Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics 2007: Employment, Earnings, Prices, Productivity, and Other Labor Data

Presenting both recent and historical data, this volume features: • Introductory highlights for each chapter • Tables c...

Author: Eva E. Jacobs | Mary Meghan Ryan

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Presenting both recent and historical data, this volume features: • Introductory highlights for each chapter

• Tables covering topics that range from employment to consumer expenditures

• Notes and definitions that alert users to changes in the structure or organization of data sets • Content and formats that allow users to make logical comparisons and timely analyses

What’s New for 2007 • A new chapter, “Income in the United States,” based on income data from the Census Bureau. • New articles, tables, and figures on price measurements and employment projections. • A new article about the impact of Hurricane Katrina on BLS data.

Other award-winning books in the Bernan Press U.S. DataBook Series™ ™

• The Almanac of American Education

• Business Statistics of the United States: Patterns of Economic Change • State Profiles: The Population and Economy of Each U.S. State

• United States Foreign Trade Highlights: Trends in the Global Market • Vital Statistics of the United States: Births, Life Expectancy, Deaths, and Selected Health Data For more information on these and other titles available from Bernan Press, please call us at 1-800-274-4447 or visit us on the Web at www.bernanpress.com.

HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS

The Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics is recognized as the authoritative reference on the U.S. labor force. It continues and enhances the Bureau of Labor Statistics’s (BLS) discontinued publication, Labor Statistics.

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H ANDBOOK OF U.S. L ABOR

S TATISTICS

EMPLOYMENT, EARNINGS, PRICES, PRODUCTIVITY, AND OTHER LABOR DATA 2007

10th E

BERNAN PRESS

H ANDBOOK OF U.S. L ABOR

S TATISTICS Employment, Earnings, Prices, Productivity, and Other Labor Data 2007

10th Edition

H ANDBOOK OF U.S. L ABOR

S TATISTICS Employment, Earnings, Prices, Productivity, and Other Labor Data 2007

10th Edition

Edited by Eva E. Jacobs Associate Editor Mary Meghan Ryan

BERNAN PRESS Lanham, MD

© 2007 Bernan Press, an imprint of Bernan Associates, a division of The Kraus Organization Limited.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Bernan Press does not claim copyright in U.S. government information. ISBN-13: 978-1-59888-074-8 ISSN: 1526-2553 Printed by Automated Graphic Systems, Inc., White Plains, MD, on acid-free paper that meets the American National Standards Institute Z39-48 standard. 2008 2007 BERNAN PRESS 4611-F Assembly Drive Lanham, MD 20706 800-274-4447 email: [email protected] www.bernanpress.com

4 3 2 1

CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvii ABOUT THE EDITORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxi ARTICLE 1: PRICE MEASUREMENT IN THE UNITED STATES: A DECADE AFTER THE BOSKIN REPORT . . . . . .xxiii ARTICLE 2: EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK: 2004–2014—A SUMMARY OF BLS PROJECTIONS TO 2014 . . . . . . . . .xxv ARTICLE 3: HURRICANE KATRINA AND THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS: A SUMMARY OF ARTICLES FROM THE AUGUST 2006 EDITION OF THE MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . .xxix SUMMARY OF SELECTED ECONOMIC INDICATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxxi CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Tables Population, Labor Force, and Employment Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Tables Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Tables Unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Work Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Labor Force and Employment Characteristics of Selected Family Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 Labor Force and Employment Characteristics of Foreign-Born Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 Labor Force and Employment Characteristics by Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Tables Contingent Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 Tables Workers on Flexible and Shift Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 Tables Employment and Hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 Tables Earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Tables Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194 Tables Business Employment Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 v

vi HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION . . . . . . . . .219 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 Tables Labor Force and Employment Projections by Industry and Occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227 Tables Projected Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228 CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 Tables Employment Cost Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301 Tables Employer Costs for Employee Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310 Tables Employee Benefits Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313 Tables National Compensation Survey: Occupational Wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315 CHAPTER 7: PRICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322 Tables Producer Price Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334 Tables Consumer Price Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347 Tables Export and Import Price Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348 CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370 CHAPTER 9: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404

CONTENTS vii

CHAPTER 10: LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415 Highlights Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .417 CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .428 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .429 CHAPTER 12: AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446 CHAPTER 13: INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES (CENSUS BUREAU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .459 Notes and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467

LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS POPULATION, LABOR FORCE,

AND

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

EMPLOYMENT STATUS

Table 1-1. Table 1-2. Table 1-3.

Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, 1947–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, 1970–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1985–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Table 1-4. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Race, and Marital Status, 1985–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Table 1-5. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Region, Division, and State, 2004–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 . . . . . . . .39 Table 1-9. Employed and Unemployed Full- and Part-Time Workers, by Age, Sex, and Race, 1995–2005 . . . . . . . .48 Table 1-10. Persons Not in the Labor Force, by Age, Sex, and Desire and Availability for Work, 2000–2005 . . . . . . .51 EMPLOYMENT Table 1-11. Table 1-12. Table 1-13. Table 1-14. Table 1-15. Table 1-16. Table 1-17. Table 1-18. Table 1-19. Table 1-20. Table 1-21. Table 1-22. Table 1-23. Table 1-24.

Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Civilian Employment-Population Ratios, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 . . . . . . . . .63 Employed Civilians, by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Occupation 2003–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Employed Civilians, by Selected Occupation and Industry, 2003–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Employed Civilians in Agriculture and Nonagricultural Industries, by Class of Worker and Sex, 1980–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Number of Employed Persons Age 25 Years and Over, by Educational Attainment, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1995–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Multiple Jobholders and Multiple Jobholding Rates, by Selected Characteristics, May of Selected Years, 1970–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Multiple Jobholders, by Sex, Age, Marital Status, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Job Status, 2002–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Multiple Jobholders, by Sex and Industry of Principal Secondary Job, Annual Averages, 2003–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Employment and Unemployment in Families, by Race and Hispanic Origin, Annual Averages, 1995–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Families, by Presence and Relationship of Employed Members and Family Type, Annual Averages, 2000–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Unemployment in Families, by Presence and Relationship of Employed Members and Family Type, Annual Averages, 2000–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Employment Status of the Population, by Sex, Marital Status, and Presence and Age of Own Children Under 18 Years, Annual Averages, 2000–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Employment Status of Mothers with Own Children Under 3 Years of Age, by Age of Youngest Child and Marital Status, Annual Averages, 2001–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

UNEMPLOYMENT Table 1-25. Table 1-26. Table 1-27. Table 1-28. Table 1-29. Table 1-30. Table 1-31. Table 1-32.

Unemployment Rate, by Selected Characteristics, 1948–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 . . . . . . .92 Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates, by Selected Occupation, 2000–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates, by Class of Worker and Industry, 2000–2005 . . . . . . .102 Unemployed Persons, by Duration of Unemployment, 1948–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Long-Term Unemployment, by Industry and Selected Occupation, 2000–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates, by Reason for Unemployment, Sex, and Age, 1970–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 ix

x HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) WORK EXPERIENCE Table 1-33. Percent of the Population with Work Experience During the Year, by Age and Sex, 1987–2005 . . . . . .107 Table 1-34. Persons with Work Experience During the Year, by Industry and Class of Worker of Job Held the Longest, 2002–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Table 1-35. Number of Persons with Work Experience During the Year, by Extent of Employment and Sex, 1987–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 Table 1-36. Percent Distribution of the Population with Work Experience During the Year, by Extent of Employment and Sex, 1987–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 Table 1-37. Extent of Unemployment During the Year, by Sex, 1995–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 Table 1-38. Percent Distribution of Persons with Unemployment During the Year, by Sex and Extent of Unemployment, 1995–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Table 1-39. Number of and Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Age, Sex, and Race, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 Table 1-40. Number of and Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Sex and Occupation of Job Held the Longest, 2002–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Table 1-41. Wage and Salary Workers Paid Hourly Rates with Earnings at or Below the Prevailing Federal Minimum Wage, by Selected Characteristics, 2004–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Table 1-42. Absences from Work of Employed Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Age and Sex, 2003–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Table 1-43. Median Years of Tenure with Current Employer for Employed Wage and Salary Workers, by Age and Sex, Selected Years, February 1996–January 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Table 1-44. Median Years of Tenure with Current Employer for Employed Wage and Salary Workers, by Industry, Selected Years, February 2000–January 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 LABOR FORCE

AND

EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS

OF

SELECTED FAMILY TYPES

Table 1-45. Employment Status of the Population, by Sex and Marital Status, March 1990–March 2006 . . . . . . . . .121 Table 1-46. Employment Status of All Women and Single Women, by Presence and Age of Children, March 1990–March 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Table 1-47. Employment Status of Ever-Married Women and Married Women, Spouse Present, by Presence and Age of Children, March 1990–March 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 Table 1-48. Employment Status of Women Who Maintain Families, by Marital Status and Presence and Age of Children, March 1990–March 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Table 1-49. Number and Age of Children in Families, by Type of Family and Labor Force Status of Mother, March 1990–March 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Table 1-50. Number of Families and Median Family Income, by Type of Family and Earner Status of Members, 1995–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 LABOR FORCE

AND

EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS

OF

FOREIGN-BORN WORKERS

Table 1-51. Employment Status of the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations, by Selected Characteristics, 2004–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 Table 1-52. Employment Status of the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations Age 16 Years and Over, by Sex and Presence and Age of Youngest Child, Annual Averages, 2004–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 Table 1-53. Employment Status of the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations Age 25 Years and Over, by Educational Attainment, Race, and Hispanic Origin, Annual Averages, 2004–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Table 1-54. Employed Foreign-Born and Native-Born Persons Age 16 Years and Over, by Occupation and Sex, 2005 Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 Table 1-55. Median Usual Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers for the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations, by Selected Characteristics, Annual Averages, 2004–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . .135 LABOR FORCE

AND

EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS

BY

EDUCATION

Table 1-56. Percent Distribution of the Civilian Labor Force Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Race, March 1990–March 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Table 1-57. Labor Force Participation Rates of Persons Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Race, March 1990–March 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138

LIST OF TABLES xi Table 1-58. Unemployment Rates of Persons Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment and Sex, March 1990–March 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 Table 1-59. Workers Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Occupation of Longest Job Held, and Sex, 2004–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 Table 1-60. Percent Distribution of Workers Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Occupation of Longest Job Held, and Sex, 2004–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 Table 1-61. Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment and Sex, 2000–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146 CONTINGENT WORKERS Table 1-62. Employed Contingent and Noncontingent Workers, by Selected Characteristics, February 2005 . . . . . .148 Table 1-63. Employed Contingent and Noncontingent Workers, by Occupation and Industry, February 2005 . . . . .149 Table 1-64. Employed Workers with Alternative and Traditional Work Arrangements, by Selected Characteristics, February 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Table 1-65. Employed Contingent and Noncontingent Workers and Those with Alternative and Traditional Work Arrangements, by Health Insurance Coverage and Eligibility for Employer-Provided Pension Plans, February 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 Table 1-66. Median Usual Weekly Earnings of Full- and Part-Time Contingent Wage and Salary Workers and Those with Alternative Work Arrangements by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, February 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 WORKERS

ON

FLEXIBLE

AND

SHIFT SCHEDULES

Table 1-67. Flexible Schedules: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Selected Characteristics, May 2004 . . . . . .154 Table 1-68. Flexible Schedules: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Sex, Occupation, and Industry, May 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 Table 1-69. Flexible Schedules: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Formal Flextime Program Status, Occupation, and Industry, May 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 Table 1-70. Shift Usually Worked: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Selected Characteristics, May 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 Table 1-71. Shift Usually Worked: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Occupation and Industry, May 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 EMPLOYMENT Table 2-1.

AND

HOURS

Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector and Selected Component Groups, NAICS Basis, 1995–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 Table 2-2. Women Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector and Selected Component Groups, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 Table 2-3. Production Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . .168 Table 2-4. Production Workers on Durable Goods Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169 Table 2-5. Production Workers on Nondurable Goods Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 Table 2-6. Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171 Table 2-7. Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 Table 2-8. Average Weekly Overtime Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 Table 2-9. Indexes of Aggregate Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 Table 2-10. Indexes of Aggregate Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

xii HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-11. Table 2-12. Table 2-13. Table 2-14.

Employees on Total Nonfarm Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, 1965–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 Employees on Manufacturing Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 . . . .179 Employees on Government Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 . . . . . .180 Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 2001–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181

EARNINGS Table 2-15. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184 Table 2-16. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 Table 2-17. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Nonfarm Payrolls, by Industry, in Current and Constant 1982 Dollars, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 Table 2-18. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 Table 2-19. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 2001–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 Table 2-20. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 2001–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 QUARTERLY CENSUS

OF

EMPLOYMENT

AND

WAGES

Table 2-21. Employment and Average Annual Pay for All Covered Workers, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 2001–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 Table 2-22. Employment and Average Annual Pay for All Covered Workers, by State and Selected Territory, 2001–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS Table 2-23. Private Sector Gross Job Gains and Job Losses, Seasonally Adjusted, September 1992–December 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 Table 2-24. Private Sector Gross Job Gains and Job Losses, as a Percent of Employment, Seasonally Adjusted, September 1992–December 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Table 2-25. Three-Month Private Sector Job Gains and Losses, by Industry, Seasonally Adjusted, December 2004–December 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197 CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 Table 3-1. Table 3-2. Table 3-3.

Employment and Wages, by Major Occupational Group, May 2004 and May 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 Distribution of Employment, by Wage Range and Occupational Group, May 2004 and May 2005 . . . .204 Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2004 and May 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205

CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION . . . . . . . .219 Table 4-1. Table 4-2. Table 4-3. Table 4-4. Table 4-5. Table 4-6. Table 4-7.

Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1984, 1994, 2004, and Projected 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224 Fastest-Growing Occupations, 2004–2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228 Occupations with the Largest Job Growth, 2004–2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 Industries with the Largest Output Growth and Declines, 2004–2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230 Employment and Total Job Openings, by Education Cluster, 2004–2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 Employment and Output, by Industry, 1994, 2004, and Projected 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232 Employment, by Occupation, 2004 and Projected 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236

LIST OF TABLES xiii CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 Table 5-1. Table 5-2. Table 5-3. Table 5-4. Table 5-5.

Indexes of Productivity and Related Data, 1947–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 Average Annual Percent Change in Output Per Hour and Related Series, 1987–2004 and 2003–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 Average Annual Percent Change in Output Per Hour and Related Series, Retail Trade, Wholesale Trade, and Food Services and Drinking Places, 1987–2005 and 2004–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261 Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, 1987–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Manufacturing Industries, 1985–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 EMPLOYMENT COST INDEX Table 6-1. Table 6-2. Table 6-3. Table 6-4.

Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271 Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Bargaining Status, Industry, Region, and Area Size, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 Employment Cost Index, State and Local Government Workers, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293 Employment Cost Index, Benefits, by Occupation, Industry, and Bargaining Status, 1990–2005 . . . . . .297

EMPLOYER COSTS Table 6-5.

Table 6-6.

Table 6-7.

Table 6-8.

FOR

EMPLOYEE COMPENSATION

Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: Private Industry Workers, by Major Industry Group, March 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: Private Industry Workers, by Census Region and Area, March 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304 Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: State and Local Government, by Major Occupational and Industry Group, March 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: State and Local Government Workers, by Occupational and Industry Workers, March 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309

EMPLOYEE BENEFITS SURVEY Table 6-9. Percent of Workers with Access to or Participating in Selected Benefits, March 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311 Table 6-10. Percent of Medical Plan Participants and Employer Premiums Per Participant, by Requirements for Employee Contributions for Single and Family Coverage, Private Industry, March 2006 . . . . . . . . .312 NATIONAL COMPENSATION SURVEY: OCCUPATIONAL WAGES Table 6-11. Mean Hourly Earnings and Weekly Hours, by Selected Characteristics, Private Industry and State and Local Government, National Compensation Survey, June 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315 Table 6-12. Mean Hourly Earnings and Weekly Hours for Selected Characteristics, Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Areas, National Compensation Survey, June 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316 Table 6-13. Mean Hourly Earnings and Weekly Hours for Selected Occupations, Full-Time and Part-Time Workers, National Compensation Survey, June 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317

xiv HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) CHAPTER 7: PRICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 PRODUCER PRICE INDEX Table 7-1. Table 7-2. Table 7-3.

Producer Price Indexes, by Stage of Processing, 1947–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 Producer Price Indexes, by Commodity Group, 1913–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324 Producer Price Indexes for the Net Output of Selected Industries, 1995–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326

CONSUMER PRICE INDEX Table 7-4.

Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Major Groups, 1967–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336 Table 7-5. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Commodity, Service, and Special Groups, 1967–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337 Table 7-6. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Selected Groups and Purchasing Power of the Consumer Dollar, 1913–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339 Table 7-7. Consumer Price Indexes, Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W): U.S. City Average, Major Groups, 1913–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341 Table 7-8. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, by Expenditure Category, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343 Table 7-9. Relative Importance of Components in the Consumer Price Index: U.S. City Average, Selected Groups, December 1997–December 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344 Table 7-10. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), All Items: Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Selected Years, 1960–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345 Table 7-11. Consumer Price Index Research Series, Using Current Methods (CPI-U-RS), by Month and Annual Average, 1977–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346 EXPORT

AND IMPORT

PRICE INDEXES

Table 7-12. U.S. Export Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348 Table 7-13. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354 Table 7-14. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Locality of Origin, 1995–2005 . . . . . . .360 Table 7-15. U.S. International Price Indexes for Selected Transportation Services, 1995–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363 CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365 Table 8-1. Table 8-2. Table 8-3. Table 8-4. Table 8-5. Table 8-6. Table 8-7. Table 8-8. Table 8-9. Table 8-10. Table 8-11. Table 8-12. Table 8-13. Table 8-14. Table 8-15. Table 8-16. Table 8-17.

Consumer Expenditures, Annual Average of All Consumer Units, 1994–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370 Shares of Annual Average Consumer Expenditures and Characteristics of All Consumer Units, 1994–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Income Before Taxes, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Higher Income Before Taxes, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Quintiles of Income Before Taxes, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Occupation of Reference Person, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Number of Earners, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Size of Consumer Unit, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Composition of Consumer Unit, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Age of Reference Person, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Race of Reference Person, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Hispanic Origin of Reference Person, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Education of Reference Person, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Housing Tenure and Type of Area, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Population Size of Area of Residence, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Region of Residence, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385 Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas: Northeast Region, 2003–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386

LIST OF TABLES xv Table 8-18. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas: South Region, 2003–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387 Table 8-19. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas: Midwest Region, 2003–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388 Table 8-20. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas: West Region, 2003–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389 Table 8-21. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Single Men by Income Before Taxes, 2003–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . .390 Table 8-22. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Single Women by Income Before Taxes, 2003–2004 . . . . . . . . . .391 Table 8-23. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person Under 25 Years of Age, 2003–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392 Table 8-24. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 25 to 34 Years of Age, 2003–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393 Table 8-25. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 35 to 44 Years of Age, 2003–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394 Table 8-26. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 45 to 54 Years of Age, 2003–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395 Table 8-27. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 55 to 64 Years of Age, 2003–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396 Table 8-28. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 65 Years of Age and Over, 2003–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397 CHAPTER 9: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Table 9-1. Table 9-2. Table 9-3.

Table 9-4. Table 9-5.

Incidence Rates Per 100 Full-Time Workers of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, by Selected Industries and Case Types, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404 Number of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Involving Days Away from Work, by Selected Worker Characteristics and Private Industry Division, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406 Number and Percent Distribution of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Involving Days Away from Work, by Selected Occupation and Number of Days Away from Work, Private Industry, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408 Fatal Occupational Injuries, by Selected Worker Characteristics and Selected Event or Exposure, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409 Fatal Occupational Injuries, by Occupation and Selected Event or Exposure, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410

CHAPTER 10: LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413 Table 10-1. Table 10-2. Table 10-3. Table 10-4.

Work Stoppages Involving 1,000 Workers or More, 1947–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .417 Union Affiliation of Employed Wage and Salary Workers, by Selected Characteristics, 2000–2005 . . . .418 Union Affiliation of Wage and Salary Workers, by Occupation and Industry, 2004–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . .420 Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Union Affiliation, Occupation, and Industry, 2004–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421 Table 10-5. Union or Employee Association Members Among Wage and Salary Employees, 1977–2005 . . . . . . . . .422 Table 10-6. Union Affiliation of Employed Wage and Salary Workers, by State, 2004–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423 CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425

Table 11-1. Employment Status of the Working-Age Population, Approximating U.S. Concepts, 10 Countries, 1970–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .429 Table 11-2. Indexes of Manufacturing Productivity and Related Measures, 15 Countries, 1970 and 1990–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431 Table 11-3. Hourly Compensation Costs in U.S. Dollars for Production Workers in Manufacturing, 32 Countries and Selected Areas, Selected Years, 1975–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433 Table 11-4. Consumer Price Indexes, 16 Countries, 1950–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434 Table 11-5. Consumer Price Indexes, Percent Change from Previous Year, 16 Countries, 1955–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . .435 Table 11-6. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Capita, 15 Countries, 1960–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436 Table 11-7. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Employed Person, 15 Countries, 1960–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . .437

xvi HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 11-8. Employment-Population Ratios, 15 Countries, 1960–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438 Table 11-9. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Capita and Per Employed Person, 15 Countries, Selected Years, 1980–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439 Table 11-10. Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs), Exchange Rates, and Relative Prices, 15 Countries, 2002 . . . . . . . . .440 CHAPTER 12: AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441 Table 12-1. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Primary Activities for the Total Population, and for Persons Reporting the Activity on the Diary Day, by Activity Category and Sex, 2005 Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446 Table 12-2. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Primary Activities for the Total Population by Age, Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Educational Attainment, 2005 Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447 Table 12-3. Average Hours Worked Per Day by Employed Persons on Weekdays and Weekends, by Selected Characteristics, 2005 Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448 Table 12-4. Average Hours Worked Per Day at Main Job Only by Employed Persons on Weekdays and Weekend Days, by Selected Characteristics, 2005 Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449 Table 12-5. Average Hours Worked Per Day at All Jobs by Employed Persons at Workplace or at Home, by Selected Characteristics, 2005 Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450 Table 12-6. Average Hours Worked Per Day at Main Job Only by Employed Persons at Workplace or Home, by Selected Characteristics, 2005 Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .451 Table 12-7. Average Hours Per Day Spent by Persons Age 18 Years and Over Caring for Household Children Under 18 Years, by Sex of Respondent and Age of Youngest Household Child, 2005 Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452 Table 12-8. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Primary Activities by the Total Population Age 18 Years and Over, by Activity Category, Employment Status, Presence and Age of Household Children, and Sex, 2005 Annual Averages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453 Table 12-9. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Leisure and Sports Activities for the Total Population, by Selected Characteristics, 2005 Annual Averages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455 CHAPTER 13: INCOME DATA IN THE UNITED STATES (CENSUS BUREAU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457 Table 13-1. Income and Earnings Summary Measures, by Selected Characteristics, 2004 and 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461 Table 13-2. Households, by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 1967–2005 . . . . . . . .462

LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS Percent Distribution of Labor Force, by Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1995 and 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Percent Distribution of Employed Civilians, by Age, 1995 and 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Unemployment Rate for Men, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1995–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Unemployment Rate for Women, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1995–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS Percent Change in Nonfarm Payroll Employment, 1995–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161 Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Total Private Nonfarm Payrolls, in Current and Constant 1982 Dollars, 1995–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 Private Sector Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses, Seasonally Adjusted, September 1992–December 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 Components of Private Sector Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses, Seasonally Adjusted, September 1992–December 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES Percent of Total Employment and Mean Hourly Wages of Selected Major Occupational Groups, May 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION Percent Change in the Labor Force, by Age, 1994–2004, and Projected Percent Change, 2004–2014 . . . . . . . .221 The 10 Fastest-Growing Occupations, 2004–2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227 CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS Indexes of Productivity (Business), 1995–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 Indexes of Productivity (Manufacturing), 1995–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES Private Industry Wages and Salaries, and Benefits, Percent Change, 1995–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269 State and Local Government Wages and Salaries, and Benefits, Percent Change, 1995–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269 CHAPTER 7: PRICES Percent Change in Prices of Fuel Products at Various Levels, 2004–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321 Consumer Price Index, All Items and Medical Care, 1995–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333 CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES Percent Distribution of Major Consumer Expenditures, by Selected Age Groups, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367 CHAPTER 9: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Incidence Rates of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, by Major Industry, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401 CHAPTER 10: LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Union Affiliation, Sector, and Occupation, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415 CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS Unemployment Rate, 8 Countries, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427 CHAPTER 12: AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY Average Hours Spent Per Day in Primary Activities for Persons Reporting the Activity on the Diary Day, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443 CHAPTER 13: INCOME DATA IN THE UNITED STATES (CENSUS BUREAU) Real Median Household Income, 1967–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .459

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ABOUT THE EDITORS Eva E. Jacobs has been the editor of the Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics since its first edition. She served as chief of the Division of Consumer Expenditure Surveys at the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for over 20 years. As the manager of this division, Ms. Jacobs was responsible for the ongoing Consumer Expenditure Survey, which tracks the expenditure patterns of U.S. households over time. Ms. Jacobs also held positions in BLS’s Productivity Division and the Economic Growth Division. More recently, she acted as an adviser on cost-of-living projects for both government and private consultants. She currently serves as chair of a panel advising the Safe Harbor Working Group on issues related to cost-of-living adjustments for federal employees in Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Ms. Jacobs was the 1998 recipient of the Julius Shiskin Award, given by the National Association of Business Economists and the Washington Statistical Society for distinguished contributions to the field of economic statistics.

Mary Meghan Ryan is a data analyst with Bernan Press. She received her bachelor’s degree in economics from the University of Maryland and is a former economist with the American Economics Group. She has also worked as a research assistant for FRANDATA. Ms. Ryan is also an associate editor of Business Statistics of the United States: Patterns of Economic Change and of Vital Statistics of the United States: Birth, Life Expectancy, Deaths, and Selected Health Data, both published by Bernan Press.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The preparation of this publication was very much a team activity. Mary Meghan Ryan capably researched the data and compiled the tables. Deirdre Gaquin prepared the special tabulations of data from the Current Population Survey. Jo A. Wilson, assisted by Lateef Padgett, prepared the graphics and layout. Shana Hertz copyedited this edition. Publisher Kenneth E. Lawrence and managing editor Katherine A. DeBrandt supervised the overall editorial

and production aspects of this publication. I extend my sincere gratitude to these individuals for their skills, professionalism, and cooperative effort—all of which made this publication possible. Particular thanks also go to BLS staff members, too numerous to mention by name, who patiently answered questions and provided essential information.

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PREFACE first edition had 8 figures, while the current edition has more than 20 figures. A summary of the most important trends (in figure form) can be found on page xxxi of this Handbook.

Bernan Press is pleased to present a compilation of Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data in this 10th edition of its award-winning Handbook of U.S Labor Statistics. BLS provides a treasure trove of historical information about all aspects of labor and employment in the United States. The current edition maintains the content of previous editions and updates the text with additional data and new features. The editors have also added some tables on income derived from data from the Census Bureau; these tables are described later in the preface. The data in this publication are excellent sources of information for analysts in government and business.

• In addition to the figures, the introductory material for each chapter also contains highlights of other salient data. For example, the highlights in Chapter 1 showcase the trend of labor force participation rate by age and the disparity in labor force participation rates for various demographic groups. A highlight in Chapter 4 calls attention to the difference between the rate of growth in projected employment and the level of growth in projected employment.

This edition represents a significant milestone for the Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics, and such a milestone invites a moment of introspection and reflective questioning. What problems in the nation and the economy are of interest now compared to 10 years ago? How do the numbers in this book draw attention to problems and provide quantitative assistance to the analysts who search for possible solutions? The short answer is that while the numbers change, the questions still remain with us—even as new questions are being added. In earlier editions, this publication analyzed some of the issues that were then being addressed: the decline in employment in the manufacturing sector, the high unemployment rates for young minorities, the aging labor force, the cost of health care services and prescription drugs, the changing pension plans, the specter of inflation as a result of the rise in fuel prices, the impact of changing technology on the educational and occupational requirements of industry, and the impact of immigration on the structure of the labor force. Policy decisions on these questions are still relevant today. New issues include the stagnation of real wages despite an increase in productivity, which has led to concern that this trend indicates a lack of progress in improving the standard of living of workers. It is important to examine the historical movement of various series; as a result, some tables in this publication show data back to 1985. This Handbook includes tables on employment and unemployment and employer costs for employee health care. Tables of projections of industry output and employment show the expected trends in the technology sector and the educational requirements of jobs in this sector. Other tables show how workers have fared in terms of wages (which have been adjusted for changing prices). FEATURES OF THIS PUBLICATION • Approximately 200 tables present authoritative data for labor market statistics, including employment and employment costs and hours, prices, productivity, comparisons with other countries, and other labor market statistics. • Each section is preceded by one or more figures that call attention to noteworthy trends in the data. The

• The tables in each section are also preceded by notes and definitions, which contain concise descriptions of the data sources, concepts, definitions, and methodology from which the data are derived. • The introductory notes also include references to more comprehensive reports. These reports provide additional data and more extensive descriptions of estimation methods, sampling, and reliability measures. ARTICLES OVERVIEW The introduction to the text provides articles that describe current information on developments, such as the planning or introduction of new surveys, the introduction of new classification definitions, and current research on economic topics that make use of the data contained in this Handbook. The first article in the introduction, “Price Measurement in the United States: A Decade After the Boskin Report” describes the steps BLS has taken to address the problems raised in the Report by the U.S. Advisory Commission to Study the Consumer Price Index (more commonly known as the Boskin Report), which was issued on December 4, 1996. The Boskin Report focused attention on three key problems inherent in the calculation of Consumer Price Indexes: consumer substitution, quality change, and new goods. BLS subsequently reaffirmed its cost-of-living conceptual framework and built on prior research in order to introduce methodological changes; these changes corrected the issues with substitution, quality, and new goods. The second article, “Employment Outlook, 2004–2014: A Summary of BLS Projections to 2014,” summarizes a series of four articles that appeared in the November 2005 edition of the Monthly Labor Review. This summary presents a detailed picture of U.S. employment trends as they are likely to evolve over the 2004–2014 decade, under the assumptions used to develop those projections. The summary also updates the 2002–2012 projections published in February 2004. It presents a synopsis of the content of each article, a short statement of methods, an overview of what is new in this round of projections, and some

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xxii HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) thoughts about which factors might pose the greatest risks to the accuracy of the projections. The third article, “Hurricane Katrina and the Bureau of Labor Statistics: A Summary of Articles from the August 2006 Edition of the Monthly Labor Review” concerns the impact of Hurricane Katrina. The entire August 2006 edition of the Monthly Labor Review was devoted to the impact of the hurricane on the collection and substance of BLS statistical series, particularly the employment and wages series. The article provided in this Handbook contains excerpts from articles published in the August 2006 edition. NEW TABLES IN THIS EDITION Income data. Chapter 13, a new addition to the publication, presents income data for the United States compiled by the Census Bureau. The Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics has traditionally included tables with a great deal of information on wages. However, much of the recent public discussion about income inequality has focused on both wages and non-wage income (such as interest and dividends, Social Security, and other pension income). The Census Bureau collects this information in the March supplement to the Current Population Survey. Consumer Price Index Research Series Using Current Methods (CPI-U-RS). BLS has made many improvements in the way the Consumer Price Index (CPI) is calculated, but these changes are not carried back historically in the official CPI. Some users would like to see the effect of these improvements over time. To this end, the CPI-U-RS attempts to answer the following question: “What would have been the measured rate of inflation from 1978 forward had the methods currently used in calculating the CPI-U been in use since 1978?” North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). More series have been converted to NAICS industry classification. However, this conversion has caused some delays in data availability. See the notes and definitions in each chapter for more information on conversion of the applicable series. While conversion sometimes creates a comparability problem, the new classification system is more descriptive of the current structure of the economy. NAICS was described in a summary article in the sixth edition of this Handbook. More information about NAICS can be found on the BLS Web site at .

SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION BLS data are primarily derived from surveys conducted by the federal government or through federal-state cooperative arrangements. The comparability of data over time can be affected by changes in the surveys, which are essential for keeping pace with the current structure of economic institutions and for taking advantage of improved survey techniques. Revisions of current data are also periodically made as a result of the availability of new information. In addition, some tables in this Handbook were dropped due to the data being from a one-time survey that is now outdated—such as the data on training (1995)—or due to the survey being entirely restructured. Introductory notes to each chapter summarize specific factors that may affect the data. In the tables, an ellipsis (“…”) indicates that data are not available. More extensive methodological information, including further discussion of the sampling and estimation procedures used for each BLS program, is contained in the BLS Handbook of Methods. This publication is in the process of being updated, and completed chapters are available on the BLS Web site at . Other sources of current data and analytical include the Monthly Labor Review and a daily Internet publication, The Editor’s Desk (TED). All of these publications can be found on the BLS Web site. Other relevant publications are noted in the notes and definitions for each applicable chapter. OTHER PUBLICATIONS BY BERNAN PRESS The Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics is one of a number of publications in Bernan Press’s award-winning U.S. DataBook Series. Other titles include Business Statistics of the United States: Patterns of Economic Change; The Almanac of American Education; United States Foreign Trade Highlights: Trends in the Global Market; Datapedia of the United States, American History in Numbers; and Vital Statistics of the United States: Births, Life Expectancy, Deaths, and Selected Health Data. Each of these titles provides the public with statistical information from official government sources. If you have any questions or suggestions as to how we could make future editions even more useful, please contact us by email at [email protected] or by letter at Bernan Press, 4611-F Assembly Drive, Lanham, MD 20706. Please visit our Web site at .

ARTICLE 1 PRICE MEASUREMENT IN THE UNITED STATES: A DECADE AFTER THE BOSKIN REPORT This is a brief summary of an article written by David S. Johnson, Stephen B. Reed, and Kenneth J. Stewart.1 The full article appeared in the May 2006 edition of the Monthly Labor Review and can be found online at . The December 1996 Boskin Report (also called the Report by the U.S. Advisory Commission to Study the Consumer Price Index), estimated that the Consumer Price Index (CPI) was biased upwards by around 1.1 percent per year. The Boskin Commission divided the types of potential biases into three groups: consumer substitution bias, quality change bias, and new goods bias. Since the publication of the Boskin Report, and by building on prior research, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has introduced methodological changes that have addressed each of these issues. These include: 1) the introduction of the geometric means formula in 1999; 2) the introduction of the Chained Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (C-CPU-U) in 2002; 3) the expansion of the use of hedonic models to improve the measurement of quality change; and 4) the institution of procedures to introduce new goods into the index more quickly. This article summarizes those methodological changes. CONSUMER SUBSTITUTION BIAS IN THE CPI Substitution bias arises in a fixed-weight CPI if consumers change their purchasing behavior in response to relative price changes. Until 1999, the CPI used Laspeyres formulas to calculate the CPI; Laspeyres formulas effectively assume zero consumer substitution. In other words, these formulas assume an elasticity of substitution of zero. To the extent that consumers can and do change their purchasing behavior in response to relative price changes, a Laspeyres formula will result in an upward bias in the index and overstate the cost of living. The Boskin Report estimated a total consumer substitution bias of 0.4 percent. In 1999, the CPI converted to a geometric means formula for averaging prices within most CPI item categories. The geometric means formula effectively assumes constant relative expenditure on a given item, rather than constant quantity. As the relative price increases, the assumed quantity proportionally decreases. Thus, this formula implicitly assumes a unitary elasticity of substitution. The geometric mean formula was adopted to account for what is sometimes called “lower-level” consumer substitution; in other words, the substitution that takes place within item categories, such as apples, as relative prices change. In 2002, the CPI began producing an additional index, the Chained Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (C-CPI-U). This index uses a “superlative” formula—one in which expenditure data from both the base and current period are used to calculate the indexes. Thus, the final version of the C-CPI-U is based on actual consumer behavior, rather than on assumptions about substitution behavior. However, since expenditure data are only available with a time lag, the indexes are subject to revision until the final

expenditure data are available. The C-CPI-U was created to account for what is sometimes called “upper-level” consumer substitution; that is, the substitution that takes place across item categories, such as apples and oranges, as relative prices change. Since the C-CPI-U uses both geometric means to account for lower-level substitution and a superlative formula to account for upper-level substitution, it is designed to be a closer approximation to a cost-of-living index than the more familiar CPI-U. NEW GOODS AND QUALITY CHANGE BIAS IN THE CPI Perhaps the most fundamental problem in creating a price index is that the market basket available to consumers constantly changes, while the goal is to produce a constant-quality CPI. The Boskin Report estimated an upward “quality change” bias in the CPI (the alleged inability of BLS to fully account for the increased variety and quality of goods and services over time) of 0.6 percent per year, larger than that estimated for the consumer substitution bias. Operationally, the CPI deals with quality change in several different ways. If an item included in the CPI sample is no longer sold in the outlet, a new item is priced in its place. If the new item is substantially different than the discontinued item, then some sort of quality adjustment procedures must be used in order to estimate constantquality price change. One way to estimate constant-quality price change is to make an estimate of the quantitative value of the quality change. This is based on either manufacturer cost data or on estimates of the value to consumers of particular features of the good in question. These values are often estimated with hedonic models, a technique referred to as “hedonics.” This technique is widely considered the most promising for quality adjustment, and the CPI has employed this technique for an increasing number of goods since the Boskin Report was issued. While hedonics is important for particular categories, it is still used for only a small part of the total index; its net impact on indexes has thus been relatively small. Along with quality adjustment of goods in the sample, there is also the issue of goods entering the economy that were not included in the sample. It is important that the CPI gets new goods into the sample quickly, in order to have a market basket that accurately reflects consumer purchases. The CPI program has taken several steps in recent years to keep the market basket up to date. Since 2002, updated Consumer Expenditure Survey weights have been introduced every 2 years (as opposed to roughly every 10 years in the past). Moreover, the lag time from survey to implementation is shorter, and the survey is

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completed over a shorter period of time. The result is that weights used in the CPI reflect much more recent consumer behavior than those used in years past. Additionally, the CPI has changed its sample and outlet rotation procedures. In 1998, the CPI went from rotating 20 percent of the outlet sample each year to 25 percent, making the entire sample rotate every 4 years instead of every 5 years. Some items in selected categories (particularly those that tend to change rapidly) are rotated every 2 years. The market basket of the CPI is thus considerably more up to date than it used to be, particularly in terms of high-tech goods. CONCLUSION

changes to improve the index. The implementation of the geometric means formula to calculate basic indexes addresses lower-level substitution bias, and the creation of the C-CPI-U provides a measure that accounts for upperlevel substitution. The expanded use of hedonic models to directly adjust for changes in quality has given BLS commodity analysts another sophisticated option with which to address this issue. More frequent weight updates and sample rotation make the market basket used in calculating the CPI more up to date and reflective of current consumer behavior than ever before. ENDNOTES 1David S. Johnson is chief of the Division of Housing and Household Economic Statistics, U.S. Census Bureau. Stephen B. Reed and Kenneth J. Stewart are econo-

Improving the CPI is an ongoing process. Since the Boskin Report was issued in 1996, there have been important

mists in the Division of Consumer Prices and Price Indexes, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

ARTICLE 2 EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK: 2004–2014— A SUMMARY OF BLS PROJECTIONS TO 2014 This article, written by Norman C. Saunders, is condensed from the summary article in the November 2005 edition of the Monthly Labor Review.1 The issue contains four other articles and tables concerning the projections and can be found on the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Web site at . A short description of the methodology and the detailed tables can be found in Chapter 4 of this Handbook. The U.S. economy is expected to expand at a moderately strong pace over the coming decade, with restrained inflation, continued strong productivity growth, and labor force growth at a steady rate with a favorable outlook for a wide array of job opportunities. The 2014 projections are the 19th in a series of biennial examinations of the aggregate economy; labor force by age, sex, race, and ethnicity; and industry and occupational employment.2 The following four articles present a detailed picture of U.S. employment trends as they are likely to evolve over the 2004–2014 decade under the assumptions used to develop those projections. The articles update the 2002–2012 projections that were published in February 2004. This article presents a synopsis of the conclusions of the projections, a summary of what is new in this round of projections, and some thoughts about the factors that might pose the greatest risks to the accuracy of the projections. SUMMARY OF ARTICLES Aggregate economy. The first article of the series examines the overall economic outlook for the coming decade. Gross domestic product (GDP), which measures the sales of domestically produced goods and services to final users, is projected to grow by an average annual rate of 3.1 percent between 2004 and 2014. Consumer spending continues to account for more than 70 percent of GDP and is projected to grow at an annual rate of 2.8 percent in real terms. Gross private domestic investment is expected to grow 4.7 percent annually between 2004 and 2014. As the dollar continues its expected depreciation against the currencies in major trading partner countries, exports are projected to grow more strongly than they did during the 10 years preceding the projections. Conversely, imports are expected to grow less rapidly than during the past decade. On the government side, a slow but deliberate increase in federal defense spending is expected throughout the projection period, offset by like declines in nondefense spending. State and local government is projected to grow at 2.0 percent per year, slowing a bit from the 1994–2004 period, when it grew by 2.7 percent each year in chained 2000 dollars. The aggregate projections are based on assumptions of an unemployment rate at 5.0 percent in 2014, nonfarm business labor productivity growth of 2.7 percent each year, continuing steady devaluation of the dollar vis-à-vis the currencies of our major trading partners, a per capita real disposable income increasing from $27,200 in 2004 to $33,200 in 2014, and a personal savings rate climbing slowly from 1.8 percent in 2004 to 3.4 percent a decade later. Improvements in the federal deficit and the current

account deficit are expected as well, though neither item is projected to reach a balance or a surplus position by 2014. Labor force. The second article reviews the factors affecting the growth of the labor force by age, sex, race, and ethnicity. The civilian labor force is projected to increase annually by 1.0 percent, the same growth rate as that of the population, representing considerable slowing in growth from previous decades. The labor force is defined as the portion of the population age 16 years and over that is either at work or actively seeking work. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a proportion of the population age 16 years and over. Growth of the labor force is the result of simultaneous changes in the civilian noninstitutional population and in labor force participation rates. Participation rates are projected to remain flat or to decrease slightly over the next 10 years; therefore, the growth of the labor force will be entirely due to population growth. Population growth itself is a product of changes in fertility, mortality, and migration. Because changes in mortality and fertility rates tend to be very gradual, the main component of population change has been and will continue to be immigration. A closer look at the 2004–2014 labor force shows that certain demographic groups are projected to grow more rapidly than others. The labor force will continue to age, with a projected 4.1 percent annual growth rate for the 55 years old and over age group, more than four times the rate of growth of the overall labor force. Baby boomers entered the labor market beginning in the late 1960s as a huge wave of workers who swelled the level and growth of the labor force. During the 1990s, baby boomers were in the prime-age working group of 25- to 54-year-olds and were still contributing to a relatively high annual growth of the workforce. They will be concentrated in the 50- to 68-yearold age group in 2014. Because older workers tend to have significantly lower participation rates, the baby boomer exit from the workforce, as with their entrance, will have significant impacts on the growth of the labor force. Another interesting fact is that the labor force participation rate of workers over 55 years old has been increasing since the mid-1980s. The increase is projected to continue at least to 2014. The willingness of the 55 years old and over age group to participate in the future labor force or to retire is a multidimensional decision. This decision may be the result of various factors, such as the individual’s health status and the status of pensions, savings, and anticipated Social Security payments. A growing proportion of the retirement-age population appears to be staging their

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transition from full-time work to full retirement as well. One of the most important factors in the increase of the labor force participation rate of older workers has been governmental policies and legislation aimed at eliminating mandatory retirement and outlawing age discrimination. In summary, the labor force is projected to grow steadily into the future, albeit at a slower pace than in the past. BLS assumes that because labor markets clear, slower growth in labor supply will be reflected in slower growth in labor demand. Care should be taken not to compare household-based measures of employment with establishment-based versions discussed at the industry level of detail. Such comparisons could lead to a belief that BLS is predicting shortages when, by assumption, none exist in the projections. Industry employment. The third article examines the outlook for output and employment growth for detailed industries. Nonfarm wage and salary employment is projected to increase by 18.7 million employees between 2004 and 2014, an annual average rate of growth of 1.3 percent. Goods-producing industries are expected to have no growth in employment, as the 1.1 percent annual increase predicted for the construction sector is expected to be offset by declines in manufacturing and mining employment. Employment in the service-providing industries, on the other hand, is expected to continue to grow strongly at a projected annual rate of 1.6 percent. The decline in manufacturing employment does not mean that the manufacturing sector is disappearing from the U.S. economy. Output of manufacturing industries (sales of produced goods to final users and also to other industries) is expected to grow at a healthy 3.5 percent annual rate over the projection period, with declines in employment explained by the offsetting high growth in manufacturing labor productivity. Among the service-providing sectors, the most rapidlygrowing industries are in the health care and social assistance sector and the educational services sector. These two sectors are predicted to account for a little more than 22 million jobs in 2014 and to grow at an annual average rate of 2.8 percent from 2004 to 2014. The largest nongovernment sector is the professional and business services sector, comprising almost 21 million jobs in 2014 and projected to grow at an annual rate of 2.5 percent. Occupational employment. The fourth article reviews the demand for occupations. Among the 10 major occupational groups, employment in the 2 largest in 2004—professional and related occupations and service occupations— will increase the most rapidly and add the most jobs from 2004 to 2014. These major groups, which are on opposite ends of the educational attainment and earnings spectrum, are expected to provide almost 60 percent of the total job growth from 2004 to 2014. Employment is projected to grow a bit faster than overall employment in management, business, and financial occupations. Employment in con-

struction and extraction occupations; installation, maintenance, and repair occupations; transportation and material moving occupations; and sales and related occupations will grow somewhat more slowly. Office and administrative support occupations are projected to grow at only half the rate projected for the total, while farming, fishing, and forestry occupations and production occupations are projected to decline slightly. As a result of the different growth rates among the major occupational groups, the occupational distribution of total employment will change somewhat by the year 2014, but the relative ranking of the groups by employment size is not expected to change much. Professional and related occupations will continue to rank first, while farming, fishing, and forestry occupations will continue to rank last. Professional and related occupations and service occupations will significantly increase their relative share of employment—by 1.4 and 1.0 percentage points, respectively. However, office and administrative support occupations and production occupations should decrease significantly—by 1.0 and 0.9 points, respectively. DEVELOPING ENHANCEMENTS Two innovative projects were part of the 2004–2014 round of projections: 1) a scoring algorithm that allowed occupational analysts to more precisely identify occupations at significant risk of job movement offshore; and 2) a measurement of the actual educational attainment of individuals in occupations as a way of identifying alternative paths to success in specific occupations. Offshoring. In this context, the term “offshoring” refers specifically to white-collar service-providing jobs that were formerly carried out in the United States but are now contracted to service-providing firms in other countries. In the 2012 projections, BLS occupational analysts knew that certain occupations, most notably those in the information technology sector, were at significant risk of offshoring, and the growth in occupational coefficients for these jobs was curtailed. However, the desire still remained to develop a more formalized approach that could be used by the entire occupational staff in the process of determining whether or not specific occupations were at risk of offshoring. The purpose of the offshore scoring exercise was to identify the characteristics of occupations that made them more likely to be at risk for offshoring, and then to have the occupation analysts rate the incidence of those characteristics for all of the service-providing occupations in order to assign a potential risk level, although there was no quantitative use of the score as part of the projections presented in this issue. Where a risk of offshoring was identified, appropriate external information documented such activity, and no other mitigating circumstances were identified, additions were made to the “Job Outlook” section of the affected detailed occupational statements in the forthcoming Occupational Outlook Handbook. This

EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOK: 2004–2014 xxvii

addition alerts users interested in those occupations of the potential for offshoring as a factor affecting job growth in the future. Full details regarding the approach and the resulting lists of occupations believed to be at risk are not presented in the article on occupational projections due to space constraints. However, a detailed explanation of the methodology and the results will be presented in the forthcoming 2006–2007 edition of Occupational Projections and Training Data. This is the first time this formalized approach to identifying occupations potentially at risk of offshore outsourcing has been attempted, and the process will continue to undergo evaluation and refinement for future rounds of projections. Educational attainment of occupations. In prior rounds of projections, each occupation was assigned to 1 of 11 training or education categories, based on the occupation’s most significant source of education and training. The assigned category was judged to represent the best avenue for entrance into and for ultimate success in the occupation. While this approach was useful for guidance purposes, further examination found some disparity between the actual educational attainment of individuals in specific occupations and BLS judgment as to the best avenue for success in the occupation. In short, the analysis pointed out that there were many different ways to attain success in an occupation. For example, higher educational attainments often were seen as an alternative to extensive onthe-job training. In other cases, it became apparent that a high school education allowed certain chances of success in occupations formerly believed to be bachelor’s degree or higher jobs. For this round of projections, the educational attainment of occupations will be compared, contrasted, and discussed in the Occupational Outlook Handbook and in Occupational Projections and Training Data. RISKS TO THE PROJECTIONS

trophes, nor any other unanticipated factors which could upset the behavior of the various models used in the projections process. These standard disclaimers may not be completely appropriate at this point. In addition to the financing of the two military engagements underway in Afganistan and Iraq, the potential exists for even higher military spending than assumed in these projections. Thus, military spending may well have greater impacts than anticipated in these projections. Hurricanes Katrina and Rita hit Mississippi and Louisiana with catastrophic effects, especially on the city of New Orleans, and Hurricane Wilma devastated South Florida. It remains to be seen what the longer-term impact on GDP growth will be in response to lost production as well as potential rebuilding efforts. All of these factors and more may serve to modify to some extent the path of the projections from 2004. Overall, however, the U.S. economy is healthy and resilient. It has demonstrated a number of times in the past decade its ability to shrug off serious dislocations and continue to grow apace. Even though the factors mentioned above are worrying, it is believed that the 2014 projections of growth are reasonable and attainable and that the occupational demand estimates provide excellent guidance to students and others making critical career and educational decisions. ENDNOTES 1The full article is by Norman C. Saunders, who coordinates the Research Program in the BLS Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections and supervises the aggregate economic and labor force projections. 2The 19 projection groups span projections from 1970 (published in 1966) to the current projections to 2014 and represent the unified aggregate labor force, industry, and occupational demand estimates presented as a linked set of outlook estimates. The occupational demand projections predate these unified sets of projections by 17 years, as the first Occupational Outlook Handbook was published in 1949. See the series of articles in the May 1999 edition of the Monthly Labor Review, which can be found on the Internet at
Projections are normally accompanied with a standard disclaimer that assumes no major wars, no natural catas-

1999/05/contents.htm>. These articles provide a comprehensive look at the history of BLS’s occupational projections program.

