 766 368 2 416 148 834 29 4 11 14 136 3 16 54
2016
127 48 22 44 8 6 98 38 43 40 3 17 351 4 152 108 8 31 49 4 800 46 48 92 2 87 3 3 624 3 741 420 2 466 125 730 25 3 9 13 146 3 18 54
2006
0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.5 0.2 1.6 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Percent
2016
0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.3 0.3 1.5 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 1 -3 4 1 -1 14 5 6 6 0 2 39 0 16 12 1 4 6 -25 -4 1 7 0 7 0 0 -13 -25 52 50 -22 -104 -4 -1 -1 -2 10 0 2 0
1.4 2.9 -11.4 9.1 12.1 -18.7 16.1 15.7 17.3 17.9 10.9 14.1 12.6 -3.2 12.1 12.6 9.9 16.4 13.3 -0.5 -7.4 2.8 8.1 6.7 8.3 4.5 -1.2 -2.0 -0.7 14.0 2.1 -15.2 -12.4 -12.9 -17.5 -12.5 -11.9 7.4 -8.3 9.2 0.7
Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2006–20161
51 17 9 19 3 2 39 17 16 15 1 6 139 1 53 56 2 13 14 1 417 9 10 20 0 19 1 1 161 1 143 192 823 26 102 12 2 4 6 47 1 4 10
Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding. 1Total
job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.
CHAPTER 5 PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS
PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS HIGHLIGHTS This chapter covers two kinds of productivity measures produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS): output per hour (or labor productivity) and multifactor productivity. Multifactor productivity is designed to combine the joint influence of technological change, efficiency improvements, returns to scale, and other factors on economic growth. Industry data are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
Indexes of Productivity, 1996–2006 Business
Manufacturing
180
180 Output Output Per Hour Hours
160
Index (1982=100)
Index (1982=100)
160
Output Output Per Hour Hours
140
120
140
120
100
100
80
80 1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Year
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Year
The levels of the output indexes for business and manufacturing are not directly comparable because of different sources of the data. However, trends can be examined in output per hour. The upward trend in manufacturing output per hour is much steeper than that the trend for business. In 2006, output per hour in business increased by only 1.0 percent. In contrast, hours in manufacturing increased slightly while its output increased substantially, leading to a 4.0 percent increase in output per hour. (See Table 5-1.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS: • Unit labor costs in the business sector rose faster than the previous year—2.8 percent, compared with 2.0 percent. (See Table 5-1.) • Output per hour in wholesale trade rose 4.3 percent in 2006, which was much faster than the previous year’s increase of 0.6 percent. In retail trade, output per hour also increased more rapidly than it did the previous year (4.9 percent compared with 3.4 percent). (See Table 5-3.) • Output per hour continued to decline in mining, decreasing by 10.1 percent in 2005. (See Table 5-2.) • Multifactor productivity in the nonfarm business sector increased slowly in 2006, rising only 1.0 percent. Output per hour increased 1.6 percent, while output per unit of capital increased 0.7 percent. (See Table 5-4.)
251
252 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Concepts and Definitions Measures of output per hour for the business, nonfarm business, and manufacturing sectors describe the relationship between real output and the labor time involved in production. The output measures for the business sectors and nonfinancial corporations are based on series prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce as part of the national income and product accounts (NIPAs). The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) derives manufacturing output indexes by combining data from the Census Bureau, BEA, and the Federal Reserve Board. All of the output measures are chain-type annual-weighted indexes. This means that the relative prices (weights) used to combine output changes into an aggregate output measure are revised annually, thus minimizing the bias that arises from using fixed weights over long periods of time. Business sector output is constructed by excluding the following outputs from gross domestic product (GDP): general government, nonprofit institutions, paid employees of private households, and the rental value of owneroccupied dwellings. Corresponding exclusions are also made in labor inputs. These activities are excluded because theoretical or practical difficulties make it impossible to use them as a basis for the computation of meaningful productivity measures. Business output accounted for about 78 percent of GDP and nonfarm business output accounted for about 77 percent of GDP in 2000. Manufacturing indexes are constructed by deflating current-dollar industry value of production data from the Census Bureau with deflators from BLS. These deflators are based on data from the BLS producer price program and other sources. To avoid duplication, intrasector transactions are removed when industry shipments are aggregated. Productivity measures show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour. Although these measures relate output to hours of persons engaged in a sector, they do not measure the specific contributions of labor, capital, or any other factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, including changes in technology, capital, economies of scale, utilization of capacity, the substitution of capital or intermediates for labor, the organization of production, managerial skill, and the characteristics and effort of the work force. Measures of labor input are based mainly on the monthly BLS survey of nonagricultural establishments. Measures of employment and average weekly hours paid for employees of these establishments are drawn from this survey. Weekly hours paid are adjusted to hours at work using information from the National Compensation Survey program for 2000 onward and the annual Hours at Work Survey for years prior to 2000. (The Hours at Work Survey was terminated in 2000.) Supplementary informa-
tion for farm workers, the self-employed, and unpaid family workers is obtained from the Current Population Survey, the monthly survey of households conducted by the Census Bureau for BLS. The indexes of hourly compensation are based mainly on the BLS hours data, discussed above, and employee compensation data from the NIPAs. Compensation includes wages and salaries and supplemental payments such as employer contributions to Social Security and private health and pension funds. The all persons’ compensation data include estimates of proprietors’ salaries and contributions for supplementary benefits. Real compensation per hour is derived by adjusting the compensation data with the Consumer Price Index Research Series Using Current Methods (CPI-U-RS) in order to reflect changes in purchasing power. The indexes of unit labor costs are computed by dividing compensation per hour by output per hour. Nonlabor payments are calculated by subtracting total compensation from current dollar output and thus include profits, depreciation, interest, and indirect taxes. The implicit deflator reflects changes in all of the costs of production and distribution (unit labor costs plus unit nonlabor payments). To construct the implicit price deflator, the current-dollar measure of output in a sector is divided by the real output series. Output per Hour and Related Series in Selected Industries The BLS industry productivity program produces annual indexes of labor productivity, labor compensation, and unit labor costs for selected 4-, 5-, and 6-digit NAICS industries. These data series cover 60 percent of employment in the private nonfarm business sector and 100 percent of employment in the manufacturing, retail trade, and wholesale trade sectors. The data sources used in the industry measures differ from those used in the productivity and cost measures for the major sectors. Output per hour indexes are obtained by dividing an output index by an index of aggregate hours. Although the measures relate output to one input (labor time), they do not measure the specific contribution of labor or any other factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of a number of interrelated influences, such as changes in technology, capital investment per worker, and capacity utilization. Caution is necessary when analyzing year-toyear changes in output per hour; the annual changes can be irregular and are not necessarily indicative of long-term trends. Conversely, long-term trends are not necessarily applicable to any one year or period in the future. An output index for a particular industry is calculated using a Tornqvist index formula that aggregates the growth rates of the industry products between two periods
CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS 253 of time, with weights based on the products’ shares in industry value of production. The weight for each product equals its average value share in the two periods. The formula yields the ratio of output in a given period to that in the previous period. The ratios for successive years must be chained together to form a time series. The quantities of products used in the output index are measured with either deflated values of production or actual quantities. For most industries, output indexes are developed in two stages. First, comprehensive data from the Economic Census (conducted by the Census Bureau every five years) are used to develop benchmark indexes. Second, less comprehensive data are used to prepare annual indexes. The latter indexes are adjusted to the benchmark indexes by means of linear interpolation. Annual indexes are linked to the most recent benchmark index for the period following the most recent census year. Indexes of labor input are employee hours indexes or allperson hours indexes. In manufacturing industries, employee hours are used. In nonmanufacturing industries where self-employed workers play a significant role, all person hours are used. For most industries, the hours series are based on hours paid. Total hours are calculated by multiplying the number of workers by average weekly hours. Employee hours are treated as homogenous and additive, with no distinction made between the hours worked by different groups. Annual indexes are developed by dividing the aggregate hours for each year by the base period aggregate. Indexes of unit labor costs are calculated as the ratio of total labor compensation to real output, or equivalently as the ratio of hourly compensation to labor productivity (output per hour). Unit labor costs measure the cost of labor input required to produce one unit of output. Indexes of total compensation measure the change in the total costs to the employer of securing labor. Compensation is defined as payroll plus supplemental payments. Payroll includes salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick-leave pay, and compensation-in-kind. Supplemental payments are divided into legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. The legally required expenditures include employers’ contributions to Social Security, unemployment insurance taxes, and workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans. Multifactor Productivity BLS calculates the annual growth of multifactor productivity for the U.S. private business sector. This measure is generally released about 14 months after the end of the measured, or target, year. The lag occurs because the process of calculating multifactor productivity requires detailed data from many sources. BLS uses a simplified methodology to make preliminary estimates of private business sector multifactor productivity changes available within a few months after the end of target year.
Annual measures of output per unit of combined labor and capital input (multifactor productivity) and related measures are produced for the private business and private nonfarm business sectors. The private business and private nonfarm business sectors for which multifactor productivity indexes are prepared exclude government enterprises. Multifactor productivity measures refer to the ratio of an output index to an index of combined labor and capital services inputs. Multifactor productivity growth reflects the amount of output growth that cannot be accounted for by the growth of weighted labor and capital inputs. The weights are associated cost shares. Labor’s share is the ratio of compensation to current-dollar output. Capital’s share is equal to the ratio of capital cost to current-dollar output. As with the output measures, the multifactor productivity growth weights are updated annually. Capital services measure the services derived from the stock of physical assets and software. Physical assets included are fixed business equipment, structures, inventories, and land. Structures include nonresidential structures and residential capital that is rented out by profit-making firms or persons. Software includes prepackaged, custom, and own-account software. Financial assets are excluded, as are owner-occupied residential structures. Data on investments in physical assets and gross product originating by industry, which are used in measuring the rental prices, are obtained from BEA. Labor input in private business and private nonfarm business is obtained by weighting the hours worked by all persons, classified by education, work experience, gender, and their shares of labor compensation. Additional information concerning data sources and methods of measuring labor composition can be found in BLS Bulletin 2426 (December 1993), “Labor Composition and U.S. Productivity Growth, 1948-90.” The manufacturing multifactor productivity index is derived by dividing an output index by a weighted index of combined hours, capital services, energy, materials and purchased business services. Weights (shares of total costs) are updated annually. The labor hours for the manufacturing measure are directly added and thus do not include the effect of changing labor composition, unlike those used for business multifactor productivity. The manufacturing sector coverage is the same in both the multifactor and the labor productivity series. Sources of Additional Information Productivity concepts and methodology are described in Chapters 10 and 11 of the BLS Handbook of Methods. More information on productivity can be found in BLS news releases. Additional information on multifactor productivity can be found in the June 2005 edition of the Monthly Labor Review. All of these resources can be found on the BLS Web site at .
254 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 5-1. Indexes of Productivity and Related Data, 1947–2006 (1992 = 100.) Business Year
Output per hour
Output
Hours
Hourly compensation
Real hourly compensation
Unit labor costs
Unit nonlabor payments
Implicit price Employment deflator
Output per person
Compensation in current dollars
Nonlabor payments in current dollars
1947 ................................. 1948 ................................. 1949 .................................
32.2 33.7 34.5
20.4 21.5 21.3
63.4 63.8 61.8
7.0 7.6 7.7
41.1 41.2 42.3
21.8 22.6 22.4
18.6 20.6 20.4
20.6 21.8 21.6
55.7 56.3 55.1
36.7 38.2 38.7
4.4 4.9 4.8
3.8 4.4 4.4
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
37.3 38.5 39.6 41.0 41.9
23.4 24.9 25.7 26.9 26.6
62.6 64.6 64.8 65.6 63.4
8.3 9.0 9.6 10.2 10.5
44.7 45.4 47.3 50.0 51.2
22.1 23.5 24.2 24.9 25.2
21.5 23.7 23.2 22.6 22.5
21.9 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2
55.6 57.1 57.3 58.1 56.7
42.0 43.6 44.8 46.3 46.8
5.2 5.8 6.2 6.7 6.7
5.0 5.9 5.9 6.1 6.0
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
43.6 43.6 45.0 46.3 48.0
28.7 29.1 29.6 29.1 31.4
65.8 66.8 65.8 62.9 65.5
10.8 11.5 12.3 12.8 13.3
52.7 55.3 57.0 57.9 59.9
24.8 26.4 27.2 27.7 27.8
24.0 23.5 24.2 24.7 25.2
24.5 25.3 26.1 26.6 26.8
58.3 59.5 59.4 57.1 58.9
49.2 49.0 49.9 50.9 53.4
7.1 7.7 8.1 8.1 8.7
6.9 6.8 7.2 7.2 7.9
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
48.9 50.6 52.9 55.0 56.8
32.0 32.7 34.8 36.4 38.7
65.6 64.6 65.8 66.2 68.1
13.9 14.4 15.1 15.6 16.2
61.3 63.1 65.2 66.6 68.3
28.4 28.5 28.5 28.4 28.5
24.9 25.3 26.1 26.6 27.3
27.1 27.3 27.6 27.7 28.1
59.2 58.6 59.3 59.6 60.8
54.1 55.8 58.6 61.0 63.7
9.1 9.3 9.9 10.3 11.0
8.0 8.3 9.1 9.7 10.6
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
58.8 61.2 62.5 64.7 65.0
41.4 44.2 45.1 47.3 48.8
70.4 72.3 72.1 73.2 75.0
16.8 17.9 19.0 20.5 21.9
69.7 72.3 74.1 76.9 78.0
28.6 29.3 30.3 31.7 33.7
28.4 29.0 29.5 30.4 30.8
28.5 29.2 30.0 31.2 32.6
62.5 64.3 65.2 66.5 68.6
66.3 68.8 69.1 71.2 71.1
11.8 13.0 13.7 15.0 16.4
11.8 12.8 13.3 14.4 15.0
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
66.3 69.0 71.2 73.4 72.3
48.7 50.6 53.9 57.6 56.8
73.5 73.3 75.6 78.5 78.7
23.6 25.1 26.7 28.9 31.7
79.5 80.9 83.3 85.1 84.0
35.6 36.3 37.4 39.4 43.9
31.5 34.1 35.7 37.5 40.0
34.1 35.5 36.8 38.7 42.4
68.4 68.5 70.5 73.5 74.7
71.3 73.9 76.4 78.4 76.1
17.4 18.4 20.2 22.7 24.9
15.3 17.3 19.2 21.6 22.7
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
74.8 77.1 78.5 79.3 79.3
56.3 60.0 63.3 67.3 69.6
75.3 77.8 80.7 84.9 87.7
34.9 38.0 41.0 44.5 48.9
84.8 87.1 88.3 89.7 89.9
46.7 49.2 52.2 56.2 61.6
46.3 48.7 51.5 54.8 58.2
46.6 49.0 52.0 55.6 60.4
72.4 74.7 77.9 82.2 85.4
77.7 80.3 81.3 81.9 81.5
26.3 29.5 33.1 37.8 42.9
26.1 29.2 32.6 36.9 40.5
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
79.2 80.8 80.1 83.0 85.2
68.8 70.7 68.6 72.3 78.6
87.0 87.6 85.6 87.1 92.2
54.1 59.3 63.6 66.3 69.1
89.6 89.6 90.6 90.6 90.7
68.4 73.5 79.4 79.8 81.1
61.3 69.1 70.1 76.3 80.2
65.8 71.8 75.9 78.5 80.8
85.6 86.4 85.0 85.8 90.1
80.4 81.8 80.7 84.3 87.2
47.1 52.0 54.4 57.7 63.7
42.2 48.9 48.1 55.2 63.0
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
87.1 89.7 90.1 91.5 92.4
82.2 85.3 88.3 92.1 95.4
94.3 95.1 97.9 100.6 103.3
72.5 76.1 79.0 83.0 85.2
91.9 94.9 95.2 96.5 95.0
83.2 84.9 87.6 90.7 92.2
82.0 82.6 83.1 85.1 91.3
82.7 84.1 85.9 88.6 91.9
92.3 93.9 96.4 99.3 101.5
89.0 90.8 91.5 92.7 94.0
68.4 72.4 77.3 83.5 88.0
67.4 70.4 73.3 78.4 87.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
94.4 95.9 100.0 100.4 101.3
96.9 96.1 100.0 103.1 108.2
102.7 100.2 100.0 102.7 106.8
90.6 95.1 100.0 102.2 103.6
96.2 97.5 100.0 99.7 99.0
96.0 99.1 100.0 101.8 102.3
93.7 96.7 100.0 102.6 106.7
95.1 98.2 100.0 102.1 103.9
102.2 100.6 100.0 102.1 105.6
94.8 95.6 100.0 101.0 102.5
93.0 95.3 100.0 105.0 110.7
90.8 92.9 100.0 105.8 115.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
101.5 104.5 106.5 109.5 112.8
111.4 116.5 122.7 128.6 135.2
109.7 111.5 115.2 117.5 119.8
105.8 109.5 113.0 119.9 125.8
98.7 99.5 100.5 105.2 108.0
104.2 104.8 106.1 109.5 111.5
108.3 111.9 113.8 110.0 109.4
105.7 107.4 109.0 109.7 110.7
108.5 110.9 113.9 116.2 118.1
102.6 105.0 107.7 110.7 114.5
116.1 122.0 130.2 140.8 150.7
120.6 130.4 139.7 141.4 147.9
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
116.1 119.1 123.9 128.7 132.4
140.5 141.0 143.1 147.5 153.7
121.0 118.4 115.4 114.6 116.1
134.7 140.4 145.3 151.2 156.9
112.0 113.5 115.7 117.7 118.9
116.0 117.9 117.3 117.5 118.5
107.2 110.0 114.1 118.3 124.6
112.7 114.9 116.1 117.8 120.8
120.1 119.0 116.3 116.0 117.6
117.0 118.4 123.0 127.1 130.7
163.0 166.1 167.8 173.4 182.2
150.7 155.0 163.3 174.5 191.6
2005 ................................. 2006 .................................
135.0 136.4
159.3 164.3
118.0 120.5
163.2 169.6
119.7 120.4
120.9 124.3
130.8 134.6
124.5 128.2
119.7 122.0
133.1 134.7
192.5 204.3
208.3 221.1
CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS 255 Table 5-1. Indexes of Productivity and Related Data, 1947–2006—Continued (1992 = 100.) Nonfarm business Year
Output per hour
Output
Hours
Hourly compensation
Real hourly compensation
Unit labor costs
Unit nonlabor payments
Implicit price Employment deflator
Output per person
Compensation in current dollars
Nonlabor payments in current dollars
1947 ................................. 1948 ................................. 1949 .................................
37.0 38.0 39.3
20.1 20.9 20.8
54.2 55.1 53.0
7.5 8.1 8.3
43.7 43.9 45.8
20.2 21.3 21.2
17.8 19.4 20.0
19.3 20.6 20.8
47.1 48.2 46.8
42.5 43.5 44.5
4.0 4.5 4.4
3.6 4.1 4.2
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
41.9 43.0 43.8 44.8 45.6
22.9 24.6 25.3 26.6 26.1
54.7 57.2 57.9 59.3 57.3
8.8 9.6 10.1 10.7 11.0
47.9 48.3 49.9 52.3 53.6
21.1 22.3 23.1 23.9 24.2
20.8 22.5 22.3 22.2 22.3
21.0 22.4 22.8 23.3 23.5
47.9 50.1 50.7 52.2 50.8
47.8 49.2 50.0 50.9 51.5
4.8 5.5 5.9 6.3 6.3
4.8 5.5 5.6 5.9 5.8
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
47.5 47.2 48.4 49.4 51.3
28.3 28.8 29.4 28.7 31.2
59.6 61.1 60.7 58.2 60.9
11.4 12.1 12.8 13.4 13.9
55.8 58.3 59.7 60.4 62.3
24.1 25.8 26.6 27.0 27.1
23.7 23.1 23.8 24.1 25.0
23.9 24.8 25.6 26.0 26.3
52.3 53.8 54.1 52.2 54.1
54.1 53.5 54.3 55.1 57.7
6.8 7.4 7.8 7.8 8.5
6.7 6.6 7.0 6.9 7.8
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
51.9 53.5 55.9 57.8 59.6
31.8 32.4 34.6 36.2 38.7
61.2 60.6 61.9 62.6 64.9
14.5 15.0 15.6 16.1 16.6
63.9 65.3 67.3 68.7 69.9
27.9 28.0 27.8 27.8 27.9
24.3 24.8 25.8 26.3 27.2
26.6 26.8 27.1 27.3 27.6
54.7 54.3 55.3 55.9 57.3
58.1 59.7 62.6 64.8 67.5
8.9 9.1 9.6 10.1 10.8
7.7 8.0 8.9 9.5 10.5
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
61.4 63.6 64.7 66.9 67.0
41.4 44.4 45.1 47.5 48.9
67.4 69.8 69.7 71.0 73.0
17.1 18.2 19.2 20.7 22.1
71.1 73.2 75.2 77.8 78.8
27.9 28.6 29.7 31.0 33.0
28.1 28.7 29.2 30.2 30.5
28.0 28.6 29.5 30.7 32.1
59.3 61.6 62.6 64.1 66.4
69.9 72.0 72.1 74.1 73.7
11.6 12.7 13.4 14.7 16.2
11.6 12.7 13.2 14.4 14.9
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
68.0 70.7 73.1 75.3 74.2
48.9 50.7 54.1 58.0 57.3
71.9 71.7 74.0 77.0 77.2
23.7 25.2 26.9 29.1 31.9
79.8 81.4 84.0 85.5 84.5
34.9 35.7 36.8 38.6 43.0
31.2 33.8 34.9 35.3 38.1
33.5 35.0 36.1 37.4 41.2
66.4 66.6 68.6 71.7 72.8
73.6 76.1 78.8 81.0 78.6
17.0 18.1 19.9 22.4 24.6
15.2 17.1 18.9 20.5 21.8
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
76.2 78.7 80.0 81.0 80.7
56.3 60.2 63.6 67.8 70.0
73.9 76.5 79.5 83.7 86.6
35.1 38.1 41.2 44.8 49.1
85.2 87.4 88.7 90.3 90.2
46.0 48.3 51.5 55.3 60.8
44.9 47.8 50.7 53.4 56.5
45.6 48.1 51.2 54.6 59.2
70.7 73.2 76.5 80.7 84.2
79.6 82.3 83.1 84.0 83.1
25.9 29.1 32.7 37.5 42.5
25.3 28.8 32.3 36.2 39.5
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
80.6 81.7 80.8 84.5 86.1
69.2 70.7 68.4 72.9 78.9
85.9 86.6 84.7 86.3 91.6
54.4 59.7 63.9 66.6 69.5
90.0 90.2 91.1 91.1 91.1
67.5 73.1 79.1 78.9 80.7
60.4 67.7 69.3 76.1 79.2
64.9 71.1 75.5 77.9 80.1
84.4 85.4 84.0 84.9 89.4
82.0 82.8 81.4 85.9 88.2
46.7 51.7 54.1 57.5 63.6
41.8 47.9 47.4 55.4 62.4
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
87.5 90.2 90.6 92.1 92.8
82.2 85.4 88.4 92.4 95.7
94.0 94.7 97.6 100.4 103.1
72.6 76.4 79.2 83.1 85.3
92.1 95.2 95.5 96.7 95.1
83.0 84.7 87.4 90.2 91.9
81.5 82.4 82.8 85.0 90.9
82.5 83.9 85.7 88.3 91.5
92.0 93.6 96.2 99.3 101.5
89.4 91.2 91.9 93.1 94.3
68.2 72.3 77.3 83.4 87.9
67.0 70.3 73.2 78.6 87.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
94.5 96.1 100.0 100.4 101.5
97.1 96.3 100.0 103.4 108.3
102.7 100.2 100.0 102.9 106.6
90.4 95.0 100.0 102.0 103.7
96.0 97.4 100.0 99.5 99.1
95.7 98.9 100.0 101.6 102.1
93.5 96.8 100.0 103.1 107.3
94.9 98.1 100.0 102.1 104.0
102.2 100.6 100.0 102.4 105.7
95.0 95.8 100.0 101.0 102.5
92.9 95.2 100.0 105.0 110.6
90.8 93.2 100.0 106.5 116.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
102.0 104.7 106.4 109.4 112.5
111.8 116.8 122.8 128.9 135.6
109.6 111.5 115.4 117.9 120.5
105.9 109.4 112.8 119.6 125.2
98.8 99.5 100.4 104.9 107.5
103.8 104.5 106.0 109.3 111.3
109.3 112.1 114.5 111.0 110.9
105.8 107.3 109.1 109.9 111.1
108.7 111.2 114.3 116.9 119.0
102.9 105.0 107.4 110.3 113.9
116.0 122.0 130.2 140.9 150.8
122.2 130.9 140.7 143.1 150.4
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
115.7 118.6 123.5 128.0 131.5
140.8 141.3 143.4 147.8 153.9
121.7 119.2 116.1 115.4 117.0
134.2 139.5 144.6 150.4 155.9
111.6 112.8 115.1 117.1 118.2
116.0 117.7 117.1 117.5 118.5
108.7 111.6 116.0 119.6 125.5
113.3 115.4 116.7 118.3 121.1
121.1 120.2 117.4 117.2 118.8
116.3 117.6 122.2 126.1 129.6
163.3 166.3 167.9 173.6 182.4
153.1 157.7 166.4 176.8 193.1
2005 ................................. 2006 .................................
134.1 135.4
159.5 164.5
118.9 121.5
162.1 168.5
118.9 119.7
120.9 124.5
132.4 136.5
125.1 128.9
121.0 123.3
131.8 133.4
192.8 204.8
211.1 224.5
256 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 5-1. Indexes of Productivity and Related Data, 1947–2006—Continued (1992 = 100.) Nonfinancial corporations Year
Output per hour
Output
Hours
Hourly compensation
Real hourly compensation
Unit labor costs
Unit nonlabor costs
Unit profits
Implicit price deflator
Employment
Output per person
Compensation in current dollars
Nonlabor payments in current dollars
1947 ................................. 1948 ................................. 1949 .................................
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
... ... ... 52.8 55.3
... ... ... 25.4 28.2
... ... ... 48.0 50.9
... ... ... 15.0 15.6
... ... ... 67.8 69.9
... ... ... 28.4 28.1
... ... ... 23.5 22.3
... ... ... 47.2 55.8
... ... ... 28.9 29.2
... ... ... 43.6 45.6
... ... ... 58.2 61.8
... ... ... 7.2 7.9
... ... ... 7.6 8.8
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
56.2 57.9 60.4 62.6 63.6
29.1 29.7 32.2 34.1 36.5
51.7 51.3 53.3 54.5 57.4
16.2 16.7 17.4 17.9 18.2
71.4 73.0 75.1 76.4 76.8
28.8 28.8 28.7 28.6 28.7
23.3 23.8 23.4 23.4 23.3
50.2 50.3 54.5 57.3 59.7
29.4 29.5 29.7 29.9 30.1
46.6 46.3 47.8 48.8 50.6
62.4 64.2 67.3 69.9 72.1
8.4 8.6 9.3 9.8 10.5
8.9 9.2 10.2 11.1 12.1
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
65.1 66.2 67.1 69.5 69.5
39.5 42.3 43.4 46.1 47.9
60.7 63.9 64.6 66.4 69.0
18.8 19.8 20.9 22.5 24.0
77.8 79.9 81.8 84.5 85.6
28.8 29.9 31.2 32.4 34.6
23.1 23.3 24.7 26.2 28.6
64.1 63.6 59.9 60.0 54.0
30.6 31.3 32.2 33.4 34.8
53.3 56.3 57.9 59.9 62.7
74.1 75.2 74.9 76.9 76.5
11.4 12.7 13.5 14.9 16.6
13.5 14.4 14.8 16.3 16.9
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
69.8 72.7 74.2 74.8 73.3
47.4 49.3 53.1 56.3 55.3
67.9 67.8 71.6 75.2 75.5
25.7 27.3 28.8 31.0 33.9
86.6 88.1 90.0 91.2 90.0
36.9 37.6 38.8 41.4 46.3
32.2 33.6 33.9 35.7 41.1
44.4 50.5 54.1 54.9 48.4
36.4 37.8 39.0 41.2 45.2
62.8 63.0 66.1 69.7 71.1
75.5 78.4 80.3 80.7 77.8
17.5 18.5 20.6 23.3 25.6
16.8 18.8 20.9 23.0 23.8
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
76.2 78.6 80.6 81.7 81.0
54.6 58.9 63.2 67.4 69.5
71.7 75.0 78.4 82.5 85.8
37.3 40.3 43.5 47.6 51.9
90.5 92.6 93.8 95.9 95.5
49.0 51.3 54.0 58.2 64.1
46.6 46.4 48.4 51.2 55.8
63.1 71.4 77.3 79.1 74.0
49.6 51.9 54.7 58.4 62.9
68.4 71.5 75.1 79.3 83.3
79.8 82.4 84.2 84.9 83.4
26.7 30.2 34.1 39.2 44.6
27.8 31.3 35.5 39.5 42.2
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
80.8 82.9 83.1 85.7 87.8
68.8 71.6 69.9 73.1 79.7
85.2 86.4 84.1 85.3 90.8
57.2 62.4 66.5 68.9 71.9
94.7 94.3 94.7 94.3 94.3
70.8 75.3 80.0 80.4 81.9
64.9 73.5 81.3 81.6 81.3
66.9 81.0 75.2 91.2 107.6
69.0 75.4 79.9 81.7 84.1
83.6 85.1 83.1 83.5 88.4
82.3 84.2 84.0 87.6 90.1
48.7 53.9 55.9 58.8 65.3
45.0 54.0 55.7 61.6 70.4
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
89.6 91.4 93.3 95.7 94.6
83.2 85.2 89.7 94.9 96.6
92.9 93.2 96.1 99.1 102.2
75.2 78.9 81.6 84.9 87.0
95.4 98.3 98.3 98.8 97.0
83.9 86.3 87.4 88.7 92.0
83.6 86.3 85.8 86.8 93.3
102.3 90.2 100.1 111.6 101.2
85.5 86.6 88.1 90.3 93.2
90.9 92.2 94.8 97.9 100.4
91.5 92.3 94.6 96.9 96.2
69.8 73.5 78.4 84.2 88.9
73.7 74.4 80.4 88.6 92.2
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
95.4 97.4 100.0 100.3 102.2
97.8 97.0 100.0 102.8 109.2
102.5 99.6 100.0 102.4 106.8
91.1 95.5 100.0 101.8 103.5
96.8 97.9 100.0 99.3 98.9
95.5 98.0 100.0 101.4 101.3
97.3 102.7 100.0 99.9 100.8
96.9 93.2 100.0 114.1 131.7
96.1 98.7 100.0 102.2 103.9
102.2 100.0 100.0 102.0 105.7
95.8 97.1 100.0 100.8 103.2
93.4 95.1 100.0 104.2 110.6
95.1 97.2 100.0 106.6 119.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
103.3 107.1 109.9 113.7 117.9
114.3 120.6 128.4 135.8 144.0
110.6 112.6 116.9 119.5 122.2
105.3 108.5 111.7 118.3 124.1
98.3 98.6 99.4 103.8 106.6
101.9 101.3 101.7 104.1 105.3
101.2 100.0 99.7 99.5 100.4
136.9 150.0 154.3 137.0 129.1
104.9 105.3 105.9 105.9 106.2
109.5 112.3 115.8 118.7 121.2
104.4 107.4 110.9 114.5 118.8
116.5 122.1 130.6 141.4 151.7
126.6 136.7 146.9 148.8 155.6
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
122.4 124.7 129.7 134.6 139.3
151.5 150.2 151.5 154.8 162.4
123.7 120.4 116.8 115.0 116.6
133.0 138.6 143.6 149.5 153.9
110.6 112.1 114.3 116.3 116.7
108.6 111.2 110.7 111.0 110.5
104.2 112.6 110.8 111.1 109.5
108.7 82.2 98.0 109.9 145.1
107.5 108.9 109.6 110.9 113.3
123.6 122.1 118.6 117.4 118.9
122.6 123.0 127.7 131.9 136.7
164.5 166.9 167.7 171.9 179.4
159.7 156.9 162.7 171.5 193.3
2005 ................................. 2006 .................................
140.8 142.6
166.9 172.8
118.5 121.2
159.8 165.4
117.2 117.5
113.5 116.0
112.8 113.8
155.2 162.9
117.0 119.6
121.2 123.5
137.7 139.9
189.3 200.4
207.1 219.3
. . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS 257 Table 5-1. Indexes of Productivity and Related Data, 1947–2006—Continued (1992 = 100.) Manufacturing Year
Output per hour
Output
Hours
Hourly compensation
Real hourly compensation
Unit labor costs
Unit nonlabor payments
Implicit price Employment deflator
Output per person
Compensation in current dollars
Nonlabor payments in current dollars
1947 ................................. 1948 ................................. 1949 .................................
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
... ... 89.0 90.9 91.8
... ... 92.4 97.2 98.8
... ... 103.8 106.9 107.6
... ... 81.3 84.1 86.6
... ... 98.0 97.8 96.6
... ... 91.3 92.5 94.3
... ... 86.8 90.1 95.2
... ... 88.3 90.9 94.9
... ... 104.6 106.4 107.0
... ... 88.4 91.4 92.4
... ... 84.4 90.0 93.2
... ... 80.3 87.6 94.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
93.9 96.3 100.0 102.5 106.1
98.5 96.8 100.0 103.9 110.1
104.9 100.5 100.0 101.3 103.7
90.5 95.6 100.0 102.0 105.3
96.1 98.0 100.0 99.5 100.6
96.4 99.2 100.0 99.5 99.2
99.0 98.5 100.0 101.1 102.6
98.1 98.8 100.0 100.6 101.5
105.4 101.7 100.0 100.1 101.4
93.4 95.2 100.0 103.8 108.6
94.9 96.0 100.0 103.4 109.2
97.5 95.4 100.0 105.1 112.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
110.9 114.9 121.3 127.9 133.5
115.8 119.8 128.6 135.2 140.3
104.4 104.2 106.0 105.8 105.1
107.3 109.3 112.2 118.7 123.4
100.1 99.4 99.8 104.2 106.0
96.7 95.1 92.5 92.9 92.4
106.3 108.0 107.6 102.6 102.9
103.1 103.8 102.7 99.4 99.5
102.8 102.7 103.6 104.5 102.9
112.7 116.7 124.1 129.5 136.4
112.0 113.9 119.0 125.6 129.7
123.1 129.4 138.4 138.8 144.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
138.9 141.1 150.8 160.1 163.5
144.2 136.8 135.9 137.3 139.7
103.8 97.0 90.1 85.7 85.4
134.7 137.8 147.8 158.2 161.5
112.0 111.5 117.7 123.1 122.4
97.0 97.7 98.0 98.8 98.7
103.5 102.0 100.2 102.8 109.5
101.4 100.6 99.5 101.5 106.0
102.7 97.9 90.9 86.6 85.6
140.3 139.8 149.6 158.5 163.3
139.8 133.7 133.2 135.6 137.9
149.2 139.6 136.2 141.1 152.9
2005 ................................. 2006 .................................
171.3 178.2
144.6 151.7
84.4 85.1
168.3 172.4
123.4 122.5
98.2 96.8
118.0 ...
111.5 ...
85.0 84.6
170.0 179.3
142.0 146.8
170.6 ...
. . . = Not available.
258 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 5-2. Average Annual Percent Change in Output Per Hour and Related Series, 1987–2005 and 2004–2005 (Number, percent.)
Industry
NAICS code
2005 employment (thousands)
Average annual percent change, 1987–2005 Output per hour
Output
Hours
Annual percent change, 2004–2005 Output per hour
Output
Hours
Mining Mining .......................................................................................................................... Oil and gas extraction .................................................................................................. Mining, except oil and gas ........................................................................................... Coal mining .................................................................................................................. Metal ore mining .......................................................................................................... Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying ...................................................................
21 211 212 2121 2122 2123
562 126 213 74 29 110
0.6 1.7 2.7 3.4 3.4 1.6
-0.4 -1.1 1.1 0.1 1.9 1.5
-1.0 -2.7 -1.6 -3.2 -1.5 0.0
-10.1 -3.4 -1.9 -4.6 -4.3 2.2
-2.1 -3.6 3.5 1.7 -1.6 7.8
8.9 -0.2 5.5 6.6 2.9 5.4
Utilities Power generation and supply ...................................................................................... Natural gas distribution ................................................................................................
2211 2212
401 107
3.1 3.4
1.3 1.3
-1.8 -2.0
6.2 4.4
5.2 -1.0
-1.0 -5.1
Manufacturing Food ............................................................................................................................. Animal food .................................................................................................................. Grain and oilseed milling ............................................................................................. Sugar and confectionery product ................................................................................. Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty ..............................................................
311 3111 3112 3113 3114
1 478 49 61 79 174
1.5 3.9 3.0 2.3 2.0
1.7 2.5 1.8 1.2 1.6
0.2 -1.3 -1.2 -1.0 -0.4
5.5 11.1 5.7 11.1 4.6
3.6 8.8 5.9 2.5 0.2
-1.8 -2.0 0.2 -7.7 -4.2
Dairy product ............................................................................................................... Animal slaughtering and processing ............................................................................ Seafood product preparation and packaging ............................................................... Bakery and tortilla manufacturing ................................................................................ Other food product .......................................................................................................
3115 3116 3117 3118 3119
132 504 41 280 159
1.6 1.0 2.3 0.7 0.9
1.0 2.4 1.1 0.8 2.1
-0.5 1.3 -1.2 0.0 1.2
2.0 8.7 14.8 1.4 -3.3
5.3 5.2 5.1 0.9 0.1
3.2 -3.3 -8.4 -0.5 3.5
Beverage and tobacco product .................................................................................... Beverages .................................................................................................................... Tobacco and tobacco product ..................................................................................... Textile mills .................................................................................................................. Fiber, yarn, and thread mills ........................................................................................
312 3121 3122 313 3131
192 167 25 218 50
1.4 2.5 1.5 3.9 4.6
0.3 1.8 -2.0 -1.1 0.1
-1.1 -0.6 -3.4 -4.9 -4.3
5.6 4.6 13.0 6.6 -2.4
5.0 5.2 4.5 -1.3 -3.4
-0.6 0.6 -7.5 -7.5 -1.1
Fabric mills ................................................................................................................... Textile and fabric finishing mills ................................................................................... Textile product mills ..................................................................................................... Textile furnishings mills ................................................................................................ Other textile product mills ............................................................................................
3132 3133 314 3141 3149
104 63 170 96 74
4.5 2.4 2.1 2.2 1.8
-1.5 -1.3 1.0 1.1 0.9
-5.8 -3.6 -1.0 -1.1 -0.9
8.6 9.5 8.8 10.5 6.2
-3.0 1.9 5.3 5.6 4.6
-10.7 -7.0 -3.2 -4.4 -1.5
Apparel ........................................................................................................................ Apparel knitting mills .................................................................................................... Cut and sew apparel .................................................................................................... Accessories and other apparel .................................................................................... Leather and allied product ...........................................................................................
315 3151 3152 3159 316
257 37 200 21 40
2.5 2.5 2.7 -1.0 2.9
-4.9 -3.9 -5.1 -4.2 -4.0
-7.2 -6.3 -7.6 -3.2 -6.8
7.6 23.7 4.3 15.2 9.8
-3.4 11.0 -6.7 6.5 4.2
-10.2 -10.2 -10.5 -7.5 -5.1
Leather and hide tanning and finishing ........................................................................ Footwear ...................................................................................................................... Other leather product ................................................................................................... Wood product .............................................................................................................. Sawmills and wood preservation .................................................................................
3161 3162 3169 321 3211
7 18 15 560 119
0.7 1.9 2.5 1.4 2.8
-3.5 -6.8 -2.4 1.3 1.4
-4.2 -8.5 -4.8 -0.2 -1.4
10.3 6.9 14.1 6.5 8.2
-0.7 2.2 10.1 6.7 7.7
-10.0 -4.4 -3.5 0.2 -0.5
Plywood and engineered wood product ....................................................................... Other wood product ..................................................................................................... Paper and paper product ............................................................................................. Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills ............................................................................... Converted paper product .............................................................................................
3212 3219 322 3221 3222
123 317 484 142 343
0.6 1.1 2.1 3.4 1.4
1.6 1.0 0.6 0.3 0.7
1.0 -0.1 -1.5 -3.0 -0.7
7.2 5.2 1.5 0.6 2.1
8.1 5.4 0.5 0.0 0.8
0.8 0.2 -1.1 -0.6 -1.2
Printing and related support activities .......................................................................... Petroleum and coal product ......................................................................................... Chemicals .................................................................................................................... Basic chemicals ........................................................................................................... Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers ................................................................................
323 324 325 3251 3252
646 112 872 150 108
1.1 3.1 2.4 3.1 2.8
0.3 1.3 1.8 0.5 1.3
-0.8 -1.8 -0.6 -2.5 -1.5
4.5 0.3 5.5 5.7 4.8
2.3 0.2 1.9 -0.7 3.8
-2.2 -0.1 -3.4 -6.0 -1.0
Agricultural chemicals .................................................................................................. Pharmaceuticals and medicines .................................................................................. Paints, coatings, and adhesives .................................................................................. Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries ................................................................. Other chemical product and preparations ....................................................................
3253 3254 3255 3256 3259
40 288 68 114 104
2.9 1.2 1.8 3.3 2.8
1.5 4.0 0.7 2.7 0.6
-1.3 2.8 -1.1 -0.6 -2.1
14.2 3.6 3.6 12.8 1.8
9.6 0.8 1.3 7.7 -1.2
-4.1 -2.7 -2.3 -4.5 -3.0
Plastics and rubber product ......................................................................................... Plastics product ........................................................................................................... Rubber product ............................................................................................................ Nonmetallic mineral product ........................................................................................ Clay product and refractories .......................................................................................
326 3261 3262 327 3271
804 635 168 505 62
2.8 2.8 2.6 1.5 1.6
2.8 3.2 1.4 1.4 -0.2
0.0 0.4 -1.2 -0.1 -1.8
3.1 2.7 4.3 5.4 6.6
1.2 1.2 0.8 4.0 2.9
-1.9 -1.5 -3.4 -1.3 -3.5
CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS 259 Table 5-2. Average Annual Percent Change in Output Per Hour and Related Series, 1987–2005 and 2004–2005—Continued (Number, percent.)
Industry
NAICS code
2005 employment (thousands)
Average annual percent change, 1987–2005 Output per hour
Output
Hours
Annual percent change, 2004–2005 Output per hour
Output
Hours
Manufacturing—Continued Glass and glass product .............................................................................................. Cement and concrete product ..................................................................................... Lime and gypsum product ........................................................................................... Other nonmetallic mineral product ............................................................................... Primary metal ...............................................................................................................
3272 3273 3274 3279 331
108 240 20 76 466
2.2 0.7 1.6 2.0 2.8
0.8 2.0 0.7 1.5 0.8
-1.4 1.3 -0.9 -0.5 -2.0
7.8 2.6 12.1 6.9 1.8
0.3 4.8 7.4 5.6 1.8
-6.9 2.1 -4.2 -1.2 0.0
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production .............................................................. Steel product from purchased steel ............................................................................. Alumina and aluminum production .............................................................................. Other nonferrous metal production .............................................................................. Foundries .....................................................................................................................
3311 3312 3313 3314 3315
96 61 73 72 164
5.2 0.7 3.0 1.3 2.5
1.9 0.1 0.7 -0.8 1.1
-3.1 -0.6 -2.2 -2.1 -1.4
-2.6 2.1 12.0 -0.5 3.3
-1.9 4.2 11.4 1.5 1.4
0.7 2.0 -0.6 2.0 -1.8
Fabricated metal product ............................................................................................. Forging and stamping .................................................................................................. Cutlery and hand tools ................................................................................................. Architectural and structural metal ................................................................................ Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers .......................................................................
332 3321 3322 3323 3324
1 522 111 56 398 91
1.6 3.0 1.7 1.1 0.5
1.4 2.0 -0.1 1.8 -0.5
-0.2 -1.1 -1.7 0.7 -1.0
2.6 3.3 8.2 2.5 0.4
4.2 4.2 2.7 6.8 -0.4
1.6 0.9 -5.0 4.2 -0.9
Hardware ..................................................................................................................... Spring and wire product ............................................................................................... Machine shops and threaded product ......................................................................... Coating, engraving, and heat treating metal ................................................................ Other fabricated metal product ....................................................................................
3325 3326 3327 3328 3329
36 59 345 145 282
2.3 3.3 2.3 3.3 1.2
-1.0 1.6 3.3 3.6 0.3
-3.2 -1.6 1.0 0.3 -0.9
5.1 9.3 0.6 8.5 1.3
-4.5 2.7 5.3 9.7 2.1
-9.2 -6.0 4.6 1.1 0.8
Machinery .................................................................................................................... Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery ......................................................... Industrial machinery ..................................................................................................... Commercial and service industry machinery ............................................................... HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment ..........................................................
333 3331 3332 3333 3334
1 163 208 124 111 153
2.7 3.2 2.7 1.5 2.8
1.9 3.2 1.9 -0.3 2.4
-0.9 0.0 -0.8 -1.8 -0.4
5.3 4.3 -3.6 6.6 3.7
6.9 12.5 -2.1 0.6 4.5
1.5 7.8 1.6 -5.6 0.9
Metalworking machinery .............................................................................................. Turbine and power transmission equipment ................................................................ Other general purpose machinery ............................................................................... Computer and electronic product ................................................................................. Computer and peripheral equipment ...........................................................................
3335 3336 3339 334 3341
202 98 268 1 306 205
2.2 2.8 2.8 13.1 24.6
0.8 2.1 1.9 10.4 19.5
-1.4 -0.7 -0.9 -2.4 -4.1
8.1 3.7 7.9 6.2 38.4
7.2 9.2 8.8 6.5 28.0
-0.8 5.2 0.9 0.3 -7.5
Communications equipment ........................................................................................ Audio and video equipment ......................................................................................... Semiconductors and electronic components ............................................................... Electronic instruments ................................................................................................. Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction ........................................................
3342 3343 3344 3345 3346
147 32 452 436 35
7.4 7.8 19.0 3.9 2.9
4.8 4.2 17.2 1.4 2.8
-2.5 -3.3 -1.5 -2.4 -0.1
-2.7 0.0 7.1 -3.9 0.7
-1.7 0.4 6.6 1.2 -3.2
1.0 0.4 -0.4 5.3 -3.9
Electrical equipment and appliances ........................................................................... Electric lighting equipment ........................................................................................... Household appliances ................................................................................................. Electrical equipment .................................................................................................... Other electrical equipment and components ...............................................................
335 3351 3352 3353 3359
434 61 85 152 136
3.1 2.2 4.6 3.0 2.4
0.6 0.5 2.0 0.0 0.3
-2.4 -1.6 -2.5 -2.9 -2.1
5.3 8.9 3.4 5.4 5.2
2.1 4.2 -0.4 1.5 3.7
-3.1 -4.3 -3.7 -3.6 -1.5
Transportation equipment ............................................................................................ Motor vehicles .............................................................................................................. Motor vehicle bodies and trailers ................................................................................. Motor vehicle parts ...................................................................................................... Aerospace product and parts .......................................................................................
336 3361 3362 3363 3364
1 772 248 171 678 455
2.9 3.8 1.7 3.4 2.1
1.9 2.5 3.0 3.8 -1.2
-1.1 -1.2 1.3 0.3 -3.2
4.1 3.5 3.2 4.7 11.3
4.4 -0.2 6.0 1.3 16.2
0.3 -3.6 2.8 -3.2 4.4
Railroad rolling stock ................................................................................................... Ship and boat building ................................................................................................. Other transportation equipment ................................................................................... Furniture and related product ...................................................................................... Household and institutional furniture ...........................................................................
3365 3366 3369 337 3371
27 153 40 566 380
4.4 1.9 5.2 2.2 2.0
4.8 1.1 5.5 1.8 1.6
0.3 -0.8 0.3 -0.4 -0.4
-8.0 -4.0 8.7 5.6 6.8
3.2 2.5 9.9 3.8 4.2
12.2 6.7 1.1 -1.7 -2.4
Office furniture and fixtures .......................................................................................... Other furniture-related product .................................................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing ...................................................................................... Medical equipment and supplies ................................................................................. Other miscellaneous manufacturing ............................................................................
3372 3379 339 3391 3399
133 52 652 305 348
2.6 2.0 3.3 3.8 2.7
1.7 2.6 3.3 4.8 2.0
-0.9 0.6 0.0 1.0 -0.7
4.3 1.7 8.3 7.8 8.1
3.6 2.0 7.7 10.9 4.4
-0.7 0.4 -0.5 2.9 -3.4
260 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 5-2. Average Annual Percent Change in Output Per Hour and Related Series, 1987–2005 and 2004–2005—Continued (Number, percent.)
Industry
NAICS code
2005 employment (thousands)
Average annual percent change, 1987–2005 Output per hour
Output
Hours
Annual percent change, 2004–2005 Output per hour
Output
Hours
Transportation and Warehousing Air transportation ......................................................................................................... Line-haul railroads ....................................................................................................... General freight trucking, long distance ........................................................................ Used household and office goods, moving .................................................................. Postal service .............................................................................................................. Couriers and messengers ............................................................................................
481 482111 48412 48421 491 492
472 182 901 106 774 612
2.9 4.9 1.5 -1.0 1.1 -1.0
3.6 2.5 3.4 0.6 1.2 2.4
0.6 -2.3 1.8 1.6 0.1 3.4
7.7 -5.4 1.7 -0.2 1.1 -1.7
5.3 0.2 5.1 5.4 1.2 -0.6
-2.2 5.9 3.3 5.6 0.2 1.2
Information Publishing .................................................................................................................... Newspaper, book, and directory publishers ................................................................. Software publishers ..................................................................................................... Motion picture and video exhibition ............................................................................. Broadcasting, except Internet ...................................................................................... Radio and television broadcasting ............................................................................... Cable and other subscription programming ................................................................. Wired telecommunications carriers .............................................................................. Wireless telecommunications carriers ......................................................................... Cable and other program distribution ..........................................................................
511 5111 5112 51213 515 5151 5152 5171 5172 5175
953 714 239 135 341 249 92 519 194 137
4.3 0.2 17.0 0.7 0.9 0.2 2.4 5.1 9.6 0.3
5.0 -0.3 25.2 2.0 2.4 0.5 8.2 3.6 24.3 5.8
0.7 -0.5 7.1 1.3 1.5 0.3 5.6 -1.5 13.5 5.5
4.1 1.6 6.5 -1.1 4.6 5.1 2.4 4.7 34.4 -2.9
3.6 0.5 7.6 -6.6 6.6 5.1 9.1 -1.8 28.2 5.4
-0.6 -1.1 1.1 -5.5 1.9 0.0 6.5 -6.1 -4.6 8.5
Finance and Insurance Commercial banking ....................................................................................................
52211
1 296
2.2
2.0
-0.2
-0.1
2.2
2.4
Real Estate Rental and Leasing Passenger car rental .................................................................................................... Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing ..................................................................... Videotape and disc rental ............................................................................................
532111 53212 53223
129 63 151
1.0 5.0 4.0
3.7 4.8 6.8
2.7 -0.2 2.7
-6.6 7.3 0.7
3.2 9.0 -3.0
10.5 1.6 -3.7
Professional and Technical Services Tax preparation services ............................................................................................. Architectural services ................................................................................................... Engineering services ................................................................................................... Advertising agencies .................................................................................................... Photography studios, portrait .......................................................................................
541213 54131 54133 54181 541921
142 219 879 184 80
1.4 1.8 1.3 1.8 -0.3
4.4 4.1 3.5 1.7 2.7
2.9 2.3 2.1 0.0 3.0
6.9 4.8 5.9 -1.4 0.4
6.3 10.9 13.3 1.2 4.3
-0.6 5.9 6.9 2.6 3.9
Administrative and Support Services Travel agencies ........................................................................................................... Janitorial services ........................................................................................................
56151 56172
124 1 146
4.2 2.7
3.3 4.6
-0.9 1.8
12.4 4.7
9.2 5.4
-2.9 0.7
Health Care and Social Assistance1 Medical and diagnostic laboratories ............................................................................ Medical laboratories ..................................................................................................... Diagnostic imaging centers ..........................................................................................
6215 621511 621512
204 140 64
3.9 3.0 5.1
7.2 5.9 9.4
3.2 2.8 4.1
-1.4 -2.7 0.9
3.7 2.6 5.3
5.2 5.5 4.4
Accommodation and Food Services Traveler accommodations ...........................................................................................
7211
1 794
1.7
2.9
1.1
-4.1
0.6
4.9
Other Services Automotive repair and maintenance ............................................................................ Hair, nail, and skin care services ................................................................................. Funeral homes and funeral services ............................................................................ Dry-cleaning and laundry services ............................................................................... Photofinishing ..............................................................................................................
8111 81211 81221 8123 81292
1 182 909 111 362 32
1.5 2.5 -0.6 1.2 0.9
2.6 3.5 0.3 0.6 -4.3
1.1 1.0 0.9 -0.7 -5.2
0.5 4.3 0.3 9.2 10.9
2.2 4.3 0.4 2.7 -14.8
1.7 0.0 0.1 -5.9 -23.2
1For
NAICS industries 6215, 621511, and 621512, average annual percent changes are for 1994–2005.
CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS 261 Table 5-3. Average Annual Percent Change in Output Per Hour and Related Series: Retail Trade, Wholesale Trade, and Food Services and Drinking Places, 1987–2006 and 2005–2006 (Number, percent.)
Industry
NAICS code
2006 employment (thousands)
Average annual percent change, 1987–2006 Output per hour
Output
Annual percent change, 2005–2006
Hours
Output per hour
Output
Hours
Wholesale Trade ................................................................................................ Durable goods ..................................................................................................... Motor vehicles and parts ..................................................................................... Furniture and furnishings .................................................................................... Lumber and construction supplies ......................................................................
42 423 4231 4232 4233
6 118 3 185 365 123 274
3.5 5.6 4.3 2.8 1.2
4.2 6.2 4.2 3.0 3.3
0.7 0.5 -0.1 0.2 2.0
4.3 5.1 13.0 7.4 -2.5
6.6 8.3 12.7 8.7 2.8
2.2 3.0 -0.2 1.2 5.5
Commercial equipment ....................................................................................... Metals and minerals ............................................................................................ Electric goods ...................................................................................................... Hardware and plumbing ...................................................................................... Machinery and supplies ......................................................................................
4234 4235 4236 4237 4238
667 128 351 260 694
15.6 -0.1 9.1 1.3 2.7
16.4 0.4 8.9 2.8 2.8
0.6 0.5 -0.2 1.4 0.1
10.0 -3.1 10.6 0.9 3.8
14.0 1.0 9.5 5.6 6.1
3.6 4.2 -0.9 4.7 2.2
Miscellaneous durable goods .............................................................................. Nondurable goods ............................................................................................... Paper and paper product .................................................................................... Druggists’ goods ................................................................................................. Apparel and piece goods ....................................................................................
4239 424 4241 4242 4243
324 2 143 161 217 166
1.5 1.3 2.5 2.8 3.0
2.7 1.7 2.0 5.3 2.8
1.1 0.3 -0.5 2.4 -0.2
-10.2 2.7 -1.3 6.7 6.8
-2.6 4.3 0.9 9.2 8.5
8.5 1.5 2.2 2.4 1.6
Grocery and related product ............................................................................... Farm product (raw materials) .............................................................................. Chemicals ........................................................................................................... Petroleum ............................................................................................................ Alcoholic beverages ............................................................................................
4244 4245 4246 4247 4248
747 77 137 103 155
0.9 2.1 -0.1 3.3 0.4
1.9 -0.6 0.8 0.4 2.0
1.0 -2.7 0.9 -2.9 1.5
0.7 11.8 1.3 3.4 2.6
3.6 6.3 -0.8 3.4 5.1
2.8 -4.9 -2.1 0.0 2.4
Miscellaneous nondurable goods ........................................................................ Electronic markets and agents and brokers ........................................................
4249 425
382 790
0.7 2.0
0.8 4.7
0.1 2.6
2.0 7.2
3.1 8.2
1.1 0.9
Retail Trade ........................................................................................................ Motor vehicle and parts dealers .......................................................................... Automobile dealers ............................................................................................. Other motor vehicle dealers ................................................................................ Auto parts, accessory, and tire stores .................................................................
44-45 441 4411 4412 4413
16 389 2 002 1 306 181 516
3.4 2.7 2.5 3.5 2.5
4.2 3.8 3.7 6.0 3.0
0.8 1.1 1.2 2.4 0.5
4.9 2.2 2.4 0.8 -0.1
4.1 0.5 1.1 -3.5 -1.7
-0.8 -1.6 -1.3 -4.3 -1.6
Furniture and home furnishings stores ................................................................ Furniture stores ................................................................................................... Home furnishings stores ..................................................................................... Electronics and appliance stores ........................................................................ Building material and garden supply stores ........................................................
442 4421 4422 443 444
650 322 328 571 1 378
4.2 3.7 4.8 13.4 3.4
5.4 4.6 6.4 15.6 5.5
1.2 0.9 1.5 1.9 2.0
7.4 8.4 6.6 12.6 6.5
8.0 5.6 10.9 17.0 7.9
0.6 -2.6 4.0 3.9 1.3
Building material and supplies dealers ................................................................ Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores ............................................... Food and beverage stores .................................................................................. Grocery stores ..................................................................................................... Specialty food stores ...........................................................................................
4441 4442 445 4451 4452
1 208 169 2 933 2 524 255
3.3 4.3 0.5 0.4 0.5
5.7 4.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
2.3 0.0 -0.1 0.0 -0.2
5.9 10.7 3.2 1.8 20.0
7.5 10.9 2.8 2.1 10.1
1.5 0.2 -0.5 0.3 -8.3
Beer, wine, and liquor stores ............................................................................... Health and personal care stores ......................................................................... Gasoline stations ................................................................................................. Clothing and clothing accessories stores ............................................................ Clothing stores ....................................................................................................
4453 446 447 448 4481
154 987 882 1 537 1 142
2.5 2.7 2.0 4.9 5.0
0.9 3.9 1.5 5.0 5.5
-1.6 1.2 -0.4 0.1 0.5
5.0 4.9 -2.3 10.5 10.9
7.7 4.1 -1.3 6.2 6.5
2.6 -0.7 1.0 -3.9 -4.0
Shoe stores ......................................................................................................... Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores ........................................................ Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores ................................................. Sporting goods and musical instrument stores ................................................... Book, periodical, and music stores .....................................................................
4482 4483 451 4511 4512
185 210 726 520 207
4.4 4.5 4.6 5.5 2.4
3.0 4.8 5.1 5.9 3.2
-1.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.8
12.3 7.1 6.3 11.8 -6.6
5.9 4.6 7.0 12.2 -5.4
-5.7 -2.3 0.7 0.4 1.3
General merchandise stores ............................................................................... Department stores ............................................................................................... Other general merchandise stores ...................................................................... Miscellaneous store retailers ............................................................................... Florists .................................................................................................................
452 4521 4529 453 4531
2 944 1 563 1 381 1 084 119
3.9 1.4 7.3 4.8 2.6
5.6 2.5 9.6 5.2 0.2
1.6 1.1 2.1 0.4 -2.3
5.1 2.9 5.4 12.2 3.9
5.0 -0.5 8.8 8.2 -4.6
0.0 -3.4 3.3 -3.6 -8.2
Office supply, stationery, and gift stores ............................................................. Used merchandise stores ................................................................................... Other miscellaneous store retailers ..................................................................... Nonstore retailers ................................................................................................ Electronic shopping and mail-order houses ........................................................
4532 4533 4539 454 4541
421 191 353 695 296
6.8 5.1 2.9 8.9 12.0
7.1 6.5 4.4 9.3 16.0
0.2 1.3 1.4 0.4 3.6
14.7 4.4 14.5 17.3 18.2
10.3 11.0 7.6 10.1 14.7
-3.8 6.3 -6.1 -6.2 -2.9
Vending machine operators ................................................................................ Direct selling establishments ...............................................................................
4542 4543
66 333
0.8 3.5
-1.5 2.4
-2.3 -1.1
5.4 11.6
-4.8 1.9
-9.6 -8.7
Food Services and Drinking Places ................................................................ Full-service restaurants ....................................................................................... Limited-service eating places .............................................................................. Special food services .......................................................................................... Drinking places, alcoholic beverages ..................................................................
722 7221 7222 7223 7224
9 656 4 495 4 082 700 380
0.8 0.9 0.8 1.4 -0.5
2.5 2.7 2.7 2.5 -0.5
1.7 1.8 2.0 1.1 0.0
2.4 2.9 3.2 -2.4 2.6
4.9 5.7 5.4 2.8 -2.3
2.4 2.8 2.1 5.3 -4.8
262 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 5-4. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, 1987–2006 (2000 = 100.) Sector
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
PRIVATE BUSINESS Productivity Output per hour of all persons ....................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity ................................... Output ............................................................
77.3 106.5 89.7 62.4
78.5 107.2 90.3 65.2
79.3 107.0 90.6 67.6
81.0 105.5 91.2 68.6
82.4 102.0 90.6 68.1
86.0 103.9 93.0 70.9
86.4 104.0 93.2 73.2
87.2 105.6 93.9 76.8
87.4 104.4 93.7 79.2
90.0 104.5 95.3 82.8
91.7 104.7 96.2 87.2
Inputs Labor input ..................................................... Capital services .............................................. Combined units of labor and capital inputs .... Capital services per hour for all persons ........
75.4 58.6 69.6 72.5
78.1 60.8 72.2 73.2
80.6 63.1 74.6 74.1
80.5 65.1 75.2 76.8
79.4 66.8 75.2 80.8
80.2 68.3 76.2 82.7
82.6 70.3 78.5 83.0
86.3 72.8 81.8 82.6
88.8 75.8 84.5 83.8
90.6 79.2 86.9 86.1
94.2 83.3 90.7 87.6
Productivity Output per hour of all persons ....................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity ................................... Output ............................................................
78.0 108.3 90.6 62.4
79.3 109.4 91.4 65.3
79.9 108.9 91.5 67.6
81.4 107.1 91.9 68.6
82.9 103.3 91.3 68.1
86.3 104.9 93.4 70.8
86.7 105.2 93.7 73.2
87.7 106.5 94.5 76.7
88.2 105.5 94.5 79.3
90.5 105.3 95.8 82.8
92.0 105.1 96.4 87.2
Inputs Labor input ..................................................... Capital services .............................................. Combined units of labor and capital inputs .... Capital services per hour for all persons ........
74.7 57.7 68.9 72.0
77.5 59.7 71.5 72.5
80.0 62.1 73.9 73.3
80.0 64.1 74.7 76.1
78.9 65.9 74.6 80.2
79.8 67.5 75.7 82.2
82.3 69.6 78.1 82.4
85.7 72.1 81.2 82.4
88.2 75.2 83.9 83.6
90.2 78.7 86.5 86.0
93.9 82.9 90.4 87.5
Productivity Output per hour of all persons ....................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity ................................... Output ............................................................
63.9 95.4 84.8 64.1
65.2 98.7 86.3 67.4
65.9 98.2 85.8 68.5
67.3 95.2 85.2 68.3
69.1 91.5 85.0 67.1
71.7 92.3 84.5 69.4
73.5 93.6 86.7 72.1
76.1 96.6 89.0 76.4
79.4 98.2 90.6 80.4
82.4 97.6 91.0 83.1
86.9 100.2 93.6 89.2
Inputs Hours at work of all persons .......................... Capital services .............................................. Energy ............................................................ Non-energy materials ..................................... Purchased business services ........................ Combined units of all inputs ...........................
100.3 67.2 99.3 62.9 65.3 75.6
103.4 68.3 103.3 63.8 71.0 78.1
104.0 69.8 103.0 65.1 75.3 79.9
101.5 71.7 105.2 66.0 76.6 80.1
97.2 73.4 104.8 65.6 76.0 79.0
96.7 75.1 103.8 71.3 81.5 82.1
98.0 77.0 107.1 71.9 81.7 83.1
100.3 79.0 110.4 74.8 84.7 85.8
101.2 81.8 113.7 78.8 88.9 88.7
100.8 85.2 110.3 86.0 88.5 91.3
102.6 89.0 108.2 92.9 92.1 95.3
PRIVATE NONFARM BUSINESS
MANUFACTURING
CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS 263 Table 5-4. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, 1987–2006 —Continued (2000 = 100.) Sector
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
PRIVATE BUSINESS Productivity Output per hour of all persons ....................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity ................................... Output ............................................................
94.3 103.3 97.4 91.5
97.2 102.2 98.7 96.2
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
102.8 96.1 100.2 100.5
107.1 95.0 101.9 102.0
111.2 95.9 104.6 105.2
114.7 98.0 107.3 109.9
117.1 99.1 109.2 114.1
119.1 99.9 110.4 118.4
Inputs Labor input ..................................................... Capital services .............................................. Combined units of labor and capital inputs .... Capital services per hour for all persons ........
96.4 88.5 93.9 91.2
99.0 94.2 97.5 95.1
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
98.6 104.5 100.3 106.9
97.2 107.4 100.2 112.7
96.9 109.7 100.6 116.0
98.4 112.2 102.4 117.1
100.2 115.1 104.5 118.1
102.8 118.6 107.3 119.2
Productivity Output per hour of all persons ....................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity ................................... Output ............................................................
94.5 103.7 97.7 91.5
97.3 102.4 98.8 96.3
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
102.7 96.1 100.1 100.5
107.1 94.9 101.9 102.1
111.0 95.7 104.4 105.2
114.4 97.7 107.1 109.9
116.8 99.1 109.1 114.1
118.7 99.8 110.2 118.4
Inputs Labor input ..................................................... Capital services .............................................. Combined units of labor and capital inputs .... Capital services per hour for all persons ........
96.2 88.2 93.7 91.1
99.0 94.0 97.5 95.0
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
98.7 104.6 100.4 106.9
97.2 107.6 100.2 112.8
97.1 110.0 100.7 116.1
98.6 112.4 102.5 117.0
100.4 115.1 104.6 117.9
103.0 118.7 107.5 119.0
Productivity Output per hour of all persons ....................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity ................................... Output ............................................................
91.7 100.5 95.8 93.8
95.8 100.3 96.5 97.4
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
101.5 93.6 98.7 94.9
108.6 92.5 102.4 94.3
115.3 93.5 105.3 95.2
117.9 95.9 109.2 96.9
123.4 99.6 113.0 100.3
... ... ... ...
Inputs Hours at work of all persons .......................... Capital services .............................................. Energy ............................................................ Non-energy materials ..................................... Purchased business services ........................ Combined units of all inputs ...........................
102.3 93.4 105.4 97.7 95.0 98.0
101.6 97.1 105.5 102.6 100.0 100.9
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
93.5 101.4 90.6 93.3 100.7 96.2
86.8 101.9 89.3 88.3 98.2 92.1
82.6 101.8 84.4 87.7 99.1 90.5
82.2 101.1 81.1 85.5 95.2 88.7
81.3 100.7 78.5 86.3 96.5 88.8
... ... ... ... ... ...
PRIVATE NONFARM BUSINESS
MANUFACTURING
. . . = Not available.
264 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 5-5. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Manufacturing Industries, 1987–2005 (2000 = 100.) Industry
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Total Nondurable Goods Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
75.1 111.4 99.7 79.9 106.4 71.7 93.4 79.5 60.3 80.1
76.5 113.8 100.3 82.8 108.3 72.8 96.4 80.4 67.9 82.6
77.2 113.6 99.4 84.5 109.5 74.4 97.6 81.6 75.0 85.0
78.8 110.9 97.9 85.1 108.0 76.7 100.6 83.1 80.7 86.9
80.8 108.1 97.8 85.4 105.7 79.0 100.9 82.8 83.4 87.3
82.3 107.8 96.3 87.7 106.6 81.4 102.0 88.0 88.8 91.0
83.1 107.4 99.5 89.7 108.0 83.5 105.1 85.7 85.1 90.2
85.0 108.3 101.1 92.7 109.1 85.6 107.3 87.7 85.8 91.7
87.1 107.3 101.3 94.4 108.4 88.0 111.4 88.5 89.5 93.2
89.1 104.6 100.1 94.5 106.1 90.3 108.1 92.8 87.9 94.4
Food, Beverage, and Tobacco Product Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
88.3 102.9 106.8 82.1 93.1 79.9 88.2 78.0 59.3 77.0
89.8 104.5 107.5 84.6 94.1 80.9 89.7 78.3 66.3 78.6
90.0 104.4 106.0 86.0 95.6 82.4 90.3 79.5 74.4 81.2
90.1 102.2 101.5 86.4 96.0 84.6 88.4 83.3 83.2 85.1
93.6 101.5 100.8 88.0 94.0 86.7 91.6 85.1 89.1 87.2
95.5 100.8 98.5 89.7 93.9 89.0 89.6 90.4 93.8 91.1
94.6 99.2 106.0 90.1 95.3 90.8 88.8 82.1 82.9 85.1
96.2 100.4 106.3 92.5 96.1 92.1 91.6 85.3 82.5 87.0
97.3 102.0 109.7 95.4 98.1 93.5 96.1 83.8 83.7 87.0
97.3 99.4 105.3 94.3 96.9 94.9 93.8 89.0 83.1 89.5
Textile Mills Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
72.5 97.7 87.7 90.3 124.7 92.4 107.5 103.3 58.7 103.0
71.9 96.9 89.4 89.7 124.7 92.5 107.7 96.9 66.5 100.3
72.9 98.4 90.1 91.3 125.2 92.8 106.0 96.7 75.9 101.3
73.4 93.7 90.1 87.4 119.1 93.3 101.8 91.4 77.8 97.1
73.6 92.1 89.6 85.9 116.7 93.3 103.6 88.9 84.3 95.9
78.4 97.2 90.9 90.9 116.0 93.5 116.2 93.8 96.5 100.0
79.3 100.5 91.0 94.8 119.6 94.3 122.9 98.9 99.9 104.2
81.0 103.8 91.9 99.8 123.3 96.2 128.5 104.0 104.3 108.6
84.6 100.9 93.4 98.8 116.9 98.0 132.1 101.2 103.8 105.8
84.9 98.0 93.2 96.4 113.5 98.4 122.7 99.5 99.8 103.4
Apparel and Leather Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
61.6 144.3 83.9 123.6 200.7 85.6 139.1 172.0 75.6 147.3
61.7 139.9 83.8 122.1 197.8 87.3 141.5 165.9 83.3 145.7
59.7 136.4 82.7 117.5 196.7 86.1 124.0 156.4 88.5 142.1
62.6 132.7 84.0 115.4 184.4 87.0 117.7 150.5 91.7 137.4
63.9 134.4 87.9 115.4 180.7 85.9 119.7 137.8 91.2 131.3
65.8 135.1 85.6 119.7 181.8 88.6 158.8 150.2 106.2 139.8
68.8 133.5 86.4 122.3 177.8 91.6 166.6 155.0 107.4 141.6
71.2 131.9 90.9 124.0 174.1 94.0 155.5 144.0 104.6 136.3
75.5 125.1 96.4 123.0 162.9 98.3 157.1 130.0 97.2 127.5
79.3 126.6 93.9 119.9 151.1 94.7 141.6 136.1 104.0 127.6
Paper Product Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
79.9 109.1 101.0 84.5 105.8 77.5 84.1 78.6 72.3 83.7
81.6 111.3 102.4 87.9 107.7 79.0 85.9 79.0 83.3 85.8
81.0 108.0 100.3 88.6 109.4 82.0 88.0 80.2 93.1 88.4
81.6 103.6 99.9 88.8 108.8 85.8 93.3 79.7 93.2 89.0
83.5 99.9 100.0 89.0 106.7 89.1 93.9 79.5 93.7 89.0
84.6 99.8 100.0 91.3 108.0 91.5 95.2 81.9 97.9 91.3
86.3 100.6 103.4 93.5 108.3 92.9 97.1 80.7 92.7 90.5
89.3 103.3 104.0 97.2 108.9 94.1 99.3 85.1 96.3 93.5
90.9 103.4 99.2 98.2 108.1 95.0 103.2 91.6 116.5 99.0
90.2 99.2 100.3 96.2 106.7 97.0 97.7 89.0 101.7 95.9
Printing and Support Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
93.3 123.7 98.3 85.8 91.9 69.4 115.4 94.6 69.4 87.2
90.7 122.8 99.2 88.4 97.5 72.0 123.2 93.1 70.1 89.1
89.8 118.4 99.9 88.7 98.8 74.9 121.9 90.1 70.4 88.8
91.8 118.4 100.2 91.6 99.8 77.4 127.7 93.9 73.0 91.4
91.6 111.7 98.8 88.4 96.5 79.1 126.2 92.2 70.2 89.5
96.7 115.3 101.2 93.2 96.4 80.9 132.1 97.0 75.1 92.2
94.8 113.7 98.1 93.1 98.2 81.9 137.3 100.9 78.8 94.9
92.8 114.6 99.6 94.1 101.4 82.1 141.9 96.3 79.1 94.5
91.2 113.5 98.2 95.4 104.6 84.1 149.7 97.1 85.9 97.2
94.5 112.8 98.9 95.9 101.6 85.0 143.9 99.5 85.6 97.0
Chemical Product Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
79.6 131.2 106.8 80.3 100.8 61.2 102.1 82.8 57.5 75.2
80.5 135.2 106.1 84.2 104.6 62.3 106.8 85.7 67.2 79.3
80.4 134.3 105.1 86.1 107.1 64.1 109.4 86.0 74.4 81.9
81.0 129.6 104.2 86.8 107.3 67.0 114.3 85.3 77.6 83.3
80.8 122.4 102.3 86.0 106.4 70.3 113.4 83.8 80.2 84.0
81.0 119.2 99.4 87.3 107.9 73.2 113.1 88.7 85.5 87.8
82.5 117.3 99.4 89.3 108.2 76.1 118.5 91.1 86.5 89.8
87.3 116.9 102.4 92.3 105.7 79.0 120.8 91.2 86.2 90.1
87.4 112.4 100.1 92.0 105.2 81.8 123.5 91.2 90.5 91.9
87.7 107.7 99.7 91.9 104.7 85.3 123.4 91.9 87.2 92.2
CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS 265 Table 5-5. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Manufacturing Industries, 1987–2005 —Continued (2000 = 100.) Industry
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Total Nondurable Goods Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
92.8 105.8 101.1 98.4 106.0 93.0 105.3 98.3 90.2 97.3
95.2 103.6 100.1 99.4 104.4 95.9 102.2 101.3 94.1 99.4
96.1 101.1 99.5 99.3 103.3 98.2 103.2 100.4 96.4 99.8
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
102.3 96.3 98.8 96.8 94.6 100.5 92.9 95.3 104.1 97.9
108.2 96.2 101.8 97.1 89.8 100.9 91.3 92.3 102.2 95.4
113.3 96.7 104.2 97.5 86.0 100.7 83.9 91.8 99.9 93.5
117.4 98.5 106.9 98.6 84.0 100.1 82.0 91.2 98.1 92.3
123.0 100.7 110.2 100.5 81.7 99.8 77.9 90.9 96.7 91.2
Food, Beverage, and Tobacco Product Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
97.8 100.9 104.0 96.6 98.8 95.8 100.7 94.7 83.8 92.9
101.6 101.5 101.6 99.5 98.0 98.0 108.0 100.5 92.2 97.9
98.1 99.5 100.4 98.5 100.5 99.0 101.9 100.2 91.9 98.1
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
101.1 100.5 101.9 100.2 99.1 99.7 94.8 95.0 103.9 98.4
103.4 100.3 101.5 100.2 96.9 99.9 97.6 97.9 100.8 98.7
106.6 102.4 102.0 101.8 95.6 99.4 94.2 101.0 101.9 99.9
107.7 102.9 100.5 101.4 94.1 98.5 97.8 100.9 107.1 100.8
114.4 107.7 105.0 105.4 92.1 97.9 92.6 101.5 106.5 100.4
Textile Mills Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
91.1 103.5 97.7 103.2 113.3 99.7 116.4 103.6 99.6 105.6
92.4 100.9 97.4 101.5 109.9 100.6 117.5 101.8 102.3 104.2
98.6 100.7 97.9 101.5 102.9 100.7 110.7 104.4 103.2 103.7
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
101.6 91.4 96.0 89.4 88.0 97.8 85.3 94.2 98.6 93.0
109.2 94.8 98.8 89.4 81.9 94.4 91.8 91.7 102.4 90.5
119.7 93.5 105.7 86.3 72.1 92.3 72.2 85.1 85.7 81.7
126.5 96.7 109.4 85.4 67.6 88.4 69.8 81.4 85.7 78.1
136.9 102.9 119.9 87.0 63.5 84.6 56.3 76.3 74.7 72.5
Apparel and Leather Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
85.6 126.6 93.4 119.4 139.5 94.3 125.9 144.1 105.6 127.9
86.7 115.3 93.6 111.3 128.3 96.5 113.7 129.9 101.6 118.9
92.2 107.0 93.3 105.4 114.3 98.5 113.8 119.4 109.1 113.0
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
98.7 87.7 102.7 86.1 87.2 98.1 76.7 73.2 88.1 83.8
84.3 68.6 96.9 64.6 76.6 94.2 54.3 50.4 62.3 66.6
91.7 64.9 104.9 60.5 65.9 93.2 41.3 40.9 53.5 57.6
88.7 58.2 105.6 52.2 58.9 89.7 31.2 33.0 42.3 49.5
93.6 58.7 105.6 51.0 54.5 86.9 30.9 33.6 45.0 48.3
Paper Product Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
92.6 101.4 102.7 99.6 107.6 98.2 96.3 91.4 98.3 96.9
96.0 101.0 101.1 100.8 105.0 99.8 94.2 97.3 101.4 99.7
96.0 101.5 101.2 101.7 105.9 100.2 99.2 98.4 99.8 100.5
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.7 95.6 96.5 94.3 93.7 98.6 93.9 98.3 104.4 97.8
108.9 97.5 99.8 95.0 87.2 97.4 82.4 99.1 101.0 95.2
113.4 97.1 103.3 92.6 81.7 95.4 76.3 93.2 94.3 89.6
116.6 100.8 108.4 93.3 80.0 92.5 71.3 90.1 85.5 86.1
118.9 104.4 111.7 93.7 78.8 89.8 66.9 88.3 81.3 83.9
Printing and Support Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
93.9 110.5 97.8 97.8 104.1 88.5 104.1 102.0 93.5 99.9
96.3 108.2 98.2 98.6 102.3 91.1 106.0 102.5 97.0 100.3
98.1 103.9 98.7 99.4 101.3 95.7 102.1 102.9 97.6 100.7
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.9 93.2 98.3 94.9 94.1 101.9 94.4 94.9 104.0 96.6
106.8 87.8 100.8 91.1 85.3 103.8 90.4 89.2 98.2 90.4
106.0 84.3 102.1 87.9 83.0 104.4 80.6 82.1 92.5 86.2
108.7 84.6 105.4 88.5 81.5 104.6 72.8 80.1 86.7 84.0
115.4 85.6 114.4 90.5 78.4 105.8 61.3 73.3 77.9 79.1
Chemical Product Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
94.1 108.9 101.6 97.3 103.4 89.3 114.7 98.2 91.7 95.8
92.9 103.3 98.1 96.9 104.3 93.8 112.1 100.0 96.8 98.8
95.3 101.4 99.5 98.6 103.6 97.3 103.2 100.0 96.0 99.2
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
99.6 95.3 98.2 96.6 97.0 101.3 88.0 93.4 104.2 98.4
108.6 100.7 104.4 103.0 94.9 102.3 87.9 94.5 105.1 98.7
111.6 102.1 104.0 104.5 93.6 102.4 92.2 97.5 109.7 100.5
118.4 107.7 109.6 109.7 92.7 101.9 93.8 100.2 105.7 100.1
123.8 109.6 115.5 111.8 90.4 102.0 87.2 94.3 101.7 96.8
266 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 5-5. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Manufacturing Industries, 1987–2005 —Continued (2000 = 100.) Industry
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Petroleum and Coal Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
63.6 89.0 95.8 82.5 129.8 92.7 93.9 84.7 64.7 86.1
65.7 91.5 96.2 84.4 128.5 92.3 98.1 86.7 66.6 87.7
67.1 92.3 95.4 84.8 126.4 91.9 99.0 87.5 76.1 88.9
67.4 93.1 95.7 85.6 127.1 91.9 111.1 86.7 91.7 89.5
67.9 92.0 97.5 85.1 125.5 92.6 108.3 84.6 84.6 87.4
69.8 92.7 98.5 87.1 124.7 93.9 104.4 86.5 78.8 88.4
74.6 94.4 100.2 90.2 120.9 95.5 107.0 89.1 74.2 90.0
76.5 93.4 99.4 90.7 118.5 97.1 104.2 90.5 76.7 91.2
81.1 92.4 98.8 92.3 113.8 99.8 109.2 92.7 81.9 93.4
83.3 92.3 98.6 94.8 113.9 102.8 105.0 95.0 92.1 96.2
Plastics and Rubber Product Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
72.9 99.6 89.4 60.8 83.4 61.1 81.1 66.6 50.8 68.1
73.2 100.9 89.4 63.1 86.2 62.5 84.7 68.1 56.9 70.5
74.1 100.4 91.4 64.8 87.5 64.6 86.9 66.8 59.9 70.9
76.7 99.2 91.2 66.3 86.5 66.9 88.3 69.2 63.7 72.7
78.2 95.3 92.8 65.5 83.8 68.8 86.5 65.6 64.0 70.6
80.4 99.3 91.2 70.2 87.4 70.7 88.3 74.1 74.3 77.0
81.0 103.0 92.6 75.1 92.8 73.0 94.9 78.1 77.7 81.1
82.9 106.7 94.1 81.1 97.8 76.0 100.9 83.5 84.1 86.2
84.1 103.6 93.9 82.8 98.4 79.9 106.5 84.4 89.3 88.2
87.1 101.8 95.8 85.2 97.8 83.7 103.5 85.7 87.7 88.9
Total Durable Goods Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
56.0 86.2 75.6 54.3 96.9 63.0 108.7 51.5 69.3 71.9
57.3 89.8 77.5 57.7 100.6 64.2 114.3 52.5 73.5 74.4
57.7 88.8 77.3 58.3 100.9 65.6 111.6 53.3 75.5 75.4
58.8 85.7 77.5 57.5 97.8 67.1 112.5 53.4 73.3 74.3
59.9 81.3 77.1 55.3 92.3 68.1 110.9 52.3 70.2 71.7
63.3 83.4 77.4 57.6 91.0 69.1 106.8 58.0 75.7 74.5
65.8 86.0 78.8 60.7 92.3 70.6 110.4 61.9 79.0 77.1
69.0 90.6 81.5 65.8 95.4 72.6 115.3 66.0 83.9 80.8
73.1 93.6 83.8 71.0 97.1 75.9 117.4 72.2 88.4 84.8
77.2 94.2 85.4 75.5 97.8 80.2 113.9 80.6 89.1 88.4
Wood Product Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
91.8 96.4 103.0 84.5 92.0 87.6 95.1 80.4 55.8 82.0
90.2 97.6 104.7 84.5 93.7 86.5 100.2 77.5 54.2 80.7
90.3 97.1 106.1 83.1 92.0 85.6 98.0 73.5 58.6 78.3
92.4 95.9 106.2 81.8 88.6 85.4 98.7 72.6 58.5 77.1
95.1 90.3 106.6 76.2 80.2 84.4 98.9 66.7 56.2 71.5
96.3 95.8 104.0 80.0 83.0 83.4 92.3 74.2 65.0 76.9
92.3 97.7 98.5 81.3 88.1 83.2 102.1 77.8 93.4 82.6
91.6 102.1 98.4 86.5 94.4 84.7 108.2 84.0 95.5 87.9
92.1 101.5 99.7 88.6 96.2 87.3 114.1 84.9 91.2 88.9
94.4 101.3 98.7 91.7 97.2 90.6 110.8 90.9 93.3 93.0
Furniture and Related Product Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
83.6 113.9 96.2 75.3 90.0 66.1 86.1 69.0 88.6 78.3
80.8 108.9 94.4 74.3 91.9 68.3 89.3 68.7 85.9 78.7
81.0 107.9 94.7 74.7 92.2 69.2 92.8 69.0 84.2 78.9
82.1 103.7 93.8 72.7 88.5 70.1 87.9 69.6 80.9 77.5
82.1 96.9 93.6 67.3 81.9 69.4 86.8 64.5 72.0 71.9
85.5 104.0 96.8 72.7 85.0 69.9 87.1 68.6 74.8 75.1
86.4 106.0 98.1 75.9 87.8 71.5 91.4 70.5 77.2 77.3
86.9 107.5 97.6 78.8 90.7 73.3 93.7 75.2 79.2 80.8
88.7 104.4 96.8 80.4 90.6 77.0 98.4 78.9 81.1 83.0
90.7 102.4 97.2 81.4 89.8 79.5 94.5 81.1 80.1 83.8
Primary Metal Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
81.1 79.9 93.9 84.0 103.5 105.2 140.7 74.3 98.7 89.5
84.0 87.9 94.7 91.6 109.0 104.2 159.7 80.5 118.9 96.7
82.2 85.7 94.2 88.9 108.2 103.7 146.7 77.6 118.8 94.4
83.4 85.2 96.9 88.0 105.5 103.3 150.8 73.5 109.9 90.8
83.4 79.7 96.6 82.1 98.5 103.0 152.8 68.5 96.1 85.0
88.1 82.7 96.5 84.5 95.9 102.3 140.9 75.0 97.9 87.6
91.7 87.2 97.8 88.4 96.4 101.3 140.1 79.9 99.4 90.4
93.8 94.7 98.0 95.1 101.4 100.5 156.6 87.4 109.7 97.1
95.2 95.3 97.6 95.9 100.8 100.6 141.3 89.3 118.5 98.2
97.2 97.0 95.5 97.8 100.6 100.8 140.5 98.1 115.9 102.4
Fabricated Metal Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
83.5 98.8 95.1 73.0 87.4 73.9 95.9 67.2 76.9 76.8
84.2 102.4 96.6 76.4 90.7 74.6 100.3 68.4 81.8 79.1
81.6 100.1 95.0 75.5 92.6 75.5 100.3 67.6 82.5 79.5
82.3 97.4 94.8 74.7 90.7 76.6 99.9 67.7 79.9 78.8
82.5 92.2 93.5 71.4 86.6 77.4 99.0 66.1 75.5 76.3
86.4 93.7 93.6 73.5 85.1 78.5 94.4 71.4 80.2 78.6
87.5 95.1 94.1 75.7 86.5 79.6 98.5 74.0 81.6 80.4
90.0 100.4 97.9 81.8 90.9 81.5 102.2 76.1 85.3 83.5
92.3 101.7 99.4 86.0 93.1 84.5 109.0 78.8 90.0 86.4
93.7 101.3 99.5 88.7 94.6 87.5 105.9 83.3 90.8 89.1
CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS 267 Table 5-5. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Manufacturing Industries, 1987–2005 —Continued (2000 = 100.) Industry
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Petroleum and Coal Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
90.2 94.8 100.3 98.3 108.9 103.7 104.2 97.4 93.7 97.9
90.0 97.4 107.9 100.0 111.1 102.7 67.5 94.7 66.7 92.7
94.5 97.2 100.6 98.8 104.5 101.6 107.5 96.3 105.7 98.2
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
98.1 98.5 96.5 99.0 100.9 100.6 104.1 101.0 121.8 102.6
103.8 98.1 99.1 100.4 96.7 102.3 105.7 99.2 123.1 101.3
106.7 98.8 106.6 101.6 95.2 102.8 57.3 97.6 73.5 95.3
109.2 100.7 106.5 104.3 95.5 103.5 50.0 101.9 65.6 97.9
106.4 100.5 101.4 104.5 98.2 104.0 58.2 107.6 76.9 103.1
Plastics and Rubber Product Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
90.5 102.8 97.8 90.3 99.8 87.9 103.6 89.1 92.6 92.3
92.9 102.0 97.6 93.7 100.9 91.8 104.7 94.4 95.8 96.0
96.3 102.4 98.2 98.5 102.4 96.2 106.1 100.4 100.7 100.4
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
102.5 92.7 97.8 94.4 92.1 101.9 95.5 95.2 102.6 96.5
110.5 94.4 100.9 97.2 87.9 102.9 98.4 95.5 107.1 96.3
115.2 94.1 101.1 97.1 84.3 103.2 96.6 96.7 108.9 96.1
118.2 95.5 105.9 98.4 83.3 103.1 85.7 94.1 98.7 93.0
121.3 96.5 106.0 99.6 82.1 103.2 84.6 95.7 103.0 94.0
Total Durable Goods Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
82.5 97.5 88.8 83.0 100.7 85.2 113.0 88.4 93.6 93.5
88.9 98.9 93.0 89.9 101.1 90.9 110.5 94.1 95.9 96.6
95.3 100.0 94.7 95.9 100.7 95.9 109.2 103.2 103.0 101.3
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.5 91.0 98.7 93.3 92.8 102.6 86.8 91.5 97.9 94.6
108.1 89.4 102.7 92.1 85.2 103.0 86.0 86.7 94.9 89.6
115.8 90.5 105.8 93.4 80.6 103.2 85.3 86.0 98.3 88.3
117.8 93.5 110.5 95.6 81.2 102.2 79.6 83.5 92.7 86.5
123.8 98.5 114.2 100.3 81.1 101.8 79.5 86.3 96.4 87.9
Wood Product Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
96.3 101.3 98.9 94.5 98.1 93.3 98.9 94.3 98.5 95.6
96.6 103.2 98.5 98.4 101.8 95.3 99.5 99.6 101.7 99.9
98.6 104.1 98.4 101.7 103.1 97.7 108.9 104.6 102.8 103.4
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
101.0 93.2 101.6 93.8 92.9 100.6 80.7 90.8 92.6 92.3
110.4 96.6 103.5 96.7 87.6 100.2 79.0 94.8 100.5 93.5
113.3 98.1 105.4 96.8 85.4 98.6 77.0 93.5 99.1 91.8
112.3 100.6 106.4 99.2 88.3 98.6 74.2 95.2 97.1 93.2
118.0 106.2 110.9 105.8 89.6 99.6 75.2 98.3 99.5 95.4
Furniture and Related Product Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
95.8 106.1 99.3 89.3 93.2 84.1 103.4 88.5 90.0 89.9
98.7 108.0 98.7 95.6 96.8 88.5 112.7 97.7 100.4 96.9
98.0 104.6 98.7 98.5 100.5 94.2 107.7 100.4 100.0 99.8
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.0 91.5 96.7 94.0 94.0 102.8 92.1 97.5 101.5 97.2
109.6 94.5 98.7 98.7 90.1 104.4 105.3 103.4 113.7 100.0
112.6 90.5 103.7 96.8 86.0 107.0 91.8 92.9 104.4 93.4
115.3 93.3 108.8 99.7 86.4 106.8 83.6 90.3 97.5 91.6
122.5 96.5 107.1 103.4 84.4 107.2 91.8 100.9 111.5 96.6
Primary Metal Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
99.1 100.2 95.5 101.3 102.2 101.1 133.0 104.6 120.2 106.1
102.7 101.1 95.3 102.3 99.6 101.3 123.1 111.0 114.4 107.4
101.3 100.4 96.5 101.2 99.9 100.9 112.6 108.2 106.6 104.9
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.4 89.9 97.4 88.3 88.0 98.2 83.9 90.7 94.1 90.7
113.5 93.0 100.7 89.3 78.7 96.1 78.8 95.8 86.1 88.7
117.7 92.5 102.6 86.2 73.2 93.2 77.2 89.5 87.3 84.1
131.4 106.0 111.3 95.9 72.9 90.4 82.2 94.0 89.9 86.1
133.4 110.0 113.7 97.6 73.2 88.7 78.8 95.0 87.0 85.9
Fabricated Metal Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
93.8 102.6 98.8 92.6 98.7 90.2 107.8 89.1 96.2 93.7
95.8 101.8 97.7 95.7 99.9 94.0 109.5 96.7 99.3 97.9
97.5 99.3 97.8 96.4 98.8 97.0 105.1 98.0 100.4 98.6
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
99.4 91.9 96.2 93.0 93.6 101.2 89.4 96.3 101.3 96.7
105.4 89.7 97.2 90.8 86.1 101.2 91.7 93.6 103.1 93.4
108.3 88.7 99.2 89.6 82.8 101.1 89.4 88.3 103.6 90.4
106.9 90.7 104.5 90.5 84.7 99.8 73.3 84.0 86.5 86.6
110.3 94.8 109.3 94.4 85.5 99.6 69.7 82.3 87.2 86.3
268 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 5-5. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Manufacturing Industries, 1987–2005 —Continued (2000 = 100.) Industry
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Machinery Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
72.3 142.7 110.3 67.7 93.7 47.5 106.7 39.9 77.6 61.4
74.7 152.3 114.1 74.4 99.6 48.9 110.1 43.0 82.1 65.3
76.2 150.5 115.6 76.8 100.8 51.0 115.1 43.6 83.4 66.4
76.2 142.3 113.6 74.6 97.9 52.4 115.5 44.1 79.3 65.7
74.3 130.0 108.1 69.6 93.6 53.5 114.4 44.5 74.9 64.4
75.8 128.4 104.9 69.6 91.8 54.2 104.7 48.9 77.6 66.4
78.1 133.1 104.5 74.8 95.8 56.2 108.6 55.5 83.9 71.6
82.5 138.4 105.9 82.0 99.5 59.3 115.9 62.5 92.1 77.5
83.9 138.6 103.7 87.6 104.4 63.2 119.2 72.1 97.5 84.5
86.5 132.2 99.5 90.1 104.1 68.1 115.3 83.6 100.4 90.5
Computer and Electronic Equipment Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
15.9 41.6 25.9 17.0 106.9 40.9 91.2 49.1 58.3 65.7
17.1 44.1 28.2 18.6 109.2 42.2 94.2 46.9 60.0 66.0
17.5 43.1 28.5 19.0 108.5 44.0 95.3 47.2 61.1 66.6
19.1 43.5 30.5 20.1 104.9 46.1 98.1 47.8 59.4 65.8
21.0 43.0 32.0 20.6 98.5 48.0 96.0 49.0 57.8 64.5
24.1 45.0 33.7 22.7 94.2 50.3 92.8 54.5 62.8 67.3
26.9 47.2 35.9 24.9 92.6 52.8 95.9 57.9 66.0 69.4
31.6 52.1 40.5 29.2 92.5 56.0 98.4 60.2 70.9 72.1
39.2 61.3 48.0 37.6 95.8 61.3 105.3 68.0 77.6 78.2
46.9 67.0 55.3 45.9 98.0 68.5 102.3 77.0 78.6 83.0
Electrical Equipment, Appliances, and Components Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
67.8 98.9 123.9 75.5 111.3 76.3 97.6 32.6 60.6 60.9
68.1 101.3 122.1 78.2 114.8 77.2 100.4 35.4 65.1 64.0
67.1 95.3 119.2 75.6 112.6 79.3 99.4 34.8 63.8 63.4
67.5 89.1 116.0 72.4 107.3 81.2 100.7 35.0 60.2 62.4
67.5 83.6 112.5 68.1 100.9 81.5 99.2 34.9 55.4 60.5
72.7 87.5 112.2 72.3 99.4 82.6 96.3 40.8 61.7 64.4
77.2 91.3 114.2 77.3 100.2 84.7 101.4 45.3 64.9 67.7
80.6 96.0 113.8 83.2 103.2 86.7 105.5 51.8 73.8 73.1
83.1 94.4 105.5 84.8 102.1 89.8 106.2 63.5 83.2 80.4
84.9 93.0 99.3 87.2 102.8 93.8 104.2 76.8 86.3 87.9
Transportation Equipment Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
77.3 133.9 105.0 77.9 100.8 58.2 109.4 63.2 69.1 74.2
77.2 134.7 104.2 80.9 104.7 60.0 107.1 65.6 76.9 77.6
78.9 135.1 103.3 83.0 105.2 61.4 105.7 68.4 84.2 80.3
77.9 123.8 99.7 78.5 100.7 63.4 104.6 67.4 83.4 78.7
77.6 113.8 99.4 73.5 94.7 64.6 100.9 61.7 82.1 74.0
82.4 118.2 98.7 76.6 93.0 64.8 105.1 67.2 91.3 77.6
84.9 119.2 100.4 78.7 92.7 66.0 111.9 68.4 91.6 78.3
86.4 121.9 100.3 82.7 95.7 67.8 113.2 73.5 96.2 82.4
84.9 116.2 98.4 82.3 97.0 70.9 118.3 74.7 95.9 83.7
86.2 110.4 97.4 83.2 96.6 75.4 112.2 78.5 93.6 85.5
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
71.3 85.5 83.6 62.3 87.4 72.9 108.0 57.4 82.9 74.6
72.8 91.1 87.9 67.6 92.9 74.2 110.9 57.8 85.3 76.9
72.4 89.8 88.4 68.4 94.5 76.1 113.2 57.5 84.1 77.4
75.3 91.1 89.8 71.1 94.5 78.1 115.4 61.7 83.3 79.2
76.6 90.6 89.8 72.0 94.1 79.4 113.3 65.3 81.0 80.2
77.8 90.6 87.4 74.5 95.8 82.2 104.9 74.1 87.0 85.3
79.0 93.1 87.4 78.2 98.9 83.9 116.1 79.4 92.3 89.4
79.4 94.1 88.6 79.1 99.7 84.1 116.5 79.1 90.8 89.3
83.7 96.2 91.1 81.9 97.8 85.2 128.9 80.9 92.9 89.9
88.2 98.1 93.8 85.7 97.2 87.4 119.6 85.4 92.5 91.4
CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS 269 Table 5-5. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Manufacturing Industries, 1987–2005 —Continued (2000 = 100.) Industry
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Machinery Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
87.4 126.2 98.5 94.6 108.2 74.9 115.0 91.7 100.8 96.1
90.4 115.9 102.0 97.1 107.4 83.8 104.2 89.4 95.1 95.2
92.4 102.8 98.1 94.7 102.5 92.1 103.0 92.3 97.9 96.6
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
98.1 83.5 98.9 89.1 90.8 106.7 81.6 84.9 91.4 90.1
105.2 77.3 100.2 85.1 80.9 110.1 83.4 79.7 91.8 84.9
112.4 77.3 100.1 85.2 75.8 110.3 86.6 82.0 98.4 85.1
114.4 81.3 106.4 89.0 77.8 109.5 73.7 81.7 87.5 83.6
120.4 86.5 108.1 95.1 79.0 110.0 76.9 87.8 96.6 88.0
Computer and Electronic Equipment Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
56.2 74.1 64.6 57.0 101.5 76.9 106.6 82.7 83.1 88.2
65.9 79.0 76.5 67.1 101.8 84.9 93.0 77.5 83.1 87.8
82.0 87.9 85.2 81.0 98.7 92.1 103.1 89.4 96.4 95.0
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.3 86.4 100.3 93.1 92.8 107.7 87.1 85.8 97.4 92.8
103.8 74.9 106.9 82.1 79.2 109.7 76.3 63.6 83.8 76.8
119.4 81.0 117.1 86.7 72.5 106.9 73.3 61.6 85.1 74.0
133.2 90.3 128.2 94.1 70.7 104.2 69.2 64.0 83.8 73.4
144.5 98.6 135.5 100.2 69.3 101.6 64.3 68.2 84.2 73.9
Electrical Equipment, Appliances, and Components Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
89.4 92.4 96.2 89.6 100.2 97.0 107.8 86.6 93.6 93.1
91.7 95.0 93.7 92.9 101.3 97.8 112.5 97.3 101.1 99.2
94.5 96.0 97.3 95.0 100.6 99.1 103.8 94.7 98.3 97.7
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
98.8 86.3 99.9 90.0 91.1 104.4 82.7 82.5 91.7 90.1
101.2 81.2 103.7 82.5 81.5 101.6 70.3 66.3 83.6 79.5
105.7 80.3 108.4 80.7 76.4 100.5 64.7 59.3 78.9 74.5
110.7 83.2 107.4 82.1 74.2 98.8 63.6 66.4 80.9 76.5
115.9 86.1 108.4 83.9 72.4 97.4 63.2 69.4 84.3 77.3
Transportation Equipment Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
92.2 113.2 99.1 92.0 99.8 81.3 116.5 88.4 101.5 92.8
102.1 113.5 101.3 101.5 99.4 89.5 120.7 100.0 109.3 100.2
107.6 113.9 99.6 110.3 102.5 96.8 125.2 115.5 121.3 110.7
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
104.2 94.9 99.2 95.9 92.0 101.0 92.4 97.5 100.3 96.6
116.4 99.9 105.7 102.3 87.9 102.4 99.4 98.1 107.5 96.8
126.1 101.4 105.5 105.4 83.6 103.9 103.2 104.7 118.4 99.9
124.0 100.6 104.4 104.2 84.0 103.6 94.8 106.4 112.8 99.8
129.5 106.0 106.3 108.7 84.0 102.6 95.2 110.2 118.9 102.3
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Output per hour of all persons ............... Output per unit of capital ...................... Multifactor productivity ........................... Sector output ......................................... Hours of all persons at work .................. Capital services ..................................... Energy ................................................... Non-energy materials ............................ Purchased business services ................ Combined units of all inputs ..................
85.8 97.5 93.5 87.7 102.2 90.0 104.7 86.5 92.9 93.8
91.1 98.2 93.5 92.4 101.5 94.1 109.5 96.5 101.1 98.8
92.9 97.1 94.4 94.4 101.6 97.1 105.5 99.1 100.2 99.9
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.7 96.7 98.5 98.5 97.9 101.9 97.0 97.6 107.4 100.1
108.5 98.3 98.1 100.9 93.0 102.6 107.2 109.0 116.6 102.9
115.7 100.5 101.7 103.8 89.7 103.3 106.1 108.8 119.8 102.0
115.2 100.4 107.6 104.1 90.3 103.6 90.3 96.5 105.5 96.7
124.8 107.7 113.9 112.1 89.8 104.1 92.2 99.8 112.0 98.4
CHAPTER SIX COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES HIGHLIGHTS This chapter discusses the Employment Cost Index (ECI), which covers changes in wages and salaries and benefits; the Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC); the experimental estimates of compensation levels and trends for workers in the 15 largest metropolitan areas; employee participation in various benefit plans; and occupational wages from the National Compensation Survey (NCS).
In 2006, the ECI for all private workers increased by 3.2 percent for wages and salaries and 3.1 percent for benefits, narrowing the gap from previous years. In 2005, it increased by 2.5 percent for wages and salaries and 3.9 percent for benefits. However, for state and local governments, the increase in benefit costs continued to be considerably higher than the increase for wages and salaries—5.2 percent compared to 3.5 percent. (See Tables 6-1, 6-3, and 6-4.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • From 2001 to 2006, the ECI for wages and salaries rose by almost 15 percent for both private industry workers and government workers. During the same period, the ECI for benefits rose 26.9 percent in private industry and 34.5 percent in state and local government (See Tables 6-1, 6-3, and 6-4.) • In goods-producing industries, wages and salaries constituted 66.6 percent of total compensation with benefits making up 33.4 percent. In service-providing industries, wages and salaries made up 71.9 percent of total compensation while total benefits made up 28.1 percent. (See Table 6-5.) • Legally required benefits such as Social Security, Medicare, and workers’ compensation made up 29 percent of total benefit costs in June 2007. (See Table 6-5.)
273
274 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS EMPLOYMENT COST INDEX The National Compensation Survey (NCS) provides data for the Employment Cost Index (ECI), the Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC), an experimental series, the occupational earnings series, and the incidence of employee benefits. Part one of this chapter concerns the ECI. The ECI is a measure of the change in the cost of labor, free from the influence of employment shifts among occupations and industries. The compensation series includes changes in wages and salaries and employer costs for employee benefits. The wage and salary series and the benefit cost series are the two components of compensation. Sample establishments are classified by industry categories based on the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Within a sample establishment, specific job categories are selected and classified into about 800 occupational classifications according to the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. Individual occupations are combined to represent one of ten intermediate aggregations, such as professional and related occupations, or one of five higher-level aggregations, such as management, professional, and related occupations. Due to the new classifications, the historical data shown here begins with 2001. Concepts and Definitions Wages and salaries are defined as the hourly straight-time wage rate or, for workers not paid on an hourly basis, straight-time earnings divided by the corresponding hours. Straight-time wage and salary rates are total earnings before payroll deductions, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends and holidays, shift differentials, and nonproduction bonuses such as lump-sum payments provided in lieu of wage increases. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, commission payments, and
cost-of-living adjustments are included in straight-time wage and salary rates. Benefits covered by the ECI are: paid leave—vacations, holidays, sick leave, and other leave; supplemental paypremium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays), shift differentials, and nonproduction bonuses (such as referral bonuses and attendance bonuses); insurance benefits— life, health, short-term disability, and long-term disability; retirement and savings benefits—defined benefit and defined contribution plans; and legally required benefits— Social Security, Medicare, federal and state unemployment insurance, and workers’ compensation. Fixed employment weights are used each quarter to calculate the most aggregate series-civilian, private, and state and local government. These fixed weights are also used to derive all of the industry and occupational series indexes. Beginning with March 2006 estimates, 2002 fixed employment weights from the Bureau’s Occupational Employment Statistics survey were introduced. For the series based on bargaining status, census region and division, metropolitan area status, and for series excluding incentive paid occupations, fixed employment data are not available. The employment weights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the current ECI sample. The ECI private industry sample is rotated over approximately 5 years, which makes the sample more representative of the economy and reduces respondent burden. The sample is replaced on a cross-area, cross-industry basis. Sources of Additional Information Additional information on ECI methodology and more tables are available in Chapter 8 of the BLS Handbook of Methods and BLS new releases. The BLS publication Compensation and Working Conditions contains articles on all aspects of the NCS. All of these resources are on the BLS Web site at .
CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 275
Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers, Total Compensation1 and Wages and Salaries, by Industry and Occupation, 2001–2006 (December 2005 = 100.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Characteristic and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)
WORKERS BY INDUSTRY Total Private 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
85.0 88.2 91.4 94.9
85.8 89.2 92.3 95.9
86.7 89.7 93.2 96.7
87.3 90.0 93.6 97.2
4.1 3.1 4.0 3.8
87.6 90.7 93.3 95.7
88.4 91.6 94.0 96.5
89.2 92.0 94.8 97.3
89.9 92.2 95.1 97.6
3.8 2.6 3.1 2.6
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.2 100.8
98.9 101.7
99.5 102.5
100.0 103.2
2.9 3.2
98.3 100.7
98.9 101.7
99.5 102.5
100.0 103.2
2.5 3.2
Goods-Producing2 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
83.9 87.0 90.5 94.5
84.7 87.7 91.5 95.4
85.3 88.2 92.1 96.5
86.0 89.0 92.6 96.9
3.6 3.5 4.0 4.6
87.9 90.7 93.3 95.6
88.8 91.4 94.1 96.2
89.3 91.9 94.6 97.2
90.0 92.6 94.9 97.2
3.6 2.9 2.5 2.4
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.0 100.3
99.0 101.3
99.8 102.0
100.0 102.5
3.2 2.5
97.9 100.7
98.7 101.8
99.5 102.3
100.0 102.9
2.9 2.9
Service-Providing3 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
85.4 88.7 91.7 95.1
86.2 89.7 92.5 96.1
87.1 90.2 93.6 96.8
87.8 90.4 94.0 97.3
4.4 3.0 4.0 3.5
87.4 90.7 93.3 95.8
88.3 91.7 93.9 96.6
89.2 92.0 94.9 97.3
89.8 92.1 95.2 97.7
3.8 2.6 3.4 2.6
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.3 101.0
98.9 101.8
99.5 102.7
100.0 103.4
2.8 3.4
98.4 100.8
99.0 101.7
99.5 102.6
100.0 103.3
2.4 3.3
White-Collar4 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.8 88.1 91.3 94.7
85.7 89.1 92.1 95.7
86.5 89.5 93.2 96.5
87.2 89.8 93.5 97.0
4.4 3.0 4.1 3.7
87.0 90.3 92.9 95.6
87.9 91.2 93.7 96.4
88.7 91.6 94.7 97.3
89.3 91.7 94.9 97.5
3.7 2.7 3.5 2.7
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.2 100.9
98.9 101.8
99.5 102.7
100.0 103.3
3.1 3.3
98.3 100.8
98.9 101.8
99.5 102.7
100.0 103.3
2.6 3.3
White-Collar, Excluding Sales 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.8 88.2 91.5 94.9
85.7 89.0 92.2 95.7
86.6 89.4 93.2 96.5
87.2 89.8 93.7 97.1
4.6 3.0 4.3 3.6
87.0 90.5 93.3 95.9
87.9 91.3 93.9 96.5
88.8 91.7 94.7 97.2
89.5 91.9 95.1 97.7
4.1 2.7 3.5 2.7
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.4 101.1
99.0 101.9
99.6 102.9
100.0 103.5
3.0 3.5
98.5 101.0
99.1 102.0
99.5 102.9
100.0 103.5
2.4 3.5
Management, Professional, and Related 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
85.0 88.3 91.6 94.9
86.0 89.2 92.3 95.7
86.8 89.5 93.3 96.5
87.4 89.7 93.8 97.1
4.5 2.6 4.6 3.5
87.0 90.4 93.3 96.0
88.0 91.3 94.0 96.5
88.9 91.6 94.8 97.3
89.5 91.7 95.3 97.8
4.1 2.5 3.9 2.6
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.5 101.1
99.1 101.9
99.6 102.9
100.0 103.5
3.0 3.5
98.6 101.1
99.2 102.0
99.6 103.0
100.0 103.6
2.2 3.6
Management, Business, and Financial 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
86.1 89.5 93.3 95.9
87.1 90.7 93.9 96.8
87.8 90.7 94.9 97.3
88.5 90.6 95.4 97.9
4.4 2.4 5.3 2.6
87.3 90.8 94.8 96.8
88.3 92.2 95.5 97.5
89.1 92.4 96.4 98.1
89.8 92.1 96.7 98.5
4.1 2.6 5.0 1.9
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
99.1 101.3
99.6 102.0
99.7 102.7
100.0 103.1
2.1 3.1
99.2 101.3
99.7 102.2
99.5 102.8
100.0 103.1
1.5 3.1
Professional and Related 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.1 87.3 90.3 94.1
85.0 87.9 91.0 94.8
86.0 88.5 92.0 95.8
86.5 89.1 92.6 96.5
4.7 3.0 3.9 4.2
86.9 90.1 92.1 95.3
87.8 90.5 92.7 95.7
88.7 91.0 93.6 96.7
89.3 91.4 94.2 97.2
4.1 2.4 3.1 3.2
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.0 101.0
98.8 101.8
99.5 103.1
100.0 103.9
3.6 3.9
98.2 100.9
98.8 101.8
99.6 103.1
100.0 104.0
2.9 4.0
WORKERS BY OCCUPATION
1Includes 2Includes 3Includes
wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits. mining, construction, and manufacturing. the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional, scientific, and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and support and waste management and remediation services; education services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment, and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration. 4Includes the following occupational groups: management, business, and financial; professional and related; sales and related; and office and administrative support.
276 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers, Total Compensation1 and Wages and Salaries, by Industry and Occupation, 2001–2006—Continued (December 2005 = 100.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Characteristic and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)
Sales and Office 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.5 87.8 90.8 94.4
85.4 89.0 91.9 95.7
86.1 89.5 93.0 96.6
86.9 89.8 93.1 96.8
4.1 3.3 3.7 4.0
86.9 90.0 92.4 95.1
87.8 91.2 93.3 96.1
88.4 91.5 94.4 97.2
89.1 91.7 94.3 97.2
3.5 2.9 2.8 3.1
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
97.8 100.5
98.5 101.6
99.3 102.3
100.0 102.9
3.3 2.9
97.8 100.4
98.5 101.6
99.3 102.4
100.0 103.0
2.9 3.0
Sales and Related 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.9 87.7 90.6 94.0
86.0 89.7 91.7 95.4
86.3 89.7 93.2 96.8
87.2 89.7 92.9 96.2
3.3 2.9 3.6 3.6
86.8 89.2 91.5 94.4
88.0 91.0 92.5 95.7
87.9 91.0 94.3 97.4
88.6 90.9 93.8 96.6
2.4 2.6 3.2 3.0
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
97.2 99.9
97.9 101.1
99.2 101.7
100.0 102.3
4.0 2.3
97.3 99.8
97.8 101.3
99.2 102.0
100.0 102.6
3.5 2.6
Office and Administrative Support 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.2 87.9 91.0 94.7
84.9 88.6 92.0 95.8
85.9 89.3 92.8 96.5
86.6 89.9 93.3 97.2
4.6 3.8 3.8 4.2
87.0 90.7 93.1 95.6
87.7 91.3 93.9 96.4
88.8 91.8 94.4 97.1
89.4 92.4 94.7 97.6
4.2 3.4 2.5 3.1
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.1 100.9
98.9 101.9
99.5 102.7
100.0 103.4
2.9 3.4
98.2 100.9
99.0 101.9
99.4 102.6
100.0 103.3
2.5 3.3
Blue-Collar5 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.8 88.0 91.2 95.2
85.5 88.9 92.2 96.3
86.6 89.5 93.0 97.1
87.1 90.0 93.5 97.5
3.8 3.3 3.9 4.3
88.2 91.3 93.7 95.9
89.0 92.1 94.4 96.7
90.1 92.6 95.0 97.4
90.6 93.0 95.3 97.7
3.9 2.6 2.5 2.5
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.2 100.6
99.0 101.5
99.6 102.3
100.0 102.8
2.6 2.8
98.1 100.6
98.8 101.5
99.5 102.2
100.0 102.8
2.4 2.8
Natural Resources, Construction, and Maintenance 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.3 87.4 90.8 94.8
85.0 88.5 92.0 96.1
86.4 89.3 92.8 96.5
86.6 89.7 93.3 97.1
4.0 3.6 4.0 4.1
87.6 90.5 93.2 95.8
88.4 91.7 94.1 96.7
89.9 92.3 94.8 97.1
90.0 92.6 95.2 97.5
3.8 2.9 2.8 2.4
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
97.9 100.8
98.9 102.1
99.5 103.0
100.0 103.6
3.0 3.6
97.8 100.7
98.7 101.8
99.4 102.8
100.0 103.4
2.6 3.4
Construction, Extraction, Farming, Fishing, and Forestry 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.2 87.3 90.3 94.7
85.1 88.1 91.6 95.8
86.2 88.8 92.5 96.4
86.4 89.5 93.1 97.2
3.8 3.6 4.0 4.4
87.8 90.6 92.7 95.8
88.9 91.3 93.7 96.6
89.8 91.9 94.6 96.9
90.0 92.4 94.9 97.5
3.6 2.7 2.7 2.7
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
97.7 100.7
98.7 102.2
99.5 103.1
100.0 103.7
2.9 3.7
97.8 100.7
98.5 102.0
99.3 103.0
100.0 103.7
2.6 3.7
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.4 87.4 91.4 95.0
84.9 89.1 92.5 96.3
86.8 90.0 93.1 96.7
86.8 90.1 93.6 97.0
4.1 3.8 3.9 3.6
87.4 90.4 93.8 95.9
87.9 92.2 94.6 96.8
90.1 92.9 95.1 97.3
90.1 92.9 95.5 97.4
4.3 3.1 2.8 2.0
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.1 100.9
99.3 102.1
99.6 103.0
100.0 103.4
3.1 3.4
97.8 100.7
99.1 101.6
99.5 102.6
100.0 103.0
2.7 3.0
Production, Transportation, and Material Moving 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
85.3 88.4 91.5 95.5
85.8 89.1 92.4 96.5
86.7 89.7 93.2 97.4
87.4 90.3 93.6 97.8
3.6 3.3 3.7 4.5
88.7 91.9 94.0 96.0
89.4 92.4 94.6 96.7
90.2 92.8 95.1 97.6
91.0 93.3 95.4 97.8
3.9 2.5 2.3 2.5
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.5 100.4
99.0 101.1
99.7 101.7
100.0 102.3
2.2 2.3
98.3 100.6
98.9 101.2
99.6 101.8
100.0 102.4
2.2 2.4
1Includes 5Includes
wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits. the following occupational groups: farming, fishing, and forestry; construction and extraction; installation, maintenance, and repair; production; and transportation and material moving.
CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 277
Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers, Total Compensation1 and Wages and Salaries, by Industry and Occupation, 2001–2006—Continued (December 2005 = 100.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Characteristic and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)
Production 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.9 87.7 91.0 95.3
85.2 88.3 91.7 96.4
86.0 88.8 92.5 97.4
86.7 89.4 93.0 97.7
3.2 3.1 4.0 5.1
88.4 91.3 93.6 95.6
89.1 91.8 94.1 96.5
89.7 92.3 94.8 97.4
90.5 92.8 95.1 97.5
3.7 2.5 2.5 2.5
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.6 100.4
99.1 101.0
99.6 101.6
100.0 102.0
2.4 2.0
98.3 100.7
98.9 101.2
99.5 101.7
100.0 102.2
2.6 2.2
Transportation and Material Moving 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
85.8 89.5 92.4 95.7
86.7 90.2 93.4 96.7
87.7 90.9 94.0 97.5
88.5 91.4 94.4 97.9
4.2 3.3 3.3 3.7
89.0 92.6 94.7 96.4
89.9 93.1 95.3 97.1
90.8 93.6 95.6 97.9
91.6 94.0 95.8 98.2
4.1 2.6 1.9 2.5
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.3 100.4
99.0 101.2
99.8 102.0
100.0 102.6
2.1 2.6
98.5 100.4
98.9 101.2
99.7 102.0
100.0 102.6
1.8 2.6
Service 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
87.1 90.2 93.0 95.9
87.7 90.6 93.4 96.7
88.2 91.5 94.4 97.2
89.4 92.0 95.0 97.7
3.8 2.9 3.3 2.8
89.7 92.5 94.5 96.4
90.2 92.8 94.8 96.9
90.6 93.4 95.6 97.4
91.7 93.9 96.1 97.9
3.4 2.4 2.3 1.9
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.5 100.8
99.0 101.5
99.5 102.3
100.0 103.1
2.4 3.1
98.6 100.6
99.0 101.3
99.6 102.0
100.0 102.9
2.1 2.9
1Includes
wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.
278 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 6-2. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers, Total Compensation1 and Wages and Salaries, by Bargaining Status, Industry, Region, and Metropolitan Area Status, 2001–2006 (December 2005 = 100.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Characteristic and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)
WORKERS BY BARGAINING STATUS AND INDUSTRY Union Workers 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
82.0 85.7 89.5 94.5
82.9 86.5 90.7 95.9
83.7 87.5 91.6 96.7
84.8 88.2 92.3 97.3
4.2 4.0 4.6 5.4
86.5 90.2 93.0 95.6
87.4 91.1 93.8 96.4
88.3 91.9 94.4 97.1
89.6 92.6 94.9 97.6
4.3 3.3 2.5 2.8
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
97.9 100.5
98.8 101.8
99.6 102.4
100.0 103.0
2.8 3.0
97.9 100.3
98.7 101.2
99.5 101.7
100.0 102.3
2.5 2.3
Union Workers, Goods-Producing2 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
81.9 84.8 88.9 94.6
82.7 85.5 90.2 95.9
83.4 86.4 90.9 96.7
84.0 87.1 91.7 97.2
2.9 3.7 5.3 6.0
87.2 90.0 92.9 95.4
88.2 90.9 94.0 96.3
88.9 91.7 94.5 96.9
89.5 92.4 95.0 97.1
3.5 3.2 2.8 2.2
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
97.7 99.9
98.8 101.2
99.6 101.8
100.0 102.2
2.9 2.2
97.5 100.5
98.5 101.6
99.2 101.9
100.0 102.3
3.0 2.3
Union Workers, Manufacturing 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
81.1 84.1 88.6 95.6
81.4 84.7 89.5 96.7
82.0 85.4 90.1 97.5
83.0 86.5 91.0 97.8
2.7 4.2 5.2 7.5
87.3 90.3 93.3 95.5
88.1 90.8 94.2 96.2
88.8 91.6 94.5 97.0
89.7 92.5 95.0 97.1
3.7 3.1 2.7 2.2
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.3 99.3
99.1 100.1
99.7 100.5
100.0 100.8
2.2 0.8
97.6 100.6
98.3 101.2
99.0 101.4
100.0 101.7
3.0 1.7
Union Workers, Manufacturing, Blue-Collar3 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
81.4 84.3 88.8 95.9
81.7 85.0 89.7 97.0
82.4 85.6 90.3 97.8
83.3 86.8 91.3 98.2
2.7 4.2 5.2 7.6
87.4 90.2 93.3 95.5
88.1 90.8 94.2 96.2
88.8 91.6 94.6 97.0
89.7 92.6 95.0 97.1
3.7 3.2 2.6 2.2
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.3 99.4
99.1 100.2
99.7 100.5
100.0 100.7
1.8 0.7
97.6 100.6
98.4 101.2
99.0 101.2
100.0 101.5
3.0 1.5
Union Workers, Service-Providing4 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
82.0 86.4 90.1 94.4
83.0 87.3 91.1 95.8
84.0 88.4 92.3 96.6
85.5 89.1 92.8 97.3
5.2 4.2 4.2 4.8
85.9 90.3 93.1 95.7
86.8 91.2 93.6 96.5
87.8 92.0 94.4 97.3
89.6 92.7 94.8 98.0
4.9 3.5 2.3 3.4
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.1 101.0
98.8 102.2
99.6 102.9
100.0 103.6
2.8 3.6
98.2 100.1
99.0 100.9
99.7 101.6
100.0 102.2
2.0 2.2
Nonunion Workers 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
85.5 88.7 91.8 95.0
86.3 89.6 92.5 95.9
87.2 90.0 93.5 96.7
87.8 90.3 93.9 97.2
4.2 2.8 4.0 3.5
87.7 90.8 93.3 95.8
88.6 91.7 94.0 96.5
89.3 92.0 94.9 97.3
89.9 92.2 95.1 97.6
3.7 2.6 3.1 2.6
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.3 100.9
98.9 101.7
99.5 102.6
100.0 103.2
2.9 3.2
98.3 100.8
98.9 101.8
99.5 102.7
100.0 103.3
2.5 3.3
Nonunion, Goods-Producing2 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.7 87.8 91.1 94.5
85.5 88.5 91.9 95.2
86.0 88.8 92.6 96.4
86.7 89.7 92.9 96.8
3.8 3.5 3.6 4.2
88.1 91.0 93.4 95.6
89.0 91.6 94.1 96.2
89.5 91.9 94.6 97.3
90.1 92.7 94.9 97.3
3.6 2.9 2.4 2.5
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.1 100.5
99.0 101.4
99.9 102.0
100.0 102.5
3.3 2.5
98.0 100.7
98.7 101.9
99.6 102.4
100.0 103.0
2.8 3.0
Nonunion Workers, Manufacturing 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.5 87.6 91.2 94.4
85.3 88.4 91.9 95.3
85.8 88.7 92.6 96.4
86.3 89.4 92.8 96.6
3.6 3.6 3.8 4.1
88.5 91.4 93.9 95.8
89.4 92.0 94.5 96.5
89.8 92.4 94.9 97.5
90.3 92.9 95.2 97.5
3.4 2.9 2.5 2.4
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.2 100.3
99.1 101.3
99.8 101.7
100.0 102.1
3.5 2.1
98.4 100.7
99.0 101.8
99.8 102.0
100.0 102.5
2.6 2.5
Nonunion, Manufacturing, Blue-Collar3 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
85.7 88.8 92.1 95.5
86.1 89.5 92.7 96.2
86.9 89.8 93.6 97.4
87.6 90.6 94.0 97.7
3.4 3.4 3.8 3.9
88.5 91.8 94.3 96.1
89.4 92.5 94.6 96.5
90.1 92.7 95.2 97.5
90.8 93.4 95.5 97.7
3.9 2.9 2.2 2.3
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.8 100.7
99.4 101.3
99.7 102.1
100.0 102.7
2.4 2.7
98.6 100.8
99.2 101.4
99.7 102.3
100.0 102.9
2.4 2.9
1Includes 2Includes 3Includes 4Includes
wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits. mining, construction, and manufacturing. the following occupational groups: farming, fishing, and forestry; construction and extraction; installation, maintenance, and repair; production; and transportation and material moving. the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional, scientific, and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and support and waste management and remediation services; education services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment, and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration.
CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 279
Table 6-2. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers, Total Compensation1 and Wages and Salaries, by Bargaining Status, Industry, Region, and Metropolitan Area Status, 2001–2006—Continued (December 2005 = 100.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Characteristic and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)
Nonunion, Service-Providing4 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
85.7 88.9 91.9 95.2
86.5 89.9 92.7 96.1
87.5 90.4 93.7 96.9
88.0 90.5 94.1 97.3
4.1 2.8 4.0 3.4
87.6 90.8 93.3 95.8
88.5 91.7 94.0 96.6
89.3 92.0 94.9 97.3
89.9 92.1 95.2 97.7
3.8 2.4 3.4 2.6
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.3 101.0
98.9 101.8
99.4 102.7
100.0 103.4
2.8 3.4
98.4 100.8
99.0 101.7
99.5 102.7
100.0 103.4
2.4 3.4
Northeast 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.3 87.7 90.6 94.2
85.3 88.6 91.4 95.5
86.2 88.9 92.4 96.3
86.7 89.3 92.9 96.6
3.8 3.0 4.0 4.0
86.8 90.2 92.4 95.3
87.8 91.0 93.2 96.3
88.6 91.1 94.1 97.1
89.2 91.5 94.5 97.2
3.8 2.6 3.3 2.9
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
97.6 100.9
98.5 101.8
99.2 102.5
100.0 103.3
3.5 3.3
97.8 100.8
98.6 101.7
99.2 102.5
100.0 103.1
2.9 3.1
New England 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
... 100.7
... 101.4
... 102.1
... 103.1
... 3.1
... 100.7
... 101.5
... 102.3
... 103.1
... 3.1
Middle Atlantic 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
... 100.9
... 101.9
... 102.6
... 103.3
... 3.3
... 100.8
... 101.7
... 102.5
... 103.1
... 3.1
South 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
86.4 89.5 92.0 95.2
87.2 90.5 92.7 96.2
88.1 91.2 93.6 97.1
88.7 91.2 93.9 97.7
4.2 2.8 3.0 4.0
88.9 91.8 93.5 95.8
89.7 92.7 94.1 96.7
90.5 93.3 94.9 97.5
91.0 93.2 95.0 98.0
3.6 2.4 1.9 3.2
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.9 101.0
99.3 101.6
99.7 102.8
100.0 103.5
2.4 3.5
98.9 101.0
99.3 101.6
99.7 102.9
100.0 103.6
2.0 3.6
South Atlantic 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
... 101.2
... 101.9
... 103.1
... 103.8
... 3.8
... 101.3
... 101.9
... 103.2
... 103.9
... 3.9
East South Central 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
... 100.7
... 100.9
... 101.5
... 102.3
... 2.3
... 100.7
... 101.5
... 102.1
... 103.1
... 3.1
West South Central 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
... 100.7
... 101.4
... 102.7
... 103.4
... 3.4
... 100.6
... 101.2
... 102.7
... 103.4
... 3.4
CENSUS REGIONS AND DIVISIONS5
1Includes 4Includes
wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits. the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional, scientific, and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and support and waste management and remediation services; education services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment, and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration. 5The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the census divisions are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic—Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central—Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central— Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. . . . = Not available.
280 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 6-2. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers, Total Compensation1 and Wages and Salaries, by Bargaining Status, Industry, Region, and Metropolitan Area Status, 2001–2006—Continued (December 2005 = 100.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Characteristic and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)
March
June
Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)
Midwest 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.8 88.0 92.1 95.0
85.4 88.7 92.8 95.9
86.1 89.0 93.6 96.6
86.7 89.5 94.0 96.9
3.5 3.2 5.0 3.1
86.8 90.3 94.2 95.6
87.6 91.0 94.7 96.1
88.3 91.3 95.2 96.9
88.9 91.7 95.5 97.1
3.3 3.1 4.1 1.7
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
97.8 100.7
98.4 101.7
99.5 102.3
100.0 102.8
3.2 2.8
97.8 100.4
98.2 101.4
99.4 102.0
100.0 102.6
3.0 2.6
East North Central 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
... 100.7
... 101.7
... 102.3
... 102.8
... 2.8
... 100.3
... 101.4
... 101.9
... 102.5
... 2.5
West North Central 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
... 100.6
... 101.5
... 102.4
... 102.7
... 2.7
... 100.6
... 101.5
... 102.4
... 102.7
... 2.7
West 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.1 87.4 90.9 95.3
85.0 88.5 92.0 96.2
85.9 89.1 93.2 96.9
86.9 89.8 93.8 97.4
5.2 3.3 4.5 3.8
87.4 90.4 93.0 96.4
88.3 91.5 93.9 97.0
89.2 92.0 95.1 97.7
90.2 92.4 95.5 98.0
4.8 2.4 3.4 2.6
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
98.4 100.6
99.3 101.8
99.7 102.5
100.0 103.0
2.7 3.0
98.4 100.7
99.3 102.1
99.6 102.7
100.0 103.2
2.0 3.2
Mountain 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
... 101.0
... 101.8
... 102.7
... 103.1
... 3.1
... 100.6
... 101.7
... 102.8
... 103.2
... 3.2
Pacific 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
... 100.5
... 101.8
... 102.5
... 103.0
... 3.0
... 100.8
... 102.2
... 102.7
... 103.3
... 3.3
Metropolitan Areas 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
... 100.8
... 101.7
... 102.5
... 103.1
... 3.1
... 100.7
... 101.7
... 102.5
... 103.1
... 3.1
Nonmetropolitan Areas 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
... 100.8
... 101.5
... 102.6
... 103.3
... 3.3
... 100.9
... 101.6
... 102.6
... 103.5
... 3.5
1Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits. . . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 281
Table 6-3. Employment Cost Index, State and Local Government Workers, Total Compensation1 and Wages and Salaries, by Industry and Occupation, 2001–2006 (December 2005 = 100.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Characteristic and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)
March
June
Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)
WORKERS BY INDUSTRY Total State and Local Government 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
83.6 86.7 90.4 93.5
84.1 87.0 90.7 93.9
85.8 89.0 92.3 95.4
86.2 89.7 92.8 96.1
4.1 4.1 3.5 3.6
87.6 90.5 93.4 95.4
88.0 90.8 93.6 95.6
89.7 92.4 94.6 96.6
90.2 93.0 95.0 97.0
3.8 3.1 2.2 2.1
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
96.9 100.5
97.2 100.9
99.1 103.2
100.0 104.1
4.1 4.1
97.6 100.3
97.8 100.8
99.1 102.8
100.0 103.5
3.1 3.5
Education and Health Services 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.3 87.4 90.8 93.7
84.7 87.6 91.1 93.8
86.9 89.7 92.7 95.5
87.1 90.4 93.2 96.1
3.9 3.8 3.1 3.1
87.8 90.6 93.5 95.3
88.1 90.8 93.6 95.4
90.2 92.8 94.7 96.6
90.4 93.3 95.0 97.0
3.6 3.2 1.8 2.1
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
96.7 100.3
97.0 100.8
99.0 103.7
100.0 104.3
4.1 4.3
97.4 100.2
97.6 100.7
99.0 103.1
100.0 103.6
3.1 3.6
Education Services 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.4 87.3 90.8 93.6
84.7 87.5 91.1 93.8
86.9 89.7 92.7 95.4
87.2 90.4 93.1 96.1
3.9 3.7 3.0 3.2
87.9 90.6 93.4 95.3
88.2 90.8 93.6 95.4
90.3 92.9 94.7 96.6
90.5 93.3 95.0 96.9
3.4 3.1 1.8 2.0
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
96.6 100.2
96.9 100.5
98.9 103.5
100.0 104.1
4.1 4.1
97.3 100.1
97.5 100.4
98.9 103.0
100.0 103.4
3.2 3.4
Schools2 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.4 87.3 90.8 93.6
84.7 87.5 91.1 93.8
87.0 89.7 92.7 95.5
87.2 90.4 93.1 96.1
3.9 3.7 3.0 3.2
87.9 90.6 93.4 95.3
88.2 90.8 93.6 95.4
90.3 92.9 94.7 96.6
90.5 93.3 95.0 96.9
3.4 3.1 1.8 2.0
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
96.6 100.2
96.9 100.5
98.9 103.5
100.0 104.1
4.1 4.1
97.3 100.1
97.5 100.4
98.9 103.0
100.0 103.4
3.2 3.4
Elementary and Secondary Schools 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.1 86.8 90.3 93.2
84.3 87.0 90.6 93.4
86.5 89.3 92.4 95.3
86.7 89.9 92.7 96.0
3.5 3.7 3.1 3.6
87.8 90.5 93.2 95.1
88.2 90.6 93.4 95.2
90.0 92.8 94.6 96.5
90.3 93.2 94.8 96.9
3.1 3.2 1.7 2.2
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
96.4 100.2
96.6 100.5
98.8 103.6
100.0 104.2
4.2 4.2
97.1 100.0
97.2 100.3
98.9 103.0
100.0 103.4
3.2 3.4
Health Care and Social Assistance3 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
83.4 87.8 91.2 94.2
84.5 88.2 91.4 94.7
86.0 89.5 92.9 96.3
86.8 90.6 93.5 96.5
5.0 4.4 3.2 3.2
86.1 90.7 93.5 95.7
87.1 91.1 93.9 96.0
88.6 92.2 94.7 97.1
89.5 93.0 95.3 97.3
4.8 3.9 2.5 2.1
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
97.6 101.3
98.0 102.9
99.5 105.1
100.0 105.7
3.6 5.7
98.1 101.0
98.5 103.0
99.4 104.8
100.0 105.5
2.8 5.5
Hospitals 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
83.0 87.6 91.0 93.9
84.4 88.1 91.1 94.4
85.9 89.3 92.8 96.1
86.6 90.6 93.4 96.7
4.5 4.6 3.1 3.5
85.3 90.0 93.1 95.6
86.6 90.6 93.5 95.9
88.0 91.7 94.5 97.1
88.8 92.8 95.2 97.7
4.3 4.5 2.6 2.6
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
97.6 100.9
98.0 101.3
99.5 103.3
100.0 104.3
3.4 4.3
98.3 100.9
98.6 101.4
99.4 103.1
100.0 104.4
2.4 4.4
White-Collar4 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
83.9 87.0 90.7 93.8
84.4 87.3 91.0 94.1
86.2 89.3 92.6 95.6
86.6 90.1 93.1 96.2
4.1 4.0 3.3 3.3
87.5 90.4 93.4 95.4
88.0 90.6 93.6 95.6
89.7 92.5 94.7 96.6
90.1 93.1 95.0 97.0
3.7 3.3 2.0 2.1
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
97.0 100.4
97.3 100.9
99.0 103.3
100.0 104.0
4.0 4.0
97.6 100.3
97.8 100.7
99.0 102.8
100.0 103.5
3.1 3.5
Management, Professional, and Related 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.1 87.2 90.8 93.8
84.6 87.4 91.1 94.0
86.5 89.5 92.6 95.5
86.8 90.3 93.1 96.2
4.1 4.0 3.1 3.3
87.5 90.4 93.4 95.3
88.0 90.6 93.6 95.5
89.8 92.5 94.6 96.6
90.2 93.1 95.0 97.0
3.8 3.2 2.0 2.1
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
97.0 100.3
97.3 100.8
99.0 103.3
100.0 104.0
4.0 4.0
97.5 100.2
97.8 100.7
99.0 102.9
100.0 103.5
3.1 3.5
WORKERS BY OCCUPATION
1Includes 2Includes 3Includes 4Includes
wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits. elementary and secondary schools, junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools. ambulatory health care services and social assistance, not shown separately. the following occupational groups: management, business, and financial; professional and related; sales and related; and office and administrative support.
282 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 6-3. Employment Cost Index, State and Local Government Workers, Total Compensation1 and Wages and Salaries, by Industry and Occupation, 2001–2006—Continued (December 2005 = 100.) Total compensation
Wages and salaries
Indexes
Indexes
Characteristic and year March
June
Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)
March
June
Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)
Professional and Related 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
84.0 87.0 90.7 93.6
84.4 87.2 91.0 93.9
86.4 89.4 92.5 95.5
86.7 90.2 93.0 96.1
4.0 4.0 3.1 3.3
87.5 90.2 93.3 95.3
87.9 90.5 93.4 95.4
89.8 92.4 94.5 96.6
90.1 93.0 94.9 96.9
3.7 3.2 2.0 2.1
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
96.8 100.2
97.1 100.8
98.9 103.4
100.0 104.0
4.1 4.0
97.4 100.2
97.7 100.7
98.9 103.0
100.0 103.6
3.2 3.6
Sales and Office 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
82.8 86.1 89.8 93.7
83.1 86.5 90.3 94.4
84.5 88.3 92.4 95.7
85.2 89.1 92.8 96.5
3.9 4.6 4.2 4.0
87.4 90.4 93.5 96.0
87.8 90.8 93.8 96.2
89.1 92.3 95.1 97.3
89.6 92.9 95.4 97.6
3.1 3.7 2.7 2.3
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
97.5 100.9
97.6 101.5
99.3 103.3
100.0 104.1
3.6 4.1
98.1 100.6
98.0 101.2
99.4 102.6
100.0 103.2
2.5 3.2
Office and Administrative Support 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
82.6 86.0 89.6 93.5
82.9 86.5 90.0 94.2
84.4 88.2 92.1 95.6
85.1 88.9 92.6 96.4
3.9 4.5 4.2 4.1
87.4 90.5 93.4 95.9
87.8 91.0 93.7 96.1
89.1 92.4 95.0 97.1
89.7 92.8 95.3 97.5
3.1 3.5 2.7 2.3
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
97.4 101.0
97.5 101.6
99.2 103.5
100.0 104.2
3.7 4.2
98.0 100.7
97.9 101.4
99.3 102.7
100.0 103.4
2.6 3.4
Blue-Collar5 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
83.5 86.3 90.3 93.3
83.7 86.6 90.5 93.9
84.9 88.4 91.7 95.3
85.8 89.3 92.4 95.8
4.3 4.1 3.5 3.7
87.8 90.9 93.7 95.4
88.1 91.2 94.0 95.7
89.4 92.4 94.8 96.7
90.4 92.8 95.1 97.1
3.9 2.7 2.5 2.1
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
97.2 100.6
97.7 101.0
99.5 102.9
100.0 104.0
4.4 4.0
97.9 100.7
98.3 101.0
99.5 102.6
100.0 103.6
3.0 3.6
Service 2001 .................................................................................................... 2002 .................................................................................................... 2003 .................................................................................................... 2004 ....................................................................................................
82.1 85.2 88.8 92.3
82.6 85.8 89.3 92.7
84.1 87.4 91.0 94.9
84.7 88.0 91.6 95.5
4.7 3.9 4.1 4.3
87.8 90.8 93.1 95.3
88.3 91.2 93.6 95.4
89.7 92.1 94.3 96.4
90.3 92.4 94.9 96.8
3.8 2.3 2.7 2.0
2005 .................................................................................................... 2006 ....................................................................................................
96.2 100.6
96.7 101.2
99.1 103.1
100.0 104.5
4.7 4.5
97.3 100.3
97.7 100.8
99.3 102.4
100.0 103.9
3.3 3.9
1Includes 5Includes
wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits. the following occupational groups: farming, fishing, and forestry; construction and extraction; installation, maintenance, and repair; production; and transportation and material moving.
CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 283
Table 6-4. Employment Cost Index, Benefits, by Industry and Occupation, 2001–2006 (December 2005 = 100.) Indexes
Percent change for 3 months (ended December)
Characteristic and year March
June
September
December
WORKERS BY INDUSTRY Private Industry 2001 ................................................................................... 2002 ................................................................................... 2003 ................................................................................... 2004 ...................................................................................
78.8 82.3 87.0 92.9
79.5 83.3 88.1 94.4
80.6 84.1 89.4 95.4
81.5 85.0 90.5 96.5
1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2
2005 ................................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................................
98.0 100.8
98.8 101.5
99.6 102.5
100.3 103.4
0.7 0.9
State and Local Government 2001 ................................................................................... 2002 ................................................................................... 2003 ................................................................................... 2004 ...................................................................................
75.2 78.8 84.1 89.5
76.3 79.9 85.4 91.1
77.4 81.4 86.9 92.5
78.0 82.9 88.0 93.9
0.8 1.8 1.3 1.5
2005 ................................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................................
95.6 100.8
96.9 102.1
98.4 103.5
99.7 104.9
1.3 1.4
Goods-Producing1 2001 ................................................................................... 2002 ................................................................................... 2003 ................................................................................... 2004 ...................................................................................
76.5 79.9 85.2 92.4
77.0 80.6 86.5 93.8
77.8 81.2 87.5 95.0
78.7 82.5 88.4 96.5
1.1 1.6 1.0 1.6
2005 ................................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................................
98.2 99.5
99.5 100.3
100.3 101.2
100.2 101.9
-0.1 0.7
Manufacturing 2001 ................................................................................... 2002 ................................................................................... 2003 ................................................................................... 2004 ...................................................................................
75.4 78.8 84.7 92.7
75.8 79.7 85.7 94.1
76.4 80.3 86.8 95.3
77.4 81.5 87.5 96.1
1.2 1.5 0.8 0.8
2005 ................................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................................
98.2 98.9
99.4 99.7
100.0 100.5
100.1 101.0
0.1 0.5
Service-Providing2 2001 ................................................................................... 2002 ................................................................................... 2003 ................................................................................... 2004 ...................................................................................
79.7 83.2 87.7 93.1
80.5 84.4 88.8 94.6
81.7 85.2 90.2 95.5
82.6 86.0 91.4 96.5
1.1 0.9 1.3 1.0
2005 ................................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................................
98.0 101.3
98.5 102.0
99.4 103.0
100.3 104.1
0.9 1.1
White-Collar3 2001 ................................................................................... 2002 ................................................................................... 2003 ................................................................................... 2004 ...................................................................................
79.0 82.4 86.9 92.1
80.0 83.5 88.0 93.7
81.0 84.2 89.4 94.8
82.1 85.2 90.6 96.1
1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4
2005 ................................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................................
97.7 100.8
98.6 101.5
99.7 102.6
100.5 103.7
0.8 1.1
Management, Professional, and Related 2001 ................................................................................... 2002 ................................................................................... 2003 ................................................................................... 2004 ...................................................................................
... 82.7 87.1 91.8
... 83.7 87.9 93.4
... 84.2 89.5 94.5
... 85.2 90.7 96.0
... 1.2 1.3 1.6
2005 ................................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................................
97.8 100.9
98.8 101.6
99.8 102.8
100.5 103.9
0.7 1.1
Sales and Office 2001 ................................................................................... 2002 ................................................................................... 2003 ................................................................................... 2004 ...................................................................................
... 81.8 86.6 92.4
... 83.2 88.0 94.2
... 84.2 89.3 95.2
... 85.1 90.4 96.2
... 1.1 1.2 1.1
2005 ................................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................................
97.4 100.6
98.2 101.3
99.4 102.1
100.4 103.2
1.0 1.1
WORKERS BY OCCUPATION
1Includes 2Includes
mining, construction, and manufacturing. the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional, scientific, and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and support and waste management and remediation services; education services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment, and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration. 3Includes the following occupational groups: management, business, and financial; professional and related; sales and related; and office and administrative support. . . . = Not available.
284 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 6-4. Employment Cost Index, Benefits, by Industry and Occupation, 2001–2006 —Continued (December 2005 = 100.) Indexes
Percent change for 3 months (ended December)
Characteristic and year March
June
September
December
Blue-Collar4 2001 ................................................................................... 2002 ................................................................................... 2003 ................................................................................... 2004 ...................................................................................
78.4 81.6 86.4 93.8
78.6 82.5 87.9 95.3
79.8 83.6 89.1 96.4
80.5 84.7 90.4 97.6
0.9 1.3 1.5 1.2
2005 ................................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................................
98.3 100.5
99.0 101.4
99.8 102.3
100.4 103.2
0.6 0.9
Natural Resources, Construction, and Maintenance 2001 ................................................................................... 2002 ................................................................................... 2003 ................................................................................... 2004 ...................................................................................
... 81.2 86.0 92.9
... 82.1 87.6 94.4
... 83.3 88.7 95.3
... 84.6 90.3 97.0
... 1.6 1.8 1.8
2005 ................................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................................
98.0 101.1
98.8 102.2
99.7 103.4
100.5 104.5
0.8 1.1
Production, Transportation, and Material Moving 2001 ................................................................................... 2002 ................................................................................... 2003 ................................................................................... 2004 ...................................................................................
... 81.8 86.7 94.4
... 82.7 88.1 95.9
... 83.7 89.4 97.1
... 84.8 90.5 98.1
... 1.3 1.2 1.0
2005 ................................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................................
98.6 100.0
99.1 100.8
99.9 101.5
100.3 102.3
0.4 0.8
Service 2001 ................................................................................... 2002 ................................................................................... 2003 ................................................................................... 2004 ...................................................................................
... 83.5 88.5 94.3
... 84.4 89.4 95.8
... 86.0 90.7 96.7
... 86.8 92.0 97.4
... 0.9 1.4 0.7
2005 ................................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................................
97.9 101.2
98.8 102.1
99.5 103.0
100.4 104.0
0.9 1.0
4Includes the following occupational groups: farming, fishing, and forestry; construction and extraction; installation, maintenance, and repair; production; and transportation and material moving. . . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 285
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS EMPLOYER COSTS FOR EMPLOYEE COMPENSATION The Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC) measures the average cost per employee hour worked that employers pay for wages and salaries and benefits. Survey Scope The ECEC consists of data for the civilian economy, obtained from both private industry and state and local government. Excluded from private industry are the selfemployed and farm and private household workers. Federal government workers are excluded from the public sector. The private industry series and the state and local government series provide separate data for the two sectors. The cost levels for June 2007 were collected from a probability sample of about 58,000 occupational observations within over 12,000 sample establishments in private indus-
try, and from approximately 3,500 occupations within about 800 sample establishments in state and local governments. Data were collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey months of March, June, September, and December. Current employment weights are used to calculate cost levels. The cost levels were calculated using the employment counts from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’s (BLS) Current Employment Statistics (CES) program, benchmarked to the March 2005 universe of all private nonfarm establishments. Sources of Additional Information Additional information may be obtained from BLS news release 07-1434 “Employer Costs for Employee Compensation—June 2007,” and in various articles in the BLS e-publication, Compensation and Working Conditions. These resources are available on the BLS Web site at .
286 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 6-5. Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: Private Industry Workers, by Major Industry Group, June 2007 (Dollars, percent of total cost.) Goods-producing1
All workers All goods-producing1
Compensation component Cost
Construction
Service-providing2 All service-providing2
Manufacturing
Percent Cost
TOTAL COMPENSATION ........................
25.93
100.0
WAGES AND SALARIES .........................
18.32
70.6
TOTAL BENEFITS ....................................
7.61
29.4
Paid Leave ................................................ Vacation ..................................................... Holiday ....................................................... Sick ............................................................ Other ..........................................................
1.77 0.90 0.58 0.22 0.08
6.8 3.5 2.2 0.8 0.3
Supplemental Pay .................................... Overtime and premium pay3 ...................... Shift differentials ........................................ Nonproduction bonuses .............................
0.78 0.27 0.07 0.44
Insurance .................................................. Life insurance ............................................ Health insurance ........................................ Short-term disability ................................... Long-term disability ...................................
30.41
Percent
Cost
Percent
Cost
Percent
Cost
100.0
29.12
100.0
30.56
100.0
24.77
20.26
66.6
20.15
69.2
20.06
65.6
10.15
33.4
8.98
30.8
10.50
34.4
1.96 1.03 0.69 0.16 0.07
6.4 3.4 2.3 0.5 0.2
1.03 0.58 0.36 0.07 0.02
3.5 2.0 1.2 0.2 0.1
2.39 1.24 0.85 0.21 0.09
3.0 1.0 0.3 1.7
1.23 0.56 0.10 0.57
4.0 1.8 0.3 1.9
1.05 0.60 (4) 0.44
3.6 2.1 (5) 1.5
1.97 0.04 1.84 0.05 0.04
7.6 0.2 7.1 0.2 0.1
2.77 0.07 2.58 0.08 0.04
9.1 0.2 8.5 0.3 0.1
2.15 0.05 2.04 0.04 (4)
Retirement and Savings .......................... Defined benefit plans ................................. Defined contribution plans .........................
0.88 0.41 0.48
3.4 1.6 1.8
1.38 0.82 0.57
4.5 2.7 1.9
Legally Required Benefits ...................... Social Security and Medicare .................... Social Security6 ..................................... Medicare ................................................ Federal unemployment insurance ............. State unemployment insurance ................. Workers’ compensation .............................
2.21 1.54 1.24 0.30 0.03 0.16 0.48
8.5 5.9 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.6 1.8
2.82 1.74 1.40 0.34 0.03 0.21 0.85
9.3 5.7 4.6 1.1 0.1 0.7 2.8
Percent
Trade, transportation, and utilities Cost
Percent
100.0
22.15
100.0
17.82
71.9
15.72
71.0
6.96
28.1
6.43
29.0
7.8 4.1 2.8 0.7 0.3
1.72 0.86 0.55 0.23 0.08
6.9 3.5 2.2 0.9 0.3
1.38 0.70 0.43 0.19 0.05
6.2 3.2 1.9 0.9 0.2
1.26 0.52 0.14 0.60
4.1 1.7 0.5 2.0
0.66 0.20 0.06 0.40
2.7 0.8 0.3 1.6
0.56 0.27 0.03 0.27
2.5 1.2 0.1 1.2
7.4 0.2 7.0 0.1 (5)
3.02 0.06 2.81 0.10 0.05
9.9 0.2 9.2 0.3 0.2
1.77 0.04 1.65 0.05 0.04
7.1 0.2 6.7 0.2 0.2
1.75 0.03 1.65 0.04 0.03
7.9 0.2 7.4 0.2 0.1
1.43 0.95 0.48
4.9 3.2 1.7
1.27 0.69 0.58
4.1 2.2 1.9
0.75 0.30 0.45
3.0 1.2 1.8
0.75 0.35 0.40
3.4 1.6 1.8
3.31 1.67 1.35 0.32 0.03 0.25 1.36
11.4 5.7 4.6 1.1 0.1 0.8 4.7
2.56 1.75 1.41 0.34 0.03 0.19 0.59
8.4 5.7 4.6 1.1 0.1 0.6 1.9
2.05 1.49 1.19 0.29 0.03 0.14 0.38
8.3 6.0 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.6 1.5
1.99 1.32 1.06 0.26 0.04 0.14 0.50
9.0 5.9 4.8 1.2 0.2 0.6 2.3
Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding. 1Includes 2Includes
mining, construction, and manufacturing. The agriculture, forestry, farming, and hunting sector is excluded. utilities; wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; education services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment, and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration. 3Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 4Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 5Less than 0.05 percent. 6Comprises the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program.
CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 287
Table 6-5. Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: Private Industry Workers, by Major Industry Group, June 2007—Continued (Dollars, percent of total cost.) Service-providing2 Compensation component
Information
Cost
Financial activities
Percent
TOTAL COMPENSATION ........................
39.10
100.0
WAGES AND SALARIES .........................
26.75
68.4
TOTAL BENEFITS ....................................
12.35
31.6
Paid Leave ................................................ Vacation ..................................................... Holiday ....................................................... Sick ............................................................ Other ..........................................................
3.62 1.82 1.11 0.43 0.26
9.3 4.7 2.8 1.1 0.7
Supplemental Pay .................................... Overtime and premium pay3 ...................... Shift differentials ........................................ Nonproduction bonuses .............................
1.09 0.36 0.05 0.68
Insurance .................................................. Life insurance ............................................ Health insurance ........................................ Short-term disability ................................... Long-term disability ...................................
Cost
34.70
Percent
Professional and business services Cost
100.0
30.41
23.58
68.0
11.12
32.0
2.81 1.42 0.90 0.36 0.14
2.8 0.9 0.1 1.7
3.17 0.05 2.87 0.17 0.08
Retirement and Savings .......................... Defined benefit plans ................................. Defined contribution plans ......................... Legally Required Benefits ...................... Social Security and Medicare .................... Social Security6 ..................................... Medicare ................................................ Federal unemployment insurance ............. State unemployment insurance ................. Workers’ compensation .............................
Percent
Education and health services Cost
Percent
100.0
27.67
100.0
22.30
73.3
19.99
72.3
8.11
26.7
7.68
27.7
8.1 4.1 2.6 1.0 0.4
2.16 1.07 0.74 0.27 0.08
7.1 3.5 2.4 0.9 0.3
2.12 1.05 0.65 0.32 0.11
7.7 3.8 2.3 1.1 0.4
1.79 0.13 0.02 1.64
5.2 0.4 (5) 4.7
0.84 0.19 0.05 0.60
2.8 0.6 0.2 2.0
0.55 0.21 0.20 0.14
8.1 0.1 7.3 0.4 0.2
2.74 0.07 2.53 0.08 0.06
7.9 0.2 7.3 0.2 0.2
1.83 0.06 1.66 0.06 0.05
6.0 0.2 5.5 0.2 0.2
1.70 0.97 0.73
4.3 2.5 1.9
1.46 0.56 0.90
4.2 1.6 2.6
0.87 0.32 0.55
2.77 2.26 1.80 0.45 0.03 0.19 0.29
7.1 5.8 4.6 1.2 0.1 0.5 0.7
2.32 1.93 1.52 0.41 0.03 0.15 0.21
6.7 5.6 4.4 1.2 0.1 0.4 0.6
2.41 1.82 1.45 0.37 0.03 0.18 0.38
Leisure and hospitality
Cost
11.49
Percent
Other services
Cost
Percent
100.0
21.58
100.0
8.98
78.1
16.01
74.2
2.51
21.9
5.57
25.8
0.40 0.23 0.12 0.04 0.02
3.5 2.0 1.0 0.4 0.1
1.36 0.62 0.52 0.16 0.06
6.3 2.9 2.4 0.7 0.3
2.0 0.8 0.7 0.5
0.13 0.08 (4) 0.05
1.2 0.7 (5) 0.4
0.39 0.13 (4) 0.25
1.8 0.6 (5) 1.2
2.06 0.03 1.95 0.04 0.05
7.5 0.1 7.0 0.1 0.2
0.61 (4) 0.59 (4) (4)
5.3 (5) 5.1 (5) (5)
1.37 0.05 1.27 0.03 0.03
6.4 0.2 5.9 0.1 0.1
2.9 1.0 1.8
0.74 0.24 0.50
2.7 0.9 1.8
0.11 0.02 0.09
1.0 0.2 0.8
0.47 0.14 0.34
2.2 0.6 1.6
7.9 6.0 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.6 1.3
2.20 1.67 1.34 0.33 0.03 0.13 0.37
7.9 6.0 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.5 1.3
1.25 0.82 0.66 0.16 0.04 0.12 0.27
10.9 7.1 5.8 1.4 0.4 1.1 2.3
1.97 1.34 1.08 0.26 0.03 0.14 0.46
9.1 6.2 5.0 1.2 0.1 0.6 2.1
Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding. 2Includes
utilities; wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; education services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment, and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration. 3Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 4Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 5Less than 0.05 percent. 6Comprises the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program.
288 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 6-6. Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: Private Industry Workers, by Census Region and Area, June 2007 (Dollars, percent of total costs.) Census region and division1 Northeast
Northeast divisions
Compensation component New England Cost
Middle Atlantic
Percent Cost
TOTAL COMPENSATION ....................
29.71
WAGES AND SALARIES ..................... TOTAL BENEFITS ................................
Percent
100.0
29.81
20.69
69.6
9.03
30.4
Paid Leave ............................................ Vacation ................................................ Holiday .................................................. Sick ........................................................ Other .....................................................
2.25 1.11 0.73 0.30 0.11
Supplemental Pay ............................... Overtime and premium pay2 ................. Shift differentials .................................... Nonproduction bonuses ........................
Cost
Percent
100.0
29.67
100.0
21.16
71.0
20.49
69.1
8.66
29.0
9.18
30.9
7.6 3.7 2.5 1.0 0.4
2.19 1.11 0.75 0.25 0.09
7.4 3.7 2.5 0.8 0.3
2.28 1.12 0.73 0.31 0.12
7.7 3.8 2.4 1.1 0.4
1.03 0.29 0.07 0.67
3.5 1.0 0.2 2.2
0.92 0.27 0.06 0.59
3.1 0.9 0.2 2.0
1.07 0.30 0.07 0.70
3.6 1.0 0.2 2.4
Insurance ............................................. Life insurance ........................................ Health insurance ................................... Short-term disability ............................... Long-term disability ...............................
2.20 0.05 2.04 0.07 0.04
7.4 0.2 6.9 0.2 0.1
2.05 0.04 1.92 0.05 0.04
6.9 0.1 6.4 0.2 0.1
2.26 0.05 2.09 0.08 0.04
7.6 0.2 7.1 0.3 0.1
Retirement and Savings ..................... Defined benefit ...................................... Defined contribution ..............................
1.08 0.50 0.58
3.6 1.7 1.9
1.01 0.44 0.57
3.4 1.5 1.9
1.11 0.53 0.58
3.7 1.8 2.0
Legally Required Benefits .................. Social Security and Medicare ................ Social Security3 ................................. Medicare ............................................ Federal unemployment insurance ......... State unemployment insurance ............. Workers’ compensation .........................
2.47 1.74 1.39 0.35 0.03 0.22 0.48
8.3 5.9 4.7 1.2 0.1 0.7 1.6
2.48 1.78 1.43 0.35 0.03 0.23 0.44
8.3 6.0 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.8 1.5
2.47 1.72 1.38 0.35 0.03 0.22 0.49
8.3 5.8 4.6 1.2 0.1 0.7 1.7
Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding. 1The
states that comprise the Census divisions are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic—Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central—Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central—Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. 2Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 3Comprises the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program.
CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 289
Table 6-6. Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: Private Industry Workers, by Census Region and Area, June 2007—Continued (Dollars, percent of total costs.) Census region and division1 South
South divisions
Compensation component South Atlantic Cost
East South Central
West South Central
Percent Cost
Percent
Cost
Percent
Cost
Percent
TOTAL COMPENSATION ....................
23.21
100.0
24.68
100.0
19.78
100.0
22.70
100.0
WAGES AND SALARIES .....................
16.70
72.0
17.79
72.1
14.01
70.8
16.41
72.3
TOTAL BENEFITS ................................
6.51
28.0
6.89
27.9
5.77
29.2
6.29
27.7
Paid Leave ............................................ Vacation ................................................ Holiday .................................................. Sick ........................................................ Other .....................................................
1.48 0.75 0.49 0.18 0.06
6.4 3.2 2.1 0.8 0.3
1.59 0.81 0.52 0.20 0.06
6.4 3.3 2.1 0.8 0.3
1.19 0.65 0.38 0.11 0.05
6.0 3.3 1.9 0.5 0.3
1.45 0.72 0.49 0.18 0.06
6.4 3.2 2.2 0.8 0.2
Supplemental Pay ............................... Overtime and premium pay2 ................. Shift differentials .................................... Nonproduction bonuses ........................
0.63 0.25 0.06 0.32
2.7 1.1 0.3 1.4
0.63 0.25 0.07 0.32
2.5 1.0 0.3 1.3
0.59 0.21 0.07 0.31
3.0 1.1 0.4 1.5
0.66 0.26 0.05 0.34
2.9 1.2 0.2 1.5
Insurance ............................................. Life insurance ........................................ Health insurance ................................... Short-term disability ............................... Long-term disability ...............................
1.72 0.04 1.59 0.04 0.04
7.4 0.2 6.9 0.2 0.2
1.78 0.05 1.64 0.05 0.04
7.2 0.2 6.7 0.2 0.2
1.70 0.04 1.59 0.04 0.03
8.6 0.2 8.0 0.2 0.2
1.63 0.04 1.51 0.04 0.04
7.2 0.2 6.6 0.2 0.2
Retirement and Savings ..................... Defined benefit ...................................... Defined contribution ..............................
0.77 0.34 0.44
3.3 1.4 1.9
0.90 0.41 0.49
3.6 1.7 2.0
0.55 0.20 0.34
2.8 1.0 1.7
0.69 0.28 0.41
3.1 1.2 1.8
Legally Required Benefits .................. Social Security and Medicare ................ Social Security3 ................................. Medicare ............................................ Federal unemployment insurance ......... State unemployment insurance ............. Workers’ compensation .........................
1.91 1.39 1.12 0.28 0.03 0.10 0.39
8.2 6.0 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.4 1.7
2.00 1.46 1.17 0.29 0.03 0.10 0.41
8.1 5.9 4.7 1.2 0.1 0.4 1.6
1.74 1.26 1.01 0.24 0.03 0.08 0.37
8.8 6.3 5.1 1.2 0.2 0.4 1.9
1.86 1.36 1.09 0.27 0.03 0.11 0.37
8.2 6.0 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.5 1.6
Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding. 1The
states that comprise the Census divisions are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic—Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central—Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central—Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. 2Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 3Comprises the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program.
290 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 6-6. Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: Private Industry Workers, by Census Region and Area, June 2007—Continued (Dollars, percent of total costs.) Census region and division1 Midwest
Midwest divisions
Compensation component East North Central Cost
West North Central
Percent Cost
TOTAL COMPENSATION ....................
25.08
WAGES AND SALARIES ..................... TOTAL BENEFITS ................................
Percent
100.0
26.16
17.50
69.8
7.58
30.2
Paid Leave ............................................ Vacation ................................................ Holiday .................................................. Sick ........................................................ Other .....................................................
1.70 0.88 0.55 0.18 0.09
Supplemental Pay ............................... Overtime and premium pay2 ................. Shift differentials .................................... Nonproduction bonuses ........................
Cost
Percent
100.0
22.69
100.0
18.16
69.4
16.03
70.6
8.00
30.6
6.66
29.4
6.8 3.5 2.2 0.7 0.3
1.79 0.91 0.59 0.19 0.10
6.8 3.5 2.3 0.7 0.4
1.49 0.80 0.47 0.16 0.06
6.6 3.5 2.1 0.7 0.3
0.74 0.30 0.09 0.35
2.9 1.2 0.3 1.4
0.78 0.32 0.10 0.36
3.0 1.2 0.4 1.4
0.64 0.25 0.07 0.32
2.8 1.1 0.3 1.4
Insurance ............................................. Life insurance ........................................ Health insurance ................................... Short-term disability ............................... Long-term disability ...............................
2.12 0.05 1.97 0.06 0.04
8.5 0.2 7.9 0.2 0.2
2.25 0.05 2.09 0.07 0.04
8.6 0.2 8.0 0.3 0.2
1.82 0.04 1.71 0.05 0.03
8.0 0.2 7.5 0.2 0.1
Retirement and Savings ..................... Defined benefit ...................................... Defined contribution ..............................
0.90 0.46 0.44
3.6 1.8 1.7
0.96 0.51 0.45
3.7 2.0 1.7
0.75 0.34 0.41
3.3 1.5 1.8
Legally Required Benefits .................. Social Security and Medicare ................ Social Security3 ................................. Medicare ............................................ Federal unemployment insurance ......... State unemployment insurance ............. Workers’ compensation .........................
2.13 1.49 1.20 0.29 0.03 0.16 0.44
8.5 5.9 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.7 1.8
2.21 1.55 1.24 0.30 0.03 0.18 0.45
8.4 5.9 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.7 1.7
1.96 1.37 1.10 0.26 0.03 0.14 0.42
8.6 6.0 4.9 1.2 0.1 0.6 1.8
Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding. 1The
states that comprise the Census divisions are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic—Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central—Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central—Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. 2Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 3Comprises the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program.
CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 291
Table 6-6. Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: Private Industry Workers, by Census Region and Area, June 2007—Continued (Dollars, percent of total costs.) Census region and division1 West
Area4
West divisions
Metropolitan area
Nonmetropolitan area
Compensation component Mountain Cost
Pacific
Percent
Cost Cost
TOTAL COMPENSATION ....................
27.75
100.0
23.61
WAGES AND SALARIES .....................
19.66
70.8
TOTAL BENEFITS ................................
8.09
29.2
Paid Leave ............................................ Vacation ................................................ Holiday .................................................. Sick ........................................................ Other .....................................................
1.88 0.96 0.61 0.25 0.06
Supplemental Pay ............................... Overtime and premium pay2 ................. Shift differentials .................................... Nonproduction bonuses ........................
Percent
Cost
100.0
29.53
16.99
72.0
6.62
28.0
6.8 3.4 2.2 0.9 0.2
1.44 0.75 0.47 0.17 0.04
0.84 0.26 0.06 0.52
3.0 0.9 0.2 1.9
Insurance ............................................. Life insurance ........................................ Health insurance ................................... Short-term disability ............................... Long-term disability ...............................
2.00 0.04 1.88 0.04 0.04
Retirement and Savings ..................... Defined benefit ...................................... Defined contribution .............................. Legally Required Benefits .................. Social Security and Medicare ................ Social Security3 ................................. Medicare ............................................ Federal unemployment insurance ......... State unemployment insurance ............. Workers’ compensation .........................
Percent
Cost
Percent
Percent
100.0
27.18
100.0
19.14
20.81
70.5
8.72
29.5
6.1 3.2 2.0 0.7 0.2
2.06 1.04 0.67 0.28 0.06
0.72 0.23 0.05 0.44
3.1 1.0 0.2 1.9
7.2 0.1 6.8 0.1 0.1
1.73 0.04 1.63 0.03 0.03
0.86 0.37 0.48
3.1 1.3 1.7
2.52 1.64 1.32 0.32 0.03 0.18 0.66
9.1 5.9 4.7 1.2 0.1 0.7 2.4
100.0
19.20
70.6
13.55
70.8
7.98
29.4
5.59
29.2
7.0 3.5 2.3 0.9 0.2
1.90 0.96 0.62 0.24 0.08
7.0 3.5 2.3 0.9 0.3
1.07 0.57 0.36 0.11 0.04
5.6 3.0 1.9 0.6 0.2
0.88 0.28 0.06 0.55
3.0 0.9 0.2 1.9
0.82 0.27 0.07 0.48
3.0 1.0 0.3 1.8
0.58 0.29 0.06 0.23
3.0 1.5 0.3 1.2
7.3 0.2 6.9 0.1 0.1
2.12 0.04 1.99 0.04 0.04
7.2 0.1 6.7 0.1 0.1
2.04 0.05 1.90 0.06 0.04
7.5 0.2 7.0 0.2 0.2
1.59 0.04 1.50 0.04 0.02
8.3 0.2 7.8 0.2 0.1
0.68 0.26 0.42
2.9 1.1 1.8
0.93 0.42 0.51
3.2 1.4 1.7
0.94 0.44 0.51
3.5 1.6 1.9
0.57 0.26 0.31
3.0 1.4 1.6
2.05 1.43 1.15 0.28 0.03 0.12 0.47
8.7 6.0 4.9 1.2 0.1 0.5 2.0
2.72 1.73 1.39 0.34 0.03 0.21 0.75
9.2 5.9 4.7 1.2 0.1 0.7 2.5
2.28 1.61 1.29 0.32 0.03 0.16 0.48
8.4 5.9 4.7 1.2 0.1 0.6 1.8
1.78 1.18 0.95 0.22 0.03 0.13 0.44
9.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 0.2 0.7 2.3
Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding. 1The
states that comprise the Census divisions are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic—Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central—Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central—Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. 2Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 3Comprises the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. 4A metropolitan area can be a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) or a consolidated metropolitan statistical area (CMSA), as defined by the Office of Management and Budget in 1994. Nonmetropolitan areas are counties that do not fit the definitions above.
292 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 6-7. Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: State and Local Government, by Major Occupational and Industry Group, June 2007 (Dollars, percent of total cost.) Occupational group1
All workers Compensation component Cost
Percent
Management, professional, and related Cost
Percent
Industry group
Sales and office
Cost
Service-providing2
Service
Percent
Cost
Percent
Cost
Percent
TOTAL COMPENSATION ........................................
38.61
100.0
47.30
100.0
26.59
100.0
30.05
100.0
38.71
100.0
WAGES AND SALARIES .........................................
25.73
66.6
33.11
70.0
16.38
61.6
18.09
60.2
25.81
66.7
TOTAL BENEFITS ....................................................
12.88
33.4
14.18
30.0
10.21
38.4
11.96
39.8
12.90
33.3
Paid Leave ................................................................ Vacation ..................................................................... Holiday ...................................................................... Sick ........................................................................... Other .........................................................................
3.05 1.07 0.98 0.75 0.25
7.9 2.8 2.5 1.9 0.7
3.35 0.97 1.10 0.96 0.31
7.1 2.1 2.3 2.0 0.7
2.52 1.03 0.81 0.52 0.17
9.5 3.9 3.0 1.9 0.6
2.75 1.18 0.85 0.51 0.20
9.1 3.9 2.8 1.7 0.7
3.06 1.07 0.98 0.75 0.25
7.9 2.8 2.5 1.9 0.7
Supplemental Pay .................................................... Overtime and premium pay3 ...................................... Shift differentials ........................................................ Nonproduction bonuses .............................................
0.35 0.18 0.07 0.10
0.9 0.5 0.2 0.3
0.21 0.05 0.05 0.10
0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2
0.18 0.10 0.02 0.07
0.7 0.4 0.1 0.3
0.66 0.37 0.15 0.15
2.2 1.2 0.5 0.5
0.35 0.17 0.07 0.10
0.9 0.5 0.2 0.3
Insurance .................................................................. Life insurance ............................................................ Health insurance ........................................................ Short-term disability ................................................... Long-term disability ...................................................
4.38 0.07 4.24 0.03 0.04
11.4 0.2 11.0 0.1 0.1
4.82 0.08 4.66 0.02 0.05
10.2 0.2 9.9 (4) 0.1
4.16 0.06 4.06 0.02 0.03
15.7 0.2 15.3 0.1 0.1
3.61 0.05 3.47 0.05 0.04
12.0 0.2 11.6 0.2 0.1
4.39 0.07 4.25 0.03 0.04
11.3 0.2 11.0 0.1 0.1
Retirement and Savings .......................................... Defined benefit plans ................................................. Defined contribution plans .........................................
2.86 2.57 0.30
7.4 6.7 0.8
3.24 2.90 0.34
6.9 6.1 0.7
1.70 1.53 0.17
6.4 5.7 0.7
3.06 2.88 0.17
10.2 9.6 0.6
2.87 2.57 0.30
7.4 6.7 0.8
Legally Required Benefits ...................................... Social Security and Medicare .................................... Social Security5 ...................................................... Medicare ................................................................ Federal unemployment insurance ............................. State unemployment insurance ................................. Workers’ compensation .............................................
2.23 1.70 1.30 0.40 (6) 0.06 0.48
5.8 4.4 3.4 1.0 (4) 0.1 1.2
2.57 2.13 1.63 0.50 (6) 0.06 0.38
5.4 4.5 3.4 1.1 (4) 0.1 0.8
1.63 1.26 1.00 0.27 (6) 0.05 0.32
6.1 4.7 3.7 1.0 (4) 0.2 1.2
1.89 1.13 0.85 0.28 (6) 0.06 0.70
2.24 1.70 1.31 0.40 (6) 0.06 0.48
5.8 4.4 3.4 1.0 (4) 0.1 1.2
6.3 3.8 2.8 0.9 (4) 0.2 2.3
Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding. 1This
table presents data for the three major occupational groups in state and local government: management, professional, and related occupations, including teachers; sales and office occupations, including clerical workers; and service occupations, including police and firefighters. local government workforce.
2Service-providing industries, which include health and education services, employ a large proportion of the state and 3Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 4Less than 0.05 percent. 5Comprises the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. 6Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less.
CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 293
Table 6-8. Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: State and Local Government Workers, by Major Occupational and Industry Group, June 2007 (Dollars, percent of total compensation.) Cost per hour worked Total compensation
Wages and salaries
State and Local Government Workers .......................................................
38.61
25.73
Occupational Group Management, professional, and related ......................................................... Professional and related ............................................................................. Teachers1 ....................................................................................................... Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers ...................... Sales and office .............................................................................................. Office and administrative support ............................................................... Service ............................................................................................................
47.30 47.01 52.24 50.86 26.59 26.60 30.05
Industry Group Education and health services ........................................................................ Education services ..................................................................................... Elementary and secondary schools ........................................................ Junior colleges, colleges, and universities ............................................. Health care and social assistance .............................................................. Hospitals ................................................................................................. Public administration ......................................................................................
Characteristic
Supplemental pay
12.88
3.05
0.35
4.38
2.86
2.23
33.11 33.22 37.99 36.76 16.38 16.39 18.09
14.18 13.79 14.25 14.11 10.21 10.21 11.96
3.35 3.02 2.76 2.61 2.52 2.52 2.75
0.21 0.21 0.10 0.09 0.18 0.18 0.66
4.82 4.86 5.03 5.30 4.16 4.16 3.61
3.24 3.16 3.65 3.52 1.70 1.71 3.06
2.57 2.53 2.70 2.59 1.63 1.63 1.89
40.95 41.59 40.71 45.29 37.00 33.25 35.43
28.57 29.27 28.64 31.86 24.28 21.68 21.84
12.38 12.32 12.07 13.43 12.73 11.57 13.59
2.81 2.62 2.33 3.77 4.01 3.44 3.41
0.20 0.12 0.11 0.20 0.68 0.80 0.54
4.47 4.59 4.78 3.89 3.69 3.35 4.26
2.67 2.77 2.70 3.08 2.04 1.77 3.28
2.23 2.22 2.15 2.50 2.31 2.22 2.11
State and Local Government Workers .......................................................
100.0
66.6
33.4
7.9
0.9
11.4
7.4
5.8
Occupational Group Management, professional, and related ......................................................... Professional and related ............................................................................. Teachers1 ....................................................................................................... Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers ...................... Sales and office .............................................................................................. Office and administrative support ............................................................... Service ............................................................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
70.0 70.7 72.7 72.3 61.6 61.6 60.2
30.0 29.3 27.3 27.7 38.4 38.4 39.8
7.1 6.4 5.3 5.1 9.5 9.5 9.1
0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.7 2.2
10.2 10.3 9.6 10.4 15.7 15.6 12.0
6.9 6.7 7.0 6.9 6.4 6.4 10.2
5.4 5.4 5.2 5.1 6.1 6.1 6.3
Industry Group Education and health services ........................................................................ Education services ..................................................................................... Elementary and secondary schools ........................................................ Junior colleges, colleges, and universities ............................................. Health care and social assistance .............................................................. Hospitals ................................................................................................. Public administration ......................................................................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
69.8 70.4 70.4 70.4 65.6 65.2 61.6
30.2 29.6 29.6 29.6 34.4 34.8 38.4
6.9 6.3 5.7 8.3 10.8 10.3 9.6
0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.8 2.4 1.5
10.9 11.0 11.8 8.6 10.0 10.1 12.0
6.5 6.7 6.6 6.8 5.5 5.3 9.3
5.4 5.3 5.3 5.5 6.2 6.7 6.0
Insurance
Retirement and savings
Legally required benefits
Paid leave
Total
COSTS PER HOUR WORKED
PERCENT OF TOTAL COMPENSATION
Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding. 1Includes
postsecondary teachers; primary, secondary, and special education teachers; and other teachers and instructors.
294 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS EXPERIMENTAL ESTIMATES OF COMPENSATION LEVELS AND TRENDS FOR WORKERS IN THE 15 LARGEST METROPOLITAN AREAS, 2004–2005
es the ECI and ECEC, also includes workers in state and local government, metropolitan area estimates are restricted to workers in private industry.
This section presents new experimental Employment Cost Index (ECI) and Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC) estimates for the 15 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. The estimates were calculated as part of a research project to determine the feasibility of publishing ECI and ECEC estimates for metropolitan areas. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) plans to begin regular publication of these kinds of estimates in the coming years.
ECEC for the 15 Largest Metropolitan Areas
Since the inception of the two series, the only ECI and ECEC estimates available for geographic areas smaller than the entire United States have been for the broad groups of states that make up Census regions and divisions. ECI for the 15 Largest Metropolitan Areas ECI estimates for 15 metropolitan areas were calculated using the same index number formula used by the national ECI. Employment for industry-occupation groups, which the index formula holds constant over time, has a reference period of May 2005 and refers to employment for the industry-occupation groups within the particular area. Total compensation equals wages and salaries plus employer costs for 18 categories of benefits, so it is designed to be a comprehensive measure of the change in the cost to businesses of employing workers. Although the National Compensation Survey (NCS), which encompass-
ECEC estimates for the 15 largest U.S. metropolitan areas were calculated using procedures that are similar to what is used currently for the national ECEC. The ECEC estimate for a metropolitan area reflects the local composition of the workforce, so differences in the composition of workers among the areas will affect any comparison of their average total compensation. The National Compensation Survey reported estimates of “pay relatives” for about 80 metropolitan areas for July 2005. Pay relatives compare average hourly earnings among the areas after adjusting for differences in their establishment and occupational characteristics and their occupation composition. For some purposes, they may provide more appropriate comparisons of the average level of pay among metropolitan areas. Sources of Additional Information The text and tables in this section are excerpted from the article “Experimental Estimates of Compensation Levels and Trends for Workers in the 15 Largest Metropolitan Areas, 2004–05” by Michael K. Lettau and Christopher J. Guciardo in the September 2007 edition of Compensation and Working Conditions. This article contains extensive descriptions of the methodology and estimation procedures and analysis of the data and is available on the BLS Web site at .
CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 295
Table 6-9. Employment Cost Index for Total Compensation for the 15 Largest Metropolitan Areas, Private Industry, Experimental Series, 2004–2005 (Percent.) Percent change for 12 months ending: Metropolitan area December 2004
March 2005
June 2005
September 2005
December 2005
Average annual change
All Areas in the United States1 ............................................................. Atlanta, GA .............................................................................................. Boston-Worcester-Lawrence, MA-NH-ME-CT ........................................ Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI ........................................................... Dallas-Fort Worth, TX ..............................................................................
3.8 5.2 2.8 3.3 4.0
3.5 1.9 4.1 2.5 2.8
3.1 0.2 4.5 3.3 2.3
2.9 0.3 3.9 3.9 1.7
2.9 -0.7 4.4 5.4 1.9
3.3 2.2 3.6 4.3 2.9
Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI ...................................................................... Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX ............................................................ Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA ............................................ Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL ...................................................................... Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI ..................................................................
5.1 4.7 3.0 3.7 2.8
1.9 3.5 2.4 2.7 2.7
2.0 3.4 3.6 3.2 2.6
2.2 5.1 3.5 3.5 2.2
1.4 3.6 3.4 2.4 2.1
3.2 4.2 3.2 3.1 2.4
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA ................. Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD ............................ Phoenix-Mesa, AZ ................................................................................... San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA .................................................... Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA ............................................................. Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV ..................................................
4.1 3.4 3.6 2.5 6.8 4.4
3.4 3.7 4.8 4.2 5.8 4.3
3.0 3.4 5.2 3.5 6.2 3.6
3.1 3.5 5.3 2.3 6.7 3.4
3.1 4.2 5.5 2.1 8.1 3.1
3.6 3.8 4.5 2.3 7.4 3.8
All Areas in the United States1 ............................................................. Atlanta, GA .............................................................................................. Boston-Worcester-Lawrence, MA-NH-ME-CT ........................................ Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI ...........................................................
0.3 0.9 0.8 0.3
0.3 0.7 0.3 0.5
0.2 0.7 0.4 0.3
0.2 1.1 0.4 0.3
0.3 0.9 0.3 0.6
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3
Dallas-Fort Worth, TX .............................................................................. Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI ...................................................................... Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX ............................................................ Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA ............................................ Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL ...................................................................... Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI ..................................................................
0.3 0.4 0.8 1.5 0.3 0.3
0.5 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.4
0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.3
1.2 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.3
0.5 0.9 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.4
0.2 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.2
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA ................. Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD ............................ Phoenix-Mesa, AZ ................................................................................... San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA .................................................... Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA ............................................................. Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV ..................................................
0.3 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.2
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.2
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.6
0.2 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.8
0.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6
STANDARD ERROR
1Includes
all metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan counties in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
296 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 6-10. Employer Costs Per Hour Worked for Total Employee Compensation for the 15 Largest Metropolitan Areas, Private Industry, Experimental Series, March 2004 and March 2005 (Dollars, percent.) March 2004 Metropolitan area
ECEC for total compensation
March 2005
Percent relative standard error
ECEC for total compensation
Percent relative standard error
All Areas in the United States1 ........................................................................................... Atlanta, GA ............................................................................................................................ Boston-Worcester-Lawrence, MA-NH-ME-CT ....................................................................... Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI .......................................................................................... Dallas-Fort Worth, TX ............................................................................................................
23.29 27.33 29.85 27.36 24.63
1.2 4.9 1.6 1.7 2.5
24.17 27.68 31.54 28.91 26.70
1.5 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.2
Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI ..................................................................................................... Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX ........................................................................................... Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA .......................................................................... Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL .................................................................................................... Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI .................................................................................................
28.74 25.06 26.58 20.36 28.50
3.0 1.9 2.6 2.8 1.0
29.04 25.59 28.58 20.36 29.38
2.8 4.1 2.6 3.2 1.6
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA ................................................ Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD ........................................................... Phoenix-Mesa, AZ ................................................................................................................. San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA .................................................................................. Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA ............................................................................................ Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV ................................................................................
30.05 25.54 24.22 29.49 28.22 26.36
2.7 1.8 2.6 1.5 2.2 1.6
30.65 27.06 24.39 31.95 28.44 27.46
2.1 1.9 3.1 2.0 2.6 2.1
1Includes
all metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan counties in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 297
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS EMPLOYEE BENEFITS SURVEY The Employee Benefits Survey provides data on the incidence and provisions of selected employee benefit plans. Collection and Coverage The statistics in this chapter represent the integration of data on employee benefits into the NCS. Prior to 1999, surveys of different sectors of the economy were conducted in alternating years; medium and large private establishments were studied during odd-numbered years, and small private establishments were studied during even-numbered years. Since these surveys have been replaced by the new survey, the tables previously presented in this Handbook have been discontinued. Data for all private workers are now collected annually. Definitions Incidence refers to different methods of computing the number or percentage of employees who receive a benefit plan or specific benefit feature.
Access to a benefit is determined on an occupational basis within an establishment. An employee is considered to have access to a benefit if it is available for his or her use. Participation refers to the proportion of employees covered by a benefit. There will be cases where employees with access to a plan will not participate. For example, some employees may decline to participate in a health insurance plan if there is an employee cost involved. Sources of Additional Information For more information, see Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) news release USDL-06-1482, “Employee Benefits in Private Industry, 2006.” For a listing of selected benefit definitions, see the Glossary of Compensation Terms. Additional data and further information on methodology and sampling are available in BLS Bulletin 2555, “National Compensation Survey: Employee Benefits in Private Industry in the United States, 2000.” These resources are available on the BLS Web site at . The NCS was described in an article in the fifth edition of this Handbook.
298 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 6-11. Percent of Workers with Access to or Participating in Selected Benefits, March 2007 (Percent.) Retirement benefits Characteristic All plans1
Defined benefit
Health care benefits
Defined contribution
Medical care
Disability benefits
Outpatient Dental care Vision care prescription drug coverage
Life insurance
Short-term disability
Long-term disability
ACCESS TO SELECTED BENEFITS All workers ....................................................................................
61
21
55
71
46
29
68
58
39
31
Worker Characteristics Management, professional, and related occupations ................... Service occupations ..................................................................... Sales and office occupations ....................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .. Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .....
76 36 64 61 65
29 8 19 26 26
71 32 60 51 56
85 46 71 76 78
62 28 47 43 49
39 20 27 31 30
82 44 67 72 75
76 35 58 54 66
53 22 36 33 48
56 12 32 21 26
Full-time workers .......................................................................... Part-time workers .........................................................................
70 31
24 10
64 27
85 24
56 16
35 11
81 23
71 16
46 14
39 7
Union workers .............................................................................. Nonunion workers ........................................................................
84 58
69 15
49 56
88 69
68 44
53 26
85 66
76 56
61 36
33 31
Average wage less than $15 per hour ......................................... Average wage $15 per hour or higher ..........................................
47 76
11 33
44 69
57 87
34 61
20 39
54 84
45 74
27 53
17 49
Establishment Characteristics Goods-producing .......................................................................... Service-providing .........................................................................
70 58
29 19
62 53
85 67
54 44
33 28
81 64
69 55
50 36
30 31
1 to 99 workers ............................................................................. 100 workers or more ....................................................................
45 78
9 34
42 70
59 84
30 64
19 40
55 81
42 76
27 52
19 44
Geographic Areas2 Metropolitan areas3 ...................................................................... Nonmetropolitan areas3 ...............................................................
61 57
22 14
56 53
72 66
47 41
29 26
68 64
58 57
40 32
33 23
New England ................................................................................ Middle Atlantic .............................................................................. East North Central ........................................................................ West North Central ....................................................................... South Atlantic ...............................................................................
57 62 64 63 62
21 27 25 21 17
53 53 56 56 59
68 72 72 67 72
51 46 45 43 44
23 34 25 20 27
65 67 70 66 69
55 56 63 59 61
38 73 42 32 33
34 29 34 29 33
East South Central ....................................................................... West South Central ...................................................................... Mountain ...................................................................................... Pacific ...........................................................................................
66 55 63 57
14 17 18 21
64 51 60 49
75 66 70 72
52 39 44 54
39 21 28 39
73 61 68 68
... 56 56 52
... 29 26 26
... 31 29 29
All workers ....................................................................................
51
20
43
52
36
22
49
56
38
30
Worker Characteristics Management, professional, and related occupations ................... Service occupations ..................................................................... Sales and office occupations ....................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .. Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .....
69 25 54 51 54
28 7 17 25 25
60 20 47 40 41
67 28 48 61 60
51 20 33 36 38
30 14 19 26 24
64 27 46 58 57
75 32 55 52 63
51 21 35 33 47
54 11 30 20 25
Full-time workers .......................................................................... Part-time workers .........................................................................
60 23
23 9
50 18
64 12
44 9
27 7
61 12
69 14
45 13
37 6
Union workers .............................................................................. Nonunion workers ........................................................................
81 47
67 15
41 43
78 49
62 33
47 19
75 46
75 54
60 35
32 29
Average wage less than $15 per hour ......................................... Average wage $15 per hour or higher ..........................................
36 69
10 32
30 57
37 70
23 51
14 31
35 67
41 73
26 52
15 47
Establishment Characteristics Goods-producing .......................................................................... Service-providing .........................................................................
61 48
28 18
49 41
68 47
45 33
27 21
66 45
66 53
49 35
29 30
1 to 99 workers ............................................................................. 100 workers or more ....................................................................
37 66
9 32
33 53
42 62
24 49
14 31
39 60
40 73
26 51
18 42
Geographic Areas2 Metropolitan areas3 ...................................................................... Nonmetropolitan areas3 ...............................................................
52 44
21 14
43 38
52 48
36 32
22 21
50 46
56 54
39 31
31 22
New England ................................................................................ Middle Atlantic .............................................................................. East North Central ........................................................................ West North Central ....................................................................... South Atlantic ...............................................................................
50 55 56 55 50
20 26 24 20 17
44 44 45 45 44
47 54 53 52 52
38 36 35 36 33
16 25 20 17 20
45 50 52 50 49
54 54 61 57 58
37 72 41 31 31
32 29 32 28 31
East South Central ....................................................................... West South Central ...................................................................... Mountain ...................................................................................... Pacific ...........................................................................................
46 44 50 48
13 16 16 20
42 38 44 38
57 46 48 54
42 29 32 43
33 15 21 31
55 42 47 51
... 52 52 49
... 28 25 26
... 29 27 28
PARTICIPATING IN SELECTED BENEFITS
Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding. 1Includes
defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution retirement plans. The total is less than the sum of the individual items because many employees have access to both types of plans. states that comprise the Census divisions are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic—Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central—Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central—Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. 3A metropolitan area can be a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) or a consolidated metropolitan statistical area (CMSA), as defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in 1994. Nonmetropolitan areas are counties that do not fit the definitions above. . . . = Not available. 2The
CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 299
Table 6-12. Percent of Medical Plan Participants and Employer Premiums Per Participant, by Requirements for Employee Contributions for Single and Family Coverage, Private Industry, March 2007 (Dollars, percent.) Total Characteristic
Percent of participating employees
Employee contribution not required Average flat monthly employer premium
Percent of participating employees
Average flat monthly employer premium
Employee contribution required Percent of participating employees
Average flat monthly employer premium
Average flat monthly employee contribution
SINGLE COVERAGE All workers ....................................................................................
100
293.25
24
382.19
76
265.74
81.37
Worker Characteristics Management, professional, and related occupations ................... Service occupations ..................................................................... Sales and office occupations ....................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .. Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .....
100 100 100 100 100
293.74 272.50 281.24 350.37 286.82
21 18 21 38 26
355.26 395.85 353.90 467.49 365.77
79 82 79 62 74
277.73 246.32 262.06 278.37 258.43
79.97 88.89 83.63 82.21 75.38
Full-time workers .......................................................................... Part-time workers .........................................................................
100 100
293.71 285.50
24 23
381.90 387.22
76 77
266.38 254.81
80.67 93.04
Union workers .............................................................................. Nonunion workers ........................................................................
100 100
408.46 272.12
50 19
479.57 334.72
50 81
337.51 257.62
62.45 83.51
Average wage less than $15 per hour ......................................... Average wage $15 per hour or higher ..........................................
100 100
264.97 310.99
18 27
334.58 402.53
82 73
249.33 277.24
84.74 79.00
Establishment Characteristics Goods-producing .......................................................................... Service-providing .........................................................................
100 100
316.48 284.66
29 22
423.72 361.53
71 78
272.53 263.46
76.48 83.00
1 to 99 workers ............................................................................. 100 workers or more ....................................................................
100 100
295.65 291.49
31 18
388.57 374.16
69 82
253.71 273.16
89.89 76.10
Geographic Areas1 Metropolitan areas2 ...................................................................... Nonmetropolitan areas2 ...............................................................
100 100
297.17 270.98
24 21
391.33 321.56
76 79
267.20 257.78
81.33 81.56
New England ................................................................................ Middle Atlantic .............................................................................. East North Central ........................................................................ West North Central ....................................................................... South Atlantic ...............................................................................
100 100 100 100 100
306.88 310.74 301.64 303.72 268.39
16 27 23 25 19
478.99 392.86 407.53 399.77 323.38
84 73 77 75 81
273.42 280.16 269.43 271.89 255.49
96.82 79.79 81.06 77.38 82.96
East South Central ....................................................................... West South Central ...................................................................... Mountain ...................................................................................... Pacific ...........................................................................................
100 100 100 100
245.03 293.21 297.90 303.50
16 22 23 32
307.96 350.70 418.44 387.57
84 78 77 68
232.61 277.24 262.47 263.44
84.61 78.48 85.42 75.65
All workers ....................................................................................
100
664.04
13
814.44
87
642.02
312.78
Worker Characteristics Management, professional, and related occupations ................... Service occupations ..................................................................... Sales and office occupations ....................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .. Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .....
100 100 100 100 100
702.15 576.28 645.71 659.83 683.19
9 8 9 26 18
810.82 678.24 795.13 839.20 844.44
91 92 91 74 82
691.43 567.06 630.42 595.82 648.82
313.42 342.92 333.44 314.33 263.68
Full-time workers .......................................................................... Part-time workers .........................................................................
100 100
666.82 614.21
13 12
823.89 637.67
87 88
643.76 610.93
311.94 327.75
Union workers .............................................................................. Nonunion workers ........................................................................
100 100
790.21 641.65
43 7
832.68 795.63
57 93
758.15 629.33
211.91 323.80
Average wage less than $15 per hour ......................................... Average wage $15 per hour or higher ..........................................
100 100
602.29 702.52
8 16
705.18 849.05
92 84
593.33 675.14
326.84 303.21
Establishment Characteristics Goods-producing .......................................................................... Service-providing .........................................................................
100 100
706.84 648.36
20 10
869.49 775.06
80 90
666.51 634.02
267.46 327.58
1 to 99 workers ............................................................................. 100 workers or more ....................................................................
100 100
608.18 704.14
15 11
804.48 824.65
85 89
572.25 689.50
359.49 280.99
Geographic Areas1 Metropolitan areas2 ...................................................................... Nonmetropolitan areas2 ...............................................................
100 100
670.64 626.35
13 9
815.33 806.67
87 91
648.13 608.87
315.15 299.92
New England ................................................................................ Middle Atlantic .............................................................................. East North Central ........................................................................ West North Central ....................................................................... South Atlantic ...............................................................................
100 100 100 100 100
717.53 711.96 723.92 658.46 623.01
9 17 17 15 7
889.88 792.19 898.43 790.69 833.53
91 83 83 85 93
700.81 695.66 687.79 635.56 607.34
319.38 299.81 285.19 294.00 334.43
East South Central ....................................................................... West South Central ...................................................................... Mountain ...................................................................................... Pacific ...........................................................................................
100 100 100 100
584.50 638.59 620.32 644.94
6 6 11 19
816.51 721.43 809.18 752.05
94 94 89 81
568.80 633.45 596.74 620.60
294.46 334.41 359.24 312.25
FAMILY COVERAGE
Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding. 1The
states that comprise the Census divisions are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic—Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central—Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central—Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. 2A metropolitan area can be a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) or a consolidated metropolitan statistical area (CMSA), as defined by the Office of Management and Budget in 1994. Nonmetropolitan areas are counties that do not fit the definitions above.
300 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS NATIONAL COMPENSATION SURVEY: OCCUPATIONAL EARNINGS Collection and Coverage The occupational earnings in this section are from the National Compensation Survey (NCS). Private sector establishments with one or more workers are included in the survey. State and local governments with 50 or more workers within a survey area are also included. Agriculture, private households, and the federal government were excluded from the scope of the survey. In 2006, industry and occupations were classified in accordance with the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). The data were collected from December 2005 to January 2007, with June 2006 as the reference period. The survey covers goods-producing industries (mining, construction, and manufacturing); service-producing industries (transportation, communications, electric, gas, and sanitary services; wholesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services industries); and state and local governments. For purposes of this survey, an establishment is an economic unit that produces goods or services, a central administrative office, or an auxiliary unit providing support services to a company. For private industries in this survey, the establishment is usually at a single physical location and for state and local governments, an establishment is defined as all locations of a government entity. The geographic scope of the NCS includes all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
In step two, the selected jobs were classified into occupations based on their duties. A job may fall into any one of about 800 classifications. For cases in which a job’s duties overlapped two or more SOC classification codes, the duties used to set the wage level were used to classify the job. In step three, other characteristics were identified such as whether the worker was full-time or part-time, a member of a union, or was paid on a time or incentive basis. In the last step before wage data were collected, the work level of each selected job was determined using a “point factor leveling” process. Point factor leveling matches certain aspects of a job to specific levels of work with assigned point values. Points for each factor are then totaled to determine the overall work level for the job. Definitions Earnings. Regular payments from the employer to the employee as compensation for straight-time hourly work, or for any salaried work performed. The following components were included as part of earnings: • Incentive pay, including commissions, production bonuses, and piece rates • Cost-of-living allowances • Hazard pay • Payments of income deferred due to participation in a salary reduction plan
Identification of the occupations for which wage data were to be collected was a multi-step process:
• Deadhead pay, defined as pay given to transportation workers returning in a vehicle without freight or passengers
1. Probability-proportional-to-size selection of establishment jobs
Full-time worker. Any employee whom the employer considers to be working full time.
2. Classification of jobs into occupations based on the Census of Population system
Incentive worker. Any employee whose earnings are at least partly tied to commissions, piece rates, production bonuses, or other incentives based on production or sales.
3. Characterization of jobs as full time versus part time, union versus nonunion, and time versus incentive 4. Determination of the level of work of each job For each occupation, wage data were collected for those workers who met the unique set of characteristics identified in the last three steps. Special procedures were developed for jobs for which a level could not be determined. In step one, the jobs to be sampled were selected at each establishment by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) field economist during a personal visit. A complete list of employees was used for sampling, with each selected worker representing a job within the establishment.
Level. A ranking of an occupation based on the requirements of the position. (See the description in the technical note on occupational leveling through point factor analysis for more details on the leveling process.) Nonunion worker. An employee in an occupation not meeting the conditions for union coverage. Part-time worker. Any employee that the employer considers to be working part time. Time-based worker. Any employee whose earnings are tied to an hourly rate or salary, and not to a specific level of production.
CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 301
Union worker. Any employee is in a union occupation when all of the following conditions are met: • A labor organization is recognized as the bargaining agent for all workers in the occupation • Wage and salary rates are determined through collective bargaining or negotiations • Settlement terms, which must include earnings provisions and may include benefit provisions, are embodied
in a signed, mutually binding collective bargaining agreement Sources of Additional Information An extensive description of the sampling, weighting and estimation steps and many additional detailed tables are available in BLS Bulletin 2590, “National Compensation Survey: Occupational Wages in the United States, June 2006,” which is available on the BLS Web site at .
302 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
Table 6-13. Mean Hourly Earnings1 and Weekly Hours, by Selected Worker and Establishment Characteristics, National Compensation Survey,2 June 2006 (Dollars, number of hours.) Civilian workers Characteristic
TOTAL ..............................................................................................
Mean hourly earnings
Private workers
Mean weekly hours3
Mean hourly earnings
State and local government workers
Mean weekly hours3
Mean hourly earnings
Mean weekly hours3
19.29
35.6
18.56
35.4
23.99
36.6
Worker Management, professional, and related occupations ....................... Management, business, and financial occupations ...................... Professional and related occupations ........................................... Service occupations ......................................................................... Sales and office occupations ............................................................ Sales and related occupations ..................................................... Office and administrative support occupations ............................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ...... Construction and extraction occupations ...................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ....................... Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .......... Production occupations ................................................................ Transportation and material moving occupations .........................
31.45 34.89 29.76 11.31 15.46 16.57 14.86 19.49 19.46 19.70 14.78 15.11 14.42
37.1 39.8 35.9 31.5 34.9 32.6 36.3 39.4 39.4 39.6 37.3 38.9 35.6
31.66 35.17 29.54 9.72 15.42 16.57 14.71 19.46 19.46 19.64 14.64 15.02 14.22
37.5 40.0 36.2 30.5 34.7 32.6 36.2 39.4 39.4 39.6 37.3 38.9 35.7
30.79 33.03 30.30 18.51 15.86 15.10 15.87 19.84 19.52 20.39 18.33 20.75 17.60
35.9 38.4 35.4 37.1 37.2 33.0 37.3 39.3 39.5 39.4 35.4 39.3 34.4
Full-time workers .............................................................................. Part-time workers .............................................................................
20.44 11.00
39.6 20.6
19.76 10.61
39.7 20.7
24.46 16.57
38.9 18.8
Union workers ................................................................................... Nonunion workers .............................................................................
23.33 18.53
36.6 35.4
21.41 18.21
36.4 35.3
26.01 22.07
36.8 36.4
Time workers .................................................................................... Incentive workers ..............................................................................
18.97 24.88
35.5 38.0
18.13 24.86
35.3 38.0
23.98 ...
36.6 ...
20.06 18.09
39.5 34.4
16.18 17.36 18.47 23.50
34.2 35.0 36.2 37.2
Characteristics4
Establishment Characteristics Goods-producing .............................................................................. Service-providing .............................................................................. 1-49 workers ..................................................................................... 50-99 workers ................................................................................... 100-499 workers ............................................................................... 500 workers or more .........................................................................
(5) (5) 16.19 17.45 18.81 23.93
(5) (5) 34.2 35.0 36.2 37.0
(5) (5) 17.50 19.81 22.00 24.69
(5) (5) 36.8 35.3 35.8 36.8
1Earnings
are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, and holidays; nonproduction bonuses; and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours.
2This survey covers all 50 states. Data collection was conducted between December 2005 and January 2007. The average reference period was June 2006. 3Mean weekly hours are the hours an employee is scheduled to work in a week, not including overtime. 4Employees are classified as working either a full-time or part-time schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Union workers are those whose
wages are determined through collective bargaining. Wages of time workers are based solely on hourly rate or salary; incentive workers are those whose wages are at least partly based on productivity payments such as piece rates, commissions, and production bonuses. 5Classification of establishments into goods-producing and service-producing industries applies to private industry only. . . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 303
Table 6-14. Mean Hourly Earnings1 and Weekly Hours of Civilian Workers in Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Areas by Worker and Establishment Characteristics, June 2006 (Dollars, percent, hours.) Civilian Characteristic
ALL WORKERS ...............................................................................
Mean hourly earnings
Metropolitan areas Mean weekly hours2
Mean hourly earnings
Nonmetropolitan areas
Mean weekly hours2
Mean hourly earnings
Mean weekly hours2
19.29
35.6
20.08
35.6
15.01
35.7
Worker Management, professional, and related occupations ....................... Management, business, and financial occupations ...................... Professional and related occupations ........................................... Service occupations ......................................................................... Sales and office occupations ............................................................ Sales and related occupations ..................................................... Office and administrative support occupations ............................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ...... Construction and extraction occupations ..................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ....................... Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .......... Production occupations ................................................................ Transportation and material moving occupations .........................
31.45 34.89 29.76 11.31 15.46 16.57 14.86 19.49 19.46 19.70 14.78 15.11 14.42
37.1 39.8 35.9 31.5 34.9 32.6 36.3 39.4 39.4 39.6 37.3 38.9 35.6
32.23 35.49 30.57 11.71 15.95 17.35 15.20 20.17 20.24 20.24 15.03 15.38 14.68
37.2 39.8 36.0 31.4 34.9 32.5 36.4 39.4 39.4 39.5 37.0 38.8 35.4
25.17 28.91 23.74 9.65 12.33 12.00 12.54 16.63 15.93 17.60 13.74 14.17 13.14
36.7 39.8 35.6 32.1 34.9 33.2 36.0 39.4 39.3 39.7 38.1 39.3 36.6
Full-time workers .............................................................................. Part-time workers .............................................................................
20.44 11.00
39.6 20.6
21.30 11.31
39.6 20.6
15.80 9.37
39.7 20.7
Union workers ................................................................................... Nonunion workers .............................................................................
23.33 18.53
36.6 35.4
23.79 19.35
36.4 35.4
19.93 14.33
37.8 35.5
Time workers .................................................................................... Incentive workers ..............................................................................
18.97 24.88
35.5 38.0
19.74 25.93
35.4 37.8
14.86 18.01
35.6 39.2
21.03 19.69
39.5 34.5
16.83 18.01 19.32 24.99
34.3 35.0 36.1 36.9
Characteristics3,4
Establishment Characteristics Goods-producing .............................................................................. Service-providing .............................................................................. 1-49 workers ..................................................................................... 50-99 workers ................................................................................... 100-499 workers ............................................................................... 500 workers or more .........................................................................
(5) (5) 16.19 17.45 18.81 23.93
(5) (5) 34.2 35.0 36.2 37.0
(5) (5) 13.20 14.21 16.14 16.88
(5) (5) 33.8 35.0 36.8 38.0
1Earnings
are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, and holidays; nonproduction bonuses; and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours.
2Mean weekly hours are the hours an employee is scheduled to work in a week, not including overtime. 3Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used
by each establishment. Union workers are those whose wages are determined through collective bargaining. Wages of time workers are based solely on hourly rate or salary; incentive workers are those whose wages are at least partly based on productivity payments such as piece rates, commissions, and production bonuses. 4A classification system including about 800 individual occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy. 5Classification of establishments into goods-producing and service-producing industries applies to private industry only.
CHAPTER 7 PRICES
PRICES HIGHLIGHTS This chapter examines the movement of prices, which is one of the most important indicators of the state of the economy. Several indexes are covered: the Producer Price Index (PPI), which gives information about prices received by producers; the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which gives information about prices paid by consumers; and the Import Price Index (MPI) and the Export Price Index (XPI), which give information about prices involved in various foreign trade, export, and import price indexes.
Percent Change in the Prices of Fuel Products, 2005–2006 20
Percent
10
0
-10
-20 PPI crude materials (fuel)
PPI fuels and related products
CPI motor fuel
CPI fuel oil and other fuels
Product price index The increase in the producer prices for processed fuel is reflected in the increase in consumer prices for motor fuel and fuel oil. There is a time lag and other possible factors in the relationship between the price change for crude oil and its products. Although the price of crude fuel declined from 2005 to 2006, it was still 14 percent higher than the price in 2004. (See Tables 7-1 and 7-8.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • At the intermediate level, the PPI for materials and components for construction rose 6.7 percent in 2006, after an increase of 6.1 percent in 2005. (See Table 7-1.) • The PPI for consumer goods continued to increase faster than the PPI for capital equipment (3.5 percent compared to 1.6 percent). (See Table 7-1.) • The PPI for all commodities rose 4.6 percent, with fuels and power, chemicals, metals, and nonmetallic minerals each rising between 6.6 percent and 12.9 percent. (See Table 7-2.) • The MPI for all commodities rose 2.5 percent between December 2005 and December 2006. For industrial supplies and materials, it rose 5.0 percent. The XPI for all commodities rose 4.5 percent, with prices for industrial supplies and materials rising 9 percent. (See Tables 7-12 and 7-13.)
307
308 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS PRODUCER PRICE INDEX Coverage The Producer Price Index (PPI) measures average changes in prices received by domestic producers of goods and services. Most of the information used in calculating the indexes is obtained through the systematic sampling of nearly every industry in the manufacturing and mining sectors of the economy. The PPI program also includes data from other sectors, including agriculture, fishing, forestry, services, and gas and electricity. As producer price indexes are designed to measure only the change in prices received for the output of domestic industries, imports are not included. The sample currently contains about 100,000 price quotations per month. Producer price indexes are based on selling prices reported by establishments of all sizes as selected by probability sampling, with the probability of selection proportional to size. Individual items and transaction terms from these firms are also chosen by probability proportionate to size. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) strongly encourages cooperating companies to supply actual transaction prices at the time of shipment to minimize the use of list prices. Prices are normally reported monthly by mail questionnaire for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th of the month. Price data are always provided on a voluntary and confidential basis; only BLS employees, sworn to secrecy, are allowed access to individual company price reports. BLS publishes price indexes instead of unit dollar prices. All producer price indexes are routinely subject to revision four months after the original publication to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. There are three primary systems of indexes within the PPI program: (1) stage-of-processing indexes; (2) indexes for the net output of industries and their products; and (3) commodity indexes. The commodity-based stage-ofprocessing structure organizes products by class of buyer and degree of fabrication. The entire output of various industries is sampled to derive price indexes for the net output of industries and their products. The commodity structure organizes products by similarity of end-use or material composition. Within the commodity stage-of-processing system, finished goods are commodities that will not undergo further processing and that are ready for sale to the final demand user—either an individual consumer or a business firm. Consumer foods include unprocessed foods, such as eggs and fresh vegetables, and processed foods, such as bakery products and meats. Other finished consumer goods
include durable goods, such as automobiles, household furniture, and appliances; and nondurable goods, such as apparel and home heating oil. Capital equipment includes producer durable goods, such as heavy motor trucks, tractors, and machine tools. The stage-of-processing category for intermediate materials, supplies, and components includes commodities that have been processed but require further processing, such as flour, cotton, yarn, steel mill products, and lumber. The intermediate goods category also encompasses physically complete nondurable goods purchased by business firms as inputs for their operations, such as diesel fuel, belts and belting, paper boxes, and fertilizers. Crude materials for further processing are products entering the market for the first time that have not been manufactured or fabricated; these products will not be sold directly to consumers. Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs includes items such as grains and livestock; examples of crude nonfood materials include raw cotton, crude petroleum, coal, hides and skins, and iron and steel scrap. Producer price indexes for the net output of industries and their products are grouped according to the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) and the Census Bureau product code extensions of the SIC. Industry price indexes are compatible with other economic time series organized by SIC codes, such as data on employment, wages, and productivity. Net output values of shipments are used as weights for industry indexes and refer to the value of shipments from establishments in one industry shipped to establishments classified in another industry. However, weights for commodity price indexes are based on gross shipment values, including shipment values between establishments within the same industry. As a result, commodity aggregate indexes, such as the all commodities index, are affected by the multiple counting of price change at successive stages of processing. This can lead to exaggerated or misleading signals about inflation. Stage-of-processing indexes partly correct this defect, but industry indexes consistently correct this weakness at all levels of aggregation. Therefore, industry and stage-of-processing indexes are more appropriate than commodity aggregate indexes for economic analysis of general price trends. Weights for most traditional commodity groupings of the PPI, as well as all indexes calculated from traditional commodity groupings (such as stage-of-processing indexes), are currently weighted by value-of-shipments data contained in the 1997 economic censuses. With the release of data for January 2004, the PPI program changed its basis for industry classification from the 1987
CHAPTER 7: PRICES 309 SIC System to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The PPI treats the SIC-to-NAICS comparison as continuous if 80 percent or more of the weight of the SIC-based index comprises at least 80 percent of the weight of the NAICS-based index. All index series that have passed this test are published under the NAICS structure using the index base date and price index history established by the SIC-based index.
Sources of Additional Information Additional information is published monthly by the BLS in the Producer Price Index Detailed Report. For information on the underlying concepts and methodology of the Producer Price Index, see Chapter 14 in the BLS Handbook of Methods, which is available on the BLS Web site at .
310 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-1. Producer Price Indexes, by Stage of Processing, 1947–2006 (1982 = 100.) Crude materials for further processing
Year Total
Foodstuffs Nonfood and materials, feedstuffs except fuel
Intermediate materials, supplies, and components
Fuel
Total
Materials CompoProcessed and nents components for fuels and Containers for manufac- lubricants construction turing
Finished goods
Supplies
Total
Consumer Capital goods equipment
1947 ..................................... 1948 ..................................... 1949 .....................................
31.7 34.7 30.1
45.1 48.8 40.5
24.0 26.7 24.3
7.5 8.9 8.8
23.3 25.2 24.2
22.5 24.9 24.9
21.3 23.0 23.4
14.4 16.4 14.9
23.4 24.4 24.5
28.5 29.8 28.0
26.4 28.5 27.7
28.6 30.8 29.4
19.8 21.6 22.7
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
32.7 37.6 34.5 31.9 31.6
43.4 50.2 47.3 42.3 42.3
27.8 32.0 27.8 26.6 26.1
8.8 9.0 9.0 9.3 8.9
25.3 28.4 27.5 27.7 27.9
26.2 28.7 28.5 29.0 29.1
24.3 27.6 27.6 28.1 28.3
15.2 15.9 15.7 15.8 15.8
25.2 29.6 28.0 28.0 28.5
29.0 32.6 32.6 31.0 31.7
28.2 30.8 30.6 30.3 30.4
29.9 32.7 32.3 31.7 31.7
23.2 25.5 25.9 26.3 26.7
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
30.4 30.6 31.2 31.9 31.1
38.4 37.6 39.2 41.6 38.8
27.5 28.6 28.2 27.1 28.1
8.9 9.5 10.1 10.2 10.4
28.4 29.6 30.3 30.4 30.8
30.3 31.8 32.0 32.0 32.9
29.5 32.2 33.5 33.8 34.2
15.8 16.3 17.2 16.2 16.2
28.9 31.0 32.4 33.2 33.0
31.2 32.0 32.3 33.1 33.5
30.5 31.3 32.5 33.2 33.1
31.5 32.0 32.9 33.6 33.3
27.4 29.5 31.3 32.1 32.7
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
30.4 30.2 30.5 29.9 29.6
38.4 37.9 38.6 37.5 36.6
26.9 27.2 27.1 26.7 27.2
10.5 10.5 10.4 10.5 10.5
30.8 30.6 30.6 30.7 30.8
32.7 32.2 32.1 32.2 32.5
34.0 33.7 33.4 33.4 33.7
16.6 16.8 16.7 16.6 16.2
33.4 33.2 33.6 33.2 32.9
33.3 33.7 34.5 35.0 34.7
33.4 33.4 33.5 33.4 33.5
33.6 33.6 33.7 33.5 33.6
32.8 32.9 33.0 33.1 33.4
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
31.1 33.1 31.3 31.8 33.9
39.2 42.7 40.3 40.9 44.1
27.7 28.3 26.5 27.1 28.4
10.6 10.9 11.3 11.5 12.0
31.2 32.0 32.2 33.0 34.1
32.8 33.6 34.0 35.7 37.7
34.2 35.4 36.5 37.3 38.5
16.5 16.8 16.9 16.5 16.6
33.5 34.5 35.0 35.9 37.2
35.0 36.5 36.8 37.1 37.8
34.1 35.2 35.6 36.6 38.0
34.2 35.4 35.6 36.5 37.9
33.8 34.6 35.8 37.0 38.3
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
35.2 36.0 39.9 54.5 61.4
45.2 46.1 51.5 72.6 76.4
29.1 29.4 32.3 42.9 54.5
13.8 15.7 16.8 18.6 24.8
35.4 36.8 38.2 42.4 52.5
38.3 40.8 43.0 46.5 55.0
40.6 41.9 42.9 44.3 51.1
17.7 19.5 20.1 22.2 33.6
39.0 40.8 42.7 45.2 53.3
39.7 40.8 42.5 51.7 56.8
39.3 40.5 41.8 45.6 52.6
39.1 40.2 41.5 46.0 53.1
40.1 41.7 42.8 44.2 50.5
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
61.6 63.4 65.5 73.4 85.9
77.4 76.8 77.5 87.3 100.0
50.0 54.9 56.3 61.9 75.5
30.6 34.5 42.0 48.2 57.3
58.0 60.9 64.9 69.5 78.4
60.1 64.1 69.3 76.5 84.2
57.8 60.8 64.5 69.2 75.8
39.4 42.3 47.7 49.9 61.6
60.0 63.1 65.9 71.0 79.4
61.8 65.8 69.3 72.9 80.2
58.2 60.8 64.7 69.8 77.6
58.2 60.4 64.3 69.4 77.5
58.2 62.1 66.1 71.3 77.5
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
95.3 103.0 100.0 101.3 103.5
104.6 103.9 100.0 101.8 104.7
91.8 109.8 100.0 98.8 101.0
69.4 84.8 100.0 105.1 105.1
90.3 98.6 100.0 100.6 103.1
91.3 97.9 100.0 102.8 105.6
84.6 94.7 100.0 102.4 105.0
85.0 100.6 100.0 95.4 95.7
89.1 96.7 100.0 100.4 105.9
89.9 96.9 100.0 101.8 104.1
88.0 96.1 100.0 101.6 103.7
88.6 96.6 100.0 101.3 103.3
85.8 94.6 100.0 102.8 105.2
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
95.8 87.7 93.7 96.0 103.1
94.8 93.2 96.2 106.1 111.2
94.3 76.0 88.5 85.9 95.8
102.7 92.2 84.1 82.1 85.3
102.7 99.1 101.5 107.1 112.0
107.3 108.1 109.8 116.1 121.3
106.4 107.5 108.8 112.3 116.4
92.8 72.7 73.3 71.2 76.4
109.0 110.3 114.5 120.1 125.4
104.4 105.6 107.7 113.7 118.1
104.7 103.2 105.4 108.0 113.6
103.8 101.4 103.6 106.2 112.1
107.5 109.7 111.7 114.3 118.8
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
108.9 101.2 100.4 102.4 101.8
113.1 105.5 105.1 108.4 106.5
107.3 97.5 94.2 94.1 97.0
84.8 82.9 84.0 87.1 82.4
114.5 114.4 114.7 116.2 118.5
122.9 124.5 126.5 132.0 136.6
119.0 121.0 122.0 123.0 124.3
85.9 85.3 84.5 84.7 83.1
127.7 128.1 127.7 126.4 129.7
119.4 121.4 122.7 125.0 127.0
119.2 121.7 123.2 124.7 125.5
118.2 120.5 121.7 123.0 123.3
122.9 126.7 129.1 131.4 134.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
102.7 113.8 111.1 96.8 98.2
105.8 121.5 112.2 103.9 98.7
105.8 105.7 103.5 84.5 91.1
72.1 92.6 101.3 86.7 91.2
124.9 125.7 125.6 123.0 123.2
142.1 143.6 146.5 146.8 148.9
126.5 126.9 126.4 125.9 125.7
84.2 90.0 89.3 81.1 84.6
148.8 141.1 136.0 140.8 142.5
132.1 135.9 135.9 134.8 134.2
127.9 131.3 131.8 130.7 133.0
125.6 129.5 130.2 128.9 132.0
136.7 138.3 138.2 137.6 137.6
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
120.6 121.0 108.1 135.3 159.0
100.2 106.1 99.5 113.5 127.0
118.0 101.5 101.0 116.9 149.2
136.9 151.4 117.3 185.7 211.4
129.2 129.7 127.8 133.7 142.6
150.7 150.6 151.3 153.6 166.4
126.2 126.4 126.1 125.9 127.4
102.0 104.5 96.3 112.6 124.3
151.6 153.1 152.1 153.7 159.3
136.9 138.7 138.9 141.5 146.7
138.0 140.7 138.9 143.3 148.5
138.2 141.5 139.4 145.3 151.7
138.8 139.7 139.1 139.5 141.4
2005 ..................................... 2006 .....................................