ARTICLE 3 HURRICANE KATRINA AND THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS: A SUMMARY OF ARTICLES FROM THE AUGUST 2006 EDITION OF THE MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW The August 2006 issue of the Monthly Labor Review was devoted to articles describing the impact of Hurricane Katrina on the Bureau of Labor Statistics’s (BLS), collection activities and results. The following are excerpts from these articles, which were written by both BLS and non-BLS staff. The Monthly Labor Review can be found on the BLS Web site at . THE LABOR MARKET IMPACT OF HURRICANE KATRINA: AN OVERVIEW

The benchmarking process is intended to correct for sampling error and nonsampling error in the CES estimates.

Prepared by staff members from several BLS data programs and assembled by Karen Kosanovich

Both the CES and the QCEW programs faced major operational and analytical challenges while collecting data following Hurricane Katrina. At the same time, there was great demand for these data as policymakers tried to assess the immediate and long-term effects of the storm.

This overview provides a look at Hurricane Katrina’s impact on the labor markets of Louisiana and Mississippi and, to some extent, Alabama and Florida. An estimated 17 percent of Louisiana’s employment and 5 percent of Mississippi’s employment were located within the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)–designated damage zones. The two states experienced a sharp rise in mass layoff events and unemployment rates after Hurricane Katrina. In June 2006, Mississippi’s employment level had returned to its pre-Katrina level, while Louisiana’s had not. Evacuees once again living in their pre-Katrina homes in June 2006 had a lower unemployment rate than those who were not living in their pre-Katrina homes. HURRICANE KATRINA’S EFFECTS ON INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES Written by Molly Garber, Linda Unger, James White, and Linda Wohlford1 BLS has two programs that measure employment and wages by industry: the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program and the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) program. Both operate as federalstate cooperative programs in which BLS partners with workforce agencies in each state. The CES program surveys approximately 400,000 business establishments nationwide and publishes estimates of employment, hours, and earnings for the nation, states, and metropolitan areas. Estimates are released 1 month after the reference month; for example, March estimates are published in April. The QCEW provides a virtual census (97 percent) of monthly employment and quarterly total wages, derived from Unemployment Insurance tax records that almost all employers are required to file quarterly. QCEW series for the nation, states, metropolitan areas, and counties are published 7 months after the end of the reference quarter. For example, first quarter (January through March) employment and wage counts are published in October. Thus, the CES estimates are timelier, but the QCEW series are more comprehensive and publish far more industry and geographic detail. The CES employment estimates are benchmarked annually to the QCEW employment counts.

THE CURRENT POPULATION SURVEY RESPONSE TO HURRICANE KATRINA Written by Lawrence S. Cahoon, Diane E. Herz, Richard C. Ning, Anne E. Polivka, Maria E. Reed, Edwin L. Robison, and Gregory D. Weyland2 On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, devastating the city of New Orleans and the surrounding Louisiana parishes, as well as Gulf Coast towns in Mississippi. The immediate emergency and the storm’s widespread reach and long-lasting devastation presented unprecedented challenges to statistical agencies charged with measuring the economic situation in the affected areas and in the United States as a whole. At the time of the storm, BLS and the Census Bureau were discussing a proposed disaster estimation strategy for the Current Population Survey (CPS) program, the U.S. national labor force survey. However, no formal plan was in place for dealing with such a situation when the hurricane struck the coast. At news of the storm’s approach, representatives from the two agencies, which co-sponsor the monthly survey of approximately 60,000 occupied housing units, began meeting to discuss how different scenarios might affect operations and estimation. After landfall, when the severity of the damage became more clear, the two bureaus met several times a day and worked between meetings to locate and support staff in the affected areas, assess problems with operations, and determine how to proceed with estimation and data dissemination. THE EFFECT OF HURRICANE KATRINA ON EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT Written by Sharon P. Brown, Sandra L. Mason, and Richard B. Tiller3 The Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) estimates for the month of September 2005 were among the first subnational data to reflect the impact of Hurricane Katrina, which struck the Gulf Coast on August 29, 2005, with catastrophic effects in parts of Louisiana, Mississippi,

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and Alabama. Beginning in September and continuing into the present, BLS and its state partners made a number of critical modifications to standard estimating procedures to better reflect the employment and unemployment situation in the affected areas. BLS analyzed the subnational Current Population Survey (CPS) estimates and verified that they did not reflect the economic upheaval created by the hurricane and its aftermath. BLS also evaluated unemployment insurance statistics and state and area nonfarm employment estimates. To address estimating issues at the state level, models were modified to allow the state-supplied inputs of nonfarm employment and unemployment insurance claimants to have far greater weight in the calculations of estimates. In addition, breaking with long-standing practice, BLS introduced special intervention variables into the models in real time in order to immediately reflect the effect of Katrina. Area estimation procedures also were modified. The identification and implementation of revised estimation approaches at the state and area levels and of model interventions necessary each month in Louisiana and Mississippi required innovation and risk taking, as standard methods were adapted in an attempt to fully reflect the impact of Katrina.

Virtually all of the coastal zone and watershed counties6 and parishes of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, plus the coastal counties in Texas from Houston eastward, were affected by the two hurricanes. The coastal zone counties and parishes of the four states account for nearly a quarter of employment and wages in those states. In Louisiana, the coastal parishes are more than half of the state’s economy. The combined coastal zone and watershed counties and parishes on the Gulf of Mexico constituted 14 percent of employment in Alabama, 4 percent in Mississippi, 6 percent in Florida, a considerably greater 33 percent in Texas, and 80 percent in Louisiana. ENDNOTES 1Molly Garber and James White are economists in the Division of Current Employment Statistics, and Linda Unger is a statistician and Linda Wohlford is an economist for the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages program in the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover. All four work in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics at the Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2Lawrence S. Cahoon is the assistant division chief for Census Design, Decennial

HURRICANE DAMAGE TO THE OCEAN ECONOMY IN THE U.S. GULF REGION IN 2005 Written by Charles S. Colgan and Jefferey Adkins4 In 2005, insured losses from hurricanes and other catastrophes were greater than in any other year in U.S. history. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Hurricane Center estimates that $85 billion of total damages resulted from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita alone. One year later, the region affected by these two hurricanes still struggles to recover, both as a place to live and as a viable economy. Using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, the National Ocean Economics Program has developed a data series that allows the economic damage to coastal regions to be seen in a new light: what happens to the economic value derived from the ocean when the ocean turns from resource and respite to a massive engine of destruction?5 According to federal disaster declarations, Hurricane Katrina affected all counties and parishes within Mississippi and Louisiana, plus 22 counties in Alabama and 9 counties in Florida. Hurricane Rita affected all parishes in Louisiana and 26 counties in Texas. The greatest effects were in areas closest to the coast, where the storm’s effects were at their maximum intensity. Coastal counties and parishes include those designated as such by each state under the Federal Coastal Zone Management Program, as well as those designated as coastal watershed counties or parishes by the U.S. Geological Survey.

Statistical Studies Division; Richard C. Ning is the chief of the Labor and Crime Surveys Branch, Field Division; Maria E. Reed is the chief of the Current Population Surveys Branch, Demographic Surveys Division; and Gregory D. Weyland is a survey statistician in the Current Population Survey (CPS) Branch, Demographic Surveys Division. All of these divisions are located in the Census Bureau. Diane E. Herz is the chief of the Division of Labor Force Statistics, Anne E. Polivka is a supervisory economist in the Division of Employment Research, and Edwin Robison is a supervisory mathematical statistician in the Division of the CPS and Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS). All of these divisions are located within the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 3Sharon P. Brown is the chief of the Division of LAUS, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Sandra L. Mason is a supervisory economist in the Division of Research and Methods, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Richard B. Tiller is a mathematical statistician in the Division of CPS and LAUS, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 4Charles S. Colgan is a professor in the National Ocean Economics Program, Muskie School of Public Service, University of Southern Maine (Portland, Maine) and the chief economist for market data for the National Ocean Economics Program. Jefferey Adkins is an economist and program manager with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Coastal Services (Charleston, South Carolina). 5For information on the definitions of the ocean economy, visit the National Ocean Economics Program Web site at . 6Coastal zone counties are those within a state’s defined coastal zone management program. Watershed counties are defined by the U.S. Geological Survey.

SUMMARY OF SELECTED ECONOMIC INDICATORS These figures, which also appear in the relevant chapters of this publication, show the significant economic changes that took place during the recovery from the recession of 2000. They are also important indicators of the factors that will affect the economy in the future. While employment has recovered, manufacturing employment is still declining (although at a much slower rate than in during previous years). The costs of providing employee benefits continue to have important implications for total compensation costs, especially as real wages stagnate and the labor force ages. Finally, problems have been created by the rapid increase in fuel prices.

Percent Distribution of Labor Force, by Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1995 and 2005

Percent Change in Nonfarm Payroll Employment, 1995–2005 6

50

4

Percent

2

30 20

0 -2 -4 -6

10

-8 0

White men

White women

Black men

Black women

Hispanic men

1

1995

Hispanic women

1

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1

Total private

May be of any race.

1995

2002

2003

2004

2005

Manufacturing

Private service-providing

Government

2005

Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Total Private Nonfarm Payrolls, in Current and Constant 1982 Dollars, 1995–2005

Percent Change in the Labor Force, by Age, 1994–2004 and Projected Percent Change, 2004–2014

600

60

500

50 40

Percent

400 300

30 20 10

200 100

0

0

-10

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

16 years and over

2005

25 to 54 years

1994–2004

Constant 1982 dollars

Current dollars

16 to 24 years

55 years and over

Age

Year

Private Industry Wages, Salaries, and Benefits, Percent Change, 1995–2005

2004–2014

Percent Change in Prices of Fuel Products at Various Levels, 2004–2005

8

50 40

Percent

6

Percent

2001

Year

Race, sex, and Hispanic origin

Dollars

Percent

40

4

2

30 20 10 0

0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Year Wages and salaries

PPI crude materials (fuel)

PPI fuels and related products

CPI motor fuel

CPI fuel oil Import prices and other fuels (petroleum products)

Product price index Benefits

xxxi

CHAPTER ONE POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS

POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS HIGHLIGHTS This chapter presents the detailed historical information collected in the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of households that gathers data on the employment status of the population. Basic data on labor force, employment, and unemployment are shown for various characteristics of the population, including age, sex, race, and marital status.

Percent Distribution of Labor Force, by Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1995 and 2005 50

Percent

40 30 20 10 0

White men

White women

Black men

Black women

Hispanic men1

Hispanic women1

Race, sex, and Hispanic origin 1

May be of any race.

1995

2005

The proportion of the labor force made up of Whites declined over the 1995–2005 decade, dropping from 84.6 percent to 81.9 percent; the proportion made up of Blacks increased slightly from 11.2 percent in 1995 to 11.4 percent in 2005, mainly due to the increasing number of Black women in the labor force. Hispanic representation rose significantly, increasing from 9.3 percent in 1995 to 13.3 percent in 2005. Hispanics may be of any race. (See Table 1-3.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • The labor force increased more quickly in 2005 than in 2004 (1.3 percent compared to 0.6 percent). However, the total labor force participation rate was 66 percent in both years. (See Tables 1-1 and 1-8.) • The labor force participation rate of persons age 65 years and over grew in 2005, a continuation of the steady increase in this group’s participation rate over the past 10 years. From 1995 to 2005, the participation rate for this age group grew from 12.1 percent to 15.1 percent. (See Table 1-8.) • In 2005, the number of Black women in the labor force exceeded the number of Black men in the labor force by nearly 1.02 million. This gap was smaller than in 2004 due to a 2.9 percent increase in the labor force of Black men. (See Table 1-7.) • The labor force participation rate for married women rose from 53.8 percent in 1985 to 60.7 percent in 2005. (See Table 1-4.) • The Midwest continued to have the highest labor force participation rate at 68.2 percent, 2.2 percentage points above the national average. The south had the lowest labor force participation rate at 64.9 percent. (See Table 1-5.)

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NOTES AND DEFINITIONS CURRENT POPULATION SURVEY OF HOUSEHOLDS Collection and Coverage The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) uses data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) to compile statistics on the employment status of the population and related data. The Census Bureau—using a scientifically selected sample of the civilian noninstitutional population—conducts the CPS, a monthly survey of households, for BLS. The CPS sample has been increased from 50,000 to 60,000 households. The new sample was introduced in September 2000. However, in order to evaluate the impact of the change, the estimates of the national labor force from the additional sample were not introduced at that time. Since the estimates from the two samples were virtually the same, BLS began incorporating the additional sample into official national estimates in July 2001. Respondents are interviewed to obtain information about the employment status of each household member age 16 years and over. The inquiry relates to the household member’s employment status during the calendar week, Sunday through Saturday, that contains the 12th day of the month. This is known as the “reference week.” Actual field interviewing is conducted during the following week (the week that contains the 19th day of the month). Concepts and Definitions The concepts and definitions underlying the labor force data have been modified—but not substantially altered— since the inception of the survey in 1940. Current definitions of some of the major concepts used in the CPS are described below. The civilian noninstitutional population includes persons 16 years of age and over who reside in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, who are not inmates of institutions (such as penal and mental facilities and homes for the aged), and who are not on active duty in the armed forces. An employed person is any person who, during the reference week: (1) did any work at all (at least one hour) as a paid employee in his or her own business, profession, or on their own farm, or who worked 15 hours or more as an unpaid worker in an enterprise operated by a member of the family; and (2) any person who was not working but who had a job or business from which he or she was temporarily absent due to vacation, illness, bad weather, childcare problems, maternity or paternity leave, labor-management disputes, job training, or other family or personal reasons, despite whether the employee was being paid for the time off or was seeking other jobs. Each employed person is counted only once, even if he or she holds more than one job. For purposes of occupation

and industry classification, multiple jobholders are counted as being in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours during the reference week. Included in the total are employed citizens of foreign countries who were temporarily in the United States but not living on the premises of an embassy. Excluded are persons whose only activity during the reference week consisted of work around their own house (painting, repairing, or own home housework) or volunteer work for religious, charitable, and similar organizations. Unemployed persons are all persons who had no employment during the reference week, but who were available for work (except for temporary illness) and had made specific efforts to find employment some time during the four-week period ending with the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed. Duration of unemployment represents the length of time (through the current reference week) that persons classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For persons on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration of unemployment is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration of unemployment is the midpoint of the distribution of weeks of unemployment. Reasons for unemployment are divided into four major groups: (1) job losers, defined as (a) persons on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return to work within six months; (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work; and (c) persons who completed a temporary job and began looking for work after the job ended; (2) job leavers, defined as persons who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work; (3) reentrants, defined as persons who previously worked but were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search; and (4) new entrants, defined as persons who had never worked but were currently searching for work. The civilian labor force comprises all civilians classified as employed or unemployed. The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the civilian labor force. The participation rate represents the proportion of the civilian noninstitutional population currently in the labor force. The employment-population ratio represents the proportion of the population that is currently employed.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 5

Persons not in the labor force are all persons in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed. Information is collected about their desire for and availability to take a job at the time of the CPS interview, job search activity during the prior year, and reason for not looking for work during the four-week period ending with the reference week. Persons not in the labor force who want and are available for a job and who have looked for work within the past 12 months (or since the end of their last job, if they had held one within the past 12 months), but who are not currently looking, are designated as marginally attached to the labor force. The marginally attached are divided into those not currently looking because they believe their search would be futile—so-called discouraged workers—and those not currently looking for other reasons, such as family responsibilities, ill health, or lack of transportation.

workers to one of the following categories: private and government wage and salary workers, self-employed workers, and unpaid family workers. Wage and salary workers receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, or pay in kind from a private employer or from a government unit. Self-employed workers are those who work for profit or fees in their own businesses, professions, trades, or on their own farms. Only the unincorporated self-employed are included in the self-employed category in the class-ofworker typology. Self-employed workers who respond that their businesses are incorporated are included among wage and salary workers, because they are technically paid employees of a corporation. An unpaid family worker is a person who works without pay for 15 hours or more per week on a farm or in a business operated by a member of the household to whom the worker is related by birth or marriage.

Discouraged workers are defined as persons not in the labor force who want and are available for a job and who have looked for work within in the past 12 months (or since the end of their last job, if they held one within the past 12 months), but who are not currently looking because they believe that there are no jobs available or there are none for which they would qualify. The reasons for not currently looking for work include a person’s belief that no work is available in his or her line of work or area; he or she could not find any work; he or she lacks necessary schooling, training, skills, or experience; employers would think he or she is too young or too old; or he or she would encounter hiring discrimination.

A multiple jobholder is an employed person who, during the reference week, had two or more jobs as a wage and salary worker, was self-employed and also held a wage and salary job, or worked as an unpaid family worker and also held a wage and salary job. A person only employed in private households (as a cleaner, gardener, babysitter, etc.) who worked for two or more employers during the reference week is not counted as a multiple jobholder, since working for several employers is considered an inherent characteristic of private household work. Also excluded are self-employed persons with multiple businesses and persons with multiple jobs as unpaid family workers.

Usual full- or part-time status refers to hours usually worked per week. Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 hours or more (at all jobs). This group includes some individuals who worked less than 35 hours during the reference week for economic or noneconomic reasons. Part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs), regardless of the number of hours worked during the reference week. These concepts are used to differentiate a person’s normal schedule from his or her specific activity during the reference week. Unemployed persons who are looking for full-time work or who are on layoff from full-time jobs are counted as part of the full-time labor force; unemployed persons who are seeking part-time work or who are on layoff from parttime jobs are counted as part of the part-time labor force. Occupation, industry, and class of worker for members of the employed population are determined by the job held during the reference week. Persons with two or more jobs are classified as being in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours. The unemployed are classified according to their last job. Beginning with data published in 2003, the systems used to classify occupational and industry data changed. They are currently based on the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system and the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). (See the following section on historical comparability for a discussion of previous classification systems used in the CPS.) The class-of-worker breakdown assigns

At work part-time for economic reasons, sometimes called involuntary part-time, refers to individuals who gave an economic reason for working 1 to 34 hours during the reference week. Economic reasons include slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, and seasonal declines in demand. Those who usually work part-time must also indicate that they want and are available to work full-time to be classified as working part-time for economic reasons. At work part-time for noneconomic reasons refers to persons who usually work part-time and were at work 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for a noneconomic reason. Noneconomic reasons include illness or other medical limitations, childcare problems or other family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and being in a job where fulltime work is less than 35 hours. This also includes workers who gave an economic reason for usually working 1 to 34 hours but said they did not want to work full-time or were unavailable for full-time work. White, Black, and Asian are terms used to describe the race of persons. Persons in these categories are those who selected that race only. Persons in the remaining race categories—American Indian or Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and persons who selected more than one race category—are included in the estimates of total employment and unemployment but are not shown separately because the number of survey

6 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

respondents is too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality for monthly publication.

to the data on tenure usually collected in the February supplement to the CPS.

Hispanic origin refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race.

Persons with work experience are civilians who worked at any time during the preceding calendar year at full- or part-time jobs for pay or profit (including paid vacations and sick leave) or who worked without pay on farms or in family-operated businesses. From 1989 onward, these supplementary tables also include members of the armed forces.

Single, never married; married, spouse present; and other marital status are the terms used to define the marital status of individuals at the time of the CPS interview. Married, spouse present, applies to a husband and wife if both were living in the same household, even though one may be temporarily absent on business, vacation, in a hospital, etc. Other marital status applies to persons who are married, spouse absent; widowed; or divorced. Married, spouse absent relates to persons who are separated due to marital problems, as well as husbands and wives living apart because one was employed elsewhere, on duty with the armed forces, or for any other reason. A household consists of all persons—related family members and all unrelated persons—who occupy a housing unit and have no other usual address. A house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room is regarded as a housing unit when occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters. A householder is the person (or one of the persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The term is not applied to either husbands or wives in married-couple families; it refers only to persons in families maintained by either men or women without a spouse. A family is defined as a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. All such persons are considered members of one family. Families are classified as either married-couple families or families maintained by women or men without spouses. Children refer to “own” children of the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family, including sons and daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children, such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, cousins, and unrelated children. The annual CPS data on the employment characteristics of families and family members began with data for 1995. These data are not strictly comparable with family data derived from the March supplement to the CPS. The annual data are derived by averaging the data for each month of the year, whereas the March data refer to that specific month. The annual average data provide a larger sample size, while the March data provide a longer historical series. Additional Concepts and Definitions: CPS Supplements In addition to the above concepts and definitions, the definitions below apply to the special labor force data collected annually in the March supplement to the CPS and

Tenure refers to length of time a worker has been continuously employed by his or her current employer. These data are collected through a supplement to the CPS. All employed persons were asked how long they had been working continuously for their present employer and, if the length of time was one or two years, a follow-up question was asked about the exact number of months. The follow-up question was included for the first time in the February 1996 supplement to the CPS. CPS supplements that obtained information on tenure in the Januaries of 1983, 1987, and 1991 did not include the follow-up question. Prior to 1983, the question was asked differently. Data prior to 1983 are thus not strictly comparable to data for subsequent years. Year-round, full-time workers are workers who primarily worked at full-time jobs for 50 weeks or more during the preceding calendar year. Part-year workers worked either full- or part-time for 1 to 49 weeks. A spell of unemployment is a continuous period of unemployment of at least one week’s duration and is terminated by either employment or withdrawal from the labor force. Extent of unemployment refers to the number of workers and proportion of the labor force that were unemployed at some time during the year. The number of weeks unemployed is the total number of weeks accumulated during the entire calendar year. Earnings are all money income of $1 or more from wages and salaries and all net money income of $1 or more from farm and nonfarm self-employment. Educational attainment refers to years of school completed in regular schools, which include graded public, private, and parochial elementary, and high schools, whether day or night school. Colleges, universities, and professional schools are also included. Minimum wage refers to the prevailing federal minimum wage, which was $5.15 per hour in 2005. Data are for wage and salary workers who were paid hourly rates and refer to a person’s earnings at the sole or principal job. Absences are defined as instances in which persons who usually work 35 or more hours a week worked less than that during the reference period for reasons of illness or family obligations. Excluded are situations in which work

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 7

was missed for vacation, holidays, or other reasons. The estimates are based on one-fourth of the sample only. Historical Comparability While current survey concepts and methods are very similar to those used for the inaugural CPS in 1940, a number of changes have been made over the years to improve the accuracy and usefulness of the data. Only the latest changes are described here. Major changes to the CPS, such as the complete redesign of the questionnaire and the use of computer-assisted interviewing for the entire survey, were introduced in 1994. In addition, there were revisions to some of the labor force concepts and definitions, including the implementation of changes recommended in 1979 by the National Commission on Employment and Unemployment Statistics (NCEUS, also known as the Levitan Commission). Some of the major changes to the survey at this time included the following: 1) A redesigned and automated questionnaire was implemented. The CPS questionnaire was totally redesigned in order to obtain more accurate, comprehensive, and relevant information, and to take advantage of state-of-the-art computer interviewing techniques. 2) The addition of two criteria made the definition of discouraged workers more objective. Beginning in 1994, persons classified as discouraged workers must have looked for a job within the past year (or since their last job, if they worked during the year), and must have been available for work during the reference week. (A direct question on availability was added in 1994.) These changes were made because the NCEUS and others felt that the previous definition of discouraged workers was too subjective, relying mainly on an individual’s stated desire for a job and not on prior testing of the labor market. 3) Similarly, the identification of persons employed parttime for economic reasons (working less than 35 hours during the reference week because of poor business conditions or an inability to find full-time work) was tightened by adding two new criteria for persons who usually work part-time: these persons must now want and be available for full-time work. (Persons who usually work full-time but worked part-time for economic reasons during the reference week are assumed to meet these criteria.) 4) Specific questions were added about the expectation of recall for persons who indicate that they are on layoff. To be classified as “on temporary layoff,” persons must expect to be recalled to their jobs. Comparability of Labor Force Levels In addition to the refinements in concepts, definitions, and methods made over the years, other changes—made to improve the accuracy of the estimates—have also affected the comparability of the labor force data. The most important of these changes is the adjustment of the population

totals as a result of new information from the decennial censuses. It is also crucial to correct for estimating errors during the intercensal years. Beginning in January 1997, updated information on the demographic characteristics of immigrants and emigrants was introduced. This increased the overall population by about 470,000, the labor force by about 320,000, and employment by about 290,000, with similar upward adjustments for Hispanics. Unemployment and other percentage rates were not affected. Beginning in January 1998, new estimating procedures were introduced, which reduced labor force by about 229,000 and employment by about 256,000. However, these new procedures raised unemployment by about 27,000. New information about immigration and emigration was also incorporated, which increased the Hispanic population by about 57,000. Unemployment rates were not significantly affected. Beginning in January 1999, new information on immigration raised the population by about 310,000, with differing impacts on different demographic groups. The population of men was lowered by about 185,000, but the population of women was raised by about 490,000. The Hispanic population was lowered by about 165,000 while the rest of the population was raised by about 470,000. Hispanic labor force and employment estimates were each reduced by over 200,000. The impact on unemployment rates and other percentages was small. Beginning in January 2003, several other changes were introduced into the CPS. These changes included the following: 1) Population controls that reflected the results of the 2000 census were introduced into the monthly CPS estimation process. These new population size controls substantially increased the size of the civilian noninstitutional population and the civilian labor force. Data from January 2000 through December 2002 were revised to reflect the higher population estimates from the 2000 census and the higher rates of population growth since the census. The entire amount of this adjustment was added to the labor force data in January 2003, resulting in the increases of about 941,000 to the civilian noninstitutional population and about 614,000 to the civilian labor force. The unemployment rate and other ratios were not substantially affected by either of these population control adjustments. 2) Questions on race and Hispanic origin were modified to comply with the new standards for maintaining, collecting, and presenting federal data on race and ethnicity for federal statistical agencies. The questions were reworded to indicate that individuals could select more than once race category and to convey more clearly that individuals should report their own perception of what race is. These changes had no impact on the overall civilian noninstitutional population and civilian labor force. However, they

8 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

did reduce the population and labor force levels of Whites, Blacks, and Asians beginning in January 2003. 3) Improvements were introduced to both the second stage and composite weighting procedures. These changes adapted the weighting procedures to the new race/ethnicity classification system and enhanced the stability over time for demographic groups. The second-stage weighting procedure substantially reduced the variability of estimates and corrected, to some extent, for CPS underreporting. Changes in the Occupational and Industrial Classification System Beginning in January 1983, the occupational and industrial classification systems used in the 1980 census were introduced into the CPS. The 1980 census occupational classification system was so radically different in concepts and nomenclature from the 1970 system that comparisons of historical data are not possible without major adjustments. The industrial classification system used in the 1980 census was based on the 1972 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system, as modified in 1977. The adoption of the new industrial system had much less of an adverse effect on historical comparability than did the new occupational system.

Beginning in January 1992, the occupational and industrial classification systems used in the 1990 census were introduced into the CPS. There were a few breaks in comparability between the 1980 and 1990 census–based systems, particularly within the technical, sales, and administrative support categories. The most notable changes in industry classification were the shift of several industries from business services to professional services and the splitting of some industries into smaller, more detailed categories. In January 2003, the CPS adopted the 2002 census industry and occupational classification systems, which were derived, respectively, from the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The introduction of the new industry and occupational classification systems created a complete break in comparability at all levels of industry and occupation aggregation. For more information about the January 2003 change in the CPS classification systems, see the BLS Web site at . Sources of Additional Information A complete description of sampling and estimation procedures and further information on the impact of historical changes in the surveys can be found in the February issues of Employment and Earnings, a BLS publication, and in the updated version of Chapter 1 of the BLS Handbook of

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 9

Table 1-1. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, 1947–2005 (Thousands of people, percent.) Year

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force Total

Participation rate

Total

Employed

Percent of population

Agriculture

Nonagricultural industries

Unemployed

Number

Unemployment rate

Not in labor force

1947 ................................. 1948 ................................. 1949 .................................

101 827 103 068 103 994

59 350 60 621 61 286

58.3 58.8 58.9

57 038 58 343 57 651

56.0 56.6 55.4

7 890 7 629 7 658

49 148 50 714 49 993

2 311 2 276 3 637

3.9 3.8 5.9

42 477 42 447 42 708

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

109 683 110 954 112 265 113 727 115 329

65 023 66 552 66 929 67 639 68 369

59.3 60.0 59.6 59.5 59.3

62 170 63 799 64 071 63 036 64 630

56.7 57.5 57.1 55.4 56.0

6 450 6 283 5 947 5 586 5 565

55 722 57 514 58 123 57 450 59 065

2 852 2 750 2 859 4 602 3 740

4.4 4.1 4.3 6.8 5.5

44 660 44 402 45 336 46 088 46 960

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

1950 ................................. 1951 ................................. 1952 ................................. 19531 ............................... 1954 .................................

104 995 104 621 105 231 107 056 108 321

62 208 62 017 62 138 63 015 63 643

59.2 59.2 59.0 58.9 58.8

19601 ............................... 1961 ................................. 19621 ............................... 1963 ................................. 1964 .................................

117 245 118 771 120 153 122 416 124 485

69 628 70 459 70 614 71 833 73 091

59.4 59.3 58.8 58.7 58.7

1970 ................................. 1971 ................................. 19721 ............................... 19731 ............................... 1974 .................................

137 085 140 216 144 126 147 096 150 120

82 771 84 382 87 034 89 429 91 949

60.4 60.2 60.4 60.8 61.3

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

167 745 170 130 172 271 174 215 176 383

1975 ................................. 1976 ................................. 1977 ................................. 19781 ............................... 1979 .................................

126 513 128 058 129 874 132 028 134 335

74 455 75 770 77 347 78 737 80 734

58.9 59.2 59.6 59.6 60.1

153 153 156 150 159 033 161 910 164 863

93 774 96 158 99 008 102 250 104 962

61.2 61.6 62.3 63.2 63.7

1985 ................................. 19861 ............................... 1987 ................................. 1988 ................................. 1989 .................................

178 206 180 587 182 753 184 613 186 393

115 461 117 834 119 865 121 669 123 869

1995 ................................. 1996 ................................. 19971 ............................... 19981 ............................... 19991 ...............................

198 584 200 591 203 133 205 220 207 753

132 304 133 943 136 297 137 673 139 368

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

19901 ............................... 1991 ................................. 1992 ................................. 1993 ................................. 19941 ...............................

20001 ............................... 2001 ................................. 2002 ................................. 20031 ............................... 20041 ............................... 20051 ...............................

189 164 190 925 192 805 194 838 196 814

212 577 215 092 217 570 221 168 223 357 226 082

106 940 108 670 110 204 111 550 113 544

125 840 126 346 128 105 129 200 131 056

142 583 143 734 144 863 146 510 147 401 149 320

58 918 59 961 60 250 61 179 60 109

56.1 57.3 57.3 57.1 55.5

7 160 6 726 6 500 6 260 6 205

65 778 65 746 66 702 67 762 69 305

56.1 55.4 55.5 55.4 55.7

5 458 5 200 4 944 4 687 4 523

78 678 79 367 82 153 85 064 86 794

57.4 56.6 57.0 57.8 57.8

3 463 3 394 3 484 3 470 3 515

71 088 72 895 74 372 75 920 77 902

56.2 56.9 57.3 57.5 58.0

4 361 3 979 3 844 3 817 3 606

51 758 53 235 53 749 54 919 53 904

3 852 4 714 3 911 4 070 3 786

5.5 6.7 5.5 5.7 5.2

75 215 75 972 78 669 81 594 83 279

4 093 5 016 4 882 4 365 5 156

4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6

66 726 68 915 70 527 72 103 74 296

56.1 56.8 57.9 59.3 59.9

3 408 3 331 3 283 3 387 3 347

64.8 65.3 65.6 65.9 66.5

107 150 109 597 112 440 114 968 117 342

60.1 60.7 61.5 62.3 63.0

3 179 3 163 3 208 3 169 3 199

103 971 106 434 109 232 111 800 114 142

66.6 66.8 67.1 67.1 67.1

124 900 126 708 129 558 131 463 133 488

62.9 63.2 63.8 64.1 64.3

3 440 3 443 3 399 3 378 3 281

121 460 123 264 126 159 128 085 130 207

66.5 66.2 66.4 66.3 66.6

67.1 66.8 66.6 66.2 66.0 66.0

99 302 100 397 99 526 100 834 105 005

118 793 117 718 118 492 120 259 123 060

136 891 136 933 136 485 137 736 139 252 141 730

59.2 59.0 57.8 57.9 59.5

62.8 61.7 61.5 61.7 62.5

64.4 63.7 62.7 62.3 62.3 62.7

1Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

3 364 3 368 3 401 3 383 3 321

3 223 3 269 3 247 3 115 3 409

2 464 2 299 2 311 2 275 2 232 2 197

5.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 5.5

60 318 60 546 61 759 63 076 64 782

85 846 88 752 92 017 96 048 98 824

63.8 63.9 64.0 64.0 64.4

3 288 2 055 1 883 1 834 3 532

82 438 85 421 88 734 92 661 95 477

3 366 2 875 2 975 2 817 2 832

7 929 7 406 6 991 6 202 6 137

8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8

8 312 8 237 7 425 6 701 6 528

7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3

7 404 7 236 6 739 6 210 5 880

5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2

95 938 97 030 96 125 97 450 101 685

7 637 8 273 10 678 10 717 8 539

115 570 114 449 115 245 117 144 119 651

7 047 8 628 9 613 8 940 7 996

134 427 134 635 134 174 135 461 137 020 139 532

4.5 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5

5 692 6 801 8 378 8 774 8 149 7 591

7.1 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5

5.6 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1

4.0 4.7 5.8 6.0 5.5 5.1

42 787 42 604 43 093 44 041 44 678

47 617 48 312 49 539 50 583 51 394 52 058 52 288 52 527 53 291 53 602

54 315 55 834 57 091 57 667 58 171 59 377 59 991 60 025 59 659 59 900 60 806 61 460 62 067 62 665 62 839

62 744 62 752 62 888 62 944 62 523 63 324 64 578 64 700 65 638 65 758 66 280 66 647 66 836 67 547 68 385 69 994 71 359 72 707 74 658 75 956 76 762

10 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-2. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, 1970–2005 (Thousands of people, percent.) Sex and year

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force Total

Participation rate

Total

Employed

Percent of population

Agriculture

Nonagricultural industries

Unemployed

Number

Unemployment rate

Not in labor force

Men 1970 ........................................... 1971 ........................................... 19721 .......................................... 19731 .......................................... 1974 ...........................................

64 304 65 942 67 835 69 292 70 808

51 228 52 180 53 555 54 624 55 739

79.7 79.1 78.9 78.8 78.7

48 990 49 390 50 896 52 349 53 024

76.2 74.9 75.0 75.5 74.9

2 862 2 795 2 849 2 847 2 919

46 128 46 595 48 047 49 502 50 105

2 238 2 789 2 659 2 275 2 714

4.4 5.3 5.0 4.2 4.9

13 076 13 762 14 280 14 667 15 069

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

79 398 80 511 81 523 82 531 83 605

61 453 61 974 62 450 63 047 63 835

77.4 77.0 76.6 76.4 76.4

57 186 57 397 56 271 56 787 59 091

72.0 71.3 69.0 68.8 70.7

2 709 2 700 2 736 2 704 2 668

54 477 54 697 53 534 54 083 56 423

4 267 4 577 6 179 6 260 4 744

6.9 7.4 9.9 9.9 7.4

17 945 18 537 19 073 19 484 19 771

1975 ........................................... 1976 ........................................... 1977 ........................................... 19781 .......................................... 1979 ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................

1985 ........................................... 19861 .......................................... 1987 ........................................... 1988 ........................................... 1989 ........................................... 19901 .......................................... 1991 ........................................... 1992 ........................................... 1993 ........................................... 19941 ..........................................

1995 ........................................... 1996 ........................................... 19971 .......................................... 19981 .......................................... 19991 ..........................................

72 291 73 759 75 193 76 576 78 020

84 469 85 798 86 899 87 857 88 762 90 377 91 278 92 270 93 332 94 354 95 178 96 206 97 715 98 758 99 722

20001 .......................................... 2001 ........................................... 2002 ........................................... 20031 .......................................... 20041 .......................................... 20051 ..........................................

101 964 103 282 104 585 106 435 107 710 109 151

1975 ........................................... 1976 ........................................... 1977 ........................................... 19781 .......................................... 1979 ...........................................

80 860 82 390 83 840 85 334 86 843

Women 1970 ........................................... 1971 ........................................... 19721 .......................................... 19731 .......................................... 1974 ...........................................

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ........................................... ...........................................

1985 ........................................... 19861 .......................................... 1987 ........................................... 1988 ........................................... 1989 ...........................................

72 782 74 274 76 290 77 804 79 312

88 348 89 618 90 748 91 684 92 778

69 011 69 168 69 964 70 404 70 817

71 360 72 086 73 261 73 959 74 512 76 280 76 886 77 500 78 238 78 980 80 033

31 543 32 202 33 479 34 804 36 211 37 475 38 983 40 613 42 631 44 235 45 487 46 696 47 755 48 503 49 709

76.3 76.3 76.2 76.2 76.4 76.4 75.8 75.8 75.4 75.1

75.0 74.9 75.0 74.9 74.7 74.8 74.4 74.1 73.5 73.3 73.3

43.3 43.4 43.9 44.7 45.7 46.3 47.3 48.4 50.0 50.9 51.5 52.1 52.6 52.9 53.6

51 857 53 138 54 728 56 479 57 607

59 891 60 892 62 107 63 273 64 315 65 104 64 223 64 440 65 349 66 450

67 377 68 207 69 685 70 693 71 446 73 305 73 196 72 903 73 332 74 524 75 973

29 688 29 976 31 257 32 715 33 769 33 989 35 615 37 289 39 569 41 217 42 117 43 000 43 256 44 047 45 915

71.7 72.0 72.8 73.8 73.8

70.9 71.0 71.5 72.0 72.5 72.0 70.4 69.8 70.0 70.4

70.8 70.9 71.3 71.6 71.6 71.9 70.9 69.7 68.9 69.2 69.6

40.8 40.4 41.0 42.0 42.6 42.0 43.2 44.5 46.4 47.5 47.7 48.0 47.7 48.0 49.5

51 050 52 413 53 658 54 742 56 030

54.5 55.3 56.0 56.6 57.4

47 259 48 706 50 334 51 696 53 027

50.4 51.4 52.5 53.4 54.3

103 406 104 385 105 418 106 462 108 031

60 944 61 857 63 036 63 714 64 855

58.9 59.3 59.8 59.8 60.0

57 523 58 501 59 873 60 771 62 042

55.6 56.0 56.8 57.1 57.4

98 787 99 646 100 535 101 506 102 460

20001 .......................................... 2001 ........................................... 2002 ........................................... 20031 .......................................... 20041 .......................................... 20051 ..........................................

110 613 111 811 112 985 114 733 115 647 116 931

1Not

64 411 65 422 66 207 66 927 67 840

77.9 77.5 77.7 77.9 77.8

93 736 94 789 95 853 96 756 97 630

19901 .......................................... 1991 ........................................... 1992 ........................................... 1993 ........................................... 19941 .......................................... 1995 ........................................... 1996 ........................................... 19971 .......................................... 19981 .......................................... 19991 ..........................................

56 299 57 174 58 396 59 620 60 726

56 829 57 178 58 141 58 795 60 239

66 303 66 848 67 363 68 272 68 421 69 288

57.5 57.4 57.8 57.9 58.8

59.9 59.8 59.6 59.5 59.2 59.3

53 689 53 496 54 052 54 910 56 610

63 586 63 737 63 582 64 404 64 728 65 757

54.3 53.7 53.8 54.1 55.3

57.5 57.0 56.3 56.1 56.0 56.2

strictly comparable with data for prior years. See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

2 824 2 744 2 671 2 718 2 686

2 535 2 511 2 543 2 493 2 513 2 546 2 589 2 575 2 478 2 554

2 559 2 573 2 552 2 553 2 432 1 861 1 708 1 724 1 695 1 687 1 654 601 599 635 622 596 584 588 612 669 661 656 667 665 680 653 644 652 666 676 687 678 680 672 637 855 881 871 847 825 849 602 591 587 580 546 544

49 032 50 394 52 057 53 761 54 921

57 356 58 381 59 564 60 780 61 802 62 559 61 634 61 866 62 871 63 896

64 818 65 634 67 133 68 140 69 014 71 444 71 488 71 179 71 636 72 838 74 319 29 087 29 377 30 622 32 093 33 173 33 404 35 027 36 677 38 900 40 556 41 461 42 333 42 591 43 367 45 262 46 615 48 054 49 668 51 020 52 341 53 011 52 815 53 380 54 273 55 755 56 642 57 630 59 026 59 945 61 193 62 983 63 147 62 995 63 824 64 182 65 213

4 442 4 036 3 667 3 142 3 120

4 521 4 530 4 101 3 655 3 525 3 906 4 946 5 523 5 055 4 367

3 983 3 880 3 577 3 266 3 066 2 975 3 690 4 597 4 906 4 456 4 059 1 855 2 227 2 222 2 089 2 441 3 486 3 369 3 324 3 061 3 018 3 370 3 696 4 499 4 457 3 794 3 791 3 707 3 324 3 046 3 003 3 140 3 683 4 090 3 885 3 629 3 421 3 356 3 162 2 944 2 814 2 717 3 111 3 781 3 868 3 694 3 531

7.9 7.1 6.3 5.3 5.1

7.0 6.9 6.2 5.5 5.2 5.7 7.2 7.9 7.2 6.2

5.6 5.4 4.9 4.4 4.1 3.9 4.8 5.9 6.3 5.6 5.1 5.9 6.9 6.6 6.0 6.7 9.3 8.6 8.2 7.2 6.8 7.4 7.9 9.4 9.2 7.6 7.4 7.1 6.2 5.6 5.4 5.5 6.4 7.0 6.6 6.0 5.6 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.3 4.1 4.7 5.6 5.7 5.4 5.1

15 993 16 585 16 797 16 956 17 293

20 058 20 376 20 692 20 930 20 923 21 367 22 110 22 306 22 927 23 538

23 818 24 119 24 454 24 799 25 210 25 684 26 396 27 085 28 197 28 730 29 119 41 239 42 072 42 811 43 000 43 101 43 386 43 406 43 227 42 703 42 608 42 861 42 922 42 993 43 181 43 068 42 686 42 376 42 195 42 014 41 601 41 957 42 468 42 394 42 711 42 221 42 462 42 528 42 382 42 748 43 175 44 310 44 962 45 621 46 461 47 225 47 643

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 11 Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1985–2005 (Thousands of people.)

Characteristic

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

178 206 115 461 107 150 3 179 103 971 8 312 62 744

180 587 117 834 109 597 3 163 106 434 8 237 62 752

182 753 119 865 112 440 3 208 109 232 7 425 62 888

184 613 121 669 114 968 3 169 111 800 6 701 62 944

186 393 123 869 117 342 3 199 114 142 6 528 62 523

189 164 125 840 118 793 3 223 115 570 7 047 63 324

190 925 126 346 117 718 3 269 114 449 8 628 64 578

192 805 128 105 118 492 3 247 115 245 9 613 64 700

194 838 129 200 120 259 3 115 117 144 8 940 65 638

196 814 131 056 123 060 3 409 119 651 7 996 65 758

198 584 132 304 124 900 3 440 121 460 7 404 66 280

84 469 64 411 59 891 2 535 57 356 4 521 20 058

85 798 65 422 60 892 2 511 58 381 4 530 20 376

86 899 66 207 62 107 2 543 59 564 4 101 20 692

87 857 66 927 63 273 2 493 60 780 3 655 20 930

88 762 67 840 64 315 2 513 61 802 3 525 20 923

90 377 69 011 65 104 2 546 62 559 3 906 21 367

91 278 69 168 64 223 2 589 61 634 4 946 22 110

92 270 69 964 64 440 2 575 61 866 5 523 22 306

93 332 70 404 65 349 2 478 62 871 5 055 22 927

94 355 70 817 66 450 2 554 63 896 4 367 23 538

95 178 71 360 67 377 2 559 64 818 3 983 23 818

77 195 60 277 56 562 2 278 54 284 3 715 16 918

78 523 61 320 57 569 2 292 55 277 3 751 17 203

79 565 62 095 58 726 2 329 56 397 3 369 17 470

80 553 62 768 59 781 2 271 57 510 2 987 17 785

81 619 63 704 60 837 2 307 58 530 2 867 17 915

83 030 64 916 61 678 2 329 59 349 3 239 18 114

84 144 65 374 61 178 2 383 58 795 4 195 18 770

85 247 66 213 61 496 2 385 59 111 4 717 19 034

86 256 66 642 62 355 2 293 60 063 4 287 19 613

87 151 66 921 63 294 2 351 60 943 3 627 20 230

87 811 67 324 64 085 2 335 61 750 3 239 20 487

93 736 51 050 47 259 644 46 615 3 791 42 686

94 789 52 413 48 706 652 48 054 3 707 42 376

95 853 53 658 50 334 666 49 668 3 324 42 195

96 756 54 742 51 696 676 51 020 3 046 42 014

97 630 56 030 53 027 687 52 341 3 003 41 601

98 787 56 829 53 689 678 53 011 3 140 41 957

99 646 57 178 53 496 680 52 815 3 683 42 468

100 535 58 141 54 052 672 53 380 4 090 42 394

101 506 58 795 54 910 637 54 273 3 885 42 711

102 460 60 239 56 610 855 55 755 3 629 42 221

103 406 60 944 57 523 881 56 642 3 421 42 462

86 506 47 283 44 154 596 43 558 3 129 39 222

87 567 48 589 45 556 614 44 943 3 032 38 979

88 583 49 783 47 074 622 46 453 2 709 38 800

89 532 50 870 48 383 625 47 757 2 487 38 662

90 550 52 212 49 745 642 49 103 2 467 38 339

91 614 53 131 50 535 631 49 904 2 596 38 483

92 708 53 708 50 634 639 49 995 3 074 39 000

93 718 54 796 51 328 625 50 702 3 469 38 922

94 647 55 388 52 099 598 51 501 3 288 39 260

95 467 56 655 53 606 809 52 796 3 049 38 813

96 262 57 215 54 396 830 53 566 2 819 39 047

14 506 7 901 6 434 305 6 129 1 468 6 604

14 496 7 926 6 472 258 6 215 1 454 6 570

14 606 7 988 6 640 258 6 382 1 347 6 618

14 527 8 031 6 805 273 6 532 1 226 6 497

14 223 7 954 6 759 250 6 510 1 194 6 270

14 520 7 792 6 581 264 6 317 1 212 6 727

14 073 7 265 5 906 247 5 659 1 359 6 808

13 840 7 096 5 669 237 5 432 1 427 6 745

13 935 7 170 5 805 224 5 580 1 365 6 765

14 196 7 481 6 161 249 5 912 1 320 6 715

14 511 7 765 6 419 275 6 144 1 346 6 746

153 679 99 926 93 736 2 936 90 799 6 191 53 753

155 432 101 801 95 660 2 958 92 703 6 140 53 631

156 958 103 290 97 789 2 986 94 803 5 501 53 669

158 194 104 756 99 812 2 965 96 846 4 944 53 349

159 338 106 355 101 584 2 996 98 588 4 770 52 983

160 625 107 447 102 261 2 998 99 263 5 186 53 178

161 759 107 743 101 182 3 026 98 157 6 560 54 061

162 972 108 837 101 669 3 018 98 650 7 169 54 135

164 289 109 700 103 045 2 895 100 150 6 655 54 589

165 555 111 082 105 190 3 162 102 027 5 892 54 473

166 914 111 950 106 490 3 194 103 296 5 459 54 965

73 373 56 472 53 046 2 325 50 720 3 426 16 901

74 390 57 217 53 785 2 340 51 444 3 433 17 173

75 189 57 779 54 647 2 354 52 293 3 132 17 410

75 855 58 317 55 550 2 318 53 232 2 766 17 538

76 468 58 988 56 352 2 345 54 007 2 636 17 480

77 369 59 638 56 703 2 353 54 350 2 935 17 731

77 977 59 656 55 797 2 384 53 413 3 859 18 321

78 651 60 168 55 959 2 378 53 580 4 209 18 484

79 371 60 484 56 656 2 286 54 370 3 828 18 887

80 059 60 727 57 452 2 347 55 104 3 275 19 332

80 733 61 146 58 146 2 347 55 800 2 999 19 587

67 386 52 895 50 061 2 085 47 976 2 834 14 490

68 413 53 675 50 818 2 131 48 687 2 857 14 738

69 175 54 232 51 649 2 150 49 499 2 584 14 942

69 887 54 734 52 466 2 104 50 362 2 268 15 153

70 654 55 441 53 292 2 149 51 143 2 149 15 213

71 457 56 116 53 685 2 148 51 537 2 431 15 340

72 274 56 387 53 103 2 192 50 912 3 284 15 887

73 040 56 976 53 357 2 197 51 160 3 620 16 064

73 721 57 284 54 021 2 114 51 907 3 263 16 436

74 311 57 411 54 676 2 151 52 525 2 735 16 900

74 879 57 719 55 254 2 132 53 122 2 465 17 161

ALL RACES

Both Sexes Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Men, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Men, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Women, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Women, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Both Sexes, 16 to 19 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... WHITE1

Both Sexes Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Men, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Men, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as the main race.

12 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1985–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Characteristic

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

200 591 133 943 126 708 3 443 123 264 7 236 66 647

203 133 136 297 129 558 3 399 126 159 6 739 66 837

205 220 137 673 131 463 3 378 128 085 6 210 67 547

207 753 139 368 133 488 3 281 130 207 5 880 68 385

212 577 142 583 136 891 2 464 134 427 5 692 69 994

215 092 143 734 136 933 2 299 134 635 6 801 71 359

217 570 144 863 136 485 2 311 134 174 8 378 72 707

221 168 146 510 137 736 2 275 135 461 8 774 74 658

223 357 147 401 139 252 2 232 137 020 8 149 75 956

226 082 149 320 141 730 2 197 139 532 7 591 76 762

96 206 72 087 68 207 2 573 65 634 3 880 24 119

97 715 73 261 69 685 2 552 67 133 3 577 24 454

98 758 73 959 70 693 2 553 68 140 3 266 24 799

99 722 74 512 71 446 2 432 69 014 3 066 25 210

101 964 76 280 73 305 1 861 71 444 2 975 25 684

103 282 76 886 73 196 1 708 71 488 3 690 26 396

104 585 77 500 72 903 1 724 71 179 4 597 27 085

106 435 78 238 73 332 1 695 71 636 4 906 28 197

107 710 78 980 74 524 1 688 72 836 4 456 28 730

109 151 80 033 75 973 1 654 74 319 4 059 29 119

88 606 68 044 64 897 2 356 62 541 3 146 20 563

89 879 69 166 66 284 2 356 63 927 2 882 20 713

90 790 69 715 67 135 2 350 64 785 2 580 21 075

91 555 70 194 67 761 2 244 65 517 2 433 21 362

93 875 72 010 69 634 1 756 67 878 2 376 21 864

95 181 72 816 69 776 1 613 68 163 3 040 22 365

96 439 73 630 69 734 1 629 68 104 3 896 22 809

98 272 74 623 70 415 1 614 68 801 4 209 23 649

99 476 75 364 71 572 1 596 69 976 3 791 24 113

100 835 76 443 73 050 1 577 71 473 3 392 24 392

104 385 61 857 58 501 871 57 630 3 356 42 528

105 418 63 036 59 873 847 59 026 3 162 42 382

106 462 63 714 60 771 825 59 945 2 944 42 748

108 031 64 855 62 042 849 61 193 2 814 43 175

110 613 66 303 63 586 602 62 983 2 717 44 310

111 811 66 848 63 737 591 63 147 3 111 44 962

112 985 67 363 63 582 587 62 995 3 781 45 621

114 733 68 272 64 404 580 63 824 3 868 46 461

115 647 68 421 64 728 547 64 181 3 694 47 225

116 931 69 288 65 757 544 65 213 3 531 47 643

97 050 58 094 55 311 827 54 484 2 783 38 956

97 889 59 198 56 613 798 55 815 2 585 38 691

98 786 59 702 57 278 768 56 510 2 424 39 084

100 158 60 840 58 555 803 57 752 2 285 39 318

102 790 62 301 60 067 567 59 500 2 235 40 488

103 983 63 016 60 417 558 59 860 2 599 40 967

105 136 63 648 60 420 557 59 863 3 228 41 488

106 800 64 716 61 402 550 60 852 3 314 42 083

107 658 64 923 61 773 515 61 258 3 150 42 735

108 850 65 714 62 702 519 62 182 3 013 43 136

14 934 7 806 6 500 261 6 239 1 306 7 128

15 365 7 932 6 661 244 6 417 1 271 7 433

15 644 8 256 7 051 261 6 790 1 205 7 388

16 040 8 333 7 172 234 6 938 1 162 7 706

15 912 8 271 7 189 141 7 049 1 081 7 642

15 929 7 902 6 740 128 6 611 1 162 8 027

15 994 7 585 6 332 124 6 207 1 253 8 409

16 096 7 170 5 919 111 5 808 1 251 8 926

16 222 7 114 5 907 121 5 786 1 208 9 108

16 398 7 164 5 978 100 5 877 1 186 9 234

168 317 113 108 107 808 3 276 104 532 5 300 55 209

169 993 114 693 109 856 3 208 106 648 4 836 55 301

171 478 115 415 110 931 3 160 107 770 4 484 56 064

173 085 116 509 112 235 3 083 109 152 4 273 56 577

176 220 118 545 114 424 2 320 112 104 4 121 57 675

178 111 119 399 114 430 2 174 112 256 4 969 58 713

179 783 120 150 114 013 2 171 111 841 6 137 59 633

181 292 120 546 114 235 2 148 112 087 6 311 60 746

182 643 121 086 115 239 2 103 113 136 5 847 61 558

184 446 122 299 116 949 2 077 114 872 5 350 62 148

81 489 61 783 58 888 2 436 56 452 2 896 19 706

82 577 62 639 59 998 2 389 57 608 2 641 19 938

83 352 63 034 60 604 2 376 58 228 2 431 20 317

83 930 63 413 61 139 2 273 58 866 2 274 20 517

85 370 64 466 62 289 1 743 60 546 2 177 20 905

86 452 64 966 62 212 1 606 60 606 2 754 21 486

87 361 65 308 61 849 1 611 60 238 3 459 22 053

88 249 65 509 61 866 1 597 60 269 3 643 22 740

89 044 65 994 62 712 1 583 61 129 3 282 23 050

90 027 66 694 63 763 1 562 62 201 2 931 23 334

75 454 58 340 55 977 2 224 53 753 2 363 17 114

76 320 59 126 56 986 2 201 54 785 2 140 17 194

76 966 59 421 57 500 2 182 55 319 1 920 17 545

77 432 59 747 57 934 2 094 55 839 1 813 17 685

78 966 60 850 59 119 1 640 57 479 1 731 18 116

80 029 61 519 59 245 1 512 57 733 2 275 18 510

80 922 62 067 59 124 1 519 57 605 2 943 18 855

81 860 62 473 59 348 1 517 57 831 3 125 19 386

82 615 62 944 60 159 1 495 58 664 2 785 19 671

83 556 63 705 61 255 1 488 59 767 2 450 19 851

ALL RACES

Both Sexes Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Men, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Men, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Women, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Women, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Both Sexes, 16 to 19 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... WHITE1

Both Sexes Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Men, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Men, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as the main race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 13 Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1985–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Characteristic

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

WHITE1

Women, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Women, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Both Sexes, 16 to 19 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... BLACK1

Both Sexes Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Men, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Men, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Women, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Women, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Both Sexes, 16 to 19 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................

80 306 43 455 40 690 611 40 079 2 765 36 852

81 042 44 584 41 876 617 41 259 2 708 36 458

81 769 45 510 43 142 632 42 509 2 369 36 258

82 340 46 439 44 262 648 43 614 2 177 35 901

82 871 47 367 45 232 651 44 581 2 135 35 504

83 256 47 809 45 558 645 44 913 2 251 35 447

83 781 48 087 45 385 641 44 744 2 701 35 695

84 321 48 669 45 710 640 45 070 2 959 35 651

84 918 49 216 46 390 609 45 780 2 827 35 702

85 496 50 356 47 738 815 46 923 2 617 35 141

86 181 50 804 48 344 847 47 497 2 460 35 377

74 394 40 190 37 907 566 37 341 2 283 34 204

75 140 41 264 39 050 580 38 471 2 213 33 876

75 845 42 164 40 242 590 39 652 1 922 33 681

76 470 43 081 41 316 599 40 717 1 766 33 389

77 154 44 105 42 346 608 41 738 1 758 33 050

77 539 44 648 42 796 598 42 198 1 852 32 891

78 285 45 111 42 862 601 42 261 2 248 33 174

78 928 45 839 43 327 594 42 733 2 512 33 089

79 490 46 311 43 910 572 43 339 2 400 33 179

79 980 47 314 45 116 772 44 344 2 197 32 666

80 567 47 686 45 643 799 44 844 2 042 32 881

11 900 6 841 5 768 285 5 483 1 074 5 058

11 879 6 862 5 792 247 5 545 1 070 5 017

11 939 6 893 5 898 246 5 652 995 5 045

11 838 6 940 6 030 263 5 767 910 4 897

11 530 6 809 5 946 239 5 707 863 4 721

11 630 6 683 5 779 252 5 528 903 4 947

11 200 6 245 5 216 233 4 984 1 029 4 955

11 004 6 022 4 985 228 4 757 1 037 4 982

11 078 6 105 5 113 209 4 904 992 4 973

11 264 6 357 5 398 239 5 158 960 4 907

11 468 6 545 5 593 262 5 331 952 4 923

19 664 12 364 10 501 189 10 312 1 864 7 299

19 989 12 654 10 814 155 10 659 1 840 7 335

20 352 12 993 11 309 164 11 145 1 684 7 359

20 692 13 205 11 658 153 11 505 1 547 7 487

21 021 13 497 11 953 150 11 803 1 544 7 524

21 477 13 740 12 175 142 12 034 1 565 7 737

21 799 13 797 12 074 160 11 914 1 723 8 002

22 147 14 162 12 151 153 11 997 2 011 7 985

22 521 14 225 12 382 143 12 239 1 844 8 296

22 879 14 502 12 835 136 12 699 1 666 8 377

23 246 14 817 13 279 101 13 178 1 538 8 429

8 790 6 220 5 270 167 5 103 951 2 570

8 956 6 373 5 428 133 5 295 946 2 583

9 128 6 486 5 661 142 5 519 826 2 642

9 289 6 596 5 824 133 5 691 771 2 694

9 439 6 701 5 928 127 5 802 773 2 738

9 573 6 802 5 995 124 5 872 806 2 772

9 725 6 851 5 961 139 5 822 890 2 874

9 896 6 997 5 930 138 5 791 1 067 2 899

10 083 7 019 6 047 128 5 919 971 3 064

10 258 7 089 6 241 118 6 122 848 3 169

10 411 7 183 6 422 93 6 329 762 3 228

7 731 5 749 4 992 154 4 837 757 1 982

7 907 5 915 5 150 125 5 025 765 1 991

8 063 6 023 5 357 135 5 222 666 2 040

8 063 6 023 5 357 135 5 222 666 2 040

8 215 6 127 5 509 129 5 381 617 2 089

8 364 6 221 5 602 119 5 483 619 2 143

8 479 6 357 5 692 117 5 576 664 2 122

8 652 6 451 5 706 131 5 575 745 2 202

8 840 6 568 5 681 131 5 550 886 801

9 171 6 646 5 964 115 5 849 682 2 525

9 280 6 730 6 137 89 6 048 593 2 550

10 873 6 144 5 231 22 5 209 913 4 729

11 033 6 281 5 386 22 5 364 894 4 752

11 224 6 507 5 648 22 5 626 858 4 717

11 402 6 609 5 834 20 5 814 776 4 793

11 582 6 796 6 025 24 6 001 772 4 786

11 904 6 938 6 180 18 6 162 758 4 965

12 074 6 946 6 113 21 6 092 833 5 129

12 251 7 166 6 221 15 6 206 944 5 086

12 438 7 206 6 334 15 6 320 872 5 231

12 621 7 413 6 595 18 6 577 818 5 208

12 835 7 634 6 857 8 6 849 777 5 201

9 773 5 727 4 977 19 4 959 750 4 046

9 945 5 855 5 128 22 5 106 728 4 090

10 126 6 071 5 365 20 5 345 706 4 054

10 298 6 190 5 548 18 5 530 642 4 108

10 482 6 352 5 727 23 5 703 625 4 130

10 760 6 517 5 884 18 5 867 633 4 243

10 959 6 572 5 874 20 5 853 698 4 388

11 152 6 778 5 978 15 5 963 800 4 374

11 332 6 824 6 095 14 6 081 729 4 508

11 496 7 004 6 320 17 6 303 685 4 492

11 682 7 175 6 556 7 6 548 620 4 507

2 160 889 532 16 516 357 1 271

2 137 883 536 8 529 347 1 254

2 163 899 587 9 578 312 1 264

2 179 889 601 7 594 288 1 291

2 176 925 625 8 617 300 1 251

2 238 866 598 7 591 268 1 372

2 187 774 494 8 486 280 1 413

2 155 816 492 7 485 324 1 339

2 181 807 494 9 485 313 1 374

2 211 852 552 1 547 300 1 360

2 284 911 586 5 581 325 1 372

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as the main race.

14 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1985–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Characteristic

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

WHITE1

Women, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Women, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Both Sexes, 16 to 19 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... BLACK1

Both Sexes Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Men, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Men, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Women, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Women, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Both Sexes, 16 to 19 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ...................................................

86 828 51 325 48 920 840 48 080 2 404 35 503

87 417 52 054 49 859 819 49 040 2 195 35 363

88 126 52 380 50 327 784 49 543 2 053 35 746

89 156 53 096 51 096 810 50 286 1 999 36 060

90 850 54 079 52 136 578 51 558 1 944 36 770

91 660 54 433 52 218 568 51 650 2 215 37 227

92 422 54 842 52 164 560 51 604 2 678 37 581

93 043 55 037 52 369 551 51 818 2 668 38 006

93 599 55 092 52 527 520 52 007 2 565 38 508

94 419 55 605 53 186 515 52 672 2 419 38 814

81 041 48 162 46 164 798 45 366 1 998 32 879

81 492 48 847 47 063 771 46 292 1 784 32 645

82 073 49 029 47 342 729 46 612 1 688 33 044

82 953 49 714 48 098 765 47 333 1 616 33 239

84 718 50 740 49 145 546 48 599 1 595 33 978

85 526 51 218 49 369 537 48 831 1 849 34 308

86 266 51 717 49 448 532 48 916 2 269 34 548

86 905 52 099 49 823 522 49 301 2 276 34 806

87 430 52 212 50 040 488 49 552 2 172 35 218

88 200 52 643 50 589 492 50 097 2 054 35 557

11 822 6 607 5 667 254 5 413 939 5 215

12 181 6 720 5 807 236 5 571 912 5 462

12 439 6 965 6 089 250 5 839 876 5 475

12 700 7 048 6 204 224 5 980 844 5 652

12 535 6 955 6 160 135 6 025 795 5 581

12 556 6 661 5 817 125 5 692 845 5 894

12 596 6 366 5 441 121 5 320 925 6 230

12 527 5 973 5 064 109 4 955 909 6 554

12 599 5 929 5 039 116 4 923 890 6 669

12 690 5 950 5 105 97 5 008 845 6 739

23 604 15 134 13 542 98 13 444 1 592 8 470

24 003 15 529 13 969 117 13 852 1 560 8 474

24 373 15 982 14 556 138 14 417 1 426 8 391

24 855 16 365 15 056 117 14 939 1 309 8 490

24 902 16 397 15 156 77 15 079 1 241 8 505

25 138 16 421 15 006 62 14 944 1 416 8 717

25 578 16 565 14 872 69 14 804 1 693 9 013

25 686 16 526 14 739 63 14 676 1 787 9 161

26 065 16 638 14 909 50 14 859 1 729 9 428

26 517 17 013 15 313 51 15 261 1 700 9 504

10 575 7 264 6 456 86 6 371 808 3 311

10 763 7 354 6 607 103 6 504 747 3 409

10 927 7 542 6 871 118 6 752 671 3 386

11 143 7 652 7 027 99 6 952 671 3 386

11 129 7 702 7 082 67 7 015 620 3 427

11 172 7 647 6 938 56 6 882 709 3 525

11 391 7 794 6 959 63 6 896 835 3 597

11 454 7 711 6 820 52 6 768 891 3 743

11 656 7 773 6 912 43 6 869 860 3 884

11 882 7 998 7 155 43 7 111 844 3 884

9 414 6 806 6 167 83 6 084 639 2 608

9 575 6 910 6 325 101 6 224 585 2 665

9 727 7 053 6 530 112 6 418 524 2 673

9 926 7 182 6 702 96 6 606 480 2 743

9 952 7 240 6 741 67 6 675 499 2 711

9 993 7 200 6 627 55 55 573 2 792

10 196 7 347 6 652 62 6 591 695 2 848

10 278 7 346 6 586 51 6 535 760 2 932

11 656 7 773 6 912 274 6 638 860 3 884

10 659 7 600 6 901 43 6 858 699 3 060

13 029 7 869 7 086 13 7 073 784 5 159

13 241 8 175 7 362 14 7 348 813 5 066

13 446 8 441 7 685 20 7 665 756 5 005

13 711 8 713 8 029 18 8 011 684 4 999

13 772 8 695 8 073 10 8 064 621 5 078

13 966 8 774 8 068 6 8 062 706 5 192

14 187 8 772 7 914 6 7 907 858 5 415

14 232 8 815 7 919 11 7 908 895 5 418

14 409 8 865 7 997 7 7 990 868 5 544

14 635 9 014 8 158 8 8 150 856 5 621

11 833 7 405 6 762 12 6 749 643 4 428

12 016 7 686 7 013 13 7 000 673 4 330

12 023 7 912 7 290 19 7 272 622 4 291

12 451 8 224 7 663 17 7 646 561 4 226

12 561 8 215 7 703 9 7 694 512 4 346

12 758 8 323 7 741 6 7 735 582 4 434

12 966 8 348 7 610 5 7 604 738 4 618

13 026 8 409 7 636 10 7 626 772 4 618

14 409 8 865 7 997 7 7 701 868 5 544

13 377 8 610 7 876 7 7 868 734 4 768

2 356 923 613 3 611 310 1 434

2 412 933 631 3 611 310 1 434

2 443 1 017 736 8 728 281 1 427

2 479 959 691 4 687 268 1 520

2 389 941 711 1 710 230 1 448

2 388 898 637 1 637 260 1 490

2 416 870 611 2 609 260 1 546

2 382 771 516 1 515 255 1 611

2 423 762 520 0 520 241 1 661

2 481 803 536 1 535 267 1 677

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as the main race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 15 Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1985–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Characteristic

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

HISPANIC2

Both Sexes Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Men, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Men, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Women, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Women, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Both Sexes, 16 to 19 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... 2May be of any race.

11 915 7 698 6 888 302 6 586 811 4 217

12 344 8 076 7 219 329 6 890 857 4 268

12 867 8 541 7 790 398 7 391 751 4 327

13 325 8 982 8 250 407 7 843 732 4 342

13 791 9 323 8 573 440 8 133 750 4 468

15 904 10 720 9 845 517 9 328 876 5 184

16 425 10 920 9 828 512 9 315 1 092 5 506

16 961 11 338 10 027 524 9 503 1 311 5 623

17 532 11 610 10 361 523 9 838 1 248 5 922

18 117 11 975 10 788 560 10 227 1 187 6 142

18 629 12 267 11 127 604 10 524 1 140 6 362

5 885 4 729 4 245 264 3 981 483 1 157

6 106 4 948 4 428 287 4 140 520 1 158

6 371 5 163 4 713 351 4 361 451 1 208

6 604 5 409 4 972 356 4 616 437 1 195

6 825 5 595 5 172 393 4 779 423 1 230

8 041 6 546 6 021 449 5 572 524 1 495

8 296 6 664 5 979 453 5 526 685 1 632

8 553 6 900 6 093 468 5 625 807 1 654

8 824 7 076 6 328 469 5 860 747 1 749

9 104 7 210 6 530 494 6 036 680 1 894

9 329 7 376 6 725 527 6 198 651 1 952

5 232 4 395 3 994 239 3 754 401 837

5 451 4 612 4 174 263 3 911 438 839

5 700 4 818 4 444 327 4 118 374 882

5 921 5 031 4 680 327 4 353 351 890

6 114 5 195 4 853 366 4 487 342 919

7 126 6 034 5 609 415 5 195 425 1 092

7 392 6 198 5 623 419 5 204 575 1 194

7 655 6 432 5 757 437 5 320 675 1 223

7 930 6 621 5 992 441 5 551 629 1 309

8 178 6 747 6 189 466 5 722 558 1 431

8 375 6 898 6 367 501 5 866 530 1 477

6 029 2 970 2 642 38 2 604 327 3 059

6 238 3 128 2 791 42 2 749 337 3 110

6 496 3 377 3 077 47 3 030 300 3 119

6 721 3 573 3 278 51 3 227 296 3 147

6 965 3 728 3 401 48 3 353 327 3 237

7 863 4 174 3 823 68 3 755 351 3 689

8 130 4 256 3 848 59 3 789 407 3 874

8 408 4 439 3 934 57 3 877 504 3 969

8 708 4 534 4 033 55 3 978 501 4 174

9 014 4 765 4 258 66 4 191 508 4 248

9 300 4 891 4 403 76 4 326 488 4 409

5 385 2 893 2 456 31 2 424 269 2 660

5 591 3 112 2 615 39 2 576 278 2 698

5 835 3 281 2 872 45 2 827 241 2 723

6 050 3 448 3 047 49 2 998 234 2 769

6 278 3 857 3 172 44 3 128 276 2 830

7 041 3 941 3 567 62 3 505 289 3 184

7 301 4 110 3 603 53 3 549 339 3 360

7 569 4 218 3 693 51 3 642 418 3 459

7 846 4 421 3 800 49 3 751 418 3 628

8 122 4 520 3 989 61 3 928 431 3 701

8 382 4 779 4 116 72 4 044 404 3 863

1 298 579 438 31 407 141 719

1 302 571 430 27 403 141 730

1 332 610 474 27 447 136 722

1 354 671 523 32 492 148 683

1 399 680 548 31 517 132 719

1 737 829 668 40 628 161 907

1 732 781 602 41 562 179 951

1 737 796 577 36 541 219 941

1 756 771 570 33 537 201 985

1 818 807 609 32 577 198 1 010

1 872 850 645 31 614 205 1 022

16 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-3. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1985–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Characteristic

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

HISPANIC2

Both Sexes Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Men, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Men, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Women, 16 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Women, 20 Years and Over Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... Both Sexes, 16 to 19 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ........................ Civilian labor force ................................................. Employed ............................................................... Agriculture ......................................................... Nonagricultural industries .................................. Unemployed .......................................................... Not in labor force ................................................... 2May be of any race.

19 213 12 774 11 642 609 11 033 1 132 6 439

20 321 13 796 12 726 660 12 067 1 069 6 526

21 070 14 317 13 291 742 12 549 1 026 6 753

21 650 14 665 13 720 734 12 986 945 6 985

23 938 16 689 15 735 536 15 199 954 7 249

24 942 17 328 16 190 423 15 767 1 138 7 614

25 963 17 943 16 590 448 16 141 1 353 8 020

27 551 18 813 17 372 446 16 927 1 441 8 738

28 109 19 272 17 930 441 17 489 1 342 8 837

29 133 19 824 18 632 423 18 209 1 191 9 310

9 604 7 646 7 039 537 6 502 607 1 957

10 368 8 309 7 728 571 7 157 582 2 059

10 734 8 571 8 018 651 7 367 552 2 164

10 713 8 546 8 067 642 7 425 480 2 167

12 174 9 923 9 428 449 8 979 494 2 252

12 695 10 279 9 668 345 9 323 611 2 416

13 221 10 609 9 845 361 9 484 764 2 613

14 098 11 288 10 479 350 10 129 809 2 810

14 417 11 587 10 832 356 10 476 755 2 831

14 962 11 985 11 337 350 10 987 647 2 977

8 611 7 150 6 655 510 6 145 495 1 461

9 250 7 779 7 307 544 6 763 471 1 471

9 573 8 005 7 570 621 6 949 436 1 568

9 523 7 950 7 576 602 6 974 374 1 573

10 841 9 247 8 859 423 8 435 388 1 595

11 386 9 595 9 100 328 8 773 495 1 791

11 928 9 977 9 341 345 8 996 636 1 951

12 797 10 756 10 063 336 9 727 693 2 041

13 082 11 020 10 385 335 10 050 635 2 061

13 586 11 408 10 872 341 10 532 536 2 177

9 610 5 128 4 602 72 4 531 525 4 482

9 953 5 486 4 999 89 4 910 488 4 466

10 335 5 746 5 273 91 5 182 473 4 589

10 937 6 119 5 653 92 5 561 466 4 819

11 764 6 767 6 307 87 6 220 460 4 997

12 247 7 049 6 522 77 6 445 527 5 198

12 742 7 334 6 744 87 6 657 590 5 408

13 452 7 525 6 894 96 6 798 631 5 928

13 692 7 685 7 098 85 7 013 587 6 007

14 172 7 839 7 295 73 7 222 544 6 333

8 654 5 106 4 341 69 4 272 438 3 875

8 950 5 304 4 705 83 4 622 401 3 845

9 292 5 666 4 928 85 4 843 376 3 988

9 821 6 275 5 290 88 5 202 376 4 155

10 574 6 557 5 903 81 5 822 371 4 299

11 049 6 863 6 121 73 6 048 436 4 492

11 528 7 096 6 367 84 6 283 496 4 666

12 211 7 096 6 541 91 6 450 555 5 114

12 420 7 257 6 752 78 6 674 504 5 163

12 858 7 377 6 913 70 6 843 464 5 481

1 948 845 646 29 617 199 1 103

2 121 911 714 33 682 197 1 210

2 204 1 007 793 36 757 214 1 197

2 307 1 049 854 45 809 196 1 257

2 523 1 168 973 31 942 194 1 355

2 508 1 176 969 22 947 208 1 331

2 507 1 103 882 19 863 221 1 404

2 543 960 768 19 749 192 1 583

2 608 995 792 25 767 203 1 612

2 689 1 038 847 13 834 191 1 651

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 17 Table 1-4. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Race, and Marital Status, 1985–2005 (Thousands of people.)

Race, marital status, and year

ALL RACES

Civilian noninstitutional population

Men Total

Civilian labor force Employed

Unemployed

Civilian noninstitutional population

Women Total

Civilian labor force Employed

Unemployed

Single 1985 ........................................................................ 1986 ........................................................................ 1987 ........................................................................ 1988 ........................................................................ 1989 ........................................................................

23 328 23 662 23 947 24 572 24 831

17 208 17 553 17 772 18 345 18 738

15 022 15 407 15 794 16 521 16 936

2 186 2 146 1 978 1 824 1 801

19 768 20 113 20 596 20 961 21 141

13 163 13 512 13 885 14 194 14 377

11 758 12 071 12 561 12 979 13 175

1 404 1 442 1 323 1 215 1 202

1995 ........................................................................ 1996 ........................................................................ 1997 ........................................................................ 1998 ........................................................................ 1999 ........................................................................

26 918 27 387 28 311 28 693 29 104

19 841 20 071 20 689 21 037 21 351

17 833 18 055 18 783 19 240 19 686

2 007 2 016 1 906 1 798 1 665

23 151 23 623 24 285 24 941 25 576

15 467 15 842 16 492 17 087 17 575

14 053 14 403 15 037 15 755 16 267

1 413 1 439 1 455 1 332 1 308

1990 ........................................................................ 1991 ........................................................................ 1992 ........................................................................ 1993 ........................................................................ 1994 ........................................................................

2000 ........................................................................ 2001 ........................................................................ 2002 ........................................................................ 2003 ........................................................................ 2004 ........................................................................ 2005 ........................................................................ Married, Spouse Present 1985 ........................................................................ 1986 ........................................................................ 1987 ........................................................................ 1988 ........................................................................ 1989 ........................................................................ 1990 ........................................................................ 1991 ........................................................................ 1992 ........................................................................ 1993 ........................................................................ 1994 ........................................................................ 1995 ........................................................................ 1996 ........................................................................ 1997 ........................................................................ 1998 ........................................................................ 1999 ........................................................................ 2000 ........................................................................ 2001 ........................................................................ 2002 ........................................................................ 2003 ........................................................................ 2004 ........................................................................ 2005 ........................................................................ Divorced, Widowed, or Separated 1985 ........................................................................ 1986 ........................................................................ 1987 ........................................................................ 1988 ........................................................................ 1989 ........................................................................ 1990 ........................................................................ 1991 ........................................................................ 1992 ........................................................................ 1993 ........................................................................ 1994 ........................................................................ 1995 ........................................................................ 1996 ........................................................................ 1997 ........................................................................ 1998 ........................................................................ 1999 ........................................................................ 2000 ........................................................................ 2001 ........................................................................ 2002 ........................................................................ 2003 ........................................................................ 2004 ........................................................................ 2005 ........................................................................

25 870 26 197 26 436 26 570 26 786

29 887 30 646 31 072 31 691 32 422 33 125 52 128 52 769 53 223 53 246 53 530 53 793 54 158 54 509 55 178 55 560 56 100 56 363 56 396 56 670 57 089 58 167 58 448 59 102 60 063 60 412 60 545 9 013 9 367 9 729 10 039 10 401 10 714 10 924 11 325 11 584 12 008 12 160 12 456 13 009 13 394 13 528 13 910 14 188 14 411 14 680 14 875 15 481

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

19 357 19 411 19 709 19 706 19 786

22 002 22 285 22 289 22 297 22 776 23 214 41 014 41 477 41 889 41 832 42 036 42 275 42 303 42 491 42 834 43 005 43 472 43 739 43 808 43 957 44 244 44 987 45 233 45 766 46 404 46 550 46 771 6 190 6 392 6 546 6 751 7 066 7 378 7 454 7 763 7 864 2 076 2 018 2 103 2 316 2 332 2 290

9 291 9 367 9 445 9 537 9 654 10 048

17 405 17 011 17 098 17 261 17 604

20 339 20 298 19 983 19 841 20 395 21 006 39 248 39 658 40 265 40 472 40 760 40 829 40 429 40 341 40 935 41 414 42 048 42 417 42 642 42 923 43 254 44 078 44 007 44 116 44 653 45 084 45 483 5 621 5 827 6 048 6 280 6 618 6 871 6 783 7 001 7 153 7 432 7 496 7 735 8 260 8 530 8 507 8 888 8 892 8 804 8 838 9 045 9 484

1 952 2 400 2 611 2 445 2 181

1 663 1 988 2 306 2 457 2 381 2 209 1 767 1 819 1 625 1 360 1 276 1 446 1 875 2 150 1 899 1 592 1 424 1 322 1 167 1 034 990 908 1 226 1 650 1 751 1 466 1 287 568 565 498 471 448 508 671 762 711 594 551 541 504 435 411 403 476 641 699 608 563

21 901 22 173 22 475 22 713 23 000

25 920 26 462 26 999 27 802 28 228 29 046 51 832 52 158 52 532 52 775 52 885 52 917 53 169 53 501 53 838 54 155 54 716 54 970 54 915 55 331 56 178 57 557 57 610 58 165 59 069 59 278 59 205 22 136 22 518 22 726 23 020 23 604 23 968 24 304 24 559 24 955 25 304 25 539 25 791 26 218 26 190 26 276 27 135 27 738 27 821 27 862 28 141 28 680

14 612 14 681 14 872 15 031 15 333

17 849 18 021 18 203 18 397 18 616 19 183 27 894 28 623 29 381 29 921 30 548 30 901 31 112 31 700 31 980 32 888 33 359 33 618 33 802 33 857 34 372 35 146 35 236 35 477 36 046 35 845 35 941 9 993 10 277 10 393 10 627 11 104 11 315 11 385 11 570 11 784 12 018 12 118 12 397 12 742 12 771 12 909 13 308 13 592 13 683 13 828 13 961 14 163

13 336 13 198 13 263 13 484 13 847

16 628 16 635 16 583 16 723 16 995 17 588 26 336 27 144 28 107 28 756 29 404 29 714 29 698 30 100 30 499 31 536 32 063 32 406 32 755 32 872 33 450 34 209 34 153 34 153 34 695 34 600 34 773 9 165 9 491 9 665 9 962 10 448 10 639 10 600 10 689 10 927 11 227 11 407 11 691 12 082 12 143 12 324 12 748 12 949 12 846 12 986 13 133 13 396

1 276 1 482 1 609 1 547 1 486

1 221 1 386 1 621 1 674 1 621 1 595 1 558 1 479 1 273 1 166 1 145 1 188 1 415 1 600 1 482 1 352 1 296 1 211 1 047 985 921 937 1 083 1 323 1 352 1 244 1 168 828 787 727 665 656 676 786 881 856 791 712 706 660 628 585 559 642 837 842 828 768

18 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-4. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Race, and Marital Status, 1985–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, marital status, and year

WHITE1

Civilian noninstitutional population

Men Total

Civilian labor force Employed

Unemployed

Civilian noninstitutional population

Women Total

Civilian labor force Employed

Unemployed

Single 1985 ........................................................................ 1986 ........................................................................ 1987 ........................................................................ 1988 ........................................................................ 1989 ........................................................................

19 100 19 316 19 526 19 966 20 076

14 426 14 672 14 850 15 279 15 511

12 875 13 162 13 449 13 982 14 249

1 550 1 510 1 401 1 297 1 263

15 472 15 686 15 990 16 218 16 289

10 705 10 965 11 196 11 428 11 474

9 828 10 060 10 382 10 674 10 741

877 906 815 754 734

1995 ........................................................................ 1996 ........................................................................ 1997 ........................................................................ 1998 ........................................................................ 1999 ........................................................................

21 132 21 454 22 236 22 513 22 788

16 080 16 285 16 810 17 007 17 272

14 674 14 891 15 507 15 746 16 116

1 406 1 394 1 303 1 261 1 157

17 046 17 282 17 728 18 247 18 635

11 830 11 977 12 322 12 742 13 029

10 967 11 099 11 443 11 945 12 206

864 878 879 797 823

1990 ........................................................................ 1991 ........................................................................ 1992 ........................................................................ 1993 ........................................................................ 1994 ........................................................................

2000 ........................................................................ 2001 ........................................................................ 2002 ........................................................................ 2003 ........................................................................ 2004 ........................................................................ 2005 ........................................................................ Married, Spouse Present 1985 ........................................................................ 1986 ........................................................................ 1987 ........................................................................ 1988 ........................................................................ 1989 ........................................................................ 1990 ........................................................................ 1991 ........................................................................ 1992 ........................................................................ 1993 ........................................................................ 1994 ........................................................................ 1995 ........................................................................ 1996 ........................................................................ 1997 ........................................................................ 1998 ........................................................................ 1999 ........................................................................ 2000 ........................................................................ 2001 ........................................................................ 2002 ........................................................................ 2003 ........................................................................ 2004 ........................................................................ 2005 ........................................................................ Divorced, Widowed, or Separated 1985 ........................................................................ 1986 ........................................................................ 1987 ........................................................................ 1988 ........................................................................ 1989 ........................................................................ 1990 ........................................................................ 1991 ........................................................................ 1992 ........................................................................ 1993 ........................................................................ 1994 ........................................................................ 1995 ........................................................................ 1996 ........................................................................ 1997 ........................................................................ 1998 ........................................................................ 1999 ........................................................................ 2000 ........................................................................ 2001 ........................................................................ 2002 ........................................................................ 2003 ........................................................................ 2004 ........................................................................ 2005 ........................................................................

20 746 20 899 21 025 20 974 21 071

23 266 23 979 24 289 24 419 24 929 25 436 46 925 47 399 47 690 47 685 47 883 47 841 48 137 48 416 48 937 49 169 49 597 49 800 49 719 49 901 50 091 50 775 50 850 51 284 51 859 51 992 52 034 7 348 7 675 7 974 8 204 8 509 8 782 8 941 9 210 9 459 9 819

10 005 10 234 10 622 10 937 11 050 11 329 11 623 11 789 11 971 12 124 12 558

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

15 993 15 989 16 129 16 033 16 074

17 659 17 970 17 924 17 755 18 090 18 338 36 934 37 230 37 486 37 429 37 589 37 515 37 507 37 671 37 953 38 008 38 376 38 616 38 593 38 629 38 765 39 169 39 246 39 580 39 908 39 935 40 141 5 112 5 315 5 443 5 608 5 887 6 131 6 159 6 368 6 498 6 644 6 689 6 883 7 236 7 398 7 375 7 638 7 750 7 804 7 846 7 969 8 215

14 617 14 233 14 285 14 303 14 539

16 504 16 561 16 289 16 031 16 435 16 833 35 472 35 727 36 127 36 304 36 545 36 338 35 923 35 886 36 396 36 719 37 211 37 522 37 636 37 793 37 968 38 451 38 265 38 261 38 529 38 774 39 130 4 698 4 896 5 070 5 265 5 558 5 748 5 641 5 788 5 957 6 193 6 261 6 474 6 855 7 064 7 056 7 333 7 386 7 299 7 305 7 503 7 800

1 376 1 756 1 844 1 730 1 535

1 154 1 409 1 635 1 723 1 655 1 505 1 462 1 503 1 359 1 125 1 044 1 177 1 585 1 785 1 557 1 288 1 165 1 094 957 836 797 717 981 1 319 1 379 1 161 1 011 414 420 373 344 329 382 518 580 541 451 428 408 382 334 320 305 364 505 541 466 415

16 555 16 569 16 684 16 768 16 936

18 808 19 253 19 625 19 924 20 210 20 702 46 728 46 892 47 180 47 364 47 382 47 240 47 456 47 705 47 944 48 120 48 497 48 684 48 542 48 722 49 296 50 194 50 077 50 489 50 957 50 939 50 865 18 106 18 463 18 599 18 758 19 200 19 461 19 757 19 931 20 206 20 439 20 638 20 862 21 147 21 157 21 225 21 847 22 330 22 308 22 162 22 450 22 853

11 522 11 497 11 502 11 613 11 805

13 215 13 368 13 556 13 462 13 597 13 906 24 777 25 368 26 014 26 499 27 030 27 271 27 479 27 951 28 221 29 017 29 360 29 517 29 664 29 534 29 806 30 344 30 336 30 511 30 805 30 544 30 599 7 973 8 251 8 300 8 512 8 863 9 016 9 111 9 216 9 382 9 533

9 613 9 831 10 068 10 104 10 261 10 521 10 729 10 775 10 769 10 950 11 101

10 729 10 557 10 526 10 633 10 885

794 939 976 980 920

12 449 12 491 12 550 12 461 12 628 12 957

766 877 1 006 1 001 969 949

26 285 26 290 26 623 26 993 27 888

986 1 189 1 329 1 228 1 129

23 468 24 141 24 969 25 540 26 083

28 290 28 496 28 809 28 727 29 056 29 582 29 472 29 463 29 740 29 549 29 676 7 393 7 675 7 791 8 047 8 409 8 544 8 538 8 561 8 764 8 965

9 087 9 325 9 607 9 656 9 834

10 105 10 255 10 151 10 168 10 350 10 552

1 308 1 226 1 045 959 947

1 070 1 020 855 808 749 762 864 1 048 1 065 996 922 580 576 509 464 454 471 573 654 618 569 526 506 461 449 427 416 474 624 602 600 548

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 19

Table 1-4. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Sex, Race, and Marital Status, 1985–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, marital status, and year

Civilian noninstitutional population

BLACK AND OTHER RACES1

Men Total

Civilian labor force Employed

Unemployed

Civilian noninstitutional population

Women Total

Civilian labor force Employed

Unemployed

Single 1985 ........................................................................ 1986 ........................................................................ 1987 ........................................................................ 1988 ........................................................................ 1989 ........................................................................

4 228 4 345 4 421 4 606 4 755

2 782 2 881 2 922 3 066 3 227

2 147 2 245 2 345 2 539 2 687

635 636 577 527 538

4 297 4 427 4 606 4 743 4 852

2 458 2 547 2 688 2 766 2 903

1 930 2 011 2 179 2 304 2 434

528 536 509 461 468

1995 ........................................................................ 1996 ........................................................................ 1997 ........................................................................ 1998 ........................................................................ 1999 ........................................................................

5 786 5 933 6 075 6 180 6 316

3 761 3 786 3 879 4 030 4 079

3 159 3 164 3 276 3 494 3 570

601 622 603 537 508

6 105 6 341 6 557 6 694 6 941

3 637 3 865 4 170 4 345 4 546

3 086 3 304 3 594 3 810 4 061

549 561 576 535 485

1990 ........................................................................ 1991 ........................................................................ 1992 ........................................................................ 1993 ........................................................................ 1994 ........................................................................

2000 ........................................................................ 2001 ........................................................................ 2002 ........................................................................ 2003 ........................................................................ 2004 ........................................................................ 2005 ........................................................................ Married, Spouse Present 1985 ........................................................................ 1986 ........................................................................ 1987 ........................................................................ 1988 ........................................................................ 1989 ........................................................................ 1990 ........................................................................ 1991 ........................................................................ 1992 ........................................................................ 1993 ........................................................................ 1994 ........................................................................ 1995 ........................................................................ 1996 ........................................................................ 1997 ........................................................................ 1998 ........................................................................ 1999 ........................................................................ 2000 ........................................................................ 2001 ........................................................................ 2002 ........................................................................ 2003 ........................................................................ 2004 ........................................................................ 2005 ........................................................................ Divorced, Widowed, or Separated 1985 ........................................................................ 1986 ........................................................................ 1987 ........................................................................ 1988 ........................................................................ 1989 ........................................................................ 1990 ........................................................................ 1991 ........................................................................ 1992 ........................................................................ 1993 ........................................................................ 1994 ........................................................................ 1995 ........................................................................ 1996 ........................................................................ 1997 ........................................................................ 1998 ........................................................................ 1999 ........................................................................ 2000 ........................................................................ 2001 ........................................................................ 2002 ........................................................................ 2003 ........................................................................ 2004 ........................................................................ 2005 ........................................................................

5 124 5 298 5 411 5 596 5 715

6 621 6 667 6 783 7 272 7 493 7 689 5 203 5 370 5 534 5 560 5 647 5 952 6 021 6 093 6 241 6 391 6 503 6 563 6 677 6 769 6 998 7 392 7 598 7 818 8 204 8 420 8 511 1 665 1 692 1 755 1 836 1 892 1 932 1 983 2 115 2 125 2 189 2 155 2 222 2 387 2 457 2 478 2 581 2 565 2 622 2 709 2 751 2 923

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

3 364 3 422 3 580 3 673 3 712

4 343 4 315 4 365 4 542 4 686 4 876 4 080 4 247 4 403 4 403 4 447 4 760 4 796 4 820 4 881 4 997 5 096 5 123 5 215 5 328 5 479 5 818 5 987 6 186 6 496 6 615 6 630 1 078 1 076 1 103 1 142 1 179 1 247 1 295 1 395 1 366 1 382 1 358 1 394 1 528 1 567 1 543 1 653 1 617 1 641 1 691 1 685 1 833

2 788 2 778 2 813 2 958 3 065

3 835 3 737 3 694 3 810 3 960 4 173 3 775 3 931 4 137 4 168 4 215 4 491 4 506 4 455 4 539 4 695 4 837 4 895 5 006 5 130 5 286 5 627 5 742 5 855 6 124 6 310 6 353 923 931 977 1 015 1 060 1 123 1 142 1 213 1 196 1 239 1 235 1 261 1 405 1 466 1 451 1 555 1 506 1 505 1 533 1 542 1 684

576 644 767 715 646

509 579 671 734 726 704 305 316 266 234 232 269 290 365 342 304 259 228 210 198 193 191 245 331 372 305 276 155 146 125 127 119 126 153 182 170 143 123 133 122 101 91 98 112 136 158 142 148

5 346 5 604 5 791 5 945 6 064

7 112 7 209 7 374 7 878 8 018 8 344 5 104 5 266 5 352 5 411 5 503 5 677 5 713 5 796 5 894 6 035 6 219 6 286 6 373 6 609 6 882 7 363 7 533 7 676 8 112 8 339 8 340 4 030 4 055 4 127 4 262 4 404 4 507 4 547 4 628 4 749 4 865

4 901 4 929 5 071 5 033 5 051 5 288 5 408 5 513 5 700 5 691 5 827

3 090 3 184 3 370 3 418 3 528

4 634 4 653 4 647 4 935 5 019 5 277 3 118 3 255 3 367 3 422 3 518 3 630 3 633 3 749 3 759 3 871 3 999 4 101 4 138 4 323 4 566 4 802 4 900 4 966 5 241 5 301 5 342 2 020 2 026 2 093 2 115 2 241 2 299 2 274 2 354 2 402 2 485

2 505 2 566 2 674 2 667 2 648 2 787 2 863 2 908 3 059 3 011 3 062

2 607 2 641 2 737 2 851 2 962

4 179 4 144 4 033 4 262 4 367 4 631 2 868 3 003 3 138 3 215 3 321 3 429 3 408 3 477 3 506 3 648 3 773 3 910 3 946 4 145 4 394 4 627 4 681 4 690 4 955 5 051 5 097 1 772 1 816 1 875 1 914 2 039 2 095 2 062 2 128 2 163 2 262

2 320 2 366 2 475 2 487 2 490 2 643 2 694 2 695 2 818 2 783 2 844

482 543 633 567 566

455 509 615 673 652 646 250 253 228 207 198 202 226 271 254 223 226 191 192 177 172 175 219 275 287 248 246 248 210 218 201 202 205 213 227 238 222

186 200 199 179 158 143 168 213 240 228 220

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

20 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-5. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Region, Division, and State, 2004–2005 (Thousands of people, percent.) Region, division, and state

UNITED STATES1 ..................