182.2 184.8
122.7 119.3
176.7 210.0
279.7 241.5
154.0 164.0
176.6 188.4
129.9 134.5
150.0 162.8
167.1 175.0
151.9 157.0
155.7 160.4
160.4 166.0
144.6 146.9
CHAPTER 7: PRICES 311 Table 7-2. Producer Price Indexes, by Commodity Group, 1913–2006 (1982 = 100.) Industrial commodities
Year
All comFarm modities products
Processed foods and feeds
Total
Fuels Hides, Pulp, Machin- Furniture and Textile Chemi- Rubber Lumber Metals Nonleather, paper, ery and related cals and products and and and metallic and and and houseproducts related plastics and wood metal mineral related allied equiphold and apparel products products products products products products products ment durables power
Transportation equipment
Miscellaneous products
1913 .................... 1914 ....................
12.0 11.8
18.0 17.9
... ...
11.9 11.3
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
12.0 14.7 20.2 22.6 23.9
18.0 21.3 32.6 37.4 39.8
... ... ... ... ...
11.6 15.0 19.5 21.1 22.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1920 1921 1922 1923 1924
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
26.6 16.8 16.7 17.3 16.9
38.0 22.3 23.7 24.9 25.2
... ... ... ... ...
27.4 17.8 17.4 17.8 17.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
17.8 17.2 16.5 16.7 16.4
27.7 25.3 25.1 26.7 26.4
... ... ... ... ...
17.5 17.0 16.0 15.8 15.6
... ... ... ... ...
... 17.1 18.4 20.7 18.6
... 10.3 9.1 8.7 8.6
... ... ... ... ...
... 47.1 35.7 28.3 24.6
... 9.3 8.8 8.5 8.8
... ... ... ... ...
... 13.7 12.9 12.9 13.3
... ... ... ... ...
... 28.6 27.9 27.2 27.0
... 16.4 15.7 16.2 16.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
14.9 12.6 11.2 11.4 12.9
22.4 16.4 12.2 13.0 16.5
... ... ... ... ...
14.5 12.8 11.9 12.1 13.3
... ... ... ... ...
17.1 14.7 12.5 13.8 14.8
8.1 7.0 7.3 6.9 7.6
... ... ... 16.2 17.0
21.5 18.3 15.9 16.7 19.5
8.0 6.5 5.6 6.7 7.8
... ... ... ... ...
12.0 10.8 9.9 10.2 11.2
... ... ... ... ...
26.5 24.4 21.5 21.6 23.4
15.9 14.9 13.9 14.7 15.7
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
13.8 13.9 14.9 13.5 13.3
19.8 20.4 21.8 17.3 16.5
... ... ... ... ...
13.3 13.5 14.5 13.9 13.9
... ... ... ... ...
15.3 16.3 17.9 15.8 16.3
7.6 7.9 8.0 7.9 7.5
17.7 17.8 18.6 17.7 17.6
19.6 21.1 24.9 24.4 25.4
7.5 7.9 9.3 8.5 8.7
... ... ... ... ...
11.2 11.4 13.1 12.6 12.5
... ... ... ... 14.8
23.2 23.6 26.1 25.5 25.4
15.7 15.8 16.1 15.6 15.3
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
13.5 15.1 17.0 17.8 17.9
17.1 20.8 26.7 30.9 31.2
... ... ... ... ...
14.1 15.1 16.2 16.5 16.7
... ... ... ... ...
17.2 18.4 20.1 20.1 19.9
7.4 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.6
17.9 19.5 21.7 21.9 22.2
23.7 25.5 29.7 30.5 30.1
9.6 11.5 12.5 13.2 14.3
... ... ... ... ...
12.5 12.8 13.0 12.9 12.9
14.9 15.1 15.4 15.2 15.1
26.0 27.6 29.9 29.7 30.5
15.3 15.7 16.3 16.4 16.7
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
18.2 20.8 25.6 27.7 26.3
32.4 37.5 45.1 48.5 41.9
... ... 33.0 35.3 32.1
17.0 18.6 22.7 24.6 24.1
... ... 50.6 52.8 48.3
20.1 23.3 31.7 32.1 30.4
8.7 9.3 11.1 13.1 12.4
22.3 24.1 32.1 32.8 30.0
29.2 29.3 29.2 30.2 29.2
14.5 16.6 25.8 29.5 27.3
... ... 25.1 26.2 25.1
13.1 14.7 18.2 20.7 20.9
15.1 16.6 19.3 20.9 21.9
30.5 32.4 37.2 39.4 40.1
17.4 18.5 20.7 22.4 23.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... 26.6 27.7 28.2
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
27.3 30.4 29.6 29.2 29.3
44.0 51.2 48.4 43.8 43.2
33.2 36.9 36.4 34.8 35.4
25.0 27.6 26.9 27.2 27.2
50.2 56.0 50.5 49.3 48.2
32.9 37.7 30.5 31.0 29.5
12.6 13.0 13.0 13.4 13.2
30.4 34.8 33.0 33.4 33.8
35.6 43.7 39.6 36.9 37.5
31.4 34.1 33.2 33.1 32.5
25.7 30.5 29.7 29.6 29.6
22.0 24.5 24.5 25.3 25.5
22.6 25.3 25.3 25.9 26.3
40.9 44.4 43.5 44.4 44.9
23.5 25.0 25.0 26.0 26.6
... ... ... ... ...
28.6 30.3 30.2 31.0 31.3
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
29.3 30.3 31.2 31.6 31.7
40.5 40.0 41.1 42.9 40.2
33.8 33.8 34.8 36.5 35.6
27.8 29.1 29.9 30.0 30.5
48.2 48.2 48.3 47.4 48.1
29.4 31.2 31.2 31.6 35.9
13.2 13.6 14.3 13.7 13.7
33.7 33.9 34.6 34.9 34.8
42.4 43.0 42.8 42.8 42.6
34.1 34.6 32.8 32.5 34.7
30.4 32.4 33.0 33.4 33.7
27.2 29.6 30.2 30.0 30.6
27.2 29.3 31.4 32.1 32.8
45.1 46.3 47.5 47.9 48.0
27.3 28.5 29.6 29.9 30.3
... ... ... ... ...
31.3 31.7 32.6 33.3 33.4
. . . = Not available.
312 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-2. Producer Price Indexes, by Commodity Group, 1913–2006—Continued (1982 = 100.) Industrial commodities
Year
All comFarm modities products
Processed foods and feeds
Total
Fuels Hides, Pulp, Machin- Furniture and Textile Chemi- Rubber Lumber Metals Nonleather, paper, ery and related cals and products and and and metallic and and and houseproducts related plastics and wood metal mineral related allied equiphold and apparel products products products products products products products ment durables power
Transportation equipment
Miscellaneous products
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
31.7 31.6 31.7 31.6 31.6
40.1 39.7 40.4 39.6 39.0
35.6 36.2 36.5 36.8 36.7
30.5 30.4 30.4 30.3 30.5
48.6 47.8 48.2 48.2 48.5
34.6 34.9 35.3 34.3 34.4
13.9 14.0 14.0 13.9 13.5
34.8 34.5 33.9 33.5 33.6
42.7 41.1 39.9 40.1 39.6
33.5 32.0 32.2 32.8 33.5
34.0 33.0 33.4 33.1 33.0
30.6 30.5 30.2 30.3 31.1
33.0 33.0 33.0 33.1 33.3
47.8 47.5 47.2 46.9 47.1
30.4 30.5 30.5 30.3 30.4
... ... ... ... ...
33.6 33.7 33.9 34.2 34.4
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
32.3 33.3 33.4 34.2 35.6
40.7 43.7 41.3 42.3 45.0
38.0 40.2 39.8 40.6 42.7
30.9 31.5 32.0 32.8 33.9
48.8 48.9 48.9 50.7 51.8
35.9 39.4 38.1 39.3 41.5
13.8 14.1 14.4 14.3 14.6
33.9 34.0 34.2 34.1 34.2
39.7 40.5 41.4 42.8 43.6
33.7 35.2 35.1 39.8 44.0
33.3 34.2 34.6 35.0 36.0
32.0 32.8 33.2 34.0 36.0
33.7 34.7 35.9 37.0 38.2
46.8 47.4 48.3 49.7 50.7
30.4 30.7 31.2 32.4 33.6
... ... ... ... 40.4
34.7 35.3 36.2 37.0 38.1
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
36.9 38.1 39.8 45.0 53.5
45.8 46.6 51.6 72.7 77.4
44.6 45.5 48.0 58.9 68.0
35.2 36.5 37.8 40.3 49.2
52.4 53.3 55.5 60.5 68.0
42.0 43.4 50.0 54.5 55.2
15.3 16.6 17.1 19.4 30.1
35.0 35.6 35.6 37.6 50.2
44.9 45.2 45.3 46.6 56.4
39.9 44.7 50.7 62.2 64.5
37.5 38.1 39.3 42.3 52.5
38.7 39.4 40.9 44.0 57.0
40.0 41.4 42.3 43.7 50.0
51.9 53.1 53.8 55.7 61.8
35.3 38.2 39.4 40.7 47.8
41.9 44.2 45.5 46.1 50.3
39.8 40.8 41.5 43.3 48.1
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
58.4 61.1 64.9 69.9 78.7
77.0 78.8 79.4 87.7 99.6
72.6 70.8 74.0 80.6 88.5
54.9 58.4 62.5 67.0 75.7
67.4 72.4 75.3 78.1 82.5
56.5 63.9 68.3 76.1 96.1
35.4 38.3 43.6 46.5 58.9
62.0 64.0 65.9 68.0 76.0
62.2 66.0 69.4 72.4 80.5
62.1 72.2 83.0 96.9 105.5
59.0 62.1 64.6 67.7 75.9
61.5 65.0 69.3 75.3 86.0
57.9 61.3 65.2 70.3 76.7
67.5 70.3 73.2 77.5 82.8
54.4 58.2 62.6 69.6 77.6
56.7 60.5 64.6 69.5 75.3
53.4 55.6 59.4 66.7 75.5
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
89.8 98.0 100.0 101.3 103.7
102.9 105.2 100.0 102.4 105.5
95.9 98.9 100.0 101.8 105.4
88.0 97.4 100.0 101.1 103.3
89.7 97.6 100.0 100.3 102.7
94.7 99.3 100.0 103.2 109.0
82.8 100.2 100.0 95.9 94.8
89.0 98.4 100.0 100.3 102.9
90.1 96.4 100.0 100.8 102.3
101.5 102.8 100.0 107.9 108.0
86.3 94.8 100.0 103.3 110.3
95.0 99.6 100.0 101.8 104.8
86.0 94.4 100.0 102.7 105.1
90.7 95.9 100.0 103.4 105.7
88.4 96.7 100.0 101.6 105.4
82.9 94.3 100.0 102.8 105.2
93.6 96.1 100.0 104.8 107.0
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
103.2 100.2 102.8 106.9 112.2
95.1 92.9 95.5 104.9 110.9
103.5 105.4 107.9 112.7 117.8
103.7 100.0 102.6 106.3 111.6
102.9 103.2 105.1 109.2 112.3
108.9 113.0 120.4 131.4 136.3
91.4 69.8 70.2 66.7 72.9
103.7 102.6 106.4 116.3 123.0
101.9 101.9 103.0 109.3 112.6
106.6 107.2 112.8 118.9 126.7
113.3 116.1 121.8 130.4 137.8
104.4 103.2 107.1 118.7 124.1
107.2 108.8 110.4 113.2 117.4
107.1 108.2 109.9 113.1 116.9
108.6 110.0 110.0 111.2 112.6
107.9 110.5 112.5 114.3 117.7
109.4 111.6 114.9 120.2 126.5
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
116.3 116.5 117.2 118.9 120.4
112.2 105.7 103.6 107.1 106.3
121.9 121.9 122.1 124.0 125.5
115.8 116.5 117.4 119.0 120.7
115.0 116.3 117.8 118.0 118.3
141.7 138.9 140.4 143.7 148.5
82.3 81.2 80.4 80.0 77.8
123.6 125.6 125.9 128.2 132.1
113.6 115.1 115.1 116.0 117.6
129.7 132.1 146.6 174.0 180.0
141.2 142.9 145.2 147.3 152.5
122.9 120.2 119.2 119.2 124.8
120.7 123.0 123.4 124.0 125.1
119.2 121.2 122.2 123.7 126.1
114.7 117.2 117.3 120.0 124.2
121.5 126.4 130.4 133.7 137.2
134.2 140.8 145.3 145.4 141.9
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
124.7 127.7 127.6 124.4 125.5
107.4 122.4 112.9 104.6 98.4
127.0 133.3 134.0 131.6 131.1
125.5 127.3 127.7 124.8 126.5
120.8 122.4 122.6 122.9 121.1
153.7 150.5 154.2 148.0 146.0
78.0 85.8 86.1 75.3 80.5
142.5 142.1 143.6 143.9 144.2
124.3 123.8 123.2 122.6 122.5
178.1 176.1 183.8 179.1 183.6
172.2 168.7 167.9 171.7 174.1
134.5 131.0 131.8 127.8 124.6
126.6 126.5 125.9 124.9 124.3
128.2 130.4 130.8 131.3 131.7
129.0 131.0 133.2 135.4 138.9
139.7 141.7 141.6 141.2 141.8
145.4 147.7 150.9 156.0 166.6
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
132.7 134.2 131.1 138.1 146.7
99.5 103.8 99.0 111.5 123.3
133.1 137.3 136.2 143.4 151.2
134.8 135.7 132.4 139.1 147.6
121.4 121.3 119.9 119.8 121.0
151.5 158.4 157.6 162.3 164.5
103.5 105.3 93.2 112.9 126.9
151.0 151.8 151.9 161.8 174.4
125.5 127.2 126.8 130.1 133.8
178.2 174.4 173.3 177.4 195.6
183.7 184.8 185.9 190.0 195.7
128.1 125.4 125.9 129.2 149.6
124.0 123.7 122.9 121.9 122.1
132.6 133.2 133.5 133.9 135.1
142.5 144.3 146.2 148.2 153.2
143.8 145.2 144.6 145.7 148.6
170.8 181.3 182.4 179.6 183.2
2005 .................... 2006 ....................
157.4 164.7
118.5 117.0
153.1 153.8
160.2 168.8
122.8 124.5
165.4 168.4
156.4 166.7
192.0 205.8
143.8 153.8
196.5 194.4
202.6 209.8
160.8 181.6
123.7 126.2
139.4 142.6
164.2 179.9
151.0 152.6
195.1 205.6
. . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 7: PRICES 313 Table 7-3. Producer Price Indexes for the Net Output of Selected Industries, 1996–2006 (December 2003 = 100, unless otherwise specified.) Industry
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting Logging1 .......................................................................................................
185.7
191.2
188.1
182.7
177.5
167.5
165.0
168.7
175.2
179.0
176.6
Mining Oil and gas extraction2 ................................................................................. Mining (except oil and gas) .......................................................................... Coal mining 2 ........................................................................................... Metal ore mining3 ..................................................................................... Iron ore mining3 ................................................................................... Gold ore and silver ore mining3 ........................................................... Copper, nickel, lead, and zinc mining4 ................................................. Other metal ore mining2 ....................................................................... Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying3 ............................................. Stone mining and quarrying3 ............................................................... Sand, gravel, clay, and refractory minerals mining .............................. Other nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying3 ................................ Mining support activities ...........................................................................
84.8 ... 91.4 92.1 95.7 78.6 117.0 31.9 127.1 133.2 ... 108.6 ...
87.5 ... 92.2 85.8 95.3 67.9 110.4 29.9 128.8 135.4 ... 107.6 ...
68.3 ... 89.5 73.2 94.5 61.1 76.8 27.6 132.2 138.8 ... 110.1 ...
78.5 ... 87.3 70.3 94.0 58.2 71.3 25.9 134.0 142.1 ... 108.0 ...
126.8 ... 84.8 73.8 93.9 57.0 88.7 26.4 137.0 147.3 ... 106.8 ...
127.5 ... 91.3 70.8 95.2 55.2 81.7 24.7 141.0 152.2 ... 107.1 ...
107.0 ... 93.9 73.6 94.2 62.6 80.1 28.9 143.5 156.1 ... 107.7 ...
160.1 ... 94.4 81.6 95.0 72.6 90.1 34.9 146.4 160.2 ... 108.4 ...
192.7 109.5 104.1 111.8 97.2 82.6 147.7 80.0 151.2 166.1 102.4 111.4 104.8
262.0 126.6 118.2 146.0 115.7 89.5 195.2 159.1 161.3 176.7 108.8 120.8 133.9
252.5 147.9 126.9 204.6 131.2 121.3 350.2 128.7 176.0 192.7 117.6 133.8 172.0
Utilities ........................................................................................................ Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ............................ Electric power generation ........................................................................ Electric power transmission, control, and distribution .............................. Natural gas distribution ................................................................................
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
104.9 103.3 105.2 102.5 107.3
117.6 111.3 121.6 107.1 126.6
123.1 118.8 128.0 115.1 129.3
Manufacturing Food3 ........................................................................................................... Animal food ............................................................................................. Grain and oilseed milling .......................................................................... Flour milling and malt .......................................................................... Starch and vegetable fats and oils ...................................................... Breakfast cereal manufacturing ........................................................... Sugar and confectionery product3 ........................................................... Sugar .................................................................................................. Chocolate and confectionery from cacao beans .................................. Confectionery from purchased chocolate ............................................ Non-chocolate confectionery .............................................................. Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food3 ................................. Fruit and vegetable canning, pickling, and drying ................................ Dairy product3 .......................................................................................... Ice cream and frozen dessert ............................................................. Animal slaughtering and processing3 ...................................................... Seafood product preparation and packaging ........................................... Bakery and tortilla ................................................................................... Bread and bakery product ................................................................... Cookie, cracker, and pasta ................................................................. Tortilla ................................................................................................. Other food ................................................................................................ Snack food .......................................................................................... Coffee and tea .................................................................................... Flavoring syrup and concentrate ......................................................... Seasoning and dressing ..................................................................... All other food ....................................................................................... Beverage and tobacco product ................................................................... Beverage3 ................................................................................................ Soft drink and ice ................................................................................ Breweries ............................................................................................. Wineries ............................................................................................... Distilleries ............................................................................................. Tobacco3 .................................................................................................. Tobacco stemming and redrying5 ........................................................ Tobacco product6 ................................................................................. Textile mills .................................................................................................. Fiber, yarn, and thread mills3 ................................................................... Fabric mills ............................................................................................... Broadwoven fabric mills ....................................................................... Narrow fabric mills and schiffli mach embroidery5 ............................... Nonwoven fabric mills .......................................................................... Knit fabric mills ..................................................................................... Textile and fabric finishing mills ........................................................... Fabric coating mills .............................................................................. Textile product mills ..................................................................................... Textile furnishings mills ............................................................................ Carpet and rug mills3 ........................................................................... Curtain and linen mills .......................................................................... Other textile product mills ........................................................................ Textile bag and canvas mills ................................................................ All other textile product mills ....................................................................
127.1 ... ... ... ... ... 127.7 ... ... ... ... 129.7 ... 125.0 ... 114.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 125.5 ... ... ... ... 199.1 109.7 210.5 ... 113.6 ... ... 121.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... 114.1 ... ... ... ...
127.9 ... ... ... ... ... 129.3 ... ... ... ... 129.9 ... 123.9 ... 116.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 126.3 ... ... ... ... 210.8 106.5 223.3 ... 114.1 ... ... 122.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... 115.7 ... ... ... ...
126.3 ... ... ... ... ... 128.8 ... ... ... ... 130.1 ... 133.1 ... 109.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 127.2 ... ... ... ... 243.1 104.2 260.4 ... 112.1 ... ... 123.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... 116.3 ... ... ... ...
126.3 ... ... ... ... ... 129.4 ... ... ... ... 131.7 ... 133.8 ... 108.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 129.8 ... ... ... ... 325.7 104.7 356.7 ... 106.9 ... ... 124.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... 115.4 ... ... ... ...
128.5 ... ... ... ... ... 127.5 ... ... ... ... 132.1 ... 129.9 ... 115.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 134.4 ... ... ... ... 345.8 109.0 379.3 ... 105.5 ... ... 125.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... 117.8 ... ... ... ...
132.8 ... ... ... ... ... 129.3 ... ... ... ... 133.3 ... 141.2 ... 120.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 138.6 ... ... ... ... 386.1 112.3 425.8 ... 103.0 ... ... 126.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... 118.9 ... ... ... ...
132.0 ... ... ... ... ... 133.7 ... ... ... ... 135.2 ... 133.3 ... 114.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 140.8 ... ... ... ... 401.9 114.7 442.8 ... 99.8 ... ... 126.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... 119.0 ... ... ... ...
137.4 ... ... ... ... ... 139.5 ... ... ... ... 136.6 ... 135.8 ... 125.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 142.7 ... ... ... ... 377.9 117.5 411.7 ... 100.9 ... ... 125.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 121.8 ... ... ... ...
144.3 103.3 103.1 102.6 103.6 101.7 141.4 99.7 100.1 100.1 104.0 139.2 100.5 151.0 103.3 134.2 102.4 100.8 101.1 100.5 100.4 101.1 101.4 101.7 101.0 101.1 100.4 101.0 146.4 102.1 101.3 100.7 100.1 379.7 119.4 412.5 101.1 105.6 101.0 101.1 126.2 101.5 100.4 99.9 100.2 101.4 101.1 124.6 100.2 102.0 102.7 101.7
146.1 98.2 99.8 100.5 97.9 105.0 147.3 105.6 101.7 102.2 111.0 141.7 104.0 151.3 104.7 135.8 106.2 102.6 103.4 101.3 102.5 105.4 108.4 115.1 103.1 101.3 100.8 104.8 150.4 104.1 105.6 104.2 100.6 401.0 119.9 436.3 103.6 108.8 103.0 103.2 129.3 105.6 100.5 102.8 104.9 105.3 105.1 132.9 100.3 105.4 104.9 105.6
146.8 101.8 104.7 109.1 102.4 106.9 154.7 123.4 103.9 103.8 113.0 144.5 107.3 147.4 106.9 130.8 107.0 105.3 106.6 103.2 103.9 107.0 108.5 117.3 106.5 102.7 103.1 106.3 153.3 106.8 105.6 109.8 101.9 403.8 109.4 440.2 106.6 111.1 105.8 106.7 131.1 108.1 101.3 106.5 113.4 108.4 108.6 140.2 100.5 107.9 107.5 108.0
1December 1981 = 2December 1985 = 3December 1984 = 4June 1988 = 100. 5June 1984 = 100. 6December 1982 =
. . . = Not available.
100. 100. 100. 100.
314 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-3. Producer Price Indexes for the Net Output of Selected Industries, 1996–2006—Continued (December 2003 = 100, unless otherwise specified.) Industry
Manufacturing—Continued Apparel ......................................................................................................... Apparel knitting mills3 .............................................................................. Cut and sew apparel ............................................................................... Cut and sew apparel contractors ......................................................... Men’s and boys’ cut and sew apparel ................................................. Women’s and girls’ cut and sew apparel ............................................ Other cut and sew apparel .................................................................. Accessories and other apparel ............................................................... Leather and allied product3 .......................................................................... Leather and hide tanning and finishing7 .................................................. Footwear ................................................................................................. Other leather and allied product .............................................................. Wood product ............................................................................................... Sawmills and wood preservation ............................................................. Plywood, and engineered wood product ................................................. Other wood product ................................................................................ Millwork ................................................................................................ Wood container and pallet .................................................................. All other wood product ........................................................................ Paper ........................................................................................................... Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills ........................................................... Pulp mills6 ............................................................................................ Paper mills7 .......................................................................................... Paperboard mills6 ................................................................................ Converted paper product ........................................................................ Paper container3 .................................................................................. Paper bag and coated and treated paper ........................................... Stationery product ............................................................................... Other converted paper product ........................................................... Printing and related support activities .......................................................... Printing ..................................................................................................... Printing support activities ......................................................................... Petroleum and coal product3 ....................................................................... Petroleum refineries8 ............................................................................... Asphalt paving, roofing, and saturated materials3 ................................... Other petroleum and coal product3 .......................................................... Chemical3 .................................................................................................... Basic chemical3 ....................................................................................... Petrochemical ...................................................................................... Industrial gas ....................................................................................... Synthetic dye and pigment .................................................................. Other basic inorganic chemical ........................................................... Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fiber and filament3 .............................................................................................. Resin and synthetic rubber ................................................................. Artificial and synthetic fiber and filament .............................................. Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical3 ........................... Fertilizer .......................................................................................... Pesticide and other agricultural chemical ....................................... Pharmaceutical and medicine3 ................................................................ Paint, coating, and adhesive ................................................................... Adhesive .............................................................................................. Soap, cleaners, and toilet preparation3 .................................................... Soap and cleaning compound ............................................................ Toilet preparation ................................................................................ Other chemical product and preparation ................................................. Printing ink .......................................................................................... All other chemical product and preparation ........................................ Plastics and rubber product3 ........................................................................ Plastics product9 ...................................................................................... Unsupported plastics film, sheet, and bag ........................................... Plastics pipe, fitting, and unsupported shape ...................................... Laminated plastics plate, sheet, and shape ........................................ Polystyrene foam product ................................................................... Foam product (except polystyrene) .................................................... Plastics bottle ...................................................................................... Other plastics product ......................................................................... Rubber product ....................................................................................... Tire7 ..................................................................................................... Rubber and plastics hose and belting .................................................. Other rubber product ............................................................................ Nonmetallic mineral product3 ....................................................................... Clay product and refractory ..................................................................... Pottery, ceramics, and plumbing fixture3 ............................................. Clay building material and refractories ................................................ Glass and glass product ............................................................................. Cement and concrete product ..................................................................... Cement10 ................................................................................................. 3December 1984 = 100. 6December 1982 = 100. 7June 1981 = 100. 8June 1985 = 100. 9June 1993 = 100. 10June 1982 = 100.
. . . = Not available.
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
... 116.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... 134.7 172.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 135.5 152.2 169.7 ... 140.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... 87.4 85.3 99.4 140.9 145.8 164.0 ... ... ... ...
... 117.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... 137.1 176.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 131.0 143.2 158.2 ... 132.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... 85.6 83.1 102.2 142.0 147.1 163.9 ... ... ... ...
... 116.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... 137.1 171.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 125.1 144.5 165.1 ... 141.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 66.3 62.3 102.0 142.5 148.7 160.1 ... ... ... ...
... 114.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... 136.5 168.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 122.7 139.7 166.9 ... 144.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 76.8 73.6 102.8 142.1 149.7 161.4 ... ... ... ...
... 113.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... 137.9 174.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 143.4 148.8 192.2 ... 157.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 112.8 111.6 113.5 150.3 156.7 177.3 ... ... ... ...
... 113.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... 141.3 191.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 122.9 150.5 187.3 ... 158.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... 105.3 103.1 116.9 159.3 158.4 173.5 ... ... ... ...
... 112.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... 141.1 191.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 116.5 144.1 179.5 ... 157.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... 98.8 96.3 119.7 160.5 157.3 170.6 ... ... ... ...
... 111.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... 142.8 200.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 120.9 145.7 180.2 ... 157.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... 122.0 121.2 125.1 165.3 164.6 183.0 ... ... ... ...
100.0 110.3 100.2 100.2 99.9 100.4 100.2 100.5 143.6 205.7 100.1 99.8 106.7 110.5 107.0 104.7 104.8 102.8 105.0 102.6 103.8 131.3 151.1 189.9 101.9 161.5 101.7 101.7 97.0 101.1 101.2 100.4 149.9 151.5 127.1 172.0 172.8 197.7 120.7 108.3 104.2 103.1
100.0 109.6 100.2 103.0 98.4 100.8 102.3 101.6 144.5 204.8 101.1 100.7 108.6 110.7 105.2 108.3 105.4 107.1 111.3 106.9 109.4 137.4 161.0 196.0 105.5 167.1 105.8 106.8 98.7 103.1 103.3 100.0 200.4 205.3 138.6 197.8 187.3 225.9 151.0 118.3 108.7 120.4
100.5 110.5 100.6 105.3 98.0 101.0 107.1 102.2 146.6 208.4 102.2 102.6 108.5 107.9 99.6 111.4 106.7 110.9 115.9 112.3 115.7 144.8 168.1 212.7 110.5 177.1 110.4 110.5 100.0 105.6 105.9 100.4 235.5 241.0 164.8 238.3 196.8 244.3 164.7 123.0 112.0 149.4
123.1 ... ... 133.4 ... ... 181.2 ... ... 126.6 ... ... ... ... ... 123.1 108.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 105.2 ... 118.3 125.8 ... 130.0 ... ... ... 132.9
124.4 ... ... 131.9 ... ... 184.8 ... ... 127.3 ... ... ... ... ... 122.8 107.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 103.4 ... 119.8 127.4 ... 131.8 ... ... ... 138.1
115.9 ... ... 128.5 ... ... 203.1 ... ... 128.7 ... ... ... ... ... 122.1 106.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 102.0 ... 120.2 129.3 ... 133.5 ... ... ... 144.2
115.4 ... ... 123.2 ... ... 210.1 ... ... 130.3 ... ... ... ... ... 122.2 107.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100.4 ... 119.9 132.6 ... 138.1 ... ... ... 149.1
128.0 ... ... 124.9 ... ... 215.7 ... ... 132.5 ... ... ... ... ... 124.6 109.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100.4 ... 120.5 134.7 ... 139.7 ... ... ... 148.6
126.2 ... ... 132.0 ... ... 220.5 ... ... 134.2 ... ... ... ... ... 125.9 111.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 101.5 ... 121.3 136.0 ... 150.2 ... ... ... 148.7
119.7 ... ... 127.0 ... ... 226.3 ... ... 134.2 ... ... ... ... ... 125.5 110.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 102.7 ... 121.4 137.1 ... 150.1 ... ... ... 151.1
131.0 ... ... 135.3 ... ... 235.4 ... ... 134.9 ... ... ... ... ... 128.4 113.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 105.6 ... 121.8 138.0 ... 150.6 ... ... ... 150.5
145.5 115.1 101.2 142.7 107.3 100.6 244.2 101.9 100.5 136.9 102.0 100.0 101.6 100.0 101.8 131.7 116.2 104.2 108.5 101.7 104.6 100.2 103.1 101.3 102.1 110.5 102.3 121.9 142.7 101.5 152.1 102.2 100.1 104.2 155.4
169.4 136.5 107.8 151.3 118.1 102.2 255.2 108.8 106.4 140.5 105.8 101.2 108.6 103.0 109.4 141.2 125.8 116.9 122.6 105.0 117.0 110.0 114.8 107.1 106.7 116.9 107.4 125.1 152.0 105.1 154.3 107.8 101.6 114.8 175.2
175.2 141.2 111.1 156.6 123.5 104.4 266.3 116.9 114.8 144.6 110.5 102.1 114.2 107.2 115.3 149.7 134.1 124.4 142.8 108.4 120.8 136.6 119.5 111.7 111.8 123.8 111.0 130.2 163.4 110.4 159.8 114.5 103.7 126.6 197.7
CHAPTER 7: PRICES 315 Table 7-3. Producer Price Indexes for the Net Output of Selected Industries, 1996–2006—Continued (December 2003 = 100, unless otherwise specified.) Industry
Manufacturing—Continued Ready-mix concrete ................................................................................ Concrete pipe, brick, and block ............................................................... Other concrete products ......................................................................... Lime and gypsum product ........................................................................... Lime ........................................................................................................ Gypsum product ...................................................................................... Other nonmetallic mineral product3 ......................................................... Abrasive product ..................................................................................... All other nonmetallic mineral product ...................................................... Primary metal3 ............................................................................................. Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy ........................................................... Steel product from purchased steel ......................................................... Iron/steel pipe and tube from purchased steel ......................................... Rolling and drawing of purchased steel ................................................... Nonferrous (except aluminum) production and processing ..................... Copper rolling, drawing, extruding, and alloying ...................................... Other nonferrous rolling, drawing, extruding, and alloying ....................... Ferrous metal foundries3 ......................................................................... Nonferrous metal foundries3 .................................................................... Fabricated metal product3 ............................................................................ Forging and stamping .............................................................................. Architectural and structural metals .............................................................. Plate work and fabricated structural product ........................................... Ornamental and architectural metal product ........................................... Boiler, tank, and shipping container ............................................................ Light gauge metal container3 ................................................................... Hardware .................................................................................................... Spring and wire product .............................................................................. Machine shops; turned product; and screw, nut, and bolt .......................... Machine shops ......................................................................................... Turned product and screw, nut, and bolt3 ................................................ Coating, engraving, heat treating, and other activity .................................... Other fabricated metal product ................................................................... Metal valve .............................................................................................. All other fabricated metal product ........................................................... Machinery ................................................................................................... Agricultural, construction, and mining machinery ................................... Agricultural implement ........................................................................ Construction machinery ...................................................................... Mining and oil and gas field machinery ............................................... Industrial machinery3 ............................................................................... Sawmill and woodworking machinery ................................................. Plastics and rubber industry machinery .............................................. Other industrial machinery3 ................................................................. Commercial and service industry machinery ...................................... HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment .................................. Metalworking machinery ...................................................................... Turbine, and power transmission equipment3 ..................................... Other general purpose machinery ....................................................... Pump and compressor ......................................................................... Material handling equipment ................................................................ All other general purpose machinery ................................................... Computer and electronic product ................................................................. Communications equipment2 ....................................................................... Telephone apparatus .............................................................................. Radio/TV broadcast and wireless communication equipment ................ Other communications equipment .......................................................... Audio and video equipment ........................................................................ Semiconductor and other electronic component3 ........................................ Navigation, measuring, medical, and control instruments .......................... Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media ...................... Electrical equipment, appliance and component ........................................ Electric lighting equipment ...................................................................... Electric lamp bulb and part ................................................................. Lighting fixture ..................................................................................... Household appliance3 .............................................................................. Small electrical appliance ................................................................... Major appliance ................................................................................... Electrical equipment ................................................................................ Other electrical equipment and component ............................................ Battery ................................................................................................. Communications and energy wire and cable ...................................... Wiring device ...................................................................................... All other electrical equipment and component .................................... Transportation equipment ........................................................................... Motor vehicle ........................................................................................... Automobile and light duty motor vehicle ............................................. Heavy duty truck ............................................................................. Motor vehicle body and trailer ............................................................. Motor vehicle parts .............................................................................. Motor vehicle steering and suspension parts ...................................... Aerospace product and parts8 ................................................................. 2December 1985 = 3December 1984 = 8June 1985 = 100.
. . . = Not available.
100. 100.
1996
... ... ... ... ... ... 125.6 ... ... 123.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 127.6 131.4 126.2 ... ... ... ... ... 103.9 ... ... ... ... 121.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 140.5 ... ... 140.5 ... ... ... 132.3 ... ... ... ... ... 115.0 ... ... ... ... 99.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... 109.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 140.8
1997
... ... ... ... ... ... 126.2 ... ... 124.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 129.2 133.8 127.6 ... ... ... ... ... 102.7 ... ... ... ... 122.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 143.0 ... ... 143.0 ... ... ... 133.6 ... ... ... ... ... 115.7 ... ... ... ... 95.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 108.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 142.7
1998
... ... ... ... ... ... 127.4 ... ... 120.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 129.7 132.7 128.7 ... ... ... ... ... 102.3 ... ... ... ... 122.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 145.4 ... ... 145.4 ... ... ... 133.9 ... ... ... ... ... 115.0 ... ... ... ... 91.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... 107.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 143.4
1999
... ... ... ... ... ... 131.3 ... ... 115.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 130.4 131.6 129.1 ... ... ... ... ... 100.7 ... ... ... ... 121.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 147.2 ... ... 147.2 ... ... ... 135.7 ... ... ... ... ... 113.0 ... ... ... ... 90.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 107.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 144.8
2000
... ... ... ... ... ... 130.9 ... ... 119.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 132.1 133.5 130.3 ... ... ... ... ... 101.0 ... ... ... ... 122.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 148.7 ... ... 148.7 ... ... ... 136.6 ... ... ... ... ... 110.4 ... ... ... ... 88.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... 106.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 149.9
2001
... ... ... ... ... ... 132.0 ... ... 116.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 132.7 134.1 131.0 ... ... ... ... ... 100.8 ... ... ... ... 122.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 149.9 ... ... 149.9 ... ... ... 137.7 ... ... ... ... ... 108.6 ... ... ... ... 86.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... 104.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 154.7
2002
... ... ... ... ... ... 132.6 ... ... 116.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 133.0 134.4 131.7 ... ... ... ... ... 102.7 ... ... ... ... 123.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 149.6 ... ... 149.6 ... ... ... 138.9 ... ... ... ... ... 105.0 ... ... ... ... 84.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... 104.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 157.3
2003
... ... ... ... ... ... 133.4 ... ... 118.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 133.5 135.6 132.9 ... ... ... ... ... 105.4 ... ... ... ... 123.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 150.1 ... ... 150.1 ... ... ... 139.1 ... ... ... ... ... 101.7 ... ... ... ... 81.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 103.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 162.2
2004
104.5 102.5 104.7 110.0 103.5 111.9 137.2 100.2 103.5 142.8 127.7 133.1 147.9 123.7 113.6 118.2 110.3 140.4 140.0 141.3 107.0 111.2 115.2 108.3 106.8 110.4 103.4 108.9 102.8 102.4 128.4 102.0 103.8 103.0 104.5 101.9 102.4 101.8 102.9 102.7 153.0 101.5 102.8 152.7 101.3 101.9 100.8 140.8 103.0 102.2 104.6 102.5 99.0 98.4 95.3 99.4 99.8 98.1 78.3 100.6 98.0 103.2 100.8 98.1 101.7 103.1 99.9 100.6 101.9 106.6 102.2 106.8 113.6 101.7 100.9 99.4 99.2 102.2 104.0 101.4 101.8 168.0
2005
117.3 109.2 111.3 124.5 112.4 127.9 142.5 103.1 108.0 156.3 136.7 146.2 160.1 137.5 137.6 138.9 136.2 152.5 145.0 149.5 113.3 118.0 124.2 113.5 115.7 117.5 107.2 114.4 108.4 107.4 136.6 104.2 109.8 109.8 109.9 105.6 107.4 105.8 107.7 110.6 155.9 105.0 106.3 155.3 102.9 108.0 103.3 143.2 107.6 108.4 110.6 105.7 97.5 97.0 93.2 98.7 99.7 95.6 76.5 101.9 97.0 108.0 103.5 100.2 104.6 106.3 101.8 104.2 107.2 112.5 105.7 115.8 118.9 105.4 102.5 98.7 98.2 106.4 109.7 102.7 105.1 176.0
2006
130.6 116.7 121.0 145.1 121.8 151.6 150.2 107.2 114.5 179.3 150.9 148.2 164.1 138.1 202.8 222.0 181.2 160.1 160.4 155.7 116.8 122.6 128.9 118.1 120.3 121.0 110.7 117.9 113.0 109.8 147.1 110.6 115.7 118.1 113.7 108.8 111.7 107.8 112.5 119.5 158.9 108.2 109.4 158.0 103.9 112.1 105.8 148.0 111.2 112.6 114.4 108.7 96.5 95.9 91.1 98.2 101.2 93.7 75.1 103.5 95.5 116.6 105.9 98.6 108.2 107.7 103.0 105.6 113.7 129.1 112.6 150.3 128.6 109.3 103.2 96.1 95.1 110.4 113.7 104.8 106.3 182.8
316 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-3. Producer Price Indexes for the Net Output of Selected Industries, 1996–2006—Continued (December 2003 = 100, unless otherwise specified.) Industry
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Manufacturing—Continued Railroad rolling stock5 .............................................................................. Ship and boat building3 ............................................................................ Other transportation equipment .............................................................. Furniture and related product3 ..................................................................... Household and institutional furniture and kitchen cabinet3 ...................... Wood kitchen cabinet and countertop ................................................. Household and institutional furniture ................................................... Office furniture (including fixtures) .............................................................. Other furniture-related product .................................................................... Mattress .................................................................................................. Blind and shade ....................................................................................... Miscellaneous ............................................................................................. Medical equipment and supplies ............................................................. Other miscellaneous2 ................................................................................... Jewelry and silverware2 ........................................................................... Sporting and athletic goods .................................................................... Doll, toy, and game ................................................................................. Office supplies (except paper)2 ................................................................ Sign ......................................................................................................... All other miscellaneous ............................................................................
129.7 138.2 ... 136.2 134.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 127.8 128.0 ... ... 130.2 ... ...
127.4 142.0 ... 138.2 136.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 129.0 128.0 ... ... 129.8 ... ...
127.6 144.1 ... 139.7 138.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 129.7 127.1 ... ... 130.9 ... ...
128.2 145.6 ... 141.3 140.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 130.3 126.4 ... ... 132.0 ... ...
128.6 149.0 ... 143.3 142.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 130.9 127.1 ... ... 132.0 ... ...
128.3 152.6 ... 145.1 144.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 132.4 128.0 ... ... 131.4 ... ...
127.7 156.8 ... 146.3 146.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 133.3 129.1 ... ... 132.8 ... ...
129.0 163.0 ... 147.4 147.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 133.9 131.0 ... ... 132.9 ... ...
135.8 169.6 101.1 151.5 148.6 101.1 101.1 105.1 104.0 105.6 101.3 101.2 101.3 135.2 134.6 101.3 100.3 133.1 100.9 101.0
150.5 175.0 103.6 157.8 152.6 103.2 104.0 111.5 110.6 115.0 103.9 102.9 102.5 138.4 138.7 102.0 101.7 135.8 104.6 103.7
158.4 181.4 104.8 162.5 157.4 106.3 107.4 113.8 115.2 120.6 106.9 104.7 103.8 142.0 146.5 103.6 102.7 136.2 106.9 106.7
Wholesale Trade Merchant wholesalers, durable goods ......................................................... Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods ...................................................
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
102.0 ...
106.3 106.2
Retail Trade Motor vehicle and parts dealers ................................................................... Automobile dealers .................................................................................. New car dealers11 ................................................................................ Recreational vehicle dealers12 ............................................................. Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores13 ................................. Automotive parts and accessories stores ........................................ Tire dealers ...................................................................................... Furniture and home furnishings stores ........................................................ Furniture stores ........................................................................................ Floor covering stores ............................................................................... Electronics and appliance stores ................................................................. Appliance, TV, and other electronics stores ............................................ Computer and software stores ................................................................. Camera and photographic supplies stores .............................................. Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers ................... Building material and supplies dealers .................................................... Home centers ....................................................................................... Paint and wallpaper stores ................................................................... Hardware stores ................................................................................... Other building material dealers ............................................................ Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores ............................... Nursery, garden, and farm supply stores ......................................... Food and beverage stores11 ........................................................................ Grocery stores ......................................................................................... Grocery (except convenience) stores .................................................. Specialty food stores ................................................................................ Beer, wine, and liquor stores14 ................................................................ Health and personal care stores .................................................................. Pharmacies and drug stores14 ................................................................. Optical goods stores ................................................................................ Gasoline stations12 ...................................................................................... Gasoline stations with convenience stores .............................................. Other gasoline stations ............................................................................ Clothing and clothing accessories stores ..................................................... Clothing stores ......................................................................................... Men’s clothing stores ........................................................................... Women’s clothing stores ...................................................................... Family clothing stores .......................................................................... Shoe stores .............................................................................................. Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores ............................................ Jewelry stores ...................................................................................... Luggage and leather goods stores ...................................................... Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores .......................................... Sporting goods, hobby, and musical instrument stores ........................... Sporting goods stores .......................................................................... Hobby, toy, and game stores ............................................................... Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores ...................................... Book, periodical, and music stores ...................................................... Bookstores and news dealers .......................................................... Prerecorded tape, CD, and record stores ........................................ General merchandise stores ........................................................................ Department stores ................................................................................... Other general merchandise stores ........................................................... Florists .....................................................................................................
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... 99.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 103.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... 103.1 98.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 109.6 ... ... ... 102.9 ... 102.4 ... 105.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... 108.7 112.2 100.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 113.4 ... ... ... 103.5 ... 112.4 ... 66.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... 111.5 109.7 104.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 117.6 ... ... ... 106.9 ... 116.6 ... 54.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
103.5 102.9 113.5 121.4 109.4 106.8 102.0 102.4 100.8 104.6 99.0 101.8 95.2 88.6 108.3 108.7 107.0 99.5 103.1 111.4 105.8 105.8 123.2 103.5 103.5 107.1 110.7 101.7 119.8 99.8 51.3 102.5 132.8 100.5 99.3 100.2 102.9 97.8 103.9 101.8 101.8 101.4 96.6 97.8 95.0 100.5 103.2 94.7 95.0 93.9 103.1 105.4 97.7 100.2
106.9 105.4 116.3 133.6 115.1 110.9 110.7 110.7 108.0 114.4 98.9 103.5 92.4 82.0 109.9 109.9 109.6 104.4 108.2 110.8 110.3 110.3 131.0 110.7 110.7 110.2 111.0 107.6 127.9 100.1 51.0 104.3 118.1 103.3 102.4 102.1 103.3 102.2 105.0 104.9 104.8 106.5 96.6 99.0 96.1 101.7 104.7 92.5 92.0 93.8 103.4 105.1 99.5 100.2
112.8 110.8 122.3 133.8 124.3 119.7 119.3 116.6 111.0 124.3 99.4 103.8 91.7 95.5 118.4 119.8 122.5 106.2 112.3 121.3 111.5 111.5 134.7 114.0 114.0 114.1 111.3 118.7 142.0 101.5 50.9 110.0 84.2 105.4 104.4 98.9 108.6 104.3 105.7 108.7 108.6 111.0 98.4 102.5 99.2 105.7 109.0 91.6 94.2 84.4 106.6 105.6 108.9 102.8
2December 1985 = 100. 3December 1984 = 100. 5June 1984 = 100. 11December 1999 = 100. 12June 2001 = 100. 13December 2001 = 100. 14June 2000 = 100.
CHAPTER 7: PRICES 317 Table 7-3. Producer Price Indexes for the Net Output of Selected Industries, 1996–2006—Continued (December 2003 = 100, unless otherwise specified.) Industry
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Retail Trade—Continued Office supplies, stationery, and gift stores ............................................... Office supplies and stationery stores ................................................... Gift, novelty, and souvenir stores ............................................................. Manufactured (mobile) home dealers ...................................................... Nonstore retailers ......................................................................................... Vending machine operators ..................................................................... Fuel dealers14 ..........................................................................................
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... 120.5
... ... ... ... ... ... 113.8
... ... ... ... ... ... 122.7
99.7 100.4 98.7 107.7 107.5 101.5 129.4
101.7 102.9 100.0 116.7 119.8 104.4 147.3
104.3 107.1 100.1 123.2 118.9 105.7 138.9
Transportation and Warehousing Air transportation15 ....................................................................................... Scheduled air transportation16 ................................................................. Nonscheduled air transportation17 ........................................................... Rail transportation17 ..................................................................................... Water transportation .................................................................................... Inland water transportation ...................................................................... Truck transportation ..................................................................................... General freight trucking ............................................................................ General freight trucking, local .................................................................. General freight trucking, long distance .................................................... Specialized freight trucking ...................................................................... Used household and office goods moving ........................................... Specialized freight (except used) trucking, local .................................. Specialized freight (except used) trucking, long distance .................... Pipeline transportation of crude oil ........................................................... Other pipeline transportation .................................................................... Pipeline transportation of refined petroleum products ......................... Transportation support activities .................................................................. Air transportation support activities17 ....................................................... Airport operations ................................................................................. Other air transportation support activities ............................................ Water transportation support activities ..................................................... Port and harbor operations .................................................................. Marine cargo handling ......................................................................... Navigational services to shipping ......................................................... Freight transportation arrangement17 ...................................................... Postal service18 ............................................................................................ Couriers and messengers ............................................................................ Couriers ................................................................................................... Local messengers and local delivery ........................................................... Refrigerated warehousing and storage .................................................... Farm product warehousing and storage ..................................................
121.1 145.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 132.3 ... ... ... ... ...
125.3 150.8 97.8 100.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 102.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... 99.4 132.3 ... ... ... ... ...
124.5 149.3 99.2 101.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 105.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... 97.7 132.3 ... ... ... ... ...
130.8 157.3 102.2 101.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 108.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... 97.3 135.3 ... ... ... ... ...
147.7 180.1 107.3 102.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 114.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... 98.3 135.2 ... ... ... ... ...
157.2 193.0 112.7 104.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 117.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... 98.2 143.4 ... ... ... ... ...
157.8 193.3 114.7 106.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 121.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... 97.5 150.2 ... ... ... ... ...
162.1 198.5 117.8 108.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 125.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 97.9 155.0 ... ... ... ... ...
162.3 198.6 119.9 113.4 101.3 103.2 103.1 103.5 105.2 103.2 102.3 102.6 102.7 101.7 103.9 101.4 101.4 101.1 128.1 101.1 102.0 101.0 102.4 100.5 101.5 98.9 155.0 106.1 106.6 101.1 100.5 100.2
171.0 209.3 126.7 125.2 106.4 119.3 109.0 110.0 111.5 109.7 107.0 106.0 107.1 107.5 113.3 105.2 105.2 104.1 134.2 104.8 107.5 103.5 105.9 102.2 105.7 99.1 155.0 113.8 115.0 102.7 101.0 101.5
180.4 220.5 136.8 135.9 111.1 144.1 113.2 114.1 115.3 113.8 111.4 107.8 112.3 112.8 122.0 108.2 108.2 106.5 138.6 108.6 110.8 107.7 108.8 105.1 113.9 98.8 164.7 121.5 123.2 104.4 102.4 103.8
Information Publishing industries, except Internet .......................................................... Newspaper, book, and directory publishers ............................................. Newspaper publishers19 ...................................................................... Periodical publishers19 ......................................................................... Book publishers3 .................................................................................. Directory and mailing list publishers .................................................... Other publishers ................................................................................... Software publishers ................................................................................. Broadcasting, except Internet ...................................................................... Radio and television broadcasting12 ........................................................ Radio broadcasting .............................................................................. Television broadcasting ....................................................................... Cable networks ........................................................................................ Telecommunications .................................................................................... Wired telecommunications carriers20 ....................................................... Wireless telecommunications carriers ..................................................... Cable and other program distribution ....................................................... Data processing and related services ......................................................
... ... 306.9 253.1 169.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... 317.7 263.2 174.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... 328.7 276.9 178.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... 339.3 284.9 184.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... 351.3 292.6 190.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 96.4 ... ... ...
... ... 367.9 305.9 195.6 ... ... ... ... 98.2 ... ... ... ... 93.6 ... ... ...
... ... 381.9 320.4 201.5 ... ... ... ... 97.1 ... ... ... ... 89.9 ... ... ...
... ... 395.7 332.4 208.2 ... ... ... ... 99.8 ... ... ... ... 88.1 ... ... ...
101.5 102.1 409.7 339.1 215.7 101.3 100.7 99.8 101.2 102.8 102.7 100.5 101.4 99.8 86.3 98.4 102.2 98.8
104.1 105.5 426.2 347.6 224.3 103.3 103.9 99.8 102.1 101.9 106.3 97.3 104.3 98.1 85.8 86.4 106.5 98.8
106.2 108.3 439.0 354.4 232.8 105.4 104.9 100.1 102.8 101.1 105.8 96.3 106.7 98.3 86.6 80.9 109.6 99.7
Financial Activities Security, commodity contracts, and like activity ........................................... Security and commodity contracts, intermediation, and brokerage14 ...... Investment banking and securities dealing .......................................... Securities brokerage ............................................................................ Portfolio management .......................................................................... Investment advice ................................................................................ Other direct insurance carriers21 .......................................................... Insurance agencies and brokerages .................................................... Lessors of nonresidential building (except miniwarehouse) ................ Lessors of miniwarehouse and self-storage units ................................ Offices of real estate agents and brokers ................................................
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... 100.7 ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... 101.9 ... ... ... ...
... 88.1 ... ... ... ... 104.3 ... ... ... ...
... 81.8 ... ... ... ... 108.7 ... ... ... ...
... 82.5 ... ... ... ... 115.0 ... ... ... ...
103.4 84.2 102.6 100.0 108.1 102.0 118.7 100.8 102.3 102.0 101.8
109.4 88.1 109.1 102.2 117.8 104.8 121.0 101.8 105.1 105.6 108.1
113.8 90.1 111.0 105.2 124.8 119.4 121.7 102.2 107.7 109.2 110.9
3December 1984 = 100. 12June 2001 = 100. 14June 2000 = 100. 15December 1992 = 100. 16December 1989 = 100. 17December 1996 = 100. 18June 1989 = 100. 19December 1979 = 100. 20June 1999 = 100. 21December 1998 = 100.
. . . = Not available.
318 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-3. Producer Price Indexes for the Net Output of Selected Industries, 1996–2006—Continued (December 2003 = 100, unless otherwise specified.) Industry
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Financial Activities—Continued Real estate property managers ............................................................ Offices of real estate appraisers .......................................................... Automotive equipment rental and leasing12 ............................................. Passenger car rental and leasing ........................................................ Truck, utility trailer, and RV rental and leasing .................................... Legal services17 ....................................................................................... Offices of lawyers17 .............................................................................. Architectural, engineering, and related services17 ................................... Architectural services ........................................................................... Engineering services ............................................................................ Advertising agencies ............................................................................ Employment services17 ........................................................................ Employment placement agencies .................................................... Temporary help services .................................................................. Employee leasing services .............................................................. Travel agencies .................................................................................... Janitorial services ................................................................................ Waste collection ...................................................................................
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... 102.5 102.5 102.2 ... ... ... 101.0 ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... 106.1 106.1 105.1 ... ... ... 103.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... 108.7 108.7 108.5 ... ... ... 105.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... 112.5 112.5 111.8 ... ... ... 107.3 ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... 117.9 117.9 115.9 ... ... ... 108.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... 103.9 ... ... 121.7 121.7 121.1 ... ... ... 108.9 ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... 106.6 ... ... 125.6 125.6 124.3 ... ... ... 111.4 ... ... ... ... ... ...
100.9 102.7 107.8 98.2 99.9 131.8 131.8 126.8 99.7 101.5 100.1 113.9 102.2 101.7 101.3 96.9 100.9 101.3
102.2 104.2 109.0 99.9 99.9 138.5 138.5 129.2 102.0 103.4 101.4 116.3 104.4 104.0 102.9 95.9 101.9 102.5
102.9 107.6 115.2 108.0 101.2 145.2 145.2 134.4 106.0 107.6 104.1 119.2 104.4 106.9 105.4 99.5 103.7 104.5
Health Care and Social Assistance Offices of physicians17 ................................................................................. Medical and diagnostic laboratories ............................................................. Home health care services17 ....................................................................... Hospitals15 ................................................................................................... General medical and surgical hospitals ................................................... Psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals ............................................. Other specialty hospitals .......................................................................... Nursing care facilities ............................................................................... Residential mental retardation facilities ................................................... Accommodations17 ...................................................................................... Hotels (except casino hotels) and motels ................................................ Casino hotels ...........................................................................................
... ... ... 112.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
101.0 ... 103.3 113.6 ... ... ... ... ... 104.2 ... ...
103.2 ... 106.2 114.4 ... ... ... ... ... 108.1 ... ...
105.5 ... 107.1 116.4 ... ... ... ... ... 112.7 ... ...
107.3 ... 111.1 119.4 ... ... ... ... ... 116.2 ... ...
110.4 ... 114.0 123.0 ... ... ... ... ... 121.3 ... ...
110.3 ... 116.6 127.5 ... ... ... ... ... 121.3 ... ...
112.1 ... 117.0 134.9 ... ... ... ... ... 122.0 ... ...
114.3 100.0 119.8 141.5 102.9 101.1 103.8 102.6 101.2 125.2 103.5 105.0
116.4 104.1 121.1 146.9 106.7 103.7 109.6 106.4 104.5 131.9 110.0 107.5
117.5 104.4 121.8 153.3 111.2 106.2 122.8 109.6 108.5 136.7 114.1 110.8
12June 2001 = 100. 15December 1992 = 17December 1996 =
. . . = Not available.
100. 100.
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX Consumer Price Index, All items and Medical Care, 1996–2006
Index (1982–1984=100)
500
400
300
200 All items Medical care
100
Medical care commodities Hospital and related services
0 1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year Prices for hospital and related services continued to be the fastest-growing part of the medical care component of the CPI in 2006. These services rose 6.4 percent, twice as fast as the increase in the total CPI. Medical care commodities rose 3.6 percent, while professional services rose 2.7 percent (See Table 7-8.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • The CPI-U for all items rose 3.2 percent in 2006. It grew the fastest for all types of gasoline including motor fuel, which rose 12.9 percent, followed by household energy (fuel oil plus gas and electricity), which increased 9.6 percent. (See Table 7-8.) • Food and beverages, housing, and transportation comprised almost 75 percent of the total CPI in 2006, compared to 73.5 percent in 2001. From 2001 to 2006, the relative importance of housing increased, while the relative importance of food decreased slightly. The relative importance of transportation stayed virtually the same. (See Table 7-9.) • Among the selected metropolitan statistical areas, the CPI-U for Honolulu, HI, grew the fastest from 2005 to 2006, rising 5.9 percent. It was followed by Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL, at 4.9 percent. The CPI-U for New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA, rose 3.8 percent and the CPI-U for Boston-Brockton-Nashua, MA-NH-ME-CT, rose 3.1 percent. In Chicago and Atlanta, the CPI-U rose much slower than average, increasing at 2.1 and 2.6 percent, respectively. (See Table 7-10.)
319
320 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS CONSUMER PRICE INDEX Coverage The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the average change in prices of goods and services purchased by urban consumers for day to day living. The weights used in calculating the index, which remain fixed for relatively long periods of time, are based on actual expenditures reported in the Consumer Expenditure Surveys (CE). The quantities and qualities of the sample items in the “market basket” remain essentially the same between consecutive pricing periods. The index measures only the effect of price change on the cost of living and does not measure changes in the total amount families spend for living. Geographic area indexes measure price changes in individual areas over time, not relative differences in prices or living costs between areas. Periodic Updating The index for the years 1913–1935 used a study of 1917–1919 spending by households of wage earners and clerical workers as the basis for its weights. Since then, there have been six revisions to bring the “market basket” of goods and services up to date and to revise the weights and improve the sampling methods used in the survey. In the past 20 years, several major changes have been introduced into the CPI. The 1978 revision of the CPI updated the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) and introduced a Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), which includes salaried workers, the self employed, the retired, the unemployed, and wage earners and clerical workers. The CPI-W now represents the spending patterns of 32 percent of the population; the CPI-U represents the spending patterns of 87 percent of the population. Before 1978, changes in the CPI-U were based on changes in the CPI-W. The 1978 revision also instituted sampling for all levels of the index, right down to the selection of individual items within each retail outlet. Beginning with the index for January 1983, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) changed the way the CPI-U measures homeowners’ costs; the CPI-W implemented the same change in January 1985. The change converted the homeownership component from an asset approach, which includes both the investment and consumption aspects of homeownership, to a flow of services approach, which only measures the cost of shelter services consumed by homeowners. The new approach uses a rental equivalence method to calculate homeowner shelter costs by estimating the implicit rent owners would have to pay to rent the homes in which they live. The old method calculated homeowners’ costs as home purchase, mortgage interest costs, property taxes, property insurance, and maintenance and repair.
The 1987 major revision of both the CPI-U and the CPIW introduced weights based upon data from the 1982, 1983, and 1984 CE surveys. The 1998 CPI revision, which went into effect with the index for January 1998, uses expenditure data from the 1993–1995 CE Surveys and population data from the 1990 decennial census. Current Methodology The CPI uses 87 pricing areas in 38 different index areas from around the United States. BLS revises the outlets and items in its sample on a five-year rotating basis. Before rotating the sample, the Census Bureau conducts a Pointof-Purchase Survey for BLS. This survey determines the locations of retail outlets at which consumers buy goods and services in various categories; it also determines how much they spend on each category in each reported outlet. BLS then draws outlet samples from the Point-ofPurchase Survey information. Field agents visit the selected retail outlets and sample the applicable item categories with checklists, which exhaustively define these categories of goods and services. A data collector, who uses the checklists in systematic stages, generally selects the items to be priced in a specific retail store. Information provided by the respondent is taken into account at each stage. Outlets may be located outside of the pricing area to represent out of town purchases. After the initial selection, the same item (or a close substitute) is priced from period to period in order to ensure the greatest extent possible that differences in reported prices are measures of price change only. All taxes directly associated with the purchase, or with the continued use of the items priced, are included in the indexes. Foods, fuels, rents, and other items are priced monthly in all areas. Prices of most other commodities and services are obtained monthly in the three largest geographical areas and every other month in the remaining areas, with half obtained in odd-numbered months and half obtained in even-numbered months. Between scheduled survey dates, prices are held at the level of their last pricing. BLS agents also collect data for a sample of rental units drawn from the Decennial Census of Population and Housing. This sample is heavily augmented with renter-occupied housing units in areas where there are many owner-occupied units. This survey is the basis for the rent and owner-equivalent rent components of the CPI. BLS calculates basic indexes (elementary aggregates) for the 211 item strata in each of the 38 index areas. Basic indexes are combined with weights based on the 1993–1995 consumer expenditure surveys and the 1990 decennial census. BLS publishes CPI indexes for a variety of commodities and services by region, by size of city, by cross classifications of regions and population size classes, and for 26 metropolitan areas.
CHAPTER 7: PRICES 321 The purchasing power of the consumer dollar for any given date is calculated as the reciprocal of the index for that date, expressed in dollars, with the dollar’s value in 1982–1984 equal to $1.00. It shows changes in the value of the dollar resulting from changes in prices of consumer goods and services. Dividing the index for the desired base date by the index for the current date and expressing the result in dollars can calculate the purchasing power of the dollar; this allows for clear comparisons to other base dates. The relative importance figures are percentage distributions of the cost or value weights used in the index calculation. The cost weights represent average expenditures by consumers for specific classes of goods and services. However, in the subsequent pricing periods, the value weights and the corresponding relative importance figures change as prices change differentially. (In other words, the relative importance increases for an item or group with a greater-than-average price increase and decreases for an item with a lower-than-average price increase). Historically, the weights in the CPI have been updated about once every 10 years. Since 2002, the CPI expenditure weights have been updated every other year to keep the weights more current with consumer spending habits. Since the CPI traditionally measured price changes for a fixed market basket of goods and services, it was criticized as overstating inflation because it did not account for the
fact that consumers can substitute (buy more or less) as relative prices change. In 1999, the CPI began using a geometric mean formula to average the prices within most item categories. This formula assumes a modest degree of substitution within CPI item categories as relative prices change. In 2002, BLS created an additional price index using a “superlative” formula to be address consumer substitution across CPI item categories. BLS began publishing this index, called the Chained Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers effective with release of July data in August 2002. Designated the C-CPI-U, the index will supplement—not replace—the CPI-U and the CPI-W. The Consumer Price Index Research Series Using Current Methods (CPI-U-RS) presents an estimate of the CPI for all Urban Consumers (CPI-U) from 1978 to the present that incorporates most of the improvements made over that time span into the entire series. Sources of Additional Information An extensive description of the methodology is available in the updated version of Chapter 17 in the BLS Handbook of Methods. Additional detailed data can be found in the Consumer Price Index Detailed Report and in special reports. All of these resources can be found on the BLS Web site at .
322 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-4. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Major Groups, 1967–2006 (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise specified.)
Year
All items
Food and beverages
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation1
Education and communication1
Other goods and services
1967 ..................................................... 1968 ..................................................... 1969 .....................................................
33.4 34.8 36.7
35.0 36.2 38.1
30.8 32.0 34.0
51.0 53.7 56.8
33.3 34.3 35.7
28.2 29.9 31.9
... ... ...
... ... ...
35.1 36.9 38.7
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................
38.8 40.5 41.8 44.4 49.3
40.1 41.4 43.1 48.8 55.5
36.4 38.0 39.4 41.2 45.8
59.2 61.1 62.3 64.6 69.4
37.5 39.5 39.9 41.2 45.8
34.0 36.1 37.3 38.8 42.4
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
40.9 42.9 44.7 46.4 49.8
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................
53.8 56.9 60.6 65.2 72.6
60.2 62.1 65.8 72.2 79.9
50.7 53.8 57.4 62.4 70.1
72.5 75.2 78.6 81.4 84.9
50.1 55.1 59.0 61.7 70.5
47.5 52.0 57.0 61.8 67.5
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
53.9 57.0 60.4 64.3 68.9
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................
82.4 90.9 96.5 99.6 103.9
86.7 93.5 97.3 99.5 103.2
81.1 90.4 96.9 99.5 103.6
90.9 95.3 97.8 100.2 102.1
83.1 93.2 97.0 99.3 103.7
74.9 82.9 92.5 100.6 106.8
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
75.2 82.6 91.1 101.1 107.9
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................
107.6 109.6 113.6 118.3 124.0
105.6 109.1 113.5 118.2 124.9
107.7 110.9 114.2 118.5 123.0
105.0 105.9 110.6 115.4 118.6
106.4 102.3 105.4 108.7 114.1
113.5 122.0 130.1 138.6 149.3
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
114.5 121.4 128.5 137.0 147.7
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................
130.7 136.2 140.3 144.5 148.2
132.1 136.8 138.7 141.6 144.9
128.5 133.6 137.5 141.2 144.8
124.1 128.7 131.9 133.7 133.4
120.5 123.8 126.5 130.4 134.3
162.8 177.0 190.1 201.4 211.0
... ... ... 90.7 92.7
... ... ... 85.5 88.8
159.0 171.6 183.3 192.9 198.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................
152.4 156.9 160.5 163.0 166.6
148.9 153.7 157.7 161.1 164.6
148.5 152.8 156.8 160.4 163.9
132.0 131.7 132.9 133.0 131.3
139.1 143.0 144.3 141.6 144.4
220.5 228.2 234.6 242.1 250.6
94.5 97.4 99.6 101.1 102.0
92.2 95.3 98.4 100.3 101.2
206.9 215.4 224.8 237.7 258.3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................
172.2 177.1 179.9 184.0 188.9
168.4 173.6 176.8 180.5 186.6
169.6 176.4 180.3 184.8 189.5
129.6 127.3 124.0 120.9 120.4
153.3 154.3 152.9 157.6 163.1
260.8 272.8 285.6 297.1 310.1
103.3 104.9 106.2 107.5 108.6
102.5 105.2 107.9 109.8 111.6
271.1 282.6 293.2 298.7 304.7
2005 ..................................................... 2006 .....................................................
195.3 201.6
191.2 195.7
195.7 203.2
119.5 119.5
173.9 180.9
323.2 336.2
109.4 110.9
113.7 116.8
313.4 321.7
1December 1997 = 100. . . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 7: PRICES 323 Table 7-5. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Commodity, Service, and Special Groups, 1967–2006 (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise specified.)
Year
All items less food
All items less shelter
All items less medical care
All items less energy
All items less food and energy
Commodities
Commodities Commodities Nondurables less food Energy Nondurables less food less food Nondurables and commodities less food and energy and apparel beverages
1967 .................... 1968 .................... 1969 ....................
33.4 34.9 36.8
35.2 36.7 38.4
33.7 35.1 37.0
34.4 35.9 38.0
34.7 36.3 38.4
36.8 38.1 39.9
38.3 39.7 41.4
41.3 42.9 44.7
23.9 24.4 25.2
35.7 37.1 38.9
37.6 39.1 40.9
32.6 33.7 34.9
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
39.0 40.8 42.0 43.7 48.0
40.3 42.0 43.3 46.2 51.4
39.2 40.8 42.1 44.8 49.8
40.3 42.0 43.4 46.1 50.6
40.8 42.7 44.0 45.6 49.4
41.7 43.2 44.5 47.8 53.5
43.1 44.7 45.8 47.3 52.4
46.7 48.5 49.7 51.1 55.0
25.6 26.1 26.4 29.1 40.4
40.8 42.1 43.5 47.5 54.0
42.5 44.0 45.0 46.9 52.9
36.3 37.6 38.6 40.3 46.9
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
52.5 56.0 59.6 63.9 71.2
56.0 59.3 63.1 67.4 74.2
54.3 57.2 60.8 65.4 72.9
55.1 58.2 61.9 66.7 73.4
53.9 57.4 61.0 65.5 71.9
58.2 60.7 64.2 68.8 76.6
57.3 60.2 63.6 67.3 75.2
60.1 63.2 66.5 70.5 76.4
43.4 45.4 48.7 51.0 68.7
58.3 60.5 64.0 68.6 77.2
57.0 59.5 62.5 65.5 74.6
51.5 54.1 57.2 60.4 71.2
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
81.5 90.4 96.3 99.7 104.0
82.9 91.0 96.2 99.8 103.9
82.8 91.4 96.8 99.6 103.7
81.9 90.1 96.1 99.6 104.3
80.8 89.2 95.8 99.6 104.6
86.0 93.2 97.0 99.8 103.2
85.7 93.1 96.9 100.0 103.1
83.5 90.0 95.3 100.2 104.4
95.2 107.6 102.9 99.0 98.1
87.6 95.2 97.8 99.7 102.5
88.4 96.7 98.3 100.0 101.7
87.1 96.8 98.2 100.0 101.8
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
108.0 109.8 113.6 118.3 123.7
107.0 108.0 111.6 115.9 121.6
107.2 108.8 112.6 117.0 122.4
108.4 112.6 117.2 122.3 128.1
109.1 113.5 118.2 123.4 129.0
105.4 104.4 107.7 111.5 116.7
105.2 101.4 104.0 107.3 111.6
107.1 108.6 111.8 115.8 119.6
98.2 77.2 80.2 80.8 87.9
104.8 103.5 107.5 111.8 118.2
104.1 98.5 101.8 105.8 111.7
104.1 96.9 100.3 104.0 111.3
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
130.3 136.1 140.8 145.1 149.0
128.2 133.5 137.3 141.4 144.8
128.8 133.8 137.5 141.2 144.7
134.7 140.9 145.4 150.0 154.1
135.5 142.1 147.3 152.2 156.5
122.8 126.6 129.1 131.5 133.8
117.0 120.4 123.2 125.3 126.9
123.6 128.8 132.5 135.2 137.1
101.2 99.1 98.3 97.3 97.6
126.0 130.3 132.8 135.1 136.8
119.9 124.5 127.6 129.3 129.7
120.9 125.7 128.9 130.7 131.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
153.1 157.5 161.1 163.4 167.0
148.6 152.8 155.9 157.2 160.2
148.6 152.8 156.3 158.6 162.0
158.7 163.1 167.1 170.9 174.4
161.2 165.6 169.5 173.4 177.0
136.4 139.9 141.8 141.9 144.4
128.9 131.5 132.2 130.5 132.5
139.3 141.3 142.3 143.2 144.1
98.8 105.7 105.7 92.1 100.0
139.3 143.5 146.4 146.9 151.2
130.9 134.5 136.3 134.6 139.4
134.1 139.5 141.8 139.2 147.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................
173.0 177.8 180.5 184.7 189.4
165.7 169.7 170.8 174.6 179.3
167.3 171.9 174.3 178.1 182.7
178.6 183.5 187.7 190.6 194.4
181.3 186.1 190.5 193.2 196.6
149.2 150.7 149.7 151.2 154.7
137.7 137.2 134.2 134.5 136.7
144.9 145.3 143.7 140.9 139.6
129.5 125.2 117.1 136.7 161.2
158.2 160.6 161.1 165.3 172.2
149.1 149.1 147.4 151.9 159.3
162.9 164.1 163.3 172.1 183.8
2005 .................... 2006 ....................
196.0 202.7
186.1 191.9
188.7 194.7
198.7 203.7
200.9 205.9
160.2 164.0
142.5 145.9
140.3 140.6
197.4 223.0
180.2 186.7
170.1 178.2
201.2 213.9
324 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-5. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Commodity, Service, and Special Groups, 1967–2006—Continued (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) Rent of shelter2
Gas (piped) and electricity
Transportation services
1967 ................................................. 1968 ................................................. 1969 .................................................
28.8 30.3 32.4
... ... ...
23.7 23.9 24.3
32.6 33.9 36.3
26.0 27.9 30.2
36.0 38.1 40.0
29.3 30.8 32.9
23.8 24.2 24.8
29.3 30.9 33.2
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. .................................................
35.0 37.0 38.4 40.1 43.8
... ... ... ... ...
25.4 27.1 28.5 29.9 34.5
40.2 43.4 44.4 44.7 46.3
32.3 34.7 35.9 37.5 41.4
42.2 44.4 45.6 47.7 51.3
35.6 37.5 38.9 40.6 44.3
25.5 26.5 27.2 29.4 38.1
36.0 38.0 39.4 41.1 44.8
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. .................................................
48.0 52.0 56.0 60.8 67.5
... ... ... ... ...
40.1 44.7 50.5 55.0 61.0
49.8 56.9 61.5 64.4 69.5
46.6 51.3 56.4 61.2 67.2
55.1 58.4 62.1 66.4 71.9
48.3 52.2 55.9 60.7 67.5
42.1 45.1 49.4 52.5 65.7
48.8 52.7 56.5 61.3 68.2
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. .................................................
77.9 88.1 96.0 99.4 104.6
... ... ... 102.7 107.7
71.4 81.9 93.2 101.5 105.4
79.2 88.6 96.1 99.1 104.8
74.8 82.8 92.6 100.7 106.7
78.7 86.1 93.5 100.0 106.5
78.2 88.7 96.4 99.2 104.4
86.0 97.7 99.2 99.9 100.9
78.5 88.7 96.3 99.2 104.5
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. .................................................
109.9 115.4 120.2 125.7 131.9
113.9 120.2 125.9 132.0 138.0
107.1 105.7 103.8 104.6 107.5
110.0 116.3 121.9 128.0 135.6
113.2 121.9 130.0 138.3 148.9
113.0 119.4 125.7 132.6 140.9
109.6 114.6 119.1 124.3 130.1
101.6 88.2 88.6 89.3 94.3
110.2 116.5 122.0 127.9 134.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. .................................................
139.2 146.3 152.0 157.9 163.1
145.5 152.1 157.3 162.0 167.0
109.3 112.6 114.8 118.5 119.2
144.2 151.2 155.7 162.9 168.6
162.7 177.1 190.5 202.9 213.4
150.2 159.8 168.5 177.0 185.4
136.8 143.3 148.4 153.6 158.4
102.1 102.5 103.0 104.2 104.6
142.3 149.8 155.9 161.9 167.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. .................................................
168.7 174.1 179.4 184.2 188.8
172.4 178.0 183.4 189.6 195.0
119.2 122.1 125.1 121.2 120.9
175.9 180.5 185.0 187.9 190.7
224.2 232.4 239.1 246.8 255.1
193.3 201.4 209.6 216.9 223.1
163.5 168.7 173.9 178.4 182.7
105.2 110.1 111.5 102.9 106.6
173.7 179.4 185.0 190.6 195.7
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. .................................................
195.3 203.4 209.8 216.5 222.8
201.3 208.9 216.7 221.9 227.9
128.0 142.4 134.4 145.0 150.6
196.1 201.9 209.1 216.3 220.6
266.0 278.8 292.9 306.0 321.3
229.9 238.0 246.4 254.4 261.3
188.9 196.6 202.5 208.7 214.5
124.6 129.3 121.7 136.5 151.4
202.1 209.6 217.5 223.8 230.2
2005 ................................................. 2006 .................................................
230.1 238.9
233.7 241.9
166.5 182.1
225.7 230.8
336.7 350.6
268.4 277.5
221.2 229.6
177.1 196.9
236.6 244.7
1Includes
Medical care services
Services less medical care
Total services1
Year
tenants, household insurance, water, sewer, trash, and household operations services, not shown separately. 1982 = 100. . . . = Not available. 2December
Other services
Energy
Services less energy
CHAPTER 7: PRICES 325 Table 7-6. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Selected Groups and Purchasing Power of the Consumer Dollar, 1913–2006 (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise specified.) Year
All items
Rent of primary residence
Food
Owners’ equivalent of primary residence1
Purchasing power of the consumer dollar2
Apparel
1913 .............................................................................. 1914 ..............................................................................
9.9 10.0
10.0 10.2
21.0 21.0
... ...
14.9 15.0
10.08 9.94
1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
10.1 10.9 12.8 15.1 17.3
10.0 11.3 14.5 16.7 18.6
21.1 21.3 21.2 21.5 23.3
... ... ... ... ...
15.3 16.8 20.2 27.3 36.2
9.84 9.15 7.79 6.64 5.78
1920 1921 1922 1923 1924
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
20.0 17.9 16.8 17.1 17.1
21.0 15.9 14.9 15.4 15.2
27.4 31.5 32.4 33.2 34.4
... ... ... ... ...
43.1 33.2 27.0 27.1 26.8
4.99 5.59 5.96 5.86 5.85
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
17.5 17.7 17.4 17.1 17.1
16.5 17.0 16.4 16.3 16.5
34.6 34.2 33.7 32.9 32.1
... ... ... ... ...
26.3 25.9 25.3 25.0 24.7
5.70 5.65 5.76 5.83 5.83
1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
16.7 15.2 13.7 13.0 13.4
15.6 12.9 10.7 10.4 11.6
31.2 29.6 26.5 22.9 21.4
... ... ... ... ...
24.2 22.0 19.5 18.8 20.6
5.99 6.56 7.32 7.71 7.46
1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
13.7 13.9 14.4 14.1 13.9
12.4 12.6 13.1 12.1 11.8
21.4 21.9 22.9 23.7 23.7
... ... ... ... ...
20.8 21.0 22.0 21.9 21.6
7.28 7.21 6.96 7.09 7.20
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
14.0 14.7 16.3 17.3 17.6
12.0 13.1 15.4 17.1 16.9
23.7 24.2 24.7 24.7 24.8
... ... ... ... ...
21.8 22.8 26.7 27.8 29.8
7.13 6.79 6.13 5.78 5.68
1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
18.0 19.5 22.3 24.1 23.8
17.3 19.8 24.1 26.1 25.0
24.8 25.0 25.8 27.5 28.7
... ... ... ... ...
31.4 34.4 39.9 42.5 40.8
5.55 5.12 4.47 4.15 4.19
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
24.1 26.0 26.5 26.7 26.9
25.4 28.2 28.7 28.3 28.2
29.7 30.9 32.2 33.9 35.1
... ... ... ... ...
40.3 43.9 43.5 43.1 43.1
4.15 3.85 3.77 3.74 3.72
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
26.8 27.2 28.1 28.9 29.1
27.8 28.0 28.9 30.2 29.7
35.6 36.3 37.0 37.6 38.2
... ... ... ... ...
42.9 43.7 44.5 44.6 45.0
3.73 3.68 3.55 3.46 3.43
1December 1982 = 2Purchasing power
. . . = Not available.
100. in 1982–1984 = $1.00.
326 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-6. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Selected Groups and Purchasing Power of the Consumer Dollar, 1913–2006—Continued (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise specified.) Year
All items
Rent of primary residence
Food
Owners’ equivalent of primary residence1
Purchasing power of the consumer dollar2
Apparel
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
29.6 29.9 30.2 30.6 31.0
30.0 30.4 30.6 31.1 31.5
38.7 39.2 39.7 40.1 40.5
... ... ... ... ...
45.7 46.1 46.3 46.9 47.3
3.37 3.34 3.30 3.27 3.22
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
31.5 32.4 33.4 34.8 36.7
32.2 33.8 34.1 35.3 37.1
40.9 41.5 42.2 43.3 44.7
... ... ... ... ...
47.8 49.0 51.0 53.7 56.8
3.17 3.08 2.99 2.87 2.73
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
38.8 40.5 41.8 44.4 49.3
39.2 40.4 42.1 48.2 55.1
46.5 48.7 50.4 52.5 55.2
... ... ... ... ...
59.2 61.1 62.3 64.6 69.4
2.57 2.47 2.39 2.25 2.03
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
53.8 56.9 60.6 65.2 72.6
59.8 61.6 65.5 72.0 79.9
58.0 61.1 64.8 69.3 74.3
... ... ... ... ...
72.5 75.2 78.6 81.4 84.9
1.86 1.76 1.65 1.53 1.38
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
82.4 90.9 96.5 99.6 103.9
86.8 93.6 97.4 99.4 103.2
80.9 87.9 94.6 100.1 105.3
... ... ... 102.5 107.3
90.9 95.3 97.8 100.2 102.1
1.22 1.10 1.04 1.00 0.96
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
107.6 109.6 113.6 118.3 124.0
105.6 109.0 113.5 118.2 125.1
111.8 118.3 123.1 127.8 132.8
113.2 119.4 124.8 131.1 137.4
105.0 105.9 110.6 115.4 118.6
0.93 0.91 0.88 0.85 0.81
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
130.7 136.2 140.3 144.5 148.2
132.4 136.3 137.9 140.9 144.3
138.4 143.3 146.9 150.3 154.0
144.8 150.4 155.5 160.5 165.8
124.1 128.7 131.9 133.7 133.4
0.77 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.68
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
152.4 156.9 160.5 163.0 166.6
148.4 153.3 157.3 160.7 164.1
157.8 162.0 166.7 172.1 177.5
171.3 176.8 181.9 187.8 192.9
132.0 131.7 132.9 133.0 131.3
0.66 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.60
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................
172.2 177.1 179.9 184.0 188.9
167.8 173.1 176.2 180.0 186.2
183.9 192.1 199.7 205.5 211.0
198.7 206.3 214.7 219.9 224.9
129.6 127.3 124.0 120.9 120.4
0.58 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.53
2005 .............................................................................. 2006 ..............................................................................
195.3 201.6
190.7 195.2
217.3 225.1
230.2 238.2
119.5 119.5
0.51 0.50
1December 1982 = 2Purchasing power
. . . = Not available.
100. in 1982–1984 = $1.00.
CHAPTER 7: PRICES 327 Table 7-7. Consumer Price Indexes, Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W): U.S. City Average, Major Groups, 1913–2006 (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise specified.) Year
All items
Food and beverages
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation1
Education and communication1
Other goods and services
1913 ............................................. 1914 .............................................
10.0 10.1
... ...
... ...
15.0 15.1
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................
10.2 11.0 12.9 15.1 17.4
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
15.4 16.9 20.3 27.5 36.4
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1920 1921 1922 1923 1924
............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................
20.1 18.0 16.9 17.2 17.2
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
43.3 33.4 27.2 27.2 26.9
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929
............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................
17.6 17.8 17.5 17.2 17.2
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
26.4 26.0 25.5 25.1 24.8
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................
16.8 15.3 13.7 13.0 13.5
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
24.3 22.1 19.6 18.9 20.7
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................
13.8 13.9 14.4 14.2 14.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
20.9 21.1 22.1 22.0 21.7
14.1 14.2 14.5 14.6 14.2
10.2 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.4
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944
............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................
14.1 14.8 16.4 17.4 17.7
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
21.9 23.0 26.8 28.0 30.0
14.1 14.6 15.9 15.8 15.8
10.4 10.5 10.8 11.3 11.6
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................
18.1 19.6 22.5 24.2 24.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
31.5 34.6 40.1 42.7 41.0
15.8 16.6 18.4 20.4 22.0
11.9 12.6 13.6 14.5 14.9
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................
24.2 26.1 26.7 26.9 27.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
40.5 44.1 43.7 43.3 43.3
22.6 24.0 25.6 26.3 25.9
15.2 15.9 16.8 17.4 17.9
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................
26.9 27.3 28.3 29.1 29.3
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
43.1 44.0 44.7 44.8 45.2
25.6 26.1 27.6 28.4 29.6
18.3 19.0 19.8 20.7 21.6
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1December 1997 = 100. . . . = Not available.
328 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-7. Consumer Price Indexes, Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W): U.S. City Average, Major Groups, 1913–2006—Continued (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise specified.) Year
All items
Food and beverages
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation1
Education and communication1
Other goods and services
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................
29.8 30.1 30.4 30.8 31.2
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
45.9 46.3 46.6 47.1 47.5
29.6 30.0 30.6 30.8 31.2
22.4 23.0 23.6 24.2 24.7
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................
31.7 32.6 33.6 35.0 36.9
... ... 35.0 36.2 38.0
... ... 31.1 32.3 34.3
48.0 49.2 51.2 54.0 57.1
31.7 32.2 33.1 34.1 35.5
25.3 26.4 28.3 30.0 32.1
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... 35.4 37.2 39.1
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................
39.0 40.7 42.1 44.7 49.6
40.1 41.3 43.1 48.8 55.5
36.7 38.3 39.8 41.5 46.2
59.5 61.4 62.7 65.0 69.8
37.3 39.2 39.7 41.0 45.5
34.1 36.3 37.5 39.0 42.6
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
41.3 43.3 45.1 46.9 50.2
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................
54.1 57.2 60.9 65.6 73.1
60.2 62.0 65.7 72.1 79.9
51.1 54.2 57.9 62.9 70.7
72.9 75.6 79.0 81.7 85.2
49.8 54.7 58.6 61.5 70.4
47.7 52.3 57.3 62.1 68.0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
54.4 57.6 60.9 64.8 69.4
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................
82.9 91.4 96.9 99.8 103.3
86.9 93.6 97.3 99.5 103.2
81.7 91.1 97.7 100.0 102.2
90.9 95.6 97.8 100.2 102.0
82.9 93.0 97.0 99.2 103.8
75.6 83.5 92.5 100.5 106.9
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
75.6 82.5 90.9 101.3 107.9
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................
106.9 108.6 112.5 117.0 122.6
105.5 108.9 113.3 117.9 124.6
106.6 109.7 112.8 116.8 121.2
105.0 105.8 110.4 114.9 117.9
106.4 101.7 105.1 108.3 113.9
113.6 122.0 130.2 139.0 149.6
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
114.2 120.9 127.8 136.5 147.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................
129.0 134.3 138.2 142.1 145.6
131.8 136.5 138.3 141.2 144.4
126.4 131.2 135.0 138.5 142.0
123.1 127.4 130.7 132.4 132.2
120.1 123.1 125.8 129.4 133.4
162.7 176.5 189.6 200.9 210.4
... ... ... 91.2 93.0
... ... ... 86.0 89.1
158.9 171.7 183.3 192.2 196.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................
149.8 154.1 157.6 159.7 163.2
148.3 153.2 157.2 160.4 163.8
145.4 149.6 153.4 156.7 160.0
130.9 130.9 132.1 131.6 130.1
138.8 142.8 143.6 140.5 143.4
219.8 227.6 234.0 241.4 249.7
94.7 97.5 99.7 100.9 101.3
92.3 95.4 98.5 100.4 101.5
204.2 212.2 221.6 236.1 261.9
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................
168.9 173.5 175.9 179.8 184.5
167.7 173.0 176.1 179.9 186.2
165.4 172.1 175.7 180.4 185.0
128.3 126.1 123.1 120.0 120.0
152.8 153.6 151.8 156.3 161.5
259.9 271.8 284.6 296.3 309.5
102.4 103.6 104.6 105.5 106.3
102.7 105.3 107.6 109.0 110.0
276.5 289.5 302.0 307.0 312.6
2005 ............................................. 2006 .............................................
191.0 197.1
190.5 194.9
191.2 198.5
119.1 119.1
173.0 180.3
322.8 335.7
106.8 108.2
111.4 113.9
322.2 330.9
1December 1997 = 100. . . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 7: PRICES 329 Table 7-8. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, by Expenditure Category, 1990–2006 (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise specified.) Expenditure category
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
ALL ITEMS .....................................................................
130.7
136.2
140.3
144.5
148.2
152.4
156.9
160.5
163.0
Food and Beverages ..................................................... Food ................................................................................ Food at home .............................................................. Cereals and bakery product .................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................. Dairy and related product ........................................ Fruits and vegetables .............................................. Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials .............................................................. Other food at home ................................................. Sugar and sweets ............................................... Fats and oils ........................................................ Other food ........................................................... Other miscellaneous food1 .............................. Food away from home ................................................ Other food away from home1 .................................. Alcoholic beverages ........................................................
132.1 132.4 132.3 140.0 130.0 126.5 149.0
136.8 136.3 135.8 145.8 132.6 125.1 155.8
138.7 137.9 136.8 151.5 130.9 128.5 155.4
141.6 140.9 140.1 156.6 135.5 129.4 159.0
144.9 144.3 144.1 163.0 137.2 131.7 165.0
148.9 148.4 148.8 167.5 138.8 132.8 177.7
153.7 153.3 154.3 174.0 144.8 142.1 183.9
157.7 157.3 158.1 177.6 148.5 145.5 187.5
161.1 160.7 161.1 181.1 147.3 150.8 198.2
113.5 123.4 124.7 126.3 131.2 ... 133.4 ... 129.3
114.1 127.3 129.3 131.7 137.1 ... 137.9 ... 142.8
114.3 128.8 133.1 129.8 140.1 ... 140.7 ... 147.3
114.6 130.5 133.4 130.0 143.7 ... 143.2 ... 149.6
123.2 135.6 135.2 133.5 147.5 ... 145.7 ... 151.5
131.7 140.8 137.5 137.3 151.1 ... 149.0 ... 153.9
128.6 142.9 143.7 140.5 156.2 ... 152.7 ... 158.5
133.4 147.3 147.8 141.7 161.2 ... 157.0 ... 162.8
133.0 150.8 150.2 146.9 165.5 102.6 161.1 101.6 165.7
Housing .......................................................................... Shelter ............................................................................. Rent of primary residence ........................................... Lodging away from home1 .......................................... Owners’ equivalent rent of primary residence2 ........... Tenants’ and household insurance1 ............................ Fuels and utilities ............................................................ Household energy ....................................................... Fuel oil and other fuels ............................................ Gas (piped) and electricity ...................................... Water, sewer, and trash collection services1 .............. Household furnishings and operations ............................ Household operations1 ................................................
128.5 140.0 138.4 ... 144.8 ... 111.6 104.5 99.3 109.3 ... 113.3 ...
133.6 146.3 143.3 ... 150.4 ... 115.3 106.7 94.6 112.6 ... 116.0 ...
137.5 151.2 146.9 ... 155.5 ... 117.8 108.1 90.7 114.8 ... 118.0 ...
141.2 155.7 150.3 ... 160.5 ... 121.3 111.2 90.3 118.5 ... 119.3 ...
144.8 160.5 154.0 ... 165.8 ... 122.8 111.7 88.8 119.2 ... 121.0 ...
148.5 165.7 157.8 ... 171.3 ... 123.7 111.5 88.1 119.2 ... 123.0 ...
152.8 171.0 162.0 ... 176.8 ... 127.5 115.2 99.2 122.1 ... 124.7 ...
156.8 176.3 166.7 ... 181.9 ... 130.8 117.9 99.8 125.1 ... 125.4 ...
160.4 182.1 172.1 109.0 187.8 99.8 128.5 113.7 90.0 121.2 101.6 126.6 101.5
Apparel ........................................................................... Men’s and boys’ apparel ................................................. Women’s and girls’ apparel ............................................. Infants’ and toddlers’ apparel .......................................... Footwear .........................................................................
124.1 120.4 122.6 125.8 117.4
128.7 124.2 127.6 128.9 120.9
131.9 126.5 130.4 129.3 125.0
133.7 127.5 132.6 127.1 125.9
133.4 126.4 130.9 128.1 126.0
132.0 126.2 126.9 127.2 125.4
131.7 127.7 124.7 129.7 126.6
132.9 130.1 126.1 129.0 127.6
133.0 131.8 126.0 126.1 128.0
Transportation ............................................................... Private transportation ...................................................... New and used motor vehicles1 .................................... New vehicles ........................................................... Used cars and trucks .............................................. Motor fuel .................................................................... Gasoline (all types) ................................................. Motor vehicle parts and equipment ............................. Motor vehicle maintenance and repair ........................ Public transportation .......................................................
120.5 118.8 ... 121.4 117.6 101.2 101.0 100.9 130.1 142.6
123.8 121.9 ... 126.0 118.1 99.4 99.2 102.2 136.0 148.9
126.5 124.6 ... 129.2 123.2 99.0 99.0 103.1 141.3 151.4
130.4 127.5 91.8 132.7 133.9 98.0 97.7 101.6 145.9 167.0
134.3 131.4 95.5 137.6 141.7 98.5 98.2 101.4 150.2 172.0
139.1 136.3 99.4 141.0 156.5 100.0 99.8 102.1 154.0 175.9
143.0 140.0 101.0 143.7 157.0 106.3 105.9 102.2 158.4 181.9
144.3 141.0 100.5 144.3 151.1 106.2 105.8 101.9 162.7 186.7
141.6 137.9 100.1 143.4 150.6 92.2 91.6 101.1 167.1 190.3
Medical Care .................................................................. Medical care commodities ............................................... Medical care services ...................................................... Professional services .................................................. Hospital and related services ......................................
162.8 163.4 162.7 156.1 178.0
177.0 176.8 177.1 165.7 196.1
190.1 188.1 190.5 175.8 214.0
201.4 195.0 202.9 184.7 231.9
211.0 200.7 213.4 192.5 245.6
220.5 204.5 224.2 201.0 257.8
228.2 210.4 232.4 208.3 269.5
234.6 215.3 239.1 215.4 278.4
242.1 221.8 246.8 222.2 287.5
Recreation1 .................................................................... Video and audio1 .............................................................
... ...
... ...
... ...
90.7 96.5
92.7 95.4
94.5 95.1
97.4 96.6
99.6 99.4
101.1 101.1
Education and Communication1 .................................. Education1 ....................................................................... Educational books and supplies .................................. Tuition, other school fees, and childcare ..................... Communication1 .............................................................. Information and information processing1 ..................... Telephone services1 .................................................... Information technology, hardware, and services3 ....... Personal computers and peripheral equipment1 ..........................................................
... ... 171.3 175.7 ... ... ... 93.5
... ... 180.3 191.4 ... ... ... 88.6
... ... 190.3 208.5 ... ... ... 83.7
85.5 78.4 197.6 225.3 96.7 97.7 ... 78.8
88.8 83.3 205.5 239.8 97.6 98.6 ... 72.0
92.2 88.0 214.4 253.8 98.8 98.7 ... 63.8
95.3 92.7 226.9 267.1 99.6 99.5 ... 57.2
98.4 97.3 238.4 280.4 100.3 100.4 ... 50.1
100.3 102.1 250.8 294.2 98.7 98.5 100.7 39.9
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
78.2
Other Goods and Services ........................................... Tobacco and smoking product ........................................ Personal care .................................................................. Personal care product ................................................. Personal care services ................................................ Miscellaneous personal services ................................
159.0 181.5 130.4 128.2 132.8 158.4
171.6 202.7 134.9 132.8 137.0 168.8
183.3 219.8 138.3 136.5 140.0 177.5
192.9 228.4 141.5 139.0 144.0 186.1
198.5 220.0 144.6 141.5 147.9 195.9
206.9 225.7 147.1 143.1 151.5 205.9
215.4 232.8 150.1 144.3 156.6 215.6
224.8 243.7 152.7 144.2 162.4 226.1
237.7 274.8 156.7 148.3 166.0 234.7
1December 2December 3December
1997 = 100. 1982 = 100. 1988 = 100. . . . = Not available.
330 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-8. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, by Expenditure Category, 1990–2006—Continued (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise specified.) Expenditure category
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
ALL ITEMS .....................................................................
166.6
172.2
177.1
179.9
184.0
188.9
195.3
201.6
Food and Beverages ..................................................... Food ................................................................................ Food at home .............................................................. Cereals and bakery product .................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................. Dairy and related product ........................................ Fruits and vegetables .............................................. Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials .............................................................. Other food at home ................................................. Sugar and sweets ............................................... Fats and oils ........................................................ Other food ........................................................... Other miscellaneous food1 .............................. Food away from home ................................................ Other food away from home1 .................................. Alcoholic beverages ........................................................
164.6 164.1 164.2 185.0 147.9 159.6 203.1
168.4 167.8 167.9 188.3 154.5 160.7 204.6
173.6 173.1 173.4 193.8 161.3 167.1 212.2
176.8 176.2 175.6 198.0 162.1 168.1 220.9
180.5 180.0 179.4 202.8 169.3 167.9 225.9
186.6 186.2 186.2 206.0 181.7 180.2 232.7
191.2 190.7 189.8 209.0 184.7 182.4 241.4
195.7 195.2 193.1 212.8 186.6 181.4 252.9
134.3 153.5 152.3 148.3 168.9 104.9 165.1 105.2 169.7
137.8 155.6 154.0 147.4 172.2 107.5 169.0 109.0 174.7
139.2 159.6 155.7 155.7 176.0 108.9 173.9 113.4 179.3
139.2 160.8 159.0 155.4 177.1 109.2 178.3 117.7 183.6
139.8 162.6 162.0 157.4 178.8 110.3 182.1 121.3 187.2
140.4 164.9 163.2 167.8 179.7 110.4 187.5 125.3 192.1
144.4 167.0 165.2 167.7 182.5 111.3 193.4 131.3 195.9
147.4 169.6 171.5 168.0 185.0 113.9 199.4 136.6 200.7
Housing .......................................................................... Shelter ............................................................................. Rent of primary residence ........................................... Lodging away from home1 .......................................... Owners’ equivalent rent of primary residence2 ........... Tenants’ and household insurance1 ............................ Fuels and utilities ............................................................ Household energy ....................................................... Fuel oil and other fuels ............................................ Gas (piped) and electricity ...................................... Water, sewer, and trash collection services1 .............. Household furnishings and operations ............................ Household operations1 ................................................
163.9 187.3 177.5 112.3 192.9 101.3 128.8 113.5 91.4 120.9 104.0 126.7 104.5
169.6 193.4 183.9 117.5 198.7 103.7 137.9 122.8 129.7 128.0 106.5 128.2 110.5
176.4 200.6 192.1 118.6 206.3 106.2 150.2 135.4 129.3 142.4 109.6 129.1 115.6
180.3 208.1 199.7 118.3 214.7 108.7 143.6 127.2 115.5 134.4 113.0 128.3 119.0
184.8 213.1 205.5 119.3 219.9 114.8 154.5 138.2 139.5 145.0 117.2 126.1 121.8
189.5 218.8 211.0 125.9 224.9 116.2 161.9 144.4 160.5 150.6 124.0 125.5 125.0
195.7 224.4 217.3 130.3 230.2 117.6 179.0 161.6 208.6 166.5 130.3 126.1 130.3
203.2 232.1 225.1 136.0 238.2 116.5 194.7 177.1 234.9 182.1 136.8 127.0 136.6
Apparel ........................................................................... Men’s and boys’ apparel ................................................. Women’s and girls’ apparel ............................................. Infants’ and toddlers’ apparel .......................................... Footwear .........................................................................
131.3 131.1 123.3 129.0 125.7
129.6 129.7 121.5 130.6 123.8
127.3 125.7 119.3 129.2 123.0
124.0 121.7 115.8 126.4 121.4
120.9 118.0 113.1 122.1 119.6
120.4 117.5 113.0 118.5 119.3
119.5 116.1 110.8 116.7 122.6
119.5 114.1 110.7 116.5 123.5
Transportation ............................................................... Private transportation ...................................................... New and used motor vehicles1 .................................... New vehicles ........................................................... Used cars and trucks .............................................. Motor fuel .................................................................... Gasoline (all types) ................................................. Motor vehicle parts and equipment ............................. Motor vehicle maintenance and repair ........................ Public transportation .......................................................
144.4 140.5 100.1 142.9 152.0 100.7 100.1 100.5 171.9 197.7
153.3 149.1 100.8 142.8 155.8 129.3 128.6 101.5 177.3 209.6
154.3 150.0 101.3 142.1 158.7 124.7 124.0 104.8 183.5 210.6
152.9 148.8 99.2 140.0 152.0 116.6 116.0 106.9 190.2 207.4
157.6 153.6 96.5 137.9 142.9 135.8 135.1 107.8 195.6 209.3
163.1 159.4 94.2 137.1 133.3 160.4 159.7 108.7 200.2 209.1
173.9 170.2 95.6 137.9 139.4 195.7 194.7 111.9 206.9 217.3
180.9 177.0 95.6 137.6 140.0 221.0 219.9 117.3 215.6 226.6
Medical Care .................................................................. Medical care commodities ............................................... Medical care services ...................................................... Professional services .................................................. Hospital and related services ......................................
250.6 230.7 255.1 229.2 299.5
260.8 238.1 266.0 237.7 317.3
272.8 247.6 278.8 246.5 338.3
285.6 256.4 292.9 253.9 367.8
297.1 262.8 306.0 261.2 394.8
310.1 269.3 321.3 271.5 417.9
323.2 276.0 336.7 281.7 439.9
336.2 285.9 350.6 289.3 468.1
Recreation1 .................................................................... Video and audio1 .............................................................
102.0 100.7
103.3 101.0
104.9 101.5
106.2 102.8
107.5 103.6
108.6 104.2
109.4 104.2
110.9 104.6
Education and Communication1 .................................. Education1 ....................................................................... Educational books and supplies .................................. Tuition, other school fees, and childcare ..................... Communication1 .............................................................. Information and information processing1 ..................... Telephone services1 .................................................... Information technology, hardware, and services3 ....... Personal computers and peripheral equipment1 ..........................................................
101.2 107.0 261.7 308.4 96.0 95.5 100.1 30.5
102.5 112.5 279.9 324.0 93.6 92.8 98.5 25.9
105.2 118.5 295.9 341.1 93.3 92.3 99.3 21.3
107.9 126.0 317.6 362.1 92.3 90.8 99.7 18.3
109.8 134.4 335.4 386.7 89.7 87.8 98.3 16.1
111.6 143.7 351.0 414.3 86.7 84.6 95.8 14.8
113.7 152.7 365.6 440.9 84.7 82.6 94.9 13.6
116.8 162.1 388.9 468.1 84.1 81.7 95.8 12.5
53.5
41.1
29.5
22.2
17.6
15.3
12.8
10.8
Other Goods and Services ........................................... Tobacco and smoking product ........................................ Personal care .................................................................. Personal care product ................................................. Personal care services ................................................ Miscellaneous personal services ................................
258.3 355.8 161.1 151.8 171.4 243.0
271.1 394.9 165.6 153.7 178.1 252.3
282.6 425.2 170.5 155.1 184.3 263.1
293.2 461.5 174.7 154.7 188.4 274.4
298.7 469.0 178.0 153.5 193.2 283.5
304.7 478.0 181.7 153.9 197.6 293.9
313.4 502.8 185.6 154.4 203.9 303.0
321.7 519.9 190.2 155.8 209.7 313.6
1December 2December 3December
1997 = 100. 1982 = 100. 1988 = 100.
CHAPTER 7: PRICES 331 Table 7-9. Relative Importance of Components in the Consumer Price Index: U.S. City Average, Selected Groups, December 1997–December 2006 (Percent distribution.) Index and year
All items
Food and beverages
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education and communication
Other goods and services
ALL URBAN CONSUMERS (CPI-U) December 1997 ...................................... December 1998 ...................................... December 1999 ...................................... December 2000 ...................................... December 20011 ....................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
16.3 16.4 16.3 16.2 16.4
39.6 39.8 39.6 40.0 40.5
4.9 4.8 4.7 4.4 4.2
17.6 17.0 17.5 17.6 16.6
5.6 5.7 5.8 5.8 6.0
6.1 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.9
5.5 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.4
4.3 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9
December 20012 .................................... December 2002 ...................................... December 2003 ...................................... December 2004 ...................................... December 2005 ...................................... December 2006 ......................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
15.7 15.6 15.4 15.3 15.1 15.0
40.9 40.9 42.1 42.0 42.2 42.7
4.4 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.7
17.1 17.3 16.9 17.4 17.7 17.2
5.8 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.3
6.0 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.6
5.8 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.8 6.0
4.3 4.4 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.5
December 1997 ...................................... December 1998 ...................................... December 1999 ...................................... December 2000 ...................................... December 20011 ....................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
17.9 18.0 17.9 17.8 18.0
36.5 36.7 36.5 36.8 37.3
5.3 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.6
19.8 19.2 19.7 19.9 18.8
4.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.9
6.0 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.7
5.4 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.3
4.5 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.4
December 20012 .................................... December 2002 ...................................... December 2003 ...................................... December 2004 ...................................... December 2005 ...................................... December 2006 ......................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
17.2 17.1 17.2 17.0 16.8 16.5
38.1 38.1 39.1 39.0 39.2 40.5
4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 4.0
19.4 19.7 19.1 19.8 20.1 19.5
4.6 4.7 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.2
5.6 5.6 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.0
5.6 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.6
4.5 4.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.7
URBAN WAGE EARNERS AND WORKERS (CPI-W)
11993–1995 21999–2000
weights. weights.
332 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-10. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), All Items: Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Selected Years, 1965–2006 (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise specified.) Area
1965
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
32.5 32.6 32.8 31.4
40.2 41.2 40.8 38.1
55.8 57.6 56.8 52.4
82.6 82.1 83.6 81.0
91.8 90.1 92.1 89.3
95.5 95.3 96.6 94.4
99.8 99.8 99.4 101.1
104.7 104.8 104.1 104.5
109.4 108.7 108.8 106.9
112.2 112.3 111.5 108.2
117.1 118.0 116.8 111.4
124.2 123.7 122.4 114.9
131.3 130.6 128.3 120.1
138.9 138.5 135.8 126.2
145.0 144.8 142.2 131.3
31.7 30.5 29.6 31.2 32.2 31.0 30.1 31.7
38.9 37.4 37.2 39.5 39.0 37.5 37.4 38.8
52.8 51.8 50.2 53.9 53.2 50.8 51.2 52.6
82.2 82.1 78.9 85.3 83.6 81.4 78.9 82.5
90.0 87.9 87.2 93.2 90.5 90.7 88.6 90.1
96.2 94.9 94.0 97.0 95.0 95.9 97.4 96.6
100.0 100.8 101.2 99.8 100.5 100.2 99.5 100.1
103.8 104.3 104.8 103.2 104.5 103.8 103.1 103.3
107.7 106.6 107.8 106.8 107.7 107.0 107.0 107.1
110.0 107.6 109.4 108.3 108.7 107.4 108.4 108.6
114.5 111.9 112.7 111.7 113.1 111.5 111.6 112.2
119.0 116.1 116.7 116.1 117.4 115.9 117.2 115.7
125.0 120.9 122.7 122.3 121.6 120.8 122.0 121.8
131.7 126.5 129.0 128.6 126.0 126.2 127.0 128.1
137.0 131.4 134.2 133.1 131.2 132.2 130.4 132.1
31.2 29.9 29.6 ... ... ...
38.6 37.6 36.4 ... ... ...
53.6 50.4 51.4 ... ... ...
80.3 81.5 82.7 81.1 ... ...
90.2 90.8 91.0 90.5 ... ...
96.0 96.0 97.3 96.7 ... ...
99.9 99.7 100.0 99.9 ... ...
104.1 104.3 102.7 103.5 ... ...
108.9 108.2 104.9 106.5 ... ...
112.2 109.9 103.9 107.9 ... ...
116.5 112.9 106.5 111.8 100.0 ...
120.4 116.1 109.5 116.8 103.7 ...
126.1 119.5 114.1 121.5 107.2 ...
131.7 125.1 120.6 128.0 111.7 ...
135.9 130.8 125.1 132.3 116.4 ...
35.3 28.8 34.4 32.4 ... 32.3 28.2 30.8 31.0
41.1 34.5 41.5 38.7 ... 38.7 34.1 37.7 37.4
57.1 48.4 56.3 53.3 ... 53.5 47.6 51.8 51.1
85.5 78.4 83.0 83.7 ... 87.2 79.4 80.4 82.7
92.4 87.2 91.7 91.9 ... 95.0 90.1 90.8 91.8
97.4 95.1 97.2 97.3 ... 98.0 96.2 97.6 97.7
99.2 100.5 99.3 99.1 ... 99.1 99.0 98.4 99.3
103.3 104.3 103.5 103.6 ... 102.8 104.8 104.0 103.0
105.8 107.1 106.8 108.4 ... 106.7 110.4 108.4 105.6
107.8 107.9 109.4 111.9 ... 108.2 113.5 111.6 106.7
108.2 110.8 114.9 116.7 ... 110.9 117.5 115.4 109.2
108.6 113.7 121.7 122.1 ... 114.7 123.4 120.5 112.8
111.7 115.8 128.7 128.3 ... 120.4 130.6 126.4 118.1
118.6 120.9 138.1 135.9 ... 127.4 138.4 132.1 126.8
124.0 125.6 148.0 141.4 ... 133.9 143.4 137.9 134.1
Area
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Boston-Brockton-Nashua, MA-NH-ME-CT ................................. New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA ..... Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD ................ Pittsburgh, PA .............................................................................