Northeast ............................... New England .......................... Connecticut ......................... Maine .................................. Massachusetts .................... New Hampshire .................. Rhode Island ...................... Vermont .............................. Middle Atlantic ........................ New Jersey ......................... New York ............................ Pennsylvania ......................

Midwest ................................. East North Central .................. Illinois .................................. Indiana ................................ Michigan ............................. Ohio .................................... Wisconsin ........................... West North Central ................. Iowa .................................... Kansas ................................ Minnesota ........................... Missouri .............................. Nebraska ............................ North Dakota ...................... South Dakota ...................... South ..................................... South Atlantic ......................... Delaware ............................ District of Columbia ............ Florida ................................. Georgia ............................... Maryland ............................. North Carolina .................... South Carolina .................... Virginia ................................ West Virginia ...................... East South Central ................. Alabama ............................. Kentucky ............................. Mississippi .......................... Tennessee .......................... West South Central ................ Arkansas ............................. Louisiana ............................ Oklahoma ........................... Texas ..................................

West ....................................... Mountain ................................. Arizona ............................... Colorado ............................. Idaho ................................... Montana .............................. Nevada ............................... New Mexico ........................ Utah .................................... Wyoming ............................. Pacific ..................................... Alaska ................................. California ............................ Hawaii ................................. Oregon ................................ Washington .........................

Puerto Rico2 ...........................

Civilian noninstitutional population

2004 Total

223 357 147 401

Civilian labor force

Participation Employed Unemployed rate 66.0

139 252

68.3 67.0 66.4 67.3 65.6 66.6 71.2 71.5 70.9 71.0 74.7 68.1 74.1 71.4 73.2

32 426 22 129 6 008 3 004 4 717 5 512 2 888 10 296 1 559 1 387 2 807 2 841 947 343 412

42 447 11 135 2 697 1 052 5 025 1 017 845 499 31 312 6 655 14 964 9 693

27 508 7 517 1 803 700 3 375 724 562 353 19 991 4 380 9 362 6 249

64.8 67.5 66.9 66.5 67.2 71.2 66.5 70.7 63.8 65.8 62.6 64.5

80 049 42 141 641 442 13 512 6 624 4 222 6 441 3 192 5 616 1 450 13 395 3 481 3 189 2 165 4 560 24 513 2 100 3 375 2 671 16 367

51 895 27 398 429 296 8 407 4 443 2 888 4 251 2 039 3 855 791 8 353 2 145 1 976 1 334 2 897 16 144 1 309 2 062 1 715 11 058

64.8 65.0 66.9 67.0 62.2 67.1 68.4 66.0 63.9 68.6 54.6 62.4 61.6 62.0 61.6 63.5 65.9 62.3 61.1 64.2 67.6

50 340 35 186 9 639 4 715 7 738 8 820 4 273 15 155 2 307 2 068 3 939 4 428 1 331 497 585

50 522 14 821 4 268 3 472 1 041 729 1 757 1 433 1 728 394 35 700 466 26 715 945 2 799 4 776 2 938

34 397 23 567 6 405 3 172 5 073 5 875 3 041 10 830 1 636 1 469 2 942 3 014 986 355 428

33 605 10 077 2 763 2 510 711 484 1 179 915 1 236 279 23 528 336 17 500 619 1 850 3 224 1 371

66.5 68.0 64.7 72.3 68.3 66.4 67.1 63.9 71.5 70.8 65.9 72.1 65.5 65.5 66.1 67.5

46.7

8 149

Unemployment rate 5.5

26 042 7 149 1 714 667 3 199 696 533 340 18 893 4 164 8 820 5 909

1 466 368 89 32 176 28 29 13 1 098 215 542 341

5.3 4.9 4.9 4.6 5.2 3.9 5.2 3.7 5.5 4.9 5.8 5.4

49 168 26 075 412 274 8 016 4 231 2 764 4 017 1 900 3 713 749 7 889 2 034 1 867 1 250 2 739 15 205 1 236 1 944 1 630 10 394

2 727 1 324 17 22 391 212 124 234 139 142 42 464 111 110 85 158 939 73 118 84 664

5.3 4.8 4.0 7.5 4.7 4.8 4.3 5.5 6.8 3.7 5.3 5.6 5.2 5.5 6.3 5.5 5.8 5.6 5.7 4.9 6.0

31 622 9 568 2 626 2 371 678 463 1 125 862 1 173 269 22 054 311 16 408 599 1 714 3 022 1 226

1 971 1 438 398 168 356 363 153 534 77 82 134 174 38 12 16

1 983 510 137 140 33 21 54 52 62 11 1 474 25 1 092 20 135 202 145

5.7 6.1 6.2 5.3 7.0 6.2 5.0 4.9 4.7 5.6 4.6 5.8 3.9 3.5 3.8

5.9 5.1 5.0 5.6 4.7 4.3 4.6 5.7 5.0 3.9 6.3 7.4 6.2 3.3 7.3 6.3

10.6

Civilian noninstitutional population

2005 Total

226 082 149 320

Civilian labor force

Participation Employed Unemployed rate 66.0

141 730

68.2 67.0 66.7 67.4 65.6 66.6 70.4 71.0 71.3 70.7 74.0 67.5 73.4 71.7 72.8

32 725 22 338 6 101 3 035 4 754 5 550 2 897 10 387 1 584 1 401 2 829 2 862 949 347 415

42 584 11 180 2 714 1 063 5 027 1 030 843 503 31 405 6 687 14 971 9 747

27 689 7 551 1 817 712 3 364 732 569 356 20 139 4 430 9 416 6 292

65.0 67.5 66.9 67.0 66.9 71.1 67.5 70.8 64.1 66.2 62.9 64.6

81 442 42 966 655 437 13 868 6 769 4 261 6 567 3 251 5 704 1 456 13 559 3 521 3 222 2 185 4 631 24 916 2 132 3 344 2 704 16 736

52 867 28 058 438 296 8 654 4 588 2 935 4 333 2 081 3 934 800 8 407 2 155 2 000 1 343 2 910 16 401 1 362 2 071 1 742 11 226

64.9 65.3 66.9 67.7 62.4 67.8 68.9 66.0 64.0 69.0 54.9 62.0 61.2 62.1 61.5 62.8 65.8 63.9 61.9 64.4 67.1

2 957

1 410

47.7

50 726 35 406 9 700 4 760 7 771 8 859 4 317 15 321 2 329 2 089 3 985 4 479 1 344 501 593

51 313 15 236 4 433 3 526 1 073 741 1 826 1 463 1 774 400 36 077 473 26 935 958 2 848 4 862

34 602 23 718 6 469 3 209 5 097 5 900 3 041 10 885 1 660 1 476 2 947 3 024 986 359 432

34 150 10 328 2 844 2 548 739 493 1 216 936 1 268 285 23 822 339 17 696 635 1 860 3 292

66.6 67.8 64.2 72.3 68.9 66.5 66.6 64.0 71.5 71.3 66.0 71.7 65.7 66.3 65.3 67.7

7 591

Unemployment rate 5.1

26 358 7 198 1 728 677 3 203 706 541 344 19 160 4 236 8 944 5 980

1 331 353 89 34 162 26 29 12 979 194 472 312

4.8 4.7 4.9 4.8 4.8 3.6 5.0 3.5 4.9 4.4 5.0 5.0

50 234 26 788 420 277 8 329 4 346 2 814 4 106 1 939 3 798 761 7 932 2 069 1 878 1 237 2 748 15 514 1 295 1 923 1 665 10 630

2 633 1 270 18 19 325 242 121 227 142 136 40 475 86 121 106 162 887 67 148 76 596

5.0 4.5 4.2 6.5 3.8 5.3 4.1 5.2 6.8 3.5 5.0 5.6 4.0 6.1 7.9 5.6 5.4 4.9 7.1 4.4 5.3

32 391 9 855 2 710 2 419 711 474 1 167 887 1 214 274 22 536 316 16 747 617 1 746 3 110 1 250

1 878 1 380 369 174 344 350 144 498 76 75 119 162 37 12 17

1 759 473 134 129 28 20 49 49 54 10 1 286 23 949 18 114 182 160

5.4 5.8 5.7 5.4 6.7 5.9 4.7 4.6 4.6 5.1 4.0 5.4 3.8 3.4 3.9

5.2 4.6 4.7 5.0 3.8 4.0 4.1 5.3 4.3 3.6 5.4 6.8 5.4 2.8 6.1 5.5

11.3

Note: Data refer to place of residence. Region and division data are derived from summing the component states. Sub-national data (except for Puerto Rico) reflect revised population controls and model reestimation. 1Due to separate processing and weighing procedures, totals for the United States differ from the results obtained by aggregating 2Data from Puerto Rico are derived from a monthly household survey similar to the Current Population Survey (CPS).

data for regions, divisions, or states.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 21 Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

ALL RACES

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Both Sexes 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................

103 068 103 994

8 449 8 215

4 265 4 139

4 185 4 079

1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

109 683 110 954 112 265 113 727 115 329

8 364 8 434 8 612 8 986 9 618

4 440 4 482 4 587 4 872 5 337

3 925 3 953 4 026 4 114 4 282

1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

104 995 104 621 105 231 107 056 108 321

8 143 7 865 7 922 8 014 8 224

117 245 118 771 120 153 122 416 124 485

10 187 10 513 10 652 11 370 12 111

137 085 140 216 144 126 147 096 150 120

14 519 15 022 15 510 15 840 16 180

126 513 128 058 129 874 132 028 134 335

153 153 156 150 159 033 161 910 164 863 167 745 170 130 172 271 174 215 176 383 178 206 180 587 182 753 184 613 186 393 189 164 190 925 192 805 194 838 196 814 198 584 200 591 203 133 205 220 207 753 212 577 215 092 217 570 221 168 223 357 226 082

12 930 13 592 13 480 13 698 14 095

16 418 16 614 16 688 16 695 16 657 16 543 16 214 15 763 15 274 14 735 14 506 14 496 14 606 14 527 14 223 14 520 14 073 13 840 13 935 14 196 14 511 14 934 15 365 15 644 16 040 15 912 15 929 15 994 16 096 16 222 16 398

4 076 4 096 4 234 4 241 4 336

5 573 5 462 5 503 6 301 6 974 6 936 6 914 7 003 7 200 7 422 7 643 7 849 8 076 8 227 8 373 8 419 8 442 8 482 8 484 8 389 8 279 8 068 7 714 7 385 7 196 7 232 7 386 7 501 7 284 6 886 6 893 6 901 6 907 7 010 7 245 7 407 7 678 7 861 7 895 8 060 7 978 8 020 8 099 8 561 8 574 8 778

Total

20 to 24 years

12 885 13 201

10 720 11 035

101 318 102 518 103 653 104 737 105 711

9 036 9 271 9 486 9 733 9 975

23 249 23 072 22 849 22 563 22 201

22 348 22 567 22 786 23 025 23 207

18 643 19 012 19 424 19 832 20 203

14 309 14 516 14 727 14 923 15 134

13 728 14 075 14 376 14 657 14 985

122 566 125 193 128 614 131 253 133 938

15 323 16 345 17 143 17 692 17 994

7 626 7 173 6 933 6 925 6 951 7 104 7 256 7 504 7 749 7 979 7 934 7 909 7 895 7 535 7 648 7 619

65 years and over

16 771 17 002

10 273 10 583 10 852 11 464 12 017

7 274 7 110 7 104 7 243 7 338

55 to 64 years

20 097 20 401

107 056 108 255 109 500 111 045 112 372

8 264 8 145 8 049 7 889 7 538

45 to 54 years

22 610 22 822

4 615 5 052 5 150 5 070 5 139

7 999 8 171 8 206 8 211 8 268

35 to 44 years

11 530 11 312

96 851 96 755 97 305 99 041 100 095

6 876 7 173 7 435 7 613 7 809

20 years and over

94 618 95 778

4 068 3 771 3 689 3 773 3 889

5 995 6 679 6 480 6 499 6 673

25 to 34 years

113 582 114 463 116 391 118 328 120 238

136 733 139 536 142 345 145 216 148 205 151 202 153 916 156 508 158 941 161 648 163 700 166 091 168 147 170 085 172 169 174 644 176 852 178 965 180 903 182 619 184 073 185 656 187 769 189 576 191 713 196 664 199 164 201 576 205 072 207 134 209 685

11 080 10 167 9 389 8 960 8 885

12 442 12 638 13 421 13 891 14 488

18 595 19 109 19 582 20 007 20 353 20 635 20 820 20 845 20 799 20 688 20 097 19 569 18 970 18 434 18 025 18 902 18 963 18 846 18 642 18 353 17 864 17 409 17 442 17 593 17 968 18 311 18 877 19 348 19 801 20 197 20 276

23 013 22 843 23 044 23 266 23 304

21 998 21 829 21 503 21 400 21 367 21 417 21 543 22 057 22 912 23 645 24 435 25 337 26 740 28 172 29 439 30 710 31 953 33 117 34 091 35 261 36 558 37 777 38 492 39 147 39 999 40 670 41 731 42 297 42 611 42 845 42 976 42 688 42 278 41 771 41 306 40 798 40 252 39 559 38 778 37 976 38 703 38 505 38 472 39 021 38 939 39 064

20 681 20 863 21 137 21 922 22 135

23 437 23 585 23 797 23 948 23 940 23 832 23 579 23 313 23 036 22 709 22 489 22 274 22 358 22 287 22 461 22 526 22 796 23 296 24 099 24 861 25 578 26 291 27 611 28 932 30 251 31 379 32 550 33 755 34 784 35 977 37 719 39 116 39 852 40 733 41 534 42 254 43 086 43 883 44 299 44 635 44 312 44 195 43 894 43 746 43 226 43 005

17 240 17 464 17 716 17 991 18 305

20 601 20 893 20 916 21 144 21 452 21 728 21 977 22 256 22 534 22 806 23 059 23 244 23 338 23 431 23 578 23 535 23 409 23 197 22 977 22 752 22 563 22 422 22 264 22 167 22 226 22 418 22 732 23 183 24 004 24 744 25 081 25 709 27 206 28 549 29 778 30 974 32 167 33 391 34 373 35 587 37 642 38 904 39 711 40 522 41 245 42 107

13 469 13 692 13 889 13 830 14 085

15 409 15 675 15 874 16 138 16 442 16 727 17 007 17 310 17 614 17 930 18 250 18 581 19 007 19 281 19 517 19 844 20 185 20 557 20 875 21 210 21 520 21 756 21 909 22 003 22 052 22 140 22 011 21 835 21 641 21 406 20 719 20 675 20 604 20 574 20 635 20 735 20 990 21 505 22 296 23 064 24 230 25 011 26 343 27 728 28 919 30 165

11 363 11 724 12 126 13 075 13 375

15 336 15 685 16 554 16 945 17 150 17 432 17 715 18 029 18 338 18 657 19 007 19 406 20 023 20 389 20 945 21 525 22 083 22 597 23 166 23 767 24 350 24 850 25 387 25 892 26 433 26 997 27 497 28 108 28 612 29 173 29 247 29 700 30 179 30 634 31 012 31 448 31 751 31 989 32 237 32 484 33 466 33 672 33 808 34 253 34 609 35 068

22 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

ALL RACES

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over

Men 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................

49 996 50 321

4 078 3 946

2 128 2 062

1 951 1 884

45 918 46 378

5 527 5 405

10 767 10 871

1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

52 109 52 723 53 315 54 033 54 793

4 022 4 020 4 083 4 293 4 652

2 225 2 238 2 284 2 435 2 681

1 798 1 783 1 800 1 858 1 971

48 086 48 704 49 231 49 740 50 140

3 708 3 970 4 166 4 339 4 488

11 068 10 983 10 889 10 787 10 625

1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

50 725 49 727 49 700 50 750 51 395

55 662 56 286 56 831 57 921 58 847 59 782 60 262 60 905 61 847 62 898 64 304 65 942 67 835 69 292 70 808 72 291 73 759 75 193 76 576 78 020 79 398 80 511 81 523 82 531 83 605 84 469 85 798 86 899 87 857 88 762 90 377 91 278 92 270 93 332 94 355 95 178 96 206 97 715 98 758 99 722

101 964 103 282 104 585 106 435 107 710 109 151

3 962 3 725 3 767 3 823 3 953

4 963 5 112 5 150 5 496 5 866 6 318 6 658 6 537 6 683 6 928 7 145 7 430 7 705 7 855 8 012 8 134 8 244 8 288 8 309 8 310 8 260 8 092 7 879 7 659 7 386 7 275 7 275 7 335 7 304 7 143 7 347 7 134 7 023 7 076 7 203 7 367 7 600 7 836 7 968 8 167

8 089 8 101 8 146 8 163 8 234 8 317

2 043 2 039 2 121 2 122 2 174

2 805 2 742 2 764 3 162 3 503 3 488 3 478 3 528 3 634 3 741 3 848 3 954 4 081 4 152 4 231 4 252 4 266 4 290 4 295 4 251 4 195 4 087 3 911 3 750 3 655 3 689 3 768 3 824 3 715 3 524 3 534 3 548 3 542 3 595 3 718 3 794 3 955 4 053 4 059 4 143

4 096 4 102 4 140 4 365 4 318 4 481

1 920 1 687 1 647 1 701 1 780

2 159 2 371 2 386 2 334 2 364 2 831 3 180 3 010 3 049 3 187 3 299 3 477 3 624 3 703 3 781 3 882 3 978 4 000 4 014 4 060 4 064 4 005 3 968 3 908 3 731 3 586 3 507 3 510 3 588 3 619 3 813 3 586 3 481 3 481 3 486 3 573 3 645 3 783 3 909 4 024 3 993 3 999 4 006 3 797 3 916 3 836

46 763 46 001 45 932 46 927 47 441

50 698 51 173 51 681 52 425 52 981 53 463 53 603 54 367 55 165 55 969 57 157 58 511 60 130 61 436 62 796 64 158 65 515 66 904 68 268 69 709

5 270 4 451 3 788 3 482 3 509

4 679 4 844 4 925 5 240 5 520 5 701 5 663 5 977 6 127 6 379 6 861 7 511 8 061 8 429 8 600 8 950 9 237 9 477 9 693 9 873

71 138 72 419 73 644 74 872 76 219

10 023 10 116 10 136 10 140 10 108

83 030 84 144 85 247 86 256 87 151

9 320 9 367 9 326 9 216 9 074

77 195 78 523 79 565 80 553 81 619

87 811 88 606 89 879 90 790 91 555

93 875 95 181 96 439 98 272 99 476 100 835

9 746 9 498 9 195 8 931 8 743

8 835 8 611 8 706 8 804 8 899

9 101 9 368 9 627 9 878 10 125 10 181

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

9 798 9 926

8 290 8 379

6 441 6 568

5 093 5 226

10 804 10 889 10 965 11 076 11 149

9 164 9 322 9 499 9 675 9 832

6 960 7 032 7 109 7 179 7 259

6 380 6 505 6 602 6 683 6 785

10 963 10 709 10 855 11 020 11 067

10 034 10 049 10 164 10 632 10 718

10 514 10 440 10 207 10 165 10 144

11 230 11 286 11 389 11 476 11 466

10 000 10 112 10 162 10 274 10 402

7 373 7 483 7 610 7 740 7 873

10 810 10 721 10 762 10 746 10 834

11 052 11 129 11 167 11 202 11 315

8 590 8 711 8 895 8 990 9 140

10 182 10 224 10 495 10 944 11 309 11 750 12 227 12 911 13 641 14 262 14 899 15 528 16 108 16 598 17 193 17 833 18 427 18 787 19 143 19 596 19 864 20 498 20 781 20 937 21 080 21 117 20 977 20 792 20 569 20 361 20 079 19 775 19 478 19 094 18 565 19 106 19 056 19 037 19 347 19 358 19 446

65 years and over

11 427 11 294 11 161 11 040 10 890

10 874 11 010 11 260 11 665 12 046 12 400 12 758 13 410 14 067 14 719 15 265 15 858 16 475 17 008 17 590 18 529 19 213 19 585 20 037 20 443 20 800 21 222 21 669 21 857 21 969 21 683 21 643 21 523 21 463 21 255 21 177

8 472 8 551 8 655 8 878 9 018

10 512 10 598 10 705 10 819 10 935

11 298 11 243 11 144 11 045 10 944

6 664 6 737 6 798 6 798 6 885

7 990 8 099 8 218 8 336 8 464

9 286 9 444 9 616 9 758 9 907

5 357 5 503 5 670 6 119 6 241

6 901 7 006 7 386 7 526 7 574 7 649 7 723 7 809 7 897 7 990 8 093 8 208 8 330 8 426 8 641 8 852 9 053 9 297 9 509 9 746

10 861 10 797 10 726 10 689 10 724

10 042 10 151 10 215 10 261 10 285

9 979 10 170 10 371 10 573 10 788

12 238 12 554 13 271 13 944 14 545

9 778 9 780 9 776 9 773 9 810

12 049 12 254 12 496 12 717 12 918

10 844 10 986 11 215 11 625 11 981

15 111 15 674 16 276 16 773 17 335 18 365 18 987 19 379 19 784 20 160 20 585

10 392 10 336 10 267 10 193 10 092

9 856 9 997 10 282 10 649 11 008 11 583 11 972 12 641 13 305 13 894 14 502

11 084 11 347 11 632 11 859 12 134

13 130 13 327 13 469 13 613 13 779 14 037 14 155 14 233 14 496 14 684 14 944

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 23 Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

ALL RACES

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Women 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................

53 071 53 670

4 371 4 269

2 137 2 077

2 234 2 195

48 700 49 400

6 003 5 907

11 843 11 951

10 299 10 475

8 481 8 623

6 444 6 633

5 627 5 809

1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

57 574 58 228 58 951 59 690 60 534

4 342 4 414 4 529 4 693 4 966

2 215 2 244 2 303 2 437 2 656

2 127 2 170 2 226 2 256 2 311

53 232 53 814 54 421 54 997 55 570

5 328 5 301 5 320 5 394 5 487

12 181 12 089 11 960 11 776 11 576

11 544 11 678 11 821 11 949 12 058

9 479 9 690 9 925 10 157 10 371

7 349 7 484 7 618 7 744 7 875

7 348 7 570 7 774 7 974 8 200

12 405 12 285 12 152 11 996 11 819

11 216 11 379 11 551 11 715 11 871

8 737 8 908 9 092 9 278 9 466

9 783 9 992 10 220 10 441 10 667

10 558 10 742 10 940 11 118 11 303

12 673 13 030 13 300 13 658 14 021

1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................

54 270 54 895 55 529 56 305 56 925

61 582 62 484 63 321 64 494 65 637 66 731 67 795 68 968 70 179 71 436 72 782 74 274 76 290 77 804 79 312 80 860 82 390 83 840 85 334 86 843 88 348 89 618 90 748 91 684 92 778 93 736 94 789 95 853 96 756 97 630

4 181 4 140 4 155 4 191 4 271

5 224 5 401 5 502 5 874 6 245 6 612 6 934 6 943 7 015 7 167 7 373 7 591 7 805 7 985 8 168 8 285 8 370 8 400 8 386 8 347 8 283 8 121 7 884 7 616 7 349 7 231 7 221 7 271 7 224 7 080

2 033 2 057 2 113 2 119 2 162

2 768 2 720 2 739 3 139 3 471 3 448 3 436 3 475 3 566 3 681 3 796 3 895 3 994 4 076 4 142 4 168 4 176 4 193 4 189 4 139 4 083 3 981 3 804 3 635 3 542 3 543 3 618 3 677 3 569 3 361

1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................

98 787 99 646 100 535 101 506 102 460

7 173 6 939 6 818 6 859 6 993

3 359 3 353 3 366 3 415 3 528

2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

110 613 111 811 112 985 114 733 115 647 116 931

7 823 7 828 7 848 7 934 7 989 8 081

3 882 3 917 3 959 4 195 4 257 4 297

1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................

103 406 104 385 105 418 106 462 108 031

7 144 7 335 7 528 7 676 7 873

3 613 3 723 3 808 3 835 3 917

2 148 2 084 2 042 2 072 2 109

2 456 2 681 2 764 2 736 2 775 3 164 3 499 3 470 3 450 3 486 3 578 3 697 3 811 3 909 4 028 4 117 4 194 4 206 4 197 4 208 4 200 4 140 4 081 3 981 3 807 3 688 3 603 3 594 3 655 3 719 3 813 3 586 3 452 3 444 3 465 3 531 3 612 3 721 3 840 3 955 3 941 3 910 3 889 3 738 3 732 3 784

50 088 50 754 51 373 52 114 52 654

56 358 57 082 57 819 58 620 59 391 60 119 60 860 62 026 63 164 64 269 65 408 66 682 68 484 69 819 71 144

5 810 5 716 5 601 5 478 5 376

5 594 5 739 5 927 6 224 6 497 6 741 6 975 7 445 7 764 8 109 8 462 8 834 9 082 9 263 9 393

72 576 74 020 75 441 76 948 78 496

9 645 9 872 10 103 10 315 10 480

86 506 87 567 88 583 89 532 90 550

10 351 10 072 9 776 9 503 9 282

80 065 81 497 82 864 84 069 85 429

91 614 92 708 93 718 94 647 95 467

96 262 97 050 97 889 98 786 100 158 102 790 103 983 105 136 106 800 107 658 108 850

10 612 10 705 10 709 10 660 10 580

9 582 9 597 9 520 9 426 9 279 9 029 8 798 8 736 8 790 9 069

9 211 9 509 9 721 9 924 10 072 10 095

12 050 12 134 12 189 12 246 12 237

11 484 11 389 11 296 11 235 11 223 11 235 11 319 11 562 11 968 12 336 12 684 13 110 13 829 14 531 15 177 15 811 16 425 17 008 17 493 18 070 18 725 19 350 19 705 20 004 20 403 20 805 21 233 21 516 21 674 21 765 21 859 21 711 21 486 21 202 20 945 20 719 20 477 20 081 19 683 19 411 19 597 19 449 19 435 19 674 19 581 19 618

10 647 10 814 10 973 11 290 11 417

12 207 12 299 12 408 12 472 12 474

11 679 11 553 11 597 11 541 11 627 11 652 11 786 12 036 12 435 12 815 13 177 13 533 14 201 14 865 15 532 16 114 16 692 17 279 17 776 18 387 19 190 19 903 20 267 20 696 21 091 21 454 21 865 22 214 22 442 22 666 22 628 22 552 22 371 22 283 21 970 21 828

8 768 8 913 9 061 9 113 9 287

10 601 10 781 10 754 10 870 11 050

6 805 6 955 7 091 7 032 7 200

8 036 8 192 8 264 8 398 8 569

12 008 12 115 12 171 12 229 12 263

9 659 9 870 10 113 10 290 10 377

11 701 11 625 11 538 11 478 11 501

11 478 11 605 11 694 11 742 11 768

12 237 12 166 12 053 11 932 11 808

11 574 11 746 11 968 12 378 12 763 12 843 13 155 13 935 14 605 15 233 15 862 16 493 17 115 17 600 18 251 19 276 19 917 20 332 20 738 21 085 21 521

11 748 11 675 11 567 11 448 11 314 10 941 10 895 10 828 10 801 10 825 10 879 10 993 11 224 11 646 12 056 12 647 13 039 13 703 14 423 15 025 15 663

6 006 6 221 6 456 6 956 7 134

8 435 8 679 9 168 9 419 9 576

10 914 11 198 11 693 11 963 12 304

14 372 14 680 15 017 15 319 15 645 15 913 16 150 16 476 16 753 17 039 17 198 17 446 17 682 17 917 18 094 18 318 18 424 18 520 18 625 18 705 19 430 19 517 19 575 19 758 19 925 20 125

24 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

WHITE1

16 years and over

Both Sexes 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

97 705 98 880 99 976 101 119 102 392 103 803

1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................

113 284 114 566 116 100 117 948 119 913

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................

1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

Total

3 394 3 419 3 438 3 498 3 573 3 725

11 319 11 862 11 682 11 840 12 179

6 049 5 993 6 051 6 225 6 418

5 271 5 870 5 632 5 616 5 761

122 174 124 758 127 906 130 097 132 417

12 521 12 937 13 301 13 533 13 784

153 679 155 432 156 958 158 194 159 338 160 625 161 759 162 972 164 289 165 555 166 914 168 317 169 993 171 478 173 085 176 220 178 111 179 783 181 292 182 643 184 446

18 to 19 years

3 786 3 874 3 908 4 007 4 271 4 707

8 924 9 211 9 343 9 978 10 616

146 122 147 908 149 441 150 805 152 347

16 to 17 years

7 180 7 292 7 346 7 505 7 843 8 430

105 282 106 604 107 715 109 705 111 534

134 790 137 106 139 380 141 612 143 894

16 to 19 years

13 941 14 055 14 095 14 060 13 994 13 854 13 516 13 076 12 623 12 147 11 900 11 879 11 939 11 838 11 530 11 630 11 200 11 004 11 078 11 264 11 468 11 822 12 181 12 439 12 700 12 535 12 556 12 596 12 527 12 599 12 690

4 909 4 785 4 818 5 549 6 137

6 591 6 750 6 910 7 021 7 114 7 132 7 125 7 150 7 132 7 029 6 912 6 704 6 383 6 089 5 918 5 922 6 036 6 110 5 893 5 506 5 464 5 451 5 478 5 562 5 710 5 822 6 026 6 213 6 264 6 342 6 264 6 291 6 346 6 629 6 561 6 768

Total

90 524 91 586 92 629 93 612 94 547 95 370

20 to 24 years

12 993 13 169 13 341 13 518 13 681 13 858

12 438 12 785 13 105 13 383 13 645 13 951

10 935 11 094 11 797 12 184 12 677

18 882 18 989 19 464 20 245 20 892

21 258 21 005 20 745 20 474 20 156

19 604 19 822 20 067 20 310 20 546

15 215 15 469 15 745 16 018 16 305

16 070 16 322 16 602 16 875 17 156

109 652 111 821 114 603 116 563 118 632

13 359 14 208 14 897 15 264 15 502

5 978 5 843 5 829 5 945 6 023 6 166 5 749 5 526 5 516 5 554 5 646 5 796 5 968 6 176 6 358 6 271 6 265 6 250 5 898 6 038 5 921

132 268 134 392 136 366 138 183 140 200 141 780 143 553 145 020 146 357 147 809 148 996 150 558 151 968 153 210 154 291 155 446 156 495 157 812 159 039 160 385 163 685 165 556 167 187 168 765 170 045 171 757

65 years and over

16 569 16 869 17 198 17 562 17 924 18 257

5 931 6 189 6 392 6 512 6 671

6 943 6 813 6 693 6 534 6 228

55 to 64 years

19 915 20 110 20 314 20 514 20 734 20 893

8 927 9 203 9 484 10 069 10 568

120 849 123 050 125 285 127 552 129 900

45 to 54 years

20 818 20 742 20 564 20 342 20 063 19 715

96 355 97 390 98 371 99 725 100 916

6 808 6 930 6 944 6 928 6 964

35 to 44 years

7 794 7 912 8 106 8 293 8 498 8 697

4 016 4 427 4 526 4 430 4 481

101 963 102 702 104 417 106 107 107 733

25 to 34 years

20 years and over

15 980 16 368 16 728 17 038 17 284 17 484 17 609 17 579 17 492 17 304 16 853 16 353 15 808 15 276 14 879 15 538 15 516 15 354 15 087 14 708 14 313 13 907 13 983 14 138 14 394 14 552 15 001 15 360 15 536 15 817 15 871

19 470 19 289 18 974 18 867 18 838

21 546 22 295 23 555 24 685 25 711 26 746 27 757 28 703 29 453 30 371 31 407 32 367 32 863 33 286 33 889 34 450 35 293 35 667 35 876 35 951 35 661 35 342 34 885 34 365 33 865 33 355 32 852 32 091 31 286 30 516 30 948 30 770 30 676 30 789 30 585 30 592

21 049 21 169 21 293 21 398 21 375

19 929 19 694 19 673 19 532 19 628 19 641 19 827 20 231 20 932 21 579 22 174 22 778 23 910 25 027 26 124 27 100 28 062 29 036 29 818 30 774 31 739 32 854 33 305 33 919 34 582 35 222 35 810 36 325 36 610 36 755 36 261 36 113 35 750 35 352 34 845 34 554

18 578 18 845 18 872 19 082 19 360

20 760 20 907 20 950 20 991 21 061 20 981 20 816 20 575 20 322 20 058 19 837 19 666 19 478 19 349 19 348 19 405 19 587 19 965 20 652 21 287 21 535 22 052 23 364 24 456 25 435 26 418 27 403 28 388 29 132 30 048 31 550 32 475 33 012 33 466 34 005 34 649

14 070 14 304 14 450 14 681 14 957

16 591 16 884 17 250 17 484 17 645 17 918 18 220 18 540 18 799 19 071 19 316 19 485 19 591 19 625 19 629 19 620 19 477 19 242 18 996 18 743 18 204 18 074 17 951 17 892 17 924 17 986 18 136 18 511 19 231 19 855 20 757 21 434 22 540 23 589 24 549 25 534

14 260 14 581 15 297 15 629 15 816

17 469 17 833 18 278 18 607 19 085 19 587 20 064 20 508 21 007 21 538 22 050 22 487 22 945 23 403 23 906 24 352 24 780 25 301 25 739 26 175 26 319 26 721 27 108 27 493 27 776 28 153 28 387 28 514 28 642 28 818 29 617 29 762 29 849 30 033 30 245 30 556

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group identified as their main race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 25 Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

WHITE1

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Men 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

46 462 47 076 47 602 48 119 48 745 49 408

3 455 3 507 3 500 3 556 3 747 4 079

1 902 1 945 1 955 2 000 2 140 2 370

1 553 1 563 1 546 1 557 1 607 1 710

43 007 43 569 44 102 44 563 44 998 45 329

3 074 3 241 3 464 3 638 3 783 3 903

9 948 9 936 9 851 9 758 9 656 9 499

9 688 9 768 9 848 9 917 10 018 10 081

8 172 8 303 8 446 8 605 8 765 8 909

6 341 6 398 6 455 6 518 6 574 6 639

5 787 5 923 6 038 6 127 6 203 6 298

1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................

53 681 54 061 54 608 55 434 56 348

5 541 5 820 5 671 5 787 6 005

3 050 3 023 3 058 3 153 3 246

2 492 2 798 2 613 2 635 2 759

48 140 48 241 48 937 49 647 50 343

5 017 4 974 5 257 5 376 5 589

9 056 9 085 9 339 9 752 10 074

10 262 10 136 10 013 9 902 9 760

9 516 9 592 9 688 9 790 9 895

7 261 7 362 7 474 7 585 7 705

7 028 7 092 7 167 7 242 7 320

7 766 7 987 8 175 8 335 8 470

13 131 13 655 14 139 14 528 15 008

9 578 9 674 9 880 10 236 10 563

10 134 10 063 9 957 9 845 9 730

8 413 8 556 8 708 8 826 8 949

17 042 17 564 17 754 17 867 17 908

13 337 13 840 14 338 14 743 15 237

9 488 9 578 9 771 10 114 10 434

9 262 9 201 9 101 9 001 8 900

10 010 10 229 10 481 10 688 10 897

17 567 17 868 18 163 18 310 18 340

13 028 13 518 14 030 14 400 14 834

8 653 8 734 8 929 9 286 9 581

11 815 11 968 12 067 12 155 12 283

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................

1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

50 065 50 608 51 054 52 031 52 869

57 516 58 900 60 473 61 577 62 791 63 981 65 132 66 301 67 401 68 547 69 634 70 480 71 211 71 922 72 723 73 373 74 390 75 189 75 855 76 468 77 369 77 977 78 651 79 371 80 059 80 733 81 489 82 577 83 352 83 930 85 370 86 452 87 361 88 249 89 044 90 027

4 349 4 479 4 520 4 827 5 148

6 179 6 420 6 627 6 737 6 851 6 929 6 993 7 024 7 022 7 007 6 941 6 764 6 556 6 340 6 113 5 987 5 977 6 015 5 968 5 813 5 913 5 704 5 611 5 650 5 748 5 854 6 035 6 257 6 386 6 498 6 404 6 422 6 439 6 390 6 429 6 471

2 476 2 407 2 426 2 792 3 090

3 329 3 412 3 503 3 555 3 604 3 609 3 609 3 625 3 619 3 568 3 508 3 401 3 249 3 098 3 019 3 026 3 084 3 125 3 015 2 817 2 809 2 805 2 819 2 862 2 938 2 995 3 099 3 209 3 233 3 266 3 224 3 229 3 251 3 378 3 301 3 464

1 874 2 073 2 094 2 036 2 059

2 851 3 008 3 125 3 182 3 247 3 320 3 384 3 399 3 404 3 439 3 433 3 363 3 307 3 242 3 094 2 961 2 894 2 890 2 953 2 996 3 103 2 899 2 792 2 788 2 810 2 859 2 936 3 048 3 153 3 232 3 181 3 194 3 189 3 012 3 129 3 006

45 716 46 129 46 534 47 204 47 721

51 336 52 481 53 845 54 842 55 942 57 052 58 138 59 278 60 378 61 540 62 694 63 715 64 655 65 581 66 610 67 386 68 413 69 175 69 887 70 654 71 457 72 274 73 040 73 721 74 311 74 879 75 454 76 320 76 966 77 432 78 966 80 029 80 922 81 860 82 615 83 556

4 054 4 204 4 306 4 610 4 862

5 988 6 546 7 042 7 312 7 476

8 581 8 644 8 621 8 597 8 522 8 246 8 002 7 729 7 473 7 279 7 764 7 748 7 676 7 545 7 357 7 163 6 971 7 087 7 170 7 244 7 329 7 564 7 750 7 856 8 024 8 057

9 373 9 290 9 080 9 039 9 024

10 441 10 841 11 495 12 075 12 599

15 529 16 005 16 260 16 499 16 816

17 766 17 615 17 403 17 158 16 915 16 653 16 395 16 043 15 644 15 150 15 528 15 486 15 470 15 569 15 486 15 507

10 131 10 178 10 239 10 309 10 301

9 042 9 148 9 191 9 297 9 417

9 678 9 578 9 568 9 514 9 564

9 999 10 066 10 078 10 099 10 165

10 863 11 171 11 756 12 314 12 853

9 636 9 560 9 463 9 408 9 434

15 770 16 340 16 579 16 900 17 247

18 003 17 960 17 792 17 620 17 404 17 286

10 598 10 856 11 513 12 058 12 545

15 578 16 047 16 317 16 555 16 834 17 169

6 721 6 819 6 917 7 031 7 153

7 822 7 933 8 089 8 178 8 288

9 059 9 139 9 188 9 208 9 217

8 680 8 640 8 602 8 590 8 618

10 028 10 369 10 918 11 442 11 922 12 415

6 395 6 490 6 801 6 919 6 963

7 409 7 517 7 573 7 664 7 849 8 031 8 203 8 420 8 608 8 820 9 027 9 195 9 367 9 556 9 768

10 879 11 074 11 268 11 470 11 629

12 501 12 604 12 676 12 818 12 946 13 123

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group identified as their main race.

26 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

WHITE1

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Women 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

51 242 51 802 52 373 52 998 53 645 54 392

3 725 3 785 3 846 3 949 4 096 4 351

1 884 1 929 1 953 2 007 2 131 2 337

1 841 1 856 1 892 1 941 1 966 2 015

47 517 48 017 48 527 49 049 49 549 50 041

4 720 4 671 4 642 4 655 4 715 4 794

10 870 10 806 10 713 10 584 10 407 10 216

10 227 10 342 10 466 10 597 10 716 10 812

8 397 8 566 8 752 8 957 9 159 9 348

6 652 6 771 6 886 7 000 7 107 7 219

6 651 6 862 7 067 7 256 7 442 7 653

1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................

59 601 60 503 61 491 62 512 63 563

5 778 6 042 6 011 6 053 6 174

2 999 2 970 2 993 3 072 3 172

2 779 3 072 3 019 2 981 3 002

53 823 54 461 55 480 56 460 57 390

5 918 6 120 6 540 6 809 7 089

9 826 9 904 10 125 10 493 10 818

10 996 10 869 10 732 10 572 10 396

10 088 10 230 10 379 10 520 10 651

7 954 8 107 8 271 8 433 8 600

9 042 9 230 9 435 9 633 9 836

10 063 10 153 10 351 10 696 11 017

10 847 10 752 10 618 10 476 10 327

9 505 9 664 9 832 9 974 10 122

9 917 10 009 10 194 10 537 10 853

10 358 10 277 10 141 9 994 9 843

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................

1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

55 214 55 993 56 660 57 672 58 663

64 656 65 857 67 431 68 517 69 623 70 810 71 974 73 077 74 213 75 347 76 489 77 428 78 230 78 884 79 624 80 306 81 042 81 769 82 340 82 871 83 256 83 781 84 321 84 918 85 496 86 181 86 828 87 417 88 126 89 156 90 850 91 660 92 422 93 043 93 599 94 419

4 575 4 732 4 823 5 151 5 468

6 342 6 518 6 673 6 796 6 933 7 011 7 062 7 071 7 038 6 987 6 914 6 752 6 519 6 282 6 034 5 912 5 902 5 924 5 869 5 716 5 717 5 497 5 393 5 428 5 516 5 614 5 787 5 924 6 053 6 202 6 131 6 134 6 157 6 137 6 169 6 219

2 433 2 378 2 392 2 757 3 047

3 262 3 338 3 407 3 466 3 510 3 523 3 516 3 525 3 513 3 460 3 403 3 303 3 134 2 991 2 899 2 895 2 953 2 985 2 878 2 690 2 654 2 646 2 659 2 700 2 772 2 827 2 927 3 004 3 031 3 076 3 041 3 062 3 096 3 251 3 260 3 304

2 142 2 354 2 432 2 394 2 422

3 080 3 180 3 267 3 331 3 424 3 488 3 546 3 545 3 524 3 527 3 511 3 449 3 385 3 292 3 135 3 017 2 949 2 939 2 991 3 027 3 063 2 850 2 734 2 728 2 744 2 787 2 860 2 920 3 023 3 127 3 090 3 071 3 061 2 886 2 909 2 915

50 639 51 261 51 837 52 521 53 195

58 315 59 340 60 758 61 721 62 690 63 798 64 912 66 007 67 174 68 360 69 575 70 677 71 711 72 601 73 590 74 394 75 140 75 845 76 470 77 154 77 539 78 285 78 928 79 490 79 980 80 567 81 041 81 492 82 073 82 953 84 718 85 526 86 266 86 905 87 430 88 200

4 873 4 999 5 178 5 459 5 706

7 370 7 662 7 855 7 951 8 026 8 214 8 381 8 553 8 704 8 815 8 904 8 965 8 959 8 895 8 782 8 607 8 351 8 079 7 804 7 600 7 774 7 768 7 678 7 542 7 351 7 150 6 936 6 896 6 969 7 150 7 223 7 438 7 611 7 680 7 794 7 814

10 097 9 999 9 894 9 828 9 814

11 105 11 454 12 060 12 610 13 112 13 615 14 102 14 564 14 926 15 363 15 878 16 362 16 603 16 788 17 073 17 409 17 728 17 913 18 009 18 043 17 895 17 726 17 482 17 206 16 950 16 702 16 457 16 047 15 642 15 366 15 420 15 284 15 207 15 220 15 099 15 086

10 918 10 991 11 054 11 089 11 074

10 251 10 117 10 105 10 018 10 064

11 313 11 606 12 154 12 714 13 271 13 762 14 223 14 698 15 074 15 537 15 969 16 514 16 727 17 019 17 335 17 654 17 943 18 162 18 300 18 415 18 258 18 153 17 958 17 731 17 441 17 268

9 536 9 697 9 681 9 785 9 943

10 761 10 841 10 872 10 891 10 896

10 201 10 106 10 015 9 941 9 914

10 937 11 196 11 851 12 398 12 890 13 390 13 884 14 357 14 732 15 214 15 972 16 428 16 695 16 911 17 170 17 480

7 349 7 485 7 533 7 650 7 804

7 865 8 091 8 496 8 710 8 853

8 769 8 951 9 161 9 306 9 356

10 060 10 315 10 705 10 943 11 236

10 256 10 346 10 402 10 418 10 412

13 022 13 292 13 579 13 847 14 138

9 524 9 435 9 350 9 302 9 306

9 333 9 402 9 582 9 944 10 274 10 729 11 065 11 622 12 147 12 627 13 119

11 556 11 860 12 088 12 399 12 717

14 342 14 551 14 820 15 052 15 278 15 440 15 647 15 841 16 023 16 148 16 337 16 419 16 447 16 486 16 536 17 116 17 158 17 173 17 216 17 299 17 433

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group identified as their main race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 27 Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

BLACK1

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Both Sexes 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

14 526 14 917 15 329

2 018 2 095 2 137

1 061 1 095 1 122

956 1 000 1 014

12 508 12 823 13 192

2 027 2 132 2 137

2 809 2 957 3 103

2 329 2 333 2 382

2 139 2 156 2 202

1 601 1 616 1 679

1 605 1 628 1 689

1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

17 824 18 219 18 584 18 925 19 348

2 289 2 288 2 252 2 225 2 161

1 171 1 161 1 119 1 092 1 056

1 119 1 127 1 134 1 133 1 105

15 535 15 931 16 332 16 700 17 187

2 606 2 642 2 697 2 734 2 783

4 095 4 290 4 438 4 607 4 789

2 687 2 758 2 887 2 999 3 167

2 249 2 260 2 263 2 260 2 288

1 870 1 913 1 935 1 964 1 977

2 030 2 069 2 113 2 135 2 183

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................ Men 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................

15 751 16 196 16 605 16 970 17 397

19 664 19 989 20 352 20 692 21 021 21 477 21 799 22 147 22 521 22 879 23 246 23 604 24 003 24 373 24 855 24 902 25 138 25 578 25 686 26 065 26 517 6 538 6 704 6 875 7 060 7 265 7 431 7 577 7 761 7 944 8 117 8 283 8 447 8 654 8 790 8 956 9 128 9 289 9 439

1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................

9 573 9 725 9 896 10 083 10 258

2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

11 129 11 172 11 391 11 454 11 656 11 882

1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................

10 411 10 575 10 763 10 927 11 143

2 191 2 264 2 273 2 270 2 276

2 160 2 137 2 163 2 179 2 176 2 238 2 187 2 155 2 181 2 211 2 284 2 356 2 412 2 443 2 479 2 389 2 388 2 416 2 382 2 423 2 481 978 1 007 1 027 1 051 1 099 1 102 1 093 1 100 1 110 1 110 1 097 1 087 1 055 1 059 1 049 1 065 1 074 1 075 1 094 1 072 1 056 1 075 1 087 1 131 1 161 1 188 1 201 1 218 1 178 1 179 1 195 1 176 1 195 1 223

1 146 1 165 1 175 1 169 1 167

1 083 1 090 1 123 1 130 1 116 1 101 1 085 1 086 1 113 1 168 1 198 1 238 1 255 1 241 1 250 1 205 1 212 1 235 1 309 1 350 1 341 525 539 554 565 579 586 579 581 583 577 556 542 524 543 548 566 569 575 555 546 544 559 586 601 623 634 623 628 605 606 615 661 680 682

1 046 1 098 1 097 1 101 1 109

1 077 1 048 1 040 1 049 1 060 1 138 1 102 1 069 1 069 1 044 1 086 1 118 1 158 1 202 1 229 1 183 1 176 1 181 1 074 1 072 1 140 453 468 471 486 518 516 514 519 526 534 542 545 531 517 503 499 505 501 540 526 512 516 501 530 538 553 578 589 572 573 580 515 516 541

13 560 13 932 14 332 14 701 15 121

17 504 17 852 18 189 18 513 18 846 19 239 19 612 19 992 20 339 20 668 20 962 21 248 21 591 21 930 22 376 22 513 22 750 23 162 23 304 23 643 24 036 5 559 5 697 5 848

2 228 2 303 2 400 2 483 2 556

2 649 2 625 2 578 2 527 2 479 2 554 2 585 2 615 2 600 2 616 2 554 2 519 2 515 2 546 2 615 2 611 2 686 2 779 2 773 2 821 2 835

5 089 5 003 5 015 4 978 5 020 5 075

5 178 5 290 5 410 5 510 5 609 5 488 5 467 5 460 5 387 5 335 5 311

2 618 2 682 2 809 2 941 3 084 3 244 3 408 3 571 3 735 3 919 4 168 4 343 4 513 4 628 4 739 4 869

1 171 1 189 1 225 1 254 1 292

1 828 1 914 1 983 2 068 2 164

1 191 1 224 1 282 1 333 1 411

999 1 003 1 003 1 000 1 012

1 968 2 060 2 150 2 228 2 300

1 183 1 211 1 268 1 330 1 392

1 202 1 195 1 173 1 151 1 128

9 952 9 993 10 196 10 278 10 461 10 659

5 337 5 311 5 279 5 221 5 197

4 328 4 538 4 722 4 886 5 038

2 372 2 413 2 460 2 524 2 587

1 026 1 027 1 055

7 731 7 907 8 063 8 215 8 364

9 280 9 414 9 575 9 727 9 926

5 407 5 419 5 404 5 409 5 362

3 290 3 410 3 563 3 716 3 900

2 211 2 220 2 225 2 226 2 240

1 251 1 327 1 381

1 002 1 036 1 080 1 120 1 151

8 479 8 652 8 840 9 008 9 171

4 873 5 026 5 139 5 234 5 308

2 395 2 435 2 493 2 547 2 615

921 979 956

6 009 6 167 6 329 6 484 6 661 6 834 7 007 7 186 7 360 7 599

3 258 3 412 3 566 3 717 3 899

1 144 1 168 1 194 1 181 1 207 1 161 1 154 1 153 1 166 1 197

1 195 1 224 1 281 1 291 1 326 1 341

1 452 1 521 1 589 1 657 1 738

2 180 2 264 2 320 2 367 2 403 2 412 2 417 2 409 2 425 2 399 2 388 2 373 2 363 2 335 2 321

2 277 2 212 2 223 2 210 2 242 2 277

1 060 1 077 1 102 1 128 1 159

1 462 1 517 1 587 1 656 1 741

2 362 2 413 2 471 2 520 2 566

2 471 2 440 2 437 2 401 2 382 2 372

963 962 997 997 999 998 995 998

1 060 1 072 1 092 1 121 1 145

1 462 1 534 1 607 1 682 1 765

1 889 1 960 2 042 2 094 2 150 2 202

1 717 1 736 1 765 1 794 1 831

2 060 2 079 2 097 2 110 2 118 1 970 1 985 1 996 2 016 2 045 2 079 2 110 2 164 2 224 2 295 2 407 2 478 2 571 2 692 2 827 2 980 720 718 753 769 774 786 794 809 825 844 848 857 858 924 934 944 951 956 855 864 868 874 889 901 914 936 956 986

1 067 1 096 1 137 1 189 1 250 1 319

1 755 1 826 1 883 1 932 1 980

2 259 2 298 2 352 2 402 2 454 2 362 2 403 2 446 2 487 2 524 2 571 2 609 2 653 2 695 2 741 2 750 2 775 2 823 2 846 2 899 2 967 679 684 707 730 756 774 789 804 822 835 846 847 861 902 924 947 970 989 917 933 951 969 985

1 006 1 025 1 045 1 068 1 091

1 053 1 060 1 075 1 093 1 111 1 148

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group identified as their main race.

28 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

BLACK1

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

Women 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

7 988 8 214 8 454

1 040 1 088 1 110

536 556 567

503 532 542

6 948 7 126 7 344

1 106 1 153 1 181

1 558 1 631 1 723

1 302 1 306 1 327

1 176 1 194 1 206

1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

9 880 10 102 10 300 10 477 10 694

1 180 1 178 1 155 1 138 1 106

587 584 563 550 532

593 593 592 588 574

8 700 8 924 9 146 9 340 9 588

1 435 1 453 1 472 1 480 1 491

2 267 2 376 2 455 2 539 2 625

1 496 1 534 1 605 1 666 1 756

1 250 1 257 1 260 1 260 1 276

1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................

11 904 12 074 12 251 12 438 12 621

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................

1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................ HISPANIC2

8 691 8 931 9 174 9 394 9 636

10 873 11 033 11 224 11 402 11 582

12 835 13 029 13 241 13 446 13 711 13 772 13 966 14 187 14 232 14 409 14 635

Both Sexes 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

6 104 6 564

1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

9 598 10 120 10 580 11 029 11 478

1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................

15 904 16 425 16 961 17 532 18 117

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................

1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................ 1Beginning

1 141 1 165 1 171 1 177 1 176

1 101 1 088 1 098 1 105 1 100 1 144 1 115 1 099 1 106 1 125 1 153 1 195 1 225 1 243 1 261 1 211 1 209 1 221 1 206 1 227 1 258 867 926

581 585 590 589 586

540 542 557 561 541 546 539 542 554 582 597 615 620 618 621 600 606 620 648 670 659 ... ...

560 580 581 588 589

560 545 541 544 559

9 773 9 945 10 126 10 298 10 482

556 580 604 624 640

11 682 11 833 12 016 12 203 12 451

598 576 557 552 543

611 603 601 558 557 598

643 660 668 670 667

8 317 8 819 9 273 9 725 10 178

915 913 901 901 916

14 167 14 693 15 224 15 776 16 300

... 494 513 561 544

... 480 508 515 551

11 915 12 344 12 867 13 325 13 791

1 298 1 302 1 332 1 354 1 399

638 658 651 662 672

661 644 681 692 727

18 629 19 213 20 321 21 070 21 650 23 938 24 942 25 963 27 551 28 109 29 133

1 737 1 732 1 737 1 756 1 818 1 872 1 948 2 121 2 204 2 307 2 523 2 508 2 507 2 543 2 608 2 689

821 819 836 855 902

903 962 1 088 1 070 1 113 1 214 1 173 1 216 1 346 1 337 1 415

12 561 12 758 12 966 13 026 13 182 13 377 5 238 5 645

962 953 1 024 1 076 1 095

638 641 639 635 633

10 760 10 959 11 152 11 332 11 496

... ...

6 862 6 910 7 362 7 912 8 207

1 281 1 301 1 307 1 304 1 300

7 550 7 765 8 003 8 217 8 460

969 986 1 033 1 135 1 194 1 309 1 334 1 291 1 197 1 270 1 274

1 226 1 266 1 320 1 363 1 405

1 447 1 430 1 405 1 376 1 351 1 410 1 417 1 421 1 419 1 410 1 392 1 364 1 362 1 380 1 418 1 416 1 462 1 498 1 482 1 495 1 494 ... ...

1 806 1 890 1 978 2 061 2 160

2 693 2 762 2 819 2 867 2 905 2 995 3 003 2 995 2 983 2 963 2 948 2 938 2 916 2 886 2 876 2 812 2 790 2 792 2 768 2 778 2 797 ... ...

1 334 1 357 1 390 1 419 1 455

1 828 1 893 1 976 2 060 2 159 2 360 2 478 2 573 2 659 2 738 2 816 2 877 2 939 2 991 3 043 3 017 3 026 3 023 2 986 2 954 2 939 ... ...

55 to 64 years

881 898 926

65 years and over

925 944 981

1 213 1 220 1 228 1 231 1 242

948 962 979 999 1 022

1 025 1 070 1 108 1 143 1 176

1 312 1 341 1 368 1 403 1 441

1 136 1 145 1 153 1 159 1 162

1 357 1 374 1 405 1 432 1 464

1 435 1 471 1 542 1 611 1 692 1 782 1 874 1 964 2 053 2 153 2 279 2 383 2 471 2 534 2 590 2 666 ... ...

1 045 1 069 1 087 1 107 1 119

1 114 1 121 1 127 1 142 1 156 1 178 1 196 1 228 1 268 1 310 1 340 1 382 1 434 1 504 1 577 1 661 ... ...

1 208 1 234 1 267 1 288 1 322

1 446 1 470 1 495 1 518 1 538 1 565 1 584 1 608 1 626 1 650 1 697 1 714 1 747 1 753 1 789 1 819 ... ...

5 900 6 075 6 376 6 836 7 113

... 1 053 1 163 1 265 1 296

... 1 775 1 869 2 004 2 117

... 1 261 1 283 1 378 1 458

... 936 989 1 033 1 015

... 570 587 627 659

... 479 485 529 566

10 617 11 042 11 536 11 970 12 392

1 864 1 899 1 910 1 948 1 950

3 401 3 510 3 714 3 807 3 953

2 117 2 239 2 464 2 565 2 658

1 377 1 496 1 492 1 571 1 649

1 015 1 023 1 061 1 159 1 182

843 875 895 920 1 001

2 294 2 275 2 581 2 775 2 868

1 483 1 546 1 580 1 615 1 713

1 437 1 512 1 558 1 662 1 718

16 757 17 265 18 200 18 865 19 344 21 415 22 435 23 456 25 008 25 502 26 444

1 564 1 650 1 724 1 790 1 839

2 428 2 481 2 444 2 487 2 518 2 528 2 524 2 623 2 731 2 700 3 255 3 417 3 508 3 533 3 666 3 647

2 508 2 698 2 871 3 045 3 224

4 589 4 674 4 806 4 887 5 000 5 050 5 181 5 405 5 447 5 512 6 466 6 726 7 010 7 506 7 470 7 684

1 575 1 680 1 779 1 883 1 996

3 001 3 243 3 458 3 632 3 756 3 965 4 227 4 453 4 636 4 833 5 189 5 346 5 606 6 003 6 055 6 293

1 190 1 231 1 264 1 298 1 336

1 817 1 879 1 980 2 094 2 223

3 061 3 339 3 494 3 845 3 987 4 217

782 832 880 928 973

1 247 1 283 1 321 1 324 1 401

1 736 1 816 1 953 2 093 2 208 2 361

698 728 755 781 810

1 084 1 134 1 216 1 353 1 401

1 708 1 792 1 885 2 027 2 115 2 242

in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group identified as their main race. be of any race. . . . = Not available. 2May

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 29 Table 1-6. Civilian Noninstitutional Population, by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

HISPANIC2

16 years and over

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

Total

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Men 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

2 891 3 130

... ...

... ...

... ...

2 472 2 680

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

4 689 4 968 5 203 5 432 5 661

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

4 036 4 306 4 539 4 771 5 005

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................

3 219 3 241 3 483 3 750 3 917

5 885 6 106 6 371 6 604 6 825 8 041 8 296 8 553 8 824 9 104

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... 454

1 333 1 310 1 293 1 301 1 336 1 376

640 619 615 674 664 730

954 992 1 119 1 161 1 190

Women 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

3 213 3 434

... ...

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

2May be of any race. . . . = Not available.

3 644 3 669 3 879 4 159 4 291 4 909 5 151 5 377 5 597 5 816 6 029 6 238 6 496 6 721 6 965 7 863 8 130 8 408 8 708 9 014

9 300 9 610 9 953 10 335 10 937 11 764 12 247 12 742 13 452 13 692 14 172

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... 472

9 329 9 604 10 368 10 734 10 713 12 174 12 695 13 221 14 098 14 417 14 962

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... 926

1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

481 485 585 586 571

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... 1 346

... ... ... ... 2 627

... ... ... ... 1 871

... ... ... ... 1 076

... ... ... ... 644

... ... ... ... 614

693 690 678 627 672 646

10 841 11 386 11 928 12 797 13 082 13 586

1 784 1 846 1 890 1 905 1 981 1 956

3 380 3 529 3 727 4 033 4 024 4 155

2 626 2 765 2 875 3 098 3 147 3 284

1 527 1 650 1 716 1 910 1 990 2 114

799 848 902 989 1 046 1 123

725 749 817 862 894 953

... ... ... ... ...

3 161 3 263 3 377 3 608 3 751

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

473 507 534 575 619

... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... 430

... ... ... ... 462

1 190 1 198 1 214 1 242 1 272 1 313

574 554 601 672 674 685

616 644 613 570 598 628

422 477 503 483 542

5 232 5 451 5 700 5 921 6 114

... ... ... ... ...

7 126 7 392 7 655 7 930 8 178

... ... ... ... 892

918 956 1 003 1 044 1 116

2 741 2 764 2 982 3 228 3 362

496 479 500 560 575

8 375 8 611 9 250 9 573 9 523

2 766 2 959

4 281 4 513 4 734 4 954 5 173 5 385 5 591 5 835 6 050 6 278

1 337 1 321 1 439 1 462 1 398

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

2 657 2 692 2 872 2 907 2 805

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 966 2 144 2 275 2 377 2 407

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1 127 1 111 1 266 1 342 1 397

... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

668 712 747 771 767

... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

619 630 651 714 749

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

7 041 7 301 7 569 7 846 8 122

... ... ... ... 1 173

... ... ... ... 2 373

... ... ... ... 1 885

... ... ... ... 1 147

... ... ... ... 757

... ... ... ... 787

10 574 11 049 11 528 12 211 12 420 12 858

1 471 1 571 1 617 1 628 1 685 1 692

3 086 3 198 3 283 3 473 3 447 3 529

2 564 2 581 2 732 2 905 2 908 3 009

1 534 1 689 1 777 1 935 1 997 2 103

937 968 1 051 1 105 1 162 1 237

982 1 043 1 068 1 166 1 221 1 289

8 382 8 654 8 950 9 292 9 821

1 191 1 203 1 184 1 269 1 302

2 393 2 489 2 533 2 539 2 707

1 999 2 082 2 178 2 259 2 425

1 167 1 164 1 315 1 433 1 470

815 834 833 844 947

818 882 907 948 969

30 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

ALL RACES

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Both Sexes 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................

60 621 61 286

4 435 4 288

1 780 1 704

2 654 2 583

56 187 57 000

7 392 7 340

14 258 14 415

13 397 13 711

10 914 11 107

7 329 7 426

2 897 3 010

1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

65 023 66 552 66 929 67 639 68 369

4 092 4 296 4 275 4 260 4 492

1 711 1 878 1 843 1 818 1 971

2 382 2 418 2 433 2 442 2 522

60 931 62 257 62 653 63 377 63 876

5 666 5 940 6 071 6 272 6 413

15 058 14 961 14 826 14 668 14 435

15 400 15 694 15 847 16 028 16 127

12 992 13 407 13 768 14 179 14 518

8 513 8 830 8 853 9 031 9 227

3 305 3 423 3 290 3 199 3 158

1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

62 208 62 017 62 138 63 015 63 643

69 628 70 459 70 614 71 833 73 091 74 455 75 770 77 347 78 737 80 734 82 771 84 382 87 034 89 429 91 949

4 216 4 103 4 064 4 027 3 976

4 841 4 936 4 916 5 139 5 388 5 910 6 558 6 521 6 619 6 970 7 249 7 470 8 054 8 507 8 871

1 659 1 743 1 806 1 727 1 643

2 095 1 984 1 919 2 171 2 449 2 486 2 664 2 734 2 817 3 009 3 135 3 192 3 420 3 665 3 810

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................

93 775 96 158 99 009 102 251 104 962

8 870 9 056 9 351 9 652 9 638

3 740 3 767 3 919 4 127 4 079

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................

115 461 117 834 119 865 121 669 123 869

7 901 7 926 7 988 8 031 7 954

3 154 3 287 3 384 3 286 3 125

1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

106 940 108 670 110 204 111 550 113 544

125 840 126 346 128 105 129 200 131 056 132 304 133 943 136 297 137 673 139 368 142 583 143 734 144 863 146 510 147 401 149 320

9 378 8 988 8 526 8 171 7 943

7 792 7 265 7 096 7 170 7 481 7 765 7 806 7 932 8 256 8 333 8 271 7 902 7 585 7 170 7 114 7 164

3 883 3 647 3 336 3 073 3 050

2 937 2 789 2 769 2 831 3 134 3 225 3 263 3 237 3 335 3 337 3 261 3 088 2 870 2 857 2 747 2 825

2 557 2 360 2 257 2 299 2 300

2 747 2 951 2 997 2 966 2 940 3 425 3 893 3 786 3 803 3 959 4 115 4 278 4 636 4 839 5 059

57 994 57 914 58 075 58 989 59 666

64 788 65 524 65 699 66 695 67 702 68 543 69 219 70 825 72 118 73 763

7 307 6 594 5 840 5 481 5 475

6 702 6 950 7 082 7 473 7 963 8 259 8 410 9 010 9 305 9 879

75 521 76 913 78 980 80 924 83 080

10 597 11 331 12 130 12 846 13 314

5 496 5 340 5 189 5 098 4 894

97 561 99 682 101 679 103 379 105 601

15 922 16 099 16 082 16 052 16 046

4 856 4 476 4 327 4 338 4 347

118 047 119 082 121 009 122 030 123 576

5 131 5 288 5 431 5 526 5 559

4 747 4 639 4 604 4 745 4 828

4 540 4 543 4 695 4 921 4 996 5 010 4 814 4 715 4 313 4 367 4 339

84 904 87 103 89 658 92 598 95 325

107 560 109 908 111 878 113 638 115 916

124 539 126 137 128 365 129 417 131 034 134 312 135 832 137 278 139 340 140 287 142 157

13 750 14 284 14 825 15 370 15 769

15 718 15 441 14 977 14 505 14 180 14 700 14 548 14 521 14 354 14 131 13 688 13 377 13 532 13 638 13 933 14 250 14 557 14 781 14 928 15 154 15 127

14 619 14 668 14 904 14 898 14 983

14 382 14 319 14 023 14 050 14 056 14 233 14 458 15 055 15 708 16 336 17 036 17 714 18 960 20 376 21 654 22 864 24 203 25 500 26 703 27 938 29 227 30 392 31 186 31 834 32 723 33 550 34 591 35 233 35 503 35 896 35 929 35 507 35 369 34 780 34 353 34 198 33 833 33 380 32 813 32 143 32 755 32 361 32 196 32 343 32 207 32 341

13 954 14 100 14 383 15 099 15 221

16 269 16 402 16 589 16 788 16 771 16 840 16 738 16 703 16 591 16 458 16 437 16 305 16 398 16 492 16 763 16 903 17 317 17 943 18 821 19 685 20 463 21 211 22 431 23 611 24 933 26 073 27 232 28 460 29 435 30 601 32 145 33 312 33 899 34 562 35 226 35 751 36 556 37 326 37 536 37 882 37 567 37 404 36 926 36 695 36 158 36 030

11 444 11 739 11 961 12 249 12 524

7 633 7 796 7 980 8 024 8 269

14 852 15 071 15 096 15 338 15 637

9 385 9 636 9 757 10 006 10 182

16 949 17 024 16 967 16 983 17 131

11 283 11 390 11 412 11 256 11 284

15 756 15 984 16 172 16 397 16 730

17 084 16 982 16 878 16 891 16 897 16 910 16 970 16 889 16 851 17 006 17 322 17 739 18 210 19 104 19 916 20 248 20 828 22 160 23 296 24 318 25 223 26 397 27 574 28 368 29 388 31 071 32 025 32 597 33 270 33 758 34 402

10 350 10 575 10 792 10 964 11 135

11 346 11 422 11 577 11 744 11 931 11 985 11 969 12 062 11 992 11 961 11 991 11 894 11 877 11 808 11 877 11 575 11 473 11 587 11 599 11 713 11 860 12 146 12 665 13 215 13 682 14 356 15 104 16 309 17 312 18 013 18 979

3 036 3 020 3 005 3 236 3 192

3 195 3 146 3 154 3 041 3 090 3 108 3 053 3 097 3 153 3 227 3 222 3 149 3 114 2 974 2 934 2 956 2 895 2 934 3 070 3 104 3 054 3 042 3 030 3 040 2 933 2 907 3 010 3 119 3 284 3 446 3 451 3 413 3 473 3 439 3 834 3 819 3 828 3 887 3 847 4 005 4 312 4 382 4 469 4 792 4 998 5 278

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 31 Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

ALL RACES

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over

Men 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................

43 286 43 498

2 600 2 477

1 109 1 056

1 490 1 420

40 687 41 022

4 673 4 682

10 327 10 418

1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

44 475 45 091 45 197 45 521 45 886

2 369 2 433 2 415 2 428 2 596

1 070 1 142 1 127 1 133 1 206

1 299 1 291 1 289 1 295 1 390

42 106 42 658 42 780 43 092 43 289

3 221 3 485 3 629 3 771 3 940

10 806 10 685 10 571 10 475 10 346

1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

43 819 43 001 42 869 43 633 43 965

46 388 46 653 46 600 47 129 47 679 48 255 48 471 48 987 49 533 50 221 51 228 52 180 53 555 54 624 55 739 56 299 57 174 58 396 59 620 60 726 61 453 61 974 62 450 63 047 63 835 64 411 65 422 66 207 66 927 67 840 69 011 69 168 69 964 70 404 70 817 71 360 72 087 73 261 73 959 74 512 76 280 76 886 77 500 78 238 78 980 80 033

2 504 2 347 2 312 2 320 2 295

2 787 2 794 2 770 2 907 3 074 3 397 3 685 3 634 3 681 3 870 4 008 4 172 4 476 4 693 4 861 4 805 4 886 5 048 5 149 5 111 4 999 4 777 4 470 4 303 4 134 4 134 4 102 4 112 4 159 4 136 4 094 3 795 3 751 3 762 3 896 4 036 4 043 4 095 4 244 4 318 4 269 4 070 3 870 3 614 3 616 3 590

1 048 1 081 1 101 1 070 1 023

1 290 1 210 1 178 1 321 1 499 1 532 1 609 1 658 1 687 1 770 1 810 1 856 1 955 2 073 2 138 2 065 2 069 2 155 2 227 2 192 2 102 1 957 1 776 1 621 1 591 1 663 1 707 1 745 1 714 1 630 1 537 1 452 1 453 1 497 1 630 1 668 1 665 1 676 1 728 1 732 1 676 1 568 1 431 1 405 1 329 1 368

1 456 1 266 1 210 1 249 1 272

1 496 1 583 1 592 1 586 1 575 1 866 2 075 1 976 1 995 2 100 2 199 2 315 2 522 2 618 2 721 2 740 2 817 2 893 2 923 2 919 2 897 2 820 2 694 2 682 2 542 2 471 2 395 2 367 2 445 2 505 2 557 2 343 2 297 2 265 2 266 2 368 2 378 2 419 2 516 2 587 2 594 2 501 2 439 2 209 2 288 2 222

41 316 40 655 40 558 41 315 41 669

43 603 43 860 43 831 44 222 44 604 44 857 44 788 45 354 45 852 46 351 47 220 48 009 49 079 49 932 50 879 51 494 52 288 53 348 54 471 55 615 56 455 57 197 57 980 58 744 59 701 60 277 61 320 62 095 62 768 63 704 64 916 65 374 66 213 66 642 66 921 67 324 68 044 69 166 69 715 70 194 72 010 72 816 73 630 74 623 75 364 76 443

4 632 3 935 3 338 3 053 3 051

4 123 4 253 4 279 4 514 4 754 4 894 4 820 5 043 5 070 5 282 5 717 6 233 6 766 7 183 7 387 7 565 7 866 8 109 8 327 8 535 8 607 8 648 8 604 8 601 8 594 8 283 8 148 7 837 7 594 7 458 7 866 7 820 7 770 7 671 7 540 7 338 7 104 7 184 7 221 7 291 7 521 7 640 7 769 7 906 8 057 8 054

35 to 44 years

5 764 5 748

2 384 2 454

10 595 10 663 10 731 10 843 10 899

8 838 9 002 9 153 9 320 9 438

6 122 6 220 6 222 6 304 6 345

2 526 2 602 2 477 2 378 2 322

10 251 10 176 9 920 9 876 9 876

10 967 11 012 11 115 11 187 11 156

14 192 14 784 15 353 15 814 16 387 16 971 17 479 17 793 18 038 18 488 18 808 19 383 19 656 19 742 19 905 19 872 19 641 19 495 19 214 18 854 18 670 18 430 18 110 17 796 17 318 17 844 17 671 17 596 17 767 17 798 17 837

65 years and over

7 943 8 008

9 793 9 799 9 945 10 437 10 513

11 327 11 731 12 350 13 056 13 665

55 to 64 years

9 596 9 722

10 527 10 375 10 585 10 736 10 771

9 903 9 948 10 207 10 610 10 941

45 to 54 years

8 117 8 205 8 326 8 570 8 702

9 574 9 668 9 715 9 836 9 956

5 794 5 873 5 949 5 975 6 105

6 399 6 530 6 560 6 675 6 741

11 120 10 983 10 859 10 725 10 556

10 045 10 100 10 189 10 267 10 344

6 763 6 847 6 937 7 025 7 058

10 398 10 500 10 771 11 159 11 531

10 401 10 293 10 158 10 083 10 008

7 023 7 020 7 100 7 151 7 212

10 469 10 347 10 372 10 338 10 401

11 836 12 166 12 781 13 398 14 037

10 417 10 451 10 412 10 416 10 431

9 905 9 868 9 784 9 746 9 776

7 126 7 155 7 155 7 028 7 063

7 242 7 170 7 174 7 119 7 050

14 506 15 029 15 587 16 074 16 622

9 870 9 994 10 176 10 566 10 919

7 060 6 954 6 940 6 831 6 783

19 189 19 602 20 058 20 242 20 382

13 421 13 967 14 564 14 963 15 394

6 504 6 693 6 952 7 253 7 477

17 481 18 077 18 347 18 713 18 966

20 093 20 018 19 828 19 762 19 539 19 495

11 103 11 362 12 040 12 562 12 962

16 269 16 804 17 143 17 352 17 635 18 053

6 627 6 550 6 551 6 502 6 423

7 795 8 171 8 751 9 144 9 547 10 045

2 453 2 469 2 416 2 543 2 526

2 287 2 220 2 241 2 135 2 124 2 132 2 089 2 118 2 154 2 170 2 165 2 090 2 026 1 913 1 932 1 914 1 826 1 857 1 936 1 943 1 893 1 866 1 845 1 842 1 755 1 750 1 811 1 899 1 960 2 017 1 967 1 924 2 010 1 980 2 176 2 201 2 247 2 298 2 240 2 333 2 488 2 511 2 542 2 692 2 787 2 959

32 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

ALL RACES

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Women 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................

17 335 17 788

1 835 1 811

671 648

1 164 1 163

15 500 15 978

2 719 2 658

3 931 3 997

3 801 3 989

2 971 3 099

1 565 1 678

513 556

1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

20 548 21 461 21 732 22 118 22 483

1 723 1 863 1 860 1 832 1 896

641 736 716 685 765

1 083 1 127 1 144 1 147 1 132

18 825 19 599 19 873 20 285 20 587

2 445 2 455 2 442 2 501 2 473

4 252 4 276 4 255 4 193 4 089

4 805 5 031 5 116 5 185 5 228

4 154 4 405 4 615 4 859 5 080

2 391 2 610 2 631 2 727 2 882

779 821 813 821 836

1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

18 389 19 016 19 269 19 382 19 678

23 240 23 806 24 014 24 704 25 412 26 200 27 299 28 360 29 204 30 513 31 543 32 202 33 479 34 804 36 211 37 475 38 983 40 613 42 631 44 235 45 487 46 696 47 755 48 503 49 709 51 050 52 413 53 658 54 742 56 030 56 829 57 178 58 141 58 795 60 239 60 944 61 857 63 036 63 714 64 855 66 303 66 848 67 363 68 272 68 421 69 288

1 712 1 756 1 752 1 707 1 681

2 054 2 142 2 146 2 232 2 314

611 662 705 657 620

805 774 741 850 950

2 513 2 873 2 887 2 938 3 100

954 1 055 1 076 1 130 1 239

4 065 4 170 4 303 4 503 4 527

1 674 1 698 1 765 1 900 1 887

3 241 3 298 3 578 3 814 4 010

4 381 4 211 4 056 3 868 3 810 3 767 3 824 3 875 3 872 3 818 3 698 3 470 3 345 3 408 3 585 3 729 3 763 3 837 4 012 4 015 4 002 3 832 3 715 3 556 3 498 3 574

1 325 1 336 1 464 1 592 1 672

1 781 1 691 1 561 1 452 1 458 1 491 1 580 1 638 1 572 1 495 1 400 1 337 1 316 1 335 1 504 1 557 1 599 1 561 1 607 1 606 1 585 1 520 1 439 1 452 1 418 1 457

1 101 1 094 1 047 1 050 1 028

1 251 1 368 1 405 1 380 1 365 1 559 1 818 1 810 1 808 1 859 1 916 1 963 2 114 2 221 2 338 2 391 2 470 2 538 2 603 2 639 2 599 2 520 2 495 2 416 2 351 2 276 2 244 2 237 2 300 2 323 2 298 2 133 2 030 2 073 2 081 2 172 2 164 2 277 2 405 2 410 2 416 2 313 2 277 2 104 2 080 2 117

16 678 17 259 17 517 17 674 17 997

21 185 21 664 21 868 22 473 23 098 23 686 24 431 25 475 26 266 27 413 28 301 28 904 29 901 30 991 32 201 33 410 34 814 36 310 38 128 39 708 41 106 42 485 43 699 44 636 45 900 47 283 48 589 49 783 50 870 52 212 53 131 53 708 54 796 55 388 56 655 57 215 58 094 59 198 59 702 60 840 62 301 63 016 63 648 64 716 64 923 65 714

2 675 2 659 2 502 2 428 2 424

2 579 2 697 2 803 2 959 3 209 3 365 3 590 3 966 4 235 4 597 4 880 5 098 5 364 5 663 5 926

4 092 4 293 4 319 4 162 4 212

4 131 4 143 4 103 4 174 4 180 4 330 4 510 4 848 5 098 5 395 5 708 5 983 6 610 7 320 7 989

6 185 6 418 6 717 7 043 7 234

8 673 9 419 10 149 10 888 11 551

7 434 7 293 7 140 6 910 6 721

14 742 15 208 15 577 15 761 15 990

7 315 7 451 7 477 7 451 7 451

6 834 6 728 6 750 6 683 6 592 6 349 6 273 6 348 6 418 6 643 6 730 6 917 7 012 7 021 7 097 7 073

4 161 4 301 4 438 4 662 4 708

5 302 5 390 5 474 5 601 5 615 5 720 5 755 5 844 5 866 5 902 5 968 5 957 6 027 6 154 6 362 6 505 6 817 7 171 7 662 8 154

3 327 3 534 3 635 3 679 3 822

5 278 5 403 5 381 5 502 5 681 5 711 5 884 5 983 6 130 6 386 6 532 6 573 6 555 6 567 6 699 6 683 6 689 6 720 6 807 6 889

2 986 3 106 3 197 3 331 3 441

4 323 4 402 4 477 4 593 4 719

1 042 1 069 1 078 1 134 1 161

4 157 4 234 4 257 4 228 4 221

16 058 15 867 15 875 15 566 15 499

14 663 15 235 15 552 15 849 16 259

9 145 9 465 10 120 10 733 11 357

4 948 4 924 5 035 5 097 5 289

17 473 17 386 17 098 16 933 16 619 16 535

14 802 15 221 15 454 15 919 16 123 16 349

6 561 6 932 7 559 8 168 8 466 8 934

15 528 15 403 15 271 15 017 14 826 14 912 14 690 14 600 14 576 14 409 14 503

16 562 16 954 17 268 17 294 17 501

11 801 12 430 13 010 13 405 13 994

908 926 913 906 966

976 964 979 999 1 057

8 627 9 045 9 651 10 213 10 896

7 452 7 746 8 034 8 537 8 997

583 551 589 693 666

3 587 3 728 3 855 3 939 4 077

12 257 12 912 13 393 13 796 14 234

11 567 12 204 12 873 13 361 13 980

7 004 7 101 7 105 7 105 7 230

1 839 1 923 2 031 2 049 2 164

4 742 4 799 4 888 4 873 4 911 4 932 4 940 4 937 4 977 5 095

5 356 5 452 5 713 5 962 6 204

1 056 1 059 1 089 1 061 1 002

1 161 1 176 1 185 1 198 1 177 1 156 1 199 1 221 1 324 1 429 1 483 1 489 1 464 1 459 1 658 1 618 1 581 1 590 1 607 1 673 1 823 1 870 1 926 2 099 2 211 2 319

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 33

Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

WHITE1

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Both Sexes 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

56 816 58 085 59 428 59 754 60 293 60 952

3 501 3 598 3 771 3 775 3 757 4 000

1 448 1 511 1 656 1 637 1 615 1 775

2 054 2 087 2 113 2 135 2 144 2 225

53 315 54 487 55 657 55 979 56 536 56 952

4 752 4 941 5 194 5 283 5 449 5 544

13 226 13 267 13 154 13 044 12 884 12 670

13 540 13 729 14 000 14 117 14 257 14 355

11 258 11 680 12 061 12 382 12 727 13 048

7 591 7 810 8 080 8 091 8 254 8 411

2 946 3 062 3 166 3 049 2 964 2 925

1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................

66 137 67 276 68 699 69 976 71 778

5 267 5 827 5 749 5 839 6 168

2 221 2 367 2 432 2 519 2 698

3 044 3 460 3 318 3 320 3 470

60 870 61 449 62 950 64 137 65 611

7 189 7 324 7 886 8 109 8 614

12 391 12 591 13 123 13 740 14 289

14 900 14 785 14 765 14 683 14 564

14 162 14 370 14 545 14 756 15 057

9 392 9 583 9 817 9 968 10 132

2 839 2 793 2 821 2 884 2 954

15 308 15 187 15 053 15 004 14 965

10 287 10 371 10 495 10 602 10 767

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................

1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

61 915 62 656 62 750 63 830 64 921

73 556 74 963 77 275 79 151 81 281 82 831 84 767 87 141 89 634 91 923 93 600 95 052 96 143 97 021 98 492

4 275 4 362 4 354 4 559 4 784

6 442 6 681 7 193 7 579 7 899 7 899 8 088 8 352 8 555 8 548 8 312 7 962 7 518 7 186 6 952

1 871 1 767 1 709 1 950 2 211

2 824 2 894 3 096 3 320 3 441 3 375 3 410 3 562 3 715 3 668 3 485 3 274 3 001 2 765 2 720

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................

99 926 101 801 103 290 104 756 106 355

6 841 6 862 6 893 6 940 6 809

2 777 2 895 2 963 2 861 2 685

1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................

111 950 113 108 114 693 115 415 116 509

6 545 6 607 6 720 6 965 7 048

2 749 2 780 2 779 2 860 2 849

1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................

2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

107 447 107 743 108 837 109 700 111 082

118 545 119 399 120 150 120 546 121 086 122 299

6 683 6 245 6 022 6 105 6 357

6 955 6 661 6 366 5 973 5 929 5 950

2 543 2 432 2 388 2 458 2 681

2 768 2 626 2 445 2 414 2 309 2 390

2 405 2 594 2 645 2 608 2 572

3 617 3 787 4 098 4 260 4 459 4 525 4 679 4 790 4 839 4 881 4 827 4 688 4 518 4 421 4 232 4 065 3 967 3 931 4 079 4 124

57 640 58 294 58 396 59 271 60 137

67 113 68 282 70 082 71 572 73 381

9 238 9 889 10 605 11 182 11 600

85 286 87 089 88 625 89 835 91 540

13 769 13 926 13 866 13 816 13 733

74 932 76 678 78 789 81 079 83 375

93 085 94 939 96 396 97 815 99 546

4 140 3 813 3 633 3 647 3 677

100 764 101 498 102 815 103 595 104 725

4 186 4 035 3 921 3 560 3 620 3 560

111 590 112 737 113 784 114 572 115 156 116 349

3 796 3 826 3 941 4 105 4 199

5 787 6 026 6 164 6 537 6 952

105 404 106 502 107 973 108 450 109 461

12 019 12 444 12 892 13 309 13 632

13 469 13 176 12 764 12 311 11 940 12 397 12 248 12 187 11 987 11 688 11 266 11 003 11 127 11 244 11 436 11 626 11 883 12 073 12 064 12 192 12 109

12 594 12 503 12 218 12 229 12 235

14 896 15 445 16 584 17 764 18 862 19 897 20 990 22 099 23 067 24 101 25 181 26 208 26 814 27 237 27 958 28 640 29 497 29 956 30 167 30 388 30 174 29 794 29 518 29 027 28 580 28 325 27 901 27 362 26 707 25 978 26 336 26 010 25 908 25 752 25 548 25 548

14 450 14 557 14 695 14 859 14 852

14 525 14 374 14 399 14 440 14 644 14 753 15 088 15 604 16 353 17 123 17 811 18 445 19 491 20 488 21 588 22 591 23 571 24 581 25 358 26 312 27 265 28 213 28 580 29 056 29 626 30 112 30 683 31 171 31 221 31 391 30 968 30 778 30 286 29 788 29 305 29 107

13 322 13 517 13 551 13 789 14 043

15 269 15 343 15 283 15 256 15 375

14 956 14 993 14 879 14 798 14 899 15 101 15 379 15 792 16 573 17 278 17 515 18 028 19 200 20 181 21 026 21 804 22 781 23 709 24 282 25 102 26 353 27 062 27 405 27 786 28 181 28 685

8 522 8 773 8 856 9 067 9 239

10 255 10 351 10 402 10 240 10 241

10 812 10 764 10 832 10 732 10 701 10 679 10 583 10 497 10 462 10 533 10 290 10 129 10 196 10 215 10 319 10 432 10 648 11 086 11 548 11 960 12 463 13 121 14 148 14 944 15 522 16 275

2 964 2 917 2 912 2 790 2 817

2 930 2 880 2 809 2 687 2 656 2 668 2 599 2 647 2 745 2 787 2 759 2 753 2 742 2 766 2 660 2 605 2 732 2 806 2 943 3 094 3 123 3 086 3 135 3 129 3 486 3 466 3 485 3 517 3 448 3 595 3 846 3 883 3 965 4 238 4 408 4 624

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

34 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

WHITE1

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over

Men 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

39 759 40 197 40 734 40 826 41 080 41 397

1 989 2 056 2 114 2 108 2 116 2 279

896 935 1 002 992 1 001 1 077

1 095 1 121 1 110 1 114 1 116 1 202

37 770 38 141 38 620 38 718 38 964 39 118

2 654 2 803 3 036 3 152 3 278 3 409

9 695 9 721 9 595 9 483 9 386 9 261

1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................

43 400 43 572 44 041 44 553 45 185

2 999 3 253 3 191 3 236 3 413

1 359 1 423 1 464 1 504 1 583

1 639 1 830 1 727 1 732 1 830

40 401 40 319 40 851 41 318 41 772

4 279 4 200 4 416 4 432 4 615

8 824 8 859 9 102 9 477 9 773

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................

1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

41 743 41 986 41 931 42 404 42 894

46 035 46 904 48 118 48 920 49 843 50 324 51 033 52 033 52 955 53 856 54 473 54 895 55 133 55 480 56 062 56 472 57 217 57 779 58 317 58 988 59 638 59 656 60 168 60 484 60 727 61 146 61 783 62 639 63 034 63 413 64 466 64 966 65 308 65 509 65 994 66 694

2 433 2 439 2 432 2 563 2 716

3 551 3 719 3 980 4 174 4 312 4 290 4 357 4 496 4 565 4 537 4 424 4 224 3 933 3 764 3 609 3 576 3 542 3 547 3 583 3 546 3 522 3 269 3 192 3 200 3 315 3 427 3 444 3 513 3 614 3 666 3 615 3 446 3 241 3 036 3 050 2 988

1 140 1 067 1 041 1 183 1 345

1 629 1 681 1 758 1 875 1 922 1 871 1 869 1 949 2 002 1 974 1 881 1 751 1 602 1 452 1 420 1 467 1 502 1 524 1 487 1 401 1 333 1 266 1 260 1 292 1 403 1 429 1 421 1 440 1 487 1 478 1 422 1 334 1 215 1 193 1 127 1 162

1 293 1 372 1 391 1 380 1 371

1 922 2 039 2 223 2 300 2 391 2 418 2 489 2 548 2 563 2 563 2 543 2 473 2 331 2 312 2 189 2 109 2 040 2 023 2 095 2 146 2 189 2 003 1 932 1 908 1 912 1 998 2 023 2 073 2 127 2 188 2 193 2 112 2 026 1 843 1 923 1 826

39 310 39 547 39 499 39 841 40 178

42 483 43 185 44 138 44 747 45 532 46 034 46 675 47 537 48 390 49 320 50 049 50 671 51 200 51 716 52 453 52 895 53 675 54 232 54 734 55 441 56 116 56 387 56 976 57 284 57 411 57 719 58 340 59 126 59 421 59 747 60 850 61 519 62 067 62 473 62 944 63 705

3 559 3 681 3 726 3 955 4 166

35 to 44 years

5 653 5 654 5 736 5 735 5 800 5 833

2 339 2 343 2 417 2 307 2 213 2 158

10 023 9 892 9 785 9 662 9 509

9 130 9 189 9 260 9 340 9 413

6 188 6 250 6 348 6 427 6 467

1 959 1 928 1 944 1 981 1 996

4 988 5 448 5 937 6 274 6 470

10 099 10 444 11 039 11 621 12 135

9 414 9 294 9 278 9 212 9 246

7 479 7 521 7 438 7 406 7 370

14 893 15 340 15 549 15 707 16 037

6 688 6 619 6 542 6 449 6 294 6 096 5 922 6 029 6 063 6 151 6 244 6 363 6 444 6 479 6 586 6 562

12 579 13 092 13 575 13 939 14 415

9 231 9 289 9 509 9 858 10 183

16 306 16 769 16 963 17 018 17 077

12 767 13 207 13 674 14 068 14 516

16 920 16 709 16 512 16 244 15 879 15 669 15 475 15 120 14 770 14 292 14 666 14 536 14 499 14 529 14 429 14 426

65 years and over

7 913 8 025 8 175 8 317 8 465 8 581

9 919 9 961 10 029 10 079 10 055

7 122 6 986 6 717 6 468 6 316

55 to 64 years

9 516 9 597 9 661 9 719 9 822 9 876

9 153 9 072 8 846 8 805 8 800

6 642 6 890 7 097 7 274 7 421

45 to 54 years

10 455 10 740 11 289 11 817 12 348

8 689 8 776 8 820 8 944 9 053

9 487 9 528 9 473 9 445 9 455

9 415 9 310 9 175 9 068 8 968 8 877 8 836 8 727 8 649 8 683 8 730 8 791 8 945 9 285 9 615

5 861 5 988 5 995 6 090 6 161

6 517 6 550 6 562 6 452 6 464 6 425 6 437 6 492 6 508 6 571 6 618 6 530 6 520 6 446 6 410 6 376 6 260 6 200 6 108 6 082

15 026 15 523 15 701 15 971 16 188

9 713 9 926 10 570 11 010 11 327

5 957 5 847 5 821 5 784 5 726

16 880 16 809 16 583 16 398 16 192 16 080

13 977 14 400 14 615 14 708 14 934 15 273

6 840 7 169 7 665 7 973 8 326 8 734

16 414 16 728 17 019 17 157 17 201

11 730 12 217 12 710 13 003 13 368

5 809 5 943 6 154 6 415 6 618

2 129 2 068 2 082 1 967 1 942

1 978 1 922 1 846 1 740 1 759 1 742 1 657 1 688 1 744 1 761 1 727 1 704 1 677 1 691 1 606 1 595 1 663 1 733 1 787 1 835 1 811 1 763 1 830 1 825 1 998 2 000 2 054 2 094 2 013 2 117 2 243 2 241 2 261 2 386 2 478 2 631

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 35

Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

WHITE1

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Women 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

17 057 17 888 18 694 18 928 19 213 19 555

1 512 1 542 1 657 1 667 1 641 1 721

552 576 654 645 614 698

959 966 1 003 1 021 1 028 1 023

15 545 16 346 17 037 17 261 17 572 17 834

2 098 2 138 2 158 2 131 2 171 2 135

3 531 3 546 3 559 3 561 3 498 3 409

4 024 4 132 4 339 4 398 4 435 4 479

3 345 3 655 3 886 4 065 4 262 4 467

1 938 2 156 2 344 2 356 2 454 2 578

607 719 749 742 751 767

1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................

22 737 23 704 24 658 25 423 26 593

2 268 2 574 2 558 2 603 2 755

862 944 968 1 015 1 115

1 405 1 630 1 591 1 588 1 640

20 469 21 130 22 100 22 821 23 839

2 910 3 124 3 471 3 677 3 999

3 567 3 732 4 021 4 263 4 516

4 877 4 893 4 980 5 021 5 055

5 032 5 181 5 285 5 416 5 644

3 204 3 333 3 469 3 541 3 665

880 865 877 903 958

3 610 3 731 3 856 3 990 4 011

1 504 1 541 1 614 1 713 1 694

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................

1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

20 172 20 670 20 819 21 426 22 027

27 521 28 060 29 157 30 231 31 437 32 508 33 735 35 108 36 679 38 067 39 127 40 157 41 010 41 541 42 431 43 455 44 584 45 510 46 439 47 367 47 809 48 087 48 669 49 216 50 356 50 804 51 325 52 054 52 380 53 096 54 079 54 433 54 842 55 037 55 092 55 605

1 842 1 923 1 922 1 996 2 068

2 891 2 962 3 213 3 405 3 588

3 888 3 739 3 585 3 422 3 343 3 265 3 320 3 347 3 358 3 262 3 161 2 976 2 830 2 905 3 042 3 118 3 163 3 207 3 351 3 382 3 339 3 215 3 125 2 937 2 879 2 962

731 700 668 767 866

1 195 1 213 1 338 1 445 1 520

1 605 1 523 1 399 1 314 1 300 1 310 1 393 1 439 1 374 1 284 1 210 1 166 1 128 1 167 1 278 1 320 1 360 1 339 1 373 1 371 1 346 1 292 1 229 1 221 1 182 1 228

1 112 1 222 1 254 1 228 1 201

1 695 1 748 1 875 1 960 2 068 2 107 2 189 2 243 2 276 2 318 2 284 2 216 2 186 2 109 2 043 1 955 1 927 1 908 1 984 1 978 1 951 1 810 1 702 1 739 1 764 1 798 1 803 1 867 1 977 2 010 1 993 1 923 1 895 1 716 1 697 1 733

18 330 18 747 18 897 19 430 19 959

24 630 25 097 25 945 26 825 27 850 28 898 30 004 31 253 32 689 34 056 35 239 36 418 37 425 38 119 39 087 40 190 41 264 42 164 43 081 44 105 44 648 45 111 45 839 46 311 47 314 47 686 48 162 48 847 49 029 49 714 50 740 51 218 51 717 52 099 52 212 52 643

2 228 2 345 2 438 2 582 2 786

4 250 4 441 4 668 4 908 5 131 5 378 5 554 5 795 6 035 6 211

3 441 3 431 3 372 3 424 3 435

4 797 5 001 5 544 6 143 6 727 7 318 7 898 8 523 9 128 9 687

6 290 6 406 6 428 6 410 6 363

10 289 10 868 11 264 11 530 11 922

5 709 5 629 5 645 5 539 5 394

13 254 13 085 13 006 12 783 12 702

6 348 6 191 6 047 5 844 5 625

5 170 5 081 5 099 5 180 5 285 5 381 5 519 5 628 5 584 5 606 5 546

4 531 4 596 4 666 4 780 4 797

5 111 5 080 5 121 5 228 5 399 5 522 5 799 6 095 6 495 6 940 7 356 7 704 8 202 8 670 9 240

12 334 12 729 12 993 13 149 13 311

9 824 10 364 10 907 11 291 11 796

12 656 12 426 12 242 11 937 11 685

13 697 13 955 14 153 14 064 14 190

11 669 11 474 11 409 11 223 11 119 11 123

12 239 12 689 12 879 13 085 13 439

14 088 13 969 13 703 13 390 13 114 13 027

4 633 4 741 4 731 4 845 4 990

5 781 5 816 5 810 5 811 5 920 5 892 5 877 5 877 5 936 5 997 6 079 6 157 6 152 6 149 6 217

6 371 6 588 6 847 7 288 7 663 7 802 8 101 8 630 9 171 9 699

10 074 10 563 10 999 11 279 11 734 12 376 12 662 12 790 13 078 13 247 13 413

2 661 2 785 2 861 2 977 3 078

3 738 3 801 3 839 3 788 3 777

835 849 830 823 875

952 958 963 947 897

3 862 3 935 4 003 4 094 4 196

926 940 959 1 001 1 024

4 303 4 323 4 297 4 354 4 451

1 010 1 069 1 073 1 156 1 259

4 194 4 235 4 313 4 285 4 292

4 333 4 282 4 375 4 430 4 593

4 622 4 706 4 932 5 133 5 342 5 623 5 952 6 482 6 970 7 197 7 542

1 032 1 049 1 065 1 074 1 054

1 312 1 324 1 305 1 304 1 487 1 466 1 431 1 422 1 435 1 478 1 602 1 642 1 704 1 852 1 930 1 993

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

36 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

BLACK1

Both Sexes 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

16 years and over

Men 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

496 525 534

7 919 8 143 8 317

1 393 1 489 1 492

2 107 2 242 2 358

1 735 1 741 1 777

1 496 1 513 1 517

909 901 917

281 258 253

10 865 11 086 11 331 11 647 12 033

891 862 824 809 827

326 308 268 248 268

565 554 556 561 558

9 975 10 224 10 507 10 838 11 206

1 802 1 828 1 849 1 871 1 926

3 259 3 365 3 492 3 675 3 800

2 081 2 164 2 303 2 406 2 565

1 596 1 608 1 610 1 630 1 671

978 1 009 1 012 1 032 1 020

257 249 243 224 224

560 508 532 524 501

12 874 13 023 13 346 13 418 13 650

2 003 2 042 2 142 2 212 2 308

977 1 001 1 029 1 013 1 007

262 256 259 237 267

1 264 1 335 1 407 1 466 1 538 1 647

320 350 353 366 380 403

12 364 12 654 12 993 13 205 13 497

2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

Total

20 to 24 years

293 307 317

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................