148.6 150.0 146.6 136.0
152.9 154.5 150.2 139.9
154.9 158.2 154.6 144.6
158.6 162.2 158.7 149.2
163.3 166.9 162.8 153.2
167.9 170.8 166.5 157.0
171.7 173.6 168.2 159.2
176.0 177.0 171.9 162.5
183.6 182.5 176.5 168.0
191.5 187.1 181.3 172.5
196.5 191.9 184.9 174.0
203.9 197.8 188.8 177.5
209.5 204.8 196.5 183.0
216.4 212.7 204.2 189.8
223.1 220.7 212.1 195.7
141.1 134.1 136.8 135.9 134.3 137.1 135.0 134.7
145.4 137.8 140.3 139.6 138.1 142.1 139.2 137.5
148.6 142.4 144.4 144.0 141.3 147.0 143.6 141.3
153.3 146.2 147.9 148.6 145.3 151.0 147.0 145.2
157.4 149.6 152.0 152.5 151.6 154.7 151.9 149.6
161.7 152.1 156.1 156.3 155.8 157.7 155.4 152.9
165.0 155.1 159.8 159.8 157.8 160.3 158.3 154.5
168.4 159.2 162.5 163.9 160.1 163.7 163.3 157.6
173.8 164.8 168.0 169.8 166.6 168.6 170.1 163.1
178.3 167.9 172.9 174.4 172.2 171.7 176.5 167.3
181.2 170.0 173.3 178.9 174.0 174.0 179.6 169.1
184.5 173.4 176.2 182.5 177.0 177.7 182.7 173.4
188.6 176.5 181.6 185.4 180.7 180.2 187.9 180.3
194.3 181.6 187.9 190.8 185.3 185.2 193.1 186.2
198.3 188.6 191.1 196.6 190.1 189.9 196.2 189.5
138.5 133.9 129.1 134.5 119.2 ...
143.4 137.3 133.4 139.1 124.0 ...
146.7 141.2 137.9 143.6 126.5 ...
150.9 144.9 139.8 148.9 129.7 ...
156.0 148.8 142.7 153.7 131.6 ...
158.9 151.4 145.4 158.4 134.0 100.8
161.2 153.6 146.8 160.5 137.5 102.1
164.8 158.0 148.7 162.4 140.6 104.2
170.6 164.7 154.2 167.8 145.7 107.6
176.2 170.4 158.8 173.0 148.8 110.4
178.2 172.7 159.2 175.5 153.9 113.0
180.8 176.2 163.7 180.6 158.1 116.2
183.2 178.7 169.5 185.6 162.0 119.5
188.9 184.7 175.6 194.3 168.5 124.3
193.8 190.1 180.6 203.9 175.2 128.8
128.2 130.3 155.1 146.5 ... 139.8 147.4 142.5 139.0
132.2 135.8 160.1 150.3 ... 144.7 150.6 146.3 142.9
135.0 141.8 164.5 152.3 ... 148.9 154.5 148.7 147.8
138.9 147.9 168.1 154.6 ... 153.2 156.8 151.6 152.3
142.7 153.1 170.7 157.5 ... 158.6 160.9 155.1 157.5
144.8 158.1 171.9 160.0 ... 164.0 163.7 160.4 163.0
146.9 161.9 171.5 162.3 ... 167.1 166.9 165.5 167.7
148.4 166.6 173.3 166.1 ... 172.6 172.8 172.5 172.8
150.9 173.2 176.3 171.6 ... 178.0 182.8 180.2 179.2
155.2 181.3 178.4 177.3 ... 182.4 191.2 189.9 185.7
158.2 184.8 180.3 182.2 101.2 183.8 197.9 193.0 189.3
162.5 186.8 184.5 187.0 103.3 186.3 205.3 196.4 192.3
166.7 187.0 190.6 193.2 105.2 191.1 212.8 198.8 194.7
171.8 190.9 197.8 201.8 108.3 196.0 220.6 202.7 200.2
177.3 197.7 209.4 210.4 111.5 201.1 228.1 209.2 207.6
NORTHEAST Boston-Brockton-Nashua, MA-NH-ME-CT ................................. New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA ..... Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD ................ Pittsburgh, PA ............................................................................. NORTH CENTRAL Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI ............................................... Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN .................................................. Cleveland-Akron, OH .................................................................. Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI .......................................................... Kansas City, MO-KS ................................................................... Milwaukee-Racine, WI ................................................................ Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI ...................................................... St. Louis, MO-IL .......................................................................... SOUTH Atlanta, GA ................................................................................. Dallas-Fort Worth, TX ................................................................. Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX ................................................ Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL ......................................................... Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL1 ...................................... Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV2 .................................... WEST Anchorage, AK ............................................................................ Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO ..................................................... Honolulu, HI ................................................................................ Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA ............................... Phoenix-Mesa, AZ ...................................................................... Portland-Salem, OR-WA ............................................................. San Diego, CA ............................................................................ San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA ....................................... Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA .................................................
NORTHEAST
NORTH CENTRAL Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI ............................................... Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN .................................................. Cleveland-Akron, OH .................................................................. Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI .......................................................... Kansas City, MO-KS ................................................................... Milwaukee-Racine, WI ................................................................ Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI ...................................................... St. Louis, MO-IL .......................................................................... SOUTH Atlanta, GA ................................................................................. Dallas-Fort Worth, TX ................................................................. Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX ................................................ Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL ......................................................... Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL1 ...................................... Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV2 .................................... WEST Anchorage, AK ............................................................................ Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO ..................................................... Honolulu, HI ................................................................................ Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA ............................... Phoenix-Mesa, AZ ...................................................................... Portland-Salem, OR-WA ............................................................. San Diego, CA ............................................................................ San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA ....................................... Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA ................................................. 11987 = 100. 2November 1996
= 100. . . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 7: PRICES 333 Table 7-11. Consumer Price Index Research Series, Using Current Methods (CPI-U-RS), by Month and Annual Average, 1977–2006 (December 1977 = 100.) Year
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November December
Annual average
1977 ......................................... 1978 ......................................... 1979 .........................................
... 100.5 108.7
... 101.1 109.7
... 101.8 110.7
... 102.7 111.8
... 103.6 113.0
... 104.6 114.1
... 105.0 115.2
... 105.5 116.0
... 106.1 117.1
... 106.7 117.9
... 107.3 118.5
100.0 107.9 119.5
... 104.4 114.4
1980 ......................................... 1981 ......................................... 1982 ......................................... 1983 ......................................... 1984 .........................................
120.9 133.6 144.2 151.1 157.3
122.4 135.3 144.7 151.2 158.0
123.8 136.4 144.9 151.3 158.4
124.8 137.1 145.1 152.4 159.1
125.8 137.9 146.1 153.2 159.5
126.7 138.7 147.5 153.8 160.0
127.6 139.7 148.5 154.4 160.5
128.6 140.7 148.8 154.8 161.1
130.0 141.8 149.5 155.6 161.9
130.8 142.4 150.2 156.0 162.3
131.5 142.9 150.5 156.2 162.3
132.4 143.4 150.7 156.4 162.4
127.1 139.2 147.6 153.9 160.2
1985 ......................................... 1986 ......................................... 1987 ......................................... 1988 ......................................... 1989 .........................................
162.6 168.8 170.9 177.3 184.6
163.3 168.3 171.6 177.6 185.2
164.0 167.5 172.3 178.3 186.2
164.7 167.1 173.2 179.2 187.5
165.3 167.7 173.7 179.8 188.4
165.8 168.5 174.3 180.5 188.8
166.1 168.5 174.6 181.1 189.3
166.4 168.7 175.6 181.9 189.5
167.0 169.7 176.4 183.0 190.2
167.4 169.7 176.8 183.5 190.9
167.9 169.8 176.9 183.6 191.2
168.3 169.9 176.8 183.7 191.5
165.7 168.7 174.4 180.8 188.6
1990 ......................................... 1991 ......................................... 1992 ......................................... 1993 ......................................... 1994 .........................................
193.3 203.3 207.5 212.9 217.4
194.2 203.5 208.1 213.7 218.0
195.2 203.6 209.0 214.3 218.8
195.5 203.9 209.3 214.9 219.0
195.8 204.4 209.6 215.3 219.2
196.9 204.9 210.1 215.5 219.9
197.6 205.0 210.4 215.6 220.4
199.3 205.6 211.0 216.1 221.1
200.9 206.4 211.6 216.4 221.5
202.1 206.6 212.2 217.1 221.6
202.3 207.1 212.5 217.3 221.9
202.4 207.2 212.3 217.1 221.8
198.0 205.1 210.3 215.5 220.1
1995 ......................................... 1996 ......................................... 1997 ......................................... 1998 ......................................... 1999 .........................................
222.6 227.9 234.5 237.8 241.4
223.3 228.7 235.2 238.2 241.7
224.0 229.8 235.6 238.6 242.4
224.7 230.6 235.9 239.1 244.1
225.1 231.2 235.8 239.4 244.1
225.6 231.3 236.2 239.6 244.2
225.7 231.7 236.3 239.8 244.9
226.1 232.0 236.7 240.2 245.6
226.5 232.7 237.5 240.5 246.7
227.1 233.4 237.9 241.0 247.2
226.9 233.8 237.8 241.0 247.3
226.8 233.8 237.4 240.7 247.3
225.4 231.4 236.4 239.7 244.7
2000 ......................................... 2001 ......................................... 2002 ......................................... 2003 ......................................... 2004 .........................................
248.0 257.1 260.1 266.8 272.0
249.4 258.2 261.1 268.9 273.5
251.4 258.8 262.5 270.5 275.2
251.6 259.8 264.0 269.9 276.1
251.8 260.9 264.0 269.5 277.6
253.2 261.4 264.2 269.8 278.5
253.7 260.6 264.5 270.1 278.2
253.8 260.7 265.3 271.1 278.3
255.1 261.8 265.8 271.9 278.8
255.5 260.9 266.3 271.7 280.4
255.7 260.4 266.3 270.9 280.5
255.5 259.4 265.7 270.6 279.5
252.9 260.0 264.2 270.1 277.4
2005 ......................................... 2006 .........................................
280.0 291.2
281.6 291.8
283.8 293.5
285.7 295.9
285.5 297.3
285.6 297.9
286.9 298.8
288.3 299.5
291.9 298.0
292.5 296.4
290.2 295.9
288.9 296.4
286.7 296.1
. . . = Not available.
334 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS IMPORT AND EXPORT PRICE INDEXES Collection and Coverage All indexes use a modified Laspeyres formula. Price indexes for merchandise goods are re-weighted annually, with a two-year lag. Published series use a base year of 2000 = 100 whenever possible and the product categories classified by SITC have been discontinued. The products are now classified by end use as used by the Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). The merchandise item price indexes are classified by end use for the Bureau of Economic Analysis System, by industry for the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), and product category for the Harmonized System (HS). While classification by end use and product category are self-explanatory, a couple of notes are in order for classifying items by industry. In the NAICS tables, for both imports and exports, items are classified by output industry, not input industry. As an example, NAICS import index 326 (plastics and rubber products) would include outputs such as manufactured plastic rather than inputs such as petroleum. The NAICS classification structure also matches the classification system used by the PPI to produce the NAICS primary products indexes. The Import Price Indexes (MPI) are based on U.S. dollar prices paid by the U.S. importer. The prices are generally either “free on board” (f.o.b.) foreign port or “cost, insurance, and freight” (c.i.f.) U.S. port transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual industry. The index for crude petroleum is calculated from data collected by the Department of Energy. The Export Price Indexes (XPI) are classified by end use, determined by BEA. The prices used are generally either “free alongside ship” (f.a.s.) factory or “free on board”
(f.o.b.) transaction prices, depending on the practices of the individual industry. Prices used in the grain index, excluding rice, are obtained from the Department of Agriculture. Prices used in the import indexes by locality of origin are a subset of the data collected for the Import Price Indexes. Beginning with January 2002, the indexes are defined by locality of origin using a nomenclature based upon the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Nonmanufactured goods are defined as NAICS 11 and 21, and manufactured goods are defined as NAICS 31–33. Indexes for air passenger fares and crude oil tanker freight are calculated on a monthly basis. Indexes for air freight and ocean liner freight are calculated on a quarterly basis. The figures for services indexes will not sum up to the aggregate dollar value because not all categories are shown in the tables. Revenue figures for air passenger indexes exclude frequent flyer tickets and those sold by consolidators. Indexes for crude oil tanker freight are calculated from data collected by the Department of Energy and the publication of these indexes is lagged two months. The Air Passenger Fares Indexes are calculated from data collected from a commercial airliner reservation system. These data exclude frequent flyer tickets and those sold by consolidators. The Crude Oil Tanker Freight Indexes are calculated from data collected by the U. S. Department of Energy, and the publication of these indexes is lagged two months. The Air Freight and Ocean Liner Freight Indexes are calculated from data collected directly from companies. Sources of Additional Information Concepts and methodology are described in Chapter 15 of the BLS Handbook of Methods and in monthly BLS press releases. These resources are available on the BLS Web site at .
CHAPTER 7: PRICES 335 Table 7-12. U.S. Export Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by End Use, 2000–2006 (2000 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) 2000
2001
2002
Relative importance
March
All Commodities ...........................................................................
100.0
100.0
100.1
100.4
100.1
100.0
99.4
99.0
97.6
Foods, Feeds, and Beverages ..................................................... Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages, excluding distilled beverages ................................................................................... Nonagricultural foods (fish and distilled beverages) .......................
8.4
100.8
100.8
98.7
101.2
101.0
100.4
102.6
7.7 0.7
100.9 99.6
100.9 99.9
98.6 99.7
101.5 98.2
101.2 99.4
101.2 92.6
103.6 92.9
Industrial Supplies and Materials ............................................... Industrial supplies and materials, durable ...................................... Industrial supplies and materials, nondurable ................................ Agricultural industrial supplies and materials .................................
30.0 11.6 18.5 1.5
100.1 100.7 99.8 98.0
100.2 99.9 100.4 98.6
101.7 100.4 102.4 103.2
100.0 99.5 100.2 104.6
98.9 98.6 99.0 101.7
97.2 97.6 96.9 99.3
Nonagricultural Industrial Supplies and Materials .................... Fuels and lubricants ....................................................................... Nonagricultural supplies and materials, excluding fuels and building materials ........................................................................ Selected building materials .............................................................
28.5 4.5
100.3 103.1
100.3 97.3
101.6 111.3
99.7 104.9
98.7 100.3
22.9 1.1
99.8 100.5
100.8 100.2
100.2 99.7
98.8 99.2
Capital Goods ............................................................................... Electrical generating equipment ..................................................... Nonelectrical machinery ................................................................. Transportation equipment, excluding motor vehicles1 ....................
38.8 3.6 28.1 7.1
99.9 99.6 100.2 ...
99.9 100.0 100.0 ...
100.0 100.7 99.8 ...
Automotive Vehicles, Parts, and Engines .................................. Consumer goods, excluding automotives ....................................... Nondurables, manufactured ........................................................... Durables, manufactured .................................................................
10.4 12.4 5.9 5.4
99.9 100.0 100.1 99.8
99.9 99.9 99.8 100.1
Agricultural Commodities ............................................................
9.2
100.4
Nonagricultural Commodities .....................................................
90.8
100.0
Commodity
1December 2001 = 100. . . . = Not available.
June
Septem- December ber
March
June
Septem- December ber
March
June
Septem- December ber
97.6
98.0
98.8
98.6
100.7
99.7
101.5
109.8
108.7
101.6 92.1
100.0 98.3
101.7 100.7
110.7 101.3
109.5 102.3
95.2 95.9 94.8 96.8
91.4 93.8 90.0 93.3
91.9 94.4 90.4 93.6
94.6 96.0 93.9 95.8
95.9 96.4 95.8 98.4
96.0 96.6 95.8 101.9
97.0 102.8
95.1 103.2
91.3 83.5
91.8 85.6
94.5 86.7
95.8 92.9
95.7 91.3
98.5 97.5
96.1 97.0
93.8 95.5
92.3 94.2
92.6 94.2
95.7 94.2
96.4 96.2
96.4 96.2
100.2 100.5 99.7 ...
100.6 100.9 99.7 ...
100.3 101.7 99.1 ...
100.0 101.6 98.6 ...
99.4 101.5 97.7 100.0
99.4 102.1 97.5 100.9
98.7 102.0 96.6 100.8
98.4 102.0 96.0 101.7
98.1 101.9 95.4 102.5
100.3 99.9 99.8 100.1
100.1 99.7 99.6 99.9
100.3 99.6 99.0 100.2
100.4 99.4 99.0 100.0
100.4 99.7 99.1 100.4
100.5 99.9 99.1 100.5
100.9 99.1 98.1 99.7
100.9 99.1 98.5 99.4
101.1 99.3 98.7 99.6
101.3 99.3 98.7 99.6
100.5
99.4
102.0
101.3
100.9
102.5
100.2
98.9
100.7
108.6
108.2
100.0
100.5
99.9
99.9
99.3
98.6
97.4
97.5
97.8
98.0
97.8
336 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-12. U.S. Export Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by End Use, 2000–2006—Continued (2000 = 100, unless otherwise specified.) 2003 Commodity March
June
All Commodities ..................................................................................
99.7
Foods, Feeds, and Beverages ........................................................... Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages, excluding distilled beverages ......................................................................................... Nonagricultural foods (fish and distilled beverages) .............................
108.2
111.3
115.3
108.1 110.0
111.2 113.1
116.3 106.5
Industrial Supplies and Materials ...................................................... Industrial supplies and materials, durable ............................................. Industrial supplies and materials, nondurable ....................................... Agricultural industrial supplies and materials ........................................
100.6 99.2 101.7 104.8
100.1 99.7 100.6 104.4
100.2 100.4 100.4 107.3
Nonagricultural Industrial Supplies and Materials .......................... Fuels and lubricants .............................................................................. Nonagricultural supplies and materials, excluding fuels and building materials .............................................................................. Selected building materials ...................................................................
100.3 108.0
99.8 97.0
99.9 96.4
Capital Goods ...................................................................................... Electrical generating equipment ............................................................ Nonelectrical machinery ........................................................................ Transportation equipment, excluding motor vehicles1 ..........................
100.8
June
March
June
Septem- December ber
103.4
103.8
104.8
106.4
106.7
107.5
107.7
122.4
130.5
129.1
118.7
116.9
120.9
125.2
122.8
121.9
123.8 108.5
132.4 112.1
131.1 110.7
119.3 113.0
116.6 118.4
120.7 121.8
125.6 120.1
122.6 123.6
121.7 123.6
102.5 103.3 102.2 117.5
108.1 110.3 107.0 117.2
109.9 111.8 108.9 110.7
114.0 116.0 112.9 109.4
118.0 120.2 116.9 109.5
122.3 122.6 122.2 115.6
122.3 122.7 122.1 115.8
127.4 123.4 129.8 116.4
127.9 129.1 127.4 117.4
99.8 97.6
101.7 99.0
107.7 108.9
109.9 114.9
114.3 121.5
118.6 125.4
122.8 143.8
122.8 148.8
128.2 184.8
128.7 163.4
100.7 96.3
100.5 98.4
102.5 99.5
108.1 102.3
110.0 103.4
114.4 104.0
118.9 104.4
121.4 105.3
120.6 106.2
122.2 105.7
125.7 106.5
98.3 101.6 95.6 103.5
97.6 101.6 94.5 104.0
97.5 101.7 94.3 105.1
97.5 101.7 94.1 105.7
98.0 102.0 94.5 106.6
97.8 102.0 94.1 107.2
97.8 102.4 93.9 108.3
98.2 103.6 93.9 109.5
98.4 103.9 93.9 111.1
98.4 103.4 93.7 111.8
97.6 102.6 92.7 112.6
97.7 103.6 92.5 113.8
Automotive Vehicles, Parts, and Engines ........................................ Consumer goods, excluding automotives ............................................. Nondurables, manufactured .................................................................. Durables, manufactured ........................................................................
101.5 99.4 98.7 99.7
101.6 99.6 98.8 100.1
101.8 99.4 98.5 100.1
101.8 99.9 99.2 100.3
101.9 100.2 99.9 100.1
102.3 100.4 100.0 100.7
102.5 101.0 101.0 100.9
102.9 101.2 101.0 101.1
103.3 101.6 101.5 101.5
103.4 101.5 101.2 101.5
103.7 101.9 101.5 101.8
103.9 101.9 101.6 101.5
Agricultural Commodities ..................................................................
107.5
110.0
114.7
122.7
129.7
127.4
117.6
115.4
119.9
123.9
121.5
121.0
Nonagricultural Commodities ............................................................
99.1
98.7
98.6
99.1
100.9
101.5
102.8
104.1
105.4
105.4
106.5
106.8
2001 = 100.
99.8
March
2005
Septem- December ber
103.0
1December
99.5
2004
Septem- December ber
CHAPTER 7: PRICES 337 Table 7-12. U.S. Export Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by End Use, 2000–2006—Continued (2000 = 100, unless otherwise specified.) 2006 Commodity March
June
September
December
All Commodities ..........................................................................................................
108.8
111.2
111.7
112.5
Foods, Feeds, and Beverages ................................................................................... Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages, excluding distilled beverages ................................................................................................................. Nonagricultural foods (fish and distilled beverages) .....................................................
121.7
125.6
128.8
138.7
121.5 123.2
125.7 125.0
129.1 126.0
140.5 123.5
Industrial Supplies and Materials .............................................................................. Industrial supplies and materials, durable ..................................................................... Industrial supplies and materials, nondurable ............................................................... Agricultural industrial supplies and materials ................................................................
131.3 135.7 129.0 116.8
138.8 146.2 134.9 117.3
139.5 146.9 135.7 118.1
139.4 150.1 133.9 123.9
Nonagricultural Industrial Supplies and Materials .................................................. Fuels and lubricants ...................................................................................................... Nonagricultural supplies and materials, excluding fuels and building materials ...................................................................................................... Selected building materials ...........................................................................................
132.3 173.5
140.2 196.3
140.9 191.1
140.5 183.5
128.5 108.5
134.7 109.8
136.3 110.0
136.8 111.5
Capital Goods .............................................................................................................. Electrical generating equipment .................................................................................... Nonelectrical machinery ................................................................................................ Transportation equipment, excluding motor vehicles1 ..................................................
98.2 104.4 92.7 116.0
98.4 104.8 92.7 117.1
98.5 105.1 92.6 117.7
98.8 106.2 92.6 119.1
Automotive Vehicles, Parts, and Engines ................................................................ Consumer goods, excluding automotives ..................................................................... Nondurables, manufactured .......................................................................................... Durables, manufactured ................................................................................................
104.4 102.3 102.4 101.3
104.9 103.5 103.3 102.4
105.2 104.0 103.8 103.1
105.5 104.0 104.0 102.8
Agricultural Commodities ..........................................................................................
120.7
124.1
127.1
137.3
Nonagricultural Commodities ....................................................................................
108.0
110.3
110.6
110.7
1December
2001 = 100.
338 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-13. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by End Use, 2000–2006 (2000 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) Relative importance
Commodity
2000 March
June
2001
Septem- December ber
March
June
2002
Septem- December ber
March
June
Septem- December ber
All Commodities .........................................................................
100.0
99.9
100.2
101.6
100.5
98.3
97.6
95.9
91.4
92.8
94.1
95.5
95.2
Foods, Feeds, and Beverages ................................................... Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages, excluding distilled beverages ................................................................................ Nonagricultural foods (fish and distilled beverages) .....................
4.4
101.0
99.4
98.9
99.3
98.9
95.4
95.0
94.6
95.0
96.2
99.7
100.2
3.4 1.0
102.1 98.5
99.2 99.7
97.3 102.3
99.3 99.2
101.0 94.5
97.0 92.2
97.8 89.2
98.3 86.8
99.5 85.5
101.3 85.1
105.4 87.3
106.0 87.5
Industrial Supplies and Materials ............................................. Fuels and lubricants ..................................................................... Paper and paper base stocks ....................................................... Materials associated with nondurable supplies and materials ..... Selected building materials .......................................................... Unfinished metals associated with durable goods ....................... Finished metals associated with durable goods ........................... Nonmetals associated with durable goods ...................................
38.4 23.3 0.8 4.6 1.9 4.5 1.7 1.6
99.0 97.2 95.5 98.5 107.1 102.7 100.6 100.2
100.7 101.3 100.0 99.9 100.3 100.7 100.5 99.5
105.5 111.3 103.2 101.1 94.3 101.5 100.3 99.7
102.9 106.1 104.5 101.5 94.7 99.5 99.4 99.7
96.0 91.1 104.4 102.8 91.9 99.5 98.3 101.6
95.5 90.9 100.0 100.3 111.1 93.6 99.4 100.6
91.0 86.1 93.9 97.9 103.7 87.1 98.2 100.4
77.6 61.6 90.7 96.2 92.9 82.1 97.9 99.0
84.9 76.4 88.0 95.9 100.7 83.8 97.1 97.2
89.8 85.8 87.1 97.1 99.1 88.5 96.5 96.7
95.2 96.2 90.5 99.4 97.6 89.7 97.1 96.9
94.6 94.7 89.1 100.1 95.0 91.5 96.8 97.1
Industrial Supplies and Materials, Durable ..............................
38.4
102.9
100.4
99.6
98.5
98.1
99.1
94.1
89.1
91.1
92.3
92.7
92.7
Industrial Supplies and Materials, Excluding
Fuels1
..............
15.1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
100.0
101.0
102.1
103.4
103.6
Industrial Supplies and Materials, Excluding Petroleum .......
17.3
98.9
99.9
101.0
105.4
102.1
99.8
94.2
90.0
90.3
92.9
93.9
95.2
Industrial Supplies and Materials, Nondurable, Excluding Petroleum ....................................................................................
5.4
94.6
99.3
102.6
112.9
106.4
100.7
94.2
90.9
89.3
93.4
95.2
98.1
Capital Goods ............................................................................. Electric generating equipment ...................................................... Nonelectrical machinery ............................................................... Transportation equipment, excluding motor vehicles1 ..................
21.0 2.6 16.7 1.6
100.5 98.7 100.9 ...
100.0 101.1 99.9 ...
99.7 100.3 99.5 ...
98.9 99.8 98.6 ...
98.7 102.1 98.0 ...
97.7 101.8 96.7 ...
96.8 101.4 95.6 ...
96.2 100.6 94.9 100.0
95.2 95.5 94.4 100.5
95.1 95.1 94.4 100.4
94.7 95.7 93.7 101.0
93.9 94.9 92.8 101.0
Automotive Parts and Engines .................................................
13.4
99.7
100.2
100.0
100.2
100.1
99.8
99.9
100.0
99.9
100.1
100.3
100.5
Consumer Goods, Excluding Automotive ............................... Nondurables, manufactured ......................................................... Nonmanufactured consumer goods .............................................
22.8 10.6 1.1
100.3 100.3 100.3
99.6 99.6 98.2
99.8 99.8 99.8
99.5 99.6 99.0
99.8 100.2 99.3
99.3 99.8 99.2
99.1 99.6 97.9
98.7 99.7 96.4
98.2 99.2 96.1
98.1 99.1 95.6
98.1 99.5 95.4
98.0 99.7 95.4
All Imports, Excluding Fuels .....................................................
76.7
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
100.0
99.7
99.9
100.1
100.0
All Imports, Excluding Petroleum .............................................
78.9
100.0
99.9
100.0
100.7
100.0
98.9
97.3
96.2
95.8
96.2
96.4
96.5
1December 2001 = 100. . . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 7: PRICES 339 Table 7-13. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by End Use, 2000–2006—Continued (2000 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) 2003 Commodity March
June
2004
September
December
March
June
2005
September
December
March
June
September
December
All Commodities .......................................................................
99.1
96.2
96.2
97.5
100.2
101.7
104.1
104.0
107.8
109.2
114.4
112.3
Foods, Feeds, and Beverages ................................................. Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages, excluding distilled beverages .............................................................................. Nonagricultural foods (fish and distilled beverages) ...................
102.6
100.7
101.8
103.2
105.9
106.9
108.7
111.5
115.9
114.1
114.2
117.5
109.6 86.9
107.1 86.6
108.3 87.6
110.9 86.0
113.0 90.1
114.3 90.3
116.4 91.4
120.7 91.0
125.7 94.0
123.5 93.1
122.6 95.6
127.2 95.9
Industrial Supplies and Materials ........................................... Fuels and lubricants ................................................................... Paper and paper base stocks ..................................................... Materials associated with nondurable supplies and materials .... Selected building materials ......................................................... Unfinished metals associated with durable goods ...................... Finished metals associated with durable goods ......................... Nonmetals associated with durable goods .................................
109.7 125.2 91.0 104.2 96.3 92.8 96.1 97.9
98.2 100.3 94.1 103.0 96.7 92.2 97.4 98.2
98.9 99.4 94.0 102.5 110.3 93.4 99.0 97.5
103.6 107.2 93.9 104.4 108.0 99.2 101.0 98.2
112.7 120.2 95.6 105.4 118.4 114.9 104.8 99.3
119.3 130.9 99.0 106.0 120.5 124.4 108.1 98.7
128.5 146.2 101.1 108.0 125.6 133.1 112.4 98.8
126.4 141.0 101.3 109.8 115.6 138.5 114.7 99.7
139.8 165.6 103.8 113.0 122.7 140.4 115.9 100.8
145.5 178.0 103.8 113.5 118.1 139.9 116.6 100.9
167.2 222.1 104.3 117.3 117.6 138.2 117.3 100.7
158.6 202.4 106.1 117.8 116.9 145.8 117.6 100.5
Industrial Supplies and Materials, Durable ............................
93.6
93.7
97.3
99.5
108.5
112.8
117.8
118.0
120.8
119.7
119.1
121.4
Industrial Supplies and Materials, Excluding
Fuels1
............
105.8
105.7
107.9
110.1
116.5
119.8
124.1
124.8
128.0
127.5
128.5
130.3
Industrial Supplies and Materials, Excluding Petroleum ......
104.3
99.9
100.3
102.1
107.9
112.5
114.4
118.8
119.9
120.2
126.8
132.2
Industrial Supplies and Materials, Nondurable, Excluding Petroleum ..................................................................................
117.1
107.2
103.8
105.0
107.1
112.0
110.2
119.7
118.7
120.7
135.4
144.3
Capital Goods ........................................................................... Electric generating equipment .................................................... Nonelectrical machinery ............................................................. Transportation equipment, excluding motor vehicles1 ................
93.7 95.5 92.5 101.6
93.8 96.6 92.3 102.0
93.5 95.8 92.1 102.2
92.9 96.8 91.1 102.8
93.1 97.8 91.2 103.5
92.2 97.0 90.1 104.0
92.0 97.4 89.8 103.9
92.2 98.0 89.9 104.5
92.3 98.8 89.8 105.6
92.3 98.8 89.8 106.0
91.5 99.0 88.7 106.4
91.0 99.3 88.1 106.1
Automotive Parts and Engines ...............................................
100.5
100.6
100.5
101.4
101.8
102.2
102.7
103.2
103.2
103.4
103.6
103.6
Consumer Goods, Excluding Automotive ............................. Nondurables, manufactured ....................................................... Nonmanufactured consumer goods ...........................................
97.9 99.7 95.7
98.1 99.8 96.2
97.9 99.7 95.7
98.1 100.1 96.2
98.7 101.3 96.4
98.5 100.9 96.8
98.4 100.8 97.9
99.0 101.4 98.2
99.9 102.8 100.3
99.9 102.8 101.8
99.7 103.1 100.6
99.6 102.7 101.2
All Imports, Excluding Fuels ...................................................
100.3
100.3
100.6
101.0
102.4
102.7
103.4
104.0
105.0
104.9
104.8
105.1
All Imports, Excluding Petroleum ...........................................
98.1
97.3
97.3
97.7
99.1
99.7
100.1
101.3
102.0
102.0
102.8
103.7
1December
2001 = 100.
340 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-13. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by End Use, 2000–2006—Continued (2000 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) 2006 Commodity March
June
September
December
All Commodities ..........................................................................................................
112.7
117.3
116.2
115.1
Foods, Feeds, and Beverages ................................................................................... Agricultural foods, feeds, and beverages, excluding distilled beverages ................................................................................................................ Nonagricultural foods (fish and distilled beverages) .....................................................
117.0
118.0
120.9
122.6
125.4 98.3
126.8 98.5
130.4 99.8
133.7 97.9
Industrial Supplies and Materials .............................................................................. Fuels and lubricants ...................................................................................................... Paper and paper base stocks ....................................................................................... Materials associated with nondurable supplies and materials ...................................... Selected building materials ........................................................................................... Unfinished metals associated with durable goods ........................................................ Finished metals associated with durable goods ........................................................... Nonmetals associated with durable goods ...................................................................
160.4 201.5 107.7 119.3 118.0 161.1 119.2 100.8
178.1 230.2 111.3 120.6 117.2 193.2 125.3 101.1
172.2 216.3 113.1 121.8 115.8 194.4 128.4 101.3
166.6 204.3 112.8 123.0 110.6 195.9 128.9 101.7
Industrial Supplies and Materials, Durable ..............................................................
127.2
139.1
139.8
139.2
Industrial Supplies and Materials, Excluding Fuels1 ...............................................
134.9
143.7
144.7
144.7
Industrial Supplies and Materials, Excluding Petroleum ........................................
128.1
133.9
135.1
138.3
Industrial Supplies and Materials, Nondurable, Excluding Petroleum ..................
128.3
126.7
128.5
136.3
Capital Goods .............................................................................................................. Electric generating equipment ...................................................................................... Nonelectrical machinery ................................................................................................ Transportation equipment, excluding motor vehicles1 ..................................................
91.1 100.1 88.0 107.0
91.2 102.1 87.8 107.9
91.3 102.7 87.8 108.3
91.5 103.0 87.9 109.1
Automotive Parts and Engines ..................................................................................
103.5
103.9
104.1
104.3
Consumer Goods, Excluding Automotive ................................................................ Nondurables, manufactured .......................................................................................... Nonmanufactured consumer goods ..............................................................................
99.6 102.8 98.2
99.8 102.6 98.6
100.5 103.0 100.5
101.0 103.4 101.8
All Imports, Excluding Fuels ......................................................................................
105.7
107.2
107.8
108.1
All Imports, Excluding Petroleum .............................................................................
103.0
104.2
104.8
105.7
1December
2001 = 100.
CHAPTER 7: PRICES 341 Table 7-14. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Locality of Origin, 1996–2006 (2000 = 100.) Category and year
INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES ...........................................................................
Percent of U.S. imports1
Month March
June
September
December
44.8
Total Goods 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 .......................................................................................................................
99.7 97.4 94.6 94.1
98.8 96.5 94.0 94.8
99.3 96.4 93.3 96.4
99.4 96.1 93.8 97.5
....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................
99.5 100.2 94.3 100.0 103.4
100.1 99.0 95.7 98.4 104.7
100.9 96.5 96.9 98.6 106.3
101.4 93.7 96.7 100.0 107.5
2005 ....................................................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................................................
109.7 113.5
110.0 117.4
113.5 117.0
114.1 116.4
71.6 73.3 59.3 56.9
72.3 68.9 56.8 65.1
76.0 69.4 57.2 78.7
84.3 68.5 55.7 83.2
....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................
92.7 103.9 82.9 134.3 122.9
102.2 97.2 93.8 113.7 133.1
107.5 85.2 102.4 108.9 138.7
118.2 69.9 102.7 112.4 147.1
2005 ....................................................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................................................
156.7 170.9
158.0 190.0
203.0 183.7
199.2 184.9
102.1 99.5 97.8 97.6
101.1 98.9 97.5 97.7
101.4 98.8 96.7 98.1
100.7 98.6 97.3 98.9
....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................
100.2 99.9 95.6 97.8 102.1
99.9 99.2 96.3 97.7 102.8
100.2 97.6 96.9 98.2 104.0
99.8 96.0 96.7 99.4 104.6
2005 ....................................................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................................................
106.3 109.0
106.6 111.8
106.7 111.8
107.7 111.1
99.8 100.6 92.4 87.7
99.0 99.4 90.7 90.3
101.3 98.7 89.5 94.5
102.7 96.6 86.8 96.9
....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................
99.8 97.0 90.9 96.7 96.3
100.4 96.6 92.2 93.1 97.9
102.5 95.0 94.3 93.3 101.5
99.5 88.6 93.4 94.1 99.7
2005 ....................................................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................................................
105.0 110.8
107.0 115.5
112.1 114.0
109.5 111.8
73.7 75.8 57.1 53.0
72.1 72.6 54.9 63.6
80.9 72.2 54.5 80.3
84.5 68.8 46.8 89.2
....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................
99.9 88.9 81.3 113.3 118.1
102.4 89.7 88.2 98.0 123.2
109.2 86.1 99.6 98.8 141.5
97.4 65.3 96.4 106.5 130.3
2005 ....................................................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................................................
158.0 191.7
169.5 215.4
199.8 204.6
181.3 191.1
108.9 108.4 103.5 98.8
108.4 107.8 102.2 98.9
107.9 107.0 100.6 99.0
108.6 105.3 99.6 99.3
....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................
99.8 99.6 95.6 96.5 95.2
99.7 98.8 95.9 95.1 96.2
100.3 97.9 96.2 95.1 97.2
100.2 96.0 95.8 94.5 97.1
2005 ....................................................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................................................
98.4 99.4
98.7 101.2
99.3 101.2
99.6 100.7
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Nonmanufactured Goods .................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Manufactured Goods ........................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
OTHER COUNTRIES ............................................................................................
4.6
39.8
55.2
Total Goods 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Nonmanufactured Goods .................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Manufactured Goods ........................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
1Based
on 2005 trade values.
11.0
44.0
342 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-14. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Locality of Origin, 1996–2006 —Continued (2000 = 100.) Category and year
CANADA ................................................................................................................
Percent of U.S. imports1
Month March
June
September
December
17.1
Total Goods 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 .......................................................................................................................
94.3 93.2 90.1 88.8
93.5 92.6 89.7 90.6
93.8 93.2 89.3 93.5
95.1 92.0 88.7 94.7
....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................
97.2 102.6 96.1 106.6 110.0
99.8 101.8 97.8 103.1 112.3
102.4 97.0 99.6 103.9 114.4
105.6 93.2 99.2 104.4 116.6
2005 ....................................................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................................................
120.1 125.4
119.6 130.6
128.2 129.7
129.6 129.2
70.3 69.9 58.4 56.5
70.7 66.6 56.6 64.2
74.4 68.1 56.5 76.8
84.3 66.4 56.3 79.9
....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................
89.3 108.1 83.8 143.1 126.1
103.6 97.9 96.8 119.0 138.0
107.6 83.1 104.1 111.5 138.9
124.4 69.8 104.9 114.0 150.5
2005 ....................................................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................................................
157.9 171.3
159.8 189.2
210.8 183.1
207.4 187.1
99.0 98.0 96.7 95.5
98.0 98.0 96.6 96.1
97.7 98.3 96.3 96.9
97.4 97.3 95.5 97.7
....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................
98.8 101.6 99.1 100.9 107.4
98.9 102.8 98.7 101.1 108.2
101.3 99.9 99.5 103.2 110.3
101.8 98.1 98.9 103.3 110.7
2005 ....................................................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................................................
113.7 117.2
112.9 120.0
113.1 119.9
115.6 118.7
Total Goods 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 .......................................................................................................................
101.3 100.5 98.9 98.8
101.0 100.0 98.8 99.1
101.7 99.1 98.7 99.9
101.9 100.1 99.4 100.3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................
100.8 99.0 97.4 103.2 107.4
100.1 98.8 99.2 102.8 108.5
100.0 98.2 101.0 102.8 110.0
98.9 97.4 100.9 104.3 111.6
2005 ....................................................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................................................
113.8 117.7
114.1 120.4
115.7 120.5
114.5 119.6
78.8 89.3 65.6 53.6
80.6 82.2 58.7 66.6
85.7 76.5 58.8 81.3
91.7 78.4 53.4 88.7
....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................
100.4 96.0 86.6 118.8 128.4
102.9 99.5 88.7 106.7 135.1
107.9 89.1 99.6 111.5 157.9
106.2 75.7 104.1 118.8 163.1
2005 ....................................................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................................................
177.1 211.4
177.5 231.9
209.7 219.9
191.1 198.7
102.3 101.0 100.4 100.9
101.8 100.8 100.6 100.6
102.4 100.1 100.5 100.8
102.3 101.0 101.5 100.8
....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................
100.8 99.2 98.1 103.3 107.4
99.9 98.8 99.9 103.2 108.4
99.6 98.7 101.5 103.2 109.3
98.6 98.4 101.4 104.5 110.9
2005 ....................................................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................................................
112.8 116.0
113.0 118.0
113.8 118.4
112.9 118.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Nonmanufactured Goods .................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Manufactured Goods ........................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
EUROPEAN UNION ..............................................................................................
Nonmanufactured Goods .................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Manufactured Goods ........................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
1Based
on 2005 trade values.
3.9
12.9
17.9
0.4
17.4
CHAPTER 7: PRICES 343 Table 7-14. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Locality of Origin, 1996–2006 —Continued (2000 = 100.) Category and year
Percent of U.S. imports1
LATIN AMERICA ...................................................................................................
Month March
June
September
December
17.6
Total Goods 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 .......................................................................................................................
... ... 84.3 81.7
... ... 83.9 85.3
... ... 83.0 90.7
... ... 80.4 94.2
....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................
98.9 99.5 94.0 104.8 106.3
100.9 98.9 96.2 99.6 108.6
103.5 97.2 100.0 99.8 114.7
99.5 90.6 98.9 102.6 113.1
2005 ....................................................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................................................
122.1 134.0
126.3 142.8
133.8 140.2
131.0 136.4
... ... 60.8 59.3
... ... 59.7 67.2
... ... 59.4 82.1
... ... 51.9 90.2
....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................
100.2 89.3 83.5 111.7 121.1
103.5 89.0 90.7 103.5 125.9
107.8 86.0 103.0 100.9 144.6
93.6 67.3 99.3 109.8 130.1
2005 ....................................................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................................................
161.0 195.5
175.1 217.2
205.1 205.7
184.6 197.1
... ... 94.8 92.0
... ... 95.0 93.6
... ... 93.8 94.6
... ... 93.5 96.0
....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................
98.3 104.2 101.5 108.2 107.5
99.6 103.5 102.4 103.6 109.1
101.6 102.5 104.2 104.4 112.0
102.3 101.4 103.8 105.8 113.9
2005 ....................................................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................................................
117.1 123.2
118.6 128.9
120.1 128.4
122.2 125.8
110.1 104.6 99.8 98.2
108.4 103.2 98.2 98.2
107.8 102.7 96.8 98.6
106.5 101.0 98.0 99.6
....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................
99.6 99.4 95.6 94.4 95.2
100.0 98.6 95.4 94.2 95.1
99.9 97.8 95.0 93.8 95.3
99.9 97.0 94.6 94.7 95.9
2005 ....................................................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................................................
95.9 94.6
95.8 94.7
95.8 94.4
95.2 94.1
Total Goods 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 .......................................................................................................................
120.6 116.6 108.7 101.3
119.6 115.3 105.2 100.8
118.1 113.8 103.0 100.7
117.3 111.3 102.0 100.8
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................
100.6 97.3 93.3 91.2 90.3
99.9 96.4 92.6 91.5 90.6
100.0 95.2 92.5 91.7 91.0
99.3 93.8 91.3 90.9 90.6
2005 ....................................................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................................................
88.8
89.2
89.3
89.1
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Nonmanufactured Goods .................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Manufactured Goods ........................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
JAPAN ...................................................................................................................
4.8
12.7
8.3
Total Goods 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
ASIAN NEWLY INDUSTRALIZED COUNTRIES2 ................................................
1Based on 2005 trade values. 2The Asian Newly Industrialized Countries are Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. . . . = Not available.
6.1
344 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-15. U.S. International Price Indexes for Selected Transportation Services, 1996–2006 (2000 = 100.) Category and year
March
June
September
December
AIR FREIGHT Import Air Freight 1996 ................................................................... 1997 ................................................................... 1998 ................................................................... 1999 ...................................................................
113.7 104.1 93.0 101.5
112.2 104.5 94.2 98.7
112.0 102.5 92.8 100.6
110.6 100.1 100.2 102.8
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................
100.7 98.9 96.7 110.2 117.1
100.1 96.0 99.7 111.5 117.5
100.2 95.9 101.2 116.8 120.0
99.0 95.6 106.9 114.9 126.8
2005 ................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................
128.6 129.7
128.4 135.2
129.7 133.1
128.9 131.2
Export Air Freight 1996 ................................................................... 1997 ................................................................... 1998 ................................................................... 1999 ...................................................................
... 111.1 107.1 102.1
... 110.4 106.6 102.5
... 109.0 108.0 100.8
... 105.4 109.2 99.1
................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................
99.1 99.7 95.5 96.3 97.1
100.8 98.4 97.9 95.2 99.1
100.8 98.6 98.3 95.1 100.3
99.4 97.9 95.2 95.4 106.1
2005 ................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................
106.4 113.6
110.1 115.9
110.9 117.9
112.0 116.7
Inbound Air Freight 1996 ................................................................... 1997 ................................................................... 1998 ................................................................... 1999 ...................................................................
108.6 101.3 93.9 99.6
107.7 101.8 94.4 97.6
108.2 100.3 92.7 99.5
107.6 97.9 99.0 102.8
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................
100.7 97.9 93.9 108.8 116.2
100.1 95.1 98.3 109.4 116.6
100.2 94.9 100.3 112.5 118.7
99.0 95.1 105.9 112.9 125.1
2005 ................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................
126.3 124.6
125.6 129.2
127.5 128.9
124.6 127.1
Outbound Air Freight 1996 ................................................................... 1997 ................................................................... 1998 ................................................................... 1999 ...................................................................
107.3 108.0 105.2 100.3
107.6 107.3 103.8 100.4
107.0 107.7 103.7 100.3
107.3 105.7 103.0 99.2
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................
99.2 100.1 95.9 97.2 96.1
100.3 98.0 98.4 95.4 99.0
100.2 97.6 97.3 95.5 100.7
100.2 97.8 95.4 94.9 104.7
2005 ................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................
103.8 113.5
107.2 117.2
112.4 116.9
112.0 113.8
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
. . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 7: PRICES 345 Table 7-15. U.S. International Price Indexes for Selected Transportation Services, 1996–2006—Continued (2000 = 100.) Category and year
March
June
September
December
AIR PASSENGER FARES Import Air Passenger Fares 1996 ................................................................... 1997 ................................................................... 1998 ................................................................... 1999 ...................................................................
82.0 84.7 87.1 87.5
88.1 95.5 94.9 98.9
86.8 94.0 95.1 99.5
84.3 88.0 88.6 89.7
................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................
92.5 101.1 103.1 108.6 103.6
103.5 112.8 119.1 122.3 123.1
105.1 116.4 125.2 125.9 121.0
98.9 105.7 107.2 107.0 111.7
2005 ................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................
110.0 114.9
128.1 136.7
124.0 130.9
116.3 125.4
Export Air Passenger Fares 1996 ................................................................... 1997 ................................................................... 1998 ................................................................... 1999 ...................................................................
93.0 85.3 89.5 95.5
94.4 97.7 90.2 96.8
97.7 95.0 90.6 100.6
94.7 87.4 93.1 98.6
................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................
98.1 99.6 97.5 108.4 123.2
101.5 100.4 103.2 117.0 123.8
102.6 102.5 108.1 118.0 130.1
97.7 98.4 103.2 118.4 134.0
2005 ................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................
136.3 130.8
136.2 139.3
139.5 142.4
128.3 137.3
78.8 79.7 76.9 55.4
77.3 80.3 64.9 53.0
68.8 72.7 61.5 53.0
74.4 76.7 61.4 57.7
................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................
73.2 119.3 60.2 133.2 133.4
86.3 96.7 59.9 101.9 104.3
107.5 74.3 58.5 73.7 119.1
133.0 72.4 77.2 90.2 186.9
2005 ................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................
130.7 137.6
116.8 118.8
99.8 130.1
154.8 123.7
71.9 69.1 65.9 72.7
70.5 68.5 73.1 94.7
69.4 67.2 74.4 104.8
69.7 65.8 73.8 98.7
................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................
96.6 102.8 91.7 94.0 119.1
101.3 100.8 90.3 116.1 121.1
101.1 98.1 93.5 116.2 120.3
101.0 92.8 93.3 117.8 122.7
2005 ................................................................... 2006 ...................................................................
121.3 125.4
128.5 114.9
127.9 114.2
126.8 114.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
CRUDE OIL TANKER FREIGHT Inbound Crude Oil Tanker Freight 1996 ................................................................... 1997 ................................................................... 1998 ................................................................... 1999 ................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
OCEAN LINER FREIGHT Inbound Ocean Liner Freight 1996 ................................................................... 1997 ................................................................... 1998 ................................................................... 1999 ................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
346 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-16. U.S. Export Price Indexes and Percent Change for Travel and Tourism Services, October 2006– October 2007 (December 2006 = 100.) Index Category
Total Export Travel and Tourism .................... From Europe ...................................................... From Asia ........................................................... From Latin America/Caribbean .......................... From Canada .....................................................
. . . = Not available.
Relative importance
100.000 39.567 32.125 15.275 8.676
September 2007
106.3 106.7 106.0 105.7 106.3
Percent change
October 2007
107.5 108.3 106.6 107.3 107.6
October 2006 to October 2007
... ... ... ... ...
June 2006 to July 2007
-1.3 -1.3 -1.8 -1.1 -0.1
July 2007 to August 2007
0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1
August 2007 September 2007 to to September 2007 October 2007
2.1 2.0 2.8 1.7 1.3
1.1 1.5 0.6 1.5 1.2
CHAPTER 8 CONSUMER EXPENDITURES
CONSUMER EXPENDITURES HIGHLIGHTS The principal objective of the Consumer Expenditure (CE) Survey is to collect information about the buying habits of American households. The survey breaks down expenditures for different demographic categories, such as income, age, family size, and geographic location. These data are used in a variety of government, business, and academic research projects and provide important weights for the periodic revisions of the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
Percent Distribution of Major Consumer Expenditures, by Selected Age Groups, 2006 40
Percent
30
20
10
0 Food at home
Housing
Transportation
Health care
Major consumer expenditure 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years
65 to 74 years 75 years and over
Two obvious differences between the 75 years old and over age group and the other age groups are the decline in the share spent on transportation and the increase in the share spent on health care costs. Health care costs increase with every age group, rising from 3.5 percent for the 25- to 34-yearold age group to 14.8 percent for the 75 years old and over age group. (See Table 8-10.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • Average annual expenditures per household rose 4.3 percent in 2006, which was faster than the 3.2 percent increase in consumer prices. The increase in spending for housing—the largest component of total spending—was 7.9 percent, a significant factor in the total increase. (See Table 8-1.) • Households in the highest income quintile (the top 20 percent of all earners) accounted for 38.9 percent of aggregate expenditures in 2006. (See Table 8-5.) • The number of households that reported more that $150,000 in annual income increased over 40 percent from 2004 to 2006. (See Table 8-4.) • Single women spent a higher proportion of income on health care than single men from 2005 to 2006 (8.0 percent compared to 4.6 percent) and less on transportation (13.6 percent compared to 16.6 percent). This is partly because single women included more elderly persons; the average age for single women was 57.6 years, compared to 46.8 years for single men. (See Tables 8-21 and 8-22.)
349
350 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Purpose, Collection, and Coverage The buying habits of American consumers change over time because of changes in relative prices, real income, family size and composition, and other determinants of tastes and preferences. The introduction of new products into the marketplace and the emergence of new concepts in retailing also influence consumer buying habits. Data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE), the only national survey that relates family expenditures to demographic characteristics, are of great importance to researchers. The survey data are also used to revise the Consumer Price Index market baskets and item samples. Until the 1970s, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) conducted surveys of consumer expenditures approximately once every 10 years. The last such survey was conducted in 1972–1973. In late 1979, in a significant departure from previous methodology, BLS initiated a survey to be conducted on a continuous basis with rotating panels of respondents.
parable to those of prior years, especially for the income tables. Averages for demographic characteristics and annual expenditures will change due to differences between the incomplete and complete income reporters in these categories. Furthermore, certain expenditures (such as personal insurance and pensions) are computed using income data. As a result of imputation, average annual values for these expenditures may be substantially different in the 2004 CE tables than in tables for previous years. The regular flow of data resulting from this design substantially enhances the usefulness of the survey by providing more timely information on consumption patterns within different kinds of consumer units.
The current CE is similar to its 1972–1973 predecessor in that it consists of two separate components. Each component has its own questionnaire and sample: (1) the Interview Survey, in which an interviewer visits each consumer unit every three months for a twelve-month period; and (2) the Diary Survey, a record-keeping survey completed by other consumer units for two consecutive oneweek periods. The Census Bureau, under contract to BLS, collects the data for both components of the survey. Beginning in 1999, the sample was increased from 5,000 to 7,500 households.
The Interview Survey is designed to collect data on the types of expenditures that respondents can be expected to recall after a period of three months or longer. These include relatively large expenditures (such as those for property, travel, automobiles, and major appliances) and expenditures that occur on a regular basis (such as those for rent, utilities, insurance premiums, and clothing). The interview also obtains “global estimates” of food expenditures for both food at home and food away from home. For food-at-home expenditures, respondents are asked to estimate their typical weekly spending at the grocery store and to determine how much money was spent on nonfood items. Nonfood spending is then subtracted from the total. Convenience and specialty stores are also included in the food-at-home estimates. The survey also collects data for approximately 95 percent of total expenditures. Excluded from the Interview Survey are nonprescription drugs, household supplies, and personal care products.
In 2003, the survey modified the questions on race and Hispanic origin to comply with the new standards for maintaining, collecting, and presenting federal data on race and ethnicity for federal statistical agencies. Beginning with the data collected in 2003, the CE tables use data collected from the new race and ethnicity questions. A number of new classifications were made with publication of the 2003 data.
The Diary Survey is designed to collect data on expenditures for frequently purchased items that are more difficult to recall over longer periods of time. Respondents keep detailed records of expenses for food and beverages at home and meals in eating places away from home. Expenditures for tobacco, drugs (including nonprescription drugs), and personal care supplies and services are also collected in the Diary Survey.
Beginning with the publication of the 2004 tables, the CE has been implementing multiple imputations of income data. Prior to 2004, the CE only published income data collected from complete income reporters. The introduction of multiply imputed income data affects the published CE tables in several ways, because income data are now published for all consumer units (instead of for complete reporters only). The most obvious result of this change is seen on the tables showing expenditures categorized by income before taxes, including income by quintile. Starting with the 2004 data, columns describing income, expenditures, and characteristics for “total complete reporting” and “incomplete reporting of income” no longer appear in these tables, and the column entitled “all consumer units” appears on all income tables. Due to the implementation of income imputation, data for 2004 are not strictly com-
Participants in both surveys record dollar amounts for goods and services purchased during the reporting period, regardless of whether payment was made at the time of purchase. Excluded from both surveys are business-related expenditures and expenditures for which the family is reimbursed. Information is collected on demographic and family characteristics at the initial interview for each survey. The tables in this chapter present integrated data from the Diary Survey and the Interview Survey and provide a complete accounting of consumer expenditures and income, which neither survey component is designed to do alone. Data for some expenditure items are only collected in one of the surveys. For example, the Diary Survey does not collect data for expenditures on overnight travel or information on reimbursements, while the Interview
CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 351 Survey records these purchases. Examples of expenditures for which reimbursements are netted out include those for medical care, auto repair, and construction, repairs, alterations, and maintenance of property. For items unique to one survey or the other, the choice of which survey to use as the source of data is obvious. However, there is considerable overlap in coverage between the two surveys. Integrating the data thus presents the problem of determining the appropriate survey component. When data are available from both survey sources, the more reliable of the two (as determined by statistical methods) is selected. As a result, some items are selected from the Interview Survey and others are selected from the Diary Survey. Research is underway to evaluate survey methodology; it is described in Consumer Expenditure Survey Anthology, 2005, which can be found on the BLS Web site at . Data Included in This Book Data for single characteristics are for calendar year 2006, and data for two cross-classified characteristics are for an average of calendar years 2005 and 2006. Income values from the survey are derived from “complete income reporters” only. Complete income reporters are defined as consumer units that provide values for at least one of the major sources of their income: wages and salaries, selfemployment income, retirement income, dividends and interest, and welfare benefits. Some consumer units are defined as complete income reporters, even though they may not have provided a full accounting of all income from all sources. Consumer units are classified by quintiles of income before taxes, age of reference person, size of consumer unit, region, composition of consumer unit, number of earners in consumer unit, housing tenure, race, type of area (urban or rural), and occupation.
Concepts and Definitions A consumer unit comprises either (1) all members of a particular household related by blood, marriage, adoption, or other legal arrangements; (2) a person living alone, sharing a household with others, living as a roomer in a private home or lodging house or in permanent living quarters in a hotel or motel, but who is financially independent; or (3) two or more persons living together who pool their income to make joint expenditure decisions. Financial independence is determined by the three major expense categories: housing, food, and other living expenses. To be considered financially independent, at least two of the three major expense categories have to be provided by the respondent. The terms “family,” “household,” and “consumer unit” are used interchangeably in descriptions of the CE. The householder or reference person is the first member of the consumer unit mentioned by the respondent as owner or renter of the premises at the time of the initial interview. Total expenditures include the transaction costs, including excise and sales taxes of goods and services acquired during the interview period. Estimates include expenditures for gifts and contributions and payments for pensions and personal insurance. An earner is a consumer unit member, 14 years of age or over, who reported having worked at least 1 week during the 12 months prior to the interview date. Sources of Additional Information More extensive descriptions and tables can be found in an updated version of Chapter 16 in the BLS Handbook of Methods and in an anthology of articles relating to consumer expenditures. These resources can be found on the BLS Web site at .
352 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-1. Consumer Expenditures, Annual Average of All Consumer Units, 1996–2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .........
104 212
105 576
107 182
108 465
109 367
110 339
112 108
115 356
116 282
117 356
118 843
Income Before Taxes .......................................................
38 014
39 926
41 622
43 951
44 649
47 507
49 430
51 128
54 453
58 712
60 533
Age of Reference Person ................................................
47.7
47.7
47.6
47.9
48.2
48.1
48.1
48.0
48.5
48.6
48.7
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ......................................................................... Children under 18 years .................................................... Persons 65 years and over ................................................ Earners .............................................................................. Vehicles .............................................................................
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 2.0
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 2.0
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.9
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.9
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.0
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 2.0
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9
Percent Homeowner ........................................................ With mortgage ................................................................... Without mortgage ..............................................................
64 38 26
64 38 26
64 39 26
65 38 27
66 39 27
66 40 26
66 41 26
67 41 26
68 42 25
67 43 25
67 43 24
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ............................
33 797
34 819
35 535
36 995
38 045
39 518
40 677
40 817
43 395
46 409
48 398
Food .................................................................................. Food at home ..................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ......................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ........................................ Dairy products ................................................................ Fruits and vegetables .................................................... Other food at home ........................................................ Food away from home .......................................................
4 698 2 876 447 447 312 490 889 1 823
4 801 2 880 453 453 314 476 895 1 921
4 810 2 780 425 425 301 472 858 2 030
5 031 2 915 448 448 322 500 896 2 116
5 158 3 021 453 453 325 521 927 2 137
5 321 3 086 452 452 332 522 952 2 235
5 375 3 099 450 798 328 552 970 2 276
5 340 3 129 442 825 328 535 999 2 211
5 781 3 347 461 880 371 561 1 075 2 434
5 931 3 297 445 764 378 552 1 158 2 634
6 111 3 417 446 797 368 592 1 212 2 694
Alcoholic Beverages .......................................................
309
309
309
318
372
349
376
391
459
426
497
Housing ............................................................................ Shelter ............................................................................... Owned dwellings ............................................................ Rented dwellings ........................................................... Other lodging ................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ..................................... Household operations ........................................................ Housekeeping supplies ...................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ..............................
10 747 6 064 3 783 1 864 417 2 347 522 464 1 350
11 272 6 344 3 935 1 983 426 2 412 548 455 1 512
11 713 6 680 4 245 1 978 458 2 405 546 482 1 601
12 057 7 016 4 525 2 027 465 2 377 666 498 1 499
12 319 7 114 4 602 2 034 478 2 489 684 482 1 549
13 011 7 602 4 979 2 134 489 2 767 676 509 1 458
13 283 7 829 5 165 2 160 505 2 684 706 545 1 518
13 432 7 887 5 263 2 179 445 2 811 707 529 1 497
13 918 7 998 5 324 2 201 473 2 927 753 594 1 646
15 167 8 805 5 958 2 345 502 3 183 801 611 1 767
16 366 9 673 6 516 2 590 567 3 397 948 640 1 708
Apparel and Services ......................................................
1 752
1 729
1 674
1 743
1 856
1 743
1 749
1 640
1 816
1 886
1 874
Transportation ................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .......................................... Gasoline and motor oil ....................................................... Other vehicle expenses ..................................................... Public transportation ..........................................................
6 382 2 815 1 082 2 058 427
6 457 2 736 1 098 2 230 393
6 616 2 964 1 017 2 206 429
7 011 3 305 1 055 2 254 397
7 417 3 418 1 291 2 281 427
7 633 3 579 1 279 2 375 400
7 759 3 665 1 235 2 471 389
7 781 3 732 1 333 2 331 385
7 801 3 397 1 598 2 365 441
8 344 3 544 2 013 2 339 448
8 508 3 421 2 227 2 355 505
Health Care ....................................................................... Health insurance ................................................................ Medical services ................................................................ Drugs ................................................................................. Medical supplies ................................................................
1 770 827 543 303 97
1 841 881 531 320 108
1 903 913 542 346 102
1 959 923 558 370 109
2 066 983 568 416 99
2 182 1 061 573 449 100
2 350 1 168 590 487 105
2 416 1 252 591 467 107
2 574 1 332 648 480 114
2 664 1 361 677 521 105
2 766 1 465 670 514 117
Entertainment ...................................................................
1 834
1 813
1 746
1 891
1 863
1 953
2 079
2 060
2 218
2 388
2 376
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Personal Care Products and Services ...........................
513
528
401
408
564
465
526
527
581
541
585
Reading .............................................................................
159
164
161
159
146
141
139
127
130
126
117
Education .........................................................................
524
571
580
635
632
648
752
783
905
940
888
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ....................
255
264
273
300
319
308
320
290
288
319
327
Miscellaneous ..................................................................
855
847
860
867
776
750
792
606
690
808
846
Cash Contributions .........................................................
940
1 001
1 109
1 181
1 192
1 258
1 277
1 370
1 408
1 663
1 869
Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................. Life and other personal insurance ..................................... Pensions and Social Security ............................................
3 060 353 2 707
3 223 379 2 844
3 381 398 2 982
3 436 394 3 042
3 365 399 2 966
3 737 410 3 326
3 899 406 3 493
4 055 397 3 658
4 823 390 4 433
5 204 381 4 823
5 270 322 4 948
CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 353 Table 8-2. Shares of Annual Average Consumer Expenditures and Characteristics of All Consumer Units, 1996–2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .........
104 212
105 576
107 182
108 465
109 367
110 339
112 108
115 356
116 282
117 356
118 843
Income Before Taxes .......................................................
38 014
39 926
41 622
43 951
44 649
47 507
49 430
51 128
54 453
58 712
60 533
Age of Reference Person ................................................
47.7
47.7
47.6
47.9
48.2
48.1
48.1
48.4
48.5
48.6
48.7
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ......................................................................... Children under 18 years .................................................... Persons 65 years and over ................................................ Earners .............................................................................. Vehicles .............................................................................
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 2.0
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 2.0
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.9
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.9
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.0
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 2.0
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9
Percent Homeowner ........................................................ With mortgage ................................................................... Without mortgage ..............................................................
64 38 26
64 38 26
64 39 26
65 38 27
66 39 27
66 40 26
66 41 26
67 41 26
68 42 25
67 43 25
67 43 24
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ............................
33 797
34 819
35 535
36 995
38 045
39 518
40 677
40 817
43 395
46 409
48 398
Food .................................................................................. Food at home ..................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ......................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ........................................ Dairy products ................................................................ Fruits and vegetables .................................................... Other food at home ........................................................ Food away from home .......................................................
13.9 8.5 1.3 2.2 0.9 1.4 2.6 5.4
13.8 8.3 1.3 2.1 0.9 1.4 2.6 5.5
13.5 7.8 1.2 2.0 0.8 1.3 2.4 5.7
13.6 7.9 1.2 2.0 0.9 1.4 2.4 5.7
13.6 7.9 1.2 2.1 0.9 1.4 2.4 5.6
13.5 7.8 1.1 2.1 0.8 1.3 2.4 5.7
13.2 7.6 1.1 2.0 0.8 1.4 2.4 5.6
13.1 7.7 1.1 2.0 0.8 1.3 2.4 5.4
13.3 7.7 1.1 2.0 0.9 1.3 2.5 5.6
12.8 7.1 1.0 1.6 0.8 1.2 2.5 5.7
12.6 7.1 0.9 1.6 0.8 1.2 2.5 5.6
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Alcoholic Beverages .......................................................
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.1
0.9
1.0
Housing ............................................................................ Shelter ............................................................................... Owned dwellings ............................................................ Rented dwellings ........................................................... Other lodging ................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ..................................... Household operations ........................................................ Housekeeping supplies ...................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ..............................
31.8 17.9 11.2 5.5 1.2 6.9 1.5 1.4 4.0
32.4 18.2 11.3 5.7 1.2 6.9 1.6 1.3 4.3
33.0 18.8 11.9 5.6 1.3 6.8 1.5 1.4 4.5
32.6 19.0 12.2 5.5 1.3 6.4 1.8 1.3 4.1
32.4 18.7 12.1 5.3 1.3 6.5 1.8 1.3 4.1
32.9 19.2 12.6 5.4 1.2 7.0 1.7 1.3 3.7
32.7 19.2 12.7 5.3 1.2 6.6 1.7 1.3 3.7
32.9 19.3 12.9 5.3 1.1 6.9 1.7 1.3 3.7
32.1 18.4 12.3 5.1 1.1 6.7 1.7 1.4 3.8
32.7 19.0 12.8 5.1 1.1 6.9 1.7 1.3 3.8
33.8 20.0 13.5 5.4 1.2 7.0 2.0 1.3 3.5
Apparel and Services ......................................................
5.2
5.0
4.7
4.7
4.9
4.4
4.3
4.0
4.2
4.1
3.9
Transportation ................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .......................................... Gasoline and motor oil ....................................................... Other vehicle expenses ..................................................... Public transportation ..........................................................
18.9 8.3 3.2 6.1 1.3
18.5 7.9 3.2 6.4 1.1
18.6 8.3 2.9 6.2 1.2
19.0 8.9 2.9 6.1 1.1
19.5 9.0 3.4 6.0 1.1
19.3 9.1 3.2 6.0 1.0
19.1 9.0 3.0 6.1 1.0
19.1 9.1 3.3 5.7 0.9
18.0 7.8 3.7 5.5 1.0
18.0 7.6 4.3 5.0 1.0
17.6 7.1 4.6 4.9 1.0
Health Care ....................................................................... Health insurance ................................................................ Medical services ................................................................ Drugs ................................................................................. Medical supplies ................................................................
5.2 2.4 1.6 0.9 0.3
5.3 2.5 1.5 0.9 0.3
5.4 2.6 1.5 1.0 0.3
5.3 2.5 1.5 1.0 0.3
5.4 2.6 1.5 1.1 0.3
5.5 2.7 1.4 1.1 0.3
5.8 2.9 1.5 1.2 0.3
5.9 3.1 1.4 1.1 0.3
5.9 3.1 1.5 1.1 0.3
5.7 2.9 1.5 1.1 0.2
5.7 3.0 1.4 1.1 0.2
Entertainment ...................................................................
5.4
5.2
4.9
5.1
4.9
4.9
5.1
5.0
5.1
5.1
4.9
Personal Care Products and Services ...........................
1.5
1.5
1.1
1.1
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
Reading .............................................................................
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
Education .........................................................................
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.1
2.0
1.8
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ....................
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
Miscellaneous ..................................................................
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.7
Cash Contributions .........................................................
2.8
2.9
3.1
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.1
3.4
3.2
3.6
3.9
Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................. Life and other personal insurance ..................................... Pensions and Social Security ............................................
9.1 1.0 8.0
9.3 1.1 8.2
9.5 1.1 8.4
9.3 1.1 8.2
8.8 1.0 7.8
9.5 1.0 8.4
9.6 1.0 8.6
9.9 1.0 9.0
11.1 0.9 10.2
11.2 0.8 10.4
10.9 0.7 10.2
354 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-3. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Income Before Taxes, 2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ...........
All consumer units
118 843
Less than $5,000
4 572
$5,000 to $9,999
6 247
$10,000 to $14,999
7 585
$15,000 to $19,999
7 671
$20,000 to $29,999
14 232
$30,000 to $39,999
13 304
$40,000 to $49,999
11 446
$50,000 to $69,999
17 674
$70,000 and over
36 112
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS Income Before Taxes .........................................................
60 533
439
8 006
12 551
17 462
24 905
34 685
44 620
59 253
125 688
Income After Taxes ............................................................
58 101
316
8 019
12 630
17 411
24 743
33 916
43 573
57 358
119 298
Age of Reference Person ..................................................
48.7
43.2
50.7
56.9
56.1
51.1
48.2
47.5
46.6
46.4
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ........................................................................... Children under 18 years ....................................................... Persons 65 years and over .................................................. Earners ................................................................................ Vehicles ...............................................................................
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9
1.6 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.8
1.6 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.7
1.7 0.4 0.5 0.5 1.0
1.9 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.2
2.2 0.6 0.5 0.9 1.5
2.3 0.6 0.3 1.2 1.7
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.4 1.9
2.8 0.7 0.2 1.6 2.3
3.0 0.8 0.2 2.0 2.8
Percent Distribution Male ..................................................................................... Female .................................................................................
46 54
41 59
34 66
34 66
38 62
40 60
45 55
48 52
49 51
53 47
Percent Homeowner .......................................................... With mortgage ...................................................................... Without mortgage .................................................................
67 43 24
36 14 22
32 8 24
47 11 35
53 17 37
55 22 33
60 34 27
68 42 26
75 54 21
88 71 17
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ..............................
48 398
20 709
16 751
20 612
24 422
29 042
35 108
39 573
50 086
82 294
Food .................................................................................... Food at home ....................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ........................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs .......................................... Dairy products .................................................................. Fruits and vegetables ....................................................... Other food at home .......................................................... Food away from home .........................................................
6 111 3 417 446 797 368 592 1 212 2 694
3 049 1 802 239 485 188 293 597 1 246
2 860 1 894 248 466 203 328 649 966
3 099 2 159 277 525 233 378 747 940
3 631 2 476 319 613 259 428 857 1 155
4 136 2 605 357 623 275 471 878 1 531
4 689 2 719 346 634 318 462 959 1 970
5 330 3 061 406 723 333 537 1 061 2 269
6 496 3 603 463 814 406 597 1 322 2 892
9 300 4 798 627 1 103 503 841 1 724 4 502
Alcoholic Beverages ..........................................................
497
220
192
202
227
254
384
427
505
833
Housing ............................................................................... Shelter .................................................................................. Owned dwellings .............................................................. Rented dwellings .............................................................. Other lodging ................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ....................................... Household operations .......................................................... Housekeeping supplies ........................................................ Household furnishings and equipment .................................
16 366 9 673 6 516 2 590 567 3 397 948 640 1 708
8 037 5 037 2 024 2 742 272 1 827 307 297 570
7 047 4 221 1 212 2 906 103 1 811 217 379 419
8 176 4 699 1 596 2 998 106 2 201 361 288 627
9 408 5 399 2 232 3 020 147 2 531 394 356 729
10 755 6 297 2 929 3 227 140 2 763 405 409 881
12 289 7 311 3 837 3 255 220 2 972 513 472 1 021
13 970 8 057 4 752 2 999 306 3 275 696 531 1 410
16 635 9 706 6 525 2 761 420 3 747 797 667 1 717
26 495 15 853 12 902 1 629 1 322 4 579 1 923 1 003 3 137
Apparel and Services ........................................................
1 874
1 255
883
670
860
1 133
1 297
1 573
1 981
3 078
Transportation .................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ............................................. Gasoline and motor oil ......................................................... Other vehicle expenses ....................................................... Public transportation ............................................................
8 508 3 421 2 227 2 355 505
3 206 1 161 966 882 197
2 107 485 794 667 162
3 299 1 261 980 890 167
3 572 961 1 278 1 107 225
5 067 1 866 1 580 1 427 193
6 770 2 781 1 897 1 811 280
6 844 2 229 2 147 2 193 275
9 423 3 597 2 599 2 728 499
14 500 6 331 3 319 3 837 1 013
Health Care ......................................................................... Health insurance .................................................................. Medical services .................................................................. Drugs ................................................................................... Medical supplies ..................................................................
2 766 1 465 670 514 117
1 041 526 270 198 47
948 488 197 232 31
1 738 1 000 302 372 64
2 221 1 264 408 471 78
2 411 1 335 476 508 92
2 498 1 346 560 502 90
2 616 1 465 580 461 110
3 006 1 629 676 588 114
3 791 1 908 1 079 622 182
Entertainment .....................................................................
2 376
856
765
833
1 103
1 158
1 579
1 864
2 344
4 371
Personal Care Products and Services .............................
585
230
201
256
346
355
450
481
629
949
Reading ...............................................................................
117
48
41
55
65
71
80
99
116
201
Education ............................................................................
888
1 046
441
462
240
285
398
412
681
1 838
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ......................
327
239
265
243
302
331
383
364
382
311
Miscellaneous ....................................................................
846
544
330
515
412
559
572
584
871
1 412
Cash Contributions ............................................................
1 869
482
359
547
1 222
961
1 181
1 280
1 743
3 580
Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................... Life and other personal insurance ........................................ Pensions and Social Security ..............................................
5 270 322 4 948
456 75 381
311 79 232
517 108 409
813 129 684
1 564 168 1 396
2 537 171 2 365
3 729 235 3 494
5 275 314 4 961
11 635 629 11 005
CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 355 Table 8-4. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Higher Income Before Taxes, 2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ....................................................
All consumer units
118 843
Less than $70,000
82 730
$70,000 to $79,000
6 956
$80,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
10 241
18 915
$100,000 to $119,000
6 300
$120,000 to $149,999
5 357
$150,000 and over
7 258
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS Income Before Taxes ..................................................................................................
60 533
32 093
74 647
88 763
164 452
108 417
132 682
236 545
Income After Taxes .....................................................................................................
58 101
31 388
72 173
85 269
155 055
103 684
126 314
220 861
Age of Reference Person ...........................................................................................
48.7
49.7
45.5
46.2
46.9
46.1
46.3
48.1
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons .................................................................................................................... Children under 18 years ................................................................................................ Persons 65 years and over ........................................................................................... Earners ......................................................................................................................... Vehicles ........................................................................................................................
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.2 0.6 0.4 1.1 1.6
2.8 0.7 0.2 1.8 2.5
3.0 0.7 0.2 1.9 2.7
3.2 0.8 0.2 2.1 2.9
3.2 0.9 0.1 2.1 2.7
3.1 0.8 0.2 2.1 2.9
3.2 0.9 0.2 2.0 3.1
Percent Distribution Male .............................................................................................................................. Female ..........................................................................................................................
46 54
43 57
53 47
52 48
54 46
54 46
55 45
53 47
Percent Homeowner ................................................................................................... With mortgage ............................................................................................................... Without mortgage ..........................................................................................................
67 43 24
58 31 28
82 64 18
85 67 18
92 76 16
89 75 14
92 78 14
95 77 18
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES .......................................................................
48 398
33 490
57 352
65 810
100 386
78 129
88 647
128 681
Food ............................................................................................................................. Food at home ................................................................................................................ Cereals and bakery products .................................................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................................................... Dairy products ........................................................................................................... Fruits and vegetables ................................................................................................ Other food at home ................................................................................................... Food away from home ..................................................................................................
6 111 3 417 446 797 368 592 1 212 2 694
4 660 2 784 364 657 307 479 978 1 875
7 094 3 977 515 970 419 665 1 408 3 118
8 491 4 482 605 1 054 472 733 1 618 4 009
10 547 5 269 680 1 179 551 963 1 897 5 278
9 310 4 875 607 1 184 499 802 1 782 4 435
10 159 5 169 706 1 112 557 971 1 823 4 990
12 029 5 736 733 1 224 597 1 117 2 065 6 293
Alcoholic Beverages ...................................................................................................
497
344
562
600
1 059
905
781
1 419
Housing ........................................................................................................................ Shelter ........................................................................................................................... Owned dwellings ....................................................................................................... Rented dwellings ....................................................................................................... Other lodging ............................................................................................................ Utilities, fuels, and public services ................................................................................ Household operations ................................................................................................... Housekeeping supplies ................................................................................................. Household furnishings and equipment ..........................................................................
16 366 9 673 6 516 2 590 567 3 397 948 640 1 708
11 927 6 976 3 729 3 009 238 2 881 522 473 1 075
18 832 11 260 8 675 2 074 511 3 921 975 722 1 953
21 242 12 565 9 870 1 957 738 4 088 1 274 953 2 362
32 157 19 323 16 098 1 288 1 937 5 087 2 623 1 134 3 990
24 337 14 564 11 787 1 622 1 155 4 525 1 523 940 2 784
28 672 17 280 14 715 1 150 1 415 4 865 1 928 1 039 3 560
41 579 24 963 20 861 1 101 3 000 5 738 4 090 1 399 5 388
Apparel and Services .................................................................................................
1 874
1 331
2 035
2 405
3 824
2 775
3 596
4 983
Transportation ............................................................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ...................................................................................... Gasoline and motor oil .................................................................................................. Other vehicle expenses ................................................................................................ Public transportation .....................................................................................................
8 508 3 421 2 227 2 355 505
5 891 2 151 1 751 1 707 282
10 921 4 322 2 909 3 115 574
12 206 5 155 3 138 3 229 684
17 059 7 706 3 568 4 432 1 353
13 601 5 502 3 318 3 732 1 049
15 661 6 805 3 598 4 206 1 052
21 097 10 284 3 763 5 209 1 841
Health Care .................................................................................................................. Health insurance ........................................................................................................... Medical services ........................................................................................................... Drugs ............................................................................................................................ Medical supplies ...........................................................................................................
2 766 1 465 670 514 117
2 318 1 272 492 466 88
3 216 1 727 879 499 111
3 345 1 669 947 588 141
4 244 2 104 1 224 685 231
3 699 1 983 946 603 166
3 889 2 005 971 699 214
4 984 2 282 1 654 748 300
Entertainment ..............................................................................................................
2 376
1 500
2 804
3 225
5 568
4 187
4 434
7 606
Personal Care Products and Services ......................................................................
585
422
747
794
1 107
915
1 054
1 322
Reading ........................................................................................................................
117
80
137
160
247
191
228
309
Education .....................................................................................................................
888
472
843
1 050
2 631
1 704
1 907
3 974
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ...............................................................
327
334
363
348
271
319
290
216
Miscellaneous .............................................................................................................
846
599
957
1 065
1 768
1 381
1 379
2 390
Cash Contributions .....................................................................................................
1 869
1 122
1 931
2 171
4 949
3 904
3 208
7 141
Personal Insurance and Pensions ............................................................................ Life and other personal insurance ................................................................................. Pensions and Social Security .......................................................................................
5 270 322 4 948
2 491 188 2 303
6 910 373 6 537
8 709 453 8 256
14 956 819 14 138
10 903 571 10 332
13 388 568 12 819
19 633 1 218 18 415
356 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-5. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Quintiles of Income Before Taxes, 2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ......................................................
All consumer units
Lowest 20 percent
Second 20 percent
Third 20 percent
Fourth 20 percent
Highest 20 percent
118 843
23 738
23 773
23 765
23 770
23 796
Income Before Taxes ....................................................................................................
60 533
9 974
26 657
44 933
70 975
149 963
Income After Taxes .......................................................................................................
58 101
9 969
26 346
43 799
68 497
141 738
Age of Reference Person .............................................................................................
48.7
52.3
50.9
47.4
46.1
46.9
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ...................................................................................................................... Children under 18 years ................................................................................................. Persons 65 years and over ............................................................................................. Earners ........................................................................................................................... Vehicles ..........................................................................................................................
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9
1.7 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.9
2.2 0.5 0.4 1.0 1.5
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.4 1.9
2.8 0.7 0.2 1.8 2.5
3.1 0.8 0.2 2.1 2.9
Percent Distribution Male ................................................................................................................................ Female ............................................................................................................................
46 54
36 64
42 58
47 53
51 49
54 46
Percent Homeowner ..................................................................................................... With mortgage ................................................................................................................ Without mortgage ...........................................................................................................
67 43 24
42 13 30
56 24 32
67 42 25
80 62 18
91 75 17
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES .........................................................................
48 398
20 410
30 224
41 431
55 697
94 150
Food ............................................................................................................................... Food at home .................................................................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ...................................................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ..................................................................................... Dairy products ............................................................................................................. Fruits and vegetables ................................................................................................. Other food at home ..................................................................................................... Food away from home ....................................................................................................
6 111 3 417 446 797 368 592 1 212 2 694
3 193 2 138 276 532 227 370 733 1 055
4 307 2 647 354 631 291 464 907 1 660
5 614 3 210 413 749 358 547 1 144 2 404
7 195 3 903 516 902 426 649 1 410 3 292
10 243 5 186 673 1 172 540 933 1 867 5 058
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Alcoholic Beverages ....................................................................................................
497
213
294
474
534
971
Housing ......................................................................................................................... Shelter ............................................................................................................................ Owned dwellings ......................................................................................................... Rented dwellings ........................................................................................................ Other lodging .............................................................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services .................................................................................. Household operations ..................................................................................................... Housekeeping supplies ................................................................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ...........................................................................
16 366 9 673 6 516 2 590 567 3 397 948 640 1 708
8 128 4 805 1 719 2 946 140 2 090 310 331 591
10 973 6 405 3 003 3 240 162 2 782 443 437 906
14 204 8 269 4 928 3 032 310 3 307 668 552 1 406
18 428 10 847 7 949 2 369 529 3 901 916 779 1 985
30 071 18 025 14 968 1 363 1 694 4 902 2 398 1 097 3 649
Apparel and Services ...................................................................................................
1 874
845
1 193
1 680
2 101
3 548
Transportation .............................................................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ....................................................................................... Gasoline and motor oil .................................................................................................... Other vehicle expenses .................................................................................................. Public transportation .......................................................................................................
8 508 3 421 2 227 2 355 505
3 038 987 991 879 182
5 277 1 954 1 624 1 489 211
7 662 2 940 2 182 2 188 352
10 120 3 774 2 829 2 968 549
16 426 7 442 3 508 4 248 1 228
Health Care .................................................................................................................... Health insurance ............................................................................................................. Medical services ............................................................................................................. Drugs .............................................................................................................................. Medical supplies .............................................................................................................
2 766 1 465 670 514 117
1 485 817 290 321 57
2 456 1 347 504 520 85
2 647 1 446 602 487 112
3 154 1 677 776 582 119
4 086 2 036 1 179 658 213
Entertainment ................................................................................................................
2 376
879
1 271
1 898
2 720
5 105 1 050
Personal Care Products and Services ........................................................................
585
262
385
513
713
Reading ..........................................................................................................................
117
51
73
98
131
232
Education ......................................................................................................................
888
505
295
477
879
2 281
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies .................................................................
327
266
345
367
374
282
Miscellaneous ...............................................................................................................
846
454
510
674
939
1 652
Cash Contributions ......................................................................................................
1 869
573
1 117
1 412
1 834
4 403
Personal Insurance and Pensions .............................................................................. Life and other personal insurance .................................................................................. Pensions and Social Security .........................................................................................
5 270 322 4 948
517 97 420
1 728 164 1 564
3 712 227 3 485
6 577 370 6 207
13 800 752 13 048
CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 357 Table 8-6. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Occupation of Reference Person, 2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Wage and salary earners Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ...........
Selfemployed workers
5 491
Total wage and salary earners
Managers and professional workers
78 242
29 597
Technical sales and clerical workers
21 770
Service workers
12 796
Construction Operators, workers and fabricators, mechanics and laborers
4 868
9 212
Retired
20 186
All others, including those not reporting
14 923
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS Income Before Taxes .........................................................
87 362
69 402
94 686
61 161
46 562
54 552
47 220
32 411
42 202
Income After Taxes ............................................................
84 756
66 298
89 254
59 000
45 449
52 441
46 074
31 613
41 144
Age of Reference Person ..................................................
47.8
42.9
44.4
42.4
41.8
40.5
42.4
73.7
45.5
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ........................................................................... Children under 18 years ....................................................... Persons 65 years and over .................................................. Earners ................................................................................ Vehicles ...............................................................................
2.7 0.7 0.2 1.8 2.1
2.6 0.7 0.1 1.7 2.1
2.5 0.7 0.1 1.7 2.2
2.5 0.7 0.1 1.7 2.0
2.7 0.8 0.1 1.7 1.8
2.7 0.8 0.1 1.7 2.3
2.7 0.8 0.1 1.7 2.1
1.7 0.1 1.2 0.2 1.6
2.8 0.9 0.2 0.7 1.6
Percent Distribution Male ..................................................................................... Female .................................................................................
62 38
50 50
49 51
38 62
43 57
93 7
71 29
41 59
25 75
Percent Homeowner .......................................................... With mortgage ...................................................................... Without mortgage .................................................................
74 51 23
66 51 15
76 61 15
63 48 14
53 38 15
61 47 13
58 41 17
81 19 62
56 33 23
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ..............................
62 226
52 938
67 541
49 056
38 717
45 382
39 193
33 858
39 375
Food .................................................................................... Food at home ....................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ........................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs .......................................... Dairy products .................................................................. Fruits and vegetables ....................................................... Other food at home .......................................................... Food away from home .........................................................
7 752 4 255 547 1 019 446 804 1 439 3 497
6 582 3 509 456 811 378 596 1 268 3 073
7 758 3 943 525 841 433 707 1 437 3 814
6 303 3 323 437 779 364 535 1 208 2 980
5 396 3 112 379 750 314 537 1 131 2 284
6 162 3 298 410 801 366 559 1 162 2 864
5 430 3 259 412 873 333 507 1 134 2 170
4 312 2 704 363 633 293 513 902 1 609
5 577 3 613 476 870 394 606 1 266 1 965
Alcoholic Beverages ..........................................................
716
570
760
504
367
527
427
308
311
Housing ............................................................................... Shelter .................................................................................. Owned dwellings .............................................................. Rented dwellings .............................................................. Other lodging ................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ....................................... Household operations .......................................................... Housekeeping supplies ........................................................ Household furnishings and equipment .................................
19 419 11 356 8 177 2 329 849 3 870 1 096 1 001 2 095
17 781 10 703 7 319 2 765 619 3 503 1 074 642 1 859
22 646 13 853 10 405 2 447 1 001 3 900 1 538 823 2 531
16 519 9 715 6 402 2 786 527 3 408 1 054 604 1 739
13 561 8 178 4 501 3 391 286 3 102 608 502 1 171
14 674 8 824 5 635 2 885 303 3 328 568 434 1 520
12 707 7 418 4 374 2 807 236 3 102 543 485 1 160
11 483 5 957 4 031 1 523 404 3 008 663 595 1 260
14 445 8 682 5 059 3 209 413 3 193 617 561 1 392
Apparel and Services ........................................................
2 336
2 095
2 587
1 960
1 599
1 816
1 695
970
1 801
Transportation .................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ............................................. Gasoline and motor oil ......................................................... Other vehicle expenses ....................................................... Public transportation ............................................................
10 006 3 895 2 717 2 758 636
9 551 3 891 2 489 2 627 544
11 398 4 660 2 698 3 185 855
9 326 3 966 2 410 2 504 446
7 210 2 814 2 136 1 945 315
8 930 3 471 2 657 2 480 322
7 742 2 966 2 405 2 155 216
5 617 2 286 1 353 1 573 405
6 399 2 314 1 859 1 841 384
Health Care ......................................................................... Health insurance .................................................................. Medical services .................................................................. Drugs ................................................................................... Medical supplies ..................................................................
3 249 1 608 966 543 133
2 421 1 253 644 411 113
2 981 1 496 833 492 160
2 376 1 302 578 401 96
1 793 928 450 343 73
1 988 1 024 598 292 75
1 829 931 486 334 78
4 305 2 513 713 923 155
2 321 1 105 644 489 84
Entertainment .....................................................................
3 026
2 629
3 541
2 397
1 690
2 256
1 764
1 625
1 828
Personal Care Products and Services .............................
725
635
836
607
491
393
405
457
451
Reading ...............................................................................
155
117
175
104
66
64
62
133
81
Education ............................................................................
1 082
1 026
1 602
862
604
440
462
235
974
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ......................
359
344
238
351
368
527
538
194
404
Miscellaneous ....................................................................
1 207
872
1 112
786
612
878
654
824
608
Cash Contributions ............................................................
2 742
1 817
2 656
1 403
1 012
1 558
1 355
2 331
1 194
Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................... Life and other personal insurance ........................................ Pensions and Social Security ..............................................
9 452 450 9 002
6 498 340 6 158
9 250 487 8 763
5 557 297 5 260
3 948 208 3 740
5 169 206 4 963
4 122 224 3 898
1 064 273 791
2 981 248 2 733
358 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-7. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Number of Earners, 2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Single consumer
Consumer units of two or more persons
Item No earner
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ...................................
One earner
No earner
One earner
Two earners
Three or more earners
13 017
22 205
10 000
24 022
39 222
10 377
Income Before Taxes ................................................................................
16 195
40 562
29 936
55 796
86 421
101 491
Income After Taxes ...................................................................................
15 863
38 216
29 380
54 059
82 615
98 014
Age of Reference Person ..........................................................................
68.7
43.1
65.3
46.9
42.9
46.1
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ................................................................................................... Children under 18 years .............................................................................. Persons 65 years and over ......................................................................... Earners ........................................................................................................ Vehicles .......................................................................................................
1.0 X 0.7 X 0.8
1.0 X 0.1 1.0 1.2
2.3 0.4 1.2 X 1.7
3.0 1.1 0.3 1.0 1.9
3.0 0.9 0.1 2.0 2.5
4.4 1.0 0.1 3.3 3.2
Percent Distribution Male ............................................................................................................. Female ........................................................................................................
32 68
53 47
45 55
41 59
49 51
48 52
Percent Homeowner .................................................................................. With mortgage ............................................................................................. Without mortgage ........................................................................................
57 10 47
49 33 15
78 20 58
68 43 24
75 60 15
81 64 17
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES .....................................................
21 694
33 939
35 594
48 901
62 364
71 597
Food ............................................................................................................ Food at home .............................................................................................. Cereals and bakery products .................................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................................. Dairy products ......................................................................................... Fruits and vegetables .............................................................................. Other food at home ................................................................................. Food away from home .................................................................................
2 415 1 616 223 345 182 307 559 798
3 771 1 798 225 380 191 306 695 1 973
5 253 3 440 471 844 359 623 1 142 1 813
6 560 3 912 500 944 426 675 1 367 2 648
7 687 4 061 541 924 445 693 1 458 3 626
9 820 5 640 701 1 428 575 979 1 958 4 179
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Alcoholic Beverages .................................................................................
186
579
363
374
620
707
Housing ...................................................................................................... Shelter ......................................................................................................... Owned dwellings ..................................................................................... Rented dwellings ..................................................................................... Other lodging ........................................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ............................................................... Household operations ................................................................................. Housekeeping supplies ............................................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ........................................................
8 572 5 144 2 325 2 660 159 2 087 441 330 570
12 533 8 384 4 428 3 572 383 2 192 424 330 1 203
12 276 6 107 4 074 1 618 415 3 296 740 646 1 488
17 217 9 940 6 566 2 741 633 3 718 1 032 693 1 833
20 489 12 058 9 014 2 306 738 3 991 1 442 807 2 191
20 731 11 918 9 037 2 059 822 4 729 838 926 2 320
Apparel and Services ................................................................................
578
1 179
1 258
2 004
2 519
2 907
Transportation ........................................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .................................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ................................................................................ Other vehicle expenses ............................................................................... Public transportation ....................................................................................
2 918 1 154 690 824 250
5 322 1 795 1 479 1 618 429
5 839 2 268 1 477 1 672 422
8 539 3 432 2 274 2 354 478
11 250 4 651 2 910 3 056 633
14 480 6 177 3 793 3 868 643
Health Care ................................................................................................ Health insurance ......................................................................................... Medical services .......................................................................................... Drugs ........................................................................................................... Medical supplies ..........................................................................................
2 490 1 337 487 580 85
1 439 720 387 270 62
4 607 2 723 687 997 200
2 988 1 576 741 561 111
2 935 1 524 799 480 133
3 021 1 529 840 499 154
Entertainment ............................................................................................
937
1 776
1 691
2 360
3 171
3 159
Personal Care Products and Services ....................................................
291
404
480
569
743
900
Reading ......................................................................................................
81
97
128
109
138
131
Education ...................................................................................................
371
539
226
759
1 186
2 091
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies .............................................
167
262
232
357
384
472
Miscellaneous ............................................................................................
641
673
755
802
970
1 197
Cash Contributions ...................................................................................
1 893
1 446
2 001
1 795
1 943
2 505
Personal Insurance and Pensions ........................................................... Life and other personal insurance ............................................................... Pensions and Social Security ......................................................................
155 130 125
3 918 140 3 778
486 287 199
4 468 327 4 141
8 329 449 7 881
9 477 496 8 981
1Data are likely to have large sampling errors. X = Not applicable.
CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 359 Table 8-8. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Size of Consumer Unit, 2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ................................
Two or more persons
One person
Two persons
Three persons
Four persons
Five or more persons
35 221
83 621
37 650
18 445
16 484
11 043
Income Before Taxes ..............................................................................
31 557
72 738
65 632
72 418
82 996
82 190
Income After Taxes .................................................................................
29 955
69 956
62 485
69 865
80 410
79 976
Age of Reference Person .......................................................................
52.5
47.1
53.1
44.2
40.7
41.2
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ................................................................................................ Children under 18 years ............................................................................ Persons 65 years and over ....................................................................... Earners ...................................................................................................... Vehicles .....................................................................................................
1.0 X 0.3 0.6 1.1
3.1 0.9 0.3 1.6 2.3
2.0 0.1 0.5 1.3 2.2
3.0 0.8 0.2 1.8 2.3
4.0 1.6 0.1 2.0 2.5
5.6 2.7 0.1 2.2 2.5
Percent Distribution Male .......................................................................................................... Female ......................................................................................................
45 55
46 54
49 51
43 57
45 55
45 55
Percent Homeowner ............................................................................... With mortgage ........................................................................................... Without mortgage ......................................................................................
52 25 27
74 51 23
76 42 34
70 53 17
76 64 12
71 58 13
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ...................................................
29 374
56 361
50 652
56 382
63 897
64 654
Food ......................................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................................ Cereals and bakery products ................................................................ Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ............................................................... Dairy products ....................................................................................... Fruits and vegetables ............................................................................ Other food at home ............................................................................... Food away from home ..............................................................................
3 249 1 728 224 367 188 307 643 1 521
7 287 4 109 538 974 443 710 1 446 3 178
6 203 3 328 430 768 358 593 1 179 2 875
7 195 4 010 504 941 429 689 1 447 3 185
8 543 4 833 654 1 120 537 818 1 703 3 710
9 334 5 880 790 1 508 615 982 1 985 3 454
Alcoholic Beverages ...............................................................................
428
526
586
537
483
367
Housing .................................................................................................... Shelter ....................................................................................................... Owned dwellings ................................................................................... Rented dwellings ................................................................................... Other lodging ......................................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ............................................................ Household operations ............................................................................... Housekeeping supplies ............................................................................. Household furnishings and equipment ......................................................
11 067 7 187 3 651 3 235 300 2 153 430 330 967
18 590 10 721 7 723 2 318 680 3 921 1 165 766 2 017
16 507 9 569 6 732 2 058 778 3 501 780 708 1 949
18 751 10 767 7 645 2 465 656 3 990 1 328 698 1 968
21 311 12 148 9 375 2 180 593 4 347 1 777 842 2 197
21 361 12 441 8 765 3 163 513 4 602 1 293 961 2 064
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Apparel and Services ..............................................................................
950
2 254
1 877
2 319
2 710
2 796
Transportation ......................................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .................................................................. Gasoline and motor oil .............................................................................. Other vehicle expenses ............................................................................. Public transportation .................................................................................
4 433 1 558 1 188 1 324 363
10 224 4 205 2 665 2 789 564
8 805 3 409 2 263 2 531 603
10 471 4 424 2 707 2 813 528
11 836 5 024 3 146 3 147 520
12 239 5 335 3 253 3 093 558
Health Care .............................................................................................. Health insurance ....................................................................................... Medical services ........................................................................................ Drugs ......................................................................................................... Medical supplies ........................................................................................
1 827 948 424 384 70
3 161 1 683 774 568 137
3 641 1 976 809 702 154
2 868 1 492 700 521 155
2 824 1 513 771 436 105
2 516 1 254 782 381 99
Entertainment ..........................................................................................
1 464
2 758
2 576
2 580
3 232
2 965
Personal Care Products and Services ..................................................
361
678
619
703
750
735
Reading ....................................................................................................
91
128
145
111
127
97
Education .................................................................................................
477
1 061
632
1 260
1 453
1 602
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ...........................................
227
369
360
394
347
392
Miscellaneous ..........................................................................................
662
924
887
990
921
935
Cash Contributions .................................................................................
1 611
1 977
2 211
1 693
1 725
2 032
Personal Insurance and Pensions ......................................................... Life and other personal insurance ............................................................. Pensions and Social Security ....................................................................
2 528 136 2 391
6 425 400 6 024
5 602 386 5 216
6 509 395 6 114
7 634 446 7 188
7 283 392 6 891
X = Not applicable.
360 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-9. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Composition of Consumer Unit, 2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Husband and wife consumer units Husband and wife with children Item
Husband and wife only
Total
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .........
59 428
25 306
Oldest child under 6 years
Total
29 381
5 763
Oldest child 6 to 17 years
15 166
Oldest child 18 years or over
8 452
Other husband and wife consumer units
4 741
One parent, Single person at least one and other child under consumer 18 years units
7 225
52 190
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS Income Before Taxes .......................................................
82 195
73 032
89 351
81 372
89 792
93 999
86 765
34 852
39 422
Income After Taxes ..........................................................
78 787
69 350
86 064
77 848
86 807
90 334
84 065
34 632
37 795
Age of Reference Person ................................................
48.8
56.8
42.0
32.1
40.2
52.0
48.1
38.3
50.1
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ......................................................................... Children under 18 years .................................................... Persons 65 years and over ................................................ Earners .............................................................................. Vehicles .............................................................................
3.2 0.9 0.3 1.7 2.6
2.0 X 0.6 1.2 2.4
3.9 1.6 0.1 2.0 2.6
3.5 1.5 (1) 1.6 2.1
4.1 2.1 (1) 1.8 2.6
3.9 0.6 0.2 2.5 3.2
5.0 1.5 0.5 2.3 2.7
2.9 1.7 (1) 1.0 1.2
1.6 0.2 0.3 1.0 1.3
Percent Distribution Male ................................................................................... Female ...............................................................................
53 47
55 45
51 49
54 46
49 51
51 49
52 48
14 86
43 57
Percent Homeowner ........................................................ With mortgage ................................................................... Without mortgage ..............................................................
83 58 26
87 46 41
81 67 14
73 68 5
80 70 10
87 62 25
78 59 19
43 34 9
53 28 25
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ............................
62 503
55 631
68 354
63 416
69 157
70 234
63 614
35 491
33 997
Food .................................................................................. Food at home ..................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ......................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ........................................ Dairy products ................................................................ Fruits and vegetables .................................................... Other food at home ........................................................ Food away from home .......................................................
7 920 4 423 580 1 031 483 780 1 549 3 497
6 745 3 571 461 816 385 650 1 260 3 175
8 864 5 032 674 1 152 556 869 1 782 3 831
7 121 4 053 509 788 518 737 1 500 3 068
9 211 5 088 708 1 150 573 868 1 788 4 123
9 356 5 578 715 1 401 548 957 1 957 3 777
8 836 5 571 681 1 535 590 990 1 775 3 265
5 139 3 046 412 725 315 446 1 148 2 093
4 114 2 279 294 531 241 390 824 1 835
Alcoholic Beverages .......................................................
562
628
500
476
506
502
581
232
456
Housing ............................................................................ Shelter ............................................................................... Owned dwellings ............................................................ Rented dwellings ........................................................... Other lodging ................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ..................................... Household operations ........................................................ Housekeeping supplies ...................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ..............................
20 283 11 635 9 094 1 702 839 4 139 1 334 863 2 312
17 652 10 116 7 838 1 303 976 3 680 816 793 2 246
22 502 12 957 10 260 1 939 758 4 432 1 793 926 2 392
24 837 14 092 11 083 2 483 527 3 731 3 485 754 2 775
22 728 13 493 10 681 2 100 713 4 488 1 585 942 2 219
20 522 11 221 8 943 1 281 997 4 811 1 013 1 011 2 466
20 599 11 548 8 579 2 364 605 4 776 1 245 871 2 158
13 840 8 055 3 926 3 938 190 3 331 969 423 1 063
12 233 7 664 3 939 3 414 311 2 561 505 404 1 099
Apparel and Services ......................................................
2 381
1 878
2 805
2 666
2 852
2 828
2 607
1 863
1 281
Transportation ................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .......................................... Gasoline and motor oil ....................................................... Other vehicle expenses ..................................................... Public transportation ..........................................................
11 388 4 745 2 901 3 087 655
9 674 3 803 2 419 2 733 718
12 787 5 553 3 246 3 381 608
11 188 5 211 2 609 2 909 459
12 769 5 587 3 246 3 326 610
13 909 5 725 3 680 3 800 705
11 868 4 764 3 331 3 155 618
5 504 1 917 1 697 1 628 261
5 644 2 121 1 534 1 621 367
Health Care ....................................................................... Health insurance ................................................................ Medical services ................................................................ Drugs ................................................................................. Medical supplies ................................................................
3 713 1 976 924 653 161
4 435 2 416 1 000 839 180
3 133 1 623 871 492 146
2 726 1 449 855 336 86
3 038 1 570 864 448 156
3 583 1 839 894 679 171
3 446 1 809 853 638 146
1 306 644 383 209 70
1 887 997 421 395 74
Entertainment ...................................................................
3 124
2 938
3 378
2 879
3 738
3 064
2 552
1 859
1 590
Personal Care Products and Services ...........................
749
685
813
747
783
921
727
460
410
Reading .............................................................................
149
172
137
105
144
146
101
63
88
Education .........................................................................
1 236
646
1 769
570
1 633
2 826
1 086
754
510
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ....................
332
315
311
215
319
361
559
259
330
Miscellaneous ..................................................................
969
915
944
774
964
1 026
1 413
644
733
Cash Contributions .........................................................
2 312
2 681
2 083
1 347
2 116
2 525
1 764
733
1 521
Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................. Life and other personal insurance ..................................... Pensions and Social Security ............................................
7 383 487 6 895
6 266 475 5 790
8 330 501 7 829
7 766 363 7 403
8 356 522 7 834
8 666 557 8 109
7 475 468 7 007
2 835 150 2 686
3 201 158 3 043
1Value less than 0.05. X = Not applicable.
CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 361 Table 8-10. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Age of Reference Person, 2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .........
Under 25 years 25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
65 to 74 years
75 years and over
8 167
20 071
23 950
24 696
18 952
23 007
11 764
11 243
Income Before Taxes ......................................................
29 057
57 208
75 613
77 043
64 425
37 982
46 064
29 525
Income After Taxes .........................................................
28 535
55 676
72 445
73 683
60 894
36 753
44 304
28 850
Age of Reference Person ................................................
21.5
29.6
39.7
49.3
59.1
75.2
69.1
81.5
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ......................................................................... Children under 18 years .................................................... Persons 65 years and over ............................................... Earners .............................................................................. Vehicles .............................................................................
2.0 0.4 (1) 1.3 1.2
2.9 1.1 (1) 1.5 1.8
3.2 1.3 (1) 1.6 2.1
2.7 0.6 (1) 1.7 2.4
2.0 0.1 0.1 1.3 2.1
1.7 0.1 1.4 0.5 1.6
1.9 0.1 1.4 0.7 1.9
1.5 (1) 1.3 0.2 1.2
Percent Distribution Male ................................................................................... Female ..............................................................................
49 51
47 53
47 53
47 53
46 54
42 58
47 53
37 63
Percent Homeowner ........................................................ With mortgage ................................................................... Without mortgage ..............................................................
20 13 7
50 42 7
68 59 9
75 58 17
80 46 34
80 20 60
83 29 54
77 10 67
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ...........................
28 181
47 582
57 476
57 563
50 789
35 058
40 960
28 904
Food .................................................................................. Food at home .................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ........................................ Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ....................................... Dairy products ............................................................... Fruits and vegetables .................................................... Other food at home ....................................................... Food away from home .......................................................
3 919 1 946 240 434 219 319 734 1 973
6 104 3 186 406 746 352 537 1 144 2 918
7 331 4 128 553 962 452 671 1 490 3 203
7 328 4 036 510 972 420 683 1 451 3 292
6 132 3 518 453 801 370 656 1 238 2 613
4 319 2 659 370 611 293 507 878 1 659
5 172 3 062 413 723 330 572 1 024 2 110
3 437 2 244 325 495 256 439 729 1 193
Alcoholic Beverages .......................................................
473
657
496
612
477
263
339
184
Housing ............................................................................ Shelter ............................................................................... Owned dwellings ........................................................... Rented dwellings ........................................................... Other lodging ................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ..................................... Household operations ....................................................... Housekeeping supplies ..................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ..............................
9 355 5 923 1 405 4 315 203 1 781 374 295 982
17 139 10 725 6 132 4 286 307 3 093 1 130 531 1 660
20 303 12 445 8 965 2 938 541 3 854 1 380 761 1 864
18 377 10 896 8 024 2 064 807 3 912 793 727 2 050
16 529 9 199 6 866 1 460 873 3 640 934 739 2 017
11 787 6 281 4 210 1 630 441 3 008 720 554 1 224
13 273 6 934 5 151 1 191 592 3 297 718 660 1 664
10 236 5 597 3 224 2 090 284 2 705 722 445 767
Apparel and Services ......................................................
1 464
2 152
2 368
2 176
1 892
930
1 212
639
Transportation ................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .......................................... Gasoline and motor oil ...................................................... Other vehicle expenses ..................................................... Public transportation ..........................................................
5 667 2 396 1 637 1 413 221
9 047 3 912 2 346 2 342 448
9 977 4 057 2 636 2 725 559
10 111 3 983 2 693 2 819 616
8 676 3 165 2 288 2 638 584
5 658 2 301 1 359 1 584 414
7 481 3 273 1 766 1 972 471
3 751 1 284 934 1 179 354
Health Care ...................................................................... Health insurance ............................................................... Medical services ................................................................ Drugs ................................................................................. Medical supplies ................................................................
706 367 193 97 49
1 652 883 469 243 58
2 284 1 214 634 345 90
2 757 1 310 798 499 151
3 556 1 676 978 759 143
4 331 2 617 663 887 164
4 379 2 718 636 859 166
4 282 2 511 692 916 163
Entertainment ..................................................................
1 348
2 237
2 966
2 770
2 666
1 584
2 049
1 099
Personal Care Products and Services ..........................
348
547
688
696
586
475
527
421
Reading ............................................................................
46
82
112
133
147
136
143
129
Education .........................................................................
1 259
710
857
1 736
662
219
274
162
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ...................
286
318
354
433
370
171
241
97
Miscellaneous ..................................................................
388
615
943
971
1 105
762
966
549
Cash Contributions .........................................................
632
1 070
1 707
2 118
2 266
2 579
2 121
3 058
Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................. Life and other personal insurance ..................................... Pensions and Social Security ............................................
2 291 42 2 249
5 252 172 5 079
7 090 364 6 726
7 346 413 6 933
5 726 458 5 267
1 844 299 1 545
2 782 365 2 417
862 231 631
1Value
less than 0.05.
362 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-11. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Race of Reference Person, 2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) White, Asian, and other races Item
Black Total
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .....................................
White and other races
104 577
Asian
100 479
4 098
14 265
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS Income Before Taxes ..................................................................................