1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................

18 to 19 years

788 833 851

9 263 9 561 9 932 10 432 10 678

1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................

16 to 17 years

8 707 8 976 9 167

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

Total

16 to 19 years

13 740 13 797 14 162 14 225 14 502

838 837 861 930 912

889 883 899 889 925 866 774 816 807 852

14 817 15 134 15 529 15 982 16 365

911 923 933 1 017 959

4 816 4 924 5 020

453 460 480

16 397 16 421 16 565 16 526 16 638 17 013

5 016 5 101 5 263 5 435 5 559 5 612 5 685 5 804 5 966 6 126 6 220 6 373 6 486 6 596 6 701 6 802 6 851 6 997 7 019 7 089 7 183 7 264 7 354 7 542 7 652 7 702 7 647 7 794 7 711 7 773 7 998

941 898 870 771 762 803

447 454 476 491 480 479 462 436 433 440 471 458 463 469 480 445 400 429 425 443 453 458 444 488 470 462 447 446 365 359 399

312 304 304 341 340

311 322 336 344 353 306 266 285 283 351 366 366 352 370 352 356 332 297 289 272 279 180 175 189 168 168 178 186 179 181 169 137 134 141 162 164 179 186 190 161 140 149 154 176 184 182 178 181 180 181 166 149 138 128 139

524 532 557 589 572

578 562 563 545 572

545 556 580 646 607 585 565 574 482 489 525 272 286 291 279 285 299 306 301 298 293 300 300 299 310 294 284 283 291 284 260 280 270 266 269 276 266 307 291 281 281 297 228 231 260

8 426 8 724 9 072 9 501 9 766

11 476 11 770 12 094 12 316 12 573

13 906 14 211 14 596 14 966 15 406 15 456 15 524 15 695 15 755 15 876 16 209 4 364 4 464 4 540

1 477 1 544 1 641 1 739 1 793

1 854 1 881 1 818 1 782 1 789 1 758 1 750 1 763 1 764 1 800 1 754 1 738 1 783 1 797 1 866 1 873 1 878 1 908 1 892 1 926 1 957

2 466 2 646 2 798 2 961 3 094

3 888 4 028 4 147 4 226 4 295 4 307 4 254 4 309 4 232 4 199 4 267 4 305 4 329 4 332 4 430 4 281 4 180 4 134 4 060 4 076 4 145

761 819 798

1 158 1 217 1 279

5 134 5 223 5 368 5 533 5 686

935 940 964 997 1 022

1 659 1 702 1 769 1 840 1 924

6 357 6 451 6 568 6 594 6 646

879 896 900 875 891

4 569 4 648 4 787 4 943 5 079

5 749 5 915 6 023 6 127 6 221

6 730 6 806 6 910 7 053 7 182 7 240 7 200 7 347 7 346 7 414 7 600

790 820 856 883 928

950 957 914 913 904

866 848 832 837 835 875 853 906 918 927 940

1 775 1 824 1 894 1 975 2 039

2 681 2 793 2 942 3 069 3 227 3 566 3 719 3 843 3 960 4 068 4 165 4 287 4 401 4 531 4 653 4 515 4 483 4 458 4 465 4 380 4 370 935 935 953

1 328 1 383 1 441 1 504 1 577

948 969 1 003 1 022 1 049

1 937 2 029 2 074 2 114 2 157

1 313 1 359 1 406 1 459 1 544

2 142 2 111 2 121 2 118 2 068 2 089 2 077 2 052 2 034 2 069 1 999 1 915 1 909 1 872 1 931 1 948

1 061 1 093 1 152 1 196 1 270

1 519 1 518 1 530 1 560 1 584

1 742 1 793 1 838 1 894 1 954

2 404 2 553 2 724 2 863 2 992 3 203 3 298 3 435 3 506 3 578 3 686 824 842 838

833 824 818 829 844 830 829 824 845 847 879 901 915 936 945

929 925 943 978 974

1 059 1 051 1 098 1 069 1 023

1 046 1 073 1 093 1 163 1 180

271 255 265 278 285

165 153 152

509 524 525 536 505

138 134 135 119 118

520 504 515 540 524

544 552 586 565 530

988 1 010 1 037 1 065 1 102

496 507 521 506 484

2 105 2 073 2 064 2 058 2 000 2 028

1 497 1 537 1 623 1 627 1 654 1 732

612 645 664 685 714 756

1 148 1 204 1 287 1 343 1 387

252 224 251 276 285

522 499 519

1 733 1 806 1 859 1 918 1 975 1 987 2 036 2 096 2 142 2 206

258 268 267 289 281

490 509 508 548 547

150 149 154 166 156

125 116 130 139 141 119 122 130 112 125 150 132 134 150 138 151 177 181 186 188 196

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 37

Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

BLACK1

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

Total

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Women 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

3 890 4 052 4 148

335 373 371

113 133 128

224 240 243

3 555 3 678 3 777

632 670 694

949 1 026 1 079

800 806 824

672 670 679

387 402 398

116 105 100

1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

5 253 5 401 5 527 5 681 5 907

412 400 387 375 387

144 139 131 114 127

267 261 256 261 260

4 841 5 001 5 140 5 306 5 520

867 888 885 874 904

1 600 1 663 1 723 1 835 1 876

1 020 1 071 1 151 1 210 1 294

767 779 786 785 823

469 485 487 496 515

119 115 108 105 106

2 165 2 143 2 188 2 115 2 131

1 833 1 913 1 985 2 042 2 093

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................ HISPANIC2

4 247 4 460 4 670 4 997 5 119

6 144 6 281 6 507 6 609 6 796 6 938 6 946 7 166 7 206 7 413 7 634 7 869 8 175 8 441 8 713 8 695 8 774 8 772 8 815 8 865 9 014

391 384 385 439 432

417 425 435 419 445 421 374 387 383 409 458 464 489 528 489 479 451 424 406 403 405

Both Sexes 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

3 673 4 012

407 442

1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

6 146 6 492 6 734 7 033 7 451

645 603 585 590 618

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................

4 171 4 205 4 536 4 979 5 219

7 698 8 076 8 541 8 982 9 323

1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................

10 720 10 920 11 338 11 610 11 975

2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

16 689 17 328 17 943 18 813 19 272 19 824

1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................

12 267 12 774 13 796 14 317 14 665

144 136 127 155 161

149 157 157 158 163 145 126 135 129 174 182 184 175 189 172 175 166 148 151 144 140 ... ...

245 247 258 283 271

268 268 278 262 281 276 248 252 254 235 276 280 314 339 316 305 284 276 255 259 265 ... ...

3 857 4 076 4 286 4 558 4 687

5 727 5 855 6 071 6 190 6 352 6 517 6 572 6 778 6 824 7 004

... ...

... ...

8 215 8 323 8 348 8 409 8 462 8 610

... 285 305 312 343

... 3 820 4 059 4 446 4 668

579 571 610 671 680

199 203 206 234 224

379 368 404 437 456

7 119 7 505 7 931 8 311 8 643

829 781 796 771 807

850 845 911 1 007 1 049 1 168 1 176 1 103 960 995 1 038

276 249 263 246 285 291 284 315 320 333 368 352 335 322 297 331

879 854 863 889 909

887 890 951 960 1 031

... 176 184 221 207

404 388 393 401 409

904 924 904 869 885

7 175 7 405 7 686 7 912 8 224

444 447 493 533 551

241 215 192 189 209

687 723 785 856 865

998 1 025 1 002 973 999 1 017

2 177 2 228 2 277 2 298 2 360 2 282 2 265 2 225 2 188 2 144 2 197 ... ...

686 694 712 731 740

1 368 1 434 1 537 1 610 1 683

862 892 924 958 1 009

2 178 2 251 2 305 2 390 2 447

1 256 1 349 1 437 1 520 1 606

2 409 2 410 2 394 2 407 2 380 2 342 ... ...

1 015 1 032 1 105 1 147 1 206

1 706 1 762 1 812 1 879 1 924 1 954 ... ...

409 421 429 439 451

515 499 512 504 493 481 494 508 506 523 556 565 585 615 633 652 690 743 781 824 891

108 119 113 124 124

127 107 121 137 144 143 135 129 125 142 121 122 131 128 147 168 173 171 180 192 207

... ...

... ...

414 430 444 495 524

85 87 85 86 84

... 1 248 1 325 1 446 1 532

... 875 916 1 008 1 062

... 625 656 701 704

... 294 293 323 339

1 358 1 414 1 425 1 486 1 483

2 571 2 685 2 890 2 957 3 118

1 595 1 713 1 904 1 996 2 092

985 1 097 1 086 1 147 1 205

527 511 545 621 625

82 84 81 103 120

3 113 3 361 3 601 3 707 3 929

1 671 1 697 1 945 2 090 2 178

720 806 850 894 927

152 166 186 169 199

1 136 1 231 1 251 1 282 1 325

554 532 533 525 522

9 891 10 139 10 542 10 839 11 168

1 839 1 835 1 815 1 811 1 863

800 824 769 638 698 708

15 521 16 152 16 840 17 853 18 277 18 785

11 417 11 929 12 884 13 310 13 616

1 951 1 999 2 073 2 112 2 138

827 855 891 953 990

... 729 813 901 960

5 502 5 888 6 148 6 442 6 833

559 561 596 688 717

1 138 1 264 1 357 1 456 1 517

1 818 1 845 2 004 2 077 2 052 2 546 2 616 2 678 2 672 2 732 2 651

1 843 2 015 2 163 2 267 2 436

3 590 3 596 3 740 3 800 3 865 3 943 4 054 4 298 4 372 4 330 5 197 5 380 5 645 5 960 5 931 6 080

1 163 1 239 1 313 1 380 1 509

2 386 2 539 2 735 2 865 2 965

4 241 4 377 4 545 4 867 4 931 5 110

860 886 891 931 954

1 320 1 376 1 442 1 534 1 626

2 387 2 583 2 657 2 894 3 093 3 256

647 681 687 684 698

940 1 000 1 091 1 201 1 284 1 378

... 48 55 67 72

110 111 122 145 151

209 195 224 259 306 311

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race. 2May be any race. . . . = Not available.

38 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-7. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

HISPANIC2

16 years and over

Men 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

2 356 2 556

1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

3 818 4 005 4 148 4 362 4 563

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

Total

... ...

... ...

... 155 179 171 194

2 343 2 326 2 530 2 742 2 869

... 433 485 546 562

4 729 4 948 5 163 5 409 5 595

334 336 345 378 400

116 114 112 123 129

218 222 233 255 271

4 395 4 612 4 818 5 031 5 195

835 888 865 897 909

6 546 6 664 6 900 7 076 7 210 7 376 7 646 8 309 8 571 8 546

392 359 333 348 345

512 466 468 455 463 479 496 531 565 596

2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

2May be any race. . . . = Not available.

6 767 7 049 7 334 7 525 7 685 7 839

492 492 471 428 429 462

62 61 58 58 51

... 541 567 620 648

... 398 416 425 445

... 189 197 217 216

1 629 1 669 1 801 1 834 1 899

957 1 015 1 121 1 189 1 221

591 661 652 686 719

331 323 325 355 375

2 469 2 510 2 684 2 733 2 633

1 795 1 966 2 091 2 173 2 219

965 967 1 112 1 164 1 205

417 469 511 541 526

98 105 113 106 136

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... 71 80 93 86

... 130 125 142 149

1 384 1 454 1 523 1 704 1 800

... 295 327 354 397

... 479 497 564 590

... 334 349 388 413

... 227 240 275 258

... 105 96 106 124

161 147 171 182 185

2 725 2 893 3 112 3 281 3 448

524 526 559 589 574

943 1 016 1 090 1 123 1 219

639 698 783 806 871

394 436 434 461 486

196 189 220 267 251

666 713 737 789 821

1 473 1 544 1 614 1 639 1 698

123 128 138 132 151

4 891 5 128 5 486 5 746 6 119

270 278 290 311 325

... 771 828 882 941

1 590 1 602 1 627 1 642 1 671 1 645

371 349 381 442 453

1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................

318 315 328 316 345

... ...

9 247 9 595 9 977 10 756 11 020 11 408

204 200 183 164 156 179 ... ...

93 85 81 80 96

110 107 110 101 122

164 152 152 158 141 152

311 340 354 377 415

... ...

159 159 172 162 177

207 207 219 215 222 249 221 242 310 302 328 340 320 271 288 310

6 898 7 150 7 779 8 005 7 950

1 142 1 264

2 076 2 242 2 333 2 429 2 615

3 857 3 941 4 110 4 218 4 421 4 520 4 779 5 106 5 304 5 666 6 275 6 557 6 863 7 096 7 257 7 377

1 153 1 132 1 267 1 288 1 231

... ...

439 484 492 493 503

657 633 674 664 679

956 1 014 1 051 1 030 1 060 1 005

65 years and over

... ...

471 484 449 368 410 398

168 156 177 188 181

84 89 94 111 95

4 174 4 256 4 439 4 534 4 765

... ...

55 to 64 years

2 230 2 260 2 366 2 417 2 430

245 236 265 293 280

252 244 252 242 273

... ...

45 to 54 years

1 182 1 202 1 141 1 147 1 184

2 970 3 128 3 377 3 573 3 728

2 328 2 486 2 586 2 671 2 888

... ...

... ...

35 to 44 years

6 034 6 198 6 432 6 621 6 747

346 325 314 310 300

3 426 3 647 3 815 4 014 4 218

20 years and over

1 161 1 269 1 361 1 447 1 540

165 141 154 145 163

245 229 221 239 232

25 to 34 years

697 747 759 789 822

... 201 204 233 235

1 317 1 456

676 684 632 532 567 577

147 130 111 109 113

1 574 1 625 1 720 1 938 2 035

1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................

... ...

... 104 105 129 121

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................

2 124 2 306

... 260 285 299 315

9 923 10 279 10 609 11 288 11 587 11 985

1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

... ...

Total

20 to 24 years

2 597 2 580 2 817 3 041 3 184

2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................ Women 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

18 to 19 years

3 181 3 294 3 484 3 776 3 765 3 879 ... ...

682 745 802 820 896

713 756 808 852 910

1 403 1 487 1 593 1 675 1 713

2 451 2 562 2 647 2 877 2 934 3 058

450 483 504 529 599

1 360 1 336 1 374 1 383 1 435

983 1 052 1 142 1 190 1 252

2 016 2 086 2 161 2 183 2 166 2 201

1 791 1 815 1 897 1 990 1 998 2 052

1 318 1 395 1 510 1 533 1 710

522 535 539 557 570

775 780 844 900 922

1 337 1 430 1 478 1 630 1 736 1 855

337 351 352 374 384

545 596 599 633 704 706 729 833 927 973

1 051 1 153 1 179 1 264 1 357 1 401

380 401 414 394 410

555 582 607 680 728 779

144 152 155 184 199

268 279 273 290 288 303 338 338 353 401

386 418 484 520 556 599

... 34 42 52 56

53 56 55 69 71 65 67 74 88 89

134 125 134 150 186 192

... 13 13 16 15 22 27 28 29 34

29 28 27 34 49 45 44 48 57 62 54 61 73 62 63

75 70 90 109 119 119

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 39 Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 (Percent.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

ALL RACES

16 years and over

16 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Both Sexes 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................

58.8 58.9

52.5 52.2

59.4 59.5

64.1 64.9

63.1 63.2

66.7 67.2

65.1 65.3

56.9 56.2

27.0 27.3

1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

59.3 60.0 59.6 59.5 59.3

48.9 50.9 49.6 47.4 46.7

60.1 60.7 60.4 60.5 60.4

62.7 64.1 64.0 64.4 64.3

64.8 64.8 64.9 65.0 65.0

68.9 69.5 69.5 69.6 69.5

69.7 70.5 70.9 71.5 71.9

59.5 60.8 60.1 60.5 61.0

24.1 24.3 22.9 21.8 21.1

1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

59.2 59.2 59.0 58.9 58.8

59.4 59.3 58.8 58.7 58.7 58.9 59.2 59.6 59.6 60.1 60.4 60.2 60.4 60.8 61.3 61.2 61.6 62.3 63.2 63.7 63.8 63.9 64.0 64.0 64.4 64.8 65.3 65.6 65.9 66.5 66.5 66.2 66.4 66.3 66.6 66.6 66.8 67.1 67.1 67.1 67.1 66.8 66.6 66.2 66.0 66.0

51.8 52.2 51.3 50.2 48.3

47.5 46.9 46.1 45.2 44.5 45.7 48.2 48.4 48.3 49.4 49.9 49.7 51.9 53.7 54.8 54.0 54.5 56.0 57.8 57.9 56.7 55.4 54.1 53.5 53.9 54.5 54.7 54.7 55.3 55.9 53.7 51.6 51.3 51.5 52.7 53.5 52.3 51.6 52.8 52.0 52.0 49.6 47.4 44.5 43.9 43.7

59.9 59.8 59.7 59.6 59.6

60.5 60.5 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.5 60.9 60.9 61.3 61.6 61.4 61.4 61.7 62.0 62.1 62.4 63.0 63.8 64.3 64.5 64.8 65.0 65.0 65.3 65.7 66.2 66.5 66.8 67.3 67.6 67.3 67.6 67.5 67.7 67.7 67.9 68.4 68.3 68.3 68.3 68.2 68.1 67.9 67.7 67.8

65.9 64.8 62.2 61.2 61.6

65.2 65.7 65.3 65.1 66.3 66.4 66.5 67.1 67.0 68.2 69.2 69.3 70.8 72.6 74.0 73.9 74.7 75.7 76.8 77.5 77.2 77.3 77.1 77.2 77.6 78.2 78.9 78.9 78.7 78.7 77.8 76.7 77.0 77.0 77.0 76.6 76.8 77.6 77.5 77.5 77.8 77.1 76.4 75.4 75.0 74.6

63.5 64.2 64.7 64.0 64.3

65.4 65.6 65.2 65.6 65.8 66.4 67.1 68.2 68.6 69.1 69.7 69.9 70.9 72.3 73.6 74.4 75.7 77.0 78.3 79.2 79.9 80.5 81.0 81.3 81.8 82.5 82.9 83.3 83.3 83.8 83.6 83.2 83.7 83.3 83.2 83.8 84.1 84.4 84.6 84.6 84.6 84.0 83.7 82.9 82.7 82.8

67.5 67.6 68.0 68.9 68.8

69.4 69.5 69.7 70.1 70.0 70.7 71.0 71.6 72.0 72.5 73.1 73.2 73.3 74.0 74.6 75.0 76.0 77.0 78.1 79.2 80.0 80.7 81.2 81.6 82.4 83.1 83.7 84.3 84.6 85.1 85.2 85.2 85.1 84.9 84.8 84.6 84.8 85.1 84.7 84.9 84.8 84.6 84.1 83.9 83.6 83.8

66.4 67.2 67.5 68.1 68.4

72.2 72.1 72.2 72.5 72.9 72.5 72.7 72.7 72.8 73.4 73.5 73.2 72.7 72.5 72.7 72.6 72.5 72.8 73.5 74.3 74.9 75.7 75.9 76.0 76.5 77.3 78.0 78.6 79.6 80.5 80.7 81.0 81.5 81.6 81.7 81.4 82.1 82.6 82.5 82.6 82.5 82.3 82.1 82.1 81.8 81.7

56.7 56.9 57.5 58.0 58.7

60.9 61.5 61.5 62.0 61.9 61.9 62.2 62.3 62.2 62.1 61.8 61.3 60.0 58.4 57.8 57.2 56.6 56.3 56.3 56.2 55.7 55.0 55.1 54.5 54.2 54.2 54.0 54.4 54.6 55.5 55.9 55.5 56.2 56.4 56.8 57.2 57.9 58.9 59.3 59.3 59.2 60.4 61.9 62.4 62.3 62.9

26.7 25.8 24.8 24.8 23.9

20.8 20.1 19.1 17.9 18.0 17.8 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.3 17.0 16.2 15.6 14.6 14.0 13.7 13.1 13.0 13.3 13.1 12.5 12.2 11.9 11.7 11.1 10.8 10.9 11.1 11.5 11.8 11.8 11.5 11.5 11.2 12.4 12.1 12.1 12.2 11.9 12.3 12.9 13.0 13.2 14.0 14.4 15.1

40 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Percent.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

ALL RACES

16 years and over

16 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Men 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................

86.6 86.4

63.7 62.8

88.6 88.5

84.6 86.6

95.9 95.8

97.9 97.9

95.8 95.6

89.5 87.5

46.8 47.0

1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

85.4 85.5 84.8 84.2 83.7

58.9 60.5 59.1 56.6 55.8

87.6 87.6 86.9 86.6 86.3

86.9 87.8 87.1 86.9 87.8

97.6 97.3 97.1 97.1 97.4

98.1 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.8

96.4 96.6 96.3 96.3 96.0

87.9 88.5 87.5 87.8 87.4

39.6 40.0 37.5 35.6 34.2

1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

86.4 86.3 86.3 86.0 85.5

83.3 82.9 82.0 81.4 81.0 80.7 80.4 80.4 80.1 79.8 79.7 79.1 78.9 78.8 78.7 77.9 77.5 77.7 77.9 77.8 77.4 77.0 76.6 76.4 76.4 76.3 76.3 76.2 76.2 76.4 76.4 75.8 75.8 75.4 75.1 75.0 74.9 75.0 74.9 74.7 74.8 74.4 74.1 73.5 73.3 73.3

63.2 63.0 61.3 60.7 58.0

56.1 54.6 53.8 52.9 52.4 53.8 55.3 55.6 55.1 55.9 56.1 56.1 58.1 59.7 60.7 59.1 59.3 60.9 62.0 61.5 60.5 59.0 56.7 56.2 56.0 56.8 56.4 56.1 56.9 57.9 55.7 53.2 53.4 53.2 54.1 54.8 53.2 52.3 53.3 52.9 52.8 50.2 47.5 44.3 43.9 43.2

88.4 88.2 88.3 88.0 87.8

86.0 85.7 84.8 84.4 84.2 83.9 83.6 83.4 83.1 82.8 82.6 82.1 81.6 81.3 81.0 80.3 79.8 79.7 79.8 79.8 79.4 79.0 78.7 78.5 78.3 78.1 78.1 78.0 77.9 78.1 78.2 77.7 77.7 77.3 76.8 76.7 76.8 77.0 76.8 76.7 76.7 76.5 76.3 75.9 75.8 75.8

87.9 88.4 88.1 87.7 86.9

88.1 87.8 86.9 86.1 86.1 85.8 85.1 84.4 82.8 82.8 83.3 83.0 83.9 85.2 85.9 84.5 85.2 85.6 85.9 86.4 85.9 85.5 84.9 84.8 85.0 85.0 85.8 85.2 85.0 85.3 84.4 83.5 83.3 83.2 83.1 83.1 82.5 82.5 82.0 81.9 82.6 81.6 80.7 80.0 79.6 79.1

96.0 96.9 97.5 97.4 97.3

97.5 97.5 97.2 97.1 97.3 97.2 97.3 97.2 96.9 96.7 96.4 95.9 95.7 95.7 95.8 95.2 95.2 95.3 95.3 95.3 95.2 94.9 94.7 94.2 94.4 94.7 94.6 94.6 94.3 94.4 94.1 93.6 93.8 93.4 92.6 93.0 93.2 93.0 93.2 93.3 93.4 92.7 92.4 91.8 91.9 91.7

97.6 97.5 97.8 98.2 98.1

97.7 97.6 97.6 97.5 97.3 97.3 97.2 97.3 97.1 96.9 96.9 96.5 96.4 96.2 96.0 95.6 95.4 95.7 95.7 95.7 95.5 95.4 95.3 95.2 95.4 95.0 94.8 94.6 94.5 94.5 94.3 94.1 93.7 93.4 92.8 92.3 92.4 92.6 92.6 92.8 92.7 92.5 92.1 92.1 91.9 92.1

95.8 95.9 96.2 96.5 96.5

95.7 95.6 95.6 95.7 95.7 95.6 95.3 95.2 94.9 94.6 94.3 93.9 93.2 93.0 92.2 92.1 91.6 91.1 91.3 91.4 91.2 91.4 91.2 91.2 91.2 91.0 91.0 90.7 90.9 91.1 90.7 90.5 90.7 90.1 89.1 88.8 89.1 89.5 89.2 88.8 88.6 88.5 88.5 87.7 87.5 87.7

86.9 87.2 87.5 87.9 88.7

86.8 87.3 86.2 86.2 85.6 84.6 84.5 84.4 84.3 83.4 83.0 82.1 80.4 78.2 77.3 75.6 74.3 73.8 73.3 72.8 72.1 70.6 70.2 69.4 68.5 67.9 67.3 67.6 67.0 67.2 67.8 67.0 67.0 66.5 65.5 66.0 67.0 67.6 68.1 67.9 67.3 68.3 69.2 68.7 68.7 69.3

45.8 44.9 42.6 41.6 40.5

33.1 31.7 30.3 28.4 28.0 27.9 27.1 27.1 27.3 27.2 26.8 25.5 24.3 22.7 22.4 21.6 20.2 20.0 20.4 19.9 19.0 18.4 17.8 17.4 16.3 15.8 16.0 16.3 16.5 16.6 16.3 15.7 16.1 15.6 16.8 16.8 16.9 17.1 16.5 16.9 17.7 17.7 17.9 18.6 19.0 19.8

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 41 Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Percent.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

ALL RACES

16 years and over

16 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

Women 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................

32.7 33.1

42.0 42.4

31.8 32.3

45.3 45.0

33.2 33.4

36.9 38.1

35.0 35.9

24.3 25.3

1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

35.7 36.9 36.9 37.1 37.1

39.7 42.2 41.1 39.0 38.2

35.4 36.4 36.5 36.9 37.1

45.9 46.3 45.9 46.3 45.1

34.9 35.4 35.6 35.6 35.3

41.6 43.1 43.3 43.4 43.4

43.8 45.5 46.5 47.8 49.0

32.5 34.9 34.5 35.2 36.6

1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

33.9 34.6 34.7 34.4 34.6

37.7 38.1 37.9 38.3 38.7 39.3 40.3 41.1 41.6 42.7 43.3 43.4 43.9 44.7 45.7 46.3 47.3 48.4 50.0 50.9 51.5 52.1 52.6 52.9 53.6 54.5 55.3 56.0 56.6 57.4 57.5 57.4 57.8 57.9 58.8 58.9 59.3 59.8 59.8 60.0 59.9 59.8 59.6 59.5 59.2 59.3

41.0 42.4 42.2 40.7 39.4

39.3 39.7 39.0 38.0 37.0 38.0 41.4 41.6 41.9 43.2 44.0 43.4 45.8 47.8 49.1 49.1 49.8 51.2 53.7 54.2 52.9 51.8 51.4 50.8 51.8 52.1 53.0 53.3 53.6 53.9 51.6 50.0 49.1 49.7 51.3 52.2 51.3 51.0 52.3 51.0 51.2 49.0 47.3 44.8 43.8 44.2

33.3 34.0 34.1 33.9 34.2

37.6 38.0 37.8 38.3 38.9 39.4 40.1 41.1 41.6 42.7 43.3 43.3 43.7 44.4 45.3 46.0 47.0 48.1 49.6 50.6 51.3 52.1 52.7 53.1 53.7 54.7 55.5 56.2 56.8 57.7 58.0 57.9 58.5 58.5 59.3 59.4 59.9 60.5 60.4 60.7 60.6 60.6 60.5 60.6 60.3 60.4

46.0 46.5 44.7 44.3 45.1

46.1 47.0 47.3 47.5 49.4 49.9 51.5 53.3 54.5 56.7 57.7 57.7 59.1 61.1 63.1 64.1 65.0 66.5 68.3 69.0 68.9 69.6 69.8 69.9 70.4 71.8 72.4 73.0 72.7 72.4 71.3 70.1 70.9 70.9 71.0 70.3 71.3 72.7 73.0 73.2 73.1 72.7 72.1 70.8 70.5 70.1

34.0 35.4 35.4 34.0 34.4

36.0 36.4 36.3 37.2 37.2 38.5 39.8 41.9 42.6 43.7 45.0 45.6 47.8 50.4 52.6 54.9 57.3 59.7 62.2 63.9 65.5 66.7 68.0 69.0 69.8 70.9 71.6 72.4 72.7 73.5 73.5 73.1 73.9 73.4 74.0 74.9 75.2 76.0 76.3 76.4 76.1 75.5 75.1 74.1 73.6 73.9

39.1 39.8 40.4 41.3 41.2

43.4 43.8 44.1 44.9 45.0 46.1 46.8 48.1 48.9 49.9 51.1 51.6 52.0 53.3 54.7 55.8 57.8 59.6 61.6 63.6 65.5 66.8 68.0 68.7 70.1 71.8 73.1 74.5 75.2 76.0 76.4 76.5 76.7 76.6 77.1 77.2 77.5 77.7 77.1 77.2 77.2 77.1 76.4 76.0 75.6 75.8

37.9 39.7 40.1 40.4 41.2

49.9 50.1 50.0 50.6 51.4 50.9 51.7 51.8 52.3 53.8 54.4 54.3 53.9 53.7 54.6 54.6 55.0 55.8 57.1 58.3 59.9 61.1 61.6 61.9 62.9 64.4 65.9 67.1 69.0 70.5 71.2 72.0 72.6 73.5 74.6 74.4 75.4 76.0 76.2 76.7 76.8 76.4 76.0 76.8 76.5 76.0

65 years and over

9.1 9.6

27.0 27.6 28.7 29.1 30.0

9.7 8.9 9.1 10.0 9.3

37.2 37.9 38.7 39.7 40.2

10.8 10.7 10.0 9.6 10.1

41.1 41.8 42.4 42.4 43.1 43.0 42.9 42.1 41.1 40.7 40.9 41.0 40.9 41.3 41.7 41.3 41.4 41.8 41.5 41.7 42.0 42.3 42.7 43.5 45.0 45.2 45.2 46.5 47.2 48.9 49.2 49.6 50.9 51.2 51.5 51.9 53.2 55.2 56.6 56.3 57.0

10.6 10.8 10.5 10.3 10.2

10.0 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.9 9.7 9.5 9.3 8.9 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.1 8.3 8.3 8.1 8.0 7.9 7.8 7.5 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.9 8.4 8.6 8.5 8.3 8.1 9.2 8.8 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.9

9.4 9.6 9.8 10.6 11.1 11.5

42 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Percent.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

WHITE1

16 years and over

16 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Both Sexes 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

58.2 58.7 59.4 59.1 58.9 58.7

48.8 49.3 51.3 50.3 47.9 47.4

58.9 59.5 60.1 59.8 59.8 59.7

61.0 62.4 64.1 63.7 64.1 63.7

63.5 64.0 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3

68.0 68.3 68.9 68.8 68.8 68.7

67.9 69.2 70.1 70.5 71.0 71.5

58.4 59.3 60.6 59.9 60.3 60.7

23.7 23.9 24.2 22.8 21.7 21.0

1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................

58.4 58.7 59.2 59.3 59.9

46.5 49.1 49.2 49.3 50.6

59.7 59.8 60.3 60.4 60.9

65.7 66.0 66.8 66.6 67.9

65.6 66.3 67.4 67.9 68.4

70.1 70.4 71.2 71.7 72.3

72.2 72.5 72.5 72.7 73.3

61.7 61.9 62.3 62.2 62.1

17.7 17.1 17.0 17.1 17.2

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................

1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

58.8 58.8 58.3 58.2 58.2

60.2 60.1 60.4 60.8 61.4 61.5 61.8 62.5 63.3 63.9 64.1 64.3 64.3 64.3 64.6 65.0 65.5 65.8 66.2 66.7 66.9 66.6 66.8 66.8 67.1 67.1 67.2 67.5 67.3 67.3 67.3 67.0 66.8 66.5 66.3 66.3

47.9 47.4 46.6 45.7 45.1

51.4 51.6 54.1 56.0 57.3 56.7 57.5 59.3 60.8 61.1 60.0 58.9 57.5 56.9 57.2 57.5 57.8 57.7 58.6 59.1 57.5 55.8 54.7 55.1 56.4 57.1 55.9 55.2 56.0 55.5 55.5 53.1 50.5 47.7 47.1 46.9

59.8 59.9 59.4 59.4 59.6

61.2 61.1 61.2 61.4 61.9 62.0 62.3 62.9 63.6 64.2 64.5 64.8 65.0 65.0 65.3 65.7 66.1 66.5 66.8 67.3 67.6 67.4 67.7 67.6 67.9 67.8 68.1 68.4 68.2 68.2 68.2 68.1 68.1 67.9 67.7 67.7

64.8 65.5 65.0 64.9 65.8

69.2 69.6 71.2 73.3 74.8 75.2 76.0 77.1 78.1 78.9 78.7 79.1 78.9 79.0 79.4 79.9 80.6 80.7 80.6 80.2 79.8 78.9 79.4 79.5 79.5 78.7 79.1 79.6 79.5 79.5 79.9 79.2 78.6 77.7 77.1 76.3

64.7 64.8 64.4 64.8 64.9

69.1 69.3 70.4 72.0 73.4 74.4 75.6 77.0 78.3 79.4 80.2 81.0 81.6 81.8 82.5 83.1 83.6 84.0 84.1 84.5 84.6 84.3 84.6 84.5 84.4 84.9 84.9 85.3 85.4 85.1 85.1 84.5 84.5 83.6 83.5 83.5

68.6 68.8 69.0 69.4 69.5

72.9 73.0 73.2 73.9 74.6 75.1 76.1 77.1 78.1 79.3 80.3 81.0 81.5 81.9 82.6 83.4 84.0 84.7 85.0 85.5 85.9 85.9 85.8 85.7 85.7 85.5 85.7 85.8 85.3 85.4 85.4 85.2 84.7 84.3 84.1 84.2

71.7 71.7 71.8 72.3 72.5

73.5 73.4 72.9 72.7 73.0 73.0 73.0 73.2 73.8 74.6 75.4 76.2 76.4 76.5 77.0 77.8 78.5 79.1 80.3 81.2 81.3 81.8 82.2 82.5 82.7 82.5 83.1 83.5 83.4 83.5 83.5 83.3 83.0 83.0 82.9 82.8

60.6 61.3 61.3 61.8 61.8

61.8 61.3 60.3 58.6 58.0 57.4 56.9 56.6 56.4 56.5 56.0 55.2 55.3 54.7 54.5 54.4 54.3 54.6 55.1 56.2 56.5 56.0 56.8 57.1 57.6 58.0 58.7 59.9 60.1 60.2 60.0 61.2 62.8 63.3 63.2 63.7

20.8 20.0 19.0 17.9 17.8

16.8 16.1 15.4 14.4 13.9 13.6 13.0 12.9 13.1 12.9 12.5 12.2 12.0 11.8 11.1 10.7 11.0 11.1 11.4 11.8 11.9 11.6 11.6 11.4 12.5 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.0 13.3 14.1 14.6 15.1

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 43 Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Percent.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

WHITE1

16 years and over

16 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Men 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

85.6 85.4 85.6 84.8 84.3 83.8

57.6 58.6 60.4 59.2 56.5 55.9

87.8 87.5 87.6 86.9 86.6 86.3

86.3 86.5 87.6 86.6 86.7 87.3

97.5 97.8 97.4 97.2 97.2 97.5

98.2 98.2 98.1 98.0 98.0 98.0

96.8 96.7 96.8 96.7 96.6 96.3

89.1 88.4 88.9 88.0 88.2 87.9

40.4 39.6 40.0 37.7 35.7 34.3

1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................

80.8 80.6 80.6 80.4 80.2

54.1 55.9 56.3 55.9 56.8

83.9 83.6 83.5 83.2 83.0

85.3 84.4 84.0 82.4 82.6

97.4 97.5 97.5 97.2 97.0

97.7 97.6 97.7 97.6 97.4

95.9 95.8 95.6 95.4 95.1

85.2 84.9 84.9 84.7 83.9

27.9 27.2 27.1 27.4 27.3

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................

1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

83.4 83.0 82.1 81.5 81.1

80.0 79.6 79.6 79.4 79.4 78.7 78.4 78.5 78.6 78.6 78.2 77.9 77.4 77.1 77.1 77.0 76.9 76.8 76.9 77.1 77.1 76.5 76.5 76.2 75.9 75.7 75.8 75.9 75.6 75.6 75.5 75.1 74.8 74.2 74.1 74.1

55.9 54.5 53.8 53.1 52.7

57.5 57.9 60.1 62.0 62.9 61.9 62.3 64.0 65.0 64.8 63.7 62.4 60.0 59.4 59.0 59.7 59.3 59.0 60.0 61.0 59.6 57.3 56.9 56.6 57.7 58.5 57.1 56.1 56.6 56.4 56.5 53.7 50.3 47.5 47.4 46.2

86.0 85.7 84.9 84.4 84.2

82.8 82.3 82.0 81.6 81.4 80.7 80.3 80.2 80.1 80.1 79.8 79.5 79.2 78.9 78.7 78.5 78.5 78.4 78.3 78.5 78.5 78.0 78.0 77.7 77.3 77.1 77.3 77.5 77.2 77.2 77.1 76.9 76.7 76.3 76.2 76.2

87.8 87.6 86.5 85.8 85.7

83.3 83.2 84.3 85.8 86.6 85.5 86.3 86.8 87.3 87.6 87.2 87.0 86.3 86.1 86.5 86.4 87.3 86.9 86.6 86.8 86.2 85.4 85.2 85.5 85.5 85.1 85.0 85.1 84.6 84.9 85.2 84.1 83.2 82.5 82.1 81.4

97.7 97.7 97.4 97.4 97.5

96.7 96.3 96.0 96.2 96.3 95.8 95.9 96.0 95.9 96.0 95.9 95.8 95.6 95.2 95.4 95.7 95.5 95.5 95.2 95.4 95.2 94.9 94.9 94.7 93.9 94.1 94.4 94.2 94.4 94.3 94.5 93.9 93.7 93.3 93.2 93.0

97.9 97.9 97.9 97.8 97.6

97.3 97.0 97.0 96.8 96.7 96.4 96.0 96.2 96.3 96.4 96.2 96.1 96.0 96.0 96.1 95.7 95.4 95.4 95.4 95.3 95.3 95.0 94.7 94.5 93.9 93.4 93.6 93.7 93.7 93.8 93.8 93.6 93.2 93.1 93.0 93.0

96.1 95.9 96.0 96.2 96.1

94.9 94.7 94.0 93.5 93.0 92.9 92.5 92.1 92.1 92.2 92.1 92.4 92.2 91.9 92.0 92.0 91.8 91.6 91.8 92.2 91.7 91.4 91.8 91.3 90.3 90.0 90.4 90.6 90.3 90.1 89.7 89.7 89.6 88.8 88.7 89.0

87.2 87.8 86.7 86.6 86.1

83.3 82.6 81.1 78.9 78.0 76.4 75.2 74.6 73.7 73.4 73.1 71.5 71.0 70.0 69.5 68.8 68.0 68.1 67.9 68.3 68.6 67.7 67.7 67.3 66.4 67.1 68.0 68.9 69.1 69.1 68.2 69.1 70.2 69.7 69.8 70.4

33.3 31.9 30.6 28.4 27.9

26.7 25.6 24.4 22.7 22.4 21.7 20.2 20.0 20.3 20.0 19.1 18.5 17.9 17.7 16.4 15.9 16.3 16.5 16.7 16.8 16.6 15.9 16.2 15.9 17.2 16.9 17.2 17.4 16.6 17.2 17.9 17.8 17.8 18.6 19.1 20.0

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

44 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Percent.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

WHITE1

16 years and over

16 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Women 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

33.3 34.5 35.7 35.7 35.8 36.0

40.6 40.7 43.1 42.2 40.1 39.6

32.7 34.0 35.1 35.2 35.5 35.6

44.4 45.8 46.5 45.8 46.0 44.5

32.5 32.8 33.2 33.6 33.6 33.4

39.3 40.0 41.5 41.5 41.4 41.4

39.8 42.7 44.4 45.4 46.5 47.8

29.1 31.8 34.0 33.7 34.5 35.7

9.1 10.5 10.6 10.2 10.1 10.0

1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................

38.1 39.2 40.1 40.7 41.8

39.2 42.6 42.5 43.0 44.6

38.0 38.8 39.8 40.4 41.5

49.2 51.0 53.1 54.0 56.4

36.3 37.7 39.7 40.6 41.7

44.4 45.0 46.4 47.5 48.6

49.9 50.6 50.9 51.5 53.0

40.3 41.1 41.9 42.0 42.6

9.7 9.4 9.3 9.4 9.7

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................

1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

36.5 36.9 36.7 37.2 37.5

42.6 42.6 43.2 44.1 45.2 45.9 46.9 48.0 49.4 50.5 51.2 51.9 52.4 52.7 53.3 54.1 55.0 55.7 56.4 57.2 57.4 57.4 57.7 58.0 58.9 59.0 59.1 59.5 59.4 59.6 59.5 59.4 59.3 59.2 58.9 58.9

40.3 40.6 39.8 38.7 37.8

45.6 45.4 48.1 50.1 51.7 51.5 52.8 54.5 56.7 57.4 56.2 55.4 55.0 54.5 55.4 55.2 56.3 56.5 57.2 57.1 55.3 54.1 52.5 53.5 55.1 55.5 54.7 54.1 55.4 54.5 54.5 52.4 50.8 47.9 46.7 47.6

36.2 36.6 36.5 37.0 37.5

42.2 42.3 42.7 43.5 44.4 45.3 46.2 47.3 48.7 49.8 50.6 51.5 52.2 52.5 53.1 54.0 54.9 55.6 56.3 57.2 57.6 57.6 58.1 58.3 59.2 59.2 59.4 59.9 59.7 59.9 59.9 59.9 60.0 59.9 59.7 59.7

45.7 46.9 47.1 47.3 48.8

57.7 58.0 59.4 61.7 63.9 65.5 66.3 67.8 69.3 70.5 70.6 71.5 71.8 72.1 72.5 73.8 74.1 74.8 74.9 74.0 73.4 72.5 73.5 73.4 73.4 72.3 73.3 73.9 74.3 73.9 74.5 74.2 74.0 72.7 71.9 71.0

34.1 34.3 34.1 34.8 35.0

43.2 43.7 46.0 48.7 51.3 53.8 56.0 58.5 61.2 63.1 64.8 66.4 67.8 68.7 69.8 70.9 71.8 72.5 73.0 73.8 74.1 73.8 74.4 74.3 74.9 75.8 75.5 76.3 76.3 76.0 75.7 75.1 75.0 73.7 73.6 73.7

41.5 41.8 42.2 43.1 43.3

49.9 50.2 50.7 52.2 53.6 54.9 57.1 58.9 60.7 63.0 65.0 66.4 67.5 68.2 69.6 71.4 72.9 74.2 74.9 75.9 76.6 76.8 77.0 76.9 77.5 77.6 77.8 77.9 76.9 77.1 77.2 77.0 76.3 75.5 75.2 75.4

48.6 48.9 48.9 49.5 50.2

53.7 53.6 53.4 53.4 54.3 54.3 54.7 55.3 56.7 58.1 59.6 60.9 61.4 61.9 62.7 64.2 65.8 67.2 69.2 70.6 71.3 72.4 72.8 74.0 75.2 75.2 76.1 76.6 76.6 77.1 77.5 77.1 76.6 77.3 77.1 76.7

36.2 37.2 38.0 38.9 39.4

42.6 42.5 41.9 40.7 40.4 40.6 40.7 40.7 41.1 41.5 40.9 40.9 41.5 41.1 41.2 41.5 42.1 42.4 43.6 45.2 45.5 45.4 46.8 47.6 49.4 49.5 50.1 51.5 51.6 52.0 52.4 53.8 55.8 57.4 57.0 57.5

10.6 10.5 9.8 9.4 9.9

9.5 9.3 9.0 8.7 8.0 8.0 7.9 7.9 8.1 8.1 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.5 7.0 7.3 7.2 7.7 8.2 8.5 8.5 8.2 8.1 9.2 9.0 8.7 8.6 8.7 8.9

9.4 9.6 9.9 10.8 11.2 11.4

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 45 Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Percent.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

BLACK1

16 years and over

16 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Both Sexes 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

59.9 60.2 59.8

39.1 39.8 39.8

63.3 63.4 63.0

68.6 69.7 69.8

74.9 75.7 75.8

74.4 74.5 74.6

70.0 70.3 69.1

56.9 55.9 54.7

17.5 16.0 15.1

1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

61.0 60.8 61.0 61.5 62.2

38.9 37.7 36.6 36.4 38.3

64.1 64.2 64.3 64.9 65.2

69.0 69.2 68.6 68.4 69.2

79.5 78.5 78.7 79.8 79.3

77.4 78.4 79.8 80.2 81.0

71.4 71.2 71.1 72.1 73.0

52.6 52.8 52.3 52.5 51.6

13.0 12.0 11.5 10.5 10.3

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................ Men 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

58.8 59.0 59.8 61.5 61.4

62.9 63.3 63.8 63.8 64.2 64.0 63.3 63.9 63.2 63.4 63.7 64.1 64.7 65.6 65.8 65.8 65.3 64.8 64.3 63.8 64.2 73.6 73.4 72.9 70.9 70.0 70.6 71.5 71.3 70.3 70.0 70.1 70.6 70.8 70.8 71.2 71.1 71.0 71.0 71.0 70.4 70.7 69.6 69.1 69.0 68.7 68.3 69.0 68.7 69.2 68.4 68.4 67.3 66.7 67.3

38.2 37.0 37.9 41.0 40.1

41.2 41.3 41.6 40.8 42.5 38.7 35.4 37.9 37.0 38.5 39.9 39.2 38.7 41.6 38.7 39.4 37.6 36.0 32.4 31.4 32.4 46.3 45.7 46.7 42.6 41.3 43.2 44.9 43.6 43.2 41.6 39.8 39.9 41.7 44.6 43.7 43.6 43.8 44.6 40.7 37.3 40.6 39.5 40.8 40.1 39.5 37.4 40.7 38.6 39.2 37.9 37.3 31.1 30.0 32.6

62.0 62.5 63.2 64.5 64.5

65.6 65.9 66.5 66.5 66.7 66.9 66.4 66.8 66.0 66.0 66.3 66.9 67.6 68.2 68.9 68.7 68.2 67.8 67.6 67.2 67.4 78.5 78.4 77.6 76.0 75.4 75.6 76.2 76.3 75.1 74.5 74.7 75.2 74.8 74.4 74.8 74.7 74.6 74.4 75.0 74.6 74.3 73.2 72.5 72.5 72.3 72.2 72.5 72.4 72.8 72.1 72.1 71.5 70.9 71.3

66.1 66.8 68.2 69.9 70.0

70.0 71.7 70.5 70.5 72.2 68.8 67.7 67.4 67.8 68.8 68.7 69.0 70.9 70.6 71.4 71.8 69.9 68.6 68.2 68.3 69.0 82.7 83.7 83.6 78.7 79.0 79.2 78.8 80.7 79.9 79.2 78.7 79.4 79.1 79.0 80.1 77.8 79.3 80.2 76.8 76.7 75.4 74.1 73.9 74.6 73.4 72.1 71.8 69.8 73.3 69.7 70.7 71.1 69.9 70.1

75.6 77.4 78.3 79.6 79.2

79.8 80.1 80.7 80.8 80.9 79.7 78.5 79.7 78.3 78.3 80.0 81.1 82.0 83.0 85.2 84.1 83.6 82.4 81.6 81.2 81.7 92.7 91.8 92.8 91.6 90.9 90.7 90.9 90.8 90.9 88.9 89.2 89.0 88.9 88.8 89.6 89.4 89.3 89.7 88.8 87.3 88.0 87.3 86.2 87.5 87.5 86.8 87.1 89.2 87.8 86.6 85.9 84.7 86.1 85.5

74.1 74.9 75.9 77.4 77.9

81.5 81.9 82.6 82.6 82.7 82.4 82.0 81.4 81.0 80.8 80.4 81.0 81.4 82.2 83.0 82.3 82.0 81.6 82.9 82.1 82.3 91.1 91.0 90.4 89.4 89.9 91.0 90.5 90.4 89.1 89.3 89.8 89.7 90.0 89.8 89.6 88.6 88.2 88.7 88.1 87.7 86.5 86.1 85.9 84.1 84.4 84.8 85.0 86.0 85.2 84.9 84.7 85.7 84.0 85.5

69.0 68.6 69.0 70.4 71.1

73.4 74.3 74.7 75.0 75.5 76.5 76.2 76.2 75.2 74.8 74.1 74.9 76.3 76.7 76.4 76.9 75.9 76.1 75.8 75.5 75.7 85.4 87.4 84.0 83.5 82.4 82.0 83.2 84.5 83.0 82.7 82.2 84.5 83.7 83.0 84.1 83.7 83.5 82.5 83.5 83.4 81.8 80.0 79.1 78.5 78.5 80.1 79.9 78.5 79.2 78.4 79.5 77.7 76.9 78.6

54.3 53.4 53.7 54.8 53.5

51.4 50.6 52.4 50.6 48.3 49.6 50.4 51.6 50.2 49.3 50.3 50.9 50.5 52.3 51.4 52.5 53.9 54.7 54.4 54.4 55.3 72.5 69.5 68.9 67.7 65.1 65.5 67.9 64.8 61.9 62.1 61.9 62.6 58.9 58.9 59.1 62.1 59.4 55.5 58.0 58.7 60.0 57.9 54.5 54.4 55.6 54.3 57.3 55.5 57.4 58.9 58.4 57.6 57.1 57.3

14.9 14.9 14.5 15.3 14.5

11.2 9.7 10.7 11.5 11.6 11.1 10.7 10.6 9.5 10.6 10.5 9.8 10.0 10.3 10.4 11.6 12.6 12.5 12.9 13.1 13.6 24.2 22.3 21.6 20.7 19.8 20.0 21.1 19.5 16.9 16.0 15.9 14.0 13.7 13.9 12.6 13.7 14.3 14.3 13.0 13.0 13.7 11.6 12.7 14.9 12.9 12.9 14.0 12.7 14.4 16.7 16.9 17.0 17.0 17.1

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

46 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Percent.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

BLACK1

16 years and over

16 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Women 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

48.7 49.3 49.0

32.2 34.2 33.4

51.2 51.6 51.4

57.0 58.0 58.8

60.8 62.7 62.4

61.4 61.7 62.2

57.2 56.1 56.4

44.0 44.7 42.8

12.6 11.4 10.4

1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

53.1 53.5 53.7 54.2 55.2

34.9 34.0 33.5 33.0 35.0

55.6 56.0 56.2 56.8 57.6

60.2 61.1 60.1 59.1 60.7

70.5 70.0 70.2 72.3 71.5

68.1 69.8 71.7 72.6 73.7

61.4 62.0 62.4 62.3 64.5

44.8 45.4 44.8 44.8 46.1

10.2 9.3 8.5 8.2 8.0

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................ HISPANIC2

48.8 49.8 50.8 53.1 53.1

56.5 56.9 58.0 58.0 58.7 58.3 57.5 58.5 57.9 58.7 59.5 60.4 61.7 62.8 63.5 63.1 62.8 61.8 61.9 61.5 61.6

34.2 32.9 32.9 37.3 36.8

37.9 39.1 39.6 37.9 40.4 36.8 33.5 35.2 34.6 36.3 39.8 38.9 39.9 42.5 38.8 39.6 37.3 34.7 33.7 32.8 32.2

51.1 52.5 53.6 55.5 55.4

58.6 58.9 60.0 60.1 60.6 60.6 60.0 60.8 60.2 60.9 61.4 62.6 64.0 64.8 66.1 65.4 65.2 64.4 64.6 64.2 64.4

55.9 56.9 59.3 62.7 61.5

62.5 64.6 64.4 63.2 65.5 62.4 60.3 60.8 62.6 64.5 63.7 65.2 69.9 69.6 72.7 70.5 70.1 66.9 65.7 66.8 68.1

62.8 66.7 68.5 70.6 70.1

72.4 72.4 73.5 73.7 73.6 72.3 71.4 73.1 70.9 71.9 73.9 75.9 78.1 79.6 82.1 81.1 81.2 79.7 79.1 77.2 78.5

62.0 63.0 64.1 67.2 68.0

74.8 75.8 77.8 78.1 78.0 77.7 77.2 77.1 76.8 76.4 77.3 78.2 78.4 79.9 80.4 79.9 79.6 79.2 80.6 80.6 79.7

56.6 56.8 57.9 59.4 59.6

65.7 66.5 67.5 68.3 70.0 70.7 70.2 71.7 71.2 71.3 70.5 72.0 73.2 74.0 74.6 74.9 73.9 73.3 74.2 74.3 73.3

43.1 43.7 43.7 43.8 44.0

45.3 43.6 44.4 43.4 42.4 43.2 44.1 45.1 44.4 45.3 47.2 47.2 47.6 48.5 48.4

10.7 11.3 10.5 11.1 10.9

9.4 7.8 8.6 9.6 9.8 9.9 9.2 8.6 8.3 9.2 7.7 7.7 8.2 7.9 8.9

48.6 49.9 51.8 51.9 52.3 53.7

9.9 10.1 9.8 10.3 10.7 11.4

Both Sexes 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

60.2 61.1

46.9 47.7

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

64.0 64.1 63.6 63.8 64.9

50.3 46.4 44.8 45.3 47.5

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................ 1Beginning

60.8 60.8 61.6 62.9 63.6

64.6 65.4 66.4 67.4 67.6 67.4 66.5 66.8 66.2 66.1 65.8 66.5 67.9 67.9 67.7 69.7 69.5 69.1 68.3 68.6 68.0

46.2 46.9 48.2 49.6 50.3

44.6 43.9 45.8 49.6 48.6

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

47.8 45.1 45.8 43.9 44.4

... ... ... ... 68.5

... ... ... ... 74.0

... ... ... ... 77.3

... ... ... ... 78.9

... ... ... ... 73.1

... ... ... ... 49.8

... ... ... ... 10.7

46.3 46.9 44.0 37.7 38.2 38.6

72.5 72.0 71.8 71.4 71.7 71.0

78.2 76.6 76.3 75.6 74.5 72.7

80.4 80.0 80.5 79.4 79.4 79.1

81.7 81.9 81.1 81.1 81.4 81.2

78.0 77.4 76.1 75.3 77.6 77.2

54.2 55.1 55.8 57.4 58.1 58.4

12.3 10.9 11.9 12.8 14.5 13.9

45.4 43.4 43.0 45.7 45.5

68.1 69.1 70.8 70.6 70.4

71.9 73.1 76.4 76.1 76.0

78.1 78.2 79.5 80.3 78.6

78.5 79.5 80.9 80.0 81.3

72.8 74.6 75.4 75.3 75.9

48.6 52.2 53.8 55.4 54.1

10.5 11.0 11.9 10.1 11.6

in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. be of any race. . . . = Not available.

2May

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 47 Table 1-8. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Percent.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

HISPANIC2

16 years and over

16 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Men 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

81.5 81.7

... ...

85.9 86.0

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

81.4 80.6 79.7 80.3 80.6

... ... ... ... ...

84.9 84.7 84.0 84.1 84.3

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................ Women 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................ 2May be of any race.

. . . = Not available.

80.7 79.6 80.9 81.1 81.3

80.3 81.0 81.0 81.9 82.0

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

85.5 84.2 84.8 84.9 85.3

84.0 84.6 84.5 85.0 85.0

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

81.4 80.3 80.7 80.2 79.2

... ... ... ... 50.0

84.7 83.8 84.0 83.5 82.5

... ... ... ... 88.0

... ... ... ... 92.5

... ... ... ... 91.5

... ... ... ... 85.7

... ... ... ... 63.6

... ... ... ... 14.4

81.5 81.0 80.2 80.1 80.4 80.1

50.7 52.2 48.8 40.9 42.4 41.9

85.3 84.3 83.6 84.1 84.2 84.0

89.1 86.8 86.1 86.2 84.4 84.1

94.1 93.4 93.5 93.6 93.6 93.3

93.3 92.7 92.1 92.9 93.2 93.1

87.6 86.7 86.1 85.4 87.2 87.7

69.4 68.6 67.3 68.8 69.6 69.3

18.5 16.8 16.3 17.4 20.8 20.1

79.1 79.6 80.1 79.8 79.8

41.0 42.4 43.2 44.3 44.3 46.6 47.4 47.4 48.3 48.1 47.7 49.6 49.3 50.1 52.0 53.2 53.5

50.2 50.0 47.4 48.7 50.1

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

82.4 83.0 84.1 83.6 83.5

41.3 42.7 43.8 44.6 45.1 47.2 48.0 48.5 49.7 49.3 49.0 50.5 50.6 51.7 53.3 54.2 54.9

86.2 85.7 88.1 88.1 88.1

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

92.9 93.2 93.5 94.0 93.9

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

91.3 91.7 91.9 91.4 92.2

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

85.6 87.0 87.8 86.7 86.2

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

62.4 65.9 68.4 70.2 68.6

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

53.1 52.4 52.8 52.1 52.9

... ... ... ... 38.7

54.8 54.0 54.3 53.8 54.4

... ... ... ... 57.9

... ... ... ... 60.5

... ... ... ... 66.4

... ... ... ... 61.4

... ... ... ... 38.1

57.5 57.6 57.6 55.9 56.1 55.3

41.4 41.1 38.8 34.5 33.7 35.2

59.3 59.3 59.5 58.1 58.4 57.4

65.0 64.6 65.0 63.3 62.9 59.4

65.3 65.2 65.8 62.9 62.9 62.4

69.9 70.3 69.5 68.5 68.7 68.2

68.5 68.3 66.3 65.3 67.9 66.6

41.2 43.2 46.1 47.1 47.8 48.4

52.6 53.4 55.1 55.6 55.9

40.4 36.5 38.0 42.4 40.6

53.9 55.2 57.0 57.1 57.7

55.9 59.2 62.3 62.2 63.0

61.6 62.0 63.7 64.5 62.7

65.9 67.0 69.3 67.9 70.5

60.5 62.7 63.3 64.7 66.2

37.2 40.5 40.6 41.9 42.4

15.8 16.7 17.3 14.9 18.2

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... 7.9 6.6 6.9 8.1 6.6 6.5 7.7 6.7 8.5 9.4 9.8 9.3

48 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-9. Employed and Unemployed Full- and Part-Time Workers, by Age, Sex, and Race, 1995–2005 (Thousands of people.)

Full-time workers Race, sex, age, and year

ALL RACES

Total

101 679 103 537 106 334 108 202 110 302

Both Sexes, 20 Years and Over 1995 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................

99 651 101 496 104 168 105 882 107 917

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

Men, 16 Years and Over 1995 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................

Men, 20 Years and Over 1995 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................

Women, 16 Years and Over 1995 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................

35 hours or more

Not at work

3 215 3 080 2 826 2 497 2 216

18 443 18 459 18 856 19 239 19 509

1 562 1 631 1 542 1 524 1 461

5 909 5 803 5 395 4 916 4 669

1 495 1 433 1 344 1 293 1 211

86 043 87 344 90 613 89 966 94 270

9 643 10 070 9 601 11 915 9 754

3 965 4 083 3 954 4 001 3 893

18 830 18 712 18 729 18 530 18 399

2 853 2 733 2 500 2 197 1 939

14 613 14 556 14 872 15 007 15 187

1 365 1 423 1 357 1 326 1 273

5 253 5 157 4 748 4 332 4 094

806 773 719 672 624

65 930 65 623 65 205 65 379 66 444 67 858

59 345 58 386 58 318 58 428 59 363 60 825

47 916 47 950 47 494 47 946 48 073 49 158

For noneconomic reasons

23 220 23 170 23 224 23 261 23 186

98 439 97 161 97 342 98 087 99 034 101 534

41 743 42 776 44 076 45 014 46 372

For economic reasons

Looking for part-time work

4 020 4 137 4 013 4 062 3 947

111 353 111 323 110 679 111 578 112 747 115 206

64 464 64 311 64 006 64 364 65 377 66 803

Total

Looking for full-time work

9 924 10 381 9 922 12 260 10 079

100 533 99 047 99 042 99 539 100 496 103 044

58 707 59 543 60 974 61 837 62 514

At work2

87 736 89 020 92 399 91 880 96 276

113 846 113 573 112 700 113 324 114 518 117 016

59 936 60 762 62 258 63 189 63 930

1 to 34 hours for Not at work economic or noneconomic reasons

Unemployed

Part-time workers

At work

Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over 1995 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 ............................................................. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Employed1

52 833 53 425 55 216 55 080 57 034

51 793 52 411 54 148 53 947 55 827 58 095 57 273 57 302 57 580 58 471 59 934 34 903 35 594 37 183 36 800 39 242 41 188 40 661 40 723 41 111 41 133 42 219

9 125 10 464 9 746 9 841 10 053 9 983

8 787 10 156 9 474 9 587 9 789 9 729 5 120 5 290 5 040 6 136 4 971 4 555 5 241 4 971 5 023 5 148 5 096 4 960 5 117 4 857 5 950 4 790 4 370 5 072 4 815 4 879 5 000 4 955 4 805 5 091 4 882 6 124 5 108 4 570 5 223 4 775 4 818 4 905 4 887

4 188 4 061 3 912 3 944 3 969 3 990

4 127 4 006 3 862 3 904 3 924 3 942 1 984 2 047 2 001 1 973 1 924 2 030 1 996 1 916 1 927 1 933 1 937 1 955 2 015 1 969 1 940 1 897 2 000 1 966 1 889 1 905 1 906 1 914 2 036 2 090 2 011 2 090 2 022 2 158 2 065 1 996 2 017 2 036 2 052

23 044 23 361 23 785 24 412 24 734 24 714

18 348 18 870 19 475 20 239 20 598 20 546 7 441 7 445 7 427 7 504 7 516 7 375 7 573 7 697 7 953 8 080 8 115 5 377 5 354 5 310 5 297 5 247 5 170 5 465 5 728 6 051 6 196 6 247

15 779 15 725 15 797 15 757 15 670 15 670 15 788 16 088 16 459 16 654 16 598

2 003 2 297 2 755 3 184 3 113 2 963

1 747 2 013 2 448 2 875 2 817 2 698

1 401 1 322 1 187 1 063 946 856 1 021 1 246 1 473 1 405 1 316 1 228 1 155 1 023 925 809 733 881 1 093 1 314 1 251 1 182

1 814 1 758 1 638 1 435 1 270 1 147 1 276 1 509 1 711 1 708 1 647

19 548 19 494 19 549 19 702 20 109 20 229

15 297 15 486 15 704 16 001 16 436 16 489 5 626 5 692 5 821 6 026 6 178 6 105 6 129 6 050 6 056 6 258 6 370 3 828 3 859 3 944 4 050 4 127 4 109 4 253 4 299 4 388 4 600 4 705

12 817 12 767 13 035 13 214 13 330 13 443 13 365 13 498 13 646 13 851 13 859

1 493 1 570 1 481 1 525 1 513 1 522

1 304 1 371 1 322 1 363 1 345 1 359 414 431 418 416 392 414 424 401 423 417 429 322 341 343 322 311 328 331 336 348 345 360

1 148 1 200 1 124 1 108 1 069 1 080 1 146 1 080 1 102 1 096 1 092

4 538 5 546 7 063 7 361 6 762 6 175

1 154 1 254 1 314 1 413 1 388 1 415

3 978 4 956 6 395 6 705 6 178 5 619

3 374 3 276 3 012 2 707 2 548 2 486 3 144 4 029 4 291 3 843 3 444 2 988 2 899 2 644 2 366 2 222 2 162 2 801 3 642 3 906 3 511 3 118

2 535 2 527 2 383 2 210 2 121 2 052 2 402 3 034 3 070 2 919 2 732

Note: Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

1Employed persons are classified as full- or part-time workers based on their usual weekly hours at all jobs, regardless of the number of hours they were at work during the reference

week. Persons absent from work are also classified according to their usual status.

2Includes some persons at work 35 hours or more classified by their reason for working part time.

632 682 730 818 764 786

609 604 564 559 518 488 546 568 615 613 616 251 248 239 214 211 214 239 254 302 281 274

886 829 779 734 693 666 709 747 798 775 799

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 49 Table 1-9. Employed and Unemployed Full- and Part-Time Workers, by Age, Sex, and Race, 1995–2005 —Continued (Thousands of people.)

Full-time workers Race, sex, age, and year

ALL RACES

Women, 20 Years and Over 1995 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................

Employed1

At work

Total

35 hours or more

1 to 34 hours for Not at work economic or noneconomic reasons

Unemployed

Part-time workers At work2

Total

For economic reasons

For noneconomic reasons

Not at work

Looking for full-time work

Looking for part-time work

40 943 41 953 43 194 44 045 45 403

34 250 34 933 36 465 36 019 38 443

4 683 4 953 4 744 5 965 4 964

2 010 2 068 1 985 2 061 1 996

13 453 13 357 13 419 13 233 13 152

1 623 1 579 1 477 1 272 1 131

10 785 10 697 10 927 10 957 11 059

1 043 1 082 1 015 1 004 962

2 265 2 258 2 105 1 966 1 872

554 525 480 458 413

Men, 16 Years and Over 1995 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................

51 768 52 527 53 640 54 206 54 756

45 634 46 208 47 563 47 239 48 834

4 406 4 547 4 358 5 257 4 274

1 728 1 772 1 719 1 709 1 647

6 378 6 361 6 358 6 398 6 383

1 100 1 046 909 829 730

4 921 4 941 5 084 5 209 5 314

357 374 365 360 339

2 525 2 426 2 202 1 999 1 883

475 470 440 432 391

Men, 20 Years and Over 1995 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................

50 691 51 442 52 498 53 017 53 513

44 726 45 300 46 609 46 240 47 764

4 263 4 397 4 199 5 095 4 124

1 702 1 745 1 691 1 682 1 626

4 563 4 534 4 488 4 483 4 420

958 907 771 716 618

3 330 3 330 3 419 3 487 3 534

275 297 298 280 268

2 260 2 167 1 946 1 756 1 651

204 197 194 164 162

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

WHITE3

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2000 2001 2002 2002 2004 2005

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

Women, 16 Years and Over 1995 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................

Women, 20 Years and Over 1995 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................

46 889 47 012 46 673 47 215 47 371 48 403

56 068 55 830 55 369 55 216 55 926 56 955

54 778 54 666 54 333 54 339 55 005 56 050 34 422 35 057 35 965 36 553 37 417 38 438 38 445 38 152 38 249 38 240 38 973 33 728 34 350 35 216 35 738 36 602 37 585 37 658 37 467 37 640 37 663 38 354

40 344 39 889 40 040 40 507 40 563 41 600

50 434 49 625 49 459 49 323 49 891 50 965

49 335 48 636 48 581 48 585 49 124 50 203 28 685 29 124 30 286 29 792 31 577 32 942 32 491 32 623 32 659 32 555 33 325 28 116 28 553 29 677 29 130 30 905 32 242 31 839 32 049 32 158 32 085 32 820

4 417 5 083 4 660 4 708 4 790 4 774

3 896 4 504 4 267 4 266 4 396 4 334

3 733 4 354 4 133 4 145 4 267 4 213 4 039 4 196 4 036 5 039 4 157 3 729 4 252 3 896 3 939 4 018 3 976 3 938 4 078 3 919 4 910 4 036 3 600 4 139 3 803 3 845 3 927 3 882

2 128 2 040 1 973 2 000 2 017 2 028

1 738 1 701 1 644 1 628 1 638 1 656

1 710 1 676 1 619 1 609 1 614 1 634

13 178 13 405 13 747 14 188 14 402 14 299

6 221 6 381 6 480 6 650 6 786 6 808

4 341 4 579 4 790 5 010 5 154 5 205

1 013 1 132 1 355 1 560 1 567 1 516

656 793 980 1 146 1 092 1 014

558 677 857 1 016 961 905

11 188 11 233 11 406 11 613 11 836 11 784

5 213 5 225 5 150 5 148 5 331 5 424

3 505 3 616 3 640 3 703 3 895 3 990

976 1 040 986 1 015 1 000 999

351 364 350 357 363 370

278 285 293 291 299 310

1 816 2 155 2 752 2 799 2 667 2 501

1 798 2 323 3 017 3 164 2 805 2 459

1 566 2 080 2 743 2 893 2 567 2 242

379 431 443 479 477 471

165 195 200 231 217 209

1 697 1 737 1 643 1 722 1 684

13 922 13 863 13 894 13 774 13 679

1 431 1 388 1 260 1 089 947

11 448 11 398 11 623 11 695 11 768

1 043 1 077 1 011 990 964

1 755 1 749 1 587 1 481 1 469

705 656 608 572 530

1 674 1 719 1 620 1 698 1 662

11 916 11 814 11 847 11 604 11 496

1 277 1 243 1 136 953 839

9 690 9 598 9 788 9 749 9 789

949 973 923 902 867

1 579 1 570 1 396 1 318 1 297

463 427 388 370 319

1 767 1 702 1 633 1 652 1 667 1 672

1 743 1 680 1 615 1 637 1 652 1 652

13 698 13 773 14 011 14 120 14 287 14 213

11 560 11 711 11 981 12 183 12 377 12 235

867 971 1 152 1 304 1 280 1 207

754 853 1 029 1 180 1 166 1 108

11 870 11 787 11 903 11 860 12 038 12 043

9 935 9 933 10 079 10 124 10 326 10 248

961 1 015 956 956 969 963

872 924 873 879 885 879

1 422 1 664 2 084 2 038 1 968 1 807

1 256 1 492 1 888 1 866 1 795 1 653

Note: Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

1Employed persons are classified as full- or part-time workers based on their usual weekly hours at all jobs, regardless of the number of hours they were at work during the reference

week. Persons absent from work are also classified according to their usual status.

419 444 476 515 483 512

521 551 595 629 597 612

339 357 381 411 377 401

2Includes some persons at work 35 hours or more classified by their reason for working part time. 3Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one

race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.

50 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-9. Employed and Unemployed Full- and Part-Time Workers, by Age, Sex, and Race, 1995–2005 —Continued (Thousands of people.)

Employed1

Full-time workers Race, sex, age, and year

BLACK3

At work

Total

35 hours or more

1 to 34 hours for Not at work economic or noneconomic reasons

Unemployed

Part-time workers At work2

Total

For economic reasons

For noneconomic reasons

Not at work

Looking for full-time work

Looking for part-time work

Men, 16 Years and Over 1995 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................

5 685 5 723 5 894 6 148 6 263

4 995 4 971 5 193 5 322 5 574

513 547 490 637 494

177 206 211 189 196

737 733 713 723 764

216 199 203 168 163

479 494 474 520 568

43 40 36 34 33

660 705 648 572 528

101 103 98 99 97

Men, 20 Years and Over 1995 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................

5 582 5 622 5 790 6 023 6 140

4 906 4 892 5 111 5 218 5 477

502 528 471 620 471

175 201 208 185 192

554 545 535 507 561

193 177 179 147 142

326 338 326 334 392

36 30 30 25 27

558 602 549 487 446

35 37 35 37 35

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

Women, 16 Years and Over 1995 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................

Women, 20 Years and Over 1995 ............................................................. 1996 ............................................................. 1997 ............................................................. 1998 ............................................................. 1999 .............................................................

6 350 6 178 6 194 6 055 6 177 6 381

6 222 6 069 6 073 5 980 6 089 6 287

5 704 5 509 5 541 5 414 5 538 5 745

5 594 5 417 5 437 5 355 5 463 5 662

5 542 5 776 6 026 6 281 6 641

4 679 4 785 5 085 5 166 5 651

5 469 5 684 5 921 6 159 6 519

4 623 4 714 5 001 5 073 5 549

6 780 6 761 6 588 6 552 6 597 6 750

6 651 6 647 6 492 6 468 6 512 6 653

5 862 5 777 5 685 5 709 5 740 5 871

5 753 5 684 5 605 5 639 5 674 5 789

445 468 480 453 460 463

429 455 465 439 449 452 594 710 652 828 734 632 715 640 595 611 619 580 693 634 803 717 615 695 626 583 595 606

202 200 173 188 179 174

199 197 171 185 177 174

732 761 765 765 736 773

520 558 579 607 592 614

144 165 188 221 205 207

125 145 166 201 189 189

548 557 546 505 499 533

363 382 387 372 376 397

41 39 30 39 32 33

32 31 26 34 27 28

268 280 289 288 256

1 315 1 310 1 336 1 404 1 388

290 289 305 278 257

952 933 952 1 045 1 059

74 88 79 81 72

266 277 286 283 252

1 087 1 078 1 092 1 131 1 145

263 263 273 256 230

757 737 755 807 850

66 79 64 68 65

287 270 263 247 246 260

283 268 261 246 243 258

1 293 1 307 1 326 1 367 1 399 1 407

1 052 1 094 1 117 1 168 1 195 1 222

211 223 259 274 306 320

197 203 234 257 287 298

1 005 998 991 1 017 1 022 1 018

788 816 816 842 844 861

77 85 76 76 71 70

67 75 68 69 64 63

542 626 749 804 763 742

468 542 660 717 689 655

78 83 86 87 98 102

31 31 35 43 44 44

637 652 677 624 554

140 132 136 131 130

553 570 603 555 486

66 73 70 66 75

515 584 744 774 744 723

106 122 114 121 124 133

456 521 671 698 679 660

Note: Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability. 1Employed

persons are classified as full- or part-time workers based on their usual weekly hours at all jobs, regardless of the number of hours they were at work during the reference week. Persons absent from work are also classified according to their usual status.

2Includes some persons at work 35 hours or more classified by their reason for working part time. 3Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one

race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.

race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one

56 61 67 75 76 74

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 51

Table 1-10. Persons Not in the Labor Force, by Age, Sex, and Desire and Availability for Work, 2000–2005 (Thousands of people.)

Category

TOTAL, NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE .....................................

Do Not Want a Job Now1 ......................................................... Want a Job1 .............................................................................. Did not search for work in the previous year .............................. Searched for work in the previous year2 .................................... Not available to work now ...................................................... Available to work now ............................................................ Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects3 ............................. Reasons other than discouragement ............................. Family responsibilities ................................................ In school or training .................................................... Ill health or disability ................................................... Other4 .........................................................................

Category

TOTAL, NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE .....................................

Do Not Want a Job Now1 ......................................................... Want a Job1 .............................................................................. Did not search for work in the previous year .............................. Searched for work in the previous year2 .................................... Not available to work now ...................................................... Available to work now ............................................................ Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects3 ............................. Reasons other than discouragement ............................. Family responsibilities ................................................ In school or training .................................................... Ill health or disability ................................................... Other4 .........................................................................

Category

TOTAL, NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE .....................................

Do Not Want a Job Now1 ......................................................... Want a Job1 .............................................................................. Did not search for work in the previous year .............................. Searched for work in the previous year2 .................................... Not available to work now ...................................................... Available to work now ............................................................ Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects3 ............................. Reasons other than discouragement ............................. Family responsibilities ................................................ In school or training .................................................... Ill health or disability ................................................... Other4 .........................................................................

Total 2000

2001

69 994

71 359

65 581 4 413 2 705 1 708 552 1 157 266 891 120 184 96 491

66 769 4 590 2 731 1 859 593 1 266 321 945 133 203 96 513

Total 2002

2003

72 707

74 658

68 029 4 677 2 673 2 004 565 1 439 369 1 070 150 238 107 575

69 932 4 726 2 631 2 096 564 1 531 457 1 075 153 239 113 570

Total 2004 75 956

71 103 4 852 2 715 2 137 563 1 574 466 1 108 157 244 123 584

2005 76 762

71 777 4 985 2 841 2 144 599 1 545 436 1 109 159 217 119 614

16 to 24 years

Age

25 to 54 years

2000

2001

2000

2001

11 702

12 347

19 263

19 814

10 083 1 619 899 720 276 444 79 365 26 157 15 167

10 616 1 730 939 791 300 492 104 388 32 172 16 168

16 to 24 years

17 286 1 977 1 164 813 242 571 148 423 84 27 58 254

17 797 2 017 1 150 867 256 611 170 441 89 30 56 266

Age

25 to 54 years

2002

2003

2002

2003

12 976

13 800

20 358

20 980

11 254 1 722 910 812 272 540 110 430 31 195 16 188

12 079 1 721 882 838 274 565 134 431 37 194 15 184

16 to 24 years

2004

14 151

12 422 1 729 886 843 279 565 142 423 28 199 18 178

2005

14 383

12 585 1 798 963 836 285 551 141 410 32 179 16 182

18 286 2 071 1 112 960 252 708 209 499 99 41 61 299

18 857 2 124 1 129 995 248 747 248 499 94 42 72 292

Age

25 to 54 years

2004

21 288

19 136 2 152 1 145 1 006 242 764 240 524 104 43 71 306

2005

21 403

19 238 2 165 1 163 1 002 260 742 217 525 105 35 69 316

55 years and over

Men

2000

2001

2000

39 029

39 198

25 684

38 212 817 642 175 34 142 40 102 10 1 22 69

38 355 842 642 201 37 163 47 116 13 1 25 77

55 years and over

23 818 1 866 1 076 789 216 573 164 409 23 97 49 240

Men

2002

2003

2002

39 373

39 878

27 085

38 489 884 651 233 41 191 51 141 20 2 30 88

38 996 882 620 262 43 220 75 145 22 3 26 94

55 years and over 2004

40 517

39 545 971 684 288 42 245 84 161 24 2 35 100

2005

40 976

39 954 1 022 715 307 54 252 78 175 22 2 34 116

24 994 2 091 1 135 956 227 729 226 503 34 126 50 292

2004

Men

28 730

26 565 2 165 1 126 1 040 230 809 288 521 38 131 56 296

Sex

Women

2001

2000

2001

26 396

44 310

44 962

24 403 1 993 1 134 859 228 631 192 440 29 111 45 255

41 762 2 547 1 628 919 335 584 102 482 96 88 47 251

Sex

129 505 105 92 51 257

Women

2003

2002

2003

28 730

45 621

47 225

26 565 2 165 1 126 1 040 230 809 288 521 38 131 56 296

43 035 2 586 1 538 1 048 338 710 143 567 116 112 56 283

Sex 2005 29 119

26 926 2 193 1 173 1 020 231 789 260 529 36 118 64 311

Note: Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

44 538 2 687 1 590 1 097 333 765 178 587 119 112 67 2

Women

2004

47 225

44 538 2 687 1 590 1 097 333 765 178 587 119 112 67 288

1Includes some persons who were not asked if they wanted a job. 2Persons who had a job during the prior 12 months must have searched since the end of that job. 3Includes believes no work available, could not find work, lacks necessary schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 4Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior four weeks for reasons such as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for whom reason for

nonparticipation was not ascertained.

42 366 2 597 1 597 1 000 365 634

2005

47 643

44 851 2 792 1 668 1 124 368 756 176 580 123 99 55 302

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 53

EMPLOYMENT Percent Distribution of Employed Civilians, by Age, 1995 and 2005 30

Percent

25 20 15 10 5 0

16 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Age 1995

2005

The aging of the working population is evidenced by in the figure above. From 1995 to 2005, the proportion of employed persons age 16 to 44 years declined, while the percentage of employed persons age 45 years and over increased. Workers age 45 years and over made up 40 percent of employed civilians, up from 32 percent in 1995. (See Table 1-11.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • Total employment increased 1.8 percent from 2004 to 2005. The largest percentage increase was in the 55- to 64-year-old age group (5.9 percent), followed closely by the 65 years and over age group (5.7 percent). (See Table 1-11.) • There were declines in the number of employed civilians in two age groups from 1995 to 2005. The number of employed civilians age 16 to 19 years dropped by over 400,000 and the number of employed civilians age 25 to 34 years decreased by nearly 1.7 million. (See Table 1-11.) • The Hispanic work force is younger than average: 70 percent of the total number of employed Hispanics belonged in the 20- to 44-year-old age group in 2005. In contrast, only 56 percent of all workers were between 20 and 44 years of age. (See Table 1-11.) • In 2005, 58 percent of management, business, and financial occupations employees were men and 42 percent were women. The reverse was true for professional and related occupations, which included teachers; 56 percent were women and 44 percent were men. Service occupations accounted for 20 percent of female employment and 13 percent of male employment. (See Table 1-13.) • Employment in the construction industry rose 4 percent in 2005 and provided 17 percent of the total employment increase. Retail trade and health care services also contributed to the increase in employment, while employment in manufacturing declined slightly. (See Table 1-14.) • The number of employed persons age 25 years and over increased 15 percent from 1995 to 2005, while the employment of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher increased 32 percent during this period. (See Table 1-16.)

54 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-11. Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

ALL RACES

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Both Sexes 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................

58 343 57 651

4 026 3 712

1 600 1 466

2 426 2 246

54 318 53 940

6 937 6 660

13 801 13 639

13 050 13 108

10 624 10 636

7 103 7 042

2 804 2 864

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

62 170 63 799 64 071 63 036 64 630

3 642 3 818 3 778 3 582 3 838

1 500 1 647 1 613 1 519 1 670

2 143 2 171 2 167 2 063 2 168

58 528 59 983 60 291 59 454 60 791

5 270 5 545 5 641 5 571 5 870

14 481 14 407 14 253 13 675 13 709

14 879 15 218 15 348 15 157 15 454

12 556 12 978 13 320 13 448 13 915

8 158 8 519 8 553 8 559 8 822

3 185 3 314 3 179 3 045 3 023

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

58 918 59 961 60 250 61 179 60 109

65 778 65 746 66 702 67 762 69 305 71 088 72 895 74 372 75 920 77 902 78 678 79 367 82 153 85 064 86 794 85 846 88 752 92 017 96 048 98 824

3 703 3 767 3 719 3 720 3 475

4 129 4 108 4 195 4 255 4 516 5 036 5 721 5 682 5 781 6 117 6 144 6 208 6 746 7 271 7 448 7 104 7 336 7 688 8 070 8 083

1 433 1 575 1 626 1 577 1 422

1 770 1 621 1 607 1 751 2 013 2 075 2 269 2 334 2 403 2 573 2 598 2 596 2 787 3 032 3 111 2 941 2 972 3 138 3 330 3 340

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

99 303 100 397 99 526 100 834 105 005

7 710 7 225 6 549 6 342 6 444

3 106 2 866 2 505 2 320 2 404

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

118 793 117 718 118 492 120 259 123 060

6 581 5 906 5 669 5 805 6 161

2 410 2 202 2 128 2 226 2 510

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

107 150 109 597 112 440 114 968 117 342

124 900 126 708 129 558 131 463 133 488 136 891 136 933 136 485 137 736 139 252 141 730

6 434 6 472 6 640 6 805 6 759

6 419 6 500 6 661 7 051 7 172 7 189 6 740 6 332 5 919 5 907 5 978

2 492 2 622 2 736 2 713 2 588

2 573 2 646 2 648 2 762 2 793 2 759 2 558 2 330 2 312 2 193 2 284

2 270 2 192 2 092 2 142 2 053

2 360 2 486 2 588 2 504 2 503 2 962 3 452 3 348 3 377 3 543 3 546 3 613 3 959 4 239 4 338 4 162 4 363 4 550 4 739 4 743 4 605 4 359 4 044 4 022 4 040

55 218 56 196 56 536 57 460 56 634

61 648 61 638 62 508 63 508 64 789 66 052 67 178 68 690 70 141 71 785

7 702 7 964 8 499 8 762 9 319

9 731 10 201 10 999 11 839 12 101

91 593 93 172 92 978 94 491 98 562

14 087 14 122 13 690 13 722 14 207

78 744 81 416 84 329 87 979 90 741

100 716 103 125 105 800 108 164 110 582

3 846 3 853 4 012 4 289 4 379

118 481 120 208 122 897 124 413 126 316

4 431 4 182 4 002 3 607 3 714 3 694

6 119 6 227 6 446 6 815 7 303

72 534 73 158 75 407 77 793 79 347

3 941 3 850 3 905 4 092 4 172 4 171 3 704 3 540 3 579 3 651

6 746 6 321 5 572 5 225 4 971

112 213 111 812 112 824 114 455 116 899

129 701 130 194 130 154 131 817 133 345 135 752

11 885 12 570 13 196 13 887 14 327

13 980 13 790 13 524 13 244 12 962 13 401 12 975 12 872 12 840 12 758 12 443 12 138 12 380 12 557 12 891 13 229 13 348 13 351 13 433 13 723 13 792

13 917 14 233 14 515 14 519 14 190

13 630 13 429 13 311 13 318 13 449 13 704 14 017 14 575 15 265 15 883

16 318 16 781 18 082 19 509 20 610 21 087 22 493 23 850 25 281 26 492 27 204 28 180 28 149 28 756 30 348 31 208 32 201 33 105 33 574 34 045 33 935 33 061 32 667 32 385 32 286 32 356 32 077 31 809 31 394 30 865 31 549 30 863 30 306 30 383 30 423 30 680

13 424 13 746 14 058 14 774 14 541

15 598 15 552 15 901 16 114 16 166 16 294 16 312 16 281 16 220 16 100

15 922 15 675 15 822 16 041 16 203 15 953 16 468 17 157 18 128 18 981 19 523 20 145 20 879 21 960 23 598 24 732 25 861 27 179 28 269 29 443 30 817 31 593 31 923 32 666 33 599 34 202 35 051 35 908 36 278 36 728 36 433 36 049 35 235 34 881 34 580 34 630

10 966 11 421 11 687 11 969 11 976

14 238 14 320 14 491 14 749 15 094

7 265 7 558 7 785 7 806 7 895

8 989 9 120 9 346 9 596 9 804

15 320 15 615 15 789 16 083 16 410

10 028 10 310 10 536 10 745 10 919

16 190 16 224 16 212 16 338 16 357

10 827 10 912 11 126 11 400 11 585

16 473 16 451 16 457 16 553 16 633

16 234 16 255 15 923 15 812 16 178 16 509 16 949 17 487 18 447 19 279 19 525 19 882 21 022 22 175 23 348 24 378 25 514 26 744 27 587 28 635 30 310 31 036 31 281 31 914 32 469 33 207

10 974 11 009 11 044 10 966 10 964

11 586 11 525 11 414 11 315 11 395 11 474 11 405 11 465 11 433 11 499 11 189 11 001 10 998 11 058 11 228 11 435 11 739 12 296 12 872 13 315 14 002 14 645 15 674 16 598 17 331 18 349

2 899 2 917 2 919 3 166 3 060

3 073 2 987 3 013 2 915 2 973 3 005 2 961 3 011 3 065 3 155 3 118 3 040 3 003 2 886 2 835 2 801 2 747 2 787 2 946 2 999 2 960 2 945 2 923 2 927 2 835 2 813 2 919 3 041 3 197 3 355 3 346 3 300 3 341 3 331 3 681 3 666 3 690 3 761 3 725 3 882 4 179 4 253 4 306 4 608 4 819 5 094

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 55 Table 1-11. Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

ALL RACES

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over

Men 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................

41 725 40 925

2 344 2 124

996 911

1 348 1 213

39 382 38 803

4 349 4 197

10 038 9 879

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

42 621 43 379 43 357 42 423 43 466

2 095 2 164 2 115 2 012 2 198

936 1 008 987 948 1 015

1 159 1 156 1 130 1 064 1 183

40 526 41 216 41 239 40 411 41 267

2 973 3 245 3 346 3 293 3 597

2 918 3 253 3 186 3 255 3 430

1 285 1 389 1 417 1 453 1 526

1 634 1 863 1 769 1 802 1 904

43 422 43 668 44 294 44 859 45 388

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

41 578 41 780 41 682 42 430 41 619

43 904 43 656 44 177 44 657 45 474 46 340 46 919 47 479 48 114 48 818 48 990 49 390 50 896 52 349 53 024 51 857 53 138 54 728 56 479 57 607 57 186 57 397 56 271 56 787 59 091 59 891 60 892 62 107 63 273 64 315 65 104 64 223 64 440 65 349 66 450 67 377 68 207 69 685 70 693 71 446 73 305 73 196 72 903 73 332 74 524 75 973

2 186 2 156 2 107 2 136 1 985

2 361 2 315 2 362 2 406 2 587

3 409 3 478 3 765 4 039 4 103 3 839 3 947 4 174 4 336 4 300 4 085 3 815 3 379 3 300 3 322 3 328 3 323 3 381 3 492 3 477 3 427 3 044 2 944 2 994 3 156 3 292 3 310 3 401 3 558 3 685 3 671 3 420 3 169 2 917 2 952 2 923

909 979 985 976 881

1 090 989 990 1 073 1 242

1 504 1 510 1 598 1 721 1 744 1 621 1 626 1 733 1 800 1 799 1 672 1 526 1 307 1 213 1 244 1 300 1 352 1 393 1 403 1 327 1 254 1 135 1 096 1 155 1 288 1 316 1 318 1 355 1 398 1 437 1 394 1 268 1 130 1 115 1 037 1 067

1 277 1 177 1 121 1 159 1 104

1 271 1 325 1 372 1 334 1 345

1 905 1 968 2 167 2 318 2 359 2 219 2 321 2 441 2 535 2 501 2 412 2 289 2 072 2 087 2 078 2 029 1 971 1 988 2 089 2 150 2 173 1 909 1 848 1 839 1 868 1 977 1 992 2 045 2 161 2 249 2 276 2 151 2 040 1 802 1 915 1 855

39 394 39 626 39 578 40 296 39 634

41 543 41 342 41 815 42 251 42 886

45 581 45 912 47 130 48 310 48 922 48 018 49 190 50 555 52 143 53 308 53 101 53 582 52 891 53 487 55 769 56 562 57 569 58 726 59 781 60 837 61 678 61 178 61 496 62 355 63 294 64 085 64 897 66 284 67 135 67 761 69 634 69 776 69 734 70 415 71 572 73 050

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

9 363 9 308

7 742 7 661

5 587 5 438

2 303 2 329

10 453 10 337 10 222 9 790 9 862

10 267 10 385 10 427 10 291 10 492

8 553 8 732 8 851 8 828 9 048

5 857 6 004 6 002 5 955 6 058

2 424 2 512 2 394 2 254 2 210

4 583 4 599 4 809 4 812 5 012

9 611 9 709 9 988 10 405 10 736

10 837 10 764 10 674 10 554 10 401

9 792 9 904 9 990 10 102 10 187

6 542 6 668 6 774 6 893 6 931

2 057 2 024 2 058 2 093 2 122

6 484 6 915 7 232 7 559 7 791

13 205 13 869 14 483 15 124 15 688

9 891 10 069 10 399 10 845 11 202

9 902 9 881 9 832 9 806 9 735

6 722 6 724 6 848 6 954 7 015

1 811 1 732 1 761 1 855 1 876

13 800 14 266 14 898 15 457 16 002

9 411 9 554 9 750 10 201 10 569

6 753 6 654 6 682 6 591 6 548

1 695 1 753 1 850 1 911 1 968

18 374 18 816 19 327 19 634 19 811

12 958 13 483 14 107 14 544 14 991

4 255 3 780 3 183 2 901 2 724

3 754 3 795 3 898 4 118 4 370

5 237 5 593 6 138 6 655 6 739

7 532 7 504 7 197 7 232 7 571 7 339 7 250 7 058 6 918 6 799 7 151 6 909 6 819 6 805 6 771 6 665 6 429 6 548 6 638 6 729 6 974 6 952 6 978 7 065 7 246 7 279

10 060 10 134 10 352 10 500 10 254

9 759 9 591 9 475 9 431 9 531

10 936 11 218 11 884 12 617 13 119

15 832 16 266 16 002 16 216 17 166 17 564 18 092 18 487 18 702 18 952 18 779 18 265 17 966 17 877 17 741 17 709 17 527 17 338 17 097 16 694 17 241 16 915 16 573 16 670 16 818 16 993

9 445 9 607 9 753 10 229 10 082

10 552 10 505 10 711 10 801 10 832

10 216 10 028 10 088 10 126 10 135

11 355 11 613 11 902 12 450 13 309

16 771 17 086 17 230 17 665 18 111

19 537 19 305 18 932 18 774 18 700 18 780

7 790 8 012 8 144 8 374 8 330

9 182 9 195 9 333 9 478 9 637

10 170 10 139 10 139 10 197 10 181

9 548 9 478 9 234 9 133 9 326

10 690 10 813 11 365 11 927 12 439

15 871 16 268 16 419 16 588 16 951 17 429

5 508 5 711 5 804 5 808 5 830

6 105 6 155 6 260 6 385 6 478

6 928 6 916 6 929 6 857 6 880

6 999 6 909 6 781 6 686 6 694

6 378 6 245 6 173 6 166 6 142 6 272 6 470 6 735 7 052 7 274 7 606 7 900 8 378 8 733 9 174 9 714

2 336 2 382 2 343 2 483 2 414

2 191 2 098 2 138 2 038 2 039

2 094 2 019 1 953 1 856 1 869

1 835 1 812 1 776 1 770 1 703

1 909 1 860 1 943 1 916 2 089 2 108 2 172 2 229 2 171 2 263 2 406 2 437 2 455 2 585 2 683 2 857

56 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-11. Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

ALL RACES

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Women 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................