63 179
62 661
75 865
41 142
Income After Taxes .....................................................................................
60 500
60 005
72 641
40 516
Age of Reference Person ............................................................................
49.1
49.2
45.3
46.2
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ..................................................................................................... Children under 18 years ................................................................................ Persons 65 years and over ........................................................................... Earners .......................................................................................................... Vehicles .........................................................................................................
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.4 2.0
2.4 0.6 0.3 1.3 2.0
2.7 0.6 0.3 1.5 1.7
2.6 0.8 0.2 1.2 1.3
Percent Distribution Male ............................................................................................................... Female ..........................................................................................................
48 52
47 53
55 45
33 67
Percent Homeowner .................................................................................... With mortgage ............................................................................................... Without mortgage ..........................................................................................
70 44 25
70 44 26
63 45 18
49 34 15
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES .......................................................
50 287
49 994
57 544
34 583
Food .............................................................................................................. Food at home ................................................................................................ Cereals and bakery products .................................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................................... Dairy products ........................................................................................... Fruits and vegetables ................................................................................ Other food at home ................................................................................... Food away from home ...................................................................................
6 329 3 503 458 791 387 615 1 253 2 826
6 289 3 486 455 782 390 605 1 254 2 802
7 411 3 947 524 1 022 298 884 1 219 3 463
4 530 2 796 366 845 237 432 916 1 735
Alcoholic Beverages ...................................................................................
537
545
302
210
Housing ........................................................................................................ Shelter ........................................................................................................... Owned dwellings ....................................................................................... Rented dwellings ....................................................................................... Other lodging ............................................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ................................................................. Household operations ................................................................................... Housekeeping supplies ................................................................................. Household furnishings and equipment ..........................................................
16 859 9 986 6 914 2 458 614 3 388 1 003 661 1 820
16 676 9 791 6 781 2 409 600 3 395 1 003 665 1 822
21 332 14 782 10 168 3 655 958 3 221 1 005 557 1 767
12 754 7 378 3 600 3 555 223 3 461 545 482 888
Apparel and Services ..................................................................................
1 889
1 881
2 117
1 762
Transportation ............................................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ...................................................................... Gasoline and motor oil .................................................................................. Other vehicle expenses ................................................................................. Public transportation ......................................................................................
8 832 3 565 2 294 2 439 535
8 796 3 555 2 298 2 435 508
9 722 3 823 2 191 2 519 1 189
6 130 2 362 1 740 1 742 286
Health Care .................................................................................................. Health insurance ........................................................................................... Medical services ............................................................................................ Drugs ............................................................................................................. Medical supplies ............................................................................................
2 940 1 538 728 547 127
2 967 1 545 736 557 128
2 262 1 363 523 286 89
1 497 927 248 272 49
Entertainment ..............................................................................................
2 540
2 564
1 941
1 172
Personal Care Products and Services ......................................................
594
587
772
519
Reading ........................................................................................................
127
128
100
46
Education .....................................................................................................
941
885
2 332
495
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ...............................................
346
353
181
187
Miscellaneous ..............................................................................................
887
896
670
544
Cash Contributions .....................................................................................
1 935
1 950
1 568
1 384
Personal Insurance and Pensions ............................................................. Life and other personal insurance ................................................................. Pensions and Social Security ........................................................................
5 531 333 5 198
5 478 330 5 148
6 837 410 6 428
3 354 245 3 109
CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 363 Table 8-12. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Hispanic Origin of Reference Person, 2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Not Hispanic Item
Hispanic1
White, Asian, and other races
Total
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .....................................
13 664
105 178
Black
91 049
14 129
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS Income Before Taxes ..................................................................................
48 108
62 148
65 417
41 080
Income After Taxes .....................................................................................
47 074
59 534
62 495
40 452
Age of Reference Person ............................................................................
42.0
49.6
50.1
46.3
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ..................................................................................................... Children under 18 years ................................................................................ Persons 65 years and over ........................................................................... Earners .......................................................................................................... Vehicles .........................................................................................................
3.2 1.1 0.2 1.6 1.6
2.4 0.6 0.3 1.3 2.0
2.3 0.5 0.3 1.3 2.1
2.6 0.8 0.2 1.2 1.3
Percent Distribution Male ............................................................................................................... Female ..........................................................................................................
50 50
46 54
47 53
33 67
Percent Homeowner .................................................................................... With mortgage ............................................................................................... Without mortgage ..........................................................................................
50 37 14
70 44 26
73 45 27
49 34 15
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES .......................................................
43 053
49 093
51 351
34 571
Food .............................................................................................................. Food at home ................................................................................................ Cereals and bakery products .................................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................................... Dairy products ........................................................................................... Fruits and vegetables ................................................................................ Other food at home ................................................................................... Food away from home ...................................................................................
6 170 3 719 427 999 384 735 1 173 2 451
6 103 3 377 449 771 366 574 1 217 2 726
6 351 3 470 462 759 387 596 1 265 2 881
4 522 2 787 365 844 235 430 913 1 735
Alcoholic Beverages ...................................................................................
326
520
568
212
Housing ........................................................................................................ Shelter ........................................................................................................... Owned dwellings ....................................................................................... Rented dwellings ....................................................................................... Other lodging ............................................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ................................................................. Household operations ................................................................................... Housekeeping supplies ................................................................................. Household furnishings and equipment ..........................................................
15 412 9 639 5 355 4 031 253 3 224 661 529 1 359
16 490 9 678 6 667 2 403 608 3 419 985 654 1 754
17 070 10 035 7 142 2 225 668 3 413 1 053 681 1 889
12 755 7 379 3 607 3 548 224 3 464 545 482 885
Apparel and Services ..................................................................................
2 278
1 821
1 829
1 767
Transportation ............................................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ...................................................................... Gasoline and motor oil .................................................................................. Other vehicle expenses ................................................................................. Public transportation ......................................................................................
8 286 3 400 2 319 2 152 414
8 537 3 423 2 216 2 381 516
8 913 3 590 2 289 2 481 553
6 110 2 349 1 740 1 741 280
Health Care .................................................................................................. Health insurance ........................................................................................... Medical services ............................................................................................ Drugs ............................................................................................................. Medical supplies ............................................................................................
1 659 780 504 305 69
2 910 1 554 692 541 124
3 129 1 651 761 582 135
1 501 929 249 273 50
Entertainment ..............................................................................................
1 568
2 481
2 684
1 175
Personal Care Products and Services ......................................................
537
591
602
517
Reading ........................................................................................................
43
127
139
46
Education .....................................................................................................
633
921
986
499
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ...............................................
150
350
375
189
Miscellaneous ..............................................................................................
575
881
934
541
Cash Contributions .....................................................................................
1 343
1 937
2 023
1 385
Personal Insurance and Pensions ............................................................. Life and other personal insurance ................................................................. Pensions and Social Security ........................................................................
4 074 151 3 923
5 425 344 5 081
5 747 360 5 387
3 352 244 3 108
1May
be of any race.
364 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-13. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Education of Reference Person, 2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Less than a college graduate Item
Less than a high school graduate
Total
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .........
High school graduate
College graduate or more
High school graduate with some college
Associate’s degree
Bachelor’s degree
Total
Master’s, professional, or doctoral degree
85 598
17 747
31 134
25 135
11 582
33 244
21 277
11 967
Income Before Taxes .......................................................
48 219
31 775
45 962
53 809
67 353
92 241
82 860
108 918
Income After Taxes ..........................................................
46 819
31 362
44 780
52 005
64 730
87 151
78 401
102 707
Age of Reference Person ................................................
49.2
53.5
50.5
45.5
47.1
47.5
45.7
50.6
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ......................................................................... Children under 18 years .................................................... Persons 65 years and over ................................................ Earners .............................................................................. Vehicles .............................................................................
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.6 0.7 0.5 1.1 1.4
2.5 0.6 0.4 1.3 1.9
2.4 0.6 0.2 1.4 2.0
2.5 0.6 0.2 1.5 2.2
2.4 0.6 0.2 1.4 2.1
2.4 0.6 0.2 1.5 2.1
2.4 0.5 0.3 1.4 2.2
Percent Distribution Male ................................................................................... Female ...............................................................................
44 56
44 56
44 56
45 55
39 61
52 48
50 50
55 45
Percent Homeowner ........................................................ With mortgage ................................................................... Without mortgage ..............................................................
64 38 26
55 25 29
66 36 29
63 41 21
75 54 20
77 56 20
74 55 19
82 58 24
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ............................
40 813
28 760
39 305
45 891
52 272
67 836
63 864
74 906
Food .................................................................................. Food at home ..................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ......................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ........................................ Dairy products ................................................................ Fruits and vegetables .................................................... Other food at home ........................................................ Food away from home .......................................................
5 544 3 244 421 804 341 532 1 146 2 300
4 381 2 853 362 742 297 503 948 1 529
5 432 3 251 423 827 337 524 1 139 2 181
6 046 3 395 433 795 368 557 1 242 2 652
6 516 3 491 475 853 364 546 1 253 3 025
7 531 3 847 510 780 436 742 1 379 3 684
7 353 3 739 483 776 425 690 1 365 3 614
7 850 4 041 559 788 455 836 1 404 3 809
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Alcoholic Beverages .......................................................
390
214
356
483
545
764
721
843
Housing ............................................................................ Shelter ............................................................................... Owned dwellings ............................................................ Rented dwellings ........................................................... Other lodging ................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ..................................... Household operations ........................................................ Housekeeping supplies ...................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ..............................
13 712 7 894 4 926 2 640 328 3 218 668 557 1 374
10 398 6 006 2 854 3 037 116 2 790 333 462 807
13 195 7 568 4 699 2 599 270 3 242 560 540 1 285
15 100 8 742 5 643 2 638 461 3 301 821 597 1 640
17 166 9 822 7 159 2 147 516 3 628 1 142 663 1 911
23 181 14 255 10 611 2 460 1 185 3 858 1 668 843 2 556
21 818 13 412 9 820 2 594 998 3 724 1 452 781 2 449
25 606 15 754 12 017 2 222 1 516 4 095 2 052 955 2 749
Apparel and Services ......................................................
1 618
1 171
1 513
1 850
2 074
2 519
2 442
2 656
Transportation ................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .......................................... Gasoline and motor oil ....................................................... Other vehicle expenses ..................................................... Public transportation ..........................................................
7 562 3 057 2 119 2 061 324
5 043 1 956 1 575 1 326 186
7 412 2 979 2 131 2 028 274
8 634 3 627 2 288 2 324 395
9 495 3 720 2 553 2 703 519
10 943 4 356 2 507 3 111 968
10 648 4 193 2 510 3 073 872
11 467 4 647 2 502 3 177 1 141
Health Care ....................................................................... Health insurance ................................................................ Medical services ................................................................ Drugs ................................................................................. Medical supplies ................................................................
2 479 1 347 547 485 100
1 991 1 123 368 435 64
2 575 1 446 531 504 94
2 498 1 323 627 442 106
2 923 1 473 690 599 161
3 504 1 770 988 587 160
3 349 1 690 937 577 145
3 781 1 912 1 078 604 188
Entertainment ...................................................................
1 910
1 134
1 842
2 250
2 542
3 570
3 366
3 933
Personal Care Products and Services ...........................
493
311
489
532
692
818
803
844
Reading .............................................................................
84
43
76
104
122
203
171
258
Education .........................................................................
562
151
413
882
897
1 725
1 514
2 101
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ....................
394
390
445
385
288
153
164
132
Miscellaneous ..................................................................
708
409
680
835
973
1 200
988
1 578
Cash Contributions .........................................................
1 325
879
1 177
1 561
1 893
3 269
2 898
3 928
Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................. Life and other personal insurance ..................................... Pensions and Social Security ............................................
4 032 256 3 776
2 245 148 2 098
3 700 241 3 459
4 731 308 4 422
6 147 352 5 795
8 456 491 7 965
7 628 426 7 202
9 928 607 9 321
CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 365 Table 8-14. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Housing Tenure and Type of Area, 2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Housing tenure
Type of area
Homeowner
Urban
Item Homeowner with mortgage
Total
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ...........
80 035
51 190
Homeowner without mortgage
28 845
Renter
Rural Total
38 808
Central city
108 771
35 782
Other urban
72 990
10 071
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS Income Before Taxes .........................................................
72 988
85 146
51 412
34 847
61 634
53 520
65 612
48 646
Income After Taxes ............................................................
69 780
81 405
49 148
34 016
59 141
51 351
62 959
46 873
Age of Reference Person ..................................................
52.2
46.5
62.3
41.5
48.4
46.6
49.3
51.7
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ........................................................................... Children under 18 years ....................................................... Persons 65 years and over .................................................. Earners ................................................................................ Vehicles ...............................................................................
2.6 0.6 0.4 1.4 2.3
2.9 0.8 0.2 1.7 2.5
2.1 0.3 0.7 0.9 2.1
2.2 0.6 0.2 1.2 1.1
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.3 0.6 0.3 1.2 1.5
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.4 2.1
2.5 0.6 0.4 1.3 2.5
Percent Distribution Male ..................................................................................... Female .................................................................................
47 53
49 51
43 57
45 55
46 54
46 54
46 54
45 55
Percent Homeowner .......................................................... With mortgage ...................................................................... Without mortgage .................................................................
100 64 36
100 100 X
100 X 100
X X X
66 43 23
51 33 17
73 48 25
84 41 43
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ..............................
56 212
64 374
41 292
32 275
49 285
43 780
51 966
38 855
Food .................................................................................... Food at home ....................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ........................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs .......................................... Dairy products .................................................................. Fruits and vegetables ....................................................... Other food at home .......................................................... Food away from home .........................................................
6 843 3 787 501 874 411 656 1 345 3 056
7 384 4 017 530 930 436 683 1 438 3 367
5 639 3 265 437 745 354 593 1 135 2 374
4 597 2 651 333 639 280 462 938 1 946
6 188 3 439 448 804 368 602 1 217 2 749
5 755 3 199 407 786 328 574 1 103 2 556
6 391 3 551 467 813 387 615 1 270 2 840
5 300 3 181 431 723 370 494 1 163 2 119
Alcoholic Beverages ..........................................................
542
612
386
405
516
500
523
297
Housing ............................................................................... Shelter .................................................................................. Owned dwellings .............................................................. Rented dwellings .............................................................. Other lodging ................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ....................................... Household operations .......................................................... Housekeeping supplies ........................................................ Household furnishings and equipment .................................
18 585 10 495 9 623 120 753 4 014 1 189 768 2 118
22 570 13 769 12 846 138 784 4 307 1 363 786 2 344
11 478 4 687 3 903 86 697 3 494 879 725 1 693
11 787 7 978 109 7 684 185 2 124 449 374 862
16 836 10 088 6 737 2 760 591 3 408 975 639 1 726
15 312 9 459 5 062 3 906 491 2 991 846 579 1 436
17 579 10 396 7 558 2 198 640 3 612 1 038 667 1 865
11 285 5 197 4 134 755 309 3 278 654 642 1 513
Apparel and Services ........................................................
2 067
2 328
1 520
1 475
1 940
1 889
1 964
1 169
Transportation .................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ............................................. Gasoline and motor oil ......................................................... Other vehicle expenses ....................................................... Public transportation ............................................................
9 961 4 030 2 560 2 778 594
11 440 4 686 2 901 3 209 644
7 332 2 867 1 954 2 009 503
5 511 2 164 1 542 1 483 321
8 547 3 438 2 188 2 386 534
7 024 2 736 1 756 1 978 554
9 293 3 782 2 400 2 587 524
8 091 3 236 2 652 2 015 188
Health Care ......................................................................... Health insurance .................................................................. Medical services .................................................................. Drugs ................................................................................... Medical supplies ..................................................................
3 414 1 815 831 624 143
3 102 1 620 829 523 130
3 975 2 161 835 813 166
1 431 743 340 285 63
2 735 1 448 666 502 119
2 231 1 152 549 424 105
2 982 1 593 724 540 125
3 103 1 648 715 638 101
Entertainment .....................................................................
2 886
3 261
2 203
1 322
2 390
2 101
2 530
2 219
Personal Care Products and Services .............................
681
754
533
385
603
545
631
385
Reading ...............................................................................
141
148
130
67
120
107
126
89
Education ............................................................................
1 018
1 229
636
620
938
751
1 030
343
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ......................
307
333
260
367
317
279
336
431
Miscellaneous ....................................................................
991
1 066
854
547
866
783
906
634
Cash Contributions ............................................................
2 298
2 113
2 627
983
1 925
1 886
1 944
1 261
Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................... Life and other personal insurance ........................................ Pensions and Social Security ..............................................
6 478 428 6 049
8 033 489 7 544
3 718 321 3 396
2 778 103 2 675
5 364 325 5 040
4 618 252 4 366
5 730 360 5 370
4 246 294 3 952
X = Not applicable.
366 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-15. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Population Size of Area of Residence, 2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Urbanized area consumer units Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .....................................
Outside urbanized area
Less than 100,000
Total
100,000 to 249,999
250,000 to 999,999
1,000,000 to 2,499,999
2,500,000 to 4,999,999
5,000,000 and over
23 783
95 060
17 903
9 445
19 811
15 832
16 696
15 371
Income Before Taxes ..................................................................................
58 798
60 967
46 969
58 032
58 185
62 068
71 512
70 074
Income After Taxes .....................................................................................
56 544
58 490
45 322
55 371
55 889
59 490
68 034
67 702
Age of Reference Person ............................................................................
51.5
48.0
48.1
47.9
48.1
48.8
46.5
48.8
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ..................................................................................................... Children under 18 years ................................................................................ Persons 65 years and over ........................................................................... Earners .......................................................................................................... Vehicles .........................................................................................................
2.6 0.6 0.4 1.4 2.7
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.8
2.3 0.6 0.3 1.2 1.8
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.0
2.4 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.8
2.4 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.8
2.5 0.7 0.2 1.4 1.7
2.6 0.6 0.3 1.4 1.4
Percent Distribution Male ............................................................................................................... Female ..........................................................................................................
45 55
46 54
43 57
46 54
48 52
46 54
47 53
48 52
Percent Homeowner .................................................................................... With mortgage ............................................................................................... Without mortgage ..........................................................................................
85 46 39
63 42 21
62 37 24
64 44 20
65 43 23
66 47 19
63 46 17
57 39 19
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES .......................................................
46 217
48 948
40 092
47 894
47 842
49 637
55 105
53 939
Food .............................................................................................................. Food at home ................................................................................................ Cereals and bakery products .................................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................................... Dairy products ........................................................................................... Fruits and vegetables ................................................................................ Other food at home ................................................................................... Food away from home ...................................................................................
5 853 3 436 453 798 388 532 1 264 2 417
6 178 3 412 445 797 363 608 1 199 2 766
5 403 3 152 412 709 348 521 1 162 2 251
6 118 3 374 450 766 359 571 1 228 2 744
6 097 3 265 442 740 354 545 1 184 2 831
6 175 3 418 441 792 373 589 1 223 2 757
6 500 3 513 451 828 366 663 1 206 2 987
6 869 3 800 481 959 383 767 1 210 3 069
Alcoholic Beverages ...................................................................................
364
532
405
444
490
655
582
601
Housing ........................................................................................................ Shelter ........................................................................................................... Owned dwellings ....................................................................................... Rented dwellings ....................................................................................... Other lodging ............................................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ................................................................. Household operations ................................................................................... Housekeeping supplies ................................................................................. Household furnishings and equipment ..........................................................
13 891 7 151 5 609 1 092 449 3 538 771 688 1 742
16 983 10 304 6 743 2 964 597 3 362 992 627 1 699
12 731 6 833 4 374 1 986 474 3 094 796 578 1 430
15 604 9 072 6 206 2 358 507 3 288 921 601 1 723
15 891 9 134 6 084 2 519 531 3 332 853 646 1 926
17 066 10 363 7 074 2 690 598 3 313 981 709 1 699
20 442 13 017 8 625 3 647 746 3 740 1 255 650 1 780
20 360 13 607 8 298 4 592 717 3 397 1 165 565 1 626
Apparel and Services ..................................................................................
1 500
1 970
1 597
1 796
1 933
1 925
2 061
2 502
Transportation ............................................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ...................................................................... Gasoline and motor oil .................................................................................. Other vehicle expenses ................................................................................. Public transportation ......................................................................................
9 203 3 681 2 833 2 390 299
8 334 3 356 2 076 2 346 556
7 578 3 438 1 974 1 870 296
8 782 3 820 2 079 2 387 496
8 217 3 414 2 064 2 256 482
8 456 3 502 2 026 2 384 543
9 139 3 345 2 296 2 829 669
8 091 2 759 2 020 2 429 883
Health Care .................................................................................................. Health insurance ........................................................................................... Medical services ............................................................................................ Drugs ............................................................................................................. Medical supplies ............................................................................................
3 270 1 728 774 651 118
2 640 1 399 645 479 117
2 494 1 339 557 491 106
2 800 1 489 650 486 176
2 822 1 456 705 538 123
2 665 1 448 608 490 119
2 747 1 386 743 499 119
2 337 1 305 595 352 84
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Entertainment ..............................................................................................
2 556
2 329
1 972
2 629
2 270
2 606
2 421
2 254
Personal Care Products and Services ......................................................
473
613
506
563
611
608
692
691
Reading ........................................................................................................
112
118
99
138
122
124
125
112
Education .....................................................................................................
567
968
718
692
911
1 037
993
1 405
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ...............................................
450
296
348
387
302
298
247
223
Miscellaneous ..............................................................................................
959
818
770
840
803
751
887
872
Cash Contributions .....................................................................................
1 890
1 864
1 571
1 901
2 367
1 790
1 921
1 545
Personal Insurance and Pensions ............................................................. Life and other personal insurance ................................................................. Pensions and Social Security ........................................................................
5 129 344 4 785
5 305 317 4 988
3 898 271 3 627
5 200 401 4 799
5 007 314 4 693
5 482 323 5 159
6 349 335 6 014
6 075 295 5 780
CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 367 Table 8-16. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Region of Residence, 2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Region1 Item Northeast
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ...........
South
Midwest
West
22 757
42 457
27 206
26 423
Income Before Taxes .........................................................
64 232
56 190
57 980
66 955
Income After Taxes ............................................................
61 766
54 140
55 902
63 574
Age of Reference Person ..................................................
49.7
48.9
48.8
47.4
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ........................................................................... Children under 18 years ....................................................... Persons 65 years and over .................................................. Earners ................................................................................ Vehicles ...............................................................................
2.4 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.6
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.4 0.6 0.3 1.4 2.1
2.6 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.1
Percent Distribution Males ................................................................................... Females ...............................................................................
45 55
44 56
47 53
50 50
Percent Homeowner .......................................................... With mortgage ...................................................................... Without mortgage .................................................................
65 40 25
70 43 27
70 43 26
63 46 18
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ..............................
49 164
44 501
45 085
57 486
Food .................................................................................... Food at home ....................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ........................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs .......................................... Dairy products .................................................................. Fruits and vegetables ....................................................... Other food at home .......................................................... Food away from home .........................................................
6 220 3 463 477 818 380 635 1 153 2 757
5 649 3 134 407 764 328 512 1 123 2 515
5 763 3 260 433 738 365 530 1 193 2 503
7 158 4 018 499 899 429 758 1 433 3 140
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Alcoholic Beverages ..........................................................
519
366
523
667
Housing ............................................................................... Shelter .................................................................................. Owned dwellings .............................................................. Rented dwellings .............................................................. Other lodging ................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ....................................... Household operations .......................................................... Housekeeping supplies ........................................................ Household furnishings and equipment .................................
17 682 11 035 7 291 3 042 701 3 584 932 583 1 548
14 457 7 876 5 347 2 143 387 3 554 863 660 1 504
14 660 8 220 5 868 1 812 540 3 283 926 606 1 624
20 061 12 885 8 395 3 719 770 3 101 1 120 691 2 264
Apparel and Services ........................................................
2 057
1 737
1 700
2 126
Transportation .................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ............................................. Gasoline and motor oil ......................................................... Other vehicle expenses ....................................................... Public transportation ............................................................
7 819 2 894 1 910 2 386 629
8 497 3 643 2 356 2 182 316
7 502 2 730 2 142 2 225 405
10 156 4 230 2 382 2 741 804
Health Care ......................................................................... Health insurance .................................................................. Medical services .................................................................. Drugs ................................................................................... Medical supplies ..................................................................
2 591 1 462 596 412 122
2 775 1 459 614 594 109
2 816 1 505 697 500 114
2 853 1 437 798 489 129
Entertainment .....................................................................
2 346
2 096
2 261
2 970
Personal Care Products and Services .............................
557
571
537
681
Reading ...............................................................................
132
85
129
144
Education ............................................................................
1 080
707
951
948
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ......................
331
336
355
279
Miscellaneous ....................................................................
883
727
805
1 051
Cash Contributions ............................................................
1 470
1 762
1 902
2 350
Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................... Life and other personal insurance ........................................ Pensions and Social Security ..............................................
5 477 334 5 144
4 736 313 4 423
5 179 344 4 835
6 042 304 5 738
1The
states that comprise the Census regions are: Northeast—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South—Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and West—Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
368 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-17. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas: Northeast Region, 2005–2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................
All consumer units in the Northeast1
New York
Philadelphia
Boston
22 557
8 155
2 856
3 127
Income Before Taxes ...............................................................
63 655
73 243
60 304
76 273
Age of Reference Person .........................................................
49.9
50.6
48.4
47.3
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons .................................................................................. Children under 18 years ............................................................. Persons 65 years and over ........................................................ Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................
2.4 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.6
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.4 1.4
2.4 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.5
2.3 0.6 0.2 1.4 1.8
Percent Homeowner .................................................................
65
58
71
63
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................
48 564
55 137
45 922
53 691
Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................
6 357 3 554 493 851 402 643 1 165 2 803
7 101 3 877 533 989 425 759 1 172 3 224
6 031 3 372 454 834 382 620 1 082 2 659
6 865 3 760 561 866 405 634 1 295 3 105
Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................
480
488
437
573
Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................
17 072 10 572 7 004 2 905 663 3 498 849 619 1 535
20 865 13 848 8 613 4 424 812 3 709 1 019 599 1 689
16 417 9 722 6 748 2 510 464 3 771 877 634 1 413
18 922 12 256 8 351 3 020 885 3 590 918 584 1 574
Apparel and Services ...............................................................
2 046
2 746
2 063
1 690
Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................
7 776 2 902 1 836 2 405 633
7 792 2 416 1 798 2 555 1 022
7 092 2 661 1 783 2 227 421
9 170 4 011 1 958 2 625 576
Health Care ...............................................................................
2 586
2 607
2 188
2 794
Entertainment ...........................................................................
2 305
2 451
1 871
2 555
Personal Care Products and Services ...................................
549
659
575
554
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Reading .....................................................................................
140
133
108
189
Education ..................................................................................
1 232
1 597
1 064
1 779
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ............................
331
245
371
302
Miscellaneous ...........................................................................
853
1 132
561
699
Cash Contributions ..................................................................
1 421
1 353
1 301
1 330
Personal Insurance and Pensions .......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................
5 416 354 5 062
5 968 380 5 588
5 842 323 5 519
6 269 360 5 909
1The
states in the Northeast include Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 369 Table 8-18. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas: South Region, 2005–2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................
All consumer units in the South1
Washington, D.C.
Baltimore
Atlanta
DallasFort Worth
Miami
Houston
42 288
2 194
1 016
2 123
1 628
2 072
1 753
Income Before Taxes ...............................................................
54 756
88 551
74 508
64 217
51 232
66 261
68 659
Age of Reference Person .........................................................
48.8
45.9
50.6
46.1
50.4
44.9
45.7
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons .................................................................................. Children under 18 years ............................................................. Persons 65 years and over ........................................................ Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................
2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9
2.5 0.6 0.2 1.5 1.7
2.4 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.7
2.5 0.7 0.2 1.3 1.6
2.5 0.6 0.4 1.3 1.5
2.8 0.8 0.2 1.6 2.0
2.8 0.8 0.2 1.4 1.9
Percent Homeowner .................................................................
69
68
71
69
63
65
70
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................
43 513
58 236
47 494
43 727
42 379
53 294
56 260
Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................
5 570 3 073 404 748 330 493 1 097 2 498
6 357 3 092 393 687 370 642 1 000 3 264
4 921 2 883 388 743 286 467 999 2 038
5 289 2 506 323 661 234 443 846 2 783
5 637 3 593 464 910 427 727 1 066 2 044
6 537 3 573 468 805 392 596 1 312 2 964
6 063 3 231 382 784 329 587 1 149 2 832
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................
358
572
390
265
255
461
604
Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................
13 938 7 529 5 130 2 028 371 3 398 820 617 1 575
24 059 15 976 11 628 3 765 582 3 827 1 447 603 2 206
17 063 10 813 7 744 2 464 605 3 424 883 503 1 440
16 158 9 539 6 467 2 523 549 3 773 990 548 1 307
15 928 10 053 6 385 3 445 222 3 421 856 532 1 065
17 854 9 883 6 793 2 478 611 4 424 1 140 714 1 693
17 198 9 427 6 501 2 293 634 4 179 1 181 732 1 679
Apparel and Services ...............................................................
1 786
2 195
1 805
1 847
1 242
2 048
2 608
Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................
8 244 3 593 2 213 2 134 305
7 341 2 133 1 958 2 503 747
7 554 2 929 2 073 2 076 476
7 599 3 146 2 124 1 965 364
8 186 3 199 2 069 2 480 437
9 662 3 919 2 410 2 816 517
11 636 5 305 2 743 3 068 519
Health Care ...............................................................................
2 691
2 505
2 551
2 017
2 190
3 075
3 259
Entertainment ...........................................................................
2 104
2 480
2 186
1 861
1 523
2 285
2 528
Personal Care Products and Services ...................................
540
625
525
460
633
713
737
Reading .....................................................................................
89
135
83
72
43
110
114
Education ..................................................................................
691
1 446
1 840
652
724
799
998
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ............................
327
187
242
190
168
260
274
Miscellaneous ...........................................................................
691
1 039
713
522
524
839
1 025
Cash Contributions ..................................................................
1 736
1 635
1 578
1 207
1 328
2 077
2 736
Personal Insurance and Pensions .......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................
4 748 366 4 382
7 661 412 7 249
6 043 463 5 580
5 587 266 5 321
4 000 221 3 779
6 573 382 6 191
6 478 441 6 038
1The
states in the South include Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia.
370 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-19. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas: Midwest Region, 2005–2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................
All consumer units in the Midwest1
Chicago
MinneapolisSt. Paul
Detroit
Cleveland
27 105
3 119
2 192
1 403
1 120
Income Before Taxes ...............................................................
57 295
73 086
62 834
85 455
55 798
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Age of Reference Person .........................................................
48.7
49.5
48.7
47.7
52.6
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons .................................................................................. Children under 18 years ............................................................. Persons 65 years and over ........................................................ Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................
2.4 0.6 0.3 1.4 2.1
2.6 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.8
2.6 0.7 0.2 1.4 2.0
2.2 0.5 0.2 1.4 2.2
2.5 0.6 0.4 1.3 2.0
Percent Homeowner .................................................................
70
71
75
75
72
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................
45 068
54 757
50 345
61 428
43 611
Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................
5 759 3 246 443 725 378 524 1 176 2 513
6 902 3 730 491 879 381 664 1 315 3 171
6 614 3 827 527 931 416 638 1 316 2 787
6 393 3 297 470 564 431 584 1 248 3 095
5 043 2 996 375 840 304 476 1 001 2 047
Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................
493
839
463
688
488
Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................
14 419 8 067 5 792 1 738 537 3 221 843 612 1 676
19 059 11 755 8 448 2 573 733 3 620 1 096 695 1 893
16 831 9 899 7 710 1 543 645 3 794 823 588 1 727
20 380 11 650 8 879 2 004 767 3 245 2 466 651 2 368
14 654 8 546 5 659 2 250 636 3 624 546 550 1 388
Apparel and Services ...............................................................
1 725
2 468
2 057
2 346
1 618
Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................
7 626 2 907 2 059 2 268 393
8 453 3 352 2 092 2 302 706
8 652 2 252 2 405 3 585 411
8 915 3 593 2 031 2 618 673
7 596 2 965 1 825 2 487 318
Health Care ...............................................................................
2 828
2 878
2 349
3 322
3 035
Entertainment ...........................................................................
2 322
2 621
2 287
4 070
2 338
Personal Care Products and Services ...................................
526
632
584
623
489
Reading .....................................................................................
130
141
142
161
153
Education ..................................................................................
974
1 513
1 297
1 269
1 070
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ............................
365
312
517
364
380
Miscellaneous ...........................................................................
821
817
1 043
1 184
1 056
Cash Contributions ..................................................................
1 885
1 986
1 690
3 687
1 227
Personal Insurance and Pensions .......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................
5 196 362 4 833
6 135 358 5 777
5 818 346 5 472
8 026 376 7 651
4 464 361 4 103
1The
states in the Midwest include Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.
CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 371 Table 8-20. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas: West Region, 2005–2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .........
All consumer units in the West1
San Francisco
Los Angeles
San Diego
Seattle
Phoenix
26 149
5 279
2 923
954
1 915
1 565
Income Before Taxes .......................................................
66 452
70 847
90 781
73 846
65 672
65 520
Age of Reference Person ................................................
47.4
46.7
47.5
48.7
47.8
44.3
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ......................................................................... Children under 18 years .................................................... Persons 65 years and over ................................................ Earners .............................................................................. Vehicles .............................................................................
2.6 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.1
2.9 0.8 0.3 1.5 1.9
2.5 0.6 0.3 1.4 1.9
2.6 0.6 0.3 1.4 1.9
2.3 0.5 0.2 1.5 2.4
2.7 0.8 0.2 1.4 1.9
Percent Homeowner ........................................................
63
57
58
56
67
68
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ............................
55 214
58 404
66 344
62 321
55 544
53 570
Food .................................................................................. Food at home ..................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ......................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ........................................ Dairy products ................................................................ Fruits and vegetables .................................................... Other food at home ........................................................ Food away from home .......................................................
6 745 3 769 477 832 415 690 1 356 2 975
7 222 3 873 470 914 395 795 1 297 3 349
7 942 4 173 527 965 443 839 1 399 3 769
6 238 3 261 423 711 376 529 1 222 2 977
6 887 3 778 479 743 417 662 1 477 3 109
7 187 3 822 482 894 433 672 1 342 3 365
Alcoholic Beverages .......................................................
585
475
757
755
752
693
Housing ............................................................................ Shelter ............................................................................... Owned dwellings ............................................................ Rented dwellings ........................................................... Other lodging ................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ..................................... Household operations ........................................................ Housekeeping supplies ...................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ..............................
19 064 12 134 7 887 3 560 687 3 013 1 017 660 2 240
21 190 14 312 8 994 4 775 543 2 996 1 235 643 2 004
26 382 18 845 12 442 5 112 1 290 2 925 1 574 625 2 414
23 034 15 654 9 517 5 374 763 3 001 1 830 499 2 049
19 142 12 279 8 515 2 796 968 3 046 733 611 2 473
16 469 9 279 6 249 2 456 573 3 348 899 784 2 158
Apparel and Services ......................................................
2 050
2 396
2 524
2 111
1 541
2 019
Transportation ................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .......................................... Gasoline and motor oil ....................................................... Other vehicle expenses ..................................................... Public transportation ..........................................................
10 112 4 399 2 282 2 724 707
10 716 4 443 2 566 2 980 727
10 080 3 492 2 309 3 261 1 017
11 115 4 959 2 542 2 753 862
10 127 4 145 2 221 2 950 810
10 964 5 422 2 217 2 832 493
Health Care .......................................................................
2 751
2 316
2 820
3 421
2 889
3 134
Entertainment ...................................................................
2 960
2 743
3 080
2 774
3 196
2 615
Personal Care Products and Services ...........................
652
815
734
866
626
657
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Reading .............................................................................
150
141
205
154
179
115
Education .........................................................................
937
1 127
1 106
986
848
794
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ....................
267
199
151
99
289
411
Miscellaneous ..................................................................
1 033
1 014
1 073
1 161
924
919
Cash Contributions .........................................................
1 993
1 710
1 741
2 470
1 995
1 910
Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................. Life and other personal insurance ..................................... Pensions and Social Security ............................................
5 917 315 5 602
6 340 307 6 033
7 748 342 7 406
7 138 425 6 713
6 149 371 5 779
5 683 312 5 371
1The
states in the West include Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
372 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-21. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Single Men by Income Before Taxes, 2005–2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Complete reporting of income Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .......................
All single men
Less than $5,000
$5,000 to $9,999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $39,999
$40,000 and over
15 811
1 327
1 613
1 734
1 388
2 458
2 146
5 146
Income Before Taxes ....................................................................
35 722
1 791
7 726
12 569
17 386
24 412
34 312
71 977
Income After Taxes .......................................................................
33 840
1 764
7 586
12 488
16 991
23 474
32 594
67 545
Age of Reference Person ..............................................................
46.8
38.8
46.6
52.1
51.9
47.8
44.4
46.2
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ....................................................................................... Children under 18 years .................................................................. Persons 65 years and over .............................................................. Earners ............................................................................................ Vehicles ...........................................................................................
1.0 X 0.2 0.7 1.3
1.0 X 0.1 0.5 0.7
1.0 X 0.2 0.4 0.7
1.0 X 0.3 0.5 1.0
1.0 X 0.3 0.6 1.2
1.0 X 0.2 0.7 1.3
1.0 X 0.1 0.9 1.5
1.0 X 0.1 0.9 1.7
Percent Homeowner ...................................................................... With mortgage ................................................................................. Without mortgage ............................................................................
46 25 21
22 6 16
23 4 19
36 10 26
41 12 28
43 17 26
48 30 19
64 47 17
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ..........................................
30 149
15 510
14 083
17 766
21 423
23 845
29 557
48 319
Food ................................................................................................ Food at home .................................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ....................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ...................................................... Dairy products ............................................................................. Fruits and vegetables .................................................................. Other food at home ...................................................................... Food away from home .....................................................................
3 502 1 621 204 365 172 264 616 1 880
2 263 1 040 139 257 116 175 352 1 223
2 209 1 241 167 264 128 208 473 968
2 721 1 483 180 376 172 229 526 1 238
2 886 1 606 224 347 169 299 568 1 280
2 812 1 410 178 310 139 252 531 1 403
3 584 1 641 232 374 177 241 618 1 943
4 694 1 936 226 429 204 307 770 2 758
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Alcoholic Beverages .....................................................................
552
360
345
338
497
345
536
812
Housing .......................................................................................... Shelter ............................................................................................. Owned dwellings ......................................................................... Rented dwellings ......................................................................... Other lodging ............................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ................................................... Household operations ...................................................................... Housekeeping supplies ................................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ............................................
10 422 6 907 3 165 3 464 277 1 958 339 247 972
5 641 3 920 884 2 838 198 1 010 168 121 422
5 252 3 675 643 2 953 79 1 079 96 145 257
6 972 4 651 1 202 3 357 92 1 480 202 159 480
7 830 4 804 1 339 3 340 124 1 728 233 379 686
8 781 5 704 1 894 3 710 99 1 949 256 194 678
10 693 6 859 3 001 3 681 178 2 086 314 273 1 161
15 754 10 611 6 374 3 647 590 2 651 584 297 1 611
Apparel and Services ....................................................................
858
832
480
499
537
472
782
1 386
Transportation ............................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ........................................................ Gasoline and motor oil ..................................................................... Other vehicle expenses ................................................................... Public transportation ........................................................................
5 011 1 806 1 373 1 519 314
2 186 1733 786 548 119
2 149 1725 713 558 154
2 684 708 893 956 128
3 531 1 072 1 126 1 110 223
4 627 1 833 1 330 1 300 163
5 323 1 802 1 576 1 680 265
7 869 2 978 1 895 2 405 591
Health Care ..................................................................................... Health insurance .............................................................................. Medical services .............................................................................. Drugs ............................................................................................... Medical supplies ..............................................................................
1 399 750 340 264 46
479 264 78 116 121
693 336 173 163 120
1 207 668 291 195 54
1 562 850 246 359 107
1 568 818 425 295 30
1 297 759 278 239 20
1 830 968 486 318 58
Entertainment ................................................................................
1 626
599
948
832
957
1 093
1 357
2 913
Personal Care Products and Services .........................................
193
143
107
136
189
148
203
266 141
Reading ..........................................................................................
87
38
33
54
78
70
81
Education .......................................................................................
569
1 546
784
535
300
270
445
526
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ..................................
320
291
334
314
346
321
376
294
Miscellaneous ................................................................................
767
470
184
380
376
719
689
1 298
Cash Contributions .......................................................................
1 759
435
301
535
1 445
1 013
1 271
3 612
Personal Insurance and Pensions ............................................... Life and other personal insurance ................................................... Pensions and Social Security ..........................................................
3 085 155 2 930
229 122 207
263 40 223
559 79 480
889 97 792
1 606 120 1 485
2 919 118 2 801
6 923 299 6 624
1Data are likely to have large sampling errors. X = Not applicable.
CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 373 Table 8-22. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Single Women by Income Before Taxes, 2005–2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Complete reporting of income Item
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .......................
All single women
Less than $5,000
$5,000 to $9,999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $39,999
$40,000 and over
18 969
1 664
2 660
3 190
2 379
3 168
2 209
3 699
Income Before Taxes ....................................................................
26 938
1 729
8 028
12 462
17 237
24 579
34 369
68 182
Income After Taxes .......................................................................
25 729
1 717
8 017
12 355
16 892
23 885
32 884
63 788
Age of Reference Person ..............................................................
57.6
44.9
58.5
67.7
65.9
58.8
52.4
50.6
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ....................................................................................... Children under 18 years .................................................................. Persons 65 years and over .............................................................. Earners ............................................................................................ Vehicles ...........................................................................................
1.0 X 0.4 0.5 0.9
1.0 X 0.2 0.4 0.6
1.0 X 0.5 0.3 0.6
1.0 X 0.7 0.2 0.7
1.0 X 0.6 0.4 0.9
1.0 X 0.4 0.6 1.0
1.0 X 0.3 0.8 1.1
1.0 X 0.2 0.9 1.2
Percent Homeowner ...................................................................... With mortgage ................................................................................. Without mortgage ............................................................................
57 24 33
35 11 24
35 7 29
57 10 47
63 15 48
61 23 39
64 37 27
73 54 19
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ..........................................
26 382
15 519
13 124
17 356
21 886
26 398
30 721
48 458
Food ................................................................................................ Food at home .................................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ....................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ...................................................... Dairy products ............................................................................. Fruits and vegetables .................................................................. Other food at home ...................................................................... Food away from home .....................................................................
2 881 1 736 243 337 205 327 623 1 145
2 574 1 361 210 283 167 224 477 1 213
1 910 1 334 181 312 167 237 437 577
2 046 1 435 215 273 174 269 504 611
2 417 1 611 227 311 196 282 595 807
2 744 1 744 245 343 209 345 603 1 000
3 093 1 795 242 343 209 366 634 1 298
4 567 2 403 326 431 270 458 918 2 163
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Alcoholic Beverages .....................................................................
233
174
77
89
121
223
301
515
Housing .......................................................................................... Shelter ............................................................................................. Owned dwellings ......................................................................... Rented dwellings ......................................................................... Other lodging ............................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ................................................... Household operations ...................................................................... Housekeeping supplies ................................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ............................................
10 497 6 516 3 524 2 731 261 2 199 464 390 928
6 007 3 780 1 459 2 020 300 1 349 174 223 481
5 950 3 616 910 2 639 67 1 541 160 277 355
7 320 4 276 1 743 2 446 88 1 942 349 256 498
9 245 5 477 2 700 2 614 163 2 297 438 348 685
10 674 6 675 3 395 3 084 196 2 366 451 361 822
12 501 7 895 4 599 3 060 235 2 459 529 480 1 139
17 895 11 474 7 869 2 941 664 2 914 900 628 1 980
Apparel and Services ....................................................................
1 054
842
564
477
698
922
1 378
2 077
Transportation ............................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ........................................................ Gasoline and motor oil ..................................................................... Other vehicle expenses ................................................................... Public transportation ........................................................................
3 587 1 204 892 1 173 317
1 968 1671 627 551 119
1 517 392 494 529 103
2 155 805 577 633 139
2 487 1536 775 942 234
4 163 1 591 972 1 336 264
4 314 1 164 1 194 1 590 366
6 809 2 492 1 397 2 138 782
Health Care ..................................................................................... Health insurance .............................................................................. Medical services .............................................................................. Drugs ............................................................................................... Medical supplies ..............................................................................
2 114 1 064 494 470 86
970 478 240 185 67
1 022 530 187 258 48
2 161 1 228 340 532 61
2 710 1 483 490 660 76
2 437 1 277 489 563 107
2 154 1 031 614 421 88
2 679 1 138 897 513 131
Entertainment ................................................................................
1 212
666
510
696
1 090
1 018
1 462
2 477
Personal Care Products and Services .........................................
471
237
220
299
396
441
560
897
Reading ..........................................................................................
105
52
39
72
101
101
140
191
Education .......................................................................................
420
1 124
370
376
204
326
276
484
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ..................................
149
114
142
156
149
171
165
137
Miscellaneous ................................................................................
485
304
195
413
461
418
632
815
Cash Contributions .......................................................................
1 219
317
395
743
1 193
1 378
1 227
2 500
Personal Insurance and Pensions ............................................... Life and other personal insurance ................................................... Pensions and Social Security ..........................................................
1 956 144 1 812
170 51 120
213 82 131
353 160 193
613 133 480
1 382 145 1 237
2 520 128 2 392
6 415 234 6 182
1Data are likely to have large sampling errors. X = Not applicable.
374 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-23. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person Under 25 Years of Age, 2005–2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Complete reporting of income Item
Less than $5,000
Total
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................
$5,000 to $9,999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $39,999
$40,000 and over
8 355
1 319
1 159
920
704
1 271
1 008
1 974
Income Before Taxes ...............................................................
28 258
2 507
7 369
12 334
17 378
24 610
34 189
68 344
Income After Taxes ..................................................................
27 812
2 556
7 434
12 289
17 364
24 257
33 729
66 872
Age of Reference Person .........................................................
21.5
20.3
20.7
21.3
21.9
21.8
22.2
22.3
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons .................................................................................. Children under 18 years ............................................................. Persons 65 years and over ........................................................ Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................
2.1 0.4 (1) 1.4 1.2
1.2 0.1 ... 0.7 0.5
1.4 0.3 (1) 0.9 0.7
1.7 0.4 (1) 1.0 0.8
2.0 0.5 (1) 1.2 1.1
2.1 0.6 (1) 1.4 1.2
2.4 0.6 (1) 1.5 1.5
3.0 0.6 (1) 2.2 2.1
Percent Distribution Male ............................................................................................ Female .......................................................................................
48 52
47 53
48 52
46 54
46 54
47 53
50 50
51 49
Percent Homeowner ................................................................. With mortgage ............................................................................ Without mortgage .......................................................................
19 13 7
8 1 7
7 2 5
9 3 6
11 5 6
12 7 5
23 17 6
44 35 9
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................
27 976
12 653
15 722
18 276
22 164
26 458
33 099
49 292
Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................
3 926 1 931 257 442 216 308 708 1 995
2 015 848 128 161 86 133 340 1 166
2 351 1 029 121 230 104 141 432 1 322
2 809 1 431 207 276 157 235 556 1 378
3 516 2 093 269 403 236 392 793 1 423
3 611 1 915 236 439 219 327 694 1 696
4 366 1 918 259 404 244 275 736 2 448
6 156 3 030 410 770 334 475 1 041 3 126
Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................
435
223
300
301
428
344
534
670
Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................
9 144 5 727 1 333 4 198 197 1 768 381 267 1 001
3 916 2 743 269 2 195 279 601 97 128 347
5 384 3 583 298 3 077 208 909 168 137 587
6 412 4 212 214 3 761 238 1 204 238 181 577
7 735 4 988 414 4 456 118 1 534 353 216 645
9 080 5 716 541 5 085 90 1 892 396 266 810
11 020 7 038 1 438 5 426 174 2 190 386 280 1 127
15 581 9 286 3 955 5 106 224 3 102 759 441 1 994
Apparel and Services ...............................................................
1 523
982
844
1 061
1 071
1 448
1 635
2 484
Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................
5 831 2 562 1 587 1 476 206
1 658 2450 690 415 104
2 500 2651 842 791 215
3 037 1 002 1 044 820 170
3 804 1 209 1 430 1 050 115
6 173 3 059 1 565 1 411 138
7 707 3 507 1 994 1 889 317
11 402 5 503 2 737 2 862 301
Health Care ............................................................................... Health insurance ........................................................................ Medical services ......................................................................... Drugs .......................................................................................... Medical supplies .........................................................................
705 372 195 98 40
163 65 55 33 210
246 100 75 54 217
221 93 68 34 225
515 264 132 86 233
802 351 322 102 27
919 524 198 144 53
1 446 841 356 170 79
Entertainment ...........................................................................
1 373
588
954
855
1 751
1 163
1 547
2 272
Personal Care Products and Services ...................................
342
206
266
296
226
275
376
542
Reading .....................................................................................
47
34
42
41
36
32
51
74
Education ..................................................................................
1 310
2 455
1 847
1 723
843
693
590
962
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ............................
297
81
181
231
278
396
421
419
Miscellaneous ...........................................................................
323
113
189
270
361
188
515
523
Cash Contributions ..................................................................
510
82
227
267
384
432
614
1 116
Personal Insurance and Pensions .......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................
2 210 43 2 167
137 22 134
392 25 386
752 230 722
1 215 214 1 201
1 822 34 1 788
2 801 64 2 737
5 645 106 5 540
1Value less than 0.05. 2Data are likely to have
. . . = Not available.
large sampling errors.
CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 375 Table 8-24. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 25 to 34 Years of Age, 2005–2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Complete reporting of income Item
Less than $5,000
Total
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................
$5,000 to $9,999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $69,999
$70,000 and over
19 853
564
707
880
963
2 548
2 723
2 300
3 521
5 647
Income Before Taxes ...............................................................
56 149
1 182
7 758
12 613
17 560
25 107
34 647
44 263
58 935
108 532
Income After Taxes ..................................................................
54 480
1 467
8 125
13 003
17 831
25 194
34 069
43 071
56 998
104 417
Age of Reference Person .........................................................
29.6
29.1
28.8
29.1
29.1
29.2
29.3
29.5
29.6
30.3
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons .................................................................................. Children under 18 years ............................................................. Persons 65 years and over ........................................................ Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................
2.8 1.1 (1) 1.5 1.8
2.3 1.0 ... 0.6 0.7
2.3 1.1 ... 0.8 0.8
2.6 1.2 (1) 1.0 1.0
2.6 1.2 (1) 1.1 1.1
2.7 1.1 (1) 1.3 1.3
2.7 1.0 (1) 1.4 1.5
2.8 1.1 (1) 1.6 1.8
3.0 1.1 (1) 1.7 2.2
3.1 1.0 (1) 1.9 2.4
Percent Distribution Male ............................................................................................ Female .......................................................................................
48 52
32 68
33 67
36 64
39 61
43 57
47 53
49 51
53 47
54 46
Percent Homeowner ................................................................. With mortgage ............................................................................ Without mortgage .......................................................................
49 42 7
21 12 10
18 7 11
18 7 11
19 10 9
25 17 8
37 30 7
48 41 7
60 54 6
76 71 5
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................
46 341
20 450
19 186
23 191
24 356
29 326
35 538
39 300
49 903
72 840
Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................
5 871 3 065 397 700 350 499 1 119 2 806
2 645 1 709 219 422 205 266 597 936
3 427 2 107 306 540 251 337 672 1 319
4 086 2 708 354 715 257 436 947 1 378
3 795 2 315 312 558 268 385 793 1 480
4 284 2 540 331 605 277 432 894 1 745
4 858 2 566 340 606 297 407 916 2 292
5 095 2 690 349 602 312 428 999 2 405
6 465 3 291 429 721 404 509 1 228 3 175
8 061 3 889 491 864 434 654 1 446 4 172
Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................
567
153
280
255
330
252
530
412
608
910
Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................
16 342 10 121 5 681 4 166 274 3 002 1 068 517 1 634
9 334 6 366 1 476 4 641 2249 1 871 303 243 552
7 562 4 657 747 3 826 284 1 904 302 224 476
8 764 5 236 787 4 384 265 2 113 415 298 702
9 478 5 697 871 4 764 262 2 269 457 386 669
10 609 6 497 1 467 4 943 87 2 490 503 317 801
12 607 7 889 2 819 4 969 101 2 637 594 394 1 093
13 799 8 450 3 849 4 432 169 2 892 841 437 1 180
17 389 10 963 6 245 4 484 234 3 243 1 024 560 1 600
25 201 15 563 11 976 2 980 606 3 817 2 049 767 3 006
Apparel and Services ...............................................................
2 117
1 259
1 236
1 374
1 191
1 489
1 764
1 742
1 959
3 249
Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................
8 924 3 930 2 236 2 351 407
2 255 2471 895 617 272
2 975 21 158 1 000 685 134
3 890 1 358 1 289 1 101 142
4 926 2 100 1 483 1 175 169
6 321 2 833 1 717 1 563 207
7 218 3 060 1 930 1 985 242
7 972 3 358 2 185 2 206 223
10 248 4 681 2 617 2 599 351
13 359 6 014 2 964 3 564 816
Health Care ............................................................................... Health insurance ........................................................................ Medical services ......................................................................... Drugs .......................................................................................... Medical supplies .........................................................................
1 588 853 434 240 60
427 194 81 96 256
412 246 54 97 215
572 237 189 127 219
630 337 144 121 27
929 441 280 165 43
1 112 606 296 169 41
1 563 878 378 250 57
1 788 1 043 450 239 56
2 579 1 354 755 372 98
Entertainment ...........................................................................
2 345
958
1 321
1 186
1 092
1 227
1 691
1 822
2 474
3 957
Personal Care Products and Services ...................................
525
221
243
293
326
337
395
433
562
811
Reading .....................................................................................
85
48
30
44
64
48
59
75
85
140
Education ..................................................................................
744
1 830
448
937
251
500
744
725
628
919
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ............................
313
416
249
337
241
384
324
346
348
246
Miscellaneous ...........................................................................
656
329
387
358
264
342
476
615
778
999
Cash Contributions ..................................................................
1 075
398
237
269
469
640
765
761
1 069
1 954
Personal Insurance and Pensions .......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................
5 188 196 4 992
178 248 129
379 242 338
826 52 774
1 301 55 1 245
1 963 62 1 901
2 995 108 2 887
3 940 135 3 805
5 503 205 5 298
10 457 398 10 059
1Value less than 0.05. 2Data are likely to have large sampling errors. . . . = Not available.
376 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-25. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 35 to 44 Years of Age, 2005–2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Complete reporting of income Item
Less than $5,000
Total
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ................
$5,000 to $9,999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $69,999
$70,000 and over
23 892
537
689
840
846
2 226
2 576
2 452
4 228
9 498
Income Before Taxes ..............................................................
74 159
-1 803
7 770
12 664
17 401
25 017
34 879
44 769
59 406
130 091
Income After Taxes .................................................................
71 035
-1 682
8 025
13 118
17 774
25 130
34 321
43 666
57 543
123 372
Age of Reference Person .......................................................
39.7
39.7
39.9
39.8
39.9
39.6
39.4
39.8
39.5
39.8
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons ................................................................................ Children under 18 years ........................................................... Persons 65 years and over ....................................................... Earners ..................................................................................... Vehicles ....................................................................................
3.2 1.3 (1) 1.6 2.1
2.3 0.9 (1) 0.6 0.8
2.2 0.8 (1) 0.6 0.8
2.6 1.2 (1) 0.9 1.1
2.8 1.2 (1) 1.1 1.2
2.9 1.2 (1) 1.3 1.5
2.9 1.2 (1) 1.4 1.7
3.0 1.1 (1) 1.6 2.1
3.3 1.3 (1) 1.8 2.3
3.6 1.4 (1) 2.0 2.6
Percent Distribution Male .......................................................................................... Female ......................................................................................
47 53
35 65
38 62
37 63
41 59
41 59
43 57
46 54
49 51
52 48
Percent Homeowner ............................................................... With mortgage .......................................................................... Without mortgage .....................................................................
68 59 10
37 22 15
28 12 17
31 17 14
34 20 14
43 30 13
56 44 12
63 51 12
72 63 9
89 82 7
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ...................................
56 350
27 002
18 200
23 892
23 532
29 277
36 372
41 000
51 166
84 436
Food ......................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................ Cereals and bakery products ................................................ Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ............................................... Dairy products ....................................................................... Fruits and vegetables ........................................................... Other food at home ............................................................... Food away from home ..............................................................
7 345 4 125 559 963 465 667 1 471 3 220
4 345 2 403 297 647 244 429 786 1 942
3 160 2 077 277 581 221 293 706 1 083
4 972 3 588 459 879 386 559 1 306 1 384
4 151 3 045 353 762 314 537 1 078 1 105
4 702 3 066 402 796 326 492 1 049 1 636
5 436 3 232 416 804 375 488 1 148 2 204
6 034 3 433 445 818 368 574 1 226 2 602
7 085 3 979 539 950 469 605 1 416 3 107
9 800 5 186 724 1 147 590 859 1 866 4 614
Alcoholic Beverages ..............................................................
504
216
119
188
157
202
361
508
435
738
Housing ................................................................................... Shelter ...................................................................................... Owned dwellings ................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................. Other lodging ........................................................................ Utilities, fuels, and public services ............................................ Household operations ............................................................... Housekeeping supplies ............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .....................................
19 409 11 656 8 465 2 706 485 3 712 1 263 738 2 039
11 042 7 460 3 871 3 385 2203 2 251 411 365 555
8 018 4 868 1 434 3 370 263 2 249 167 376 359
9 264 5 570 1 884 3 654 233 2 352 299 336 706
9 643 6 054 1 743 4 257 253 2 545 202 295 547
10 777 6 438 2 386 3 996 56 2 816 352 415 756
13 188 7 717 4 057 3 529 130 3 092 442 512 1 425
14 543 8 753 5 126 3 388 239 3 269 679 538 1 305
16 818 9 989 6 893 2 804 292 3 747 813 646 1 623
28 573 17 205 14 598 1 652 955 4 602 2 357 1 076 3 332
Apparel and Services .............................................................
2 366
2 016
1 051
1 290
909
1 602
1 769
1 721
2 326
3 215
Transportation ........................................................................ Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................. Gasoline and motor oil .............................................................. Other vehicle expenses ............................................................ Public transportation .................................................................
9 961 4 232 2 507 2 697 525
4 726 177 980 1 342 226
2 549 2879 905 593 173
3 658 1 169 1 284 1 091 114
3 328 2779 1 382 1 008 158
5 527 2 187 1 794 1 400 146
6 383 2 389 1 954 1 834 207
6 806 2 251 2 181 2 073 302
10 207 4 409 2 660 2 772 367
14 655 6 581 3 252 3 883 939
Health Care .............................................................................. Health insurance ....................................................................... Medical services ....................................................................... Drugs ........................................................................................ Medical supplies .......................................................................
2 278 1 187 650 349 92
824 423 276 102 224
661 229 173 234 225
839 380 205 213 242
972 602 200 150 220
1 119 599 273 214 33
1 489 846 321 267 55
1 954 1 004 553 332 66
2 327 1 342 552 352 82
3 265 1 632 1 031 457 145
Entertainment ..........................................................................
2 866
909
798
929
926
1 112
1 706
1 912
2 430
4 631
Personal Care Products and Services ..................................
657
227
224
294
390
344
449
497
626
948
Reading ....................................................................................
117
49
26
38
39
41
53
76
92
198
Education ................................................................................
894
567
109
249
262
255
328
431
653
1 612
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ...........................
356
380
430
382
496
437
445
397
370
274
Miscellaneous .........................................................................
867
738
351
502
336
369
632
678
815
1 244
Cash Contributions ................................................................
1 721
267
362
407
604
753
1 088
1 130
1 235
2 885
Personal Insurance and Pensions ........................................ Life and other personal insurance ............................................ Pensions and Social Security ...................................................
7 009 381 6 629
697 2182 515
340 259 282
881 74 807
1 320 133 1 187
2 038 122 1 916
3 045 136 2 909
4 311 214 4 096
5 745 301 5 444
12 399 669 11 729
1Value less than 0.05. 2Data are likely to have
large sampling errors.
22
CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 377 Table 8-26. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 45 to 54 Years of Age, 2005–2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Complete reporting of income Item
Less than $5,000
Total
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................
24 544
654
$5,000 to $9,999
844
$10,000 to $14,999
903
$15,000 to $19,999
974
$20,000 to $29,999
2 072
$30,000 to $39,999
2 538
$40,000 to $49,999
2 274
$50,000 to $69,999
$70,000 and over
3 917
10 368
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS Income Before Taxes ...............................................................
76 160
-4 325
7 869
12 468
17 399
25 280
34 745
44 675
59 519
131 361
Income After Taxes ..................................................................
72 569
-4 556
7 918
12 711
17 515
24 997
33 645
43 539
57 475
124 186
Age of Reference Person .........................................................
49.3
49.2
49.5
49.7
49.2
49.3
49.1
49.2
49.6
49.3
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons .................................................................................. Children under 18 years ............................................................. Persons 65 years and over ........................................................ Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................
2.7 0.6 (1) 1.7 2.4
1.8 0.4 (1) 0.6 1.0
1.7 0.4 (1) 0.5 0.8
2.1 0.5 (1) 0.8 1.0
2.3 0.6 (1) 1.0 1.3
2.2 0.5 (1) 1.3 1.6
2.3 0.5 0.1 1.4 1.8
2.5 0.6 (1) 1.6 2.0
2.7 0.5 (1) 1.9 2.5
3.1 0.7 (1) 2.2 3.1
Percent Distribution Male ............................................................................................ Female .......................................................................................
48 52
33 67
28 72
43 57
40 60
39 61
44 56
43 57
49 51
54 46
Percent Homeowner ................................................................. With mortgage ............................................................................ Without mortgage .......................................................................
75 58 17
43 19 24
28 13 15
38 15 23
44 25 19
57 38 18
63 45 18
71 55 16
81 63 18
92 77 16
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................
56 729
25 701
17 188
19 746
23 269
28 069
33 551
38 965
49 753
85 910
Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................
7 155 3 922 505 945 426 649 1 397 3 233
4 150 2 672 356 696 285 381 954 1 477
3 211 2 363 305 624 214 353 868 847
3 236 2 303 292 633 251 377 751 933
3 473 2 252 275 558 254 358 808 1 222
4 099 2 689 340 696 283 450 919 1 410
4 589 2 801 364 638 316 432 1 051 1 788
5 111 3 024 383 744 335 498 1 064 2 088
6 809 3 940 493 995 428 611 1 413 2 869
10 012 5 055 659 1 180 550 867 1 800 4 957
Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................
535
229
140
148
242
274
275
357
482
808
Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................
17 837 10 606 7 871 1 946 788 3 803 731 722 1 975
9 839 6 016 2 514 3 287 2216 2 415 249 357 802
7 469 4 566 1 069 3 440 258 2 047 166 314 376
7 767 4 617 1 263 3 299 254 2 217 184 282 468
9 154 5 321 1 941 3 293 88 2 500 220 440 673
10 436 6 158 3 139 2 921 98 2 879 277 344 779
11 574 6 938 3 880 2 882 177 2 968 343 440 884
13 817 8 111 5 461 2 444 206 3 367 370 484 1 484
15 668 9 060 6 949 1 743 369 3 730 615 675 1 587
25 552 15 322 12 696 1 038 1 588 4 807 1 210 1 039 3 174
Apparel and Services ...............................................................
2 247
1 204
973
1 088
888
1 062
1 357
1 469
1 903
3 358
Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................
9 954 3 964 2 559 2 835 596
4 208 608 1 268 1 095 237
2 338 2718 766 659 195
2 909 2615 1 180 933 180
3 560 2799 1 445 1 158 157
4 510 1 184 1 649 1 449 229
6 311 2 322 1 970 1 811 207
6 757 2 071 2 253 2 222 212
9 411 3 708 2 581 2 769 353
15 035 6 436 3 396 4 128 1 074
Health Care ............................................................................... Health insurance ........................................................................ Medical services ......................................................................... Drugs .......................................................................................... Medical supplies .........................................................................
2 715 1 296 784 497 137
1 421 551 530 255 286
531 225 91 173 242
1 275 469 475 282 49
1 259 555 343 314 46
1 810 788 518 444 61
1 845 891 489 371 95
2 345 1 206 632 423 85
2 594 1 352 631 499 112
3 753 1 772 1 141 629 210
Entertainment ...........................................................................
2 901
921
754
836
937
1 147
1 641
1 759
2 430
4 639
Personal Care Products and Services ...................................
662
270
223
198
288
331
434
483
595
977
Reading .....................................................................................
138
44
22
25
38
64
71
107
113
220
Education ..................................................................................
1 752
438
207
126
455
366
322
422
1 023
3 416
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ............................
430
329
475
457
512
447
501
465
509
365
Miscellaneous ...........................................................................
960
881
272
563
572
586
655
576
1 025
1 292
Cash Contributions ..................................................................
2 097
807
295
406
745
849
809
1 110
1 337
3 667
Personal Insurance and Pensions .......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................
7 347 443 6 904
959 101 858
277 69 208
712 69 643
1 145 132 1 014
2 088 172 1 915
3 167 195 2 972
4 186 278 3 908
5 852 348 5 504
12 817 743 12 074
1Value less than 0.05. 2Data are likely to have
large sampling errors.
21
378 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-27. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 55 to 64 Years of Age, 2005–2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Complete reporting of income Item
Less than $5,000
Total
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................
$5,000 to $9,999
1 000
$10,000 to $14,999
1 058
$15,000 to $19,999
1 099
$20,000 to $29,999
2 057
$30,000 to $39,999
1 988
$40,000 to $49,999
1 969
$50,000 to $69,999
2 900
$70,000 and over
18 528
643
5 814
Income Before Taxes ...............................................................
64 293
1 130
8 082
12 527
17 362
24 878
34 599
44 784
59 396
132 386
Income After Taxes ..................................................................
60 979
371
7 935
12 542
17 135
24 189
33 757
43 462
56 627
124 334
Age of Reference Person .........................................................
59.2
59.2
59.8
59.8
59.6
59.8
59.6
59.4
59.0
58.7
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons .................................................................................. Children under 18 years ............................................................. Persons 65 years and over ........................................................ Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................
2.1 0.2 0.1 1.3 2.2
1.4
1.7 0.1 0.1 0.6 1.6
1.7 0.1 0.1 0.9 1.8
1.9 0.2 0.1 1.1 2.0
2.0 0.1 0.1 1.3 2.1
2.2 0.1 0.1 1.5 2.4
2.5 0.2 0.1 1.9 3.0
Percent Distribution Male ............................................................................................ Female .......................................................................................
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
10.1 (2)
1.5
10.1 10.1
0.4 1.2
0.3 0.8
1.7 0.2 0.1 0.4 1.2
48 52
48 52
38 62
34 66
36 64
37 63
45 55
48 52
50 50
57 43
Percent Homeowner ................................................................. With mortgage ............................................................................ Without mortgage .......................................................................
81 46 35
59 25 34
39 11 29
62 18 43
70 30 40
73 32 41
80 40 39
84 46 38
89 54 34
95 65 30
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................
50 219
25 975
18 408
21 904
27 650
29 770
36 082
40 800
49 067
82 566
Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................
6 165 3 504 459 813 373 642 1 216 2 662
3 436 2 182 292 587 248 399 655 1 254
3 211 2 288 321 549 248 394 776 923
3 350 2 163 293 526 243 370 731 1 187
3 693 2 495 310 574 257 450 905 1 198
3 984 2 606 330 662 268 487 859 1 378
4 368 2 663 365 620 288 464 925 1 706
5 464 3 108 434 682 350 574 1 068 2 357
6 365 3 763 478 866 405 651 1 363 2 602
8 954 4 643 603 1 062 485 879 1 614 4 311
Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................
466
306
76
231
157
245
285
327
435
798
Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................
16 171 8 963 6 775 1 377 811 3 536 815 737 2 120
10 181 6 250 3 785 1 850 615 2 408 473 312 738
7 489 4 428 1 559 2 701 1168 1 857 235 419 551
8 708 4 639 2 294 2 143 202 2 509 280 389 891
9 900 5 176 3 149 1 749 278 2 900 314 416 1 094
10 352 5 759 3 693 1 807 258 2 845 336 467 946
12 628 7 126 5 016 1 776 334 3 186 440 540 1 335
13 493 7 121 5 168 1 552 402 3 432 635 683 1 622
15 519 8 293 6 615 1 103 575 3 752 615 837 2 023
25 185 14 265 11 818 675 1 772 4 549 1 602 1 023 3 746
Apparel and Services ...............................................................
1 841
1 194
891
681
1 082
844
1 193
1 321
1 680
3 099
Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................
8 789 3 454 2 197 2 578 561
4 473 678 1 113 1 334 348
2 567 1873 778 755 161
3 391 1812 1 176 1 213 190
4 730 373 1 552 1 528 277
6 082 2 712 1 586 1 608 175
6 425 2 316 1 900 1 940 269
7 405 2 760 2 038 2 302 304
9 109 3 412 2 368 2 817 512
14 152 5 876 3 154 4 001 1 121
Health Care ............................................................................... Health insurance ........................................................................ Medical services ......................................................................... Drugs .......................................................................................... Medical supplies .........................................................................
3 485 1 631 979 736 139
2 096 1 050 651 289 106
1 471 595 522 302 153
1 824 928 369 474 52
2 629 1 248 655 610 116
2 675 1 399 556 648 71
3 478 1 439 1 226 734 79
3 588 1 602 1 090 766 130
3 555 1 753 874 778 151
4 653 2 172 1 345 922 215
Entertainment ...........................................................................
2 549
1 345
823
1 018
1 344
1 350
1 670
2 050
2 143
4 533
Personal Care Products and Services ...................................
569
247
155
270
325
330
362
442
565
940
Reading .....................................................................................
157
70
58
63
69
87
123
135
153
263
Education ..................................................................................
697
1233
183
221
104
187
242
286
441
1 651
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ............................
353
318
376
305
378
337
485
362
356
313
Miscellaneous ...........................................................................
1 045
446
295
669
575
552
627
591
1 051
1 854
Cash Contributions ..................................................................
2 116
1 038
463
659
1 616
1 041
1 393
1 362
2 038
3 803
Personal Insurance and Pensions .......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................
5 815 499 5 316
592 137 455
450 124 326
514 155 360
1 051 246 805
1 704 298 1 406
2 802 280 2 523
3 972 358 3 614
5 657 468 5 189
12 369 923 11 446
1Data are likely to have 2Value less than 0.05.
large sampling errors.
11
11
CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 379 Table 8-28. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 65 Years of Age and Over, 2005–2006 (Number, dollar, percent.) Complete reporting of income Item
Less than $5,000
Total
NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................
$5,000 to $9,999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $69,999
$70,000 and over
22 927
811
1 935
3 428
3 008
4 297
2 781
1 781
2 076
2 810
Income Before Taxes ...............................................................
37 461
2 322
8 271
12 623
17 476
24 674
34 579
44 860
58 565
121 510
Income After Taxes ..................................................................
36 381
2 301
8 215
12 464
17 115
24 331
33 980
44 029
57 296
115 908
Age of Reference Person .........................................................
75.2
76.0
77.2
77.8
77.2
75.3
74.4
73.5
72.9
71.6
Average Number in Consumer Unit All persons .................................................................................. Children under 18 years ............................................................. Persons 65 years and over ........................................................ Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................
1.7 0.1 1.4 0.5 1.6
1.4 (1) 1.2 20.1 0.9
1.2 (1) 1.1 0.1 0.7
1.2 (1) 1.1 0.1 0.9
1.4 (1) 1.3 0.1 1.1
1.7 0.1 1.4 0.3 1.5
1.9 0.1 1.5 0.5 1.7
1.9 0.1 1.5 0.7 2.1
2.2 0.1 1.6 0.9 2.1
2.4 0.1 1.5 1.4 2.6
Percent Distribution Male ............................................................................................ Female .......................................................................................
43 57
37 63
29 71
26 74
34 66
42 58
47 53
54 46
55 45
64 36
Percent Homeowner ................................................................. With mortgage ............................................................................ Without mortgage .......................................................................
80 20 61
69 18 51
54 8 46
67 11 56
76 14 62
84 16 68
88 21 67
90 25 65
91 28 63
95 41 54
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................
33 978
18 370
14 035
17 788
22 550
28 453
32 886
39 709
48 028
77 880
Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................
4 241 2 632 368 590 300 499 875 1 609
2 726 1 920 267 522 224 325 581 806
2 438 1 835 251 458 210 351 565 603
2 348 1 718 253 370 214 333 548 630
2 931 2 063 304 510 240 367 642 867
3 664 2 442 365 525 288 468 795 1 222
3 966 2 482 332 535 309 481 825 1 484
4 777 2 927 417 665 346 547 952 1 850
5 808 3 263 459 687 358 612 1 147 2 545
8 344 4 421 568 997 445 842 1 568 3 923
CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................
255
284
150
97
145
205
249
289
346
610
Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................
11 435 6 070 4 068 1 561 441 2 911 685 544 1 225
8 201 3 983 2 555 1 355 273 2 245 344 436 1 192
6 084 3 393 1 420 1 934 238 1 841 206 358 286
7 408 4 170 2 030 2 064 75 2 136 348 298 456
9 021 4 907 2 779 1 996 132 2 503 468 392 752
10 349 5 594 3 658 1 673 263 2 837 498 486 933
11 126 5 651 4 062 1 221 368 3 077 724 532 1 141
13 092 6 796 4 852 1 382 562 3 349 732 645 1 570
14 461 7 655 5 708 1 202 745 3 580 837 744 1 644
22 024 11 592 9 119 829 1 644 4 396 1 863 932 3 240
Apparel and Services ...............................................................
943
338
516
341
529
686
768
1 018
1 691
2 256
Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................
5 415 2 155 1 284 1 589 388
2 435 2877 837 660 61
1 339 2187 515 544 93
2 201 2796 628 678 98
2 840 780 798 1 046 216
4 529 1 714 1 140 1 423 251
5 552 2 129 1 446 1 631 345
7 003 2 671 1 693 2 141 498
8 369 3 213 1 901 2 373 881
13 770 6 596 2 605 3 529 1 040
Health Care ............................................................................... Health insurance ........................................................................ Medical services ......................................................................... Drugs .......................................................................................... Medical supplies .........................................................................
4 262 2 462 716 932 152
2 115 1 309 218 527 262
1 809 1 082 236 440 51
2 688 1 629 366 619 74
3 499 2 035 520 839 105
4 330 2 546 657 952 175
4 894 2 887 652 1 192 164
5 202 3 240 737 1 031 194
5 854 3 187 1 065 1 366 236
6 740 3 642 1 704 1 142 252
Entertainment ...........................................................................
1 588
727
511
676
943
1 133
1 486
2 026
2 386
4 241
Personal Care Products and Services ...................................
468
239
177
247
327
404
493
583
687
927
Reading .....................................................................................
140
56
43
76
103
121
149
169
228
283
Education ..................................................................................
215
253
246
115
39
87
155
258
274
862
Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ............................
168
144
104
131
173
159
210
202
198
189
Miscellaneous ...........................................................................
800
428
195
388
386
636
822
857
1 151
2 151
Cash Contributions ..................................................................
2 235
630
480
829
1 310
1 502
1 924
2 344
3 568
6 987
Personal Insurance and Pensions .......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................
1 810 351 1 459
194 129 265
145 116 28
242 174 68
305 164 140
648 230 418
1 093 298 795
1 890 397 1 493
3 007 427 2 580
8 495 1 145 7 350
1Value less than 0.05. 2Data are likely to have
large sampling errors.
CHAPTER 9 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH HIGHLIGHTS This chapter includes data on work-related illnesses and injuries and fatal work injuries from the annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses and the Census of Fatal Occupations. Data are classified by industry and selected worker characteristics.
Incidence Rates of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, by Major Industry, 2006
Industry
Financial activities Information Professional and business services Other services Utilities
Total cases Lost workday cases
Wholesale trade Leisure and hospitality Retail trade Natural resources and mining Education and health services Construction Manufacturing Transportation and warehousing 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Incidence rate per 100 full-time workers
Among the major industries, transportation and warehousing continued to have the highest incidence of non-fatal occupational injuries and illnesses in 2006. However, there has been a noticeable decline in recent years. The number of non-fatal occupational injuries and illnesses in transportation and warehousing declined from 7.3 per 100 full-time workers in 2004 to 7.0 per 100 full-time workers in 2005, and to 6.5 per 100 full-time workers in 2006. The rates for most industries have declined in the past few years. Financial activities, information, and professional and business services—most of the desk-bound industries—had the lowest rates in 2006. Cases with days away from work were lower, frequently around half of the total of recordable cases. (See Table 9-1.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • The total number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in private industry dropped from 4.6 per 100 full-time workers in 2005 to 4.4 per 100 full-time workers in 2006, a decline of 4.3 percent. (See Table 9-1.) • Within the transportation and warehousing sector, couriers and messengers had the highest rate of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses at 10.5 per 100 full-time workers; air transportation was the next highest, with 9.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. (See Table 9-1.) • Truck drivers had the highest percentage of days-away-from-work cases involving 31 days or more. The median number of days away from work for the private sector was 7 days; for truck drivers, it was 14 days. (See Table 9-3.)
383
384 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Collection and Coverage
Concepts and Definitions
Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses
Recordable occupational injuries and illnesses include: (1) nonfatal occupational illnesses; and (2) nonfatal occupational injuries that involve one or more of the following: loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment (other than first aid). The annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and illnesses. To better address fatalities, BLS implemented the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (described elsewhere in these notes).
The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses is a federal/state program that collected employer reports from about 195,200 private industry establishments in 2006. The survey estimates are based on a probability sample and are then processed by state agencies in cooperation with the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The survey measures only nonfatal injuries and illnesses and excludes the self-employed, farms with fewer than 11 employees, private households, federal government agencies, and, for national estimates, employees in state and local government agencies BLS has reported annually on the number and rate of days-away-from work injuries and illnesses in private industry since the early 1970s. The 2006 national survey marks the 15th year that BLS has collected additional detailed information concerning worker and case characteristics data, including data on lost work time. On January 19, 2001, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) promulgated revisions to its requirements for recording occupational injuries and illnesses. These revisions became effective January 1, 2002, and were reflected in the 2002 survey. The term “lost workdays” was eliminated under these revisions, which instead require companies to record days away from work and days of restricted work or transfer to another job. In addition, the new rules for counting rely on calendar days instead of workdays. Employers are no longer required to count days away from work or days of job transfer or restriction beyond 180 days. These changes have affected the calculation of median days away from work from 2002 onward, making data from those years noncomparable to previous years. The number and frequency (incidence rates) of daysaway-from-work cases are based on logs and other records kept by private industry employers throughout the year. These records reflect the year’s overall injury and illness experience and the employers’ understanding of which cases are work related under the current record-keeping guidelines of the U.S. Department of Labor. The number of injuries and illnesses reported in a given year can be influenced by changes in the level of economic activity, working conditions and work practices, worker experience and training, and the number of hours worked. The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) furnish mining and railroad data to BLS. These data are therefore noncomparable to data from other industries. Industry data are classified according to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
Occupational injury is any injury—such as a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation—that results from a work accident or from exposure to an incident in the work environment. Occupational illness is an abnormal condition or disorder (other than one resulting from an occupational injury) caused by exposure to environmental factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses and diseases that may have been caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or direct contact. Long-term latent illnesses can be difficult to relate to the workplace and are believed to be understated in this survey. Days away from work are cases that involve days away from work, days of restricted work activity, or both. The data are presented in the form of incidence rates, defined as the number of injuries and illnesses or cases of days away from work per 100 full-time employees. The formula is (N/EH) x 200,000, where N = number of injuries and illnesses or days away from work, EH=total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year, and 200,000 represents the base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year). Comparable data for individual states are available from BLS’s Office of Safety, Health, and Working Conditions. Fatal Occupational Injuries Beginning in 1992, BLS has been collecting a comprehensive count of work-related deaths in the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI). The CFOI covers private wage and salary workers, workers on small farms, the selfemployed, workers in family businesses, and public-sector workers. The CFOI program is a cooperative venture between the state and federal governments. The program collects and cross checks fatality information from multiple sources, including death certificates, state and federal workers’ compensation reports, OSHA and MSHA records, medical examiner and autopsy reports, media accounts, state motor vehicle fatality records, and follow-up questionnaires to employers.
CHAPTER 9: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 385 Fatality counts from the CFOI are combined with annual average employment from the Current Population Survey (CPS) to produce a fatal work injury rate. CFOI data include deaths that resulted from traumatic occupational injuries.
Industries are classified according to NAICS and occupations according to the Standard Occupational Classification System (SOC).
For a fatality to be included in the CFOI, the decedent must have been employed at the time of the event and present at the site of the incident as a job requirement. Due to the latency period of many occupational illnesses and the resulting difficulty associated with linking illnesses to work, it is difficult to compile a complete count of all fatal illnesses in a given year. Thus, information on illnessrelated deaths are excluded from the basic fatality count.
For more extensive definitions and description of collection methods see BLS news release USDL 07-1562, “Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2006,” for injuries and illnesses; USDL 07-1202, “National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2006,” for more information on the CFOI; and occasional articles in Compensation and Working Conditions. All of these resources are available on the BLS Web site at .
Sources of Additional Information
386 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 9-1. Incidence Rates of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Per 100 Full-Time Workers,1 by Selected Industries and Case Types, 2006 (Number, rate.)
Industry2
2006 average annual NAICS code3 employment (thousands)4
Total recordable cases
Cases with days away from work, job transfer, or restriction Cases with days away from work5
Total
Cases with job transfer or restriction
Other recordable cases
PRIVATE INDUSTRY6 ...................................................................................................
111 273
4.4
2.3
1.3
1.0
2.1
Goods-Producing6 ........................................................................................................ Natural resources and mining6 ....................................................................................... Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting6 .................................................................. Crop production6 ..................................................................................................... Animal production ................................................................................................... Forestry and logging ............................................................................................... Fishing, hunting and trapping ................................................................................. Support activities for agriculture and forestry ......................................................... Mining7 ........................................................................................................................ Oil and gas extraction ............................................................................................. Mining (except oil and gas)8 ................................................................................... Support activities for mining .................................................................................... Construction .................................................................................................................... Construction of buildings ........................................................................................ Heavy and civil engineering construction ............................................................... Specialty trade contractors ..................................................................................... Manufacturing ................................................................................................................. Food ........................................................................................................................ Beverage and tobacco product ............................................................................... Textile mills ............................................................................................................. Textile product mills ................................................................................................ Apparel ................................................................................................................... Leather and allied product ...................................................................................... Wood product ......................................................................................................... Paper ...................................................................................................................... Printing and related support activities ..................................................................... Petroleum and coal products .................................................................................. Chemical manufacturing ......................................................................................... Plastics and rubber products .................................................................................. Nonmetallic mineral product ................................................................................... Primary metal .......................................................................................................... Fabricated metal product ........................................................................................ Machinery ............................................................................................................... Computer and electronic product ............................................................................ Electrical equipment, appliance, and component ................................................... Transportation equipment ....................................................................................... Furniture and related product ................................................................................. Miscellaneous .........................................................................................................
11 111 112 113 114 115 21 211 212 213 23 236 237 238 31-33 311 312 313 314 315 316 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 339
23 285 1 573 971 420 147 69 9 325 602 132 218 252 7 563 1 782 966 4 814 14 150 1 471 194 200 163 243 37 563 472 635 113 863 798 511 464 1 539 1 173 1 305 432 1 764 561 648
5.9 4.9 6.0 5.8 8.1 5.3 8.4 5.1 3.5 2.0 3.8 3.9 5.9 5.1 5.3 6.3 6.0 7.4 8.1 4.4 4.5 2.9 5.9 8.5 4.3 4.2 2.7 2.9 6.8 7.1 8.6 7.6 6.2 2.0 5.1 8.0 7.5 4.2
3.2 2.7 3.2 3.1 3.9 2.4 3.4 3.0 2.1 0.9 2.5 2.2 3.2 2.6 3.0 3.5 3.3 4.8 5.5 2.3 2.6 1.4 3.1 4.7 2.5 2.4 1.4 1.7 3.9 4.1 4.7 3.8 3.0 1.0 2.7 4.3 4.2 2.1
1.7 1.7 1.9 1.8 2.4 2.2 3.3 1.9 1.4 0.5 1.9 1.4 2.2 1.8 2.0 2.4 1.4 1.6 2.3 0.9 0.9 0.7 1.2 2.3 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.8 1.6 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.4 0.5 1.0 1.6 1.8 1.0
1.6 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 0.2 ... 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.9 3.2 3.2 1.5 1.7 0.8 1.9 2.4 1.3 1.2 0.5 1.0 2.3 2.2 2.6 2.0 1.6 0.6 1.6 2.7 2.4 1.1
2.7 2.2 2.8 2.7 4.2 3.0 5.0 2.1 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.7 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.0 1.9 1.4 2.8 3.8 1.8 1.8 1.3 1.2 2.9 3.0 3.9 3.8 3.2 1.0 2.4 3.7 3.3 2.1
Service-Providing ......................................................................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities9 ................................................................................. Wholesale trade .......................................................................................................... Merchant wholesalers, durable goods .................................................................... Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods .............................................................. Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers .......................................... Retail trade ................................................................................................................. Motor vehicle and parts dealers .............................................................................. Furniture and home furnishings stores ................................................................... Electronics and appliance stores ............................................................................ Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers .............................. Food and beverage stores ...................................................................................... Health and personal care stores ............................................................................. Gasoline stations .................................................................................................... Clothing and clothing accessories stores ............................................................... Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores ..................................................... General merchandise stores ................................................................................... Miscellaneous store retailers .................................................................................. Nonstore retailers ...................................................................................................
42 423 424 425 44-45 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 451 452 453 454
87 988 25 914 5 852 3 052 2 025 775 15 342 1 908 582 548 1 313 2 812 960 861 1 438 655 2 950 890 426
3.9 5.0 4.1 3.9 5.4 1.7 4.9 4.4 4.7 2.8 7.4 5.9 2.2 3.6 2.7 3.0 6.7 3.9 4.2
2.0 2.9 2.5 2.1 3.7 1.0 2.6 1.9 2.8 1.2 4.3 3.2 1.0 1.5 1.1 1.1 3.9 2.0 2.6
1.1 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.9 0.5 1.4 1.3 1.7 0.6 2.0 1.7 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.6 1.7 1.2 1.3
0.8 1.3 1.2 0.9 1.8 0.5 1.2 0.6 1.1 0.6 2.3 1.5 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.4 2.2 0.8 1.3
1.9 2.1 1.6 1.8 1.7 0.7 2.4 2.6 1.9 1.6 3.1 2.7 1.2 2.0 1.6 2.0 2.8 1.9 1.6
Note: Components may not sum to totals because of rounding. 1The
incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as: (N/EH) x 200,000 (where N = number of injuries and illnesses; EH = total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year; 200,000 = base for 100 equivalent full-time workers working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year).
2Totals include data for industries not shown separately. 3North American Industry Classification System—United States, 2002. 4Employment is expressed as an average annual value and is derived primarily from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’s (BLS) Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) program. 5Days away from work cases include those that result in days away from work with or without job transfer or restriction. 6Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees. 7Data for mining include establishments not governed by the Department of Labor’s Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) rules and reporting, such as those in oil and gas extraction
and related support activities. Data for mining operators in coal, metal, and nonmetal mining are provided to BLS by MSHA. Independent mining contractors are excluded from the coal, metal, and nonmetal mining industries. These data do not reflect the changes the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) made to its record-keeping requirements effective January 1, 2002; thus, estimates for these industries are not comparable to estimates in other industries. 8Data for mining operators in this industry are provided to BLS by MSHA. Independent mining contractors are excluded. These data do not reflect the changes OSHA made to its recordkeeping requirements effective January 1, 2002; thus, estimates for these industries are not comparable to estimates in other industries. 9Data for employers in rail transportation are provided to BLS by the Department of Transportation’s Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). . . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 9: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 387 Table 9-1. Incidence Rates of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Per 100 Full-Time Workers,1 by Selected Industries and Case Types, 2006—Continued (Number, rate.)
Industry2
Service-Providing—Continued Transportation and warehousing ................................................................................ Air transportation .................................................................................................... Rail transportation9 ................................................................................................. Water transportation ............................................................................................... Truck transportation ................................................................................................ Transit and ground passenger transportation ......................................................... Pipeline transportation ............................................................................................ Scenic and sightseeing transportation .................................................................... Support activities for transportation ........................................................................ Couriers and messengers ....................................................................................... Warehousing and storage ....................................................................................... Utilities ........................................................................................................................ Information ...................................................................................................................... Publishing industries (except Internet) .................................................................... Motion picture and sound recording industries ....................................................... Broadcasting (except Internet) ................................................................................ Telecommunications ............................................................................................... Internet service providers, Web search portals, and data processing services ...... Other information services ...................................................................................... Financial activities ........................................................................................................... Finance and insurance ............................................................................................... Monetary authorities—central bank ........................................................................ Credit intermediation and related activities ............................................................. Securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investments and related activities .............................................................................................................. Insurance carriers and related activities ................................................................. Funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles .............................................................. Real estate and rental and leasing ............................................................................. Real estate .............................................................................................................. Rental and leasing services .................................................................................... Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works) ....................... Professional and business services ................................................................................ Professional, scientific, and technical services ........................................................... Management of companies and enterprises ............................................................... Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services ......... Administrative and support services ....................................................................... Waste management and remediation services ....................................................... Education and health services ........................................................................................ Education services ...................................................................................................... Health care and social assistance .............................................................................. Ambulatory health care services ............................................................................. Hospitals ................................................................................................................. Nursing and residential care facilities ..................................................................... Social assistance .................................................................................................... Leisure and hospitality .................................................................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................................................................ Performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries ....................................... Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions .................................................. Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries ................................................... Accommodation and food services ............................................................................. Accommodation ...................................................................................................... Food services and drinking places ......................................................................... Other services ................................................................................................................. Other services, except public administration .............................................................. Repair and maintenance ......................................................................................... Personal and laundry services ................................................................................ Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations ...................
2006 average annual NAICS code3 employment (thousands)4
48-49 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 492 493 22 51 511 512 515 517 518 519 52 521 522 523 524 525 53 531 532 533 54 55 56 562 61 62 621 622 624 71 711 712 713 72 721 722 81 811 812 813
Total recordable cases
Cases with days away from work, job transfer, or restriction Cases with days away from work5
Total
Cases with job transfer or restriction
Other recordable cases
4 172 484 ... 61 1 415 390 39 27 565 573 618 547 3 046 900 376 327 974 385 51 8 142 5 993 21 2 916
6.5 9.9 2.3 4.4 5.8 5.4 2.2 4.3 4.5 10.5 8.0 4.1 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.2 0.9 2.0 1.5 0.9 2.7 1.0
4.3 7.7 1.7 2.6 3.7 3.0 0.9 2.8 2.6 7.2 5.6 2.2 1.0 1.1 0.6 1.0 1.4 0.4 1.0 0.7 0.3 1.9 0.3
2.7 5.4 1.5 1.9 2.7 2.2 0.6 2.1 1.8 3.5 2.2 1.2 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.2 1.1 0.2
1.6 2.2 0.2 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.9 3.7 3.4 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.1
2.2 2.2 0.6 1.8 2.2 2.3 1.3 1.6 1.8 3.3 2.4 1.9 0.9 1.0 ... 1.0 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6
813 2 151 92 2 149 1 484 637 27 17 334 7 305 1 776 8 253 7 908 345 16 796 2 190 14 606 5 239 4 349 2 869 2 150 12 932 1 891 388 120 1 382 11 042 1 818 9 223 3 825 3 825 1 238 1 280 1 306
... 1.0 1.2 3.3 2.9 4.2 0.8 2.1 1.2 2.1 3.4 3.1 6.5 5.4 2.3 5.8 3.1 8.1 8.9 3.9 4.6 5.3 5.8 5.3 5.1 4.5 5.8 4.2 2.9 2.9 3.5 2.6 2.7
0.1 0.4 0.7 1.8 1.5 2.6 0.2 1.1 0.5 1.1 1.9 1.7 3.9 2.5 0.9 2.7 1.1 3.2 5.4 1.9 1.8 2.5 2.2 2.4 2.6 1.7 3.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.0
0.1 0.3 0.5 1.1 1.0 1.5 0.1 0.7 0.3 0.6 1.2 1.1 2.5 1.4 0.7 1.5 0.8 1.8 2.6 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.7
... 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.5 1.1 ... 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.6 1.4 1.1 0.3 1.2 0.3 1.4 2.7 0.8 0.7 1.2 0.8 0.9 1.3 0.6 1.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4
... 0.7 0.5 1.5 1.4 1.7 0.6 1.1 0.7 1.1 1.5 1.5 2.5 3.0 1.4 3.2 2.0 4.9 3.6 1.9 2.8 2.8 3.6 2.9 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.8 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.1 1.6
Note: Components may not sum to totals because of rounding. 1The
incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as: (N/EH) x 200,000 (where N = number of injuries and illnesses; EH = total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year; 200,000 = base for 100 equivalent full-time workers working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year).
2Totals include data for industries not shown separately. 3North American Industry Classification System—United States, 2002. 4Employment is expressed as an average annual value and is derived primarily from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’s (BLS) Quarterly Census 5Days away from work cases include those that result in days away from work with or without job transfer or restriction. 9Data for employers in rail transportation are provided to BLS by the Department of Transportation’s Federal Railroad Administration (FRA).
. . . = Not available.
of Employment and Wages (QCEW) program.
388 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 9-2. Number of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Involving Days Away from Work,1 by Selected Worker Characteristics and Private Industry Division, 2006 (Number.) Goods-producing2 Characteristic
Total
cases2 All goods-producing
Natural resources and mining3
Construction
Manufacturing
TOTAL CASES ...................................................................
1 183 500
380 440
26 290
153 180
200 970
Sex Men ...................................................................................... Women ................................................................................
775 900 403 740
328 560 51 630
22 740 3 550
148 530 4 650
157 290 43 440
Age4 14 to 15 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years
...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ......................................................................
170 39 330 132 120 270 670
110 8 890 45 200 92 100
100 860 3 220 7 020
... 3 680 21 980 42 170
... 4 350 20 000 42 910
35 to 44 years ...................................................................... 45 to 54 years ...................................................................... 55 to 64 years ...................................................................... 65 years and over ................................................................
301 700 266 660 134 030 25 170
99 920 86 700 38 400 4 740
5 960 5 650 2 710 510
40 330 30 850 10 520 1 650
53 630 50 200 25 170 2 580
Length of Service with Employer Less than 3 months ............................................................. 3 to 11 months ..................................................................... 1 to 5 years .......................................................................... More than 5 years ................................................................
157 740 259 320 394 870 361 250
58 670 84 490 121 790 113 620
5 820 6 110 8 160 5 990
28 990 39 820 53 860 30 120
23 860 38 560 59 770 77 500
Race and Hispanic Origin White only ............................................................................ Black only ............................................................................ Hispanic only5 ...................................................................... Asian only ............................................................................ Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander only .............................
523 320 94 370 158 760 15 350 3 820
191 560 23 220 74 820 3 410 840
6 900 660 9 670 90 30
83 100 6 770 33 930 410 410
101 550 15 790 31 220 2 920 400
American Indian or Alaskan Native only .............................. Hispanic5 and other race ..................................................... Multiple races ...................................................................... Not reported .........................................................................
5 190 680 790 381 230
1 930 190 220 84 250
110 30 ... 8 780
820 60 50 27 640
990 100 160 47 840
Note: Components may not sum to totals because of rounding. 1Days away from work cases include those that result 2Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees. 3Data for mining include establishments not governed
in days away from work with or without restricted work activity.
by the Department of Labor’s Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) rules and reporting, such as those in oil and gas extraction and related support activities. Data for mining operators in coal, metal, and nonmetal mining are provided to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by MSHA. Independent mining contractors are excluded from the coal, metal, and nonmetal mining industries. These data do not reflect the changes the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) made to its record-keeping requirements effective January 1, 2002; thus, estimates for these industries are not comparable to estimates in other industries. 4Data are not shown separately for injured workers under 14 years of age; these workers accounted for fewer than 50 cases. 5May be of any race. . . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 9: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 389 Table 9-2. Number of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Involving Days Away from Work,1 by Selected Worker Characteristics and Private Industry Division, 2006—Continued (Number.) Service-providing Characteristic
All serviceproviding
Trade, transportation, and utilities6
Information
Financial activities
Professional and business services
Education and health services
Leisure and hospitality
Other services
TOTAL CASES ...................................................................
803 060
354 510
18 560
33 300
89 940
182 210
96 910
27 640
Sex Men ...................................................................................... Women ................................................................................
447 340 352 110
251 370 99 570
12 840 5 720
18 250 15 050
61 070 28 870
36 800 145 370
47 660 49 240
19 350 8 290
Age4 14 to 15 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years
...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ......................................................................
70 30 430 86 920 178 570
... 14 980 37 310 74 670
... 320 960 3 970
... 320 2 350 7 860
... 2 490 11 950 23 830
... 3 150 15 420 38 900
60 8 300 15 960 23 260
... 880 2 960 6 070
35 to 44 years ...................................................................... 45 to 54 years ...................................................................... 55 to 64 years ...................................................................... 65 years and over ................................................................
201 770 179 960 95 630 20 430
92 000 80 800 41 470 9 020
5 590 5 130 2 200 220
8 990 7 800 4 230 1 610
22 370 18 180 8 230 1 650
44 490 46 310 26 880 4 820
21 460 15 670 8 790 2 450
6 880 6 070 3 820 660
Length of Service with Employer Less than 3 months ............................................................. 3 to 11 months ..................................................................... 1 to 5 years .......................................................................... More than 5 years ................................................................
99 070 174 840 273 090 247 630
44 290 74 130 112 470 117 570
840 2 310 4 660 10 470
3 120 8 070 11 570 10 490
14 710 22 280 30 310 21 910
15 740 36 730 69 340 59 780
17 200 25 590 34 200 19 340
3 170 5 720 10 540 8 070
Race and Hispanic Origin White only ............................................................................ Black only ............................................................................ Hispanic only5 ...................................................................... Asian only ............................................................................ Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander only .............................
331 760 71 150 83 940 11 940 2 970
142 140 22 390 28 790 3 700 1 370
6 230 980 900 260 40
13 790 3 700 4 770 340 50
37 800 7 740 16 510 1 100 230
80 590 26 340 14 400 2 700 690
35 210 8 160 15 230 3 280 430
16 010 1 840 3 350 550 170
American Indian or Alaskan Native only .............................. Hispanic5 and other race ..................................................... Multiple races ...................................................................... Not reported .........................................................................
3 260 490 570 296 980
1 320 120 280 154 400
50 ... ... 10 090
90 30 30 10 500
480 50 40 26 000
700 50 120 56 630
520 250 80 33 760
110 ... ... 5 600
Note: Components may not sum to totals because of rounding. 1Days away from work cases include those that result in days away from work with or without restricted work activity. 4Data are not shown separately for injured workers under 14 years of age; these workers accounted for fewer than 50 cases. 5May be of any race. 6Data for employers in rail transportation are provided to BLS by the Department of Transportation’s Federal Railroad Administration
. . . = Not available.
(FRA).
390 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 9-3. Number and Percent Distribution of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Involving Days Away from Work,1 by Selected Occupation and Number of Days Away from Work, Private Industry, 2006 (Number, percent.)
Occupation
Total number of cases
Percent of days away from work cases involving:
Total
1 day
2 days
3 to 5 days
6 to 10 days
11 to 20 days
21 to 30 days
31 days or more
Median days away from work
TOTAL ................................................................................................................
1 183 500
100.0
14.3
11.6
18.5
12.9
11.5
6.8
24.3
7
Labor and freight, stock, and material movers, hand ........................................... Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer ................................................................. Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants .............................................................. Construction laborers ........................................................................................... Retail salespersons ..............................................................................................
85 120 66 040 49 480 40 510 33 210
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
14.8 8.3 14.7 14.9 14.6
10.7 8.5 16.4 12.0 9.5
19.3 16.1 21.5 18.6 17.6
12.4 12.5 14.5 11.7 15.1
11.1 11.9 10.5 11.2 15.3
7.3 8.1 4.8 7.0 5.2
24.3 34.8 17.7 24.6 22.7
7 14 5 7 8
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners ....................... Carpenters ............................................................................................................ Truck drivers, light or delivery services ................................................................ Maintenance and repair workers, general ............................................................ Stock clerks and order fillers ................................................................................
28 260 28 000 26 760 21 600 20 870
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
13.2 11.7 12.1 16.6 14.7
12.0 10.3 9.2 12.4 12.4
17.6 17.2 18.0 17.6 19.2
15.4 12.2 10.9 11.8 13.1
11.9 10.8 13.9 11.9 9.9
8.5 9.1 6.1 7.9 7.6
21.6 28.6 29.7 21.8 23.3
7 10 10 6 7
Registered nurses ................................................................................................ Maids and housekeeping cleaners ....................................................................... First-line supervisors/mangers of retail sales workers ......................................... Cashiers ............................................................................................................... Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers ..............................................................
20 500 17 440 15 070 13 460 12 890
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
15.4 11.5 12.0 13.2 20.6
14.6 10.7 13.4 15.8 13.1
17.6 23.3 19.4 16.9 16.7
14.0 13.0 12.4 14.4 10.6
12.0 11.0 12.3 8.8 12.3
6.0 5.7 6.3 5.9 6.2
20.4 24.8 24.2 24.9 20.6
6 7 7 7 5
Automotive service technicians and mechanics ................................................... Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food .................. Landscaping and groundskeeping workers .......................................................... Electricians ........................................................................................................... Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters .................................................................
12 770 12 750 12 450 12 030 11 400
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
19.6 14.0 16.3 14.3 9.6
10.7 16.1 9.6 12.0 13.7
16.3 22.1 24.9 19.0 19.0
12.8 12.9 13.0 12.9 17.0
13.2 14.2 11.1 11.7 8.9
9.7 4.1 5.5 5.6 12.4
17.6 16.5 19.6 24.6 19.4
7 5 5 7 8
Cooks, restaurant ................................................................................................. Customer service representatives ........................................................................ Food preparation workers .................................................................................... Driver/sales workers ............................................................................................. Waiters and waitresses ........................................................................................ First-line supervisors/managers of construction and extraction workers ..............
11 290 10 300 9 950 9 640 9 520 8 910
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
11.2 12.3 20.2 11.2 14.4 14.0
19.2 14.2 14.4 10.9 14.4 8.3
23.4 15.9 17.8 14.2 23.2 17.1
13.2 10.4 13.0 13.0 13.7 11.9
11.3 13.0 12.4 10.9 7.6 14.8
5.0 5.1 5.9 9.3 6.9 7.1
16.7 29.0 16.4 30.5 19.9 26.8
5 9 5 11 5 10
Note: Percentages may not sum to 100 because of rounding. 1Days
away from work cases include those that result in days away from work with or without restricted work activity.
CHAPTER 9: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 391 Table 9-4. Fatal Occupational Injuries, by Selected Worker Characteristics and Selected Event or Exposure, 2006 (Number, percent.) Selected event or exposure1 (percent of total for characteristic category)
Fatalities Characteristic Number
Highway2
Percent
Homicides
Falls
Struck by object
TOTAL ...........................................................
5 703
100
23
9
14
10
Employee Status Wage and salary workers3 ............................. Self-employed4 ..............................................
4 690 1 013
82 18
26 12
8 13
14 14
10 13
Sex Men ................................................................ Women ...........................................................
5 275 428
92 8
23 30
8 27
15 9
11 2
Age5 Under 16 years .............................................. 16 to 17 years ................................................ 18 to 19 years ................................................ 20 to 24 years ................................................ 25 to 34 years ................................................
10 20 104 382 1 016
(6) (6) 2 7 18
... ... 21 19 26
... 15 10 8 11
... ... 12 11 12
... 20 12 10 10
35 to 44 years ................................................ 45 to 54 years ................................................ 55 to 64 years ................................................ 65 years and over ..........................................
1 266 1 378 941 577
22 24 17 10
24 23 24 20
11 8 9 5
12 15 17 17
9 10 11 13
Race and Hispanic Origin White .............................................................. Black .............................................................. Hispanic7 ........................................................ American Indian or Alaskan Native ................ Asian ..............................................................
3 945 552 937 44 142
69 10 16 1 2
25 24 17 39 15
6 21 8 7 46
13 11 21 7 8
10 10 12 9 4
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander ............... Multiple races ................................................. Other or not reported .....................................
10 10 63
(6) (6) 1
50 30 21
... ... 11
... ... 13
... ... 10
Note: Totals for 2006 are preliminary. Totals for major categories may include subcategories not shown separately. Components may not sum to totals because of rounding. 1The figure shown is the percentage of the total fatalities for that demographic group. 2"Highway" includes deaths to vehicle occupants resulting from traffic incidents that occur
on the public roadway, shoulder, or surrounding area. It excludes incidents occurring entirely off the roadway, such as in parking lots or on farms; incidents involving trains; and deaths of pedestrians or other non-passengers. and other workers receiving compensation. workers, owners of unincorporated businesses and farms, paid and unpaid family workers, and members of partnerships; may also include owners of incorporated businesses. 5There were seven fatalities for which there was insufficient information to determine the age of the decedent. 6Less than or equal to 0.5 percent. 7May be of any race. . . . = Not available. 3May include volunteers 4Includes self-employed
392 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 9-5. Fatal Occupational Injuries, by Occupation and Selected Event or Exposure, 2006 (Number, percent.) Fatalities
Selected event or exposure (percent of total for characteristic category)2
Occupation1 Number
Total ................................................................................................................................... Management ....................................................................................................................... Top executives ................................................................................................................ Advertising, marketing, promotions, public relations, and sales managers .................... Operations specialties managers .................................................................................... Other management ......................................................................................................... Business and financial operations ...................................................................................... Business operations specialists ...................................................................................... Financial specialists ........................................................................................................ Computer and mathematical ............................................................................................... Computer specialists ....................................................................................................... Architecture and engineering .............................................................................................. Architects, surveyors, and cartographers ....................................................................... Engineers ........................................................................................................................ Drafters, engineering, and mapping techicians ............................................................... Life, physical, and social science ........................................................................................ Physical scientists ........................................................................................................... Social scientists and related workers .............................................................................. Life, physical, and social science technicians ................................................................. Community and social services .......................................................................................... Counselors, social workers, and other community and social service specialists .......... Religious workers ............................................................................................................ Legal ................................................................................................................................... Lawyers, judges, and related workers ............................................................................ Education, training, and library ........................................................................................... Postsecondary teachers ................................................................................................. Primary, secondary, and special education teachers ..................................................... Other teachers and instructors ........................................................................................ Librarians, curators, and archivists ................................................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media .................................................................. Art and design workers ................................................................................................... Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers ............................................... Media and communication workers ................................................................................ Media and communication equipment workers ............................................................... Health care practitioners and technical operations ............................................................. Health diagnosing and treating practitioners ................................................................... Health technologists and technicians .............................................................................. Health care support ............................................................................................................. Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides .................................................................. Protective service ................................................................................................................ First-line supervisors and managers of protective service workers ................................ Fire fighting and prevention workers ............................................................................... Law enforcement workers ............................................................................................... Other protective service workers .................................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ................................................................................. Supervisors of food preparation and serving workers ..................................................... Cooks and food preparation workers .............................................................................. Food and beverage serving workers ............................................................................... Other food preparation and serving related workers ....................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ............................................................... Supervisors of building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers ...................... Building cleaning and pest control workers ..................................................................... Grounds maintenance workers ....................................................................................... Personal care and service .................................................................................................. Supervisors of personal care and service workers ......................................................... Animal care and service workers .................................................................................... Entertainment attendants and related workers ............................................................... Personal appearance workers ........................................................................................ Transportation, tourism, and lodging attendants ............................................................. Other personal care and service workers ....................................................................... Sales and related ................................................................................................................ Supervisors of sales workers .......................................................................................... Retail sales workers ........................................................................................................ Sales representatives, services ...................................................................................... Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing ..................................................... Other sales and related workers ..................................................................................... Office and administrative support ....................................................................................... Supervisors of office and administrative support workers ............................................... Financial clerks ............................................................................................................... Information and record clerks ......................................................................................... Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers ............................ Secretaries and administrative asistants ........................................................................ Other office and administrative support workers ............................................................. Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................................................................. Supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers ..................................................... Agricultural workers ........................................................................................................ Fishing and hunting workers ........................................................................................... Forest, conservation, and logging workers .....................................................................
5 703 543 25 12 29 477 38 23 15 16 15 54 14 29 11 25 7 5 11 31 19 12 11 9 23 11 6 5 45 4 26 5 10 54 41 13 20 17 3 274 21 44 131 78 78 26 14 28 10 277 36 74 167 56 5 13 8 6 5 19 308 132 99 23 27 27 82 8 5 7 45 6 11 289 11 162 51 65
Percent
100 10 (4) (4) 1 8 1 (4) (4) (4) (4) 1 (4) 1 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 1 (4) 4 ( ) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 1 (4) 4 ( ) (4) (4) 1 1 (4) (4) (4) (4) 5 (4) 1 2 1 1 4 ( ) (4) (4) (4) 5 1 1 3 1 4 ( ) 4 ( ) (4) (4) (4) (4) 5 2 2 (4) (4) (4) 1 (4) 4 ( ) (4) 1 (4) 4 ( ) 5 (4) 3 1 1
Highway3
23 11 32 50 10 9 26 35 ... 19 20 26 ... 24 45 16 ... ... ... 55 58 50 ... ... 30 27 ... ... 9 ... ... 60 ... 28 22 46 40 41 ... 27 24 20 40 12 9 ... ... ... 60 11 25 14 7 11 ... ... ... ... ... 16 20 11 13 48 59 30 33 ... ... ... 38 ... 45 11 27 17 ... ...
Homicide
Falls
9 9 ... ... ... 10 13 13 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 23 21 25 45 44 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 19 22 ... 15 18 ... 33 19 ... 38 46 54 73 36 57 ... 5 ... 11 2 21 80 ... ... 67 ... ... 48 52 70 22 ... ... 29 50 ... 43 22 ... 27 ... ... ... ... ...
Struck by object
14 9 ... ... 21 8 18 17 20 25 20 19 21 21 ... 20 ... ... ... 10 ... ... ... ... 22 27 ... ... 11 ... 19 ... ... ... ... ... 15 ... ... 1 ... ... ... 4 10 ... ... 18 ... 29 17 39 27 11 ... ... ... ... ... 16 6 5 5 17 11 ... 10 ... ... ... 11 ... ... 4 ... 6 ... ...
Note: Totals for 2006 are preliminary. Totals for major categories may include subcategories not shown separately. Components may not sum to totals because of rounding. 1Based on the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. 2The figure shown is the percentage of total fatalities for that occupation group. 3"Highway" includes deaths to vehicle occupants resulting from traffic incidents that
occur on the public roadway, shoulder, or surrounding area. It excludes incidents occurring entirely off the roadway, such as in parking lots or on farms; incidents involving trains; and deaths of pedestrians or other non-passengers. than or equal to 0.5 percent. . . . = Not available. 4Less
10 13 ... ... ... 14 ... ... ... ... ... 6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 ... ... 2 ... ... ... ... ... ... 14 ... ... 22 5 ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 5 ... ... ... ... 5 ... ... ... 7 ... ... 23 36 10 ... 71
CHAPTER 9: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 393 Table 9-5. Fatal Occupational Injuries, by Occupation and Selected Event or Exposure, 2006—Continued (Number, percent.) Fatalities
Selected event or exposure (percent of total for characteristic category)2
Occupation1 Number
Construction and extraction ................................................................................................ Supervisors of construction and extraction workers ....................................................... Construction trades workers ........................................................................................... Helpers—construction trades .......................................................................................... Other construction and related workers .......................................................................... Extraction workers .......................................................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair .................................................................................. Supervisors of installation, maintenance, and repair workers ......................................... Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers ....................... Vehicle and mobile equipment, mechanics, installers, and repairers ............................. Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers ....................................................... Production ........................................................................................................................... Supervisors of production workers .................................................................................. Assemblers and fabricators ............................................................................................ Food processing workers ................................................................................................ Metal workers and plastics workers ................................................................................ Printing workers .............................................................................................................. Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers ....................................................................... Woodworkers .................................................................................................................. Plant and system operators ............................................................................................ Other production workers ................................................................................................ Transportation and material moving ................................................................................... Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers ........................................... Air transportation workers ............................................................................................... Motor vehicle operators .................................................................................................. Rail transportation workers ............................................................................................. Water transportation workers .......................................................................................... Other transportation workers .......................................................................................... Material moving workers ................................................................................................. Military .................................................................................................................................
1 258 113 969 10 51 115 415 23 20 137 235 282 25 21 8 85 4 11 14 20 94 1 463 15 101 1 021 16 27 18 265 51
Percent
Highway3 22 2 17 (4) 1 2 7 (4) (4) 2 4 5 (4) (4) (4) 1 (4) (4) (4) (4) 2 26 4 ( ) 2 18 4 ( ) (4) (4) 5 1
10 19 9 ... 12 10 12 22 20 9 12 6 ... ... ... 4 ... ... ... 15 7 50 27 ... 67 ... ... ... 14 25
Homicide
Falls
1 4 1 ... ... ... 3 13 ... 4 2 4 ... ... ... 5 ... ... ... ... 3 4 ... ... 4 ... ... 39 3 ...
Struck by object 33 22 38 30 22 6 18 13 35 4 25 9 ... ... ... 15 ... ... ... ... 9 4 ... ... 3 ... ... ... 11 ...
Note: Totals for 2006 are preliminary. Totals for major categories may include subcategories not shown separately. Components may not sum to totals because of rounding. 1Based on the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. 2The figure shown is the percentage of total fatalities for that occupation group. 3"Highway" includes deaths to vehicle occupants resulting from traffic incidents that
occur on the public roadway, shoulder, or surrounding area. It excludes incidents occurring entirely off the roadway, such as in parking lots or on farms; incidents involving trains; and deaths of pedestrians or other non-passengers. than or equal to 0.5 percent. . . . = Not available. 4Less
11 11 9 ... 8 23 20 13 20 36 11 18 16 29 ... 25 ... 27 57 ... 9 7 ... ... 5 ... 11 ... 14 14
CHAPTER 10 LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS
LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS HIGHLIGHTS This chapter contains information on historical trends in union membership, earnings, and work stoppages.
Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Union Affiliation, Sector, and Occupation, 2006 1200 Not union members Members of unions
Dollars
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Occupation In 2006, the median weekly earnings of union members in both the private and public sectors were more than 17 percent higher than the median weekly earnings of non-union members. Union members in national resources, construction, and maintenance earned nearly 35 percent more that non-union workers. However, in management, professional, and related occupations, there was no virtually no difference in earnings. (See Table 10-4.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • In 2006, the proportion of workers who were union members declined to 12 percent—about half the proportion of union members in 1977. (See Table 10-2.) • The local government sector, which accounted for over half of public-sector employment in 2006, had the highest proportion of union representation at 45.7 percent. Many of these employees worked in education, training, and library occupations and protective service occupations. (See Table 10-3.) • At least 20 percent of workers were represented by unions in six states in 2006: Hawaii (25.9 percent), New York (25.4 percent), Alaska (23.8 percent), New Jersey (21.6 percent), Washington (21.0 percent) and Michigan (20.4 percent). (See Table 10-6.) • The number of workers involved in work stoppages declined in 2006. Although days idle increased from the 2005 total, it remained quite low. (See Table 10-1.)
397
398 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS WORK STOPPAGES Collection and Coverage
or secondary effect of stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle from material shortages or lack of service.
Data on work stoppages measure the number and duration of major strikes or lockouts (involving 1,000 workers or more) during the year, the number of workers involved in these stoppages, and the amount of time lost due to these stoppages.
Days of idleness are calculated by taking the number of workers involved in the strike or lockout and multiplying it by the number of days workers are off the job.
Information on work stoppages is obtained from reports issued by the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, state labor market information offices, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Strike Reports from the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, and media sources such as the Daily Labor Report and the Wall Street Journal. One or both parties involved in the work stoppage (employer and/or union) is contacted to verify the duration of the stoppage and number of workers idled by the stoppage.
Additional information is available in BLS news release USDL 07-0304, “Major Work Stoppages in 2006.”
The current series is not comparable with the series terminated in 1981. The former series covered strikes involving six workers or more.
Sources of Additional Information
UNION MEMBERSHIP Collection, Coverage, and Definitions The estimates of union membership are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The union membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers. Union members are members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Concepts and Definitions Major work stoppage includes both worker-initiated strikes and employer-initiated lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more. BLS does not distinguish between lockouts and strikes in its statistics. Workers involved consists of workers directly involved in the stoppage. This category does not measure the indirect
Represented by unions refers to union members, as well as to workers who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union contract. Sources of Additional Information Additional information is available in BLS news release USDL 07-0113, “Union Members in 2006.”
CHAPTER 10: LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS 399 Table 10-1. Work Stoppages Involving 1,000 Workers or More, 1947–2006 (Number, percent.) Days idle during the year1
Stoppages beginning during the year Year Workers involved (thousands)2
Number
Percent of estimated total working time3
Number (thousands)
1947 .......................................................................... 1948 .......................................................................... 1949 ..........................................................................
270 245 262
1 629 1 435 2 537
25 720 26 127 43 420
... 0.22 0.38
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
.......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................
424 415 470 437 265
1 698 1 462 2 746 1 623 1 075
30 390 15 070 48 820 18 130 16 630
0.26 0.12 0.38 0.14 0.13
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
.......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................
363 287 279 332 245
2 055 1 370 887 1 587 1 381
21 180 26 840 10 340 17 900 60 850
0.16 0.20 0.07 0.13 0.43
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
.......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................
222 195 211 181 246
896 1 031 793 512 1 183
13 260 10 140 11 760 10 020 16 220
0.09 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.11
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
.......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................
268 321 381 392 412
999 1 300 2 192 1 855 1 576
15 140 16 000 31 320 35 367 29 397
0.10 0.10 0.18 0.20 0.16
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
.......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................
381 298 250 317 424
2 468 2 516 975 1 400 1 796
52 761 35 538 16 764 16 260 31 809
0.29 0.19 0.09 0.08 0.16
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
.......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................
235 231 298 219 235
965 1 519 1 212 1 006 1 021
17 563 23 962 21 258 23 774 20 409
0.09 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.09
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
.......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................
187 145 96 81 62
795 729 656 909 376
20 844 16 908 9 061 17 461 8 499
0.09 0.07 0.04 0.08 0.04
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
.......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................
54 69 46 40 51
324 533 174 118 452
7 079 11 861 4 481 4 381 16 996
0.03 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.07
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................
44 40 35 35 45
185 392 364 182 322
5 926 4 584 3 989 3 981 5 021
0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................
31 37 29 34 17
192 273 339 387 73
5 771 4 889 4 497 5 116 1 996
0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................
39 29 19 14 17
394 99 46 129 171
20 419 1 151 660 4 091 3 344
0.06 (4) (4) 0.01 0.01
2005 .......................................................................... 2006 ..........................................................................
22 20
100 70
1 736 2 688
0.01 0.01
1Days
idle include all stoppages in effect during the reference period. For work stoppages that are still ongoing at the end of the calendar year, only those days of idleness during the calendar year are counted.
2Workers are counted more than once if involved in more than one stoppage during the reference period. 3Agricultural and government workers are included in the calculation of estimated working time; private household, 4Less than 0.005 percent.
. . . = Not available.
forestry, and fishery workers are excluded.
400 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 10-2. Union Affiliation of Employed Wage and Salary Workers, by Selected Characteristics, 2001–2006 (Numbers in thousands, percent.)
Member of Characteristic
Total employed
Total
2001
2002
union1
union1
Percent employed
Represented by union2
Total
Percent employed
Member of Total employed
Total
Percent employed
2003 Represented by union2
Total
Percent employed
Member of union1 Total employed
Total
Percent employed
Represented by union2
Total
Percent employed
SEX AND AGE Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over ........ 122 482 16 to 24 years ...................................... 19 698 25 years and over ................................ 102 784 25 to 34 years .................................. 28 809 35 to 44 years .................................. 31 962 45 to 54 years .................................. 26 909 55 to 64 years .................................. 12 032 65 years and over ............................ 3 072
16 387 1 015 15 372 3 264 4 733 5 068 2 063 243
13.4 5.2 15.0 11.3 14.8 18.8 17.1 7.9
18 114 1 184 16 930 3 659 5 191 5 543 2 265 272
14.8 121 826 6.0 19 216 16.5 102 610 12.7 28 232 16.2 31 253 20.6 27 040 18.8 12 952 8.9 3 133
16 145 995 15 151 3 172 4 455 5 016 2 256 251
13.3 5.2 14.8 11.2 14.3 18.6 17.4 8.0
17 695 1 126 16 569 3 522 4 859 5 446 2 456 285
14.5 122 358 5.9 18 904 16.1 103 454 12.5 28 179 15.5 30 714 20.1 27 567 19.0 13 633 9.1 3 361
15 776 966 14 810 3 097 4 308 4 848 2 300 258
12.9 5.1 14.3 11.0 14.0 17.6 16.9 7.7
17 448 1 124 16 324 3 455 4 717 5 307 2 547 297
14.3 5.9 15.8 12.3 15.4 19.3 18.7 8.8
Men, 16 Years and Over .................... 16 to 24 years ...................................... 25 years and over ................................ 25 to 34 years .................................. 35 to 44 years .................................. 45 to 54 years .................................. 55 to 64 years .................................. 65 years and over ............................
63 756 10 137 53 619 15 627 16 657 13 561 6 168 1 605
9 578 607 8 971 1 983 2 821 2 840 1 195 131
15.0 6.0 16.7 12.7 16.9 20.9 19.4 8.1
10 410 704 9 706 2 169 3 028 3 070 1 292 148
16.3 6.9 18.1 13.9 18.2 22.6 20.9 9.2
63 272 9 857 53 415 15 284 16 355 13 578 6 570 1 627
9 325 616 8 709 1 877 2 631 2 784 1 281 136
14.7 6.3 16.3 12.3 16.1 20.5 19.5 8.4
10 066 687 9 379 2 061 2 805 2 982 1 376 155
15.9 7.0 17.6 13.5 17.1 22.0 21.0 9.5
63 236 9 683 53 553 15 263 16 080 13 723 6 776 1 710
9 044 595 8 450 1 826 2 535 2 684 1 271 133
14.3 6.1 15.8 12.0 15.8 19.6 18.8 7.8
9 848 685 9 163 2 005 2 735 2 891 1 377 155
15.6 7.1 17.1 13.1 17.0 21.1 20.3 9.0
Women, 16 Years and Over .............. 16 to 24 years ...................................... 25 years and over ................................ 25 to 34 years .................................. 35 to 44 years .................................. 45 to 54 years .................................. 55 to 64 years .................................. 65 years and over ............................
58 726 9 561 49 166 13 181 15 305 13 349 5 864 1 467
6 809 409 6 400 1 281 1 912 2 227 868 113
11.6 4.3 13.0 9.7 12.5 16.7 14.8 7.7
7 704 480 7 224 1 490 2 163 2 474 973 124
13.1 5.0 14.7 11.3 14.1 18.5 16.6 8.5
58 555 9 359 49 196 12 948 14 898 13 462 6 383 1 506
6 820 378 6 441 1 295 1 825 2 232 975 115
11.6 4.0 13.1 10.0 12.2 16.6 15.3 7.6
7 629 439 7 190 1 461 2 055 2 464 1 080 130
13.0 4.7 14.6 11.3 13.8 18.3 16.9 8.6
59 122 9 221 49 901 12 916 14 634 13 844 6 857 1 651
6 732 371 6 360 1 270 1 773 2 163 1 029 125
11.4 4.0 12.7 9.8 12.1 15.6 15.0 7.6
7 601 439 7 161 1 451 1 982 2 416 1 170 142
12.9 4.8 14.4 11.2 13.5 17.5 17.1 8.6
White, 16 Years and Over3 ................ 101 546 Men ...................................................... 53 731 Women ................................................ 47 815
13 209 7 909 5 300
13.0 14.7 11.1
14 574 8 585 5 989
14.4 100 923 16.0 53 198 12.5 47 725
12 958 7 689 5 269
12.8 14.5 11.0
14 178 8 284 5 894
14.0 100 589 15.6 52 827 12.3 47 762
12 535 7 378 5 157
12.5 14.0 10.8
13 849 8 016 5 834
13.8 15.2 12.2
RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX
Black, 16 Years and Over3 ................ Men ...................................................... Women ................................................
14 261 6 488 7 773
2 409 1 221 1 188
16.9 18.8 15.3
2 668 1 330 1 338
18.7 20.5 17.2
14 108 6 493 7 615
2 386 1 183 1 204
16.9 18.2 15.8
2 624 1 281 1 343
18.6 19.7 17.6
13 928 6 302 7 626
2 298 1 153 1 145
16.5 18.3 15.0
2 540 1 249 1 291
18.2 19.8 16.9
Asian, 16 Years and Over3 ................ Men ...................................................... Women ................................................
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
5 096 2 699 2 397
581 296 285
11.4 11.0 11.9
659 346 313
12.9 12.8 13.1
Hispanic, 16 Years and Over4 ........... Men ...................................................... Women ................................................
15 174 8 997 6 177
1 679 1 032 647
11.1 11.5 10.5
1 876 1 136 740
12.4 12.6 12.0
15 486 9 098 6 387
1 639 1 006 633
10.6 11.1 9.9
1 810 1 100 710
11.7 12.1 11.1
16 068 9 567 6 501
1 712 1 050 662
10.7 11.0 10.2
1 913 1 160 753
11.9 12.1 11.6
Full-time workers ................................. 101 187 Part-time workers ................................. 21 057
14 921 1 437
14.7 6.8
16 445 1 637
16.3 100 081 7.8 21 513
14 622 1 492
14.6 6.9
16 005 1 654
16.0 100 302 7.7 21 809
14 263 1 479
14.2 6.8
15 732 1 679
15.7 7.7
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS5
Note: Beginning in January 2006, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 1Data 2Data
refer to members of a labor union or to an employee association similar to a union. refer to members of a labor union or to an employee association similar to a union, as well as to workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. Additionally, estimates for the above race groups (White, Black, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 4May be of any race. 5The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. Data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple job holders. . . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 10: LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS 401 Table 10-2. Union Affiliation of Employed Wage and Salary Workers, by Selected Characteristics, 2001ñ 2006—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) 2004 Member of union1 Characteristic
Total employed
Total
Percent employed
2005 Represented by union2
Total
Percent employed
Member of union1 Total employed
Total
Percent employed
2006 Represented by union2
Total
Percent employed
Member of union1 Total employed
Total
Percent employed
Represented by union2
Total
Percent employed
SEX AND AGE Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over ........ 123 554 16 to 24 years ...................................... 19 109 25 years and over ................................ 104 444 25 to 34 years .................................. 28 202 35 to 44 years .................................. 30 470 45 to 54 years .................................. 28 039 55 to 64 years .................................. 14 239 65 years and over ............................ 3 495
15 472 890 14 581 2 982 4 173 4 771 2 390 264
12.5 4.7 14.0 10.6 13.7 17.0 16.8 7.5
17 087 1 019 16 069 3 316 4 590 5 233 2 617 314
13.8 125 889 5.3 19 283 15.4 106 606 11.8 28 450 15.1 30 654 18.7 28 714 18.4 15 158 9.0 3 631
15 685 878 14 808 3 044 4 211 4 731 2 496 325
12.5 4.6 13.9 10.7 13.7 16.5 16.5 8.9
17 223 1 019 16 204 3 368 4 579 5 158 2 732 366
13.7 128 237 5.3 19 538 15.2 108 699 11.8 28 805 14.9 30 526 18.0 29 401 18.0 16 095 10.1 3 872
15 359 857 14 502 2 899 3 997 4 710 2 568 328
12.0 4.4 13.3 10.1 13.1 16.0 16.0 8.5
16 860 978 15 883 3 195 4 356 5 131 2 832 370
13.1 5.0 14.6 11.1 14.3 17.5 17.6 9.5
Men, 16 Years and Over .................... 16 to 24 years ...................................... 25 years and over ................................ 25 to 34 years .................................. 35 to 44 years .................................. 45 to 54 years .................................. 55 to 64 years .................................. 65 years and over ............................
64 145 9 835 54 310 15 391 16 035 14 026 7 117 1 741
8 878 557 8 321 1 722 2 449 2 699 1 309 142
13.8 5.7 15.3 11.2 15.3 19.2 18.4 8.2
9 638 627 9 010 1 873 2 658 2 903 1 414 163
15.0 6.4 16.6 12.2 16.6 20.7 19.9 9.4
65 466 9 860 55 606 15 559 16 196 14 421 7 606 1 824
8 870 523 8 347 1 754 2 422 2 658 1 346 167
13.5 5.3 15.0 11.3 15.0 18.4 17.7 9.1
9 597 603 8 994 1 915 2 582 2 849 1 458 190
14.7 6.1 16.2 12.3 15.9 19.8 19.2 10.4
66 811 10 130 56 682 15 677 16 159 14 867 7 990 1 989
8 657 543 8 114 1 650 2 309 2 617 1 370 167
13.0 5.4 14.3 10.5 14.3 17.6 17.1 8.4
9 360 608 8 752 1 793 2 488 2 807 1 474 190
14.0 6.0 15.4 11.4 15.4 18.9 18.4 9.6
Women, 16 Years and Over .............. 16 to 24 years ...................................... 25 years and over ................................ 25 to 34 years .................................. 35 to 44 years .................................. 45 to 54 years .................................. 55 to 64 years .................................. 65 years and over ............................
59 408 9 274 50 134 12 811 14 435 14 014 7 122 1 753
6 593 333 6 260 1 261 1 725 2 072 1 081 121
11.1 3.6 12.5 9.8 11.9 14.8 15.2 6.9
7 450 391 7 058 1 443 1 931 2 330 1 203 151
12.5 4.2 14.1 11.3 13.4 16.6 16.9 8.6
60 423 9 423 51 000 12 891 14 457 14 293 7 552 1 806
6 815 354 6 461 1 290 1 790 2 073 1 150 158
11.3 3.8 12.7 10.0 12.4 14.5 15.2 8.8
7 626 417 7 210 1 454 1 997 2 309 1 274 176
12.6 4.4 14.1 11.3 13.8 16.2 16.9 9.8
61 426 9 408 52 018 13 127 14 368 14 534 8 106 1 883
6 702 315 6 388 1 249 1 687 2 093 1 198 160
10.9 3.3 12.3 9.5 11.7 14.4 14.8 8.5
7 501 370 7 131 1 401 1 867 2 325 1 358 180
12.2 3.9 13.7 10.7 13.0 16.0 16.8 9.5
White, 16 Years and Over3 ................ 101 340 Men ...................................................... 53 432 Women ................................................ 47 908
12 381 7 260 5 121
12.2 13.6 10.7
13 657 7 854 5 803
13.5 102 967 14.7 54 462 12.1 48 505
12 520 7 275 5 245
12.2 13.4 10.8
13 755 7 858 5 897
13.4 104 668 14.4 55 459 12.2 49 209
12 259 7 115 5 144
11.7 12.8 10.5
13 424 7 668 5 756
12.8 13.8 11.7
RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX
Black, 16 Years and Over3 ................ Men ...................................................... Women ................................................
14 090 6 409 7 681
2 130 1 085 1 045
15.1 16.9 13.6
2 355 1 185 1 170
16.7 18.5 15.2
14 459 6 603 7 857
2 178 1 062 1 115
15.1 16.1 14.2
2 391 1 166 1 225
16.5 17.7 15.6
14 878 6 788 8 090
2 163 1 056 1 107
14.5 15.6 13.7
2 391 1 158 1 233
16.1 17.1 15.2
Asian, 16 Years and Over3 ................ Men ...................................................... Women ................................................
5 280 2 815 2 465
603 328 275
11.4 11.7 11.1
670 371 299
12.7 13.2 12.1
5 479 2 881 2 598
614 314 299
11.2 10.9 11.5
666 337 329
12.2 11.7 12.7
5 703 3 015 2 688
592 286 306
10.4 9.5 11.4
657 316 340
11.5 10.5 12.7
Hispanic, 16 Years and Over4 ........... Men ...................................................... Women ................................................
16 533 9 857 6 676
1 676 1 016 661
10.1 10.3 9.9
1 888 1 130 758
11.4 11.5 11.4
17 191 10 324 6 866
1 793 1 093 700
10.4 10.6 10.2
1 981 1 185 796
11.5 11.5 11.6
18 121 10 842 7 279
1 770 1 064 706
9.8 9.8 9.7
1 935 1 144 791
10.7 10.6 10.9
Full-time workers ................................. 101 224 Part-time workers ................................. 22 047
14 029 1 406
13.9 6.4
15 463 1 587
15.3 103 560 7.2 22 052
14 207 1 441
13.7 6.5
15 551 1 630
15.0 106 106 7.4 21 863
13 938 1 382
13.1 6.3
15 244 1 573
14.4 7.2
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS5
Note: Beginning in January 2006, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 1Data 2Data
refer to members of a labor union or to an employee association similar to a union. refer to members of a labor union or to an employee association similar to a union, as well as to workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. Additionally, estimates for the above race groups (White, Black, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 4May be of any race. 5The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. Data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple job holders.
402 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 10-3. Union Affiliation of Wage and Salary Workers, by Occupation and Industry, 2005–2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) 2005 Member of Occupation and industry
Total employed
Total
union1
Percent of employed
2006 Represented by union2 Total
Percent of employed
Member of union1 Total employed
Total
Percent of employed
Represented by union2 Total
Percent of employed
OCCUPATION Management, professional, and related .................................. Management, business, and financial operations ................ Management .................................................................... Business and financial operations ................................... Professional and related ...................................................... Computer and mathematical ............................................ Architecture and engineering ........................................... Life, physical, and social science ..................................... Community and social service ......................................... Legal ................................................................................ Education, training, and library ........................................ Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ............... Health care practitioner and technical ............................. Services ................................................................................... Health care support ............................................................. Protective service ................................................................ Food preparation and serving related .................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ................ Personal care and service ................................................... Sales and office ....................................................................... Sales and related ................................................................. Office and administrative support ........................................ Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ................. Farming, fishing, and forestry .............................................. Construction and extraction ................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ..................... Production ............................................................................ Transportation and material moving ....................................
42 226 15 955 10 921 5 034 26 271 3 067 2 593 1 305 2 100 1 261 7 813 1 957 6 175 21 074 2 971 2 843 7 361 4 525 3 373 32 541 13 630 18 911 12 907 898 7 296 4 713 17 142 9 007 8 135
5 639 793 485 308 4 845 142 221 125 346 71 3 006 152 782 2 446 286 1 051 316 504 288 2 385 451 1 934 2 129 35 1 283 811 3 086 1 539 1 547
13.4 5.0 4.4 6.1 18.4 4.6 8.5 9.6 16.5 5.6 38.5 7.8 12.7 11.6 9.6 37.0 4.3 11.1 8.5 7.3 3.3 10.2 16.5 3.9 17.6 17.2 18.0 17.1 19.0
6 385 939 585 354 5 447 172 259 140 376 83 3 354 171 892 2 659 317 1 109 362 553 317 2 671 519 2 152 2 238 38 1 348 851 3 271 1 617 1 655
15.1 5.9 5.4 7.0 20.7 5.6 10.0 10.7 17.9 6.6 42.9 8.8 14.4 12.6 10.7 39.0 4.9 12.2 9.4 8.2 3.8 11.4 17.3 4.3 18.5 18.1 19.1 17.9 20.3
43 105 16 471 11 260 5 210 26 635 3 069 2 669 1 315 2 099 1 282 7 888 1 930 6 383 21 569 2 999 2 919 7 478 4 703 3 471 32 986 13 883 19 103 13 366 880 7 617 4 870 17 211 8 964 8 247
5 522 802 478 324 4 721 133 197 130 327 68 2 942 124 800 2 460 312 1 012 321 507 307 2 319 430 1 889 2 138 31 1 337 771 2 920 1 392 1 528
12.8 4.9 4.2 6.2 17.7 4.3 7.4 9.9 15.6 5.3 37.3 6.4 12.5 11.4 10.4 34.7 4.3 10.8 8.9 7.0 3.1 9.9 16.0 3.5 17.6 15.8 17.0 15.5 18.5
6 288 964 595 369 5 324 172 236 155 356 73 3 287 140 904 2 658 340 1 067 353 561 337 2 573 489 2 084 2 248 33 1 396 820 3 094 1 468 1 626
14.6 5.9 5.3 7.1 20.0 5.6 8.9 11.8 17.0 5.7 41.7 7.2 14.2 12.3 11.3 36.6 4.7 11.9 9.7 7.8 3.5 10.9 16.8 3.7 18.3 16.8 18.0 16.4 19.7
105 508 1 021 104 487 600 8 053 15 518 9 845 5 673 18 989 4 017 14 973 5 212 4 379 833 2 934 765 277 534 1 096 8 619 6 304 4 114 2 190 2 315 10 951 6 468 4 483 17 357 3 312 14 045 10 658 1 869 8 790 1 459 7 331 5 596 4 799 20 381 3 427 5 874 11 080
8 255 28 8 227 48 1 057 2 017 1 310 707 1 021 236 785 1 252 1 024 228 398 68 42 46 234 195 102 59 44 92 292 98 194 1 434 435 999 333 118 215 122 93 181 175 7 430 954 1 838 4 638
7.8 2.7 7.9 8.0 13.1 13.0 13.3 12.5 5.4 5.9 5.2 24.0 23.4 27.4 13.6 8.8 15.0 8.6 21.4 2.3 1.6 1.4 2.0 4.0 2.7 1.5 4.3 8.3 13.1 7.1 3.1 6.3 2.4 8.3 1.3 3.2 3.7 36.5 27.8 31.3 41.9
8 962 30 8 931 57 1 111 2 127 1 382 746 1 122 259 864 1 309 1 071 239 422 74 43 48 248 238 132 77 54 107 341 120 221 1 632 511 1 121 377 134 243 130 113 194 188 8 262 1 134 2 056 5 071
8.5 3.0 8.5 9.5 13.8 13.7 14.0 13.1 5.9 6.4 5.8 25.1 24.4 28.6 14.4 9.7 15.5 9.0 22.6 2.8 2.1 1.9 2.5 4.6 3.1 1.9 4.9 9.4 15.4 8.0 3.5 7.2 2.8 8.9 1.5 3.5 3.9 40.5 33.1 35.0 45.8
107 846 1 059 106 786 632 8 444 15 643 10 072 5 571 19 245 4 100 15 145 5 299 4 459 840 3 105 833 296 522 1 183 8 841 6 503 4 308 2 195 2 338 11 398 6 601 4 798 17 853 3 540 14 313 10 638 1 781 8 857 1 422 7 436 5 689 4 873 20 392 3 381 6 102 10 908
7 981 25 7 957 48 1 097 1 827 1 190 637 957 201 756 1 227 991 237 372 58 30 31 245 168 92 52 40 77 274 90 184 1 483 478 1 005 326 112 214 131 83 177 172 7 378 960 1 843 4 575
7.4 2.3 7.5 7.5 13.0 11.7 11.8 11.4 5.0 4.9 5.0 23.2 22.2 28.2 12.0 7.0 10.3 5.9 20.7 1.9 1.4 1.2 1.8 3.3 2.4 1.4 3.8 8.3 13.5 7.0 3.1 6.3 2.4 9.2 1.1 3.1 3.5 36.2 28.4 30.2 41.9
8 688 27 8 660 56 1 146 1 949 1 263 686 1 023 215 808 1 287 1 042 245 404 63 32 40 261 206 123 73 50 82 329 116 213 1 694 562 1 132 370 126 244 141 103 198 191 8 172 1 139 2 049 4 984
8.1 2.6 8.1 8.8 13.6 12.5 12.5 12.3 5.3 5.2 5.3 24.3 23.4 29.1 13.0 7.5 10.6 7.6 22.1 2.3 1.9 1.7 2.3 3.5 2.9 1.8 4.4 9.5 15.9 7.9 3.5 7.1 2.8 9.9 1.4 3.5 3.9 40.1 33.7 33.6 45.7
INDUSTRY Private sector ........................................................................... Agriculture and related industries ........................................ Nonagricultural industries .................................................... Mining .............................................................................. Construction ..................................................................... Manufacturing .................................................................. Durable goods ............................................................. Nondurable goods ....................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ............................................... Wholesale trade ........................................................... Retail trade .................................................................. Transportation and utilities ............................................... Transportation and warehousing ................................. Utilities ......................................................................... Information3 ..................................................................... Publishing, except Internet .......................................... Motion pictures and sound recording ........................... Broadcasting, except Internet ...................................... Telecommunications .................................................... Financial activities ............................................................ Finance and insurance ................................................ Finance .................................................................... Insurance ................................................................. Real estate and rental and leasing .............................. Professional and business services ................................. Professional and technical services ............................. Management, administrative, and waste services ....... Education and health services ..................................... Education services ....................................................... Health care and social assistance ............................... Leisure and hospitality ..................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................. Accommodation and food services .............................. Accommodation ....................................................... Food services and drinking places .......................... Other services3 ................................................................ Other services, except private households .................. Public sector ........................................................................ Federal government ......................................................... State government ............................................................ Local government ............................................................
Note: Beginning in January 2006, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. 1Data 2Data
refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as to workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3Includes other industries, not shown separately.
CHAPTER 10: LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS 403 Table 10-4. Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Union Affiliation, Occupation, and Industry, 2005–2006 (Dollars.) 2005 Occupation and industry
Member of union1
Total
2006
Represented by union2
Non-union
Member of union1
Total
Represented by union2
Non-union
OCCUPATION Management, professional, and related .................................. Management, business, and financial operations ................ Management .................................................................... Business and financial operations ................................... Professional and related ...................................................... Computer and mathematical ............................................ Architecture and engineering ........................................... Life, physical, and social science ..................................... Community and social service ......................................... Legal ................................................................................ Education, training, and library ........................................ Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ............... Health care practitioner and technical ............................. Services ................................................................................... Health care support ............................................................. Protective service ................................................................ Food preparation and serving related .................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ................ Personal care and service ................................................... Sales and office ....................................................................... Sales and related ................................................................. Office and administrative support ........................................ Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ................. Farming, fishing, and forestry .............................................. Construction and extraction ................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ..................... Production ............................................................................ Transportation and material moving ....................................
937 997 1 083 871 902 1 132 1 105 965 725 1 052 798 819 878 413 410 678 356 394 409 575 622 550 623 372 604 705 540 538 543
942 1 015 1 137 854 932 1 009 1 133 978 880 1 147 913 983 932 643 466 896 439 528 558 681 623 689 910 (3) 913 915 709 698 721
937 1 029 1 146 866 924 1 029 1 133 1 011 865 1 155 898 925 932 629 462 886 442 518 549 675 625 682 903 (3) 903 913 704 693 717
937 995 1 076 872 894 1 141 1 101 959 693 1 042 710 808 867 392 405 568 350 378 397 562 622 528 585 369 554 666 510 511 508
967 1 045 1 127 930 928 1 166 1 155 984 740 1 144 819 841 905 422 423 693 371 406 407 589 628 572 653 387 619 742 557 559 556
966 1 042 1 144 950 956 1 057 1 148 1 114 886 1 422 929 968 995 638 484 918 484 524 530 706 671 713 934 (3) 941 931 741 730 752
962 1 060 1 154 947 948 1 103 1 157 1 086 872 1 415 917 964 979 629 481 913 482 520 529 697 656 705 925 (3) 933 922 733 723 743
968 1 044 1 125 928 921 1 170 1 155 977 707 1 136 725 823 889 404 417 585 366 393 397 578 627 549 608 383 582 709 519 525 512
625 402 629 885 619 676 704 624 566 692 515 726 688 941 832 755 751 749 927 741 765 765 764 653 739 961 488 627 737 607 409 521 388 455 372 535 579 758 882 733 738
757 (3) 758 (3) 933 722 751 676 615 678 590 864 829 960 931 860 (3) (3) 937 698 692 650 (3) 711 663 770 586 731 818 684 513 652 487 515 400 694 698 850 873 802 858
752 (3) 753 989 926 719 747 672 610 676 585 860 827 954 925 867 (3) (3) 935 696 696 667 729 696 673 858 578 736 809 692 510 618 486 510 406 698 701 842 879 798 844
615 402 617 870 590 667 695 618 562 694 513 676 640 931 810 740 691 738 923 743 767 768 766 649 743 963 485 617 718 601 405 515 384 438 372 524 572 692 887 684 633
645 422 648 912 642 702 729 650 578 725 520 739 700 978 871 848 813 737 947 757 794 811 767 663 749 996 504 648 750 620 417 545 399 490 382 568 597 773 919 746 754
792 (3) 793 (3) 969 755 785 694 637 780 583 876 831 1 041 998 (3) (3) (3) 986 674 657 (3) (3) 701 744 940 653 751 816 703 538 617 515 567 480 816 824 871 896 835 876
785 (3) 786 1 044 956 753 780 697 632 778 582 876 828 1 051 990 950 (3) (3) 982 691 674 673 (3) 700 752 966 643 745 806 700 533 604 515 570 481 794 800 865 900 824 868
631 420 634 899 610 692 719 640 575 720 518 697 661 939 841 830 748 722 928 759 799 817 769 660 749 996 499 635 737 614 412 537 395 481 381 550 588 717 938 699 656
INDUSTRY Private sector ........................................................................... Agriculture and related industries ........................................ Nonagricultural industries .................................................... Mining .............................................................................. Construction ..................................................................... Manufacturing .................................................................. Durable goods ............................................................. Nondurable goods ....................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ............................................... Wholesale trade ........................................................... Retail trade .................................................................. Transportation and utilities ............................................... Transportation and warehousing ................................. Utilities ......................................................................... Information4 ..................................................................... Publishing, except Internet .......................................... Motion pictures and sound recording ........................... Broadcasting, except Internet ...................................... Telecommunications .................................................... Financial activities ............................................................ Finance and insurance ................................................ Finance .................................................................... Insurance ................................................................. Real estate and rental and leasing .............................. Professional and business services ................................. Professional and technical services ............................. Management, administrative, and waste services ....... Education and health services ..................................... Education services ....................................................... Health care and social assistance ............................... Leisure and hospitality ..................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................. Accommodation and food services .............................. Accommodation ....................................................... Food services and drinking places .......................... Other services4 ................................................................ Other services, except private households .................. Public sector ........................................................................ Federal government ......................................................... State government ............................................................ Local government ............................................................
Note: Beginning in January 2006, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. 1Data 2Data
refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as to workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. 4Includes other industries, not shown separately.
404 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 10-5. Union or Employee Association Members Among Wage and Salary Employees, 1977–2006 (Numbers in thousands, percent.)
Year
Total wage and salary employment
Union or employee association member
Union or association members as a percent of total wage and salary employment
1977 ............................................................................... 1978 ............................................................................... 1979 ...............................................................................
81 334 84 968 87 117
19 335 19 548 20 986
23.8 23.0 24.1
1980 ............................................................................... 1981 ............................................................................... 1982 ............................................................................... 19831 ............................................................................. 1984 ...............................................................................
87 480 ... ... 88 290 92 194
20 095 ... ... 17 717 17 340
23.0 ... ... 20.1 18.8
1985 ............................................................................... 1986 ............................................................................... 1987 ............................................................................... 1988 ............................................................................... 1989 ...............................................................................
94 521 96 903 99 303 101 407 103 480
16 996 16 975 16 913 17 002 16 980
18.0 17.5 17.0 16.8 16.4
1990 ............................................................................... 1991 ............................................................................... 1992 ............................................................................... 1993 ............................................................................... 19942 .............................................................................
103 905 102 786 103 688 105 087 107 989
16 740 16 568 16 390 16 598 16 748
16.1 16.1 15.8 15.8 15.5
1995 ............................................................................... 1996 ............................................................................... 1997 ............................................................................... 1998 ............................................................................... 1999 ...............................................................................
110 038 111 960 114 533 116 730 118 963
16 360 16 269 16 110 16 211 16 477
14.9 14.5 14.1 13.9 13.9
2000 ............................................................................... 2001 ............................................................................... 2002 ............................................................................... 2003 ............................................................................... 2004 ...............................................................................
120 786 122 482 121 826 122 358 123 554
16 258 16 387 16 145 15 776 15 472
13.5 13.4 13.3 12.9 12.5
2005 ............................................................................... 2006 ...............................................................................
125 889 128 237
15 685 15 359
12.5 12.0
Note: Beginning in January 2006, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. 1Annual
average data beginning in 1983 are not directly comparable with the data for 1977–1980. beginning in 1994 are not strictly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey questionnaire and collection methodology and the introduction of 1990 census–based population controls. . . . = Not available. 2Data
CHAPTER 10: LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS 405 Table 10-6. Union Affiliation of Employed Wage and Salary Workers, by State, 2005–2006 (Numbers in thousands, percent.) 2005 State
2006
Member of union1 Total employed
Total
Represented by union2
Percent of employed
Total
Percent of employed
Member of union1 Total employed
Total
Represented by union2
Percent of employed
Total
Percent of employed
UNITED STATES .........................................
125 889
15 685
12.5
17 223
13.7
128 237
15 359
12.0
16 860
13.1
Alabama ....................................................... Alaska ........................................................... Arizona ......................................................... Arkansas ....................................................... California ......................................................
1 909 275 2 366 1 138 14 687
195 63 145 54 2 424
10.2 22.8 6.1 4.8 16.5
223 66 181 68 2 610
11.7 24.1 7.7 6.0 17.8
1 930 280 2 584 1 130 14 501
170 62 197 58 2 273
8.8 22.2 7.6 5.1 15.7
194 67 250 67 2 444
10.0 23.8 9.7 6.0 16.9
Colorado ....................................................... Connecticut ................................................... Delaware ...................................................... District of Columbia ...................................... Florida ...........................................................
2 052 1 550 386 259 7 389
170 247 46 29 401
8.3 15.9 11.8 11.3 5.4
193 263 50 33 532
9.4 17.0 12.9 12.8 7.2
2 154 1 591 396 246 7 676
165 247 43 25 397
7.7 15.6 10.8 10.3 5.2
186 263 45 30 497
8.6 16.5 11.4 12.2 6.5
Georgia ......................................................... Hawaii ........................................................... Idaho ............................................................. Illinois ............................................................ Indiana ..........................................................
3 765 545 606 5 473 2 789
190 141 31 927 346
5.0 25.8 5.2 16.9 12.4
226 145 38 965 368
6.0 26.7 6.3 17.6 13.2
3 974 562 620 5 684 2 787
176 139 37 931 334
4.4 24.7 6.0 16.4 12.0
230 146 45 979 362
5.8 25.9 7.2 17.2 13.0
Iowa .............................................................. Kansas .......................................................... Kentucky ....................................................... Louisiana ...................................................... Maine ............................................................
1 369 1 210 1 696 1 778 582
157 85 164 114 69
11.5 7.0 9.7 6.4 11.9
185 115 184 132 79
13.5 9.5 10.8 7.4 13.6
1 424 1 236 1 752 1 676 584
161 99 172 107 69
11.3 8.0 9.8 6.4 11.9
199 115 196 121 79
14.0 9.3 11.2 7.2 13.5
Maryland ....................................................... Massachusetts .............................................. Michigan ....................................................... Minnesota ..................................................... Mississippi ....................................................
2 530 2 886 4 288 2 494 1 089
337 402 880 392 77
13.3 13.9 20.5 15.7 7.1
379 431 916 410 105
15.0 14.9 21.4 16.4 9.7
2 614 2 859 4 299 2 479 1 065
342 414 842 395 60
13.1 14.5 19.6 16.0 5.6
386 438 879 416 78
14.8 15.3 20.4 16.8 7.3
Missouri ........................................................ Montana ........................................................ Nebraska ...................................................... Nevada ......................................................... New Hampshire ............................................
2 532 391 830 1 051 627
290 42 69 145 65
11.5 10.7 8.3 13.8 10.4
319 48 79 158 72
12.6 12.2 9.5 15.1 11.5
2 610 397 831 1 124 620
284 48 66 167 63
10.9 12.2 7.9 14.8 10.1
310 52 79 191 70
11.9 13.1 9.5 17.0 11.3
New Jersey ................................................... New Mexico .................................................. New York ...................................................... North Carolina .............................................. North Dakota ................................................
3 868 777 8 008 3 631 289
791 63 2 090 107 21
20.5 8.1 26.1 2.9 7.3
838 83 2 201 143 26
21.7 10.7 27.5 3.9 9.2
3 827 796 8 115 3 810 300
770 62 1 981 126 20
20.1 7.8 24.4 3.3 6.8
825 92 2 060 155 24
21.6 11.5 25.4 4.1 8.0
Ohio .............................................................. Oklahoma ..................................................... Oregon .......................................................... Pennsylvania ................................................ Rhode Island ................................................
5 039 1 432 1 470 5 456 494
804 77 213 753 79
16.0 5.4 14.5 13.8 15.9
866 91 231 818 83
17.2 6.4 15.7 15.0 16.8
5 170 1 453 1 527 5 457 498
734 93 211 745 76
14.2 6.4 13.8 13.6 15.3
801 112 225 802 79
15.5 7.7 14.7 14.7 16.0
South Carolina .............................................. South Dakota ................................................ Tennessee .................................................... Texas ............................................................ Utah ..............................................................
1 739 350 2 368 9 485 1 035
40 21 128 506 51
2.3 5.9 5.4 5.3 4.9
58 29 156 590 63
3.3 8.2 6.6 6.2 6.1
1 775 351 2 550 9 751 1 121
59 21 153 476 61
3.3 5.9 6.0 4.9 5.4
74 25 174 576 69
4.2 7.2 6.8 5.9 6.1
Vermont ........................................................ Virginia .......................................................... Washington ................................................... West Virginia ................................................ Wisconsin ..................................................... Wyoming .......................................................
287 3 406 2 746 688 2 551 228
31 165 523 99 410 18
10.8 4.8 19.1 14.4 16.1 7.9
37 211 559 107 438 22
13.0 6.2 20.4 15.5 17.2 9.5
305 3 446 2 772 710 2 587 235
34 139 549 101 386 19
11.0 4.0 19.8 14.2 14.9 8.3
39 179 583 110 415 24
12.9 5.2 21.0 15.5 16.1 10.0
Note: Beginning in January 2006, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. 1Data 2Data
refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as to workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
CHAPTER 11 FOREIGN LABOR FORCE STATISTICS
FOREIGN LABOR FORCE STATISTICS HIGHLIGHTS This chapter compares several summary statistics of labor force status, manufacturing productivity, and consumer prices for the United States with similar statistics for other countries. Different concepts and methodologies can make comparisons between countries difficult, but the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) makes adjustments to reconcile as much of the data as possible.
Unemployment Rate, 10 Countries, 2006 (approximating U.S. concepts)
Unemployment Rate
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Germany
France
Sweden
Italy
Canada
United Australia Kingdom
United Netherlands Japan States
Year All countries except the United Kingdom had lower unemployment rates in 2006 than in 2005. However, counties in Western Europe continued to struggle with high unemployment rates—particularly Germany, at 10.4 percent, and France, at 9.7 percent (See Table 11-1.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • Labor force participation rates in 2006 were highest in Canada (67.4 percent) and lowest in Italy (48.9 percent). (See Table 11-1.) • In 2006, output per hour in manufacturing rose the fastest in Korea (10.8 percent) and Taiwan (6.8 percent). In the United States, it rose 2.4 percent, while in Canada, it remained the same. Output per hour in Australia only rose 0.3 percent. (See Table 11-2.) • Inflation remained relatively low in all of the countries in 2006, with price increases ranging from 0.3 percent in Japan to 3.5 percent in Australia. Prices increased 3.2 percent in the United States. (See Table 11-5.) • Stated in U.S. dollars, the United States had the second highest real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in 2006 ($39,682), exceeded only by Norway ($39,869). All of the measured countries had increases from 2005 (data adjusted for price differences reflecting purchasing power parity.) (See Table 11-6.)
409
410 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Collection and Coverage From its inception, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has conducted a program of research and statistical analysis that compares labor conditions in the United States with those in selected foreign countries. The principal comparative measures cover the labor force, employment, and unemployment; trends in labor productivity and unit labor costs in manufacturing; and hourly compensation costs for manufacturing production workers. All of the measures are based upon statistical data and other source materials from (a) the statistical agencies of the foreign countries studied; (b) international and supranational bodies such as the United Nations, the International Labour Office (ILO), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the Statistical Office of the European Communities (EUROSTAT), which attempt to obtain comparable country data; and (c) other secondary sources. International statistical comparisons should be made with caution, as the statistical concepts and methods in each country are primarily fashioned to meet domestic (rather than international) needs. Whenever possible, BLS adjusts the data to improve comparability. The first table in this chapter provides BLS comparative measures of the civilian labor force participation rate, employment, and unemployment, approximating U.S. concepts. The second table provides trend indexes of manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour), hourly compensation, unit labor costs (labor compensation per unit of output), and related measures for the United States and 14 other countries. The third table is limited to production workers in manufacturing and shows hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars for the United States and 32 other countries.
The fourth and fifth tables provide Consumer Price Indexes for selected countries. No adjustments for comparability are made in the total indexes except to convert them to a uniform base year (1982–1984 = 100). The final tables present comparative levels and trends in real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and per employed person for 16 countries. All GDP series are converted to U.S. dollars through the use of purchasing power parities. U.S. data in this chapter have been revised from 1998 forward and are based on the 1997 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Output, a value-added measure, is based on a new methodology that balances and reconciles industry production with commodity usage. Canadian data are also on a NAICS basis for 1997 onward. Labor productivity is defined as real output per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measure presented in this release relates output to the hours worked of persons employed in manufacturing, it does not measure the specific contributions of labor as a single factor of production. It instead reflects the joint effects of many influences, including new technology, capital investment, capacity utilization, energy use, managerial skills, and the skills and efforts of the workforce. Unit labor costs are defined as the cost of labor input required to produce one unit of output. They are computed as compensation in nominal terms divided by real output. Sources of Additional Information An extensive description of the methodology can be found in Chapter 12 in the BLS Handbook of Methods. For more information on manufacturing productivity, see BLS news release USDL 07-1456, “International Comparisons of Manufacturing Productivity and Unit Labor Costs Trends, 2006.” Special reports on the BLS Web site at describe the adjustments made to each country to conform the country’s data to U.S. definitions.
CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR FORCE STATISTICS 411 Table 11-1. Employment Status of the Working-Age Population, Approximating U.S. Concepts, 10 Countries, 1970–2006 (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Category and year
Employed 1970 ....................................................................................... 1971 ....................................................................................... 1972 ....................................................................................... 1973 ....................................................................................... 1974 .......................................................................................
United States
Canada
Australia
Japan
France
Germany1
Italy
Netherlands
Sweden
United Kingdom
78 678 79 367 153 85 064 86 794
7 919 8 104 8 344 8 761 9 125
5 388 5 517 5 601 5 765 5 891
50 140 50 470 50 590 51 920 51 710
20 270 20 420 20 540 20 840 21 030
26 100 26 220 26 280 26 590 26 240
19 080 19 020 18 710 18 870 19 280
... ... ... 5 050 5 100
3 850 3 854 3 856 3 873 3 956
20 860 21 030 21 220 21 320 21 390
25 540 25 400 25 430 25 650 26 080
19 400 19 500 19 670 19 720 19 930
5 070 5 100 5 210 5 260 5 350
4 056 4 082 4 093 4 109 4 174
24 758 24 611 24 638 24 774 25 031
21 440 21 330 390 21 380 21 200
26 490 26 450 26 150 225 770 25 830
20 200 20 280 20 250 20 320 20 390
5 520 5 550 5 520 25 420 5 490
4 226 4 219 4 213 4 218 4 249
24 917 24 256 23 781 23 607 24 115
21 150 21 240 21 320 21 520 21 850
26 010 26 380 26 590 26 800 27 200
20 490 610 20 590 20 870 20 770
25
4 293 4 326 340 4 410 4 480
24 422 24 578 25 072 25 905 26 588
21 080 360 21 230 220 549 20 176
26
6 251 6 427 559 6 554 6 614
4 513 4 447 4 265 4 027 3 990
26 713 26 007 25 384 25 158 25 685
282
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
85 846 88 752 92 017 296 048 98 824
9 284 652 9 825 10 124 10 561
5 866 5 946 6 000 6 038 6 111
51 530 52 030 52 720 53 370 54 040
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
99 303 100 397 99 526 100 834 105 005
10 872 11 192 10 847 10 936 11 211
6 284 6 416 6 415 6 300 6 494
54 600 55 060 55 620 56 550 56 870
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
107 150 597 112 440 114 968 117 342
11 526 11 873 12 221 12 591 12 876
6 697 984 7 142 7 413 7 734
57 260 57 740 58 320 59 310 60 500
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
2109
2118
29
26
221
222
24
12 964 12 754 12 643 12 705 12 975
7 877 7 698 7 660 7 699 7 942
61 700 62 920 63 620 63 820 63 860
124 900 126 708 558 463 488
13 210 13 338 13 637 13 973 14 331
8 256 8 364 8 444 8 618 8 762
63 900 64 200 64 900 64 450 63 920
21 955 22 036 22 176 22 597 23 080
35 780 35 637 35 508 36 059 236 042
20 034 20 124 20 169 20 370 20 617
6 821 6 966 7 189 7 408 7 605
4 053 4 014 3 969 4 033 4 110
25 691 25 941 26 413 26 686 27 051
891 136 933 136 485 2137 736 2139 252
14 681 14 866 15 223 15 586 15 861
8 989 9 086 9 264 9 480 9 668
63 790 63 460 62 650 62 510 62 640
23 714 24 167 24 311 24 337 24 330
36 236 36 350 36 018 35 615 35 604
20 973 21 359 21 666 21 972 22 124
7 781 7 875 7 925 7 895 7 847
4 222 4 295 4 303 4 293 4 271
27 368 27 599 27 812 28 073 28 358
2005 ....................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................
141 730 144 427
16 080 16 393
9 975 10 186
62 910 63 210
24 392 24 600
185 36 978
22 290 22 721
7 860 8 005
Unemployed 1970 ....................................................................................... 1971 ....................................................................................... 1972 ....................................................................................... 1973 ....................................................................................... 1974 .......................................................................................
4 093 5 016 4 882 4 365 5 156
476 535 553 515 514
91 107 150 136 162
590 640 730 680 730
530 580 610 590 630
140 160 190 190 420
640 640 740 720 620
... ... ... 160 190
59 101 107 98 80
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
7 929 7 406 6 991 6 202 6 137
690
836 898 831
303 298 358 405 408
1 000 1 080 1 100 1 240 1 170
910 1 020 1 160 1 220 1 390
890 890 900 870 780
690 790 840 850 920
270 290 270 280 290
67 66 75 94 88
1 174 1 414 1 470 1 453 1 432
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
7 637 8 273 10 678 10 717 8 539
854 887 1 298 1 437 1 377
409 394 495 697 641
1 140 1 260 1 360 1 560 1 610
1 490 1 760 930 2 020 2 360
770 1 090 1 560 21 900 1 970
920 1 040 1 160 1 270 1 280
350 540 630 2700 710
86 108 137 151 136
1 833 2 609 2 875 3 081 3 241
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
8 312 8 237 7 425 6 701 26 528
1 309 1 216 1 123 999 982
603
1 560 1 670 1 730 1 550 1 420
2 470 2 520 2 570 2 460 2 320
2 010 1 860 1 800 1 810 1 640
1 310 680 1 760 1 790 1 760
600 640
612 558 490
2622
125 117 297 84 72
3 151 3 161 2 940 2 445 2 082
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
27
047 8 628 9 613 8 940 27 996
1 083 1 386 1 507 1 533 1 372
563 788 897 914 829
1 340 1 360 1 420 1 660 1 920
1 590 580 1 680 22 227 2 421
2478
437 492
81 144 255 416 426
2 053 2 530 2 823 2 930 2 433
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
7 404 7 236 739 210 880
1 246 1 285 1 248 1 162 1 072
739 751 759 721 652
2 100 2 250 2 300 2 790 3 170
2 787 2 946 2 940 2 837 2 711
3 200 3 505 3 907 3 693 23 333
2 544 2 555 2 584 2 634 2 559
523 489 423 337 277
404 440 445 368 313
2 439 2 298 1 987 1 788 1 726
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
602
629 599 553
3 200 3 400 3 590 3 500 3 130
2 385 2 226 2 334 2 585 2 631
3 065 3 110 3 396 3 661 4 107
2 388 2 164 2 062 2 048 1 960
231 223 261 360 422
260 227 234 264 300
1 584 1 486 1 524 1 484 1 417
531 512
2 940 2 750
2 682 2 647
1 889 1 673
432 367
2361
1 459 1 666
2005 ....................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................
2136
26 26 25 25
2716
692 6 801 8 378 28 774 28 149
956 1 026 1 143 1 147 1 093
7 591 7 001
1 028 958
2601
2658
1Unified Germany from 1991 onward; data for previous years relate to the former West Germany. 2Break in series. . . . = Not available.
21
22
084 2 210 2 443 2 776 2 926
27 950 871 36 390 35 989 35 756
5 650 5 740 756 5 917 6 048
793 117 718 118 492 120 259 2123 060
2129 2131 2133
075 22 113 22 000 21 715 21 746
220
24 330 315 24 385 24 777 24 849
224
236
236
1 460 204 2 615 3 113 3 318
22
24
575 4 272
221
21
21
609 558 516 490
24
334 4 415
332
28 628 28 859 770 059 1 116 946 949
21
412 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 11-1. Employment Status of the Working-Age Population, Approximating U.S. Concepts, 10 Countries, 1970–2006—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Category and year
United States
Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate 1970 ....................................................................................... 1971 ....................................................................................... 1972 ....................................................................................... 1973 ....................................................................................... 1974 .......................................................................................
60.4 60.2 60.4 60.8 61.3
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
61.2 61.6 62.3 63.2 63.7
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Canada
Australia
Japan
France
Germany1
Netherlands
Italy
Sweden
United Kingdom
57.8 58.1 58.6 59.7 60.5
62.1 62.2 62.3 62.6 63.0
64.5 64.3 63.8 64.0 63.1
57.5 57.4 57.2 57.3 57.4
56.9 56.5 56.2 56.3 55.7
49.0 48.7 47.7 47.6 47.7
... ... ... 53.4 53.5
64.0 64.2 64.1 64.1 64.8
61.1
62.8 63.7 64.5
63.2 62.7 62.7 61.9 61.6
62.4 62.4 62.5 62.8 62.7
57.2 57.5 57.8 57.7 57.8
55.0 54.6 54.4 54.4 54.5
47.7 48.0 48.2 47.8 48.0
54.5 54.1 54.2 54.0 54.2
65.9 66.0 65.9 66.1 66.6
63.1 63.0 62.7 62.6 62.7
63.8 63.9 64.0 64.0 64.4
65.0 65.6 64.9 65.2 65.5
62.1 61.9 61.7 61.4 61.5
62.6 62.6 62.7 63.1 62.7
257.5
57.5 57.5
57.2 57.2
54.7 54.7 54.6 254.3 54.4
48.2 48.3 47.7 47.5 47.3
55.4 56.7 56.6 255.7 55.7
66.9 66.8 66.8 66.7 66.6
62.8 62.7 61.9 61.6 62.7
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
64.8 65.3 65.6 65.9 66.5
65.9 66.4 66.8 67.1 67.5
61.7
56.8 56.7 56.5 56.2 56.1
54.7 54.9 55.0 55.1 55.2
66.9 67.0
62.9 63.3 64.1
62.3 62.1 61.9 61.9 62.2
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
266.5
67.4 66.8 65.9 65.5 65.2
64.7 64.2 63.9 63.5 63.9
62.6 63.2 63.4 63.3 63.1
255.7
66.2 66.4 66.3 266.6
55.8 55.7 55.5 55.6
258.8
247.7
58.1 57.8 57.4
47.5 248.3 47.6
258.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
66.6 66.8 67.1 67.1 67.1
64.9 64.8 65.1 65.4 65.9
64.5 64.6 64.3 64.3 64.0
62.9 63.0 63.2 62.8 62.4
55.5 55.7 55.6 56.0 56.4
57.1 57.1 57.3 57.7 256.9
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
67.1 66.8 66.6 66.2 66.0
66.0 66.1 67.1 67.7 67.7
64.4 64.4 64.3 64.6 64.6
62.0 61.6 60.8 60.3 60.0
56.6 56.8 56.9 57.0 56.7
2005 ....................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................
66.0 66.2
67.4 67.4
65.3 65.6
60.0 60.0
Unemployment Rate 1970 ....................................................................................... 1971 ....................................................................................... 1972 ....................................................................................... 1973 ....................................................................................... 1974 .......................................................................................
4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6
5.7 6.2 6.2 5.6 5.3
1.7 1.9 2.6 2.3 2.7
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8
6.9
7.8 8.1 7.3
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
7.1 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5
7.3 7.3 10.7 11.6 10.9
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3
10.2 9.3 8.4 7.4 7.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
25.6
6.8 7.5 6.9 26.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
262.5
266.4
55.9 56.1
66.9 67.3
62.9 62.9 63.2 63.8 64.3
57.0 57.7
57.5 58.0
67.3 67.0 65.7 64.5 63.7
64.3 63.7 62.9 62.6 62.4
47.3 47.3 47.3 47.7 47.9
59.6 60.2 61.1 61.8 62.5
64.0 63.9 63.2 62.8 62.7
62.4 62.4 62.5 62.5 62.8
56.7 56.7 56.4 56.0 56.4
48.1 48.3 48.5 49.1 49.1
63.0 63.3 63.5 63.7 63.6
63.7 63.6 63.9 63.8 63.6
62.9 62.7 62.9 63.0 63.0
56.6 56.4
257.6
48.7 48.9
63.4 63.8
264.8
58.2
63.1 63.5
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4
2.5 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.6
3.2 3.3 3.8 3.7 3.1
... ... ... 3.1 3.6
1.5 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.0
4.9 4.8 5.6 6.3 6.3
1.9 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.1
4.2 4.6 5.2 5.4 6.1
3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 2.9
3.4 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.4
5.1 5.4 4.9 5.1 5.1
1.6 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.1
4.5 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.4
6.1 5.8 7.2 10.0 9.0
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.8
28.3
6.5 7.6
8.6 10.0
2.8 4.0 5.6 26.9 7.1
4.4 4.9 5.4 5.9 5.9
6.0 8.9 10.2 211.4 11.5
2.0 2.5 3.1 3.5 3.1
6.9 9.7 10.8 11.5 11.8
8.3
2.7 2.8 2.9 2.5 2.3
10.5 10.6 10.8 10.3 9.6
7.2 6.6 6.3 6.3 5.7
6.0
9.6 10.0 29.8 9.3 8.4
2.8 2.6
7.9 7.0 6.0
22.2
1.9 1.6
11.4 11.4 10.5 8.6 7.3
7.7 9.8 10.6 10.8 9.6
6.7 9.3 10.5 10.6 9.4
2.1 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.9
28.6 9.1 10.0 11.3 11.9
7.1 8.9 10.0 10.4 8.7
5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2
8.6 8.8 8.4 7.7 7.0
8.2 8.2 8.3 7.7 6.9
3.2 3.4 3.4 4.1 4.7
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................
4.0 4.7 5.8 6.0 5.5
6.1 6.5 7.0 6.9 6.4
6.3
6.4 5.9 5.4
2005 ....................................................................................... 2006 .......................................................................................
5.1 4.6
6.0 5.5
5.1 4.8
26.9
27.9
26.8
1Unified Germany from 1991 onward; data for previous years relate to the former West Germany. 2Break in series. . . . = Not available.
55.3
5.0
247.8
47.6 47.4 47.3 47.2
27.5
7.9 7.9 7.8
7.6 7.1
64.9
3.1
24.2
4.4 3.7 3.7
25.6
26.9
6.7 8.0 8.5
7.3 29.8 10.7
26.8
6.3 6.9
1.8 3.1 5.6 9.4 9.6
11.3 11.8 11.7 11.2 10.5
8.2 9.0 9.9 9.3 28.5
11.3 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.0
7.1 6.6 5.6 4.4 3.5
9.1 9.9 10.1 8.4 7.1
8.7 8.1 7.0 6.3 6.0
4.8 5.1 5.4 5.3 4.8
9.1 8.4 8.8 9.6 9.8
7.8 7.9 8.6 9.3 10.3
10.2 9.2 8.7 8.5 8.1
2.9 2.8 3.2 4.4 5.1
5.8 5.0 5.2 5.8 6.6
5.5 5.1 5.2 5.0 4.8
4.5 4.2
9.9 9.7
211.2
7.8 6.9
5.2 4.4
27.7
4.8 5.5
10.4
7.0
55.5 56.0
62.9 63.1 63.1
255.2
262.8
47.2
61.1
262.8
7.0
CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR FORCE STATISTICS 413 Table 11-2. Indexes of Manufacturing Productivity and Related Measures, 15 Countries, 1970 and 1990–2006 (1992 = 100.) Category and year
Output Per Hour 1970 ..............................................
United States
Canada
Japan
Korea, Republic of
Taiwan
Belgium Denmark
France
Germany1
Italy
Netherlands
Norway Sweden
United Kingdom
Australia
52.4
53.5
37.7
...
...
32.9
47.6
42.9
52.0
40.0
38.7
59.5
52.2
45.4
...
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
93.5 96.3 100.0 102.8 108.2
94.7 95.7 100.0 104.5 110.4
94.4 99.0 100.0 101.7 103.3
82.7 92.7 100.0 108.3 118.1
89.8 96.8 100.0 101.3 105.2
96.8 99.1 100.0 102.5 107.9
98.5 99.7 100.0 100.3 112.7
95.3 97.8 100.0 101.8 109.5
99.0 98.3 100.0 101.0 108.5
97.3 96.5 100.0 102.8 107.6
98.0 98.3 100.0 103.7 113.3
98.3 98.7 100.0 99.9 99.9
94.6 95.5 100.0 107.3 118.2
90.1 94.3 100.0 104.1 106.7
92.4 95.8 100.0 104.5 107.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
112.3 116.7 121.7 130.1 136.7
111.7 111.2 116.3 121.8 127.0
111.0 116.1 120.2 121.4 124.7
129.7 142.6 160.8 179.3 199.4
112.9 121.5 126.5 132.7 140.9
112.7 114.3 121.5 122.9 121.5
112.7 109.0 117.7 117.1 119.0
114.9 115.5 122.3 128.7 134.4
110.2 113.3 119.9 120.4 123.4
111.1 112.5 113.3 112.5 112.5
117.7 120.3 120.7 124.2 129.3
98.7 101.6 101.8 99.2 102.7
125.1 130.2 142.0 150.7 164.1
105.0 104.1 105.1 106.4 111.6
106.4 112.3 115.4 118.5 119.7
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
147.1 148.6 164.4 174.8 186.8
134.7 132.2 134.8 134.0 134.1
131.4 128.6 133.3 142.4 152.2
216.4 214.8 235.8 252.2 281.2
148.4 155.1 169.0 174.5 183.2
125.7 126.9 131.1 134.5 141.0
123.2 123.4 124.2 129.3 138.8
143.7 146.0 152.0 158.7 162.3
132.0 135.4 136.7 141.6 146.6
116.1 116.6 114.8 112.1 110.4
138.6 139.2 143.5 146.5 156.3
105.9 108.9 111.9 121.6 128.8
176.8 172.6 190.7 204.5 227.9
117.2 122.2 125.7 132.1 140.0
128.1 131.4 137.1 140.1 142.3
2005 .............................................. 2006 ..............................................
193.2 197.9
139.1 139.1
158.2 161.9
300.4 332.7
196.5 209.9
144.9 147.9
141.6 147.2
169.2 175.4
154.8 165.1
110.3 111.8
161.7 166.8
132.0 136.3
241.9 257.7
145.0 151.5
143.7 144.1
Output 1970 ..............................................
54.5
57.3
39.4
6.4
12.9
57.6
73.7
64.1
70.9
41.7
60.1
91.6
80.7
90.3
...
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
98.2 96.8 100.0 104.2 112.2
106.7 99.0 100.0 105.4 113.5
97.1 102.0 100.0 96.3 94.9
88.1 96.0 100.0 105.1 117.1
91.0 96.4 100.0 100.9 106.9
101.0 100.7 100.0 97.0 101.4
101.7 100.3 100.0 97.0 107.5
100.5 100.6 100.0 96.6 100.7
99.1 102.4 100.0 92.0 94.9
100.5 100.2 100.0 97.6 104.1
98.3 99.1 100.0 99.4 104.7
101.7 99.4 100.0 102.0 104.7
110.1 104.1 100.0 101.9 117.5
105.3 100.1 100.0 101.4 106.2
104.2 100.7 100.0 103.8 109.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
117.3 121.6 129.0 137.7 143.7
118.7 120.3 127.8 134.3 145.5
98.9 103.0 105.6 100.1 99.7
130.8 139.2 146.0 134.5 163.7
112.7 118.7 125.5 129.5 139.0
104.2 104.6 109.5 111.3 111.2
112.7 107.5 116.3 117.2 118.2
105.2 105.2 110.1 115.4 119.3
94.0 92.0 96.1 97.2 98.2
109.1 107.8 109.6 109.9 109.6
108.6 110.2 111.7 115.5 119.8
105.2 109.4 114.1 113.3 113.2
132.5 137.1 147.6 159.5 173.9
107.9 108.6 110.6 111.3 112.3
108.5 111.9 114.5 117.8 117.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
152.7 144.2 148.2 149.9 159.6
160.1 153.9 155.2 154.2 157.1
104.9 99.1 97.6 102.8 108.8
191.5 195.7 210.5 222.2 246.8
149.2 138.1 150.4 158.4 173.8
115.7 115.7 114.8 113.4 117.9
122.5 122.5 119.0 115.7 119.6
124.8 126.0 125.9 128.3 129.4
104.8 106.6 104.4 105.2 108.8
112.9 111.8 110.4 107.8 106.4
127.8 127.6 127.7 126.2 130.6
112.6 111.8 111.2 114.9 121.4
189.7 185.6 196.4 203.6 224.4
115.0 113.5 110.5 110.7 113.0
123.1 121.9 127.8 130.1 130.1
2005 .............................................. 2006 ..............................................
163.0 168.5
158.3 156.2
111.7 117.1
264.3 286.5
185.3 198.7
117.3 120.2
121.6 127.7
131.2 133.2
112.3 118.5
103.7 107.6
130.6 133.7
125.8 131.4
233.5 246.8
111.6 113.1
130.3 128.7
Total Hours 1970 ..............................................
104.0
107.1
104.3
...
...
174.7
154.9
149.6
136.3
104.0
155.4
154.1
154.7
198.6
...
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
104.9 100.5 100.0 101.3 103.7
112.6 103.4 100.0 100.9 102.8
102.9 103.1 100.0 94.7 91.9
106.4 103.6 100.0 97.1 99.2
101.4 99.6 100.0 99.6 101.7
104.3 101.5 100.0 94.7 94.0
103.3 100.6 100.0 96.8 95.4
105.5 102.9 100.0 94.8 91.9
100.1 104.1 100.0 91.1 87.5
103.3 103.8 100.0 95.0 96.8
100.4 100.8 100.0 95.9 92.5
103.4 100.7 100.0 102.1 104.8
116.4 109.0 100.0 94.9 99.4
116.9 106.2 100.0 97.4 99.5
112.7 105.1 100.0 99.3 102.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
104.4 104.2 106.0 105.8 105.1
106.3 108.1 109.9 110.2 114.5
89.1 88.8 87.9 82.4 79.9
100.9 97.6 90.8 75.0 82.1
99.8 97.7 99.2 97.6 98.7
92.4 91.5 90.2 90.5 91.5
100.0 98.6 98.8 100.1 99.4
91.6 91.0 90.1 89.7 88.7
85.3 81.3 80.1 80.8 79.6
98.2 95.8 96.7 97.7 97.4
92.3 91.6 92.6 93.0 92.7
106.6 107.7 112.1 114.2 110.3
105.9 105.3 103.9 105.9 106.0
102.7 104.4 105.2 104.6 100.6
101.9 99.7 99.2 99.4 98.2
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
103.8 97.0 90.1 85.7 85.4
118.9 116.4 115.1 115.0 117.2
79.8 77.1 73.3 72.2 71.5
88.5 91.1 89.3 88.1 87.8
100.5 89.0 89.0 90.8 94.9
92.1 91.2 87.5 84.3 83.6
99.4 99.3 95.8 89.5 86.2
86.8 86.3 82.8 80.8 79.7
79.4 78.7 76.4 74.3 74.2
97.2 95.9 96.2 96.1 96.4
92.2 91.7 89.0 86.2 83.5
106.4 102.7 99.3 94.5 94.2
107.3 107.5 103.0 99.6 98.5
98.1 92.9 88.0 83.8 80.7
96.0 92.8 93.2 92.8 91.4
2005 .............................................. 2006 ..............................................
84.4 85.1
113.8 112.3
70.6 72.3
88.0 86.1
94.3 94.6
80.9 81.3
85.9 86.8
77.5 75.9
72.6 71.8
94.1 96.2
80.8 80.2
95.3 96.4
96.5 95.8
77.0 74.6
90.7 89.3
1Unified Germany from 1991 onward; data for previous years relate to the former West Germany. . . . = Not available.
414 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 11-2. Indexes of Manufacturing Productivity and Related Measures, 15 Countries, 1970 and 1990–2006—Continued (1992 = 100.) Category and year
Compensation Per Hour, National Currency Basis 1970 ..............................................
United States
Canada
Japan
Korea, Republic of
Taiwan
24.0
17.2
16.4
...
...
13.7
Netherlands
France
Germany1
10.8
9.2
20.7
5.3
19.4
11.9
Belgium Denmark
Italy
United Kingdom
Australia
10.7
6.8
...
Norway Sweden
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
90.5 95.6 100.0 102.0 105.3
89.2 95.5 100.0 101.2 104.1
90.6 96.5 100.0 102.7 104.7
68.0 85.5 100.0 115.9 133.1
85.2 93.5 100.0 105.9 111.1
90.1 97.3 100.0 104.8 105.6
93.6 97.8 100.0 102.4 106.0
88.5 93.9 100.0 104.3 108.0
89.4 91.4 100.0 106.2 111.0
87.7 94.3 100.0 105.7 107.3
89.8 94.8 100.0 104.4 108.9
92.3 97.5 100.0 101.5 104.5
87.8 95.5 100.0 97.4 99.8
88.7 99.8 100.0 104.5 107.0
87.5 94.0 100.0 105.2 106.1
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
107.3 109.3 112.2 118.7 123.4
106.6 108.2 110.8 116.5 119.0
108.3 109.1 112.8 115.6 115.5
161.6 188.1 204.5 222.7 223.9
120.2 128.2 132.1 137.1 139.6
108.6 110.6 114.7 116.5 118.0
108.2 112.6 116.5 119.6 122.6
110.7 112.5 116.3 117.2 121.0
117.0 122.5 124.9 126.7 129.6
112.0 120.0 124.1 123.3 125.6
111.8 113.8 116.4 121.4 125.7
109.2 113.8 118.8 125.8 133.0
106.8 115.2 121.0 125.5 130.1
108.9 108.7 112.3 121.2 128.3
113.5 121.7 126.0 128.4 132.9
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
134.7 137.8 147.8 158.2 161.5
123.0 126.7 131.2 135.2 136.9
114.9 116.4 117.2 114.6 115.7
239.1 246.7 271.6 285.0 325.5
142.3 151.4 146.7 149.1 151.6
120.1 126.4 131.9 135.8 138.8
125.0 130.9 136.5 145.7 150.6
127.0 130.6 136.9 141.0 144.6
136.3 140.6 144.0 147.2 148.0
128.7 134.0 137.5 141.6 145.7
132.1 138.1 146.1 151.9 158.1
140.5 149.0 157.9 164.3 169.7
136.7 143.8 151.6 159.2 163.4
133.8 140.7 149.0 156.9 165.1
140.2 149.2 156.0 161.4 169.1
2005 .............................................. 2006 ..............................................
168.3 172.4
142.1 145.9
117.0 117.6
351.5 375.5
158.2 161.5
144.6 147.7
153.7 157.6
143.7 147.5
149.7 153.2
150.2 152.9
161.3 165.8
176.2 184.3
167.2 172.1
172.2 184.2
177.6 189.2
Compensation Per Hour, U.S. Currency Basis 1970 ..............................................
24.0
19.9
5.8
...
...
8.9
8.7
8.8
8.9
10.4
9.4
10.3
12.1
9.2
...
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
90.5 95.6 100.0 102.0 105.3
92.4 100.7 100.0 94.8 92.1
79.2 90.9 100.0 117.2 129.9
75.0 91.1 100.0 112.9 129.5
79.6 87.9 100.0 100.9 105.6
86.6 91.5 100.0 97.4 101.6
91.2 92.2 100.0 95.3 100.7
86.0 88.0 100.0 97.5 103.1
86.4 86.0 100.0 100.3 106.9
90.2 93.6 100.0 82.8 82.1
86.7 89.1 100.0 98.8 105.3
91.7 93.3 100.0 88.8 92.0
86.4 91.9 100.0 72.8 75.3
89.6 99.9 100.0 88.8 92.8
92.9 99.6 100.0 97.2 105.6
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
107.3 109.3 112.2 118.7 123.4
93.9 95.9 96.7 94.9 96.8
146.1 127.2 118.1 111.9 128.8
164.1 183.4 169.3 124.8 147.6
114.2 117.4 115.5 102.8 108.7
118.5 114.8 103.0 103.1 100.2
116.6 117.2 106.4 107.7 105.9
117.5 116.4 105.4 105.1 104.0
127.6 127.2 112.5 112.5 110.3
84.7 95.8 89.8 87.5 85.1
122.6 118.7 104.9 107.6 106.9
107.1 109.4 104.2 103.5 105.8
87.1 100.1 92.2 92.0 91.6
97.3 96.0 104.1 113.8 117.5
114.3 129.6 127.4 109.8 116.6
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
134.7 137.8 147.8 158.2 161.5
100.0 98.9 101.0 116.7 127.1
135.1 121.4 118.6 125.3 135.6
165.9 149.8 170.4 187.6 223.0
114.6 112.6 106.9 109.0 114.3
88.3 90.2 99.4 122.5 137.5
93.2 94.9 104.5 133.7 151.8
94.6 94.3 104.5 128.8 145.2
100.5 100.5 108.7 133.1 147.0
75.6 76.3 82.7 102.0 115.4
97.4 98.7 110.2 137.3 157.0
99.1 102.9 122.9 144.2 156.5
86.8 81.0 90.8 114.8 129.6
114.8 114.7 126.8 145.2 171.4
110.9 104.9 115.3 143.2 169.4
2005 .............................................. 2006 ..............................................
168.3 172.4
141.8 155.5
134.7 128.1
269.4 308.7
123.8 125.0
143.5 147.9
154.7 160.1
144.4 149.6
148.8 153.7
119.0 122.2
160.3 166.3
170.0 178.6
130.4 136.0
177.4 192.3
184.2 193.8
Unit Labor Costs, National Currency Basis 1970 ..............................................
45.8
32.2
43.6
8.6
23.3
41.7
22.8
21.4
39.8
13.2
50.1
20.0
20.6
14.9
...
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
96.7 99.2 100.0 99.2 97.3
94.2 99.8 100.0 96.9 94.3
95.9 97.4 100.0 101.0 101.4
82.1 92.2 100.0 107.0 112.7
94.9 96.5 100.0 104.6 105.6
93.0 98.1 100.0 102.3 97.9
95.0 98.1 100.0 102.2 94.1
92.8 96.0 100.0 102.4 98.6
90.3 93.0 100.0 105.2 102.4
90.2 97.6 100.0 102.9 99.8
91.7 96.4 100.0 100.7 96.2
93.9 98.8 100.0 101.6 104.6
92.9 100.1 100.0 90.8 84.5
98.5 105.9 100.0 100.4 100.2
94.6 98.1 100.0 100.6 99.2
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
95.5 93.7 92.2 91.2 90.3
95.4 97.3 95.3 95.6 93.7
97.6 94.0 93.8 95.2 92.7
124.6 131.9 127.1 124.2 112.3
106.5 105.5 104.5 103.4 99.1
96.4 96.8 94.5 94.8 97.2
96.0 103.3 98.9 102.1 103.0
96.3 97.4 95.0 91.0 90.0
106.2 108.2 104.2 105.2 105.1
100.8 106.6 109.5 109.6 111.7
95.0 94.6 96.5 97.7 97.3
110.7 112.0 116.7 126.8 129.5
85.3 88.5 85.2 83.3 79.3
103.7 104.4 106.8 113.9 115.0
106.6 108.4 109.2 108.4 111.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
91.6 92.7 89.9 90.5 86.4
91.3 95.8 97.4 100.9 102.0
87.5 90.5 87.9 80.5 76.0
110.5 114.8 115.2 113.0 115.8
95.9 97.6 86.8 85.5 82.7
95.6 99.6 100.6 101.0 98.4
101.4 106.1 109.9 112.7 108.5
88.4 89.4 90.1 88.9 89.1
103.3 103.8 105.3 104.0 100.9
110.9 114.9 119.8 126.3 132.0
95.3 99.2 101.8 103.7 101.2
132.7 136.8 141.0 135.1 131.7
77.3 83.3 79.5 77.8 71.7
114.2 115.1 118.6 118.8 117.9
109.4 113.6 113.8 115.2 118.9
2005 .............................................. 2006 ..............................................
87.1 87.2
102.2 104.9
73.9 72.6
117.0 112.8
80.5 76.9
99.8 99.9
108.5 107.0
85.0 84.1
96.7 92.8
136.2 136.7
99.8 99.4
133.5 135.2
69.1 66.8
118.7 121.6
123.6 131.2
1Unified Germany from 1991 onward; data for previous years relate to the former West Germany. . . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR FORCE STATISTICS 415 Table 11-2. Indexes of Manufacturing Productivity and Related Measures, 15 Countries, 1970 and 1990–2006—Continued (1992 = 100.) Category and year
Unit Labor Costs, U.S. Currency Basis 1970 ..............................................
United States
Canada
Japan
Korea, Republic of
Taiwan
45.8
37.3
15.4
21.7
14.6
27.0
Netherlands
France
Germany1
18.3
20.5
17.1
26.0
24.4
17.4
Belgium Denmark
Italy
United Kingdom
Australia
23.1
20.2
...
Norway Sweden
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
96.7 99.2 100.0 99.2 97.3
97.5 105.2 100.0 90.7 83.4
83.9 91.8 100.0 115.3 125.8
90.7 98.2 100.0 104.2 109.6
88.7 90.8 100.0 99.6 100.4
89.5 92.3 100.0 95.1 94.2
92.7 92.5 100.0 95.1 89.4
90.2 90.0 100.0 95.7 94.1
87.3 87.5 100.0 99.3 98.6
92.7 96.9 100.0 80.6 76.3
88.5 90.6 100.0 95.2 93.0
93.3 94.5 100.0 88.9 92.1
91.4 96.3 100.0 67.9 63.8
99.5 106.0 100.0 85.3 86.9
100.5 104.0 100.0 93.0 98.7
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
95.5 93.7 92.2 91.2 90.3
84.0 86.3 83.2 77.9 76.2
131.7 109.6 98.3 92.2 103.3
126.5 128.6 105.3 69.6 74.0
101.1 96.7 91.3 77.5 77.2
105.2 100.4 84.8 83.9 82.5
103.5 107.6 90.4 92.0 89.0
102.2 100.7 86.2 81.7 77.4
115.8 112.3 93.8 93.4 89.4
76.2 85.2 79.2 77.7 75.7
104.1 98.6 86.9 86.6 82.7
108.6 107.7 102.3 104.3 103.1
69.6 76.8 64.9 61.0 55.9
92.7 92.3 99.0 106.9 105.3
107.4 115.4 110.4 92.7 97.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
91.6 92.7 89.9 90.5 86.4
74.3 74.8 74.9 87.1 94.7
102.9 94.4 89.0 88.0 89.1
76.7 69.7 72.3 74.4 79.3
77.2 72.6 63.2 62.5 62.4
70.3 71.1 75.8 91.1 97.5
75.6 76.9 84.2 103.4 109.4
65.8 64.6 68.7 81.2 89.5
76.2 74.2 79.5 94.0 100.2
65.1 65.5 72.1 91.0 104.5
70.2 70.9 76.8 93.7 100.4
93.6 94.5 109.8 118.6 121.4
49.1 46.9 47.6 56.1 56.9
98.0 93.8 100.9 109.9 122.4
86.5 79.8 84.1 102.2 119.1
2005 .............................................. 2006 ..............................................
87.1 87.2
102.0 111.8
85.1 79.2
89.7 92.8
63.0 59.5
99.0 100.0
109.3 108.7
85.4 85.3
96.1 93.1
107.9 109.3
99.1 99.7
128.8 131.1
53.9 52.8
122.3 126.9
128.2 134.5
Exchange Rates2 1970 ..............................................
100.0
115.8
35.4
252.7
62.9
64.7
80.5
95.7
42.8
196.5
48.6
86.9
112.3
135.6
152.3
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
103.6 105.5 100.0 93.7 88.4
87.4 94.2 100.0 114.1 124.1
110.4 106.5 100.0 97.4 97.2
93.5 94.0 100.0 95.2 95.1
96.2 94.0 100.0 93.0 96.2
97.5 94.3 100.0 93.1 95.0
97.2 93.7 100.0 93.4 95.4
96.6 94.0 100.0 94.4 96.3
102.8 99.3 100.0 78.3 76.5
96.6 93.9 100.0 94.6 96.7
99.4 95.7 100.0 87.5 88.1
98.4 96.3 100.0 74.7 75.5
101.0 100.1 100.0 85.0 86.7
106.3 106.0 100.0 92.5 99.5
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
88.1 88.6 87.3 81.5 81.3
134.9 116.5 104.7 96.8 111.5
101.5 97.5 82.8 56.0 65.9
95.0 91.6 87.4 75.0 77.8
109.1 103.8 89.8 88.5 84.9
107.8 104.1 91.3 90.1 86.4
106.2 103.5 90.7 89.7 86.0
109.1 103.8 90.0 88.8 85.1
75.6 79.9 72.3 70.9 67.8
109.6 104.3 90.1 88.7 85.0
98.1 96.2 87.7 82.3 79.6
81.6 86.8 76.2 73.3 70.4
89.4 88.4 92.7 93.8 91.6
100.7 106.5 101.1 85.6 87.8
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
81.4 78.0 77.0 86.3 92.8
117.6 104.3 101.2 109.3 117.2
69.4 60.7 62.8 65.8 68.5
80.5 74.4 72.9 73.1 75.4
73.6 71.3 75.3 90.2 99.1
74.6 72.5 76.6 91.8 100.8
74.5 72.2 76.3 91.4 100.4
73.7 71.5 75.5 90.4 99.3
58.7 57.0 60.2 72.0 79.2
73.7 71.4 75.4 90.3 99.3
70.5 69.1 77.8 87.8 92.2
63.5 56.3 59.9 72.1 79.3
85.8 81.5 85.1 92.5 103.8
79.1 70.3 73.9 88.7 100.2
2005 .............................................. 2006 ..............................................
100.0 100.0
99.8 106.6
115.1 109.0
76.6 82.2
78.3 77.4
99.2 100.1
100.7 101.6
100.5 101.4
99.4 100.3
79.2 79.9
99.4 100.3
96.5 97.0
78.0 79.0
103.1 104.4
103.7 102.5
1Unified Germany from 1991 onward; data for previous years 2Index of value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar.
. . . = Not available.
relate to the former West Germany.
416 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 11-3. Hourly Compensation Costs in U.S. Dollars for Production Workers in Manufacturing, 33 Countries and Selected Areas, Selected Years, 1975–2005 (Dollars.) Region and country
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2002
2003
2004
2005
Americas United States ......................................... Brazil ..................................................... Canada .................................................. Mexico ...................................................
6.16 ... 6.11 1.46
9.63 ... 8.87 2.20
12.71 ... 11.20 1.59
14.81 ... 16.33 1.57
17.17 ... 16.50 1.70
19.65 3.50 16.48 2.07
21.33 2.57 16.72 2.49
22.20 2.74 19.53 2.44
22.82 3.15 21.77 2.44
23.65 4.09 23.82 2.63
Asia and Oceania Australia ................................................ Hong Kong SAR1 .................................. Israel ...................................................... Japan ..................................................... Korea, Republic of .................................
5.60 0.75 2.02 2.97 0.32
8.44 1.50 3.41 5.46 0.95
8.18 1.73 3.65 6.27 1.23
13.09 3.22 7.69 12.59 3.70
15.36 4.80 9.41 23.47 7.28
14.40 5.45 11.41 21.93 8.23
15.38 5.66 11.00 18.60 8.77
19.79 5.54 11.62 20.26 9.69
23.38 5.51 12.01 21.84 11.13
24.91 5.65 12.42 21.76 13.56
New Zealand ......................................... Singapore .............................................. Sri Lanka ............................................... Taiwan ...................................................
3.28 0.83 0.28 0.38
5.44 1.53 0.22 1.03
4.55 2.52 0.28 1.51
8.48 3.74 0.35 3.91
10.35 7.57 0.48 5.99
8.38 7.18 0.48 6.19
9.10 6.71 0.49 5.64
11.69 7.18 0.51 5.69
13.65 7.38 0.52 5.98
14.97 7.66 ... 6.38
Europe Austria ................................................... Belgium ................................................. Czech Republic ..................................... Denmark ................................................ Finland ...................................................
4.50 5.77 ... 6.24 4.63
8.87 11.74 ... 10.77 8.30
7.57 8.21 ... 8.10 8.20
17.91 17.85 ... 18.35 21.15
25.26 25.67 2.63 25.28 24.31
19.14 20.13 2.83 21.87 19.44
20.71 21.77 3.83 24.31 21.78
25.51 26.55 4.72 30.22 27.10
28.53 30.01 5.45 34.46 30.67
29.42 30.79 6.11 35.47 31.93
France ................................................... Germany2 .............................................. Greece ................................................... Hungary ................................................. Ireland ...................................................
4.50 ... 1.69 ... 3.06
8.90 ... 3.73 ... 6.02
7.48 ... 3.67 ... 6.00
15.36 ... 6.82 ... 11.77
19.26 30.10 9.07 2.69 13.75
15.46 22.67 ... 2.79 12.72
17.13 24.22 ... 3.92 15.26
21.14 29.64 ... 4.76 19.09
23.89 32.50 ... 5.63 21.94
24.63 33.00 ... 6.07 22.76
Italy ........................................................ Luxembourg .......................................... Netherlands ........................................... Norway .................................................. Poland ...................................................
4.64 6.22 6.58 6.90 ...
8.09 11.51 12.05 11.80 ...
7.56 7.48 8.73 10.47 ...
17.28 16.00 17.98 21.76 ...
15.69 23.56 24.03 24.84 ...
13.84 17.51 19.33 22.56 2.81
14.75 18.71 22.12 27.93 3.29
18.11 23.12 27.47 32.73 3.52
20.48 26.57 30.76 36.41 3.85
21.05 27.68 31.81 39.14 4.54
Portugal ................................................. Spain ..................................................... Sweden ................................................. Switzerland ............................................ United Kingdom .....................................
1.52 2.52 7.14 6.03 3.35
1.98 5.86 12.44 10.96 7.52
1.46 4.64 9.61 9.55 6.22
3.59 11.30 20.81 20.63 12.61
5.09 12.70 21.68 28.90 13.79
4.49 10.65 20.18 20.95 16.84
5.07 11.95 20.23 23.77 18.36
6.24 15.01 25.19 27.78 21.33
7.02 17.14 28.42 30.21 24.76
7.33 17.78 28.73 30.50 25.66
Trade-Weighted Measures3,4 All foreign economies ............................ OECD5,6 ................................................ Europe6 ................................................. European Union-157 .............................. Asian NIEs8 ...........................................
3.82 4.13 4.87 4.80 0.49
6.49 7.00 9.49 9.40 1.15
6.61 7.08 7.72 7.61 1.62
11.83 12.62 16.80 16.58 3.71
14.99 15.85 21.19 21.07 6.62
13.66 14.59 17.77 17.89 7.06
13.90 14.92 19.48 19.53 7.04
16.19 17.47 23.70 23.83 7.49
17.95 19.43 26.62 26.81 8.16
18.89 20.43 27.33 27.52 9.28
1Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. 2Unified Germany from 1995 onward; data for previous years relate to the former West Germany. 3Since data for Germany are not available before 1993, data for the former West Germany are only included in the trade-weighted measures. 4The trade weights used to compute the average compensation cost measures for selected economic groups are weights based on the relative
dollar value of U.S. trade in manufactured
commodities (exports plus imports) with each country or region in 2004. The trade data are compiled by the U.S. Census Bureau. 5Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 6Data are not included for the Czech Republic or Hungary from 1975 to 1990 or for Poland from 1975 to 1995. 7European Union-15 refers to European Union member countries prior to the European Union’s expansion to 25
countries on May 1, 2004. It consisted of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Asian Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs) are Hong Kong SAR, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. . . . = Not available. 8The
CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR FORCE STATISTICS 417 Table 11-4. Consumer Price Indexes, 16 Countries, 1950–2006 (1982–1984 = 100.) Consumer Price Index1 Year
United States2
Canada3
Japan4
Australia5
Austria
Belgium6
Denmark7
France8
Germany9
Italy
NetherSwitzer- United Norway10 Spain11 Sweden lands land12 Kingdom
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................
24.1 26.0 26.5 26.7 26.9
21.6 23.9 24.5 24.2 24.4
14.7 17.2 18.0 19.2 20.4
12.6 15.1 17.7 18.4 18.5
... ... ... ... ...
24.0 26.3 26.5 26.4 26.9
12.3 13.5 14.0 14.1 14.2
11.1 13.0 14.6 14.4 14.3
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... 10.3 10.6
... ... ... ... ...
13.6 15.7 17.1 17.5 18.2
5.5 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.1
13.4 15.5 16.7 16.9 17.1
33.2 34.8 35.7 35.4 35.7
9.8 10.7 11.7 12.1 12.3
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................
26.8 27.2 28.1 28.9 29.1
24.4 24.8 25.6 26.3 26.6
20.2 20.3 20.9 20.8 21.0
18.9 20.1 20.6 20.9 21.3
... ... ... 31.6 32.0
26.8 27.4 28.2 28.6 29.0
15.0 15.8 16.1 16.3 16.5
14.5 14.8 15.3 17.6 18.7
... ... ... ... ...
10.9 11.2 11.4 11.7 11.7
... ... ... ... ...
18.4 19.1 19.6 20.6 21.0
6.3 6.7 7.4 8.4 9.0
17.5 18.4 19.2 20.0 20.2
36.0 36.5 37.3 37.9 37.7
12.9 13.5 14.0 14.4 14.5
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................
29.6 29.9 30.2 30.6 31.0
26.9 27.1 27.4 27.9 28.4
21.8 23.0 24.5 26.4 27.4
22.1 22.6 22.6 22.7 23.2
32.6 33.8 35.3 36.2 37.6
29.1 29.3 29.8 30.4 31.7
16.7 17.4 18.8 19.8 20.5
19.4 20.0 21.0 22.0 22.7
... ... 43.1 44.4 45.4
11.9 12.2 12.7 13.7 14.5
... ... ... ... ...
21.1 21.6 22.8 23.4 24.7
9.1 9.2 9.7 10.6 11.3
21.0 21.5 22.5 23.2 23.9
38.2 38.9 40.6 42.0 43.3
14.6 15.1 15.8 16.1 16.6
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................
31.5 32.4 33.4 34.8 36.7
29.1 30.2 31.3 32.5 34.0
29.5 31.0 32.2 33.9 35.7
24.1 24.9 25.7 26.3 27.1
39.5 40.3 41.9 43.1 44.4
32.9 34.3 35.3 36.3 37.6
21.8 23.3 25.0 27.0 27.9
23.3 23.9 24.6 25.7 27.3
46.9 48.6 49.4 50.2 51.1
15.2 15.5 16.1 16.3 16.7
... ... ... ... 40.6
25.7 26.6 27.8 28.7 29.6
12.8 13.6 14.5 15.2 15.5
25.1 26.8 27.9 28.4 29.2
44.8 46.9 48.8 50.0 51.3
17.4 18.1 18.5 19.4 20.5
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................
38.8 40.5 41.8 44.4 49.3
35.1 36.2 37.9 40.7 45.2
38.4 40.9 42.9 47.9 59.0
28.2 29.9 31.6 34.6 39.9
46.4 48.5 51.6 55.5 60.8
39.1 40.8 43.0 46.0 51.9
29.8 31.5 33.6 36.7 42.3
28.8 30.3 32.2 34.6 39.3
52.8 55.6 58.7 62.8 67.2
17.5 18.4 19.4 21.6 25.7
42.1 45.3 48.9 52.9 58.1
32.8 34.8 37.3 40.1 43.8
16.4 17.7 19.2 21.4 24.8
31.3 33.6 35.6 38.0 41.7
53.1 56.6 60.4 65.7 72.1
21.8 23.8 25.5 27.9 32.3
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................
53.8 56.9 60.6 65.2 72.6
50.1 53.8 58.1 63.3 69.1
65.9 72.2 78.1 81.4 84.3
45.9 52.1 58.5 63.1 68.8
65.9 70.8 74.6 77.3 80.2
58.5 63.8 68.4 71.4 74.6
46.4 50.5 56.1 61.8 67.7
43.9 48.2 52.7 57.5 63.6
71.2 74.2 77.0 79.0 82.3
30.0 35.1 41.0 46.0 52.8
63.8 69.6 74.1 77.2 80.5
49.0 53.5 58.3 63.1 66.1
29.0 34.1 42.4 50.8 58.8
45.8 50.5 56.3 61.9 66.4
76.9 78.2 79.2 80.1 83.0
40.1 46.8 54.2 58.7 66.6
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................
82.4 90.9 96.5 99.6 103.9
76.1 85.6 94.9 100.4 104.7
91.0 95.3 98.1 99.8 102.1
75.8 83.2 92.4 101.8 105.8
85.3 91.1 96.0 99.2 104.8
79.6 85.6 93.1 100.3 106.6
76.1 85.0 93.6 100.0 106.4
72.3 82.0 91.6 100.5 107.9
86.7 92.2 97.1 100.3 102.7
64.0 75.4 87.8 100.7 111.5
86.1 91.9 97.2 99.8 103.0
73.3 83.3 92.7 100.5 106.8
67.9 77.8 89.0 99.9 111.1
75.5 84.6 91.9 100.0 108.1
86.3 91.9 97.1 100.0 102.9
78.5 87.9 95.4 99.8 104.8
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................
107.6 109.6 113.6 118.3 124.0
108.9 113.4 118.4 123.2 129.3
104.2 104.8 104.9 105.6 108.0
112.9 123.2 133.7 142.9 154.1
108.2 110.0 111.6 113.8 116.6
111.8 113.3 115.0 116.4 120.0
111.4 115.4 120.0 125.5 131.5
114.2 117.2 120.9 124.2 128.6
104.8 104.7 104.9 106.3 109.2
121.8 129.0 135.1 141.9 150.8
105.3 105.6 105.1 106.1 107.1
112.9 121.0 131.6 140.4 146.8
120.9 131.5 138.5 145.1 155.0
116.0 121.0 126.1 133.4 142.0
106.4 107.2 108.8 110.8 114.3
111.1 114.9 119.7 125.6 135.4
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................
130.7 136.2 140.3 144.5 148.2
135.5 143.1 145.3 147.9 148.2
111.3 115.1 117.0 118.5 119.2
165.3 170.7 172.4 175.5 178.8
120.5 124.4 129.5 134.1 138.2
124.1 128.1 131.2 134.8 138.0
135.0 138.2 141.1 142.9 145.8
133.0 137.2 140.6 143.5 145.9
112.1 81.9 86.1 89.9 92.3
160.5 170.6 179.4 187.5 195.0
109.9 113.3 116.9 120.0 123.3
152.8 158.0 161.7 165.4 167.7
165.4 175.2 185.6 194.1 203.3
156.7 171.5 175.6 183.9 187.8
120.5 127.5 132.7 137.0 138.3
148.2 156.9 162.7 165.3 169.3
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................
152.4 156.9 160.5 163.0 166.6
151.4 153.8 156.2 157.7 160.5
119.1 119.2 121.5 122.2 121.8
187.1 192.0 192.5 194.1 197.0
141.3 143.9 145.8 147.1 147.9
140.1 142.9 145.3 146.7 148.3
148.8 151.9 155.3 158.2 162.0
148.4 151.3 153.2 154.3 155.0
93.9 95.3 97.1 98.0 98.6
205.1 213.4 217.7 222.0 225.7
125.7 128.2 131.0 133.6 136.5
171.8 174.0 178.5 182.5 186.7
212.8 220.3 224.8 228.8 234.2
192.4 193.5 194.8 194.2 195.1
140.8 141.9 142.5 142.7 143.8
175.2 179.4 185.1 191.4 194.3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................
172.2 177.1 179.9 184.0 188.9
164.8 169.0 172.8 177.6 180.9
120.9 120.1 119.0 118.7 118.7
205.8 214.8 221.2 227.4 232.7
151.4 155.5 158.2 160.3 163.7
152.1 155.8 158.4 160.9 164.3
166.8 170.8 174.8 178.5 180.7
157.7 160.3 163.4 166.8 170.3
100.0 102.0 103.4 104.5 106.2
231.4 237.8 243.7 250.3 255.8
140.0 145.9 150.7 153.9 155.7
192.5 198.4 200.9 205.9 206.8
242.1 250.8 259.6 267.6 275.7
196.9 201.6 206.0 209.9 210.7
146.0 147.4 148.4 149.3 150.5
200.1 203.6 207.0 213.0 219.4
2005 ........................ 2006 ........................
195.3 201.6
184.9 188.6
118.3 118.6
238.9 247.4
167.4 170.0
168.8 171.9
183.9 187.4
173.3 176.2
108.3 110.1
260.8 266.3
158.4 160.2
210.1 214.9
285.0 295.0
211.7 214.6
152.2 153.9
225.6 232.8
1The figures may differ from official indexes published by national statistical agencies because of rounding. 2Urban worker households prior to 1978. 3All households from January 1995, all urban households from September 1978 to December 1994, and middle-income 4Excluding imputed rent for owner-occupied households prior to 1970. 5Urban worker households prior to September 1998. 6Excluding rent and several other services prior to 1976. 7Excluding rent prior to 1964. 8Urban worker households prior to 1991; worker households in Paris only prior to 1962. 9Unified Germany from 1991 onward; data for previous years relate to the former West Germany. 10Urban worker households prior to 1960. 11All family households from 1993; middle-income family households prior to 1963. 12Urban worker households prior to May 1993.
. . . = Not available.
urban households prior to September 1978.
418 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 11-5. Consumer Price Indexes, Percent Change from the Previous Year, 16 Countries, 1955–2006 (Percent.) Percent change in Consumer Price Index1 Year
United States2
Canada3
Japan4
Australia5
Austria
Belgium6
Denmark7
France8
Germany9
Italy
NetherSwitzer- United Norway10 Spain11 Sweden lands land12 Kingdom
1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................
-0.4 1.5 3.3 2.8 0.7
0.0 1.5 3.2 2.6 1.1
-1.5 0.4 3.1 -0.5 1.1
2.2 6.3 2.7 1.1 1.9
... ... ... ... 1.3
-0.4 2.9 3.1 1.3 1.2
5.6 5.3 2.2 0.7 1.8
1.4 1.9 3.5 15.1 6.1
... ... ... ... ...
2.8 3.4 1.3 2.8 -0.4
... ... ... ... ...
1.1 3.7 2.7 4.8 2.2
3.3 5.9 10.8 13.4 7.3
2.3 5.0 4.3 4.4 0.8
0.8 1.5 1.9 1.8 -0.7
4.9 4.9 3.7 3.0 0.6
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................
1.7 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3
1.2 0.9 1.2 1.8 1.8
3.7 5.3 6.8 7.6 3.8
4.0 2.6 -0.3 0.5 2.4
1.9 3.6 4.4 2.7 3.8
0.3 1.0 1.4 2.1 4.2
1.2 4.2 7.5 5.3 3.6
3.6 3.3 4.8 4.8 3.4
... ... ... 2.9 2.4
2.3 2.1 4.7 7.5 5.9
... ... ... ... ...
0.3 2.6 5.3 2.5 5.7
1.2 1.1 5.7 8.8 7.0
4.1 2.1 4.8 2.9 3.4
1.4 1.9 4.3 3.4 3.1
1.0 3.4 4.3 2.0 3.3
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................
1.6 2.9 3.1 4.2 5.5
2.4 3.7 3.5 4.1 4.5
7.6 5.1 4.0 5.3 5.2
4.0 3.0 3.2 2.7 2.9
5.0 2.2 4.0 2.8 3.1
4.1 4.2 2.9 2.8 3.7
6.5 6.7 7.5 8.0 3.5
2.5 2.7 2.7 4.5 6.4
3.1 3.7 1.7 1.5 1.9
4.6 2.3 3.7 1.4 2.7
... ... ... ... ...
4.3 3.2 4.4 3.5 3.1
13.2 6.2 6.4 4.9 2.2
5.0 6.4 4.2 1.9 2.7
3.4 4.7 4.0 2.4 2.5
4.8 3.9 2.5 4.7 5.4
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................
5.7 4.4 3.2 6.2 11.0
3.3 2.9 4.8 7.5 10.9
7.7 6.3 4.9 11.7 23.2
3.9 6.1 5.9 9.5 15.1
4.4 4.7 6.3 7.6 9.5
3.9 4.3 5.5 7.0 12.7
6.5 5.8 6.6 9.3 15.2
5.2 5.5 6.2 7.3 13.7
3.4 5.3 5.5 6.9 7.0
4.9 4.8 5.7 10.8 19.1
3.7 7.6 8.0 8.1 9.8
10.6 6.2 7.2 7.5 9.4
5.7 8.2 8.3 11.5 15.7
7.0 7.4 6.0 6.8 9.9
3.6 6.6 6.7 8.7 9.8
6.4 9.4 7.1 9.2 16.0
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................
9.1 5.8 6.5 7.6 11.3
10.8 7.5 8.0 9.0 9.1
11.7 9.4 8.1 4.2 3.7
15.1 13.5 12.3 7.9 9.1
8.4 7.3 5.5 3.6 3.7
12.8 9.2 7.1 4.4 4.5
9.6 9.0 11.1 10.1 9.6
11.8 9.6 9.4 9.1 10.8
6.0 4.3 3.7 2.7 4.1
17.0 16.8 17.0 12.1 14.8
9.9 9.0 6.4 4.2 4.3
11.7 9.1 9.1 8.1 4.8
17.0 17.6 24.5 19.8 15.7
9.8 10.3 11.4 10.0 7.2
6.7 1.7 1.3 1.1 3.6
24.2 16.5 15.8 8.3 13.4
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................
13.5 10.3 6.2 3.2 4.3
10.1 12.5 10.8 5.8 4.4
7.7 4.9 2.8 1.9 2.3
10.2 9.7 11.2 10.1 4.0
6.4 6.8 5.4 3.3 5.6
6.6 7.6 8.7 7.7 6.3
12.3 11.7 10.1 6.9 6.3
13.6 13.4 11.8 9.6 7.4
5.4 6.3 5.3 3.3 2.4
21.2 17.8 16.5 14.7 10.8
7.0 6.7 5.7 2.7 3.2
10.9 13.6 11.3 8.4 6.2
15.5 14.6 14.5 12.2 11.3
13.7 12.1 8.6 8.9 8.1
4.0 6.5 5.6 2.9 3.0
18.0 11.9 8.6 4.6 5.0
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................
3.6 1.9 3.6 4.1 4.8
4.0 4.1 4.4 4.1 5.0
2.0 0.6 0.1 0.7 2.3
6.7 9.1 8.5 6.9 7.9
3.2 1.7 1.4 2.0 2.5
4.9 1.3 1.6 1.2 3.1
4.7 3.6 4.0 4.6 4.8
5.8 2.7 3.1 2.7 3.6
2.1 -0.1 0.2 1.3 2.8
9.2 5.9 4.7 5.0 6.3
2.3 0.2 -0.4 0.9 1.0
5.7 7.2 8.7 6.7 4.6
8.8 8.8 5.3 4.8 6.8
7.3 4.3 4.2 5.8 6.5
3.4 0.7 1.5 1.8 3.2
6.1 3.4 4.2 4.9 7.8
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................
5.4 4.2 3.0 3.0 2.6
4.8 5.6 1.5 1.8 0.2
3.1 3.3 1.6 1.3 0.7
7.3 3.2 1.0 1.8 1.9
3.3 3.3 4.1 3.6 3.0
3.5 3.2 2.4 2.8 2.4
2.6 2.4 2.1 1.2 2.0
3.4 3.2 2.4 2.1 1.7
2.7 3.7 5.1 4.4 2.7
6.5 6.3 5.2 4.5 4.0
2.6 3.1 3.2 2.6 2.7
4.1 3.4 2.3 2.3 1.4
6.7 6.0 5.9 4.6 4.8
10.4 9.4 2.4 4.7 2.1
5.4 5.8 4.0 3.3 0.9
9.5 5.9 3.7 1.6 2.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................
2.8 3.0 2.3 1.6 2.2
2.1 1.6 1.6 0.9 1.7
-0.1 0.1 1.8 0.6 -0.3
4.6 2.6 0.3 0.9 1.5
2.2 1.9 1.3 0.9 0.6
1.5 2.1 1.6 1.0 1.1
2.1 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.5
1.7 2.0 1.2 0.7 0.5
1.7 1.5 1.9 0.9 0.6
5.2 4.0 2.0 2.0 1.7
2.0 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.2
2.4 1.3 2.6 2.3 2.3
4.6 3.6 2.0 1.8 2.3
2.5 0.5 0.7 -0.3 0.5
1.8 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.8
3.5 2.4 3.1 3.4 1.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................
3.4 2.8 1.6 2.3 2.7
2.7 2.6 2.2 2.8 1.9
-0.7 -0.7 -0.9 -0.3 0.0
4.5 4.4 3.0 2.8 2.3
2.3 2.7 1.8 1.3 2.1
2.5 2.5 1.6 1.6 2.1
3.0 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.2
1.7 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.1
1.4 2.0 1.4 1.1 1.6
2.5 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.2
2.6 4.5 3.5 2.1 1.2
3.1 3.0 1.3 2.5 0.5
3.4 3.6 3.5 3.0 3.0
0.9 2.4 2.2 1.9 0.4
1.5 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.8
3.0 1.8 1.7 2.9 3.0
2005 ............................ 2006 ............................
3.4 3.2
2.2 2.0
-0.3 0.3
2.7 3.5
2.3 1.5
2.8 1.8
1.8 1.9
1.8 1.6
2.0 1.7
2.0 2.1
1.7 1.1
1.5 2.3
3.4 3.5
0.5 1.4
1.2 1.1
2.8 3.2
1The figures may differ from official percent changes published by national statistical agencies because of rounding. 2Urban worker households prior to 1978. 3All households from January 1995, all urban households from September 1978 to December 1994, and middle-income 4Excluding imputed rent for owner-occupied households prior to 1970. 5Urban worker households prior to September 1998. 6Excluding rent and several other services prior to 1976. 7Excluding rent prior to 1964. 8Urban worker households prior to 1991; worker households in Paris only prior to 1962. 9Unified Germany from 1991 onward; data for previous years relate to the former West Germany. 10Urban worker households prior to 1960. 11All family households from 1993; middle-income family households prior to 1963. 12Urban worker households prior to May 1993.
. . . = Not available.
urban households prior to September 1978.
CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR FORCE STATISTICS 419 Table 11-6. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Capita, 16 Countries, 1960–2006 (2002 U.S. dollars.)
Year
United States
Canada
Australia
Japan
Korea, Republic of
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
France
Germany1
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
14 420 14 516 15 161 15 598 16 278
11 451 11 576 12 139 12 523 13 094
12 304 11 919 12 373 12 858 13 440
5 344 5 979 6 432 6 926 7 619
1 684 1 730 1 718 1 823 1 948
9 301 9 741 9 914 10 252 10 799
8 766 9 172 9 611 9 955 10 547
11 256 11 838 12 397 12 355 13 357
9 259 9 616 10 091 10 545 11 112
11 343 11 712 12 115 12 336 13 026
8 150 8 760 9 241 9 688 9 878
11 463 11 639 11 971 12 197 13 070
10 320 10 862 11 065 11 398 11 879
... ... ... ... 8 092
11 458 12 038 12 486 13 071 13 840
11 967 12 143 12 158 12 600 13 200
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
17 107 18 014 18 267 18 958 19 351
13 690 14 319 14 483 15 024 15 600
13 816 13 973 14 667 15 221 15 923
7 887 8 710 9 564 10 583 11 709
2 008 2 196 2 272 2 472 2 751
11 036 11 577 11 837 12 302 13 029
10 823 11 091 11 457 11 891 12 645
13 889 14 097 14 767 15 491 16 413
11 545 12 051 12 546 13 003 13 824
13 572 13 826 13 751 14 449 15 380
10 115 10 637 11 319 11 984 12 643
13 575 13 774 14 340 15 146 15 991
12 410 12 777 13 464 13 652 14 152
8 507 9 026 9 305 9 820 10 570
14 226 14 392 14 783 15 247 15 864
13 406 13 591 13 846 14 359 14 593
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
19 162 19 557 20 374 21 342 21 040
15 786 16 127 16 794 17 783 18 263
16 632 16 520 16 612 17 103 17 102
12 650 13 027 13 926 14 837 14 461
2 928 3 107 3 186 3 506 3 694
13 908 14 554 15 368 16 030 16 634
13 443 13 904 14 584 15 399 15 981
16 462 16 868 17 473 18 020 17 790
14 539 15 155 15 719 16 616 17 247
15 999 16 318 16 905 17 623 17 636
13 244 13 422 13 838 14 724 15 433
16 692 17 219 17 497 18 210 18 807
14 330 15 029 15 699 16 288 16 806
10 886 11 242 12 013 12 806 13 405
16 731 16 818 17 173 17 821 18 319
14 874 15 093 15 585 16 657 16 425
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
20 797 21 694 22 468 23 470 23 944
18 397 19 154 19 586 20 183 20 824
17 275 17 722 17 825 18 011 18 559
14 726 15 155 15 672 16 351 17 104
3 849 4 188 4 536 4 882 5 135
16 618 17 409 18 240 18 229 19 260
15 700 16 548 16 608 17 048 17 399
17 522 18 543 18 849 19 218 19 927
17 001 17 680 18 226 18 864 19 446
17 478 18 498 19 065 19 660 20 479
15 020 16 010 16 351 16 820 17 771
18 679 19 357 19 723 20 093 20 324
17 553 18 483 19 167 19 830 20 623
13 356 13 637 13 831 13 850 13 754
18 714 18 848 18 478 18 762 19 439
16 326 16 758 17 165 17 723 18 175
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
23 615 23 970 23 282 24 115 25 623
20 842 21 218 20 367 20 715 21 713
18 863 19 343 19 016 18 672 19 605
17 450 17 834 18 199 18 368 18 820
4 980 5 206 5 501 6 005 6 412
19 603 19 524 19 890 20 533 20 530
18 132 18 070 18 172 18 230 18 680
19 828 19 663 20 406 20 965 21 850
19 673 19 744 20 104 20 235 20 437
20 611 20 592 20 413 20 845 21 519
18 343 18 476 18 538 18 748 19 349
20 499 20 252 19 902 20 172 20 722
21 483 21 741 21 688 22 452 23 709
13 859 13 762 13 859 14 038 14 230
19 728 19 683 19 903 20 269 21 110
17 765 17 496 17 848 18 467 18 908
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
26 445 27 114 27 780 28 667 29 402
22 545 22 862 23 521 24 372 24 564
20 457 20 592 21 171 21 677 22 281
19 655 20 134 20 800 22 115 23 198
6 781 7 427 8 170 8 952 9 461
21 045 21 496 21 813 22 537 23 228
18 983 19 321 19 751 20 577 21 255
22 722 23 816 23 848 23 804 23 930
20 684 21 084 21 493 22 353 23 147
22 010 22 510 22 839 23 546 24 158
19 884 20 452 21 103 21 977 22 705
21 177 21 721 21 976 22 585 23 446
24 903 25 816 26 153 25 968 26 119
14 507 14 933 15 723 16 488 17 250
21 530 22 060 22 709 23 173 23 605
19 524 20 246 21 118 22 124 22 536
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
29 620 29 179 29 752 30 152 30 987
24 242 23 452 23 378 23 662 24 527
22 287 21 775 21 932 22 564 23 462
24 325 25 040 25 189 25 177 25 388
10 226 11 077 11 606 12 194 13 102
24 113 24 732 25 039 24 916 25 481
21 857 22 175 22 423 22 121 22 764
24 245 24 495 24 897 24 787 26 074
23 631 23 754 23 961 23 641 24 078
25 055 23 570 23 912 23 550 24 103
23 151 23 483 23 656 23 431 23 931
24 262 24 654 24 887 25 022 25 610
26 531 27 225 28 022 28 632 29 907
17 876 18 288 18 398 18 152 18 534
23 687 23 280 22 748 22 194 22 874
22 632 22 246 22 240 22 697 23 613
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
31 389 32 174 33 221 34 208 35 324
24 955 25 095 25 896 26 734 27 984
24 036 24 701 25 451 26 425 27 298
25 823 26 471 26 824 26 208 26 131
14 160 15 008 15 559 14 388 15 642
25 928 26 571 27 029 27 961 28 833
25 577 25 833 26 676 27 066 27 927
26 747 27 337 28 091 28 599 29 236
24 501 24 688 25 153 25 940 26 663
24 487 24 659 25 057 25 573 26 068
24 607 24 776 25 231 25 586 26 074
26 273 27 053 28 064 28 987 30 141
30 998 32 414 33 977 34 682 35 143
19 001 19 415 20 113 20 938 21 756
23 711 24 010 24 561 25 442 26 572
24 237 24 844 25 533 26 314 27 013
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
36 225 36 111 36 311 36 856 37 934
29 174 29 377 29 903 30 157 30 846
27 885 28 085 28 919 29 443 30 212
26 824 26 791 26 826 27 162 27 887
16 828 17 344 18 450 18 927 19 748
29 729 29 859 29 963 30 163 30 684
28 903 29 032 29 339 29 506 30 246
30 166 30 272 30 310 30 347 30 916
27 522 27 835 27 922 28 032 28 539
26 872 27 155 27 108 27 045 27 388
26 996 27 464 27 471 27 268 27 325
31 106 31 466 31 288 31 246 31 752
36 051 36 583 36 933 37 089 38 295
22 599 23 045 23 221 23 549 23 925
27 656 27 869 28 325 28 693 29 758
27 946 28 494 28 978 29 634 30 458
2005 .................................... 2006 ....................................
38 778 39 682
31 447 31 991
30 663 31 053
28 420 29 030
20 535 21 489
31 088 31 900
30 402 31 233
31 771 32 678
28 855 29 253
27 650 28 426
27 148 27 536
32 159 32 907
39 057 39 869
24 349 24 948
30 499 31 621
30 853 31 618
1Unified Germany from 1991 onward; data for previous years relate to the former West Germany. . . . = Not available.
420 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 11-7. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Employed Person, 16 Countries, 1960–2006 (2002 U.S. dollars.)
Year
United States
Canada
Australia
Japan
Korea, Republic of
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
France
Germany1
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
38 168 39 041 40 687 41 883 43 365
32 520 33 025 34 343 35 278 36 318
30 420 30 165 31 141 32 072 33 058
10 719 11 832 12 703 13 703 15 012
... ... ... 6 571 7 080
17 604 18 438 18 969 19 879 21 114
22 794 23 751 24 609 25 500 26 891
24 176 25 229 26 218 26 019 27 773
21 704 22 786 24 353 25 687 27 056
24 126 24 897 25 967 26 634 28 384
19 552 21 023 22 393 24 048 24 806
28 560 28 966 29 618 30 184 32 215
24 256 25 336 25 872 26 732 27 982
... ... ... ... ...
23 646 24 789 25 705 26 940 28 370
25 962 26 285 26 433 27 504 28 630
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
45 044 46 587 46 654 47 898 48 190
37 300 38 167 38 219 39 552 40 419
33 575 33 124 34 535 35 576 37 073
15 621 16 859 18 348 20 150 22 342
7 105 7 766 7 939 8 413 9 347
21 864 23 292 24 390 25 819 27 491
27 741 28 516 29 752 31 036 32 542
28 583 28 765 30 387 31 868 33 289
28 292 29 565 30 950 32 417 34 226
29 735 30 659 31 594 33 288 35 223
26 258 28 291 29 949 31 925 34 117
33 636 34 311 36 241 38 314 40 249
29 218 30 190 31 859 32 537 33 708
... ... ... ... ...
29 252 29 822 31 158 31 953 32 934
28 979 29 475 30 554 31 985 32 651
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
48 003 49 425 50 553 51 760 50 554
41 052 42 364 43 381 44 319 44 335
37 960 38 548 38 827 39 442 39 629
24 360 25 251 27 234 28 772 28 539
9 815 10 272 10 283 10 928 11 222
29 390 30 557 32 216 33 324 34 194
34 584 35 603 37 563 39 433 40 442
33 342 34 394 35 125 35 996 35 995
35 837 37 541 39 055 41 047 42 514
36 535 37 500 38 939 40 354 40 929
35 763 36 401 37 842 39 973 41 526
42 033 43 641 45 193 47 395 48 860
33 836 35 441 36 882 38 261 39 204
... 26 845 28 679 30 142 31 720
34 392 34 785 35 465 36 734 37 172
33 475 34 175 35 290 37 230 36 640
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
51 027 52 049 52 570 53 227 53 413
44 553 46 079 46 858 47 322 47 240
40 609 41 678 41 712 42 571 43 587
29 494 30 418 31 377 32 712 34 154
11 615 12 097 12 890 13 458 14 170
34 324 35 774 37 044 36 809 38 659
40 425 42 907 43 284 44 433 44 970
36 029 37 587 38 427 39 020 40 177
42 470 43 998 45 185 46 742 48 147
41 532 43 976 45 163 46 141 47 294
40 627 43 086 44 054 45 331 47 504
49 324 51 261 51 466 52 234 52 277
40 499 41 459 42 010 42 888 44 140
32 536 33 983 35 175 36 595 37 458
37 383 37 649 36 973 37 480 38 361
36 558 37 739 38 611 39 658 40 307
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
53 033 53 768 53 160 54 846 56 490
46 518 46 584 46 746 47 676 49 199
43 610 44 496 44 519 45 113 46 532
34 878 35 630 36 318 36 353 37 359
13 877 14 375 15 046 16 522 17 955
38 993 39 089 40 402 41 919 41 948
46 972 47 719 48 638 49 292 50 606
40 336 40 644 42 020 43 129 44 269
48 832 49 471 50 613 51 377 52 258
47 032 47 129 47 249 48 774 50 067
48 433 48 882 48 984 49 397 50 994
51 541 50 996 50 601 52 459 53 428
45 037 45 155 45 198 47 042 49 442
38 862 39 763 40 607 41 470 43 176
38 573 38 447 38 970 39 613 40 975
39 624 40 075 41 653 43 434 43 612
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
57 661 58 350 58 818 59 945 60 843
50 108 49 783 50 442 51 382 51 566
47 733 46 768 47 757 47 900 48 010
39 046 39 997 41 351 43 642 45 284
18 483 19 740 20 794 22 304 22 872
42 895 43 712 44 411 45 555 46 598
51 157 51 745 52 663 54 361 55 379
44 987 46 109 46 036 46 337 46 810
53 562 54 671 55 606 57 637 59 044
50 705 51 185 51 569 53 075 54 209
51 929 53 049 54 618 56 304 57 817
53 341 54 151 55 116 55 420 56 710
50 684 51 057 50 930 51 124 53 147
44 636 45 044 45 370 46 067 46 602
41 440 42 316 43 385 43 904 44 435
44 590 46 063 47 218 47 996 47 799
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
61 263 61 733 63 456 64 289 65 426
51 309 51 130 52 090 53 050 54 467
47 871 48 460 49 655 51 357 52 353
46 857 47 462 47 389 47 327 47 796
24 241 25 716 26 711 28 018 29 469
47 826 48 933 49 804 50 203 51 523
56 293 57 264 58 405 58 281 60 390
47 770 48 677 50 233 50 984 53 998
60 126 60 671 61 860 62 094 63 377
55 647 48 813 50 637 50 905 52 312
58 079 57 886 58 760 59 846 62 157
57 209 57 109 56 919 57 705 59 013
54 657 56 918 59 047 60 266 62 457
46 595 47 214 48 325 49 223 50 635
44 511 44 689 45 954 47 600 49 908
47 924 48 553 49 855 51 484 52 658
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
66 140 67 655 69 184 71 053 73 117
54 999 55 365 56 506 57 397 59 057
52 253 53 707 55 432 57 004 58 605
48 666 49 795 50 228 49 785 50 408
31 279 32 763 33 704 33 403 35 935
52 604 53 788 54 291 55 525 56 443
67 537 68 131 69 888 69 718 71 166
54 696 55 513 56 433 56 758 57 585
64 150 64 619 65 776 67 061 67 902
53 180 53 856 54 879 55 332 55 691
64 042 64 134 65 142 65 432 65 976
59 125 59 918 60 555 61 147 62 328
63 747 65 671 67 240 67 251 67 986
51 059 51 553 52 030 52 314 52 881
51 072 52 198 54 120 55 248 56 557
54 232 55 216 55 906 57 191 58 133
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
73 944 74 455 75 845 76 983 79 127
60 642 60 973 61 275 60 951 61 877
59 084 59 648 60 938 61 389 62 390
52 174 52 669 53 647 54 583 55 961
37 391 38 077 39 634 40 917 42 058
57 780 57 919 58 484 59 144 60 603
72 389 73 629 74 483 75 220 76 153
59 277 59 135 59 400 60 438 61 714
68 714 68 766 69 042 69 705 71 351
56 421 56 871 57 191 57 632 58 124
67 039 66 892 65 993 65 043 65 537
63 351 63 780 63 451 63 921 65 550
69 801 70 941 71 731 73 213 75 688
53 679 53 921 54 188 54 137 54 043
57 610 57 144 58 195 59 388 62 204
59 657 60 560 61 337 62 371 63 775
2005 .................................... 2006 ....................................
80 289 81 454
62 816 63 311
62 131 62 482
56 806 57 794
43 250 44 831
61 557 62 684
75 223 77 071
63 149 63 954
72 248 73 134
58 731 59 870
65 388 65 477
66 443 67 324
76 957 76 825
53 901 54 314
63 755 65 412
64 419 65 684
1Unified Germany from 1991 onward; data for previous years relate to the former West Germany. . . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR FORCE STATISTICS 421 Table 11-8. Employment-Population Ratios, 16 Countries, 1960–2006 (Percent.)
Year
United States
Canada
Australia
Japan
Korea, Republic of
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
France
Germany1
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
37.8 37.2 37.3 37.2 37.5
35.2 35.1 35.3 35.5 36.1
40.4 39.5 39.7 40.1 40.7
49.9 50.5 50.6 50.5 50.8
... ... ... 27.7 27.5
52.8 52.8 52.3 51.6 51.1
38.5 38.6 39.1 39.0 39.2
46.6 46.9 47.3 47.5 48.1
42.7 42.2 41.4 41.1 41.1
47.0 47.0 46.7 46.3 45.9
41.7 41.7 41.3 40.3 39.8
40.1 40.2 40.4 40.4 40.6
42.5 42.9 42.8 42.6 42.5
... ... ... ... ...
48.5 48.6 48.6 48.5 48.8
46.1 46.2 46.0 45.8 46.1
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
38.0 38.7 39.2 39.6 40.2
36.7 37.5 37.9 38.0 38.6
41.1 42.2 42.5 42.8 43.0
50.5 51.7 52.1 52.5 52.4
28.3 28.3 28.6 29.4 29.4
50.5 49.7 48.5 47.6 47.4
39.0 38.9 38.5 38.3 38.9
48.6 49.0 48.6 48.6 49.3
40.8 40.8 40.5 40.1 40.4
45.6 45.1 43.5 43.4 43.7
38.5 37.6 37.8 37.5 37.1
40.4 40.1 39.6 39.5 39.7
42.5 42.3 42.3 42.0 42.0
... ... ... ... ...
48.6 48.3 47.4 47.7 48.2
46.3 46.1 45.3 44.9 44.7
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
39.9 39.6 40.3 41.2 41.6
38.5 38.1 38.7 40.1 41.2
43.8 42.9 42.8 43.4 43.2
51.9 51.6 51.1 51.6 50.7
29.8 30.2 31.0 32.1 32.9
47.3 47.6 47.7 48.1 48.6
38.9 39.1 38.8 39.0 39.5
49.4 49.0 49.7 50.1 49.4
40.6 40.4 40.2 40.5 40.6
43.8 43.5 43.4 43.7 43.1
37.0 36.9 36.6 36.8 37.2
39.7 39.5 38.7 38.4 38.5
42.4 42.4 42.6 42.6 42.9
... 41.9 41.9 42.5 42.3
48.6 48.3 48.4 48.5 49.3
44.4 44.2 44.2 44.7 44.8
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
40.8 41.7 42.7 44.1 44.8
41.3 41.6 41.8 42.6 44.1
42.5 42.5 42.7 42.3 42.6
49.9 49.8 49.9 50.0 50.1
33.1 34.6 35.2 36.3 36.2
48.4 48.7 49.2 49.5 49.8
38.8 38.6 38.4 38.4 38.7
48.6 49.3 49.1 49.3 49.6
40.0 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.4
42.1 42.1 42.2 42.6 43.3
37.0 37.2 37.1 37.1 37.4
37.9 37.8 38.3 38.5 38.9
43.3 44.6 45.6 46.2 46.7
41.0 40.1 39.3 37.8 36.7
50.1 50.1 50.0 50.1 50.7
44.7 44.4 44.5 44.7 45.1
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
44.5 44.6 43.8 44.0 45.4
44.8 45.5 43.6 43.5 44.1
43.3 43.5 42.7 41.4 42.1
50.0 50.1 50.1 50.5 50.4
35.9 36.2 36.6 36.3 35.7
50.3 49.9 49.2 49.0 48.9
38.6 37.9 37.4 37.0 36.9
49.2 48.4 48.6 48.6 49.4
40.3 39.9 39.7 39.4 39.1
43.8 43.7 43.2 42.7 43.0
37.9 37.8 37.8 38.0 37.9
39.8 39.7 39.3 38.5 38.8
47.7 48.1 48.0 47.7 48.0
35.7 34.6 34.1 33.9 33.0
51.1 51.2 51.1 51.2 51.5
44.8 43.7 42.8 42.5 43.4
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
45.9 46.5 47.2 47.8 48.3
45.0 45.9 46.6 47.4 47.6
42.9 44.0 44.3 45.3 46.4
50.3 50.3 50.3 50.7 51.2
36.7 37.6 39.3 40.1 41.4
49.1 49.2 49.1 49.5 49.8
37.1 37.3 37.5 37.9 38.4
50.5 51.7 51.8 51.4 51.1
38.6 38.6 38.7 38.8 39.2
43.4 44.0 44.3 44.4 44.6
38.3 38.6 38.6 39.0 39.3
39.7 40.1 39.9 40.8 41.3
49.1 50.6 51.4 50.8 49.1
32.5 33.2 34.7 35.8 37.0
52.0 52.1 52.3 52.8 53.1
43.8 44.0 44.7 46.1 47.1
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
48.3 47.3 46.9 46.9 47.4
47.2 45.9 44.9 44.6 45.0
46.6 44.9 44.2 43.9 44.8
51.9 52.8 53.2 53.2 53.1
42.2 43.1 43.5 43.5 44.5
50.4 50.5 50.3 49.6 49.5
38.8 38.7 38.4 38.0 37.7
50.8 50.3 49.6 48.6 48.3
39.3 39.2 38.7 38.1 38.0
45.0 48.3 47.2 46.3 46.1
39.9 40.6 40.3 39.2 38.5
42.4 43.2 43.7 43.4 43.4
48.5 47.8 47.5 47.5 47.9
38.4 38.7 38.1 36.9 36.6
53.2 52.1 49.5 46.6 45.8
47.2 45.8 44.6 44.1 44.8
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
47.5 47.6 48.0 48.1 48.3
45.4 45.3 45.8 46.6 47.4
46.0 46.0 45.9 46.4 46.6
53.1 53.2 53.4 52.6 51.8
45.3 45.8 46.2 43.1 43.5
49.3 49.4 49.8 50.4 51.1
37.9 37.9 38.2 38.8 39.2
48.9 49.2 49.8 50.4 50.8
38.2 38.2 38.2 38.7 39.3
46.0 45.8 45.7 46.2 46.8
38.4 38.6 38.7 39.1 39.5
44.4 45.2 46.3 47.4 48.4
48.6 49.4 50.5 51.6 51.7
37.2 37.7 38.7 40.0 41.1
46.4 46.0 45.4 46.0 47.0
44.7 45.0 45.7 46.0 46.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
49.0 48.5 47.9 47.9 47.9
48.1 48.2 48.8 49.5 49.9
47.2 47.1 47.5 48.0 48.4
51.4 50.9 50.0 49.8 49.8
45.0 45.6 46.6 46.3 47.0
51.5 51.6 51.2 51.0 50.6
39.9 39.4 39.4 39.2 39.7
50.9 51.2 51.0 50.2 50.1
40.1 40.5 40.4 40.2 40.0
47.6 47.7 47.4 46.9 47.1
40.3 41.1 41.6 41.9 41.7
49.1 49.3 49.3 48.9 48.4
51.6 51.6 51.5 50.7 50.6
42.1 42.7 42.9 43.5 44.3
48.0 48.8 48.7 48.3 47.8
46.8 47.1 47.2 47.5 47.8
2005 .................................... 2006 ....................................
48.3 48.7
50.1 50.5
49.4 49.7
50.0 50.2
47.5 47.9
50.5 50.9
40.4 40.5
50.3 51.1
39.9 40.0
47.1 47.5
41.5 42.1
48.4 48.9
50.8 51.9
45.2 45.9
47.8 48.3
47.9 48.1
1Unified Germany from 1991 onward; data for previous years relate to the former West Germany. . . . = Not available.
422 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 11-9. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Capita and Per Employed Person, 16 Countries, Selected Years, 1979–2006 (Average annual percent change.) Category and country
1979–2006 1979–1990 1990–1995 1995–2000 2000–2006 2001–2002 2002–2003 2003–2004 2004–2005 2005–2006
Real GDP Per Capita United States ................................................................................ Canada ......................................................................................... Australia ....................................................................................... Japan ........................................................................................... Korea, Republic of .......................................................................
1.9 1.6 1.9 2.0 5.4
2.0 1.4 1.7 3.3 6.5
1.2 0.6 1.5 1.2 6.7
2.9 3.2 3.0 0.8 3.5
1.5 1.5 1.8 1.3 4.2
0.6 1.8 3.0 0.1 6.4
1.5 0.8 1.8 1.2 2.6
2.9 2.3 2.6 2.7 4.3
2.2 1.9 1.5 1.9 4.0
2.3 1.7 1.3 2.1 4.6
Austria .......................................................................................... Belgium ........................................................................................ Denmark ....................................................................................... France .......................................................................................... Germany1 .....................................................................................
1.9 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.6
2.1 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.9
1.5 3.2 2.0 0.7 1.5
2.8 2.5 2.4 2.4 1.9
1.2 1.3 1.3 1.0 0.9
0.3 1.1 0.1 0.3 -0.2
0.7 0.6 0.1 0.4 -0.2
1.7 2.5 1.9 1.8 1.3
1.3 0.5 2.8 1.1 1.0
2.6 2.7 2.9 1.4 2.8
Italy ............................................................................................... Netherlands .................................................................................. Norway ......................................................................................... Spain ............................................................................................ Sweden ........................................................................................ United Kingdom ............................................................................
1.6 1.8 2.5 2.2 1.8 2.1
2.4 1.6 2.3 2.4 1.8 2.0
1.2 1.6 3.2 1.2 0.0 1.4
1.9 3.4 3.1 3.5 3.1 2.9
0.3 0.9 1.7 1.7 2.3 2.1
0.0 -0.6 1.0 0.8 1.6 1.7
-0.7 -0.1 0.4 1.4 1.3 2.3
0.2 1.6 3.3 1.6 3.7 2.8
-0.6 1.3 2.0 1.8 2.5 1.3
1.4 2.3 2.1 2.5 3.7 2.5
Real GDP Per Employed Person United States ................................................................................ Canada ......................................................................................... Australia ....................................................................................... Japan ........................................................................................... Korea, Republic of ........................................................................
1.6 1.1 1.3 2.0 4.4
1.3 0.8 0.9 2.9 5.0
1.5 1.4 1.8 0.8 5.2
2.3 2.0 2.5 1.4 3.6
1.6 0.7 0.9 1.7 3.1
1.9 0.5 2.2 1.9 4.1
1.5 -0.5 0.7 1.7 3.2
2.8 1.5 1.6 2.5 2.8
1.5 1.5 -0.4 1.5 2.8
1.5 0.8 0.6 1.7 3.7
Austria .......................................................................................... Belgium ........................................................................................ Denmark ....................................................................................... France .......................................................................................... Germany1 .....................................................................................
1.8 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.5
2.0 2.1 1.6 2.0 1.5
1.9 3.7 2.7 1.3 2.2
1.9 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.2
1.4 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.6
1.1 1.0 1.7 1.0 0.8
2.5 1.2 2.1 2.4 0.9
1.6 -1.2 2.3 1.3 1.0
1.8 2.5 1.3 1.2 1.9
Italy ............................................................................................... Netherlands .................................................................................. Norway ......................................................................................... Spain ............................................................................................ Sweden ........................................................................................ United Kingdom ............................................................................
1.2 0.9 2.1 1.4 2.0 1.8
1.8 0.8 2.0 2.0 1.4 1.6
2.0 0.7 3.1 1.8 2.8 2.5
0.9 1.4 1.8 1.0 2.4 1.9
-0.4 1.0 1.6 0.2 2.1 1.6
-1.3 -0.5 1.1 0.5 1.8 1.3
-1.4 0.7 2.1 -0.1 2.0 1.7
0.8 2.5 3.4 -0.2 4.7 2.3
-0.2 1.4 1.7 -0.3 2.5 1.0
0.1 1.3 -0.2 0.8 2.6 2.0
1Unified
Germany from 1995–2000 onward; data for previous years relate to the former West Germany.
CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR FORCE STATISTICS 423 Table 11-10. Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs), Exchange Rates, and Relative Prices, 16 Countries, 2002 (United States = 1.0.) Country
PPPs for gross domestic product (GDP)
Relative prices1
Exchange rates
United States .............................................................. Canada ....................................................................... Australia ...................................................................... Japan .......................................................................... Korea, Republic of ......................................................
1.000 1.229 1.337 143.7 778.8
1.000 1.570 1.839 125.2 1 250.3
1.00 0.78 0.73 1.15 0.62
Austria ......................................................................... Belgium ....................................................................... Denmark ..................................................................... France ......................................................................... Germany .....................................................................
0.912 0.883 8.425 0.900 0.959
1.058 1.058 7.886 1.058 1.058
0.86 0.83 1.07 0.85 0.91
Italy ............................................................................. Netherlands ................................................................. Norway ........................................................................ Spain ........................................................................... Sweden ....................................................................... United Kingdom ..........................................................
0.825 0.921 9.142 0.743 9.365 0.610
1.058 1.058 7.984 1.058 9.723 0.666
0.78 0.87 1.15 0.70 0.96 0.92
1A
number below 1.00 indicates that prices are lower in the specified country than in the United States, and a number greater than 1.00 indicates that prices are higher in the specified country than in the United States.
CHAPTER 12 AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY
AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY HIGHLIGHTS This chapter presents data from the new American Time Use Survey (ATUS). The survey was introduced in the sixth edition of the Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics. Its purpose is to collect data on the activities people do during the day and the amount of time they spend on each one.
Percent of Population Reporting Activity on the Diary Day, by Sex, 2006 100 90 Men Women
80
Percent
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Household activities
Working
Participating in sports, exercise, and recreation
Caring for and helping household children
Educational activities
Activity The time spent on various activities has changed little in the last two years. Despite the increased labor force participation of women, there is still a considerable difference between the number of men and women who reported working on the diary day. In 2006, 51 percent of men and 39 percent of women reported working. However, 83.6 percent of women reported participating in household activities on the diary day, compared with 63.7 percent of men. (See Table 12-1.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • Not only did more men report working on the average diary day, they reported working longer hours. On average, men worked 8.04 hours on the diary day, compared with 7.04 hours for women in 2006. More women than men worked part time. (See Table 12-1.) • A higher proportion of women (10.1 percent) than men (8.6 percent) reported engaging in educational activities. (See Table 12-1.) • Women spent more time caring for children, regardless of employment status or the age of the children. (See Table 12-8.) • Persons employed in transportation and material moving and installation, maintenance, and repair worked more hours per day (8.32 hours and 8.16 hours, respectively) than workers in any other occupation. (See Table 12-4.)
427
428 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Survey Methodology While the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has long produced statistics about the labor market, including information about employment, hours, and earnings, the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) marks the first time that a federal statistical agency has produced estimates on how Americans spend another critical resource—their time. Data collection for the ATUS began in January 2003. Sample cases for the survey are selected monthly, and interviews are conducted continuously throughout the year. In 2006, approximately 13,000 individuals were interviewed. ATUS sample households are chosen from the households that have completed their eighth (final) interview for the Current Population Survey (CPS), the nation’s monthly household labor force survey. (See Chapter 1 of this Handbook for a description of the CPS.) ATUS sample households are selected to ensure that estimates will be representative of the nation. An individual age 15 years or over is randomly chosen from each sample household. This “designated person” takes part in a one-time telephone interview about his or her activities on the previous day (the “diary day”). Concepts and Definitions Average hours per day. The average number of hours spent in a 24-hour day (between 4 a.m. on the diary day and 4 a.m. on the interview day) doing a specified activity. Average hours per day, population. The average number of hours per day spent on a particular activity is computed using all responses from the sample population, including those from respondents who did not do the particular activity on their diary day. These estimates reflect the total number of respondents engaged in an activity and the total amount of time they spent on the activity. Average hours per day, persons reporting the activity on the diary day. The average number of hours per day spent on a particular activity is computed using responses only from those engaged in the particular activity on the diary day. Diary day. The diary day is the day about which the designated person reports. For example, the diary day of a designated person interviewed on Tuesday would be Monday.
bad weather, vacation, childcare problems, labor-management disputes, maternity or paternity leave, job training, or other family or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs. Employed full time. Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs combined. Employed part time. Part-time workers are those who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at all jobs combined. Not employed. Persons are not employed if they do not meet the conditions for employment. Not employed workers include those classified as unemployed as well as those classified as not in the labor force (using CPS definitions). The numbers of employed and not employed persons in this report do not correspond to published totals from the CPS. While the information on employment from the ATUS is useful for assessing work in the context of other daily activities, the employment data are not intended for analysis of current employment trends. Compared to the CPS and other estimates of employment, the ATUS estimates are based on a much smaller sample and are only available with a substantial lag. Household children. Household children are children under 18 years of age who reside in the household of the ATUS respondent. The children may be related to the respondent (such as their own children, grandchildren, nieces, nephews, brothers, or sisters) or not related (such as foster children or children of roommates). For secondary childcare calculations, respondents are asked about care of household children under 13 years of age. Primary activity. A primary activity is the main activity of a respondent at a specified time. Major Activity Category Definitions Personal care activities. Personal care activities include sleeping, bathing, dressing, health-related self-care, and personal or private activities. Receiving unpaid personal care from others (for example, “my sister put polish on my nails”) is also captured in this category.
Employment Status
Eating and drinking. All time spent eating or drinking (except when identified by the respondent as part of a work or volunteer activity), whether alone, with others, at home, at a place of purchase, in transit, or somewhere else, is classified in this category.
Employed. All persons who, at any time during the seven days prior to the interview: 1) did any work at all as paid employees, worked in their own business professions, or on their own farms, or usually worked 15 hours or more an unpaid workers in family-operated enterprises; and 2) all those who were not working but had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent due to illness,
Household activities. Household activities are those done by respondents to maintain their households. These include housework, cooking, yard care, pet care, vehicle maintenance and repair, and home maintenance, repair, decoration, and renovation. Food preparation is always classified as a household activity. Household management and organizational activities—such as filling out paper-
CHAPTER 12: AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY 429 work, balancing a checkbook, or planning a party—are also included in this category. Purchasing goods and services. This category includes the purchase of consumer goods as well as the purchase or use of professional and personal care services, household services, and government services. Most purchases and rentals of consumer goods, regardless of mode or place of purchase or rental (in person, via telephone, over the Internet, at home, or in a store), are classified in this category. Time spent obtaining, receiving, and purchasing professional and personal care services provided by someone else is also classified in this category, which also includes time spent arranging for and purchasing household services provided by someone else. Caring for and helping household members. Time spent doing activities that involve caring for or helping to care for or help any child or adult in the respondent’s household, regardless of the relationship to the respondent or the physical or mental health status of the person being helped, are classified in this category. Household member are considered children if they are under 18 years of age. Caring for and helping household members also includes a range of activities done to benefit adult members of households, such as providing physical and medical care or obtaining medical services. Caring for and helping non-household members. Time spent caring for and helping any child or adult who is not part of the respondent’s household, regardless of the relationship to the respondent or the physical or mental health status of the person being helped, is classified in this category. Working and work-related activities. This category includes time spent working, doing activities as part of one’s job, engaging in income-generating activities (not as part of one’s job), and job search activities. “Working” includes hours spent doing the specific tasks required of one’s main or other job, regardless of location or time of day. Travel time related to working and work-related activities
includes time spent commuting to and from one’s job, as well as time spent traveling for work-related activities, generating income, and job searching. Educational activities. Educational activities include taking classes (including Internet and other distance-learning courses), doing research and homework, and taking care of administrative tasks, such as registering for classes or obtaining a school ID. For high school students, beforeand after-school extracurricular activities (except sports) also are classified as educational activities. Organizational, civic, and religious activities. This category captures time spent volunteering for or through an organization, performing civic obligations, and participating in religious and spiritual activities. Leisure and sports. The leisure and sports category includes sports, exercise, and recreation; socializing and communicating; and other leisure activities, such as watching television, reading or attending entertainment events. Telephone calls, mail, and e-mail. This category captures telephone communication and handling household or personal mail and e-mail. Telephone and Internet purchases are classified in purchasing goods and services. Other activities, not elsewhere classified. This residual category includes security procedures related to traveling, traveling not associated with a specific activity category, ambiguous activities that could not be coded, or missing activities that were considered too private to report. Sources of Additional Information Additional information, including expanded definitions and estimation methodology, is available from BLS news release USDL 07-0930, “American Time Use Survey, 2006”; the June 2005 edition of the Monthly Labor Review; and the ATUS User’s Guide, June 2007. All of these resources are available on the BLS Web site at .
430 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 12-1. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Primary Activities1 for the Total Population and for Persons Reporting the Activity on the Diary Day, by Activity Category and Sex, 2006 Annual Averages (Number, percent.) Hours per day, total population
Activity Both sexes
All Activities2 .................................................................. Personal care activities .................................................... Sleeping ....................................................................... Eating and drinking ........................................................... Household activities ......................................................... Housework ................................................................... Food preparation and cleanup ..................................... Lawn and garden care .................................................. Household management .............................................. Purchasing goods and services ....................................... Consumer goods purchases ........................................ Professional and personal care services ...................... Caring for and helping household members .................... Caring for and helping household children ................... Caring for and helping non-household members ............. Caring for and helping non-household adults ............... Working and work-related activities .................................. Working ........................................................................ Educational activities ........................................................ Attending class ............................................................. Homework and research .............................................. Organizational, civic, and religious activities .................... Religious and spiritual activities ................................... Volunteering (organizational and civic activities) .......... Leisure and sports ............................................................ Socializing and communicating .................................... Watching television ...................................................... Participating in sports, exercise, and recreation ........... Telephone calls, mail, and e-mail ..................................... Other activities n.e.c. ........................................................
24.00 9.41 8.63 1.23 1.79 0.61 0.53 0.20 0.13 0.81 0.40 0.09 0.53 0.41 0.21 0.07 3.75 3.40 0.49 0.30 0.15 0.30 0.12 0.13 5.09 0.76 2.58 0.28 0.19 0.21
Men
24.00 9.21 8.56 1.25 1.33 0.25 0.29 0.26 0.11 0.64 0.29 0.06 0.33 0.24 0.18 0.07 4.53 4.10 0.45 0.29 0.12 0.29 0.11 0.13 5.47 0.71 2.80 0.38 0.12 0.20
Percent of population reporting the activity on the diary day Women
24.00 9.59 8.69 1.22 2.23 0.95 0.75 0.14 0.14 0.96 0.51 0.11 0.71 0.57 0.24 0.08 3.02 2.74 0.53 0.32 0.17 0.31 0.13 0.13 4.72 0.80 2.36 0.18 0.26 0.22
Both sexes
X 100.0 99.9 96.0 74.0 36.1 51.6 10.3 18.5 45.5 41.1 8.8 25.2 21.6 13.1 8.1 46.5 44.8 9.4 6.8 6.0 13.3 7.7 6.7 96.4 40.4 79.5 17.1 25.9 13.9
Men
X 100.0 99.9 96.0 63.7 19.5 37.1 11.8 15.4 40.3 36.3 6.4 19.9 16.5 11.3 7.5 52.6 51.0 8.6 6.4 5.2 12.0 6.5 6.2 96.4 37.4 80.8 19.5 19.2 12.2
Note: Data refer to respondents age 15 years and over, unless otherwise specified. n.e.c. = Not elsewhere classified. 1A primary activity is designated by a respondent as his 2All major activity categories include related travel time.
X = Not applicable.
or her main activity. Other activities done simultaneously are not included.
Women
X 100.0 100.0 96.1 83.6 51.8 65.2 8.9 21.4 50.3 45.6 11.0 30.2 26.4 14.8 8.7 40.8 39.0 10.1 7.1 6.8 14.5 8.8 7.1 96.4 43.2 78.2 14.8 32.3 15.5
Hours per day, persons reporting the activity on the diary day Both sexes
X 9.41 8.63 1.29 2.42 1.69 1.02 1.92 0.68 1.78 0.98 0.98 2.09 1.90 1.63 0.92 8.06 7.59 5.20 4.51 2.42 2.26 1.57 2.00 5.28 1.87 3.24 1.64 0.73 1.50
Men
X 9.22 8.57 1.31 2.09 1.27 0.79 2.22 0.70 1.60 0.80 0.98 1.64 1.48 1.63 0.93 8.60 8.04 5.19 4.55 2.35 2.39 1.62 2.14 5.68 1.90 3.46 1.96 0.63 1.64
Women
X 9.59 8.69 1.27 2.66 1.83 1.15 1.55 0.67 1.91 1.12 0.99 2.37 2.15 1.62 0.91 7.40 7.04 5.21 4.47 2.46 2.16 1.54 1.88 4.90 1.84 3.02 1.24 0.79 1.39
CHAPTER 12: AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY 431 Table 12-2. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Primary Activities1 for the Total Population, by Age, Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Educational Attainment, 2006 Annual Averages (Number.) Hours per day spent in primary activities2
Characteristic
Caring for Caring for Working Organizaand and and tional, Personal Purchasing Eduhelping Eating and Household helping workcare goods and cational civic, and nondrinking activities related activities religious activities services household household members activities activities members
Leisure activities
Telephone Other calls, mail, activities and e-mail n.e.c.
Both Sexes, 15 Years and Over .............................. 15 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 to 34 years ............................................................ 35 to 44 years ............................................................ 45 to 54 years ............................................................ 55 to 64 years ............................................................ 65 to 74 years ............................................................ 75 years and over ......................................................
9.41 10.30 9.64 9.31 9.12 9.10 9.19 9.68 9.83
1.23 1.07 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.31 1.44 1.50
1.79 0.76 1.05 1.55 1.87 1.97 2.11 2.64 2.32
0.81 0.56 0.67 0.81 0.87 0.82 0.91 0.93 0.80
0.53 0.15 0.51 1.07 0.98 0.36 0.16 0.13 0.12
0.21 0.21 0.20 0.12 0.19 0.24 0.28 0.30 0.21
3.75 1.39 4.23 4.77 4.96 5.06 3.80 0.94 0.34
0.49 3.29 0.80 0.39 0.15 0.09 0.04 0.05 0.06
0.30 0.34 0.21 0.16 0.30 0.29 0.39 0.38 0.43
5.09 5.40 5.03 4.30 4.09 4.52 5.41 6.97 7.82
0.19 0.33 0.19 0.14 0.13 0.17 0.18 0.24 0.30
0.21 0.22 0.24 0.17 0.16 0.20 0.20 0.29 0.27
Men, 15 Years and Over .......................................... 15 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 to 34 years ............................................................ 35 to 44 years ............................................................ 45 to 54 years ............................................................ 55 to 64 years ............................................................ 65 to 74 years ............................................................ 75 years and over ......................................................
9.21 10.26 9.36 9.10 8.93 8.85 8.97 9.74 9.60
1.25 1.02 1.23 1.20 1.22 1.21 1.34 1.51 1.52
1.33 0.61 0.84 1.03 1.28 1.50 1.70 2.20 1.77
0.64 0.38 0.46 0.62 0.66 0.64 0.79 0.87 0.75
0.33 0.10 0.12 0.50 0.66 0.32 0.13 0.12 0.17
0.18 0.20 0.22 0.11 0.14 0.21 0.21 0.30 0.19
4.53 1.53 4.62 6.00 6.13 5.85 4.26 1.07 0.61
0.45 3.08 0.65 0.38 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.04
0.29 0.34 0.23 0.15 0.28 0.29 0.37 0.34 0.44
5.47 6.02 5.80 4.66 4.42 4.81 5.90 7.36 8.49
0.12 0.24 0.17 0.10 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.18
0.20 0.23 0.27 0.16 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.33 0.23
Women, 15 Years and Over .................................... 15 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 to 34 years ............................................................ 35 to 44 years ............................................................ 45 to 54 years ............................................................ 55 to 64 years ............................................................ 65 to 74 years ............................................................ 75 years and over ......................................................
9.59 10.34 9.93 9.53 9.31 9.35 9.40 9.63 9.98
1.22 1.11 1.20 1.18 1.15 1.12 1.28 1.39 1.48
2.23 0.92 1.26 2.08 2.45 2.42 2.49 3.01 2.68
0.96 0.74 0.87 0.99 1.07 1.00 1.01 0.97 0.83
0.71 0.19 0.91 1.64 1.30 0.40 0.19 0.14 0.09
0.24 0.23 0.17 0.14 0.24 0.27 0.35 0.30 0.22
3.02 1.24 3.83 3.54 3.81 4.31 3.37 0.83 0.17
0.53 3.51 0.96 0.40 0.23 0.12 0.05 0.07 0.07
0.31 0.33 0.19 0.18 0.32 0.29 0.42 0.41 0.43
4.72 4.75 4.24 3.95 3.77 4.25 4.96 6.65 7.38
0.26 0.42 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.24 0.25 0.34 0.37
0.22 0.21 0.22 0.18 0.18 0.23 0.21 0.26 0.30
White, 15 Years and Over ........................................ Men ............................................................................ Women ......................................................................
9.30 9.11 9.49
1.28 1.31 1.25
1.85 1.37 2.31
0.81 0.64 0.98
0.53 0.33 0.71
0.21 0.19 0.24
3.76 4.61 2.96
0.47 0.42 0.52
0.29 0.28 0.30
5.09 5.42 4.76
0.18 0.11 0.25
0.21 0.21 0.22
Black, 15 Years and Over ........................................ Men ............................................................................ Women ......................................................................
10.08 9.93 10.19
0.87 0.81 0.92
1.38 0.98 1.72
0.75 0.64 0.83
0.46 0.22 0.67
0.20 0.18 0.21
3.54 3.97 3.19
0.43 0.50 0.38
0.37 0.36 0.38
5.49 6.10 4.99
0.25 0.17 0.32
0.18 0.14 0.20
Hispanic,3 15 Years and Over ................................. Men ............................................................................ Women ......................................................................
9.67 9.60 9.75
1.18 1.20 1.16
1.85 1.17 2.58
0.77 0.56 0.99
0.60 0.31 0.92
0.15 0.14 0.16
3.92 4.95 2.81
0.69 0.71 0.67
0.23 0.19 0.28
4.63 4.92 4.31
0.13 0.11 0.15
0.18 0.15 0.21
Marital Status and Sex Married, spouse present ............................................ Men ........................................................................ Women .................................................................. Other marital statuses ................................................ Men ........................................................................ Women ..................................................................
9.12 8.90 9.35 9.75 9.63 9.86
1.28 1.31 1.25 1.18 1.18 1.17
2.09 1.49 2.69 1.43 1.13 1.70
0.88 0.73 1.04 0.72 0.53 0.88
0.75 0.51 1.00 0.25 0.09 0.39
0.21 0.18 0.24 0.22 0.19 0.24
4.08 5.04 3.12 3.34 3.86 2.89
0.11 0.07 0.15 0.94 0.93 0.95
0.33 0.33 0.32 0.27 0.23 0.30
4.79 5.16 4.41 5.45 5.87 5.08
0.14 0.08 0.20 0.25 0.17 0.32
0.21 0.21 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.21
Educational Attainment, 25 Years and Over Less than a high school diploma ............................... High school graduate, no college4 ............................. Some college or associate degree ............................ Bachelor’s degree and higher5 ..................................
9.86 9.42 9.21 8.94
1.10 1.19 1.24 1.41
2.38 2.05 1.94 1.77
0.80 0.76 0.92 0.91
0.50 0.46 0.58 0.71
0.20 0.25 0.23 0.18
2.57 3.58 4.25 4.72
0.04 0.07 0.22 0.22
0.25 0.28 0.29 0.37
6.01 5.57 4.76 4.33
0.10 0.15 0.19 0.22
0.17 0.21 0.18 0.23
Note: Data refer to persons age 15 years and over, unless otherwise specified n.e.c. = Not elsewhere classified. 1A primary activity is designated by a respondent as his or her main activity. Other 2All major activity categories include related travel time. 3May be of any race. 4Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 5Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
activities done simultaneously are not included.
432 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 12-3. Average Hours Worked Per Day by Employed Persons on Weekdays and Weekends, by Selected Characteristics, 2006 Annual Averages (Number, percent.) Worked on an average day Characteristic
Total employed (thousands)
Number (thousands)
Percent
Worked on an average weekday
Hours per day2
Number3 (thousands)
Percent
Hours per day2
Worked on an average Saturday, Sunday, or holiday1 Number4 (thousands)
Percent
Hours per day2
Both Sexes5 ........................................................... Full-time worker ...................................................... Part-time worker ......................................................
151 175 117 880 33 295
104 048 85 035 19 012
68.8 72.1 57.1
7.60 8.12 5.30
126 176 104 111 22 067
83.5 88.3 66.3
7.99 8.54 5.40
52 673 40 760 11 914
34.8 34.6 35.8
5.43 5.59 4.87
Men5 ....................................................................... Full-time worker ...................................................... Part-time worker ......................................................
80 637 68 954 11 684
57 426 50 722 6 704
71.2 73.6 57.4
8.04 8.44 5.08
69 041 61 214 7 747
85.6 88.8 66.3
8.47 8.89 5.01
30 198 25 697 4 491
37.4 37.3 38.4
5.75 5.82 5.34
Women5 ................................................................. Full-time worker ...................................................... Part-time worker ......................................................
70 538 48 926 21 611
46 622 34 314 12 308
66.1 70.1 57.0
7.06 7.65 5.42
57 124 42 891 14 320
81.0 87.7 66.3
7.41 8.03 5.60
22 506 15 146 7 390
31.9 31.0 34.2
5.00 5.21 4.55
Multiple Job Holding Status Single job holder ..................................................... Multiple job holder ...................................................
135 379 15 795
91 292 12 756
67.4 80.8
7.53 8.08
112 022 14 130
82.7 89.5
7.90 8.75
43 576 9 317
32.2 59.0
5.40 5.55
Educational Attainment, 25 Years and Over Less than a high school diploma ............................. High school graduate, no college7 .......................... Some college or associate degree .......................... Bachelor's degree or higher8 ..................................
11 035 36 699 34 941 44 584
7 301 24 815 24 388 32 735
66.2 67.6 69.8 73.4
7.87 8.05 7.74 7.38
9 279 30 589 29 668 39 511
84.1 83.4 84.9 88.6
7.96 8.28 8.13 8.06
2 713 11 539 11 780 17 335
24.6 31.4 33.7 38.9
(6) 6.67 5.38 3.87
Note: Data refer to persons age 15 years and over, unless otherwise specified. 1Holidays are New Year's Day, Easter, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. 2Includes work at main and other job(s) and excludes travel related to work. 3Number was derived by multiplying the "total employed" by the percentage of employed persons who worked on an average 4Number was derived by multiplying the "total employed" by the percentage of employed persons who worked on an average 5Includes workers whose hours vary. 6Data not shown where base is less than 1.2 million. 7Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 8Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
weekday. Saturday, Sunday, or holiday.
CHAPTER 12: AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY 433 Table 12-4. Average Hours Worked Per Day at Main Job Only by Employed Persons on Weekdays and Weekend Days, by Selected Characteristics, 2006 Annual Averages (Number, percent.) Worked on an average day Characteristic
Class of Worker Wage and salary workers .................................................. Self-employed workers ......................................................
Total employed (thousands)
139 901 11 115
Number (thousands)
Percent
Worked on an average weekday
Hours per day2
Number3 (thousands)
115 885 9 031
94 208 7 964
67.3 71.6
7.61 6.40
Worked on an average Saturday, Sunday, or holiday1
Hours per day2
Number4 (thousands)
82.8 81.3
7.95 6.92
43 855 5 458
31.3 49.1
5.51 4.40
Percent
Percent
Hours per day2
Occupation Management, business, and financial operations .............. Professional and related .................................................... Services ............................................................................. Sales and related ............................................................... Office and administrative support ...................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................ Construction and extraction ............................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................. Production .......................................................................... Transportation and material moving ..................................
21 568 32 540 25 897 17 208 20 337 (5) 8 202 5 510 9 745 9 055
16 135 22 872 15 804 11 879 12 669 (5) 5 338 3 880 6 627 6 300
74.8 70.3 61.0 69.0 62.3 (5) 65.1 70.4 68.0 69.6
7.69 7.21 7.07 7.28 7.32 (5) 8.08 8.16 8.13 8.32
19 626 28 124 18 051 13 530 16 287 (5) 7 274 4 871 8 560 7 824
91.0 86.4 69.7 78.6 80.1 (5) 88.7 88.4 87.8 86.4
8.33 7.79 7.19 7.60 7.54 (5) 8.34 8.37 8.39 8.32
8 103 10 336 10 355 8 234 4 075 (5) 1 331 1 441 2 590 2 705
37.6 31.8 40.0 47.9 20.0 (5) 16.2 26.1 26.6 29.9
4.17 3.48 6.56 6.11 5.21 (5) (5) (5) (5) (5)
Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Earners6 $0 to $460 .......................................................................... $461 to $710 ...................................................................... $711 to $1,100 ................................................................... $1,101 and higher ..............................................................
26 950 26 514 27 002 26 546
18 575 17 650 19 427 19 256
68.9 66.6 71.9 72.5
7.73 8.05 8.24 8.08
22 950 22 026 24 633 23 784
85.2 83.1 91.2 89.6
7.86 8.34 8.58 8.72
8 662 6 772 7 462 9 022
32.1 25.5 27.6 34.0
6.92 5.76 5.66 4.26
Note: Data refer to persons age 15 years and over, unless otherwise specified. 1Holidays are New Year's Day, Easter, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. 2Includes work at main job only and excludes travel related to work. 3Number was derived by multiplying the "total employed" by the percentage of employed persons who worked on an average weekday. 4Number was derived by multiplying the "total employed" by the percentage of employed persons who worked on an average Saturday, Sunday, or holiday. 5Data not shown where base is less than 1.2 million. 6These values are based on usual weekly earnings. Each earnings range represents approximately 25 percent of full-time wage and salary workers.
434 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 12-5. Average Hours Worked Per Day at All Jobs by Employed Persons at Workplaces or at Home, by Selected Characteristics, 2006 Annual Averages (Number, percent.) Employed persons who reported working on an average day1 Location of work2 Characteristic
Total employed (thousands)
Number (thousands)
Percent
Hours of work
Persons who reported working at their workplaces on an average day Number (thousands)
Percent
Hours of work at workplace
Persons who reported working at home on an average day3 Number (thousands)
Percent
Hours of work at home
Full and Part-time Status and Sex Both sexes4 ............................................................... Full-time worker ..................................................... Part-time worker .................................................... Men4 .......................................................................... Full-time worker ..................................................... Part-time worker .................................................... Women4 ..................................................................... Full-time worker ..................................................... Part-time worker ....................................................
151 175 117 880 33 295 80 637 68 954 11 684 70 538 48 926 21 611
104 048 85 035 19 012 57 426 50 722 6 704 46 622 34 314 12 308
68.8 72.1 57.1 71.2 73.6 57.4 66.1 70.1 57.0
7.60 8.12 5.30 8.04 8.44 5.08 7.06 7.65 5.42
89 664 74 487 15 177 49 741 44 428 5 313 39 923 30 059 9 865
86.2 87.6 79.8 86.6 87.6 79.2 85.6 87.6 80.1
7.87 8.31 5.74 8.28 8.61 5.59 7.36 7.87 5.82
21 980 17 729 4 251 12 386 10 828 1 558 9 594 6 901 2 693
21.1 20.8 22.4 21.6 21.3 23.2 20.6 20.1 21.9
2.64 2.76 2.17 2.60 2.69 2.01 2.70 2.87 2.27
Multiple Job Holding Status Single job holder ........................................................ Multiple job holder .....................................................
135 379 15 795
91 292 12 756
67.4 80.8
7.53 8.08
79 351 10 313
86.9 80.8
7.85 8.05
17 054 4 926
18.7 38.6
2.47 3.24
Educational Attainment, 25 Years and Over Less than a high school diploma ............................... High school graduate, no college6 ............................. Some college or associate degree ............................ Bachelor's degree or higher7 .....................................
11 035 36 699 34 941 44 584
7 301 24 815 24 388 32 735
66.2 67.6 69.8 73.4
7.87 8.05 7.74 7.38
6 869 22 402 21 212 25 496
94.1 90.3 87.0 77.9
7.92 8.15 8.04 7.88
402 3 227 4 983 12 104
5.5 13.0 20.4 37.0
(5) 2.94 2.39 2.71
Note: Data refer to persons age 15 years and over, unless otherwise specified. 1Includes work at main and other job(s) and excludes travel related to work. 2Respondents may have worked at more than one location. 3"Working at home" includes any time the respondent reported doing activities
that were identified as "part of one's job"; this category is not restricted to persons whose usual workplace is
their home. 4Includes workers whose hours vary. 5Data not shown where base is less than 1.2 million. 6Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 7Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and
doctoral degrees.
CHAPTER 12: AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY 435 Table 12-6. Average Hours Worked Per Day at Main Job Only by Employed Persons at Workplaces or at Home, by Selected Characteristics, 2006 Annual Averages (Number, percent.) Employed persons who reported working on an average day1 Location of work2 Characteristic
Total employed (thousands)
Number (thousands)
Percent
Hours of work
Persons who reported working at their workplaces on an average day Number (thousands)
Class of Worker Wage and salary worker ............................................ Self-employed worker ................................................
139 901 11 115
Percent
Hours of work at workplace
94 208 7 964
67.3 71.6
7.61 6.40
84 013 4 565
89.2 57.3
7.85 7.10
Persons who reported working at home on an average day3 Number (thousands)
15 557 4 447
Percent
Hours of work at home
16.5 55.8
2.27 3.51
Occupation Management, business, and financial operations ..... Professional and related ............................................ Services ..................................................................... Sales and related ....................................................... Office and administrative support .............................. Farming, fishing, and forestry .................................... Construction and extraction ....................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ......................... Production ................................................................. Transportation and material moving ..........................
21 568 32 540 25 897 17 208 20 337 (4) 8 202 5 510 9 745 9 055
16 135 22 872 15 804 11 879 12 669 (4) 5 338 3 880 6 627 6 300
74.8 70.3 61.0 69.0 62.3 (4) 65.1 70.4 68.0 69.6
7.69 7.21 7.07 7.28 7.32 (4) 8.08 8.16 8.13 8.32
12 757 18 739 13 981 10 164 11 725 (4) 4 861 3 618 6 395 5 670
79.1 81.9 88.5 85.6 92.5 (4) 91.1 93.2 96.5 90.0
8.13 7.69 7.21 7.68 7.65 (4) 8.13 8.19 8.23 8.35
5 206 7 592 1 918 2 415 1 039 (4) 776 423 249 384
32.3 33.2 12.1 20.3 8.2 (4) 14.5 10.9 3.8 6.1
2.91 2.03 4.28 2.44 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4)
Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Earners5 $0 to $460 .................................................................. $461 to $710 .............................................................. $711 to $1,100 ........................................................... $1,101 and higher ......................................................
26 950 26 514 27 002 26 546
18 575 17 650 19 427 19 256
68.9 66.6 71.9 72.5
7.73 8.05 8.24 8.08
17 561 16 328 17 613 16 212
94.5 92.5 90.7 84.2
7.81 8.23 8.46 8.49
1 431 1 954 3 155 5 576
7.7 11.1 16.2 29.0
3.03 1.70 1.77 2.25
Note: Data refer to persons age 15 years and over, unless otherwise specified. 1Includes work at main job only and excludes travel related to work. 2Respondents may have worked at more than one location. 3"Working at home" includes any time the respondent reported doing
activities that were identified as "part of one's job"; this category is not restricted to persons whose usual workplace is their
home. 4Data not shown where base is less than 1.2 million. 5These values are based on usual weekly earnings. Each
earnings range covers approximately 25 percent of full-time wage and salary workers.
436 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 12-7. Average Hours Per Day Spent by Persons Age 18 Years and Over Caring for Household Children Under 18 Years, by Sex of Respondent, Age of Youngest Household Child, and Day, 2003–2006 Annual Averages (Number.) Hours per day caring for household children Activity
Total Both sexes
Men
Weekends and holidays1
Weekdays Women
Both sexes
Men
Women
Both sexes
Men
Women
Persons in Households with Children Under 18 Years Caring for household children as a primary activity ................................. Physical care ....................................................................................... Education-related activities ................................................................. Reading to/with children ...................................................................... Talking to/with children ........................................................................ Playing/doing hobbies with children .................................................... Looking after children .......................................................................... Attending children’s events ................................................................. Travel related to care of household children ....................................... Other childcare activities .....................................................................
1.31 0.45 0.10 0.04 0.05 0.25 0.07 0.06 0.17 0.12
0.82 0.22 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.22 0.06 0.05 0.11 0.06
1.73 0.64 0.13 0.05 0.07 0.28 0.09 0.06 0.23 0.17
1.40 0.48 0.13 0.04 0.06 0.24 0.07 0.05 0.21 0.14
0.79 0.21 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.19 0.05 0.04 0.12 0.06
1.92 0.70 0.17 0.05 0.08 0.28 0.08 0.05 0.28 0.21
1.31 0.45 0.10 0.04 0.05 0.25 0.07 0.06 0.17 0.12
0.82 0.22 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.22 0.06 0.05 0.11 0.06
1.73 0.64 0.13 0.05 0.07 0.28 0.09 0.06 0.23 0.17
Persons in Households with Youngest Child 6 to 17 Years Caring for household children as a primary activity ................................. Physical care ....................................................................................... Education-related activities ................................................................. Reading to/with children ...................................................................... Talking to/with children ........................................................................ Playing/doing hobbies with children .................................................... Looking after children .......................................................................... Attending children’s events ................................................................. Travel related to care of household children ....................................... Other childcare activities .....................................................................
0.78 0.15 0.12 0.02 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.16 0.10
0.49 0.07 0.07 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.05
1.02 0.23 0.16 0.02 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.21 0.13
0.86 0.17 0.15 0.02 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.19 0.11
0.51 0.07 0.09 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.12 0.05
1.16 0.26 0.20 0.02 0.11 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.25 0.17
0.78 0.15 0.12 0.02 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.16 0.10
0.49 0.07 0.07 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.05
1.02 0.23 0.16 0.02 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.21 0.13
Persons in Households with Youngest Child Under 6 Years Caring for household children as a primary activity ................................. Physical care ....................................................................................... Education-related activities ................................................................. Reading to/with children ...................................................................... Talking to/with children ........................................................................ Playing/doing hobbies with children .................................................... Looking after children .......................................................................... Attending children’s events ................................................................. Travel related to care of household children ....................................... Other childcare activities .....................................................................
1.96 0.81 0.08 0.06 0.03 0.49 0.12 0.04 0.18 0.15
1.22 0.41 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.41 0.10 0.03 0.11 0.07
2.58 1.15 0.10 0.08 0.04 0.56 0.13 0.04 0.25 0.22
2.06 0.85 0.10 0.06 0.04 0.47 0.11 0.03 0.23 0.18
1.15 0.39 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.35 0.08 0.02 0.12 0.07
2.83 1.23 0.14 0.09 0.05 0.57 0.13 0.04 0.32 0.27
1.96 0.81 0.08 0.06 0.03 0.49 0.12 0.04 0.18 0.15
1.22 0.41 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.41 0.10 0.03 0.11 0.07
2.58 1.15 0.10 0.08 0.04 0.56 0.13 0.04 0.25 0.22
Note: Universe includes respondents age 18 years and over living in households with children under 18 years of age, whether or not they provided childcare. 1Holidays
are New Year’s Day, Easter, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. Data were not collected for Christmas Day in 2003 or Thanksgiving Day from 2003 to 2005.
CHAPTER 12: AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY 437 Table 12-8. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Primary Activities1 by the Total Population Age 18 Years and Over, by Activity Category, Employment Status, Presence and Age of Household Children, and Sex, 2006 Annual Averages (Number.) Hours spent per day in primary activities Activity
Household with children under 6 years Both sexes
Men
Household with children 6 to 17 years
Women
Both sexes
Men
Household with no children under 18 years
Women
Both sexes
Men
Women
TOTAL All Activities2 .................................................................................. Personal care activities .................................................................... Sleeping ....................................................................................... Eating and drinking .......................................................................... Household activities ......................................................................... Housework ................................................................................... Food preparation and cleanup ..................................................... Lawn and garden care ................................................................. Household management .............................................................. Purchasing goods and services ....................................................... Consumer goods purchases ........................................................ Professional and personal care services ..................................... Caring for and helping household members .................................... Caring for and helping household children .................................. Caring for and helping non-household members ............................. Caring for and helping non-household adults .............................. Working and work-related activities3 ................................................ Working3 ...................................................................................... Educational activities ....................................................................... Attending class ............................................................................. Homework and research .............................................................. Organizational, civic, and religious activities .................................... Religious and spiritual activities ................................................... Volunteering (organizational and civic activities) ......................... Leisure and sports ........................................................................... Socializing and communicating .................................................... Watching television ...................................................................... Participating in sports, exercise, and recreation .......................... Telephone calls, mail, and e-mail .................................................... Other activities n.e.c. .......................................................................
24.00 9.22 8.60 1.16 1.94 0.73 0.69 0.15 0.11 0.83 0.45 0.07 1.98 1.76 0.12 0.06 4.21 3.82 0.16 0.07 0.08 0.24 0.10 0.10 3.86 0.75 1.97 0.21 0.12 0.17
24.00 8.90 8.35 1.23 1.25 0.26 0.33 0.23 0.09 0.63 0.33 0.04 1.24 1.09 0.10 0.04 6.06 5.46 0.13 0.05 0.07 0.22 0.09 0.10 4.04 0.72 2.02 0.29 0.05 0.14
24.00 9.48 8.80 1.10 2.49 1.12 0.99 0.09 0.13 0.99 0.55 0.09 2.57 2.30 0.14 0.08 2.71 2.49 0.18 0.09 0.08 0.25 0.11 0.10 3.71 0.78 1.92 0.15 0.18 0.19
24.00 9.29 8.51 1.14 1.93 0.70 0.61 0.17 0.12 0.90 0.46 0.07 0.81 0.61 0.16 0.06 4.44 4.03 0.27 0.12 0.12 0.32 0.12 0.15 4.38 0.75 2.20 0.27 0.14 0.23
24.00 9.08 8.42 1.15 1.36 0.26 0.33 0.25 0.09 0.71 0.30 0.04 0.55 0.40 0.16 0.07 5.44 4.90 0.20 0.11 0.08 0.29 0.10 0.14 4.71 0.72 2.39 0.39 0.10 0.24
24.00 9.48 8.60 1.13 2.43 1.09 0.87 0.11 0.14 1.06 0.60 0.10 1.03 0.80 0.16 0.04 3.57 3.26 0.32 0.12 0.16 0.34 0.14 0.15 4.08 0.77 2.03 0.17 0.18 0.23
24.00 9.42 8.59 1.31 1.82 0.58 0.50 0.23 0.14 0.81 0.39 0.10 0.07 X 0.26 0.09 3.68 3.35 0.29 0.14 0.12 0.30 0.12 0.13 5.63 0.74 2.92 0.26 0.21 0.21
24.00 9.22 8.55 1.32 1.43 0.25 0.30 0.29 0.12 0.67 0.29 0.08 0.05 X 0.22 0.08 4.24 3.87 0.23 0.11 0.11 0.29 0.10 0.13 5.99 0.70 3.18 0.33 0.13 0.20
24.00 9.61 8.64 1.30 2.21 0.90 0.70 0.18 0.16 0.94 0.48 0.12 0.08 X 0.31 0.10 3.13 2.84 0.34 0.17 0.14 0.31 0.14 0.13 5.26 0.79 2.66 0.18 0.29 0.22
24.00 8.98 8.34 1.18 1.49 0.51 0.48 0.15 0.11 0.78 0.41 0.06 1.60 1.40 0.09 0.03 5.78 5.29 0.14 0.06 0.06 0.23 0.10 0.09 3.51 0.73 1.71 0.22 0.10 0.14
24.00 8.73 8.19 1.24 1.16 0.24 0.29 0.21 0.10 0.63 0.33 0.03 1.20 1.05 0.09 0.04 6.61 5.98 0.12 0.05 0.06 0.21 0.10 0.08 3.85 0.71 1.90 0.29 0.05 0.12
24.00 9.31 8.54 1.10 1.92 0.86 0.73 0.07 0.13 0.98 0.52 0.10 2.13 1.86 0.09 0.03 4.70 4.38 0.16 0.09 0.06 0.25 0.11 0.10 3.06 0.75 1.46 0.12 0.16 0.16
24.00 9.08 8.31 1.14 1.68 0.55 0.52 0.18 0.11 0.82 0.42 0.06 0.72 0.54 0.15 0.06 5.66 5.18 0.21 0.08 0.12 0.31 0.11 0.15 3.90 0.67 1.93 0.24 0.11 0.21
24.00 8.79 8.17 1.16 1.30 0.22 0.31 0.24 0.09 0.69 0.31 0.04 0.53 0.39 0.17 0.07 6.44 5.84 0.16 0.08 0.07 0.30 0.10 0.16 4.17 0.63 2.12 0.33 0.08 0.20
24.00 9.37 8.46 1.13 2.07 0.89 0.74 0.11 0.13 0.95 0.54 0.09 0.91 0.70 0.14 0.04 4.86 4.50 0.26 0.08 0.16 0.31 0.13 0.14 3.63 0.71 1.74 0.15 0.14 0.22
24.00 9.12 8.31 1.28 1.39 0.39 0.36 0.17 0.12 0.75 0.37 0.08 0.04 X 0.23 0.09 5.88 5.40 0.26 0.12 0.12 0.24 0.09 0.10 4.49 0.66 2.26 0.26 0.17 0.16
24.00 8.89 8.19 1.31 1.15 0.21 0.23 0.20 0.11 0.59 0.27 0.06 0.03 X 0.20 0.08 6.26 5.75 0.20 0.09 0.10 0.26 0.09 0.11 4.84 0.63 2.46 0.33 0.11 0.16
24.00 9.38 8.44 1.24 1.66 0.61 0.51 0.14 0.13 0.94 0.49 0.10 0.05 X 0.27 0.10 5.45 4.99 0.33 0.16 0.14 0.22 0.09 0.09 4.08 0.70 2.02 0.19 0.23 0.15
EMPLOYED All Activities2 .................................................................................. Personal care activities .................................................................... Sleeping ....................................................................................... Eating and drinking .......................................................................... Household activities ......................................................................... Housework ................................................................................... Food preparation and cleanup ..................................................... Lawn and garden care ................................................................. Household management .............................................................. Purchasing goods and services ....................................................... Consumer goods purchases ........................................................ Professional and personal care services ..................................... Caring for and helping household members .................................... Caring for and helping household children .................................. Caring for and helping non-household members ............................. Caring for and helping non-household adults .............................. Working and work-related activities ................................................. Working ........................................................................................ Educational activities ....................................................................... Attending class ............................................................................. Homework and research .............................................................. Organizational, civic, and religious activities .................................... Religious and spiritual activities ................................................... Volunteering (organizational and civic activities) ......................... Leisure and sports ........................................................................... Socializing and communicating .................................................... Watching television ...................................................................... Participating in sports, exercise, and recreation .......................... Telephone calls, mail, and e-mail .................................................... Other activities n.e.c. ....................................................................... n.e.c. = Not elsewhere classified. 1A primary activity is designated by a respondent as his or her main activity. Other activities done simultaneously are not included. 2All major activity categories include related travel time. 3Estimates include a small amount of work time done by persons who do not meet the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) definition
X = Not applicable.
for employed.
438 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 12-8. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Primary Activities1 by the Total Population Age 18 Years and Over, by Activity Category, Employment Status, Presence and Age of Household Children, and Sex, 2006 Annual Averages—Continued (Number.) Hours spent per day in primary activities Activity
Household with children under 6 years Both sexes
Men
Household with children 6 to 17 years
Women
Both sexes
Men
Household with no children under 18 years
Women
Both sexes
Men
Women
NOT EMPLOYED All Activities2 .................................................................................. Personal care activities .................................................................... Sleeping ....................................................................................... Eating and drinking .......................................................................... Household activities ......................................................................... Housework ................................................................................... Food preparation and cleanup ..................................................... Lawn and garden care ................................................................. Household management .............................................................. Purchasing goods and services ....................................................... Consumer goods purchases ........................................................ Professional and personal care services ..................................... Caring for and helping household members .................................... Caring for and helping household children .................................. Caring for and helping non-household members ............................. Caring for and helping non-household adults .............................. Working and work-related activities3 ................................................ Working3 ...................................................................................... Educational activities ....................................................................... Attending class ............................................................................. Homework and research .............................................................. Organizational, civic, and religious activities .................................... Religious and spiritual activities ................................................... Volunteering (organizational and civic activities) ......................... Leisure and sports ........................................................................... Socializing and communicating .................................................... Watching television ...................................................................... Participating in sports, exercise, and recreation .......................... Telephone calls, mail, and e-mail .................................................... Other activities n.e.c. .......................................................................
24.00 9.84 9.26 1.12 3.08 1.32 1.24 0.15 0.11 0.95 0.56 0.08 2.94 2.67 0.21 0.12 0.18 0.04 0.22 0.09 0.12 0.26 0.11 0.12 4.76 0.81 2.63 0.20 0.18 0.25
24.00 10.62 9.97 1.22 2.13 0.43 0.69 0.43 0.03 0.63 0.39 0.07 1.68 1.53 0.18 0.06 0.56 0.10 0.25 0.03 0.19 0.31 0.07 0.22 5.97 0.75 3.22 0.31 0.04 0.40
24.00 9.71 9.14 1.10 3.24 1.47 1.33 0.10 0.13 1.00 0.59 0.09 3.15 2.86 0.21 0.13 0.12 0.03 0.22 0.10 0.10 0.25 0.12 0.10 4.56 0.82 2.53 0.18 0.20 0.22
24.00 10.04 9.21 1.12 2.80 1.21 0.94 0.16 0.15 1.17 0.59 0.10 1.11 0.86 0.18 0.06 0.20 0.03 0.44 0.25 0.15 0.35 0.16 0.14 6.02 1.03 3.14 0.38 0.26 0.31
24.00 10.61 9.72 1.09 1.72 0.44 0.42 0.26 0.13 0.85 0.25 0.04 0.63 0.47 0.13 0.07 0.23 0.00 0.41 0.26 0.12 0.22 0.11 0.06 7.55 1.23 3.79 0.71 0.15 0.44
24.00 9.75 8.95 1.13 3.35 1.60 1.21 0.11 0.16 1.33 0.77 0.13 1.36 1.06 0.20 0.05 0.19 0.04 0.46 0.24 0.17 0.41 0.18 0.18 5.25 0.93 2.80 0.21 0.31 0.24
n.e.c. = Not elsewhere classified. 1A primary activity is designated by a respondent as his or her main activity. Other activities done simultaneously are not included. 2All major activity categories include related travel time. 3Estimates include a small amount of work time done by persons who do not meet the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) definition
X = Not applicable.
for employed.
24.00 9.90 9.06 1.36 2.53 0.89 0.72 0.34 0.18 0.90 0.41 0.14 0.12 X 0.32 0.09 0.10 0.02 0.33 0.17 0.13 0.39 0.16 0.17 7.48 0.87 4.00 0.24 0.27 0.30
24.00 9.90 9.27 1.35 1.98 0.35 0.42 0.49 0.14 0.82 0.34 0.12 0.10 X 0.27 0.09 0.15 0.05 0.30 0.15 0.12 0.34 0.13 0.17 8.33 0.84 4.64 0.35 0.16 0.29
24.00 9.90 8.90 1.38 2.94 1.30 0.95 0.22 0.20 0.96 0.46 0.15 0.13 X 0.36 0.10 0.07 0.00 0.35 0.18 0.14 0.43 0.19 0.18 6.83 0.89 3.51 0.16 0.36 0.30
CHAPTER 12: AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY 439 Table 12-9. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Leisure and Sports Activities for the Total Population, by Selected Characteristics, 2006 Annual Averages (Number.) Total, all leisure and sports activities Characteristic
Total, all days
Weekdays
Weekends and holidays1
Participating in sports, exercise, and recreation
Socializing and communicating
Watching TV
Weekdays
Weekends and holidays1
Weekdays
Weekends and holidays1
Weekdays
Weekends and holidays1
Sex Men .............................................................................................. Women .........................................................................................
5.47 4.72
4.83 4.26
6.98 5.80
0.35 0.18
0.47 0.20
0.57 0.64
1.05 1.17
2.49 2.22
3.53 2.69
Age Total, 15 years and over .............................................................. 15 to 19 years .......................................................................... 20 to 24 years .......................................................................... 25 to 34 years .......................................................................... 35 to 44 years .......................................................................... 45 to 54 years .......................................................................... 55 to 64 years .......................................................................... 65 to 74 years .......................................................................... 75 years and over ....................................................................
5.09 5.40 5.03 4.30 4.09 4.52 5.41 6.97 7.82
4.54 4.85 4.45 3.64 3.56 3.90 4.78 6.64 7.66
6.37 6.68 6.42 5.86 5.34 5.98 6.90 7.75 8.18
0.26 0.58 0.38 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.29 0.18
0.33 0.69 0.54 0.30 0.28 0.34 0.25 0.16 0.16
0.60 0.76 0.77 0.57 0.48 0.57 0.57 0.64 0.69
1.11 1.32 1.26 1.22 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.08 0.90
2.35 1.96 1.95 1.92 1.88 2.11 2.59 3.75 4.15
3.10 2.45 2.66 2.85 2.65 3.03 3.59 4.07 4.28
Race and Hispanic Origin White ............................................................................................ Black ............................................................................................ Hispanic2 ......................................................................................
5.09 5.49 4.63
4.51 5.10 4.09
6.43 6.39 5.90
0.27 0.19 0.26
0.35 0.22 0.31
0.62 0.59 0.58
1.12 1.02 1.32
2.31 2.85 2.38
3.12 3.44 2.98
Employment Status Employed ..................................................................................... Full-time workers ...................................................................... Part-time workers ..................................................................... Not employed ...............................................................................
4.18 4.09 4.52 6.75
3.51 3.36 4.06 6.42
5.74 5.78 5.58 7.55
0.22 0.21 0.26 0.32
0.33 0.33 0.36 0.32
0.52 0.48 0.67 0.76
1.07 1.08 1.04 1.19
1.77 1.72 1.96 3.41
2.75 2.79 2.60 3.76
Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Earners3 $0 to $460 .................................................................................... $461 to $710 ................................................................................ $711 to $1,100 ............................................................................. $1,101 and higher ........................................................................
4.25 4.22 4.15 3.88
3.56 3.56 3.37 3.12
5.81 5.85 5.96 5.61
0.17 0.18 0.20 0.30
0.21 0.26 0.32 0.48
0.44 0.51 0.50 0.49
1.14 0.99 1.15 1.03
1.88 1.78 1.79 1.48
2.92 3.02 2.91 2.38
Presence and Age of Children No household children under 18 years ........................................ Household children under 18 years ............................................. Children 13 to 17 years, none younger .................................... Children 6 to 12 years, none younger ...................................... Youngest child under 6 years ...................................................
5.63 4.27 4.92 4.24 3.92
5.09 3.71 4.40 3.63 3.36
6.90 5.57 6.24 5.65 5.17
0.25 0.27 0.41 0.27 0.20
0.31 0.36 0.45 0.37 0.32
0.61 0.59 0.73 0.54 0.55
1.06 1.19 1.14 1.18 1.21
2.66 1.88 1.97 1.97 1.77
3.47 2.55 2.87 2.50 2.42
Marital Status and Sex Married, spouse present .............................................................. Men .......................................................................................... Women ..................................................................................... Other marital status ...................................................................... Men .......................................................................................... Women .....................................................................................
4.79 5.16 4.41 5.45 5.87 5.08
4.23 4.52 3.95 4.91 5.24 4.62
6.10 6.71 5.50 6.68 7.31 6.12
0.21 0.25 0.18 0.31 0.47 0.18
0.27 0.35 0.19 0.40 0.62 0.22
0.57 0.53 0.62 0.64 0.62 0.66
1.14 1.06 1.22 1.07 1.03 1.11
2.24 2.45 2.02 2.49 2.54 2.45
3.01 3.55 2.48 3.20 3.50 2.93
Educational Attainment, 25 Years and Over Less than a high school diploma .................................................. High school graduate, no college4 ............................................... Some college or associate degree ............................................... Bachelor’s degree or higher5 .......................................................
6.01 5.57 4.76 4.33
5.54 5.06 4.23 3.69
7.13 6.76 6.02 5.78
0.13 0.17 0.23 0.28
0.18 0.22 0.22 0.41
0.56 0.58 0.55 0.57
1.14 1.03 1.08 1.09
3.51 2.97 2.15 1.62
4.13 3.78 2.99 2.40
Note: Data refer to respondents age 15 years and over, unless otherwise specified. 1Holidays are New Year’s Day, Easter, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving 2May be of any race. 3These values are based on usual weekly earnings. Each earnings range covers approximately 25 4Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 5Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
Day, and Christmas Day. percent of full-time wage and salary workers.
440 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 12-9. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Leisure and Sports Activities for the Total Population, by Selected Characteristics, 2006 Annual Averages—Continued (Number.) Reading Characteristic Weekdays
Relaxing/thinking
Weekends and holidays1
Weekdays
Playing games and computer use for leisure
Weekends and holidays1
Weekdays
Weekends and holidays1
Other leisure and sports activities, including travel6
Weekdays
Weekends and holidays1
Sex Men .............................................................................................. Women .........................................................................................
0.28 0.38
0.38 0.51
0.31 0.28
0.34 0.33
0.40 0.21
0.48 0.27
0.43 0.36
0.73 0.63
Age Total, 15 years and over .............................................................. 15 to 19 years .......................................................................... 20 to 24 years .......................................................................... 25 to 34 years .......................................................................... 35 to 44 years .......................................................................... 45 to 54 years .......................................................................... 55 to 64 years .......................................................................... 65 to 74 years .......................................................................... 75 years and over ....................................................................
0.33 0.11 0.14 0.15 0.20 0.29 0.50 0.70 0.97
0.44 0.11 0.24 0.19 0.26 0.40 0.65 0.90 1.35
0.29 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.26 0.25 0.32 0.49 0.86
0.33 0.13 0.22 0.20 0.26 0.27 0.46 0.59 0.83
0.30 0.69 0.40 0.30 0.18 0.20 0.25 0.28 0.41
0.37 1.00 0.61 0.37 0.26 0.25 0.29 0.28 0.20
0.40 0.61 0.64 0.33 0.34 0.28 0.35 0.50 0.40
0.68 0.98 0.89 0.72 0.58 0.64 0.60 0.66 0.45
Race and Hispanic Origin White ............................................................................................ Black ............................................................................................ Hispanic2 ......................................................................................
0.35 0.24 0.12
0.48 0.23 0.12
0.26 0.50 0.21
0.31 0.54 0.23
0.30 0.36 0.22
0.38 0.26 0.32
0.40 0.36 0.31
0.68 0.69 0.63
Employment Status Employed ..................................................................................... Full-time workers ...................................................................... Part-time workers ..................................................................... Not employed ...............................................................................
0.24 0.20 0.35 0.50
0.31 0.31 0.32 0.68
0.19 0.19 0.19 0.49
0.25 0.26 0.21 0.48
0.23 0.22 0.26 0.44
0.32 0.30 0.42 0.47
0.34 0.33 0.37 0.50
0.70 0.72 0.63 0.64
Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Earners3 $0 to $460 .................................................................................... $461 to $710 ................................................................................ $711 to $1,100 ............................................................................. $1,101 and higher ........................................................................
0.20 0.15 0.20 0.26
0.21 0.27 0.29 0.49
0.23 0.23 0.20 0.11
0.32 0.30 0.27 0.18
0.26 0.28 0.15 0.20
0.31 0.35 0.33 0.26
0.37 0.43 0.33 0.27
0.71 0.67 0.69 0.80
Presence and Age of Children No household children under 18 years ........................................ Household children under 18 years ............................................. Children 13 to 17 years, none younger .................................... Children 6 to 12 years, none younger ...................................... Youngest child under 6 years ...................................................
0.44 0.17 0.24 0.17 0.13
0.60 0.21 0.28 0.24 0.16
0.35 0.22 0.25 0.20 0.21
0.41 0.22 0.19 0.24 0.21
0.34 0.25 0.34 0.24 0.20
0.38 0.37 0.47 0.43 0.27
0.45 0.32 0.46 0.25 0.30
0.68 0.67 0.83 0.69 0.58
Marital Status and Sex Married, spouse present .............................................................. Men .......................................................................................... Women ..................................................................................... Other marital status ...................................................................... Men .......................................................................................... Women .....................................................................................
0.34 0.32 0.36 0.32 0.23 0.40
0.47 0.45 0.50 0.41 0.29 0.51
0.30 0.34 0.25 0.29 0.27 0.31
0.33 0.35 0.31 0.33 0.32 0.34
0.24 0.27 0.20 0.38 0.57 0.22
0.26 0.29 0.24 0.50 0.72 0.31
0.34 0.35 0.32 0.47 0.54 0.41
0.61 0.66 0.57 0.76 0.83 0.69
Educational Attainment, 25 Years and Over Less than a high school diploma .................................................. High school graduate, no college4 ............................................... Some college or associate degree ............................................... Bachelor’s degree or higher5 .......................................................
0.26 0.32 0.44 0.44
0.21 0.49 0.47 0.66
0.64 0.39 0.26 0.17
0.79 0.42 0.28 0.19
0.16 0.28 0.27 0.24
0.14 0.28 0.33 0.32
0.29 0.36 0.32 0.38
0.54 0.54 0.64 0.73
Note: Data refer to respondents age 15 years and over, unless otherwise specified. 1Holidays are New Year’s Day, Easter, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. 2May be of any race. 3These values are based on usual weekly earnings. Each earnings range covers approximately 25 percent of full-time wage and 4Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 5Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees. 6Includes other leisure and sports activities, not elsewhere classified, and travel related to leisure and sports activities.
salary workers.
CHAPTER 13 INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES (CENSUS BUREAU)
INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES (CENSUS BUREAU) HIGHLIGHTS This chapter presents data on income collected by the Census Bureau for the Current Population Survey (CPS). Income, as distinguished from earnings, also includes income from pensions, investments, and other sources and is measured as real income in 2006 dollars.
Real Median Household Income, 1967–2006
2006 dollars
60,000
40,000
20,000
0 1967
1972
1977
1982
1987
1992
1997
2002
2006
Year Real median income for the nation increased slightly in 2006 for the second year in a row rising from $47,845 to $48,201, or 0.7 percent. (See Table 13-1.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • Although real median income increased, earnings of full-time, year-round workers decreased for the second year in 2006 in a row for both men and women. (See Table 13-1.) • Black households continued to have the lowest median income in 2006. Their median income also increased at a lower-than-average rate. Earnings of White non-Hispanic households stayed virtually the same, and Asian households continued to have the highest median income. The median income for Asians was 22.5 percent higher than that for White non-Hispanic households. (See Table 13-1.) • In 2006, the income of households in which the head of household was under 65 years old was $54,726, while it was $27,798 for households in which the head was 65 years old or over. However, income grew at a much faster rate from 2005 to 2006 (3.4 percent, compared to 1.3 percent) for households in which the head of household was 65 years old or over. (See Table 13-1.) • The highest quintile of household income continued to account for about 50 percent of total income in 2006. (See Table 13-1.) • In 2006, Asians (alone) had the highest percentage of households with income over $100,000—30.8 percent, up from 28.9 percent in 2005. Among non-Hispanic Whites (alone), 21.6 percent of households had median incomes of over $100,000, up from 20.7 percent in 2005. In 2006, 9.1 percent of Black (alone) households had incomes over $100,000, up from 8.5 percent in 2005. (See Table 13-2.)
443
444 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)
NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Collection and Coverage Data on income in the United States in this chapter are based on information collected in the 2007 and earlier Annual Social and Economic Supplements (ASEC) to the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is also the basis for the employment and unemployment data shown in Chapter 1 of this Handbook, which are collected by the Census Bureau for BLS. The basic CPS is described in the notes and definitions for Chapter 1. The sample universe for the CPS ASEC is slightly larger than that for the basic CPS, as it includes military personnel who live in a household with at least one other civilian adult, regardless of whether they live on post or off post. For each person in the sample age 15 years and over, the ASEC asks questions about the amount of income received from all sources during the preceding calendar year from all sources. In addition to wage and salary earnings, which represent the largest component of income, other sources include Social Security, pensions, interest, dividends, and other money income. Excluded are certain money receipts, such as capital gains. Although the income statistics refer to receipts during the previous calendar year, the demographic characteristics,
such as age and household composition, are as of the survey date. Concepts and Definitions Data on income cover money income received before payments for personal income taxes, Social Security, Medicare, union dues, and the like. Therefore money income does not reflect the fact that some families receive noncash benefits, such as food stamps, health benefits, subsidized housing, and the like. In addition, money income does not reflect noncash benefits such payments by business for retirement programs, medical expenses, and other benefits. The Census Bureau uses the research series of the BLS Consumer Price Index (CPI-U-RS) to adjust for changes in the cost of living. These indexes are shown in Table 7-11 of this Handbook. Additional Information Additional information is available in the Census publication “Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2006,” which can be found on the Census Bureau Web site at .
CHAPTER 13: INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES (CENSUS BUREAU) 445 Table 13-1. Income and Earnings Summary Measures, by Selected Characteristics, 2005 and 2006 (Numbers in thousands, dollars, percent; income in 2006 dollars.) 2005
2006
Median income (dollars) Characteristic Number Estimate
90 percent confidence interval1 (+/-)
Percent change in real median income (2006 less 2005)
Median income (dollars) Number Estimate
90 percent confidence interval1 (+/-)
Estimate
90 percent confidence interval1 (+/-)
Households All households ..............................................................................
114 384
47 845
263
116 011
48 201
341
0.7
0.73
Type of Household Family households ....................................................................... Married-couple ......................................................................... Female householder, no husband present ............................... Male householder, no wife present .......................................... Nonfamily households .................................................................. Female householder ................................................................ Male householder .....................................................................
77 402 58 179 14 093 5 130 36 982 20 230 16 753
59 156 68 233 31 655 48 289 28 222 23 432 35 164
343 415 445 1 065 275 426 729
78 425 58 945 14 416 5 063 37 587 20 249 17 338
59 894 69 716 31 818 47 078 29 083 23 876 35 614
403 559 433 1 026 368 411 439
1.2 2.2 0.5 -2.5 3.1 1.9 1.3
0.73 0.84 1.59 2.44 1.34 2.06 2.03
Race2 and Hispanic Origin of Householder White ............................................................................................ White, not Hispanic .................................................................. Black ............................................................................................ Asian ............................................................................................ Hispanic3 ......................................................................................
93 588 82 003 14 002 4 273 12 519
50 146 52 449 31 870 63 097 37 146
360 292 511 1 210 607
94 705 82 675 14 354 4 454 12 973
50 673 52 423 31 969 64 238 37 781
242 309 396 2 754 831
1.1 0.3 1.8 1.7
0.72 0.65 1.65 4.11 1.92
Age of Householder Under 65 years ............................................................................. 15 to 24 years .......................................................................... 25 to 34 years .......................................................................... 35 to 44 years .......................................................................... 45 to 54 years .......................................................................... 55 to 64 years .......................................................................... 65 years and over ........................................................................
90 926 6 795 19 120 23 016 23 731 18 264 23 459
54 001 29 713 48 932 59 988 64 471 53 973 26 890
250 802 590 914 748 705 297
92 282 6 662 19 435 22 779 24 140 19 266 23 729
54 726 30 937 49 164 60 405 64 874 54 592 27 798
426 620 735 528 781 821 332
1.3 4.1 0.5 0.7 0.6 1.1 3.4
0.76 2.85 1.57 1.48 1.36 1.63 1.36
Nativity of Householder Native ........................................................................................... Foreign-born ................................................................................. Naturalized citizen .................................................................... Not a citizen .............................................................................
99 579 14 806 6 990 7 815
48 435 43 418 51 670 37 945
280 700 1 385 804
100 603 15 408 7 210 8 198
49 074 43 943 51 440 39 497
375 956 948 1 061
1.3 1.2 -0.4 4.1
0.79 2.23 2.66 2.89
Region Northeast ...................................................................................... Midwest ........................................................................................ South ............................................................................................ West .............................................................................................
21 054 26 351 41 805 25 174
52 550 47 457 43 520 51 641
630 598 360 629
21 261 26 508 42 587 25 656
52 057 47 836 43 884 52 249
568 643 549 540
-0.9 8.0 8.0 12.0
1.24 1.46 1.25 1.35
Metropolitan Status Inside metropolitan statistical areas ............................................. Inside principal cities ................................................................ Outside principal cities ............................................................. Outside metropolitan statistical areas4 .........................................
95 107 38 008 57 098 19 278
50 063 42 516 55 300 38 796
372 365 549 705
96 739 38 488 58 251 19 272
50 616 42 627 55 775 38 293
240 515 433 767
1.1 0.3 0.9 -1.3
0.74 1.22 1.03 2.15
Shares of Household Income, Quintiles, and Gini Index5 Lowest quintile ............................................................................. Second quintile ............................................................................. Third quintile ................................................................................. Fourth quintile .............................................................................. Highest quintile .............................................................................
22 877 22 877 22 877 22 877 22 877
3.4 8.6 14.6 23.0 50.4
0.04 0.10 0.16 0.26 0.56
23 202 23 202 23 202 23 202 23 202
3.4 8.6 14.5 22.9 50.5
0.04 0.10 0.16 0.25 0.55
-0.7 -0.4 0.2
1.27 1.27 1.25 1.25 1.26
Gini index of income inequality ....................................................
114 384
0.469
0.0047
116 011
0.470
0.0047
0.2
1.14
Earnings of Full-Time Year-Round Workers Men with earnings ........................................................................ Women with earnings ...................................................................
61 500 43 351
42 743 32 903
153 138
63 055 44 663
42 261 32 515
145 304
-1.1 -1.2
0.41 0.89
Per Capita Income6 All races2 ...................................................................................... White ............................................................................................ White, not Hispanic .................................................................. Black ............................................................................................ Asian ............................................................................................ Hispanic3 ......................................................................................
293 834 235 903 195 893 36 965 12 599 43 168
25 857 27 365 29 895 17 427 28 227 14 958
165 194 226 313 860 262
296 824 237 892 196 252 37 369 13 194 44 854
26 352 27 821 30 431 17 902 30 474 15 421
168 192 224 357 1 142 299
1.9 1.7 1.8 2.7 8.0 3.1
0.77 0.84 0.90 2.31 4.38 2.00
1A 90-percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. 2Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, there are two basic ways of defining a race group. A group such as Asian may be
defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). This table shows data using the race-alone concept. The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data; the Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of respondents reported more than one race in Census 2000. 3May be of any race. 4The "outside metropolitan statistical areas" category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. 5The data shown in this section are shares of aggregate household income, the Gini index, and their respective confidence intervals. See the article by Paul Allison entitled "Measures of Inequality" from American Sociological Review 43 (December 1977), pp. 865–880, for an explanation of inequality measures. 6The data shown in this section are per capita incomes and their respective confidence intervals. Per capita income is the mean income computed for every man, woman, and child in a particular group. It is derived by dividing the total income of a particular group by the total population in that group (excluding patients or inmates in institutional quarters). - = Quantity represents or rounds to zero.
446 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 13-2. Households, by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 1967–2006 (Numbers in thousands, percent, dollars; income in 2006 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars.) Percent distribution Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year
Number Total
Under $5,000
Median income (dollars)
$5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $25,000 $35,000 $50,000 $75,000 $100,000 to to to to to to to and $9,999 $14,999 $24,999 $34,999 $49,999 $74,999 $99,000 over
Value
Standard error
Mean income (dollars) Value
Standard error
All Races 19671 ......................................................... 1968 ........................................................... 1969 ...........................................................
60 813 62 214 63 401
100.0 100.0 100.0
4.4 3.9 3.6
7.8 7.4 7.5
7.1 6.7 6.5
13.1 13.4 12.7
15.1 14.2 13.2
21.2 21.4 20.8
20.1 21.0 21.8
6.5 7.3 8.4
4.7 4.7 5.5
36 847 38 404 39 871
134 139 147
41 212 43 448 45 361
134 139 143
1970 ........................................................... 19712 ......................................................... 19723 ......................................................... 1973 ........................................................... 19744,5 .......................................................
64 778 66 676 68 251 69 859 71 163
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
3.6 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.4
7.6 7.6 7.1 6.6 6.7
6.7 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.5
12.9 13.3 13.0 13.2 13.4
12.9 13.7 12.9 12.1 12.9
20.6 19.5 18.4 18.6 19.0
21.1 21.1 21.9 21.8 21.5
8.7 8.3 9.4 10.1 9.4
5.9 6.0 7.2 7.7 7.0
39 604 39 196 40 843 41 668 40 383
145 152 156 159 155
45 349 45 079 47 536 48 189 47 225
145 143 147 147 148
19755 ......................................................... 19766 ......................................................... 1977 ........................................................... 1978 ........................................................... 19797 .........................................................
72 867 74 142 76 030 77 330 80 776
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.4
7.1 7.0 7.0 6.5 6.4
8.0 7.4 7.7 7.4 7.1
14.1 14.0 13.9 13.1 12.9
13.5 13.3 12.5 12.6 12.8
18.2 17.7 17.7 16.8 16.6
21.0 21.7 21.5 21.7 21.7
9.3 9.6 9.8 11.0 10.9
6.3 6.9 7.4 8.8 9.2
39 302 39 961 40 187 42 725 42 606
160 148 151 173 202
45 894 47 004 47 672 50 286 50 611
143 145 145 193 192
1980 ........................................................... 1981 ........................................................... 1982 ........................................................... 19838 ......................................................... 1984 ...........................................................
82 368 83 527 83 918 85 290 86 789
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2.5 2.7 2.9 3.0 2.8
6.7 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.5
7.4 7.6 7.8 7.2 7.5
13.6 13.8 13.7 13.8 13.3
12.6 13.0 12.7 13.0 12.5
17.0 16.8 17.2 16.8 16.9
21.2 20.7 20.2 19.7 19.7
10.3 10.2 9.9 10.4 10.7
8.6 8.5 8.9 9.2 10.2
41 258 40 573 40 465 40 438 41 430
212 213 183 183 189
49 070 48 471 48 766 49 271 50 762
179 177 181 183 187
19859 ......................................................... 1986 ........................................................... 198710 ........................................................ 1988 ........................................................... 1989 ...........................................................
88 458 89 479 91 124 92 830 93 347
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2.8 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.5
6.4 6.4 6.2 6.3 5.7
7.3 6.8 6.9 6.6 6.7
12.8 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.4
12.5 11.8 12.0 11.7 11.8
16.4 16.2 15.4 15.8 15.7
20.0 20.2 20.3 19.9 19.9
11.1 11.4 11.5 11.7 11.8
10.6 11.8 12.5 12.8 13.7
42 205 43 699 44 247 44 587 45 382
229 226 211 218 250
51 940 53 988 55 026 55 710 57 336
206 219 226 249 250
1990 ........................................................... 1991 ........................................................... 199211 ........................................................ 199312 ........................................................ 199413 ........................................................
94 312 95 669 96 426 97 107 98 990
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2.6 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.9
6.1 6.2 6.4 6.2 5.9
6.6 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.1
12.3 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.1
12.0 12.1 11.7 12.2 12.2
16.2 15.8 16.1 15.7 15.4
19.9 19.6 19.3 18.5 18.4
11.3 11.2 11.1 10.9 11.1
13.0 12.7 12.5 13.3 14.0
44 778 43 492 43 135 42 926 43 405
229 209 204 201 198
55 934 54 747 54 686 56 923 58 027
236 225 230 308 312
199514 ........................................................ 1996 ........................................................... 1997 ........................................................... 1998 ........................................................... 199915 ........................................................
99 627 101 018 102 528 103 874 106 434
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.4
5.6 5.6 5.3 5.1 4.6
6.7 6.6 6.2 6.0 5.9
13.1 12.9 12.5 12.1 12.0
11.7 11.9 11.5 11.1 11.0
15.7 14.8 14.9 15.1 14.9
19.0 19.0 18.8 18.9 18.5
11.3 11.8 11.9 11.9 12.2
14.2 14.7 16.1 17.1 18.3
44 764 45 416 46 350 48 034 49 244
259 229 214 284 230
59 033 60 299 62 241 64 056 66 235
323 338 348 346 344
200016 ........................................................ 2001 ........................................................... 2002 ........................................................... 2003 ........................................................... 200417 ........................................................
109 297 111 278 108 209 112 000 113 343
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2.8 2.9 2.6 3.2 3.3
4.6 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.6
6.3 6.5 5.9 6.4 6.4
11.7 12.0 11.7 12.0 12.1
11.5 11.5 10.9 11.3 11.6
14.7 14.3 15.1 14.7 14.3
18.3 18.2 18.6 17.8 18.5
12.1 12.0 12.3 11.8 11.4
18.1 17.8 18.3 18.1 17.8
48 091 47 530 49 163 47 488 47 323
147 156 155 206 209
66 290 64 837 66 895 64 753 64 542
264 243 263 237 243
2005 ........................................................... 2006 ...........................................................
114 384 116 011
100.0 100.0
3.2 3.1
4.7 4.4
6.3 5.9
12.1 11.8
11.1 11.5
14.8 14.6
18.3 18.2
11.4 11.3
18.2 19.1
47 845 48 201
160 207
65 421 66 570
247 257
White Alone18 2002 ........................................................... 2003 ........................................................... 200417 ........................................................ 2005 ........................................................... 2006 ...........................................................
91 645 91 962 92 880 93 588 94 705
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2.3 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5
4.1 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.7
6.1 6.0 6.2 6.0 5.6
11.6 11.7 11.8 11.7 11.5
11.3 11.2 11.4 11.1 11.3
14.2 14.7 14.3 14.8 14.6
18.8 18.2 18.9 18.7 18.8
12.6 12.3 12.0 11.9 11.8
19.0 19.3 18.9 19.3 20.2
50 530 50 023 49 803 50 146 50 673
205 196 195 219 147
67 431 67 515 67 150 68 125 69 107
275 271 276 282 288
1Implementation of a new Curent Population Survey (CPS) Annual Social and Economic Supplements (ASEC) processing system. 2Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls. 3Full implementation of 1970 census–based sample design. 4Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 5Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data that were derived using linear interpolation. 6First-year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 7Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income. 8Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census–based sample design. 9Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census–based sample design. 10Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 11Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 12Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding
of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999, Social Security limits increased to $49,999, Supplemental Security Income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999, veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999, and child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 13Introduction of 1990 census sample design. 14Full implementation of 1990 census–based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race. 15Implementation of the 2000 census–based population controls. 16Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. 17Data revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 18Beginning with the 2003 CPS, respondents were allowed to choose one or more races. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing the data; the Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of respondents reported more than one race in Census 2000.
CHAPTER 13: INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES (CENSUS BUREAU) 447 Table 13-2. Households, by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 1967–2006 —Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent, dollars; income in 2006 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars.) Percent distribution Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year
Number Total
Under $5,000
Median income (dollars)
$5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $25,000 $35,000 $50,000 $75,000 $100,000 to to to to to to to and $9,999 $14,999 $24,999 $34,999 $49,999 $74,999 $99,000 over
Value
Standard error
Mean income (dollars) Value
Standard error
White19 19671 ......................................................... 1968 ........................................................... 1969 ...........................................................
54 188 55 394 56 248
100.0 100.0 100.0
4.0 3.5 3.2
7.2 6.8 6.9
6.4 6.2 6.1
12.4 12.6 11.9
14.9 14.1 12.8
22.0 22.1 21.3
21.1 22.0 22.9
6.9 7.8 9.0
5.0 5.0 6.0
38 426 39 986 41 611
139 149 152
42 718 45 010 47 043
144 149 157
1970 ........................................................... 19712 ......................................................... 19723 ......................................................... 1973 ........................................................... 19744,5 .......................................................
57 575 59 463 60 618 61 965 62 984
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
3.2 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.1
6.9 6.9 6.4 6.0 5.9
6.3 6.5 6.4 6.7 6.9
12.3 12.7 12.3 12.5 12.8
12.7 13.4 12.7 11.8 12.7
21.1 20.1 18.8 18.9 19.4
22.1 22.1 22.9 22.7 22.5
9.2 8.8 10.0 10.7 9.9
6.3 6.4 7.8 8.3 7.6
41 250 40 998 42 848 43 670 42 233
159 156 164 166 159
46 936 46 712 49 385 50 052 48 974
154 152 160 159 159
19755 ......................................................... 19766 ......................................................... 1977 ........................................................... 1978 ........................................................... 19797 .........................................................
64 392 65 353 66 934 68 028 70 766
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2.3 2.2 2.1 1.9 2.0
6.2 6.2 6.1 5.6 5.5
7.4 6.8 7.2 6.9 6.6
13.7 13.4 13.3 12.6 12.4
13.3 13.2 12.3 12.4 12.6
18.5 17.9 18.1 17.0 16.9
21.9 22.6 22.5 22.6 22.5
9.9 10.3 10.4 11.5 11.4
6.8 7.4 8.1 9.4 10.0
41 101 41 860 42 259 44 415 44 671
150 173 178 196 212
47 589 48 812 49 535 52 149 52 607
157 158 160 210 210
1980 ........................................................... 1981 ........................................................... 1982 ........................................................... 19838 ......................................................... 1984 ...........................................................
71 872 72 845 73 182 74 170 75 328
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2.0 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.3
5.8 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.4
6.9 7.0 7.3 6.7 7.0
13.0 13.3 13.1 13.3 12.7
12.6 12.9 12.7 13.0 12.5
17.3 17.2 17.5 17.3 17.3
22.1 21.6 21.0 20.5 20.7
10.9 10.8 10.5 11.0 11.3
9.3 9.3 9.7 9.9 10.9
43 527 42 869 42 363 42 395 43 707
224 198 193 190 220
51 050 50 503 50 776 51 330 52 856
196 191 199 198 205
19859 ......................................................... 1986 ........................................................... 198710 ........................................................ 1988 ........................................................... 1989 ...........................................................
76 576 77 284 78 519 79 734 80 163
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2.3 2.4 2.1 2.1 1.9
5.5 5.4 5.2 5.2 4.7
6.9 6.4 6.3 6.1 6.2
12.3 12.1 12.0 12.0 12.0
12.3 11.7 11.9 11.7 11.6
16.7 16.5 15.8 16.2 15.9
20.8 21.0 21.3 20.7 20.6
11.6 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.3
11.5 12.6 13.3 13.6 14.6
44 510 45 942 46 619 47 135 47 737
238 223 236 278 232
54 072 56 236 57 378 58 087 59 724
227 240 248 273 276
1990 ........................................................... 1991 ........................................................... 199211 ........................................................ 199312 ........................................................ 199413 ........................................................
80 968 81 675 81 795 82 387 83 737
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2.0 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.4
5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 4.8
6.1 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.7
12.1 12.5 12.6 12.8 12.7
12.0 12.0 11.7 12.0 12.1
16.5 16.1 16.3 15.9 15.7
20.5 20.3 20.0 19.4 18.9
12.0 11.9 11.8 11.5 11.7
13.8 13.6 13.5 14.3 14.9
46 705 45 576 45 350 45 287 45 778
214 221 220 264 257
58 191 57 059 57 156 59 474 60 584
260 248 255 344 352
199514 ........................................................ 1996 ........................................................... 1997 ........................................................... 1998 ........................................................... 199915 ........................................................
84 511 85 059 86 106 87 212 88 893
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2.1 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.9
4.7 4.8 4.6 4.2 3.9
6.3 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.6
12.8 12.5 12.1 11.7 11.7
11.6 11.8 11.3 10.9 10.9
15.8 14.9 15.0 15.1 15.0
19.6 19.7 19.2 19.5 18.9
11.8 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.8
15.3 15.7 17.2 18.2 19.2
46 985 47 551 48 814 50 538 51 215
246 246 309 253 259
61 386 62 693 65 009 66 962 68 641
356 371 396 394 388
200016 ........................................................ 2001 ...........................................................
90 030 90 682
100.0 100.0
2.1 2.2
4.0 4.0
5.7 6.0
11.3 11.4
10.8 11.2
15.1 14.7
18.9 18.7
12.9 12.6
19.4 19.2
51 418 50 698
227 238
69 376 68 914
297 296
White Alone, Not Hispanic18 2002 ........................................................... 2003 ........................................................... 200417 ........................................................ 2005 ........................................................... 2006 ...........................................................
81 166 81 148 81 628 82 003 82 675
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2.2 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4
4.0 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.5
6.0 5.9 6.0 5.8 5.4
11.0 11.1 11.2 11.1 10.9
10.8 10.7 10.9 10.5 10.9
13.9 14.4 13.9 14.5 14.2
19.0 18.4 19.1 18.9 19.0
13.0 12.7 12.5 12.4 12.2
20.2 20.6 20.2 20.7 21.6
52 563 52 376 52 207 52 449 52 423
206 253 239 178 188
69 615 70 037 69 657 70 852 71 745
296 297 303 313 317
1Implementation of a new Curent Population Survey (CPS) Annual Social and Economic Supplements (ASEC) processing system. 2Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls. 3Full implementation of 1970 census–based sample design. 4Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 5Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data that were derived using linear interpolation. 6First-year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 7Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income. 8Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census–based sample design. 9Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census–based sample design. 10Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 11Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 12Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding
of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999, Social Security limits increased to $49,999, Supplemental Security Income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999, veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999, and child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 13Introduction of 1990 census sample design. 14Full implementation of 1990 census–based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race. 15Implementation of the 2000 census–based population controls. 16Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. 17Data revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 18Beginning with the 2003 CPS, respondents were allowed to choose one or more races. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing the data; the Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of respondents reported more than one race in Census 2000. 19For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group.
448 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 13-2. Households, by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 1967–2006 —Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent, dollars; income in 2006 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars.) Percent distribution Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year
Number Total
Under $5,000
Median income (dollars)
$5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $25,000 $35,000 $50,000 $75,000 $100,000 to to to to to to to and $9,999 $14,999 $24,999 $34,999 $49,999 $74,999 $99,000 over
Value
Standard error
Mean income (dollars) Value
Standard error
White, Not Hispanic19 19723 ......................................................... 1973 ........................................................... 19744,5 .......................................................
58 005 59 236 60 164
100.0 100.0 100.0
2.7 2.4 2.1
6.4 6.0 5.9
6.3 6.6 6.8
12.0 12.2 12.5
12.4 11.6 12.5
18.7 18.8 19.4
23.2 22.9 22.8
10.3 11.0 10.1
8.1 8.6 7.8
43 459 44 054 42 594
206 206 209
49 958 50 611 49 518
223 214 216
19755 ......................................................... 19766 ......................................................... 1977 ........................................................... 1978 ........................................................... 19797 .........................................................
61 533 62 365 63 721 64 836 67 203
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.0
6.1 6.1 6.1 5.5 5.4
7.3 6.6 7.0 6.8 6.5
13.4 13.1 13.0 12.4 12.2
13.2 13.1 12.1 12.2 12.4
18.6 17.9 18.0 17.0 16.9
22.2 22.9 22.8 22.8 22.8
10.2 10.5 10.7 11.8 11.7
7.0 7.7 8.3 9.7 10.3
41 411 42 714 43 097 45 252 45 300
220 249 243 238 251
48 162 49 455 50 159 52 753 53 215
233 221 237 227 233
1980 ........................................................... 1981 ........................................................... 1982 ........................................................... 19838 ......................................................... 1984 ...........................................................
68 106 68 996 69 214 ... 70 586
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1.9 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.2
5.6 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.2
6.8 6.9 7.0 6.4 6.8
12.7 13.1 12.8 13.1 12.5
12.4 12.7 12.6 12.8 12.4
17.3 17.1 17.6 17.4 17.2
22.4 21.8 21.2 20.8 20.9
11.1 11.0 10.8 11.3 11.6
9.6 9.6 10.1 10.3 11.3
44 299 43 488 43 073 ... 44 615
108 221 217 ... 248
51 718 51 137 51 517 ... 53 767
233 213 221 ... 240
19859 ......................................................... 1986 ........................................................... 198710 ........................................................ 1988 ........................................................... 1989 ...........................................................
71 540 72 067 73 120 74 067 74 495
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2.2 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.8
5.2 5.2 4.9 4.9 4.5
6.6 6.2 6.1 5.9 6.1
12.0 11.7 11.7 11.6 11.8
12.2 11.5 11.7 11.5 11.4
16.7 16.4 15.7 16.1 15.9
21.1 21.3 21.6 21.0 20.9
11.9 12.4 12.5 12.8 12.6
12.0 13.1 13.8 14.2 15.2
45 510 46 986 47 901 48 434 48 764
232 242 278 272 239
55 128 57 360 58 507 59 269 60 916
250 263 272 278 298
1990 ........................................................... 1991 ........................................................... 199211 ........................................................ 199312 ........................................................ 199413 ........................................................
75 035 75 625 75 107 75 697 77 004
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1.9 1.9 2.0 2.3 2.2
4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.4
5.8 6.2 6.3 6.1 6.4
11.7 12.1 12.2 12.4 12.3
11.8 11.9 11.4 11.8 11.9
16.4 16.0 16.2 15.8 15.7
20.7 20.6 20.4 19.8 19.3
12.4 12.2 12.2 11.9 12.0
14.4 14.2 14.2 15.1 15.7
47 772 46 664 46 872 46 954 47 255
223 230 290 275 250
59 474 58 282 58 608 61 042 62 127
269 260 270 364 369
199514 ........................................................ 1996 ........................................................... 1997 ........................................................... 1998 ........................................................... 199915 ........................................................
76 932 77 240 77 936 78 577 79 819
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1.8 1.8 2.0 2.0 1.8
4.3 4.4 4.1 3.9 3.7
5.9 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.4
12.2 11.9 11.7 11.1 11.2
11.3 11.5 10.9 10.5 10.5
15.8 14.9 14.8 14.9 14.6
20.1 20.1 19.5 19.8 19.1
12.3 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.2
16.2 16.6 18.2 19.3 20.4
48 839 49 632 50 824 52 425 53 432
255 340 266 301 338
63 388 64 589 67 092 69 106 70 892
380 ... ... 422 420
200016 ........................................................ 2001 ...........................................................
80 527 80 818
100.0 100.0
2.0 2.1
3.8 3.8
5.5 5.8
10.8 10.9
10.4 10.8
14.7 14.4
19.0 18.8
13.2 13.0
20.6 20.4
53 416 52 734
214 219
71 487 71 114
321 322
Black Alone or in Combination 2002 ........................................................... 2003 ........................................................... 200417 ........................................................ 2005 ........................................................... 2006 ...........................................................
13 778 13 969 14 151 14 399 14 709
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
6.3 6.5 7.3 6.7 6.6
9.4 9.5 9.4 9.9 9.1
9.1 9.0 8.7 8.8 8.6
15.3 15.0 15.2 16.0 15.1
13.3 13.3 13.8 12.2 13.4
15.0 15.0 14.8 15.0 14.9
14.7 15.1 15.2 15.4 15.3
8.3 8.0 7.8 7.3 7.7
8.6 8.5 7.9 8.6 9.3
32 700 32 547 32 273 31 969 32 132
430 409 296 305 238
45 204 44 197 43 507 44 128 45 493
527 468 462 480 558
Black Alone20 2002 ........................................................... 2003 ........................................................... 200417 ........................................................ 2005 ........................................................... 2006 ...........................................................
13 465 13 629 13 809 14 002 14 354
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
6.3 6.6 7.3 6.7 6.6
9.5 9.7 9.5 9.9 9.2
9.2 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.6
15.3 15.1 15.2 16.0 15.2
13.3 13.3 13.8 12.3 13.5
15.0 15.1 14.7 15.1 14.8
14.7 15.1 15.1 15.3 15.2
8.3 8.0 7.7 7.3 7.7
8.5 8.4 7.9 8.5 9.1
32 531 32 499 32 124 31 870 31 969
438 423 334 311 241
44 842 43 994 43 372 43 846 45 127
518 471 470 476 558
3Full implementation of 1970 census–based sample design. 4Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 5Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data that were derived using linear interpolation. 6First-year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 7Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income. 8Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census–based sample design. 9Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census–based sample design. 10Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 11Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 12Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding
of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999, Social Security limits increased to $49,999, Supplemental Security Income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999, veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999, and child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 13Introduction of 1990 census sample design. 14Full implementation of 1990 census–based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race. 15Implementation of the 2000 census–based population controls. 16Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. 17Data revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 19For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. 20Black alone refers to persons who reported Black and did not report any other race category. . . . = Not available.
CHAPTER 13: INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES (CENSUS BUREAU) 449 Table 13-2. Households, by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 1967–2006 —Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent, dollars; income in 2006 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars.) Percent distribution Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year
Number Total
Under $5,000
Median income (dollars)
$5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $25,000 $35,000 $50,000 $75,000 $100,000 to to to to to to to and $9,999 $14,999 $24,999 $34,999 $49,999 $74,999 $99,000 over
Value
Standard error
Mean income (dollars) Value
Standard error
Black19 19671 ......................................................... 1968 ........................................................... 1969 ...........................................................
5 728 5 870 6 053
100.0 100.0 100.0
8.4 7.3 7.4
13.7 13.5 13.3
12.8 11.5 10.8
20.0 21.4 19.5
17.1 15.2 16.3
14.0 15.7 16.0
10.3 11.2 11.9
2.1 3.0 3.6
1.7 1.2 1.3
22 311 23 579 25 152
371 342 371
26 809 28 717 29 943
299 303 318
1970 ........................................................... 19712 ......................................................... 19723 ......................................................... 1973 ........................................................... 19744,5 .......................................................
6 180 6 578 6 809 7 040 7 263
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
7.4 6.7 6.0 5.7 5.1
13.2 13.6 13.2 12.3 13.8
11.2 12.2 12.4 12.0 12.2
18.7 19.0 18.4 19.2 19.0
15.0 15.9 15.3 14.3 15.0
16.6 15.4 14.9 16.1 16.0
12.3 12.2 13.5 13.9 12.9
4.1 3.7 4.3 4.4 4.5
1.6 1.4 1.9 2.1 1.6
25 107 24 218 25 011 25 706 25 116
345 360 375 400 303
30 657 30 009 31 594 31 921 31 237
331 308 337 317 278
19755 ......................................................... 19766 ......................................................... 1977 ........................................................... 1978 ........................................................... 19797 .........................................................
7 489 7 776 7 977 8 066 8 586
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
5.1 4.7 4.3 4.2 5.0
14.8 14.0 14.7 14.6 14.0
13.3 12.6 12.1 12.1 11.7
17.7 19.1 19.6 16.7 17.7
14.7 14.0 14.3 13.8 14.4
15.6 15.5 14.8 15.2 14.1
13.1 13.9 13.4 14.2 14.6
4.1 4.3 4.6 6.0 5.9
1.6 2.0 2.2 3.0 2.8
24 674 24 891 24 938 26 692 26 227
363 309 335 564 479
30 799 31 802 31 952 34 111 33 653
273 284 284 445 414
1980 ........................................................... 1981 ........................................................... 1982 ........................................................... 19838 ......................................................... 1984 ...........................................................
8 847 8 961 8 916 9 243 9 480
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
5.7 6.0 6.7 7.0 6.1
14.9 15.3 14.9 15.3 14.7
11.7 12.4 11.9 11.6 12.0
18.4 17.8 18.3 17.4 18.1
13.3 13.8 12.9 14.1 13.3
14.5 13.9 14.5 13.4 14.1
13.5 13.1 13.9 13.2 12.2
5.2 5.2 4.7 5.4 5.8
2.7 2.5 2.2 2.6 3.6
25 076 24 056 24 009 23 998 24 899
473 404 385 448 479
32 545 31 601 31 590 31 965 33 207
401 383 395 392 408
19859 ......................................................... 1986 ........................................................... 198710 ........................................................ 1988 ........................................................... 1989 ...........................................................
9 797 9 922 10 192 10 561 10 486
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
6.1 7.3 6.3 5.9 6.4
14.4 14.2 14.7 15.3 13.7
11.0 10.2 11.1 10.6 10.0
16.5 16.4 15.7 16.1 15.4
14.6 12.5 13.7 12.3 13.2
13.5 14.4 13.9 13.9 14.2
14.0 14.4 13.6 13.6 14.3
6.4 5.7 6.0 7.0 7.0
3.5 4.7 4.9 5.2 5.6
26 481 26 468 26 608 26 870 28 390
515 520 513 560 578
34 551 35 511 35 928 36 811 37 672
449 483 494 537 512
1990 ........................................................... 1991 ........................................................... 199211 ........................................................ 199312 ........................................................ 199413 ........................................................
10 671 11 083 11 269 11 281 11 655
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
6.7 7.0 7.3 7.3 6.3
14.0 14.2 14.8 13.3 13.4
11.0 11.0 10.0 11.1 9.9
14.8 15.4 16.2 16.1 16.6
12.6 12.4 12.4 13.2 13.0
14.3 14.3 14.4 14.3 12.9
15.0 14.7 13.9 12.7 14.4
6.0 6.2 6.1 6.5 7.3
5.7 4.9 4.9 5.5 6.4
27 929 27 151 26 407 26 839 28 288
637 570 539 530 526
37 108 36 154 35 833 37 413 39 362
501 472 486 621 565
199514 ........................................................ 1996 ........................................................... 1997 ........................................................... 1998 ........................................................... 199915 ........................................................
11 577 12 109 12 474 12 579 12 838
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
6.0 6.0 5.7 6.1 5.2
11.8 11.1 10.9 11.5 9.9
9.7 9.8 9.1 8.6 8.7
16.0 16.4 15.6 16.0 14.9
13.3 13.2 13.3 12.7 12.7
14.9 14.7 14.9 14.8 14.8
15.3 15.0 16.1 14.8 15.9
7.2 7.2 7.6 7.5 8.0
5.8 6.6 6.8 8.1 10.0
29 417 30 048 31 376 31 316 33 773
502 591 540 490 629
39 935 41 536 41 287 42 172 46 541
683 811 592 563 668
200016 ........................................................ 2001 ...........................................................
13 174 13 315
100.0 100.0
5.4 6.0
9.0 9.2
7.9 8.5
15.2 14.8
12.8 13.8
16.0 14.9
16.6 16.1
8.2 8.3
8.8 8.4
34 735 33 562
460 395
45 870 44 697
465 471
Asian Alone or in Combination 2002 ........................................................... 2003 ........................................................... 200417 ........................................................ 2005 ........................................................... 2006 ...........................................................
4 079 4 235 4 346 4 500 4 664
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
4.0 4.7 3.6 4.3 3.3
2.6 4.5 3.6 3.3 3.1
4.2 4.7 3.7 4.5 3.9
9.4 9.4 8.6 8.0 7.6
9.6 6.5 8.6 7.1 8.5
12.2 12.8 12.1 11.7 13.0
18.9 16.9 19.6 19.1 17.3
13.0 14.0 12.7 13.2 12.8
25.9 26.4 27.7 28.8 30.6
58 598 60 582 61 322 63 050 63 900
887 1 351 1 236 753 1 617
77 865 76 094 81 263 82 620 87 528
1 481 1 309 1 534 1 442 1 832
Asian Alone21 2002 ........................................................... 2003 ........................................................... 200417 ........................................................ 2005 ........................................................... 2006 ...........................................................
3 917 4 040 4 123 4 273 4 454
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
4.1 4.8 3.6 4.3 3.4
2.5 4.6 3.5 3.4 3.1
4.2 4.6 3.8 4.6 3.9
9.5 9.4 8.6 8.1 7.7
9.7 6.3 8.5 7.1 8.5
12.1 12.9 11.9 11.3 12.8
18.8 16.7 19.6 19.4 17.0
13.0 14.1 12.6 13.0 12.8
26.2 26.8 28.0 28.9 30.8
58 980 61 061 61 380 63 097 64 238
1 032 1 199 1 304 735 1 674
78 505 76 709 81 675 82 722 88 293
1 531 1 358 1 580 1 459 1 908
1Implementation of a new Curent Population Survey (CPS) Annual Social and Economic Supplements (ASEC) processing system. 2Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls. 3Full implementation of 1970 census–based sample design. 4Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 5Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data that were derived using linear interpolation. 6First-year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 7Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income. 8Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census–based sample design. 9Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census–based sample design. 10Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 11Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 12Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding
of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999, Social Security limits increased to $49,999, Supplemental Security Income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999, veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999, and child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 13Introduction of 1990 census sample design. 14Full implementation of 1990 census–based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race. 15Implementation of the 2000 census–based population controls. 16Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. 17Data revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 19For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. 21Asian alone refers to persons who reported Asian and did not report any other race category.
450 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 13-2. Households, by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 1967–2006 —Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent, dollars; income in 2006 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars.) Percent distribution Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year
Number Total
Under $5,000
Median income (dollars)
$5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $25,000 $35,000 $50,000 $75,000 $100,000 to to to to to to to and $9,999 $14,999 $24,999 $34,999 $49,999 $74,999 $99,000 over
Value
Standard error
Mean income (dollars) Value
Standard error
Asian and Pacific Islander19 198710 ........................................................ 1988 ........................................................... 1989 ...........................................................
... 1 913 1 988
100.0 100.0 100.0
4.3 3.0 2.9
3.4 4.1 2.6
5.5 3.9 5.7
12.6 12.0 8.7
9.3 9.2 9.3
11.5 14.8 14.5
19.2 20.5 20.4
13.2 11.3 15.2
21.0 21.2 20.7
54 714 52 844 56 680
2 034 2 172 1 532
... 66 067 70 461
... 1 973 2 050
1990 ........................................................... 1991 ........................................................... 199211 ........................................................ 199312 ........................................................ 199413 ........................................................
1 958 2 094 2 262 2 233 2 040
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
3.8 3.3 3.7 4.5 4.3
3.0 4.6 3.7 4.7 4.0
5.0 4.6 5.5 6.7 4.7
9.4 9.6 10.7 9.8 10.4
8.2 11.1 9.2 10.1 9.1
13.5 14.5 14.4 12.8 14.0
22.1 18.6 20.7 16.5 18.6
13.3 13.3 12.8 14.8 14.1
21.7 20.2 19.4 20.2 20.9
57 500 52 621 53 223 52 689 54 460
1 703 1 698 1 536 2 591 2 064
69 407 66 811 65 964 69 036 70 712
1 965 1 969 1 813 2 780 2 520
199514 ........................................................ 1996 ........................................................... 1997 ........................................................... 1998 ........................................................... 199915 ........................................................
2 777 2 998 3 125 3 308 3 742
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
4.5 3.4 3.9 4.2 3.9
3.2 4.8 3.8 3.7 2.9
6.5 4.7 4.5 3.7 4.6
10.2 9.5 8.9 9.3 7.9
7.4 9.1 9.1 8.6 7.8
15.0 13.8 13.3 14.5 14.8
19.8 18.2 18.8 17.7 17.4
14.1 14.0 14.1 13.9 13.2
19.3 22.6 23.5 24.4 27.3
53 353 55 376 56 676 57 610 61 664
1 339 1 985 1 576 1 603 2 173
72 551 72 358 73 762 74 375 81 542
2 927 2 595 2 286 2 148 2 067
200016 ........................................................ 2001 ...........................................................
3 963 4 071
100.0 100.0
3.4 4.0
2.6 2.8
3.9 4.0
7.8 8.9
8.4 9.3
13.1 12.8
17.7 18.4
14.9 12.5
28.2 27.4
65 281 61 082
1 113 1 458
85 232 83 317
1 769 1 967
Hispanic22 19723 ......................................................... 1973 ........................................................... 19744,5 .......................................................
2 655 2 722 2 897
100.0 100.0 100.0
3.0 3.2 2.5
6.6 6.3 7.4
9.9 9.0 9.5
18.5 18.6 19.3
17.9 17.3 16.2
21.0 20.1 20.4
16.0 17.9 16.9
4.5 5.2 5.3
2.6 2.5 2.6
32 335 32 282 32 120
632 733 703
37 166 37 506 37 209
632 610 606
19755 ......................................................... 19766 ......................................................... 1977 ........................................................... 1978 ........................................................... 19797 .........................................................
2 948 3 081 3 304 3 291 3 684
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
3.5 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0
9.2 9.6 7.8 7.3 7.4
10.2 10.3 9.9 9.4 8.7
20.0 18.6 18.5 16.8 16.3
16.6 16.7 16.6 16.7 16.6
18.3 17.7 19.2 18.0 18.3
15.8 16.7 16.5 18.8 18.1
4.2 4.7 5.4 6.3 6.9
2.3 2.6 3.0 3.8 4.8
29 527 30 142 31 526 33 476 33 756
653 643 554 811 973
35 052 35 620 37 205 39 542 40 843
623 580 574 800 820
1980 ........................................................... 1981 ........................................................... 1982 ........................................................... 19838 ......................................................... 1984 ...........................................................
3 906 3 980 4 085 4 666 4 883
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
3.8 3.5 4.2 4.3 4.5
8.6 7.5 8.7 9.6 9.5
9.1 10.2 11.5 10.8 10.1
18.3 17.1 17.6 16.6 16.5
15.5 15.1 15.0 16.2 13.9
17.4 18.5 16.9 16.8 17.5
16.8 16.6 15.9 15.3 16.6
6.7 7.4 6.7 6.5 6.7
3.9 4.0 3.5 3.9 4.7
31 802 32 545 30 449 30 387 31 407
862 891 804 775 787
38 845 39 082 37 578 37 221 39 053
773 747 762 716 762
19859 ......................................................... 1986 ........................................................... 198710 ........................................................ 1988 ........................................................... 1989 ...........................................................
5 213 5 418 5 642 5 910 5 933
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
4.0 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.2
9.0 8.8 9.1 9.2 8.3
10.6 9.4 9.3 8.4 7.9
17.3 17.2 16.9 16.5 15.6
14.0 13.5 14.1 14.1 15.2
16.8 17.0 16.1 16.7 16.2
16.4 16.5 16.4 17.1 17.4
7.0 7.3 7.5 7.2 8.5
4.8 5.9 6.3 6.4 6.8
31 209 32 211 32 829 33 342 34 416
729 839 720 822 667
38 997 40 673 42 082 42 569 43 947
634 669 779 902 755
1990 ........................................................... 1991 ........................................................... 199211 ........................................................ 199312 ........................................................ 199413 ........................................................
6 220 6 379 7 153 7 362 7 735
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
3.6 3.7 4.0 3.9 4.0
8.4 8.5 9.0 8.9 9.5
9.9 9.9 9.9 10.1 10.5
16.2 16.9 17.0 17.3 16.8
14.1 14.2 14.2 15.2 14.8
17.6 16.6 17.5 17.0 15.8
17.2 16.7 15.5 14.2 14.7
6.8 7.3 7.3 7.6 7.3
6.2 6.2 5.6 5.8 6.7
33 394 32 759 31 816 31 446 31 508
685 681 658 632 585
41 831 41 682 40 581 41 620 42 487
689 667 638 875 1 060
199514 ........................................................ 1996 ........................................................... 1997 ........................................................... 1998 ........................................................... 199915 ........................................................
7 939 8 225 8 590 9 060 9 579
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
4.4 3.8 4.0 4.2 3.3
9.6 8.9 8.8 7.7 5.9
9.8 8.6 8.4 8.3 7.5
18.4 18.3 16.0 16.0 16.1
14.7 14.9 14.6 14.2 14.3
16.0 15.4 16.5 17.0 17.5
14.5 15.9 16.6 16.6 17.1
6.8 7.4 7.4 7.9 9.4
5.9 6.8 7.6 8.2 9.0
30 030 31 870 33 353 34 996 37 204
654 618 595 674 541
40 988 43 513 44 945 47 287 48 874
920 1 007 907 1 006 868
200016 ........................................................ 2001 ........................................................... 2002 ........................................................... 2003 ........................................................... 200417 ........................................................
10 034 10 499 11 339 11 693 12 178
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
3.1 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.2
5.7 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.8
6.9 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.3
15.6 15.5 15.8 16.1 16.1
13.4 14.2 15.0 15.3 14.9
18.0 17.4 16.4 17.5 16.5
18.3 17.4 17.6 16.1 17.4
9.9 9.6 9.0 8.9 8.3
9.1 9.7 9.5 9.2 9.5
38 834 38 225 37 100 36 173 36 581
560 485 540 503 512
51 490 50 545 50 307 48 749 48 970
741 639 672 539 599
2005 ........................................................... 2006 ...........................................................
12 519 12 973
100.0 100.0
3.8 3.5
5.8 5.7
7.4 7.1
15.9 15.5
14.6 14.0
17.1 17.5
17.5 17.3
8.5 8.9
9.4 10.5
37 146 37 781
369 505
48 684 50 575
490 580
3Full implementation of 1970 census–based sample design. 4Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 5Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data that were derived using linear interpolation. 6First-year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 7Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income. 8Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census–based sample design. 9Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census–based sample design. 10Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 11Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 12Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding
of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999, Social Security limits increased to $49,999, Supplemental Security Income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999, veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999, and child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 13Introduction of 1990 census sample design. 14Full implementation of 1990 census–based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race. 15Implementation of the 2000 census–based population controls. 16Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. 17Data revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 19For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. 22Because Hispanics may be of any race, data in this report for Hispanics overlap with data for racial groups. Hispanic origin was reported by 12.7 percent of White householders who reported only one race, 3.1 percent of Black householders who reported only one race, and 1.4 percent of Asian householders who reported only one race. Data users should exercise caution when interpreting aggregate results for the Hispanic population and for race groups, because these populations consist of many distinct groups that differ in socioeconomic characteristics, culture, and recentness of immigration. Data were first collected for Hispanics in 1972. . . . = Not available.
INDEX
INDEX
A ABSENCES FROM WORK Defined, 6 Full-time workers, 118 ACCOUNTING AND BOOKKEEPING Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Producer price indexes, 313 ACTUARIES Employment and wages by occupation, 207 ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES AND SUPPORT Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 281 Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 392 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 ADVERTISING OCCUPATIONS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 AEROSPACE ENGINEERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 AGE Absences from work full-time workers by age, 118 American Time Use Survey (ATUS) average hours per day spent in primary activities, 431 Children employment status of women by presence and age of children, 123 number and age of children in families, 127 Children under 3 employment status of mothers, 79 Children under 18 employment status of population, 77 Civilian labor force employment status by age, 30 participation rates, 39 Civilian noninstitutional population employment status by age, 11, 21 Consumer expenditures averages by age of reference person, 361 averages by income before taxes, 25 and under, 374 averages by income before taxes, 25 to 34 years, 375 averages by income before taxes, 35 to 44 years, 376 averages by income before taxes, 45 to 54 years, 377
averages by income before taxes, 55 to 64 years, 378 averages by income before taxes, 65 and over, 379 Days away from work due to injury or illness, 388 Earnings median weekly earnings of workers by age, 135 Educational attainment number of employed persons age 25 years and over, by age, 69 Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers employment status by age, 48 Employed civilians, 54 Employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements, 150 Employment-population ratios by age, 63 Flexible schedules workers by selected characteristics, 154 Foreign- and native-born populations employment status by age, 129 employment status by age of child, 131 Income in the U.S. (Census Bureau) income and earnings summary, 445 Labor-management relations union membership by age, 400 Median annual earnings of full-time workers, 146 Minimum wage workers paid hourly rates at or below minimum wage, 117 Multiple jobholder statistics, 72 Number and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 113 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries by age, 391 Occupation of longest job held, workers 25 to 64 years, 142 Participation rates of persons 25 to 64 years of age, 138 Percent distribution of employed civilians, by age, 53 Percent distribution of the labor force 25 to 64 years of age, 136 Percent of the population with work experience by age, 107 Persons not in the labor force, 51 Population ratios, 63 Projections of labor force and employment civilian labor force by age, 224 Shift usually worked workers by selected characteristics, 157 Tenure of workers by age, 119 Unemployed persons by age, 105 Unemployment rates by age, 82, 83, 92, 140 AGENTS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 AGRICULTURE Civilians employed by, 68
453
454 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Class of workers employed civilians by class of worker, 68 Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employment and output by industry, 232 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 9, 10, 11 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 392 nonfatal rates, 386 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Producer price indexes, 313 Salaried workers, 68 Self-employed workers, 68 Sex employed civilians by sex, 68 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 Unpaid family workers, 68 Wage earners, 68 AIR FREIGHT International price indexes, 344 AIR PASSENGER FARES International price indexes, 344 AIR TRANSPORTATION Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Producer price indexes, 313 ALTERNATIVE WORK ARRANGEMENTS Collection of data, 147 Employed workers by health insurance and pension plans, 151 Employed workers with alternative work arrangements, 150 Median weekly earnings, 152 AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY (ATUS) Age average hours per day spent in primary activities, 431 Average hours per day spent in primary activities caring for household children under 18 years, 436 leisure and sports activities, 439 persons reporting activity on the diary day, 427 persons reporting on the diary day, 430 population 18 years and over, 437 population by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 431 total population, 430, 431 Average hours worked on weekdays and weekends, 432, 433 Average hours worked per day at all jobs, 434
Average hours worked per day at main job, 433, 435 Concepts, 428 Definitions, 428 Educational attainment average hours per day spent in primary activities, 431 Highlights, 427 Hispanic origin average hours per day spent in primary activities, 431 Race average hours per day spent in primary activities, 431 Sex average hours per day spent in primary activities, 431 average hours worked per day, by sex, 432 percent of population reporting activity on the diary day, 427 Survey methodology, 428 AMERICAS Hourly compensation costs, 416 ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND VEGETABLE OILS Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 ANIMALS Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 APPAREL PRODUCTS Consumer price indexes, 327, 329 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 APPLIANCES Productivity and costs, 264 ARCHITECTS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Producer price indexes, 313 ARMED FORCES Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 392 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 ARTS AND DESIGN Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Occupational statistics, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 ASIAN NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES Hourly compensation costs, 416 Import price indexes, 341
INDEX 455 ASIAN RACE Defined, 5 Flexible schedules workers by selected characteristics, 154 Income in the U.S. (Census Bureau) households by total money income, 446 Labor-management relations union membership by Asian race, 400 Race generally see RACE ATTORNEYS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Occupation of longest job held, 142 AT WORK PART-TIME FOR ECONOMIC REASONS Defined, 5 AT WORK PART-TIME FOR NONECONOMIC REASONS Defined, 5 AUDITORS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 AUSTRALIA Consumer price indexes, 417, 418 Employment-population ratios, 421 Employment status of the working-age population, 411 Gross domestic product per capita, 419 Gross domestic product per employed person, 420 Hourly compensation costs, 416 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 413 Purchasing power parities, 423 AUSTRIA Consumer price indexes, 417, 418 Employment-population ratios, 421 Gross domestic product per capita, 419 Gross domestic product per employed person, 420 Hourly compensation costs, 416 Purchasing power parities, 423 AUTOMOBILES Consumer price indexes, 329 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Producer price indexes, 313 AUTO REPAIR SERVICES Employment and wages by occupation, 207 AVAILABILITY FOR WORK Persons not in the labor force employment status, 51 AVERAGE ANNUAL PAY Covered workers, by industry, 192 Covered workers, by state and selected territory, 193 AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS Defined, 163 Industry sector and selected detail, 190
Manufacturing payrolls, 185, 188 Nonfarm payrolls, 184, 190 Production workers by state, 188 AVERAGE HOURS PER DAY Defined, 428 AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS Average weekly overtime hours of production workers, 173 Defined, 163 AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS Defined, 164 Nonfarm payrolls, 186 Production workers, 187 States and territories, 189 AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS Defined, 163 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of nonfarm workers, 174 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 175 Production workers by industry sector and detail, 182 by state and territory, 181 manufacturing payrolls, 172 private nonfarm payrolls, 171 B BANKING Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 275 Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employment and output by industry, 232 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 392 Occupational statistics, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Producer price indexes, 313 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 BARS Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 261 BELGIUM Consumer price indexes, 417, 418 Employment-population ratios, 421 Gross domestic product per capita, 419
456 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Gross domestic product per employed person, 420 Hourly compensation costs, 416 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 413 Purchasing power parities, 423 BENEFITS Collection of statistics, 297 Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 283 Definitions, 274 Employee Benefits Survey, 297 Employment Cost Index, 283 Medical care benefits percent of plan participants and premiums per participant, 299 Percent of workers participating in selected benefits, 298 BEVERAGE PRODUCTS Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Producer price indexes, 313 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 BLACK RACE Defined, 5 Race generally see RACE BLUE COLLAR WORKERS Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 281 BRAZIL Hourly compensation costs, 416 BROADCASTING Tenure of workers by industry, 120 BROKERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 BUDGET ANALYSTS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 BUILDING AND GROUNDS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Occupational statistics, 66 Occupation of longest job held, 142 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Collection of data by the BLS, 4 BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS (BED) Concepts, 196 Definitions, 196 Highlights, 195 Job gains and losses percent of employment, 198 seasonally adjusted, 197 states and selected territory, 200 three-month, by industry, 199 Sources of additional information, 196 BUSINESS MANAGERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207
BUSINESS SECTOR Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 275 Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Indexes of productivity and related data, 254 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Output defined, 252 C CABLE AND PAY TELEVISION SERVICES Producer price indexes, 313 CANADA Consumer price indexes, 417, 418 Employment-population ratios, 421 Employment status of the working-age population, 411 Gross domestic product per capita, 419 Gross domestic product per employed person, 420 Hourly compensation costs, 416 Import price indexes, 341 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 413 Purchasing power parities, 423 Travel and tourism services, 346 CAPITAL SERVICES Defined, 253 CARPENTERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 CARTOGRAPHERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 CEMENT AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS Producer price indexes, 313 CENSUS BUREAU Current Population Survey, 4 Income in the U.S. (Census Bureau) see INCOME IN THE U.S. (CENSUS BUREAU) CHEMICAL PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 CHIEF EXECUTIVES Employment and wages by occupation, 207 CHILDREN Age employment status of women by presence and age of children, 123
INDEX 457 number and age of children in families, 127 American Time Use Survey (ATUS) average hours per day spent caring for household children, 436 average hours per day spent in primary activities, 437 Children under 3 employment status of mothers, 79 Children under 18 employment status of population, 77 hours spent caring for household children under 18, 436 Defined, 6 Flexible schedules workers by selected characteristics, 154 Foreign- and native-born populations employment status by age of youngest child, 131 Number and age of children in families, 127 Status of all women by the presence and age of children, 123 Status of ever-married women and married women with children, 124 Status of women who maintain families, 125 CIVIL ENGINEERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Age employed civilians by age, 54 employment status by, 30 participation rates, 39 percent distribution of employed civilians, by age, 53 population ratios, 63 Agricultural labor statistics, 68 Collection of statistics, 4 Comparability of labor force levels, 7 Concepts, 4 Contingent and noncontingent workers, 148 Definitions, 4 Divisions employment status by, 20 Educational attainment statistics, 69 Employed civilians by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and occupation, 66, 67 Employed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 48 Employment status, 9, 10, 11 Extent of employment number of persons with work experience during the year, 109 Families children under 3, 79 children under 18, 77 employment and unemployment, 74, 75, 76 number and age of children in families, by status of mother, 127 presence and relationship of employed members, 75
unemployment by presence and relationship of employed members, 76 Foreign labor force statistics see FOREIGN LABOR FORCE STATISTICS Full-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 48 Hispanic origin employed civilians by Hispanic origin, 54 employment status by, 30 occupational statistics, 66, 67 participation rates, 39 percent distribution of labor force, 3 population ratios, 63 Historical comparability of statistics, 7 Job held the longest by industry and class of worker, 108 Long-term unemployment by industry and occupation, 104 Marital status employment status by, 17 Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours, 302 Multiple jobholders rates of employment, by selected characteristics, 71 sex, age, marital status, race, and Hispanic origin, 72 sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Nonagricultural labor statistics, 68 Occupational and Industrial Classification System changes in, 8 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Occupations with the largest job growth, 229 Participation rate for the labor force generally, 4 Participation rates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 39 Participation rates of persons 25 to 64 years of age, 138 Part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 48 Percent distribution of employed civilians, by age, 53 Percent distribution of labor force 25 to 64 years of age, 136 Percent distribution of labor force by race, sex, and Hispanic origin, 3 Percent distribution of population with work experience during the year, 110 Percent of the population with work experience by sex and age, 107 Persons not in the labor force desire and availability for work, 51 Population ratios, 63 Projections of labor force and employment age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 224 Race employed civilians by race, 54 employment status by, 17, 30 occupational statistics, 66, 67
458 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) participation rates, 39 percent distribution of labor force, 3 population ratios, 63 Regions employment status by, 20 Sex employed civilians by sex, 54 employment status by, 17, 30 occupational statistics, 66, 67 participation rates, 39 percent distribution of labor force, 3 population ratios, 63 Shift usually worked by full-time workers, 157, 158 States employment status by, 20 Tenure of workers by age and sex, 119 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 Territories employment status by, 20 Unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 48 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 Unemployed persons by class and industry, 102 Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 103 Unemployment rates by selected characteristics, 74, 82, 83, 92 Work experience see WORK EXPERIENCE CIVILIAN NONINSTITUTIONAL POPULATION Age, employment status by, 11, 21 Defined, 4 Divisions employment status by, 20 Employment status, 9, 10, 11 Families employment and unemployment, 74, 75, 76 Hispanic origin, employment status by, 11, 21 Marital status, employment status by, 17 Race, employment status by, 11, 17, 21 Regions employment status by, 20 Sex, employment status by, 10, 11, 17, 21, 30 States employment status by, 20 Territories employment status by, 20 CLAIMS ADJUSTERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 CLASS OF WORKER Job held the longest by industry and class of worker, 108 Unemployed persons by class and industry, 102 CLERICAL SERVICES Consumer price indexes, 327
COAL MINING Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 COLLEGES Educational attainment see EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Total job openings by education cluster, 231 COMMODITIES Consumer price indexes, 323 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Producer price indexes, 311 COMMUNICATIONS Consumer price indexes, 327, 329 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 COMMUNITY SERVICES Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES Benefits collection of statistics, 297 Employee Benefits Survey, 297 Employment Cost Index, 283 percent of workers participating in selected benefits, 298 Collection of data, 274, 300 Concepts, 274 Costs per hour worked for private industry workers census region and area, 288 major industry group, 286 Costs per hour worked for state and local government major occupational and industry group, 292, 293 Definitions, 300 Employment Cost Index benefits, 283 private industry workers, 275 state and local government workers, 281 union workers, 278 Foreign labor force statistics hourly compensation costs, 416 Highlights, 273 Labor unions, 278, 397, 403 Local government workers Employment Cost Index, 281 Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours civilian workers, 302 metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, 303 private industry, 302 state and local government, 302
INDEX 459 Metropolitan areas employer costs per hour worked for the 15 largest areas, 296 total compensation for the 15 largest metropolitan areas, 295 Private industry workers Employment Cost Index, 275 Private industry workers, 275, 278 Sources of additional information, 301 State and local government workers costs per hour worked, 292, 293 Employment Cost Index, 281 Union workers, by bargaining status, 278 COMPUTER EQUIPMENT Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 COMPUTER SERVICES Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Occupation of longest job held, 142 CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONS Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and output by industry, 232 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 392 nonfatal rates, 386 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 Workers defined, 163 CONSUMER EXPENDITURES Age of reference person, 361 Annual average of all consumer units, 352 Averages by age of reference person, 361 Averages by composition of consumer unit, 360 Averages by education of reference person, 364 Averages by higher income before taxes, 355 Averages by Hispanic origin of reference person, 363 Averages by housing tenure and type of area, 365 Averages by income before taxes, 354 Averages by income before taxes, 25 and under, 374 Averages by income before taxes, 25 to 34 years, 375
Averages by income before taxes, 35 to 44 years, 376 Averages by income before taxes, 45 to 54 years, 377 Averages by income before taxes, 55 to 64 years, 378 Averages by income before taxes, 65 and over, 379 Averages by number of earners, 358 Averages by occupation of reference person, 357 Averages by population size of area of residence, 366 Averages by quintiles of income before taxes, 356 Averages by race of reference person, 362 Averages by region of residence, 367 Averages by selected metropolitan statistical areas Midwest region, 370 Northeast region, 368 South region, 369 West region, 371 Averages by size of consumer unit, 359 Averages for age groups by income before taxes reference person under 25 years of age, 374 reference person 25 to 34 years of age, 375 reference person 35 to 44 years of age, 376 reference person 45 to 54 years of age, 377 reference person 55 to 64 years of age, 378 reference person 65 years of age and over, 379 Averages for single men by income before taxes, 372 Averages for single women by income before taxes, 373 Collection of data, 350 Composition of consumer unit, 360 Data included, 351 Definitions, 350 Diary Survey, 350 Educational attainment averages by education of reference person, 364 Higher income before taxes, 355 Highlights, 349 Hispanic origin of reference person, 363 Housing tenure and type of area, 365 Income before taxes, 354 Interview Survey, 350 Midwest region, 370 Northeast region, 368 Occupation of reference person, 357 Population size of area of residence, 366 Purpose of the Consumer Expenditure Survey, 350 Quintiles of income before taxes, 356 Race of reference person, 362 Region of residence, 367 Shares of annual average expenditures of all consumer units, 353 Single men by income before taxes, 372 Single women by income before taxes, 373 Size of consumer unit, 359 Sources of additional information, 351 South region, 369 West region, 371 CONSUMER PRICE INDEXES (CPI) All items and medical care, 319
460 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Clerical services, 327 Coverage of the CPI, 320 Current methodology, 320 Definitions, 320 Expenditure categories, 329 Foreign countries, 417, 418 Medical care, 319 Percent change in prices of fuel products, 307 Periodic updating, 320 Purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 325 Regional indexes, 332 Relative importance of components in the CPI, 331 Research series, using current methods, 333 Sources of additional information, 321 Urban consumers commodity, service, and special groups, 323 major groups, 322 purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 325 U.S. city average, 322, 329 Urban wage earners, 327 CONSUMER UNITS Consumer expenditures annual average of all consumer units, 352 averages by composition of consumer unit, 360 averages by size of consumer unit, 359 shares of annual average expenditures of all consumer units, 353 Defined, 351 CONTINGENT WORKERS Collection of data, 147 Defined, 147 Employed workers by health insurance and pension plans, 151 Employed workers by occupation and industry, 149 Employed workers by selected characteristics, 148 Employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements, 150 Median weekly earnings, 152 Sources of additional information, 147 CONTRACTORS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 CORPORATIONS Indexes of productivity and related data, 254 COST ESTIMATORS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 COSTS see PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS COVERED WORKERS Employment and average annual pay for covered workers, 192, 193 CREDIT ANALYSTS Employment and wages by occupation, 207
CRUDE MATERIALS Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 CRUDE OIL TANKER FREIGHT International price indexes, 344 CURRENT POPULATION SURVEY (CPS) Collection of data by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 4 Monthly survey of households, 4 CZECH REPUBLIC Hourly compensation costs, 416 D DAYS AWAY FROM WORK Defined, 384 Occupational safety and health number of injuries and illnesses involving days away from work, 388, 390 DAYS OF IDLENESS Defined, 398 DECLINES Industries with the largest output growth and declines, 230 DEFINITIONS Absences, 6 American Time Use Survey (ATUS), 428 Asian race, 5 At work part-time for economic reasons, 5 At work part-time for noneconomic reasons, 5 Average hourly earnings, 163 Average hours per day, 428 Average overtime hours, 163 Average weekly earnings, 164 Average weekly hours, 163 Benefits, 274 Black race, 5 Business Employment Dynamics (BED), 196 Business sector output, 252 Capital services, 253 Caring for and helping household members, 429 Caring for and helping non-household members, 429 Children, 6 Civilian labor force, 4 Civilian noninstitutional population, 4 Compensation of employees, 300 Construction workers, 163 Consumer Expenditure Survey, 350 Consumer Price Index, 320 Consumer unit, 351 Contingent workers, 147 Days away from work, 384 Days of idleness, 398 Diary day, 428 Discouraged workers, 5 Duration of unemployment, 4 Earner, 351 Earnings, 6, 300
INDEX 461 Eating and drinking, 428 Educational activities, 429 Educational attainment, 6 Employed full-time, 428 Employed part-time, 428 Employed persons, 4 Employment Cost Index, 274 Employment-population ratio, 4 Establishments, 204 Expenditures, 351 Export price indexes, 334 Extent of unemployment, 6 Family, 6 Fatal occupational injuries, 384 Foreign labor force statistics, 410 Full-time worker, 300 Hispanic origin, 6 Household, 6 Household activities, 428 Household children, 428 Householder, 351 Implicit deflator, 252 Import price indexes, 334 Incentive worker, 300 Incidence, 297 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls, 163 Indexes of hourly compensation, 252 Indexes of labor input, 253 Indexes of total compensation, 253 Indexes of unit labor costs, 252 Industry classification, 162 Industry employment, 162 Industry hours and earnings, 163 Labor input, 253 Labor-management relations, 398 Leisure, 429 Level, 300 Major work stoppages, 398 Manufacturing multifactor productivity index, 253 Marital status, 6 Mean wages, 204 Measures of labor input, 252 Minimum wage, 6 Multifactor productivity growth, 253 Multifactor productivity measures, 253 Multiple jobholders, 5 Net output values, 308 Never married, 6 Nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses, 384 Nonlabor payments, 252 Nonsupervisory workers, 163 Nonunion worker, 300 Not employed, 428 Occupation, industry, and class of worker, 5 Occupational illness, 384 Occupational injury, 384
Occupational safety and health, 384 Occupations, 204 Organizational, civic, and religious activities, 429 Output index, 252 Output per hour, 252 Output per hour indexes, 252 Overtime hours, 163 Participation, 297 Participation rate, 4 Part-time worker, 300 Payroll, 163 Personal care activities, 428 Persons not in the labor force, 5 Persons with work experience, 6 Population, labor force, and employment status, 4 Primary activity, 428 Producer Price Index, 308 Production and related workers, 162 Productivity, 252 Projections of labor force and employment, 222 Purchasing goods and services, 429 Reasons for unemployment, 4 Recordable occupational injuries and illnesses, 384 Reference person, 351 Represented by unions, 398 Salaries, 274 Single, 6 Spell of unemployment, 6 Sports, 429 Spouse present, 6 Telephone calls, mail, and email, 429 Tenure, 6 Time-based worker, 300 Total expenditures, 351 Total hours, 163 Unemployed persons, 4 Unemployment rate, 4 Union members, 398 Union worker, 301 Usual full- or part-time status, 5 Wages, 204, 274 White race, 5 Workers involved, 398 Working and work-related activities, 429 Year-round full-time workers, 6 DENMARK Consumer price indexes, 417, 418 Employment-population ratios, 421 Gross domestic product per capita, 419 Gross domestic product per employed person, 420 Hourly compensation costs, 416 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 413 Purchasing power parities, 423 DESIRE FOR WORK Persons not in the labor force
462 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) employment status, 51 DIARY DAY Average time per day spent in primary activities, 430 Defined, 428 DIARY SURVEY Consumer expenditures, 350 DISABILITY BENEFITS Percent of workers participating in selected benefits, 298 DISCOURAGED WORKERS Defined, 5 DIVORCED PERSONS Employment status population by marital status and presence of children under 18, 77 DRINKING PLACES Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 261 DURABLE GOODS Manufacturing see MANUFACTURING - DURABLE GOODS Wholesale trade see WHOLESALE TRADE - DURABLE GOODS DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT Defined, 4 Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 103 E EARNERS Consumer expenditures averages by number of earners, 358 Defined, 351 EARNINGS Aggregate weekly hours of nonfarm workers, 174 Aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 175 Average annual pay for covered workers, 192, 193 Average hourly earnings by state, 188 manufacturing payrolls, 185, 188 nonfarm payrolls, 184, 190 Average weekly earnings by state and territory, 189 nonfarm payrolls, 186 production workers, 187 Consumer expenditures averages by higher income before taxes, 355 averages by income before taxes, 354 averages by quintiles of income before taxes, 356 Definitions, 6, 300 Distribution of employment by wage range and occupational group, 206 Education
median annual earnings by educational attainment, 146 Employees on government payrolls by state and territory, 180 Employees on manufacturing payrolls by state, 179 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Family income by type of family, 128 Foreign labor force statistics hourly compensation costs, 416 Highlights, 183 Households by total money income, 446 Income and earnings summary measures, 445 Income in the U.S. (Census Bureau) see INCOME IN THE U.S. (CENSUS BUREAU) Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours, 302, 303 Median annual earnings of full-time workers, 146 Median family income by type of family, 128 Median weekly earnings of full- and part-time workers, 135, 152 Minimum wage workers paid hourly rates at or below minimum wage, 117 Number and annual earnings of job held longest, 114 Number and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 113 Production workers average hourly earnings of workers on manufacturing payrolls, 185, 188 average hourly earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls, 184, 190 average weekly earnings, 187 States employment and average annual pay for covered workers, 193 Union membership median weekly earnings of workers, 397, 403 EDUCATION Consumer price indexes, 327, 329 EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES Defined, 429 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Age number of employed persons age 25 years and over, by age 69 American Time Use Survey (ATUS) average hours per day spent in primary activities, 431 Attainment of education defined, 6 Consumer expenditures averages by education of reference person, 364 Defined, 6 Earnings median annual earnings by educational attainment, 146
INDEX 463 median weekly earnings by educational attainment, 135 Employed persons age 25 years and over by educational attainment, 69 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment status of foreign- and native-born populations, 133 Foreign- and native-born populations employment status by educational attainment, 129 Hispanic origin number of employed persons age 25 years and over, by Hispanic origin, 69 Median annual earnings by education, 146 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Participation rates of persons 25 to 64 years of age, 138 Percent distribution of the labor force 25 to 64 years of age, 136 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Race number of employed persons age 25 years and over, by race, 69 Sex number of employed persons age 25 years and over, by sex, 69 Total job openings by education cluster, 231 Unemployment rates of persons 25 to 64 years of age, 140 EDUCATION OCCUPATIONS Compensation of state and local government workers Employment Cost Index, 281 Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational statistics, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 ELECTRIC, GAS, AND SANITARY SERVICES Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 EMPLOYED PERSONS Civilians by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 54 Compensation of employees see COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES Defined, 4 Full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race, 48 EMPLOYEE ASSOCIATIONS Wage and salary employees who were association members, 404 EMPLOYEE BENEFITS SURVEY Collection of data, 297 Sources of additional data, 297 EMPLOYMENT Definitions, 204 Distribution of employment by wage range and occupational group, 206 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and average annual pay for covered workers, 192, 193 Employment and output by industry, 232 Employment and wages by occupation, 205, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Highlights, 161 Job gains and losses occupations with the largest job growth, 229 percent of employment, 198 seasonally adjusted, 197 states and selected territory, 200 three-month, by industry, 199 Occupational statistics see OCCUPATIONAL STATISTICS Sources of additional information, 164 Total job openings by education cluster, 231 Wages by major occupational group, 207 Workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 184, 190 EMPLOYMENT COST INDEX (ECI) Benefits, by industry and occupation, 283 Collection of data, 274 Compensation of employees private industry workers, 275 state and local government workers, 281 union workers, 278 Costs per hour worked for private industry workers census region and area, 288 major industry group, 286 Costs per hour worked for state and local government major occupational and industry group, 292, 293 Defined, 274 Employee Benefits Survey, 297 Metropolitan areas employer costs per hour worked for the 15 largest areas, 296 status, 278
464 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) total compensation for the 15 largest metropolitan areas, 295 Private industry workers employer costs per hour worked for the 15 largest areas, 296 total compensation for the 15 largest metropolitan areas, 295 Regions, 278 EMPLOYMENT-POPULATION RATIO Defined, 4 Foreign countries, 421 EMPLOYMENT STATUS Age status by age, 11, 21, 30, 48 Agricultural labor statistics, 68 Children under 3 parental statistics, 79 Children under 18 population statistics, 77 Comparability of labor force levels, 7 Concepts, 4 Definitions, 4 Divisions status by region, 20 Divorced persons population by marital status and presence of children under 18, 77 Educational attainment statistics, 69 Employed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race statistics, 48 Families employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 74 presence and relationship of employed members, 75 unemployment by presence and relationship of employed members, 76 Flexible schedules formal flextime program status, 156 workers by selected characteristics, 154 workers by sex, occupation, and industry, 155 Foreign-born populations educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin, 133 median weekly earnings, 135 occupation and sex, 134 presence and age of youngest child and sex, 131 selected characteristics, 129 Full-time workers by age, sex, and race statistics, 48 Highlights, 53 Hispanic origin status by Hispanic origin, 11, 21, 30 Historical comparability of statistics, 7 Long-term unemployment by industry and occupation, 104 Marital status
employment status by marital status, 17 population by marital status and presence of children under 18, 77 population by sex and marital status, 121 Married and ever-married women, 124 Married couples, 75, 76 Men population by sex and marital status, 121 Multiple jobholders rates of employment, by selected characteristics, 71 sex, age, marital status, race, and Hispanic origin, 72 sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Native-born populations educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin, 133 median weekly earnings, 135 occupation and sex, 134 presence and age of youngest child and sex, 131 selected characteristics, 129 Occupational and Industrial Classification System changes in, 8 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Participation rate for the labor force, 4 Participation rates of persons 25 to 64 years of age, 138 Part-time workers by age, sex, and race statistics, 48 Percent distribution of the labor force 25 to 64 years of age, 136 Percent of the population with work experience by sex and age, 107 Persons not in the labor force desire and availability for work, 51 Population by sex, marital status, and presence of children under 18, 77 Population ratios, 63 Race status by race, 11, 17, 21, 30, 48 Regions status by region, 20 Sex status by sex, 10, 11, 17, 21, 30, 48 Shift usually worked workers by occupation and industry, 158 workers by selected characteristics, 157 States status by state, 20 Status of the population by sex and marital status, 121 Territories status by territory, 20 Unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race statistics, 48 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 Unemployed persons by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 74, 82, 83, 92 Unemployed persons by class and industry, 102
INDEX 465 Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 103 Women population by sex and marital status, 121 presence and age of children, 123 Work experience see WORK EXPERIENCE ENGINEERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Producer price indexes, 313 ENTERTAINMENT OCCUPATIONS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Occupational statistics, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 ESTABLISHMENTS Defined, 204 EUROPEAN UNION Hourly compensation costs, 416 Import price indexes, 341 Travel and tourism services, 346 EXCHANGE RATES Foreign labor force statistics purchasing power parities, exchange rates, and relative prices, 423 EXECUTIVE OCCUPATIONS Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 EXPENDITURES Consumer expenditures see CONSUMER EXPENDITURES Defined, 351 EXPORT PRICE INDEXES Air freight, 344 Air passenger fares, 344 Collection of data, 334 Coverage of the indexes, 334 Definitions, 334 Selected categories of goods, 335, 346 Sources of additional information, 334 EXTENT OF EMPLOYMENT Defined, 6 Number of persons with work experience during the year, 109 Percent distribution of population with work experience during the year, 110 Percent of population with work experience during the year, 107 EXTENT OF UNEMPLOYMENT Defined, 6
Percent distribution of unemployed persons during the year, 112 Unemployment during the year by sex, 111 EXTRACTION OCCUPATIONS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 F FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 FABRICATORS see OPERATORS, FABRICATORS, AND LABORERS FAMILIES Defined, 6 Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 74 Median family income by type of family, 128 Medical care benefits percent of plan participants and premiums per participant, 299 Number and age of children in families, 127 Number of families and median family income, 128 Presence and relationship of employed members, 75 Status of all women by the presence and age of children, 123 Status of ever-married women and married women, 124 Status of the population by sex and marital status, 121 Status of women who maintain families, 125 Unemployed workers presence and relationship of employed members, 76 race and Hispanic origin, 74 FAMILY WORKERS Employed civilians, by class of worker and sex, 68 FARMING see AGRICULTURE FASTEST GROWING OCCUPATIONS Projections of labor force and employment, 227, 228 FATAL OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES Defined, 384 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT Employment and output by industry, 232 Flexible schedules workers by occupation, 155, 156 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 FINANCIAL SERVICES Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 275 Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and output by industry, 232 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73
466 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Occupational statistics, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Producer price indexes, 313 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 FINLAND Hourly compensation costs, 416 FISHING see FORESTRY AND FISHING FLEXIBLE SCHEDULES Full-time workers by formal flextime program status, 156 Full-time workers by selected characteristics, 154 Full-time workers by sex, occupation, and industry, 155 FOOD MANUFACTURING Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Consumer price indexes, 327, 329 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 FOOD SERVICES Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 261 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 FOREIGN-BORN POPULATIONS Employment status educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin, 133 median weekly earnings, 135 occupation and sex, 134 presence and age of youngest child and sex, 131 selected characteristics, 129 Income in the U.S. (Census Bureau) income and earnings summary, 445 FOREIGN LABOR FORCE STATISTICS Civilian labor force employment status of the working-age population, 411
Collection of data, 410 Compensation of employees hourly compensation costs, 416 Consumer price indexes, 417, 418 Definitions, 410 Employment-population ratios, 421 Employment status of the working-class population, 411 Exchange rates purchasing power parities, exchange rates, and relative prices, 423 Gross domestic product real GDP per capita, 419 real GDP per capita and per employed person, 422 real GDP per employed person, 420 Highlights, 409 Hourly compensation costs, 416 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 413 Purchasing power parities, exchange rates, and relative prices, 423 Sources of additional information, 410 Status of the working-age population, 411 Unemployment rates, 409, 411 FORESTRY AND FISHING Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employment and output by industry, 232 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 392 nonfatal rates, 386 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Producer price indexes, 313 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 FRANCE Consumer price indexes, 417, 418 Employment-population ratios, 421 Employment status of the working-age population, 411 Gross domestic product per capita, 419 Gross domestic product per employed person, 420 Hourly compensation costs, 416 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 413 Purchasing power parities, 423 FRUIT AND VEGETABLES Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Producer price indexes, 313 FUEL OIL AND OTHER FUELS Consumer price indexes, 329 Percent change in the prices of fuel products, 307
INDEX 467 FULL-TIME WORKERS Absences from work, 118 Benefits percent of workers participating in selected benefits, 298 Defined, 300 Earnings median usual weekly earnings of workers, 135 Education median annual earnings by educational attainment, 146 Employment status by age, sex, and race, 48 Flexible schedules formal flextime program status, 156 workers by selected characteristics, 154, 155 Jobs held the longest, 108, 114 Median weekly earnings, 135, 152 Minimum wage workers paid hourly rates at or below minimum wage, 117 Number and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 113 Shift usually worked by full-time workers, 157, 158 Tenure wage and salary workers by age and sex, 119 wage and salary workers by industry, 120 Usual full-time status defined, 5 FUNERAL DIRECTORS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 FURNITURE AND RELATED PRODUCTS Consumer price indexes, 329 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 G GAMING MANAGERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 GASOLINE Consumer price indexes, 329 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Percent change in prices of fuel products, 307 GENDER see SEX GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 GERMANY Consumer price indexes, 417, 418 Employment-population ratios, 421
Employment status of the working-age population, 411 Gross domestic product per capita, 419 Gross domestic product per employed person, 420 Hourly compensation costs, 416 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 413 Purchasing power parities, 423 GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS Producer price indexes, 313 GOVERNMENT WORKERS Compensation of employees costs per hour worked, 292, 293 Employment Cost Index, 281 Employees on government payrolls by state and territory, 180 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours, 302 Nonagricultural industries, 68 GREECE Hourly compensation costs, 416 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) Foreign labor force statistics purchasing power parities, exchange rates, and relative prices, 423 real GDP per capita, 419 real GDP per capita and per employed person, 422 real GDP per employed person, 420 GROWTH Industries with the largest output growth and declines, 230 H HEALTH Occupational safety and health see OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH HEALTH CARE Compensation of state and local government employees Employment Cost Index, 281 Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 HEALTH CARE BENEFITS Percent of plan participants and premiums per participant, 299
468 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Percent of workers participating in selected benefits, 298 HEALTH EXPENDITURES Consumer price indexes, 319 HEALTH INSURANCE Employed workers by health insurance, 151 Employer compensation costs per hour worked, 286, 292 Medical care benefits percent of plan participants and premiums per participant, 299 percent of workers participating in selected benefits, 298 HEALTH SERVICES Compensation of state and local government workers Employment Cost Index, 281 Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 HIGH SCHOOL Educational attainment see EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT HIGHWAY WORKERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 HISPANIC ORIGIN American Time Use Survey (ATUS) average hours per day spent in primary activities, 431 Civilian labor force employment status by Hispanic origin, 30 participation rates, 39 percent distribution of labor force, 3 Civilian noninstitutional population employment status, 11, 21 Consumer expenditures averages by Hispanic origin of reference person, 363 Days away from work due to injury or illness, 388 Defined, 6 Earnings median weekly earnings of workers by Hispanic origin, 135 Educational attainment number of employed persons age 25 years and over, by Hispanic origin, 69 Employed civilians, 54 Employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements, 150 Employment population ratios by Hispanic origin, 63 Employment status, 11, 21, 133 Families employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 74
Flexible schedules workers by selected characteristics, 154 Foreign- and native born populations employment status by Hispanic origin, 129, 133 Income in the U.S. (Census Bureau) households by total money income, 446 income and earnings summary, 445 Labor-management relations union membership by Hispanic origin, 400 Median weekly earnings by Hispanic origin, 152 Minimum wage workers paid hourly rates at or below minimum wage, 117 Multiple jobholder statistics, 72 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries by Hispanic origin, 391 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Percent distribution of labor force by race, sex, and Hispanic origin, 3 Population ratios, 63 Projections of labor force and employment civilian labor force by Hispanic origin, 224 Shift usually worked workers by selected characteristics, 157 Unemployment rates by Hispanic origin, 74, 82, 83, 92 HONG KONG Hourly compensation costs, 416 HOSPITALS Compensation of state and local government workers Employment Cost Index, 281 Producer price indexes, 313 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 HOTELS AND MOTELS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Occupational statistics, 67 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 HOURS Aggregate weekly hours of nonfarm workers, 174 Aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 175 American Time Use Survey (ATUS) average hours per day spent by population 18 and over, 437 average hours per day spent caring for household children, 436 average hours per day spent in leisure and sports activities, 439 average hours per day spent in primary activities, 430, 431 average hours worked on weekdays and weekends, 432, 433 average hours worked per day at all jobs, 434 average hours worked per day at main job, 433, 435
INDEX 469 Average weekly hours of employees by industry sector and detail, 182 Average weekly hours of private nonfarm employees, 171 Average weekly hours of production workers on manufacturing payrolls, 172 Average weekly hours of workers by state and territory, 181 Civilian workers mean hourly earnings and weekly hours, 302 Costs per hour worked for employee compensation private industry workers, 286, 288 state and local government workers, 292, 293 Definitions, 163 Employees on manufacturing payrolls by state, 179 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Highlights, 161 Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours civilian workers, 302 metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, 303 private industry, 302 state and local government, 302 Nonsupervisory workers indexes of aggregate weekly hours of nonfarm workers, 174 indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 175 Private industry workers mean hourly earnings and weekly hours, 302 Production workers average weekly hours by industry sector and detail, 182 average weekly hours by state and territory, 181 indexes of aggregate weekly hours of nonfarm workers, 174 indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 175 overtime hours, 173 Sources of additional information, 164 State and local government workers, costs per hour worked, 292, 293 mean hourly earnings and weekly hours, 302 HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES Defined, 428 HOUSEHOLD CHILDREN Defined, 428 HOUSEHOLDERS Defined, 351 HOUSEHOLDS Defined, 6 Income in the U.S. (Census Bureau) households by total money income, 446 HOUSING Consumer expenditures averages by housing tenure and type of area, 365
Consumer price indexes, 327, 329 Owner-occupied dwellings employment and output by industry, 232 HUNGARY Hourly compensation costs, 416 HUNTING Employment and output by industry, 232 Producer price indexes, 313 I IMPLICIT DEFLATOR Defined, 252 IMPORT PRICE INDEXES Air freight, 344 Air passenger fares, 344 Asian newly industrialized countries, 341 Canada, 341 Collection of data, 334 Coverage of the indexes, 334 Definitions, 334 European Union, 341 Industrialized countries, 341 Japan, 341 Latin America, 341 Selected categories of goods, 338, 341 Sources of additional information, 334 INCENTIVE WORKERS Defined, 300 INCIDENCE Defined, 297 INCOME see EARNINGS INCOME IN THE U.S. (CENSUS BUREAU) Additional source of information, 444 Age income and earnings summary, 445 Collection of data, 444 Coverage of data, 444 Foreign-born populations income and earnings summary, 445 Highlights, 443 Hispanic origin households by total money income, 446 income and earnings summary, 445 Households by total money income race and Hispanic origin of householder, 446 Income and earnings summary measures selected characteristics, 445 Metropolitan areas income and earnings summary, 445 Midwest income and earnings summary, 445 Native-born populations income and earnings summary, 445 Northeast income and earnings summary, 445
470 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Race households by total money income, 446 income and earnings summary, 445 Real median household income, 443 Regions income and earnings summary, 445 South income and earnings summary, 445 West income and earnings summary, 445 White race households by total money income, 446 INDEXES OF AGGREGATE WEEKLY HOURS AND PAYROLLS Defined, 163 Workers on manufacturing payrolls, 175 Workers on nonfarm payrolls, 174 INDEXES OF HOURLY COMPENSATION Defined, 252 INDEXES OF LABOR Defined, 252 INDEXES OF MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY Manufacturing, 262, 264 Private nonfarm business, 262 Selected years, 262 INDEXES OF OUTPUT PER HOUR Defined, 252 INDEXES OF PRODUCTIVITY AND RELATED DATA Business sector, 254 Foreign countries, 413 Manufacturing sector, 254 Nonfarm sector, 254 Nonfinancial corporations, 254 INDEXES OF TOTAL COMPENSATION Defined, 253 INDEXES OF UNIT LABOR COSTS Defined, 252 INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL MACHINERY Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Productivity and costs, 264 INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES Import price indexes, 341 INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION MANAGERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION Defined, 162 INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENT Average weekly earnings of production workers, 186
Defined, 162 Employed contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and output by industry, 232 Flexible schedules full-time wage and salary workers, 155 workers by formal flextime program status, 169 Largest output growth and declines, 275 Multiple jobholders sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational safety and health see OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Shifts usually worked full-time workers, 158 workers by occupation and industry, 172 Tenure of workers by industry, 132 Unemployed persons by class and industry, 110, 111 INDUSTRY HOURS AND EARNINGS Defined, 163 INFORMATION SERVICES Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and output by industry, 232 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational statistics, 67 Producer price indexes, 313 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 INJURIES AND ILLNESSES Absences from work full-time wage and salary workers by age and sex, 118 Definitions, 384 Fatal occupational injuries occupation and selected event or exposure, 392 selected worker characteristics, 391 Nonfatal injuries and illnesses involving days away from work incidence rates, 383, 386 selected occupation, 388, 390 selected worker characteristics and private industry division, 388 INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Occupational statistics, 66 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104
INDEX 471 INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS Productivity and costs, 264 INSURANCE APPRAISERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Occupational statistics, 67 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 INSURANCE CARRIERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 75 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Occupational statistics, 67 Producer price indexes, 313 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 INSURANCE UNDERWRITERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Occupational statistics, 67 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 INTERNATIONAL PRICE INDEXES Selected transportation services, 344 INTERVIEW SURVEY Consumer expenditures, 350 IRELAND Hourly compensation costs, 416 ISRAEL Hourly compensation costs, 416 ITALY Consumer price indexes, 417, 418 Employment-population ratios, 421 Employment status of the working-age population, 411 Gross domestic product per capita, 419 Gross domestic product per employed person, 420 Hourly compensation costs, 416 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 413 Purchasing power parities, 423 J JAPAN Consumer price indexes, 417, 418 Employment-population ratios, 421 Employment status of the working-age population, 411 Gross domestic product per capita, 419 Gross domestic product per employed person, 420 Hourly compensation costs, 416 Import price indexes, 341 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 413 Purchasing power parities, 423 JOB GAINS AND LOSSES Fastest growing occupations, 227, 228 Industries with the largest growth output and declines, 230 Occupations with the largest job growth, 229
Percent distribution of labor force by race, sex, and Hispanic origin, 3 Percent of employment, 198 Seasonally adjusted, 197 States and selected territory, 200 Three-month, by industry, 199 Total job openings by education cluster, 231 JOB STATUS Multiple jobholder statistics, 71, 72, 73 K KOREA, REPUBLIC OF Employment-population ratios, 421 Gross domestic product per capita, 419 Gross domestic product per employed person, 420 Hourly compensation costs, 416 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 413 Purchasing power parities, 423 L LABORERS see OPERATORS, FABRICATORS, AND LABORERS LABOR FORCE see CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE LABOR INPUT Defined, 253 LABOR INPUT MEASURES Defined, 252 LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS Affiliation of employed workers by state, 405 Affiliation of wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 400, 402 Age union membership by age, 400 Asian race union membership by Asian race, 400 Collection of data, 398 Definitions, 398 Highlights, 397 Hispanic origin union membership by Hispanic origin, 400 Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 397, 403 Men union membership by sex, 400 Race union membership by race, 400 Sex union membership by sex, 400 Sources of additional information, 398 Union membership affiliation of wage and salary workers, 400, 402 association members among employees, 404 median weekly earnings of workers, 397, 403
472 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Women union membership by sex, 400 Work stoppages stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 399 LABOR UNIONS Affiliation of members by selected characteristics, 400, 402 Affiliation of members by state, 405 Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 278 median weekly earnings of workers by affiliation, 397, 403 salaries and wages, 278 Defined, 301 Earnings median weekly earnings of workers, 397, 403 States affiliation of workers by state, 384 Wage and salary employees who were association members, 404 Wages and salaries by bargaining status, 278 Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 399 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 LATIN AMERICA Import price indexes, 341 Travel and tourism services, 346 LATINO ETHNICITY see HISPANIC ORIGIN LEASING Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 LEATHER PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 LEGAL OCCUPATIONS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Producer price indexes, 313 LEGISLATORS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 LEISURE AND HOSPITALITY Average hours per day spent in leisure and sports activities, 439 Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Defined, 429 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73
Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 LEVEL Defined, 300 LIBRARY OCCUPATIONS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Occupation of longest held job, 142 LIFE, PHYSICAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 LIFE INSURANCE CARRIERS Producer price indexes, 313 LOAN OFFICERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 LOCAL GOVERNMENT Benefits, 281 Compensation of employees costs per hour worked, 292, 293 Employment Cost Index, 281 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and output by industry, 232 Flexible schedules workers by occupation, 155, 156 Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours, 302 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 LOGISTICIANS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 LUXEMBOURG Hourly compensation costs, 416 M MACHINE OPERATORS Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 MACHINERY Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 MAINTENANCE OCCUPATIONS Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149
INDEX 473 Employment and wages by occupation, 296 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Occupational statistics, 66 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 MANAGERIAL AND PROFESSIONAL SERVICES Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 392 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 MANUFACTURING - DURABLE GOODS Aggregate weekly hours of workers, 175 Average hourly earnings of workers, 185 Average overtime hours or workers, 173 Average weekly earnings of workers, 187 Average weekly hours of workers, 172 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and output by industry, 232 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, 262, 264 Indexes of productivity and related data, 254 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Producer price indexes, 313 Production workers payrolls by industry, 169 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 indexes of multifactor productivity, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 MANUFACTURING - NONDURABLE GOODS Aggregate weekly hours of workers, 175 Average hourly earnings of workers, 185 Average overtime hours of workers, 173 Average weekly earnings of workers, 187 Average weekly hours of workers, 172
Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and output by industry, 232 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, 262, 264 Indexes of productivity and related data, 254 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Producer price indexes, 313 Production workers payrolls by industry, 170 private nonfarm payrolls, 168 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 indexes of multifactor productivity, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 MANUFACTURING PAYROLLS Aggregate weekly hours of workers on manufacturing payrolls, 175 Aggregate weekly hours of workers on nonfarm payrolls, 174 Average hourly earnings of production workers, 185, 188 Average weekly earnings by state and territory, 189 Average weekly earnings of production workers, 187 Average weekly hours of production workers on manufacturing payrolls, 172 Average weekly hours of production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 171 Average weekly overtime hours of production workers, 173 Employees on manufacturing payrolls by state, 179 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of nonfarm payrolls, 174 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 175 Overtime hours, 173 Production workers on durable goods manufacturing payrolls, 169 Production workers on nondurable goods manufacturing payrolls, 170 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY Foreign labor force statistics 413 MARINE ENGINEERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 MARITAL STATUS Civilian noninstitutional status employment status, 17 Defined, 6
474 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Employment status mothers with children under 3 years of age, 79 population by marital status and presence of children under 18, 77 population by sex and marital status, 121 Families by presence of employed members, 75, 76 Flexible schedules workers by selected characteristics, 154 Married couples, 75, 76 Median family income by type of family, 128 Multiple jobholder statistics, 72 Presence of children under 18, 77 Shift usually worked workers by selected characteristics, 157 Status of ever-married women and married women, 124 Status of the population by marital status, 121 Status of women who maintain families, 125 Unemployment rates by selected characteristics, 82 MARKETING MANAGERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 MEAN WAGES Defined, 204 MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 MECHANICAL DRAFTERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 MECHANICS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 392 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 MEDIA OCCUPATIONS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 MEDICAL AND HEALTH SERVICES MANAGERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 MEDICAL CARE Consumer price indexes, 319, 327, 329 MEDICAL CARE BENEFITS Percent of plan participants and premiums per participant, 299 Percent of workers participating in selected benefits, 298 MEETING AND CONVENTION PLANNERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 MEN Absences from work, 118 Consumer expenditures averages for single men by income before taxes, 372 Education median annual earnings by educational attainment, 146
Employment status population by sex and marital status, 121 Families presence and relationship of employed members, 75 unemployment by presence and relationship of employed members, 76 Labor-management relations union membership by sex, 400 Minimum wage workers paid hourly rates at or below minimum wage, 117 Number and annual earnings of full-time workers by sex and occupation, 114 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries by sex, 391 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Primary activities average hours per day spent, 431 Projections of labor force and employment civilian labor force by sex, 224 Tenure of workers by sex, 119 Unemployment rates selected characteristics, 82, 83, 92 METAL INDUSTRIES Productivity and costs, 264 METAL MINING Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 METROPOLITAN AREAS Consumer expenditures average by population size of area of residence, 366 Consumer price indexes commodity, service, and special groups, 323 purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 325 regional indexes, 332 relative importance of components, 331 urban consumers, 322, 329 urban wage earners, 327 Employment Cost Index employer costs per hour worked for the 15 largest areas, 296 status, 278 total compensation for the 15 largest metropolitan areas, 295 Income in the U.S. (Census Bureau) income and earnings summary, 445 Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours, 303 MEXICO Hourly compensation costs, 416 MIDWEST Consumer expenditures averages by region of residence, 367 averages by selected areas, 370 Employment Cost Index, 278 Employment status by region, 20
INDEX 475 Income in the U.S. (Census Bureau) income and earnings summary, 445 MILITARY Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 392 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 MINIMUM WAGE Defined, 6 Workers paid hourly rates at or below minimum wage, 117 MINING Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and output by industry, 232 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Occupational statistics, 67 Producer price indexes, 313 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 MOTHERS Children under 3 employment status of mothers, 79 Children under 18 employment status of population, 77 hours spent caring for household children under 18, 436 Employment status of all women by presence and age of children, 123 Families see FAMILIES Number and age of children in families, by status of mother, 127 Status of ever-married women and married women, 124 MOTION PICTURE AND RECORDING INDUSTRIES Tenure of workers by industry, 120 MOTOR VEHICLES Consumer price indexes, 329 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Producer price indexes, 313 MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY MEASURES Defined, 253
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS Defined, 5 Jobholders and rates, by selected characteristics, 71 Sex, age, marital status, race, and Hispanic origin, 72 Sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 N NATIONAL COMPENSATION SURVEY (NCS) Data for the Employment Cost Index, 274 Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours civilian workers, 302 metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, 303 private industry, 302 state and local government, 302 NATIVE-BORN POPULATIONS Employment status educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin, 133 median weekly earnings, 135 occupation and sex, 134 presence and age of youngest child and sex, 131 selected characteristics, 129 Income in the U.S. (Census Bureau) income and earnings summary, 445 NATURAL RESOURCES Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Occupational statistics, 66 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 NETHERLANDS Consumer price indexes, 417, 418 Employment-population ratios, 421 Employment status of the working-age population, 411 Gross domestic product per capita, 419 Gross domestic product per employed person, 420 Hourly compensation costs, 416 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 413 Purchasing power parities, 423 NET OUTPUT VALUES Defined, 308 NEW ZEALAND Hourly compensation costs, 416 NONAGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES Employed civilians, by class of worker and sex, 68 Employment and output by industry, 232 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 Wage and salary workers, 68 NONCONTINGENT WORKERS Employed workers by health insurance and pension plans, 151 Employed workers by occupation and industry, 149
476 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Employed workers by selected characteristics, 148 Employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements, 150 NONDURABLE GOODS Manufacturing see MANUFACTURING - NONDURABLE GOODS Wholesale trade see WHOLESALE TRADE NONDURABLE GOODS NONFARM SECTOR Aggregate weekly hours of workers, 174 Average hourly earnings, 184, 190 Average weekly earnings, 186 Average weekly hours of production, 171 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employees on total nonfarm payrolls by state, 176 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours, 174 Indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, 262 Indexes of productivity and related data, 254 Percent change in nonfarm payroll employment, 161 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 States employees by state, 176 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 Weekly hours of workers, 171 Women employees by super sector and groups, 167 NONSUPERVISORY WORKERS Defined, 163 Hours indexes of aggregate weekly hours of nonfarm workers, 174 indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 175 Workers on private nonfarm payrolls by super sector, 168 NONUNION WORKERS Defined, 300 NORTH CENTRAL Consumer price indexes, 332 NORTHEAST Consumer expenditures averages by region of residence, 367 averages by selected areas, 368 Consumer price indexes, 332 Employment Cost Index, 278 Employment status by region, 20 Income in the U.S. (Census Bureau) income and earnings summary, 445 NORWAY Consumer price indexes, 417, 418 Employment-population ratios, 421
Gross domestic product per capita, 419 Gross domestic product per employed person, 420 Hourly compensation costs, 416 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 413 Purchasing power parities, 423 NUCLEAR ENGINEERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 NURSES Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 NURSING HOMES Producer price indexes, 313 O OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM Changes in, 8 OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT STATISTICS SURVEY (OES) Collection of data, 204 Definitions, 204 Highlights, 203 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Administrative services and support fatal injuries, 392 Age fatal injuries by age, 391 Collection of data, 384 Concepts, 384 Days away from work number of injuries and illnesses involving days away from work, 388, 390 Definitions, 384 Fatal injuries and selected worker characteristics, 391, 392 Highlights, 383 Hispanic origin fatal injuries by Hispanic origin, 391 Incidence rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses, 383 Nonfatal injury and illness rates by industry, 386 Private industry workers number of nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 388, 390 Race fatal injuries by race, 391 Salaried workers fatal injuries, 391 Sex fatal injuries by sex, 391
INDEX 477 Sources of additional information, 385 Wage earners fatal injuries, 391 OCCUPATIONS Benefits, by industry and occupation, 283 Days away from work number of nonfatal occupational injuries or illnesses, 388, 390 Defined, 5, 204 Distribution of employment by wage range and occupational group, 206 Employed contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employment and wages by occupation, 205, 207 Employment by occupation and projections, 236 Employment statistics by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 64 Fastest growing occupations, 228 Flexible schedules formal flextime program status, 156 workers by occupation, 154, 155 Foreign born and native born status by occupation, 134 Job held the longest by industry and class of worker, 108 Largest job growth occupations, 229 Largest output growth and declines, 230 Number and earnings of full-time workers by sex and occupation, 114 Projections of labor force and employment, 221, 227 Shift usually worked by full-time workers, 158 Total employment by occupation and projections, 236 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 OCEANIA Hourly compensation costs, 416 OCEAN LINER FREIGHT International price indexes, 344 OFFICE AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Occupational statistics, 66 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION Producer price indexes, 313 OPERATORS, FABRICATORS, AND LABORERS Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 392 Occupation of longest job held, 142
Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 ORGANIZATIONAL, CIVIC, AND RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES Defined, 429 OUTPUT Employment and output by industry, 232 OUTPUT GROWTH Industries with the largest output growth, 230 OUTPUT INDEX Defined, 252 OUTPUT PER HOUR INDEXES Average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Defined, 252 OVERTIME HOURS Average overtime hours defined, 163 Production workers average weekly overtime hours, 173 OWNER-OCCUPIED DWELLINGS Employment and output by industry, 232 P PAPER PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 PARENTS Children under 3 employment status of parents, 79 Children under 18 employment status of population, 77 Families see FAMILIES PARTICIPATION Defined, 297 PARTICIPATION RATES Civilian labor force rates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 39 Defined, 4 PART-TIME WORKERS At work part-time for economic reasons defined, 5 At work part-time for noneconomic reasons defined, 5 Defined, 300 Employment status by age, sex, and race, 48 Median weekly earnings, 152 Tenure of workers by age and sex, 119 Tenure of workers by industry, 120
478 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) PAYROLLS Defined, 163 Employees on total nonfarm payrolls by state, 176 Government employees on payrolls by state and territory, 180 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls, 163 Manufacturing payrolls see MANUFACTURING PAYROLLS Percent change in nonfarm payroll employment, 161 Production workers on durable goods manufacturing payrolls, 169 Production workers on nondurable goods manufacturing payrolls, 170 PENSION PLANS Employed workers by pension plans, 151 PERSONAL CARE AND SERVICES Consumer price indexes, 329 Defined, 428 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 78 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Projections of labor force and employment, 217 PERSONNEL, TRAINING, AND LABOR RELATIONS Producer price indexes, 313 PERSONS NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Defined, 5 PERSONS WITH WORK EXPERIENCE Defined, 6 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS Crude oil tanker freight International price indexes, 344 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Percent change in prices of fuel products, 307 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 PETROLEUM ENGINEERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 PHYSICIANS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 PIPELINES Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167
Producer price indexes, 313 PLASTICS AND RUBBER PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 POLAND Hourly compensation costs, 416 POLICE Employment and wages by occupation, 207 POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS Agricultural labor statistics, 68 Civilian labor force employment statistics, 30, 53 percent distribution of employed civilians, by age, 53 percent distribution of labor force, 3 Civilian noninstitutional population employment status, 9, 10, 11 population by age, race, sex, and Hispanic origin, 21 population by region, division, state, and territory, 20 Collection and coverage of data, 4 Comparability of labor force levels, 7 Concepts, 4 Contingent and noncontingent workers, 148 Definitions, 4 Educational attainment statistics, 69 Employed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 48 Extent of employment number of persons with work experience during the year, 109 Families children under 3, 79 children under 18, 77 employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 74 presence and relationship of employed members, 75 status of ever-married women and married women, 124 status of women who maintain families, 125 unemployment by presence and relationship of employed members, 76 Full-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 48 Highlights, 3 Historical comparability of statistics, 7 Job held the longest by industry and class of worker, 108 Long-term unemployment by industry and occupation, 104
INDEX 479 Multiple jobholders rates of employment, by selected characteristics, 71 sex, age, marital status, race, and Hispanic origin, 72 sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Nonagricultural labor statistics, 68 Occupational and Industrial Classification System changes in, 8 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Participation rates for the labor force generally, 4 Part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 48 Percent distribution of labor force by race, sex, and Hispanic origin, 3 Percent distribution of population with work experience during the year, 110 Percent of the population with work experience by sex and age, 107 Persons not in the labor force desire and availability for work, 51 Population ratios, 63 Shift usually worked by full-time workers, 157, 158 Sources of additional information, 8 Tenure of workers by age and sex, 119 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 Unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 48 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 Unemployed persons by class and industry, 102 Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 103 Unemployment rates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 74, 82, 83, 92 Unemployment rates of civilian workers, 74, 82, 83, 92 Work experience see WORK EXPERIENCE POPULATION RATIOS Employment-population ratios by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, 63 PORTUGAL Hourly compensation costs, 416 POSTMASTERS AND MAIL SUPERINTENDENTS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 PRECISION PRODUCTION, CRAFT, AND REPAIR Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 392 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 PRICES Consumer Expenditure Survey see CONSUMER EXPENDITURE SURVEY
Consumer price indexes see CONSUMER PRICE INDEXES Export price indexes see EXPORT PRICE INDEXES Foreign labor and price statistics see FOREIGN LABOR FORCE STATISTICS Highlights, 307 Import price indexes see IMPORT PRICE INDEXES International price indexes, 344 Producer price indexes see PRODUCER PRICE INDEXES PRIMARY ACTIVITIES Average hours per day spent in primary activities, 430, 431 Defined, 428 PRIMARY METAL INDUSTRIES Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 PRINTING AND PUBLISHING Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 PRIVATE BUSINESS Indexes of multifactor productivity, 262 PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD WORKERS Nonagricultural industries, 68 PRIVATE INDUSTRY WORKERS Benefits, 283 Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 275 Employer compensation costs per hour worked census region and area, 288 major industry group, 286 Employment Cost Index employer costs per hour worked for the 15 largest areas, 296 total compensation for the 15 largest metropolitan areas, 295 Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours, 302 Occupational safety and health number of nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 388, 390 Wages and salaries, 275, 278 PRIVATE NONFARM BUSINESS Indexes of multifactor productivity, 262 PRIVATE SECTOR Indexes of multifactor productivity, 262 Job gains and losses percent of employment, 198 seasonally adjusted, 197 states and selected territory, 200
480 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) three-month, by industry, 199 PRIVATE SERVICE-PROVIDING Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 PRODUCER PRICE INDEXES (PPI) Commodity groups, 311 Coverage of the PPI, 308 Net output of selected industries, 313 Percent change in prices of fuel products, 307 Sources of additional information, 309 Stages of processing, 310 PRODUCTION WORKERS Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Defined, 162 Earnings aggregate weekly hours of nonfarm workers, 174 aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 175 average hourly earnings of workers on manufacturing payrolls, 185, 188 average hourly earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls, 184, 190 average weekly earnings by industry, 187 average weekly earnings by state and territory, 189 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Employment Cost Index, 275 Hours average weekly hours by industry sector and detail, 182 average weekly hours by state and territory, 181 indexes of aggregate weekly hours of nonfarm workers, 174 indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 175 overtime hours, 173 Manufacturing - durable goods payrolls by industry, 169 Manufacturing - nondurable goods payrolls by industry, 170 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Overtime average weekly overtime hours, 173 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 States average weekly earnings by state and territory, 189 average weekly hours of production workers by state, 181 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 Workers on private nonfarm payrolls by super sector, 168 PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS Administrative services, 258 Apparel and related products, 264
Appliances, 264 Average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Banking, 258 Chemical and allied products, 264 Coal mining, 264 Communications, 258 Computer equipment, 264 Concepts, 252 Definitions, 252 Drinking places, 261 Electrical and electronic equipment, 264 Fabricated metal products, 264 Finance, 258 Food services, 261 Furniture and related products, 264 Health care, 258 Highlights, 251 Hotels, 258 Indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, 264 selected years, 262 Indexes of productivity and related data, 251, 254 Industrial equipment and machinery, 264 Information technology, 258 Instruments and related products, 264 Leasing, 258 Leather and leather products, 264 Lumber and wood products, 264 Machinery, 264 Manufacturing average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 indexes of multifactor productivity, 262, 264 Metal industries, 264 Metal mining, 264 Mining, 258 Multifactor productivity, 253 Nondurable goods, 264 Output per hour and related series in selected industries, 258 Paper and allied products, 264 Petroleum and coal products, 264 Primary metal industries, 264 Printing and publishing, 264 Private business, 262 Private nonfarm business, 262 Professional services, 258 Real estate rental and leasing, 258 Rental services, 258 Retail trade, 261 Rubber and plastic products, 264 Service occupations, 258 Social services, 258 Sources of additional information, 253 Stone, clay, and glass products, 264 Support services, 258 Technical services, 258
INDEX 481 Textile mill products, 264 Tobacco products, 264 Transportation, 258 Transportation equipment, 264 Utilities, 258 Warehousing, 258 Wholesale trade, 261 Wood products, 264 PROFESSIONAL SERVICES Compensation of state and local government workers Employment Cost Index, 281 Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and output by industry, 232 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 392 Occupational statistics, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 PROJECTIONS OF LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT Age civilian labor force by age, 224 Civilian labor force age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 224 Concepts, 222 Definitions, 222 Employment and output by industry, 232 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Fastest growing occupations, 227, 228 Highlights, 221, 227 Hispanic origin civilian labor force by Hispanic origin, 224 Industries with the largest output growth and declines, 230 Job openings by education cluster, 231 Occupations with the largest job growth, 229 Race civilian labor force by race, 224 Sex civilian labor force by sex, 224 Sources of additional information, 223 PROPERTY AND CASUALTY INSURANCE Producer price indexes, 313 PROTECTIVE SERVICES Employment and wages by occupation, 207
Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Occupational statistics, 66 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Compensation of state and local government workers Employment Cost Index, 281 Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational statistics, 67 PUBLIC RELATIONS MANAGERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION Consumer price indexes, 329 PUBLIC UTILITIES see UTILITIES PURCHASING AGENTS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 PURCHASING GOODS AND SERVICES Defined, 429 PURCHASING POWER Consumer dollar, 325 Foreign labor force statistics parities, exchange rates, and relative prices, 423 Q QUINTILES OF INCOME Consumer expenditures averages by quintiles of income before taxes, 356 R RACE American Time Use Survey (ATUS) average hours per day spent in primary activities, 431 Civilian labor force employment status by race, 17, 30 participation rates, 39 percent distribution of labor force, 3 Civilian noninstitutional population employment status by race, 11, 17, 21 Consumer expenditures averages by race of reference person, 362 Days away from work due to injury or illness, 388 Defined, 5 Earnings median weekly earnings of workers by race, 135 Educational attainment number of employed persons age 25 years and over, by race, 69 Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers employment status by race, 48 Employed civilians, 54 Employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements, 150 Employment population ratios by race, 63
482 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Families employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 74 Flexible schedules workers by selected characteristics, 154 Foreign- and native-born populations employment status by race, 129, 133 Income in the U.S. (Census Bureau) households by total money income, 446 income and earnings summary, 445 Labor-management relations union membership by race, 400 Median weekly earnings by race, 152 Minimum wage workers paid hourly rates at or below minimum wage, 117 Multiple jobholder statistics, 72 Number and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 113 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries by race, 391 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Participation rates of persons 25 to 64 years of age, 138 Percent distribution of labor force by race, sex, and Hispanic origin, 3 Percent distribution of the labor force 25 to 64 years of age, 136 Population ratios, 63 Projections of labor force and employment civilian labor force by race, 224 Shift usually worked workers by selected characteristics, 157 Unemployment rates by race, 74, 82, 83, 92 Unemployment rates of persons 25 to 64 years of age, 140 RAILROADS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Producer price indexes, 313 REAL ESTATE Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Occupational statistics, 67 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 REASONS FOR UNEMPLOYMENT Defined, 4 Unemployed persons and rates by reason of unemployment, 105 RECORDABLE OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND ILLNESSES Defined, 384
RECREATION AND SERVICES Consumer price indexes, 327, 329 Occupational statistics, 67 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 REFERENCE PERSONS Consumer expenditures averages by age of reference person, 361 averages by education of reference person, 364 averages by occupation of reference person, 357 Defined, 351 REGIONS Consumer expenditures averages by region of residence, 367 Midwest region, 370 Northeast region, 368 South region, 369 West region, 371 Consumer price indexes indexes by region, 332 Employment Cost Index, 278 Employment status by region, 20 Income in the U.S. (Census Bureau) income and earnings summary, 445 RENTAL SERVICES Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 REPAIR OCCUPATIONS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 RESTAURANTS see FOOD SERVICES RETAIL TRADE Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and output by industry, 232 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Occupational statistics, 67 Producer price indexes, 313 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 261 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 RETIREMENT BENEFITS Percent of workers participating in selected benefits, 298 ROOFERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 RUBBER PRODUCTS see PLASTICS AND RUBBER PRODUCTS
INDEX 483 S SAFETY AND HEALTH see OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH SALARIED WORKERS Absences from work, 118 Affiliation of salary workers by occupation and industry, 400, 402 Agriculture, 68 Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 275 Consumer price indexes relative importance of components, 331 Costs per hour worked for employee compensation private industry workers, 286, 288 state and local government, 292, 293 Distribution of employment by wage range and occupational group, 206 Education median annual earnings by educational attainment, 146 Employed civilians, by class of worker and sex, 68 Employment and average annual pay of covered workers, 192, 193 Employment and wages by occupation, 205, 207 Flexible schedules formal flextime program status, 156 workers by occupation, 154, 155 Households by total money income, 446 Jobs held the longest, 108, 114 Labor union members, 278, 397, 403 Median annual earnings by education, 146 Median family income by type of family, 128 Median weekly earnings, 135, 152 Minimum wage workers paid hourly rates at or below minimum wage, 117 Nonagricultural industries, 68 Number and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 113, 114 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 391 Percent change in nonfarm payroll employment, 161 Private industry workers, 275, 278 Shift usually worked by full-time workers, 157, 158 State and local government workers total compensation and wages, 281 Tenure of workers by age and sex, 119 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 Union workers, 278, 397, 403 SALES OCCUPATIONS Compensation of state and local government workers Employment Cost Index, 281 Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73
Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 392 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 SCIENCES Employment and output by industry, 232 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 SEAFOOD Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Producer price indexes, 313 SECRETARIES Consumer price indexes, 327 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 SELF-EMPLOYED WORKERS Agriculture, 68 Employment and output by industry, 232 Nonagricultural industries, 68 SERVICE OCCUPATIONS Benefits, 283 Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employment Cost Index, 275 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 75 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 392 nonfatal rates, 386 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 SERVICES - NONPRIVATE HOUSEHOLD Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 SERVICES - PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 SERVICES - PROFESSIONAL Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73
484 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 SEX Absences from work by sex, 118 Agriculture employed civilians by sex, 68 American Time Use Survey (ATUS) average hours per day spent in primary activities, 431 average hours worked per day, by sex, 432 percent of population reporting activity on the diary day, 427 Civilian labor force employment status by sex, 10, 11, 17, 21, 30 participation rates, 39 percent distribution of labor force, 3 Civilian noninstitutional population employment status by sex, 10, 11, 17, 21, 30 Days away from work number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses, 388 Earnings median annual earnings by educational attainment and sex, 146 median weekly earnings of workers by sex, 135 Educational attainment number of employed persons age 25 years and over, by sex, 69 Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers employment status by sex, 48 Employed civilians, 54 Employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements, 150 Employment-population ratios by sex, 63 Employment status population by sex and presence of children under 18, 77 women by presence and age of children, 123 women on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 167 Extent of unemployment during the year by sex, 111 Flexible schedules workers by sex, 155 Foreign- and native-born populations employment status by occupation and sex, 134 employment status by selected characteristics, 129 Labor-management relations union membership by sex, 400 Median weekly earnings by sex, 152 Minimum wage workers paid hourly rates at or below minimum wage, 117 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Multiple jobholder statistics, 71, 72 Number and earnings of full-time workers by sex and occupation, 114
Number and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 113 Number of persons with experience by extent of employment and sex, 109 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries by sex, 391 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Participation rates of persons 25 to 64 years of age, 138 Percent distribution of labor force by race, sex, and Hispanic origin, 3 Percent distribution of population with work experience during the year, 110 Percent distribution of the labor force 25 to 64 years of age, 136 Percent distribution of unemployed persons during the year by sex, 112 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education and sex, 144 Percent of persons with work experience by sex, 107 Persons not in the labor force, 51 Population ratios, 63 Projections of labor force and employment civilian labor force by sex, 224 Shift usually worked workers by selected characteristics, 157 Status of the population by sex, 121 Tenure of workers by sex, 119 Unemployed persons by sex, 105, 111 Unemployment rates by selected characteristics, 82, 83, 92 Unemployment rates of persons 25 to 64 years of age, 140 SHIFTS Employment status workers by occupation and industry, 158 workers by selected characteristics, 157 SINGAPORE Hourly compensation costs, 416 SOCIAL SERVICES Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 SOUTH Consumer expenditures averages by region of residence, 367 averages by selected areas, 369
INDEX 485 Consumer price indexes, 332 Employment Cost Index, 278 Employment status by region, 20 Income in the U.S. (Census Bureau) income and earnings summary, 445 SPAIN Consumer price indexes, 417, 418 Employment-population ratios, 421 Gross domestic product per capita, 419 Gross domestic product per employed person, 420 Hourly compensation costs, 416 Purchasing power parities, 423 SPELL OF UNEMPLOYMENT Defined, 6 SPORTS Average hours per day spent in leisure and sports activities, 439 Defined, 429 Employment and wages by occupation, 227 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Occupation of longest job held, 142 SRI LANKA Hourly compensation costs, 416 STATES Average annual pay for covered workers, 193 Average hourly earnings of production workers by state, 188 Average weekly earnings of workers by state and territory, 189 Average weekly hours of production workers by state, 181 Benefits, 297 Compensation of employees costs per hour worked, 292, 293 Employment Cost Index, 281 mean hourly earnings and weekly hours, 302 Employees on government payrolls by state and territory, 180 Employees on manufacturing payrolls by state, 179 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employees on total nonfarm payrolls by state, 176 Employment and output by industry, 232 Employment status by state, 20 Flexible schedules workers by occupation, 155, 156 Job gains and losses, 200 Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours, 302 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 Union membership affiliation of employed workers by state, 405 STATISTICIANS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167
Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 STOPPAGES Defined, 398 Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 399 STRIKES Defined, 398 Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 399 SURVEYORS AND SERVICES Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Producer price indexes, 313 SWEDEN Consumer price indexes, 417, 418 Employment-population ratios, 421 Employment status of the working-age population, 411 Gross domestic product per capita, 419 Gross domestic product per employed person, 420 Hourly compensation costs, 416 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 413 Purchasing power parities, 423 SWITZERLAND Consumer price indexes, 417, 418 Hourly compensation costs, 416 T TAIWAN Hourly compensation costs, 416 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 413 TAX EXAMINERS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 TEACHERS, LIBRARIANS, AND COUNSELORS Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Occupation of longest job held, 142 TECHNICAL, SALES, AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 392 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 TECHNICAL SERVICES Employment and output by industry, 232 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational statistics, 67 Tenure of workers by industry, 120
486 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) TELECOMMUNICATIONS Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Producer price indexes, 313 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 TELEPHONE SERVICE AND EQUIPMENT Consumer price indexes, 329 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 TENURE Defined, 6 Full-time workers wage and salary workers by age and sex, 119 wage and salary workers by industry, 120 TERRITORIES Average annual pay for covered workers, 193 Average hourly earnings of production workers, 188 Average weekly earnings of production workers, 189 Average weekly hours of production workers, 181 Employees on government payrolls by territory, 180 Employees on manufacturing payrolls by territory, 179 Employees on total nonfarm payrolls by territory, 176 Employment and average annual pay for covered workers, 193 Employment status by territory, 20 Job gains and losses, 200 TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 TIME-BASED WORKERS Defined, 300 TIME USE SURVEY see AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY (ATUS) TOBACCO PRODUCTS Consumer price indexes, 329 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 TOTAL EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION Employment by occupation and projected, 236 TOTAL EXPENDITURES Defined, 351 TOTAL HOURS Defined, 163
TOURISM Export price indexes, 346 International price indexes, 344 TRADE Retail trade see RETAIL TRADE Wholesale trade see WHOLESALE TRADE TRADITIONAL WORK ARRANGEMENTS Employed workers by health insurance and pension plans, 151 Employed workers with traditional work arrangements, 150 TRAINING Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT Consumer price indexes, 327, 329 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export price indexes, 335 Import price indexes, 338 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 TRANSPORTATION OCCUPATIONS Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and output by industry, 232 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Employment by occupation and projected, 236 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Producer price indexes, 313 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 TRAVEL Export price indexes, 346 International price indexes, 344 TRUCKING AND WAREHOUSING Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 392
INDEX 487 U UNEMPLOYED WORKERS Age status by age, 48 unemployed persons by age, 82, 83, 92, 140 Civilian noninstitutional population, 9, 10, 11 Defined, 4 Duration unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 103 Employment status, 9, 10, 11 Extent of unemployment during the year by sex, 111 Families employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 74 presence and relationship of employed members, 76 Highlights, 81 Hispanic origin unemployed persons by Hispanic origin, 74, 82, 83, 92 Long-term unemployment by industry and occupation, 104 Married couples, 76 Percent distribution of unemployed persons during the year, 112 Race status by race, 48 unemployed persons by race, 74, 82, 83, 92 Reason for unemployment unemployment rates by reason for unemployment, 105 Sex status by sex, 48 unemployed persons by sex, 82, 83, 92, 105 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 Unemployed persons by class and industry, 102 Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 103 UNEMPLOYMENT RATES Age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, unemployment rates of civilian workers, 74, 82, 83, 92 Defined, 4 Duration unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 103 Educational attainment unemployment rates of persons 25 to 64 years of age, 140 Extent of unemployment during the year by sex, 111 Foreign labor force statistics, 409, 411 Highlights, 81 Long-term unemployment by industry and occupation, 104 Percent distribution of unemployed persons during the year, 112 Reason for unemployment unemployment rates by reason of unemployment, 105
Selected characteristics, 74, 82, 83, 92 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101, 102, 104 Unemployed persons by class and industry, 102 Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 103 UNION WORKERS Affiliation of members by selected characteristics, 400, 402 Affiliation of members by state, 405 Compensation of employees wages and salaries, 278 Defined, 301 Earnings median weekly earnings of workers, 397, 403 Labor-management relations see LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS Median weekly earnings by union affiliation, 397, 403 States affiliation of employed workers by state, 384 Wage and salary employees who were association members, 404 Wages and salaries by bargaining status, 278 Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 399 UNITED KINGDOM Consumer price indexes, 417, 418 Employment-population ratios, 421 Employment status of the working-age population, 411 Gross domestic product per capita, 419 Gross domestic product per employed person, 420 Hourly compensation costs, 416 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 413 Purchasing power parities, 423 UNITED STATES Consumer price indexes, 417, 418 Employment and average annual pay for covered workers, 193 Employment-population ratios, 421 Employment status of the working-age population, 411 Gross domestic product per capita, 419 Gross domestic product per employed person, 420 Hourly compensation costs, 416 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 413 Purchasing power parities, 423 UNIT LABOR COSTS Defined, 252 UNIVERSITIES Educational attainment see EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Total job openings by education cluster, 231 UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS Agriculture, 68 Employment and output by industry, 232 Nonagricultural industries, 68
488 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) URBAN CONSUMERS Consumer price indexes, commodity, service, and special groups, 323 major groups, 322 purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 325 relative importance of components, 331 U.S. city average, 329 URBAN WAGE EARNERS Consumer price indexes, 327 USUAL FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS Defined, 5 UTILITIES Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and output by industry, 232 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Occupational statistics, 67 Producer price indexes, 313 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 W WAGE EARNERS Absences from work, 118 Affiliation of wage workers by occupation and industry, 400, 402 Agriculture, 68 Compensation of employees see COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES Consumer price indexes, 327 Costs per hour worked for employee compensation private industry workers, 286, 288 state and local government, 292, 293 Definitions, 204, 274 Distribution of employment by wage range and occupational group, 206 Education median annual earnings by educational attainment, 146 Employed civilians, by class of worker and sex, 68 Employment and average annual pay of covered workers, 192, 193 Employment and wages by occupation, 205, 207 Flexible schedules formal flextime program status, 156 workers by occupation, 154, 155 Households by total money income, 446 Jobs held the longest, 108, 114 Labor union members, 278, 397, 403 Mean wages defined, 204 Median annual earnings by education, 146
Median family income by type of family, 128 Median usual weekly earnings, 135, 152 Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, 397, 403 Minimum wage workers paid hourly rates at or below minimum wage, 117 Nonfarm workers average weekly earnings, 68, 186 Number and earnings of full-time workers by sex and occupation, 108, 114 Number and median annual earnings of workers, 113, 114 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 391 Percent change in nonfarm payroll employment, 161 Private industry workers, 275 Production workers average hourly earnings of workers on manufacturing payrolls, 185, 188 average hourly earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls, 184, 190 average weekly earnings, 187 Shift usually worked by full-time workers, 157, 158 State and local government workers total compensation and wages, 281 Tenure of workers by age and sex, 119 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 Union members, 278, 397, 403 WAREHOUSING Employment and output by industry, 232 Employment and wages by occupation, 207 Producer price indexes, 313 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 WASTE SERVICES Occupational statistics, 67 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 WATER TRANSPORTATION Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Producer price indexes, 313 WEEKENDS Average hours worked on weekends, 432, 433 WEST Consumer expenditures averages by region of residence, 367 averages by selected areas, 371 Consumer price indexes, 332 Employment Cost Index, 278 Employment status by region, 20 Income in the U.S. (Census Bureau) income and earnings summary, 445
INDEX 489 WHITE COLLAR WORKERS Benefits, 283 Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 275 WHITE RACE Defined, 5 Race generally see RACE WHOLESALE TRADE Contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and output by industry, 232 Multiple jobholders, by sex and industry of principal secondary job, 73 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 386 Occupational statistics, 67 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 261 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 WHOLESALE TRADE - DURABLE GOODS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Producer price indexes, 313 Production workers on durable goods manufacturing payrolls, 169 WHOLESALE TRADE - NONDURABLE GOODS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Producer price indexes, 313 Production workers on nondurable goods manufacturing payrolls, 170 WOMEN Absences from work, 118 Consumer expenditures averages for single women by income before taxes, 373 Education median annual earnings by educational attainment, 146 Employment status ever-married women and married women, 124 nonfarm payrolls by super sector and selected groups, 167 population by sex and marital status, 121 presence and age of children, 123 women who maintain families, 125 Families presence and relationship of employed members, 75 status of women who maintain families, 125
unemployment by presence and relationship of employed members, 76 Labor-management relations union membership by sex, 400 Minimum wage workers paid hourly rates at or below minimum wage, 117 Nonfarm payrolls employees by super sector and groups, 167 Number and annual earnings of full-time workers by sex and occupation, 114 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries by sex, 391 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Primary activities average hours per day spent, 431 Projections of labor force and employment civilian labor force by sex, 224 Status of all women by presence and age of children, 123 Status of ever-married women and married women, 124 Tenure of workers by sex, 119 Unemployment rates selected characteristics, 82, 83, 92 WOOD PRODUCTS Producer price indexes, 313 Productivity and costs, 264 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 WORKERS Defined, 398 WORK EXPERIENCE Extent of unemployment during the year by sex, 111 Job held the longest by industry and class of worker, 108 Number of persons with experience by extent of employment and sex, 109 Percent distribution of population with work experience during the year, 110 Percent of persons with work experience by sex and age, 107 WORKING AND WORK-RELATED ACTIVITIES Defined, 429 WORK STOPPAGES Defined, 398 Labor-management relations stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 399 Y YEAR-ROUND FULL-TIME WORKERS Defined, 6 Number and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 113