16 617 16 723

1 682 1 588

604 555

1 078 1 033

14 936 15 137

2 588 2 463

3 763 3 760

3 687 3 800

2 882 2 975

1 516 1 604

501 535

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

19 551 20 419 20 714 20 613 21 164

1 547 1 654 1 663 1 570 1 640

564 639 626 571 655

984 1 015 1 037 999 985

18 002 18 767 19 052 19 043 19 524

2 297 2 300 2 295 2 278 2 273

4 028 4 070 4 031 3 885 3 847

4 612 4 833 4 921 4 866 4 962

4 003 4 246 4 469 4 620 4 867

2 301 2 515 2 551 2 604 2 764

761 802 785 791 813

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

17 340 18 181 18 568 18 749 18 490

21 874 22 090 22 525 23 105 23 831 24 748 25 976 26 893 27 807 29 084 29 688 29 976 31 257 32 715 33 769 33 989 35 615 37 289 39 569 41 217 42 117 43 000 43 256 44 047 45 915 47 259 48 706 50 334 51 696 53 027 53 689 53 496 54 052 54 910 56 610 57 523 58 501 59 873 60 771 62 042 63 586 63 737 63 582 64 404 64 728 65 757

1 517 1 611 1 612 1 584 1 490

1 768 1 793 1 833 1 849 1 929

524 596 641 601 541

680 632 617 678 771

993 1 015 971 983 949

1 089 1 161 1 216 1 170 1 158

15 824 16 570 16 958 17 164 17 000

20 105 20 296 20 693 21 257 21 903

2 491 2 541 2 389 2 324 2 247

2 365 2 432 2 548 2 697 2 933

3 857 4 099 4 163 4 019 3 936

3 871 3 838 3 836 3 887 3 918

3 979 4 139 4 305 4 545 4 459

5 046 5 047 5 190 5 313 5 334

3 176 3 409 3 543 3 595 3 646

5 056 5 125 5 158 5 271 5 457

1 757 1 847 1 981 1 998 2 065

2 884 2 965 3 086 3 211 3 326

563 535 576 683 646

882 889 875 877 934

2 118 2 468 2 496 2 526 2 687

790 880 917 950 1 047

1 328 1 589 1 579 1 575 1 639

22 630 23 510 24 397 25 281 26 397

3 119 3 365 3 690 3 950 4 307

4 093 4 308 4 587 4 860 5 147

5 457 5 548 5 607 5 666 5 699

5 528 5 711 5 799 5 981 6 223

3 486 3 642 3 762 3 852 3 988

948 937 953 972 1 033

3 263 3 389 3 514 3 734 3 783

1 320 1 346 1 403 1 530 1 541

1 943 2 043 2 110 2 204 2 242

30 726 32 226 33 775 35 836 37 434

5 401 5 655 5 965 6 328 6 538

7 882 8 624 9 367 10 157 10 802

6 061 6 400 6 758 7 282 7 779

6 288 6 343 6 380 6 532 6 622

4 105 4 188 4 279 4 446 4 569

989 1 017 1 027 1 091 1 124

6 640 6 540 6 466 6 326 6 163

13 644 14 109 14 617 14 872 15 093

2 735 2 730 2 980 3 231 3 345

3 625 3 411 3 170 3 043 3 122 3 105 3 149 3 260 3 313 3 282 3 154 2 862 2 724 2 811 3 005 3 127 3 190 3 260 3 493 3 487 3 519 3 320 3 162 3 002 2 955 3 055

1 094 1 086 1 188 1 310 1 367

1 433 1 340 1 198 1 107 1 161 1 193 1 270 1 343 1 310 1 261 1 156 1 067 1 032 1 071 1 222 1 258 1 328 1 293 1 364 1 357 1 364 1 289 1 200 1 197 1 156 1 217

1 641 1 645 1 792 1 920 1 978

2 192 2 070 1 972 1 935 1 962 1 913 1 879 1 917 2 003 2 021 1 998 1 794 1 692 1 740 1 783 1 869 1 862 1 967 2 128 2 130 2 154 2 031 1 962 1 805 1 799 1 838

26 952 27 246 28 276 29 484 30 424

38 492 39 590 40 086 41 004 42 793 44 154 45 556 47 074 48 383 49 745 50 535 50 634 51 328 52 099 53 606 54 396 55 311 56 613 57 278 58 555 60 067 60 417 60 420 61 402 61 773 62 702

4 494 4 609 4 861 5 184 5 363

6 555 6 618 6 492 6 490 6 636

6 250 6 066 6 053 6 035 5 987 5 779 5 709 5 831 5 919 6 163 6 255 6 396 6 374 6 367 6 477 6 513

5 382 5 563 6 197 6 893 7 492

5 706 5 647 5 734 5 915 6 068

6 303 6 313 6 318 6 356 6 451

11 370 11 914 12 147 12 540 13 182

8 168 8 532 8 977 9 510 10 289

15 155 14 796 14 701 14 508 14 545

14 046 14 507 14 693 15 002 15 488

8 835 9 069 9 657 10 248 10 908

16 897 16 744 16 303 16 106 15 880 15 850

14 438 14 768 14 863 15 326 15 518 15 779

14 647 14 549 14 471 14 298 14 171 14 308 13 948 13 733 13 714 13 605 13 687

10 933 11 595 12 281 12 811 13 440

15 828 16 235 16 581 16 644 16 917

6 686 6 777 6 689 6 678 6 852 7 097 7 395 7 737 8 246 8 711

11 421 12 031 12 637 13 043 13 644

4 046 4 093 4 115 4 109 4 084

4 587 4 616 4 634 4 629 4 700 4 721 4 751 4 783 4 841 4 950 4 811 4 756 4 825 4 892 5 085 5 163 5 269 5 561 5 820 6 041 6 396 6 745 7 296 7 866 8 157 8 635

1 023 1 021 1 051 1 029 966

1 125 1 133 1 147 1 157 1 133 1 118 1 165 1 191 1 286 1 388 1 437 1 440 1 398 1 414 1 592 1 558 1 518 1 532 1 554 1 619 1 773 1 815 1 851 2 023 2 135 2 238

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 57

Table 1-11. Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

WHITE1

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Both Sexes 1954 ...................................................... 1955 ...................................................... 1956 ...................................................... 1957 ...................................................... 1958 ...................................................... 1959 ......................................................

53 957 55 833 57 269 57 465 56 613 58 006

3 078 3 225 3 389 3 374 3 216 3 475

1 257 1 330 1 465 1 442 1 370 1 520

1 822 1 896 1 922 1 931 1 847 1 955

50 879 52 608 53 880 54 091 53 397 54 531

4 358 4 637 4 897 4 952 4 908 5 138

12 616 12 855 12 748 12 619 12 128 12 144

13 000 13 327 13 637 13 716 13 571 13 830

10 811 11 322 11 706 12 009 12 113 12 552

7 262 7 510 7 822 7 829 7 849 8 063

2 831 2 957 3 068 2 951 2 828 2 805

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

63 446 65 021 66 361 67 750 69 518

4 562 5 176 5 114 5 195 5 508

1 892 2 052 2 121 2 193 2 347

2 670 3 124 2 993 3 002 3 161

58 884 59 845 61 247 62 555 64 010

6 752 6 986 7 493 7 687 8 182

11 992 12 268 12 763 13 410 13 935

14 473 14 449 14 429 14 386 14 270

13 804 14 072 14 224 14 487 14 788

9 116 9 356 9 596 9 781 9 947

2 748 2 713 2 746 2 804 2 888

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

58 850 58 913 59 698 60 622 61 922

70 217 70 878 73 370 75 708 77 184 76 411 78 853 81 700 84 936 87 259 87 715 88 709 87 903 88 893 92 120

3 700 3 693 3 774 3 851 4 076

5 571 5 670 6 173 6 623 6 796 6 487 6 724 7 068 7 367 7 356 7 021 6 588 5 984 5 799 5 836

1 598 1 472 1 447 1 600 1 846

2 386 2 404 2 581 2 806 2 881 2 721 2 762 2 926 3 085 3 079 2 861 2 645 2 317 2 156 2 209

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

93 736 95 660 97 789 99 812 101 584

5 768 5 792 5 898 6 030 5 946

2 270 2 386 2 468 2 424 2 278

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

106 490 107 808 109 856 110 931 112 235

5 593 5 667 5 807 6 089 6 204

2 273 2 325 2 341 2 436 2 435

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

102 261 101 182 101 669 103 045 105 190

114 424 114 430 114 013 114 235 115 239 116 949

5 779 5 216 4 985 5 113 5 398

6 160 5 817 5 441 5 064 5 039 5 105

2 141 1 971 1 904 1 990 2 210

2 383 2 224 2 037 1 999 1 895 1 999

2 103 2 220 2 327 2 250 2 230

3 185 3 266 3 592 3 816 3 916 3 770 3 962 4 142 4 282 4 278 4 161 3 943 3 667 3 643 3 627 3 498 3 406 3 431 3 606 3 668 3 638 3 246 3 081 3 123 3 188 3 320 3 343 3 466 3 653 3 769 3 777 3 593 3 404 3 065 3 145 3 106

55 150 55 220 55 924 56 771 57 846

5 331 5 460 5 676 6 036 6 444

64 645 65 208 67 197 69 086 70 388

8 559 9 000 9 718 10 424 10 676

80 694 82 121 81 918 83 094 86 284

12 405 12 477 12 097 12 138 12 451

69 924 72 129 74 632 77 569 79 904

87 968 89 869 91 890 93 782 95 638 96 481 95 966 96 684 97 932 99 792

100 897 102 141 104 049 104 842 106 032 108 264 108 613 108 572 109 171 110 199 111 844

10 546 11 119 11 696 12 251 12 594

12 235 12 027 11 748 11 438 11 084 11 498 11 116 11 031 10 931 10 736 10 400 10 149 10 362 10 512 10 716 10 944 11 054 11 096 11 052 11 233 11 231

12 021 11 835 11 703 11 689 11 794

14 326 14 713 15 904 17 099 18 040 18 485 19 662 20 844 22 008 23 033 23 653 24 551 24 531 24 955 26 235 26 945 27 746 28 429 28 796 29 091 28 773 27 989 27 552 27 274 27 101 27 014 26 678 26 294 25 729 25 113 25 500 24 948 24 568 24 399 24 337 24 443

13 930 13 905 14 173 14 341 14 380

14 092 13 858 13 940 14 083 14 196 13 979 14 407 14 984 15 809 16 578 17 071 17 617 18 268 19 194 20 552 21 552 22 515 23 596 24 468 25 442 26 282 26 883 27 097 27 645 28 442 28 951 29 566 30 137 30 320 30 548 30 151 29 793 29 049 28 501 28 176 28 102

12 820 12 906 13 066 13 304 13 596

8 192 8 335 8 511 8 718 8 916

14 854 14 843 14 845 14 886 14 948

9 979 10 014 10 077 9 983 9 958

14 405 14 414 14 083 13 961 14 239

10 475 10 386 10 283 10 169 10 227

14 555 14 549 14 483 14 550 14 522

14 459 14 750 15 216 16 054 16 775 16 933 17 269 18 285 19 273 20 247 21 127 22 071 23 061 23 662 24 507 25 762 26 301 26 401 26 762 27 228 27 801

9 827 9 923 10 107 10 311 10 477

10 247 10 176 10 164 10 153 10 223 9 960 9 719 9 701 9 772 9 912

10 070 10 313 10 785 11 272 11 657 12 169 12 743 13 630 14 375 14 965 15 788

2 855 2 778 2 795 2 683 2 717

2 835 2 780 2 714 2 610 2 568 2 533 2 470 2 518 2 642 2 699 2 684 2 676 2 656 2 678 2 580 2 530 2 654 2 738 2 874 3 024

3 035 2 990 3 019 3 037 3 354

3 335 3 364 3 411 3 347 3 491 3 738 3 774 3 828 4 083 4 260 4 480

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as the main race.

58 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-11. Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

WHITE1

16 years and over

Total

Men 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

37 846 38 719 39 368 39 349 38 591 39 494

1 723 1 824 1 893 1 865 1 783 1 961

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

41 844 42 331 42 833 43 411 44 048

2 612 2 913 2 849 2 908 3 070

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

39 755 39 588 40 016 40 428 41 115

44 178 44 595 45 944 47 085 47 674 46 697 47 775 49 150 50 544 51 452 51 127 51 315 50 287 50 621 52 462 53 046 53 785 54 647 55 550 56 352 56 703 55 797 55 959 56 656 57 452 58 146 58 888 59 998 60 604 61 139 62 289 62 212 61 849 61 866 62 712 63 763

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

771 821 890 874 852 915

18 to 19 years

953 1 004 1 002 990 932 1 046

Total

36 123 36 895 37 475 37 484 36 808 37 533

20 to 24 years

2 394 2 607 2 850 2 930 2 896 3 153

25 to 34 years

20 years and over

9 287 9 461 9 330 9 226 8 861 8 911

35 to 44 years

9 175 9 351 9 449 9 480 9 386 9 560

45 to 54 years

7 614 7 792 7 950 8 067 8 061 8 261

55 to 64 years

5 412 5 431 5 559 5 542 5 501 5 588

2 241 2 254 2 336 2 234 2 103 2 060

5 998 6 096 6 208 6 316 6 359

1 892 1 871 1 892 1 926 1 953

2 092 2 055 2 098 2 156 2 316

973 891 883 972 1 128

1 119 1 164 1 215 1 184 1 188

37 663 37 533 37 918 38 272 38 799

3 264 3 311 3 426 3 646 3 856

8 777 8 630 8 514 8 463 8 538

9 589 9 566 9 718 9 782 9 800

8 372 8 394 8 512 8 650 8 787

5 618 5 670 5 749 5 844 5 945

3 066 3 157 3 416 3 660 3 728

1 374 1 393 1 470 1 590 1 611

1 692 1 764 1 947 2 071 2 117

41 112 41 438 42 528 43 424 43 946

4 601 4 935 5 431 5 863 5 965

9 784 10 026 10 664 11 268 11 701

9 202 9 026 9 047 9 046 9 027

9 271 9 256 9 236 9 257 9 242

6 340 6 339 6 363 6 299 6 304

6 652 6 652 6 372 6 386 6 647

14 009 14 398 14 164 14 297 15 045

10 077 10 307 10 593 11 062 11 776

16 124 15 644 15 357 15 230 15 052

14 496 14 743 14 842 15 178 15 562

9 383 9 488 10 027 10 497 10 910

16 477 16 280 15 910 15 675 15 572 15 544

13 675 13 987 14 060 14 117 14 418 14 810

3 505 3 604 3 824 3 950 3 904 3 708 3 469 3 079 3 003 3 001 2 985 2 966 2 999 3 084 3 060 3 018 2 694 2 602 2 634 2 776 2 892 2 911 3 011 3 103 3 205 3 169 2 967 2 725 2 518 2 553 2 508

1 159 1 245 1 278 1 319 1 385

1 502 1 501 1 607 1 664 1 654 1 534 1 402 1 214 1 124 1 140 1 185 1 225 1 252 1 248 1 171 1 119 1 017 990 1 031 1 144 1 169 1 161 1 206 1 233 1 254 1 205 1 102 987 972 903 942

1 453 1 668 1 571 1 589 1 685

2 002 2 103 2 217 2 286 2 250 2 174 2 066 1 865 1 879 1 861 1 800 1 741 1 747 1 836 1 889

1 899 1 677 1 612 1 603 1 632 1 723 1 750 1 806 1 870 1 951

1 965 1 865 1 738 1 546 1 650 1 566

39 232 39 418 39 985 40 503 40 978

43 192 44 171 45 326 46 594 47 546 47 419 47 846 47 209 47 618 49 461 50 061 50 818 51 649 52 466 53 292

53 685 53 103 53 357 54 021 54 676 55 254 55 977 56 986 57 500 57 934

59 119 59 245 59 124 59 348 60 159 61 255

4 025 4 028 4 231 4 226 4 401

5 770 6 140 6 437 6 717 6 868

6 428 6 340 6 150 5 987 5 839

6 179 5 942 5 855 5 830 5 738 5 613 5 444 5 590 5 659 5 753

5 876 5 870 5 882 5 890 6 026 6 041

8 598 8 674 8 931 9 315 9 608

11 783 12 362 12 893 13 413 13 888

15 374 15 790 16 084 16 241 16 383

14 958 14 820 14 567 14 259 13 851

14 238 13 989 13 727 13 731 13 735 13 840

9 795 9 719 9 632 9 522 9 379

8 818 8 944 9 212 9 608 9 930

12 214 12 620 13 138 13 590 14 046

15 793 16 136 16 470 16 715 16 781

8 924 9 029 9 093 9 198 9 279

9 005 8 968 8 898 8 840 8 748

8 586 8 518 8 267 8 152 8 320 8 374 8 442 8 596 8 992 9 335

11 359 11 834 12 352 12 661 13 046

65 years and over

6 160 6 176 6 279 6 339 6 406

6 412 6 309 6 188 6 084 6 108 6 118 6 012 5 991 5 909 5 891

5 744 5 578 5 503 5 514 5 490 5 609 5 755 5 972 6 251 6 447

6 678 6 941 7 360 7 640 8 018 8 471

2 043 1 961 1 998 1 887 1 872

1 914 1 856 1 786 1 689 1 706 1 656 1 579 1 605 1 677 1 707

1 684 1 662 1 624 1 637 1 564 1 552 1 612 1 690 1 748 1 797

1 760 1 707 1 772 1 772 1 925 1 921 1 987 2 037 1 955 2 056

2 175 2 178 2 184 2 295 2 390 2 550

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as the main race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 59

Table 1-11. Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

WHITE1

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

Women 1954 ...................................................... 1955 ...................................................... 1956 ...................................................... 1957 ...................................................... 1958 ...................................................... 1959 ......................................................

16 111 17 114 17 901 18 116 18 022 18 512

1 355 1 401 1 496 1 509 1 433 1 514

486 509 575 568 518 605

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

21 602 22 690 23 528 24 339 25 470

1 950 2 263 2 265 2 287 2 438

733 807 843 874 962

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

19 095 19 325 19 682 20 194 20 807

26 039 26 283 27 426 28 623 29 511 29 714 31 078 32 550 34 392 35 807 36 587 37 394 37 615 38 272 39 659 40 690 41 876 43 142 44 262 45 232 45 558 45 385 45 710 46 390 47 738 48 344 48 920 49 859 50 327 51 096 52 136 52 218 52 164 52 369 52 527 53 186

1 608 1 638 1 676 1 695 1 760

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

869 892 920 941 915 909

14 756 15 713 16 405 16 607 16 589 16 998

1 964 2 030 2 047 2 022 2 012 1 985

3 329 3 394 3 418 3 393 3 267 3 233

3 825 3 976 4 188 4 236 4 185 4 270

3 197 3 530 3 756 3 942 4 052 4 291

1 850 2 079 2 263 2 287 2 348 2 475

590 703 732 717 725 745

1 217 1 456 1 422 1 413 1 476

19 652 20 427 21 263 22 052 23 032

2 727 2 958 3 262 3 461 3 781

3 394 3 594 3 832 4 095 4 327

4 678 4 730 4 797 4 864 4 891

4 880 5 043 5 131 5 289 5 509

3 118 3 260 3 388 3 465 3 588

856 842 854 878 935

625 581 564 628 718

984 1 056 1 112 1 066 1 042

2 505 2 513 2 755 2 962 3 069

1 012 1 011 1 111 1 217 1 269

1 493 1 502 1 645 1 746 1 799

23 534 23 770 24 669 25 661 26 442

3 959 4 065 4 286 4 562 4 711

4 542 4 687 5 240 5 831 6 340

4 890 4 831 4 893 5 036 5 169

5 582 5 588 5 608 5 628 5 706

3 640 3 675 3 714 3 684 3 654

3 314 3 119 2 905 2 796 2 835

1 327 1 242 1 103 1 032 1 069

1 986 1 877 1 802 1 764 1 766

33 275 34 275 34 710 35 476 36 823

5 753 5 826 5 724 5 751 5 804

9 644 10 153 10 367 10 659 11 190

6 994 7 311 7 675 8 132 8 776

5 818 5 896 5 816 5 809 5 920

4 064 4 077 4 095 4 084 4 118

1 001 1 013 1 032 1 041 1 015

5 319 5 174 5 176 5 101 4 997

12 649 12 344 12 195 12 044 12 049

4 217 4 141 4 198 4 258 4 423

1 275 1 283 1 246 1 265 1 429

2 983 3 120 3 244 3 416 3 451

2 783 2 825 2 900 2 946 2 886 2 762 2 523 2 383 2 479 2 622 2 701 2 756 2 796 2 986 2 999 2 991 2 850 2 716 2 546 2 486 2 597

1 215 1 260 1 319 1 420 1 423

1 085 1 160 1 216 1 176 1 107 1 023 954 915 959 1 066 1 104 1 164 1 136 1 203 1 181 1 178 1 122 1 050 1 027 991 1 057

1 767 1 860 1 923 1 996 2 027

1 698 1 665 1 684 1 770 1 779

1 739 1 569 1 468 1 520 1 556 1 597 1 592 1 660 1 783 1 817

1 813 1 727 1 665 1 519 1 495 1 540

17 487 17 687 18 006 18 499 19 047

26 731 27 958 29 306 30 975 32 357

37 907 39 050 40 242 41 316 42 346

42 796 42 862 43 327 43 910 45 116 45 643 46 164 47 063 47 342 48 098

49 145 49 369 49 448 49 823 50 040 50 589

2 067 2 149 2 250 2 390 2 588

4 775 4 978 5 259 5 535 5 726

5 807 5 687 5 598 5 450 5 245

4 787 4 705 4 773 4 853 4 963

5 068 5 184 5 214 5 161 5 207 5 190

3 244 3 205 3 189 3 226 3 256

6 701 7 300 7 950 8 595 9 145

4 341 4 339 4 455 4 559 4 580

5 161 5 462 5 772 6 201 6 648

11 571 11 956 12 345 12 555 12 708

9 338 9 895 10 459 10 878 11 395

12 056 11 858 11 727 11 470 11 262

13 157 13 430 13 667 13 604 13 767

11 262 10 959 10 842 10 668 10 602 10 603

11 785 12 139 12 254 12 467 12 880

13 674 13 513 13 138 12 826 12 604 12 558

4 448 4 512 4 554 4 654 4 809

5 550 5 580 5 585 5 710 5 773

6 084 6 307 6 620 7 062 7 440

7 551 7 781 8 258 8 776 9 338

9 768 10 237 10 709 11 001 11 461

12 087 12 314 12 341 12 645 12 810 12 991

2 574 2 665 2 762 2 874 2 971

3 667 3 746 3 829 3 972 4 071

4 128 4 164 4 172 4 244 4 332

4 461 4 558 4 813 5 021 5 211

5 490 5 802 6 269 6 735 6 947 7 317

812 817 797 796 845

921 924 928 920 862 877 891 912 964 993

978 1 042 1 047 1 126 1 227

1 415 1 376 1 374 1 392 1 435

1 564 1 597 1 644 1 788 1 870 1 930

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as the main race.

60 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-11. Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

BLACK1

Both Sexes 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

1 629 1 659 1 682

1 434 1 460 1 452

872 872 884

269 249 243

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

9 313 9 355 9 189 9 375 10 119

547 505 428 416 474

192 170 138 123 146

356 335 290 294 328

8 765 8 849 8 761 8 959 9 645

1 376 1 346 1 283 1 280 1 423

2 827 2 872 2 830 2 976 3 223

1 910 1 957 2 025 2 107 2 311

1 487 1 489 1 469 1 456 1 533

925 954 928 937 945

239 231 225 204 209

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

12 175 12 074 12 151 12 382 12 835

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

35 to 44 years

1 924 2 062 2 157

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

20 years and over

1 166 1 258 1 231

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

25 to 34 years

7 292 7 559 7 649

Men 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

Total

20 to 24 years

329 378 364

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

18 to 19 years

180 194 190

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

16 to 17 years

509 570 554

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

Total

16 to 19 years

7 802 8 128 8 203

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

16 years and over

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

7 894 8 227 8 540 9 102 9 359

10 501 10 814 11 309 11 658 11 953

13 279 13 542 13 969 14 556 15 056 15 156 15 006 14 872 14 739 14 909 15 313 4 368 4 527 4 527 4 275 4 404 4 565 4 796 4 923 4 798 4 794 4 637 4 753 5 124 5 270 5 428 5 661 5 824 5 928 5 995 5 961 5 930 6 047 6 241 6 422 6 456 6 607 6 871 7 027 7 082 6 938 6 959 6 820 6 912 7 155

507 508 508 571 579

532 536 587 601 625 598 494 492 494 552 586 613 631 736 691 711 637 611 516 520 536 309 330 322 276 283 291 312 316 299 273 223 222 252 278 278 304 316 327 303 255 249 254 276 285 289 282 341 325 341 311 306 234 231 254

183 170 169 191 204

175 183 203 223 237 194 161 157 171 224 223 233 229 246 243 260 230 193 196 169 164 114 112 114 98 100 105 106 111 109 95 65 64 79 92 96 109 122 124 99 85 78 88 107 111 109 108 120 120 129 115 95 89 76 76

325 338 339 380 376

7 386 7 719 8 031 8 531 8 780

356 353 385 378 388

9 969 10 278 10 722 11 057 11 328

363 380 401 490 448

12 693 12 929 13 339 13 820 14 365

404 334 335 323 328

451 408 417 320 351 372 195 220 209 179 184 186 206 205 191 178 158 158 173 186 182 195 193 202 204 170 170 166 169 174 180 174 221 205 211 196 212 145 155 178

11 577 11 580 11 659 11 888 12 284

14 444 14 368 14 262 14 222 14 389 14 776 4 058 4 197 4 204 3 998 4 120 4 273 4 483 4 606 4 498 4 520 4 414 4 531 4 871 4 992 5 150 5 357 5 509 5 602 5 692 5 706 5 681 5 793 5 964 6 137 6 167 6 325 6 530 6 702 6 741 6 627 6 652 6 586 6 681 6 901

1 115 1 193 1 244 1 359 1 424

1 399 1 429 1 421 1 433 1 467 1 409 1 373 1 343 1 377 1 449 1 443 1 411 1 456 1 496 1 594 1 593 1 571 1 543 1 516 1 572 1 599

2 145 2 309 2 443 2 641 2 759

3 325 3 464 3 614 3 725 3 801 3 803 3 714 3 699 3 700 3 732 3 844 3 851 3 903 3 967 4 091 3 993 3 840 3 726 3 618 3 635 3 722

1 617 1 679 1 754 1 848 1 902

2 427 2 524 2 695 2 839 2 981 3 287 3 401 3 441 3 584 3 722 3 861 3 974 4 094 4 238 4 404 4 261 4 200 4 109 4 080 4 039 4 060

2 288 2 426 2 588 2 739 2 872

1 004 1 025 1 048 1 118 1 134

253 241 249 262 271

793 816 803

499 483 500

156 148 145

478 492 471 477 460

126 123 122 105 108

1 897 1 892 1 964 2 059 2 178

3 073 3 139 3 220 3 289 3 332 3 464

713 693 660 684 750

1 438 1 457 1 414 1 483 1 635

975 991 997 1 034 1 138

1 895 1 859 1 819 1 858 1 850

1 586 1 634 1 650 1 717 1 795

926 923 930 978 1 030

1 984 1 931 1 899 1 868 1 840 1 886

1 425 1 452 1 503 1 518 1 534 1 616

726 732 728 736 742 702 695 679 674 718 714 685 668 686 700 730 703 725 726 739 748

1 669 1 756 1 821 1 881 1 931

1 895 1 867 1 874 1 886 1 926 1 865 1 757 1 729 1 660 1 720 1 759

865 897 940 969 983

1 187 1 211 1 283 1 348 1 415

1 836 1 878 1 955 2 008 2 092

241 252 251 273 266

985 982 1 036 1 018 970

1 074 1 142 1 176 1 159 1 217 1 271 1 357 1 425

874 870 892 932 927

1 598 1 666 1 714 1 783 1 844

648 711 668 595 635 659 697 754

890 898 912

1 393 1 416 1 448 1 479 1 502

755 763 777 788 801 770 764 750 749 780 795 831 853 878 886

1 085 1 129 1 215 1 284 1 327

933 957 965 941 953

1 226 1 283 1 332 1 373 1 452 1 555

487 472 484 516 498

501 507 547 536 498 469 481 478 461 455 468 482 487 524 525 596 614 624 638 668 711

235 214 241 261 265 248 243 246 226 251

300 335 332 346 359 375

137 137 143 155 147

114 112 124 131 131 114 114 124 106 115 138 126 127 142 131 142 170 172 176 180 182

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as the main race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 61

Table 1-11. Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

BLACK1

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

Total

Women 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................

3 433 3 601 3 677

200 239 232

65 81 77

134 158 155

3 233 3 362 3 445

519 546 562

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

4 515 4 561 4 552 4 622 4 995

248 232 205 194 222

82 75 73 59 67

165 157 132 136 155

4 267 4 329 4 347 4 428 4 773

663 653 623 596 673

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

HISPANIC2

3 618 3 823 3 975 4 307 4 436

5 231 5 386 5 648 5 834 6 025 6 180 6 113 6 221 6 334 6 595 6 857 7 086 7 362 7 685 8 029 8 073 8 068 7 914 7 919 7 997 8 158

231 224 217 260 263

254 259 283 285 298

83 87 93 101 113

301 324 349 395 366

112 124 122 126 123

296 239 243 239 275

370 327 304 283 289 282

Both Sexes 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................

3 396 3 687

325 355

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

5 527 5 813 5 805 6 072 6 651

500 459 410 423 468

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3 663 3 720 4 079 4 527 4 785

6 888 7 219 7 790 8 250 8 573

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

9 845 9 828 10 027 10 361 10 788

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

15 735 16 190 16 590 17 372 17 930 18 632

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

11 127 11 642 12 726 13 291 13 720

85 70 64 85 92

96 76 79 82 117

131 115 99 107 93 88 ... ...

146 154 153 175 171

171 171 190 184 185 200 164 164 157 158 189 200 227 268 243 240 212 205 175 196 194 ... ...

3 388 3 599 3 758 4 047 4 174

4 977 5 128 5 365 5 548 5 727 5 884 5 874 5 978 6 095 6 320 6 556 6 762 7 013 7 290 7 663 7 703 7 741 7 610 7 636 7 707 7 876 ... ...

322 341 381 423 445

... 124 135 159 152

... 230 245 264 292

... 3 436 3 715 4 104 4 340

438 430 474 523 548

144 146 149 171 165

294 284 325 353 383

6 449 6 789 7 316 7 727 8 025

668 602 577 570 609 645 646 714 793 854 973 969 882 768 792 847

174 155 119 125 148

208 169 169 160 195 194 199 228 230 254 285 268 254 242 211 253

325 304 291 297 320

862 868 819 790 833 852 ... ...

113 101 98

1 389 1 415 1 416 1 493 1 588

936 966 1 028 1 073 1 173

717 725 719 707 753

448 462 457 460 485

113 108 103 99 101

1 907 1 855 1 880 1 842 1 882

1 701 1 768 1 791 1 867 1 926

971 969 1 034 1 081 1 147

2 277 2 269 2 209 2 211 2 199 2 175

1 647 1 686 1 717 1 770 1 798 1 848

1 949 1 984 2 029 2 081 2 165 2 128 2 084 1 997 1 959 1 914 1 964 ... ...

... 1 135 1 212 1 330 1 430

1 187 1 231 1 273 1 341 1 325

2 316 2 427 2 668 2 749 2 900

9 177 9 225 9 450 9 792 10 178

1 672 1 622 1 575 1 574 1 643

688 701 628 525 581 595

14 762 15 221 15 708 16 604 17 138 17 785

1 609 1 628 1 798 1 883 1 881 2 356 2 404 2 413 2 399 2 477 2 423

65 years and over

373 389 383

... 614 715 803 860

460 433 408 410 415

55 to 64 years

641 644 649

1 656 1 708 1 793 1 844 1 870

729 726 789 810 893

45 to 54 years

739 761 770

673 696 693 697 725 707 677 664 703 731

35 to 44 years

850 920 981

985 1 092 1 172 1 283 1 333

998 1 060 1 030 1 068 1 160

10 483 10 996 12 012 12 498 12 866

20 years and over

520 558 585 662 670

5 028 5 354 5 394 5 649 6 182

450 447 487 563 600

25 to 34 years

752 782 814 879 919

1 240 1 313 1 412 1 491 1 566

2 025 2 096 2 139 2 230 2 312

... ...

1 202 1 297 1 373 1 455 1 545

... ...

484 475 489 482 472 464 476 487 480 497 536 543 561 594 609 630 668 708 735 784 844

104 115 109 118 119

121 102 117 129 134 135 129 123 121 136 114 115 122 120 139 158 165 160 171 179 193

... ...

... ...

389 399 399 441 474

80 82 80 81 79

... 573 608 661 666

... 269 269 307 319

1 473 1 570 1 775 1 876 1 968

913 1 011 1 010 1 078 1 129

486 474 512 585 589

75 76 76 97 114

2 889 3 115 3 371 3 504 3 738

1 565 1 595 1 846 1 994 2 074

666 748 794 846 886

135 152 173 158 190

1 074 1 147 1 173 1 224 1 385

3 327 3 264 3 350 3 446 3 517

2 229 2 333 2 468 2 605 2 737

4 950 5 065 5 272 5 541 5 560 5 756

804 835 860 905 959

387 398 408 416 428

... 803 860 942 996

1 675 1 837 1 896 1 997 2 201

3 618 3 758 4 029 4 113 4 097

638 653 671 691 702

4 052 4 149 4 273 4 573 4 671 4 879

811 829 816 837 883

1 235 1 266 1 316 1 402 1 495

2 308 2 472 2 511 2 711 2 932 3 114

611 637 628 630 647

898 944 1 029 1 132 1 210 1 317

... 42 50 62 69

103 103 112 135 139

197 187 209 249 288 296

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as the main race.

2May be of any race.

. . . = Not available.

62 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-11. Employed Civilians, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

HISPANIC2

16 years and over

Men 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................

2 198 2 369

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

3 448 3 597 3 583 3 771 4 083

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

Total

... ...

... ...

306 272 229 248 258

109 90 66 71 78

412 356 336 337 341

126 94 97 95 109

570 568 504 415 446 465

159 149 141 121 108 137

2 301 2 303 2 564 2 808 2 962

... 199 225 241 260

4 245 4 428 4 713 4 972 5 172

251 254 268 292 319

6 021 5 979 6 093 6 328 6 530 6 725 7 039 7 728 8 018 8 067

358 384 420 449 491

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

9 428 9 668 9 845 10 479 10 832 11 337

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 362 1 417 1 516 1 719 1 824

... 155 155 182 185

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 642 2 791 3 077 3 278 3 401

187 176 206 231 229

Women 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

2May

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

be of any race. . . . = Not available.

1 198 1 319

2 079 2 216 2 222 2 301 2 568

3 823 3 848 3 934 4 033 4 258 4 403 4 602 4 999 5 273 5 653 6 307 6 522 6 744 6 894 7 098 7 295

... ...

193 187 181 175 211

256 246 242 233 268 287 261 294 345 363 404 401 378 353 346 382

18 to 19 years

Total

... ...

2 010 2 165

198 182 162 177 180

3 142 3 325 3 354 3 523 3 825

... 74 78 93 93

... 125 147 147 168

82 82 81 87 94

169 172 188 205 225

20 to 24 years

... ...

2 117 2 109 2 335 2 568 2 701

... 364 427 494 511

3 994 4 174 4 444 4 680 4 853

727 773 777 815 821

25 to 34 years

20 years and over

... ...

35 to 44 years

... ...

45 to 54 years

... ...

55 to 64 years

... ...

... ...

254 259 261 275 292

... ... ... ... ...

... 708 763 824 891

... 504 540 590 615

... 369 394 405 427

... 173 184 207 205

1 473 1 510 1 664 1 706 1 787

888 929 1 044 1 120 1 152

550 614 606 645 676

308 297 303 331 350

2 284 2 345 2 547 2 592 2 524

1 675 1 842 1 978 2 077 2 135

908 918 1 059 1 115 1 151

... ...

... ...

611 642 621 655 718

1 065 1 157 1 192 1 280 1 398

5 609 5 623 5 757 5 992 6 189

1 083 1 063 985 1 003 1 056

2 076 2 050 2 127 2 200 2 227

411 419 363 294 338 328

8 859 9 100 9 341 10 063 10 385 10 872

1 486 1 473 1 476 1 485 1 514 1 511

... 50 57 65 60

... 106 98 117 125

1 224 1 288 1 370 1 537 1 638

... 249 288 308 349

... 427 449 506 539

... 300 320 352 381

... 204 214 256 241

... 96 86 99 115

62 64 69 84 71

125 112 137 147 158

2 456 2 615 2 872 3 047 3 172

460 458 496 526 504

843 917 1 004 1 042 1 114

585 641 732 756 816

362 397 405 434 453

178 177 209 254 239

579 612 656 710 746

1 334 1 412 1 482 1 521 1 574

110 107 130 133 139

... ...

65 65 52 54 71

82 76 72 65 86

85 92 98 97 115 127 119 113 121 103 116

286 263 238 242 233 248 277 290 315 352

... ...

128 122 129 120 140

174 170 170 168 182 202 169 196 247 248 277 282 265 231 243 266

6 367 6 655 7 307 7 570 7 576

1 060 1 166

1 886 2 029 2 040 2 127 2 357

3 567 3 603 3 693 3 800 3 989 4 116 4 341 4 705 4 928 5 290 5 903 6 121 6 367 6 541 6 752 6 913

1 030 1 015 1 142 1 173 1 135

... ...

387 418 409 413 442

588 559 591 571 587

870 931 937 914 964 912

3 063 3 142 3 271 3 537 3 557 3 711 ... ...

610 680 704 717 804

662 707 729 760 841

1 312 1 360 1 437 1 527 1 600

2 358 2 446 2 503 2 724 2 801 2 939

412 440 444 464 544

1 251 1 214 1 223 1 246 1 290

917 972 1 031 1 077 1 137

1 887 1 923 2 001 2 004 2 003 2 045

1 695 1 703 1 770 1 849 1 870 1 940

1 213 1 273 1 393 1 428 1 603

491 504 498 499 530

722 719 768 822 847

1 295 1 375 1 396 1 533 1 654 1 781

320 326 318 338 354

513 548 548 581 648 657 677 787 879 923

1 013 1 097 1 114 1 178 1 279 1 333

65 years and over

355 369 372 360 379

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 79

384 438 477 512 502

85 96 105 101 130

... ...

... ...

532 545 569 639 687 748

136 139 139 166 181

256 268 256 269 268 282 310 318 334 384 366 398 460 493 523 569

126 119 125 144 174 183

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 59 50 56 69 57 60

72 67 84 105 114 113

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 63 Table 1-12. Civilian Employment-Population Ratios, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 (Percent.)

Race, Hispanic origin, and year

16 years and over

Both sexes 16 to 19 years

20 years and over

16 years and over

Men

16 to 19 years

20 years and over

16 years and over

Women

16 to 19 years

20 years and over

All Races 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................

56.6 55.4

47.7 45.2

57.4 56.3

83.5 81.3

57.5 53.8

85.8 83.7

31.3 31.2

38.5 37.2

30.7 30.6

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

56.7 57.5 57.1 55.4 56.0

43.5 45.3 43.9 39.9 39.9

57.8 58.5 58.2 56.8 57.5

81.8 82.3 81.3 78.5 79.3

52.1 53.8 51.8 46.9 47.2

84.3 84.6 83.8 81.2 82.3

34.0 35.1 35.1 34.5 35.0

35.6 37.5 36.7 33.5 33.0

33.8 34.9 35.0 34.6 35.1

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

56.1 57.3 57.3 57.1 55.5

56.1 55.4 55.5 55.4 55.7 56.2 56.9 57.3 57.5 58.0 57.4 56.6 57.0 57.8 57.8 56.1 56.8 57.9 59.3 59.9 59.2 59.0 57.8 57.9 59.5 60.1 60.7 61.5 62.3 63.0 62.8 61.7 61.5 61.7 62.5 62.9 63.2 63.8 64.1 64.3 64.4 63.7 62.7 62.3 62.3 62.7

45.5 47.9 46.9 46.4 42.3

40.5 39.1 39.4 37.4 37.3 38.9 42.1 42.2 42.2 43.4 42.3 41.3 43.5 45.9 46.0 43.3 44.2 46.1 48.3 48.5 46.6 44.6 41.5 41.5 43.7 44.4 44.6 45.5 46.8 47.5 45.3 42.0 41.0 41.7 43.4 44.2 43.5 43.4 45.1 44.7 45.2 42.3 39.6 36.8 36.4 36.5

57.0 58.1 58.1 58.0 56.6

57.6 56.9 57.1 57.2 57.7 58.2 58.7 59.0 59.3 59.7 59.2 58.4 58.6 59.3 59.2 57.6 58.3 59.2 60.6 61.2 60.6 60.5 59.4 59.5 61.0 61.5 62.1 62.9 63.6 64.2 64.3 63.2 63.0 63.3 64.0 64.4 64.7 65.5 65.6 65.9 66.0 65.4 64.6 64.3 64.4 64.7

82.0 84.0 83.9 83.6 81.0

78.9 77.6 77.7 77.1 77.3 77.5 77.9 78.0 77.8 77.6 76.2 74.9 75.0 75.5 74.9 71.7 72.0 72.8 73.8 73.8 72.0 71.3 69.0 68.8 70.7 70.9 71.0 71.5 72.0 72.5 72.0 70.4 69.8 70.0 70.4 70.8 70.9 71.3 71.6 71.6 71.9 70.9 69.7 68.9 69.2 69.6

55.2 57.9 55.9 55.9 50.2

47.6 45.3 45.9 43.8 44.1 46.2 48.9 48.7 48.7 49.5 47.7 46.8 48.9 51.4 51.2 47.2 47.9 50.4 52.2 51.7 49.5 47.1 42.9 43.1 45.0 45.7 45.7 46.1 47.8 48.7 46.6 42.7 41.9 42.3 43.8 44.7 43.6 43.4 44.7 45.1 45.4 42.2 38.9 35.7 35.9 35.1

84.2 86.1 86.2 85.9 83.5

81.9 80.8 80.9 80.6 80.9 81.2 81.5 81.5 81.3 81.1 79.7 78.5 78.4 78.6 77.9 74.8 75.1 75.6 76.4 76.5 74.6 74.0 71.8 71.4 73.2 73.3 73.3 73.8 74.2 74.5 74.3 72.7 72.1 72.3 72.6 73.0 73.2 73.7 73.9 74.0 74.2 73.3 72.3 71.7 71.9 72.4

32.0 33.1 33.4 33.3 32.5

35.5 35.4 35.6 35.8 36.3 37.1 38.3 39.0 39.6 40.7 40.8 40.4 41.0 42.0 42.6 42.0 43.2 44.5 46.4 47.5 47.7 48.0 47.7 48.0 49.5 50.4 51.4 52.5 53.4 54.3 54.3 53.7 53.8 54.1 55.3 55.6 56.0 56.8 57.1 57.4 57.5 57.0 56.3 56.1 56.0 56.2

36.3 38.9 38.8 37.8 34.9

33.8 33.2 33.3 31.5 30.9 32.0 35.6 35.9 36.0 37.5 37.1 36.0 38.2 40.5 41.0 39.4 40.5 41.8 44.5 45.3 43.8 42.0 40.2 40.0 42.5 42.9 43.6 44.8 45.9 46.4 44.0 41.2 40.0 41.0 43.0 43.8 43.5 43.3 45.5 44.3 45.0 42.4 40.3 37.8 37.0 37.8

31.6 32.6 33.0 32.9 32.3

35.7 35.6 35.8 36.3 36.9 37.6 38.6 39.3 40.0 41.1 41.2 40.9 41.3 42.2 42.8 42.3 43.5 44.8 46.6 47.7 48.1 48.6 48.4 48.8 50.1 51.0 52.0 53.1 54.0 54.9 55.2 54.6 54.8 55.0 56.2 56.5 57.0 57.8 58.0 58.5 58.4 58.1 57.5 57.5 57.4 57.6

64 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-12. Civilian Employment-Population Ratios, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Percent.)

Race, Hispanic origin, and year

16 years and over

Both sexes 16 to 19 years

20 years and over

16 years and over

Men

16 to 19 years

20 years and over

16 years and over

Women

16 to 19 years

20 years and over

White1 1954 ...................................................... 1955 ...................................................... 1956 ...................................................... 1957 ...................................................... 1958 ...................................................... 1959 ......................................................

55.2 56.5 57.3 56.8 55.3 55.9

42.9 44.2 46.1 45.0 41.0 41.2

56.2 57.4 58.2 57.8 56.5 57.2

81.5 82.2 82.7 81.8 79.2 79.9

49.9 52.0 54.1 52.4 47.6 48.1

84.0 84.7 85.0 84.1 81.8 82.8

31.4 33.0 34.2 34.2 33.6 34.0

36.4 37.0 38.9 38.2 35.0 34.8

31.1 32.7 33.8 33.9 33.5 34.0

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

56.0 56.8 57.2 57.4 58.0

40.3 43.6 43.8 43.9 45.2

57.8 58.3 58.7 59.0 59.4

77.9 78.3 78.4 78.3 78.2

47.1 50.1 50.2 50.3 51.1

81.5 81.7 81.7 81.6 81.4

36.2 37.5 38.3 38.9 40.1

33.7 37.5 37.7 37.8 39.5

36.5 37.5 38.3 39.1 40.1

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1Beginning

55.9 55.3 55.4 55.3 55.5

57.5 56.8 57.4 58.2 58.3 56.7 57.5 58.6 60.0 60.6 60.0 60.0 58.8 58.9 60.5 61.0 61.5 62.3 63.1 63.8 63.7 62.6 62.4 62.7 63.5 63.8 64.1 64.6 64.7 64.8 64.9 64.2 63.4 63.0 63.1 63.4

41.5 40.1 40.4 38.6 38.4

44.5 43.8 46.4 48.9 49.3 46.5 47.8 50.1 52.4 52.6 50.7 48.7 45.8 45.9 48.0 48.5 48.8 49.4 50.9 51.6 49.7 46.6 45.3 46.2 47.9 48.8 47.9 47.7 48.9 48.8 49.1 46.3 43.2 40.4 40.0 40.2

57.2 56.7 56.9 56.9 57.3

59.0 58.3 58.6 59.3 59.3 57.9 58.6 59.6 60.8 61.5 61.0 61.1 60.1 60.1 61.5 62.0 62.6 63.4 64.1 64.7 64.8 63.7 63.6 63.9 64.7 64.9 65.3 65.9 65.9 66.1 66.1 65.6 64.9 64.7 64.8 65.1

79.4 78.2 78.4 77.7 77.8

76.8 75.7 76.0 76.5 75.9 73.0 73.4 74.1 75.0 75.1 73.4 72.8 70.6 70.4 72.1 72.3 72.3 72.7 73.2 73.7 73.3 71.6 71.1 71.4 71.8 72.0 72.3 72.7 72.7 72.8 73.0 72.0 70.8 70.1 70.4 70.8

48.1 45.9 46.4 44.7 45.0

49.6 49.2 51.5 54.3 54.4 50.6 51.5 54.4 56.3 55.7 53.4 51.3 47.0 47.4 49.1 49.9 49.6 49.9 51.7 52.6 51.0 47.2 46.4 46.6 48.3 49.4 48.2 48.1 48.6 49.3 49.5 46.2 42.3 39.4 39.7 38.8

82.4 81.4 81.5 81.1 81.3

80.1 79.0 79.0 79.2 78.6 75.7 76.0 76.5 77.2 77.3 75.6 75.1 73.0 72.6 74.3 74.3 74.3 74.7 75.1 75.4 75.1 73.5 73.1 73.3 73.6 73.8 74.2 74.7 74.7 74.8 74.9 74.0 73.1 72.5 72.8 73.3

34.6 34.5 34.7 35.0 35.5

40.3 39.9 40.7 41.8 42.4 42.0 43.2 44.5 46.3 47.5 47.8 48.3 48.1 48.5 49.8 50.7 51.7 52.8 53.8 54.6 54.7 54.2 54.2 54.6 55.8 56.1 56.3 57.0 57.1 57.3 57.4 57.0 56.4 56.3 56.1 56.3

35.1 34.6 34.8 32.9 32.2

39.5 38.6 41.3 43.6 44.3 42.5 44.2 45.9 48.5 49.4 47.9 46.2 44.6 44.5 47.0 47.1 47.9 49.0 50.2 50.5 48.3 45.9 44.2 45.7 47.5 48.1 47.6 47.2 49.3 48.3 48.8 46.5 44.1 41.5 40.3 41.8

34.5 34.5 34.7 35.2 35.8

40.4 40.1 40.6 41.6 42.2 41.9 43.1 44.4 46.1 47.3 47.8 48.5 48.4 48.9 50.0 51.0 52.0 53.1 54.0 54.9 55.2 54.8 54.9 55.2 56.4 56.7 57.0 57.8 57.7 58.0 58.0 57.7 57.3 57.3 57.2 57.4

in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 65 Table 1-12. Civilian Employment-Population Ratios, by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Percent.)

Race, Hispanic origin, and year

16 years and over

Both sexes 16 to 19 years

20 years and over

16 years and over

Men

16 to 19 years

20 years and over

16 years and over

Women

16 to 19 years

20 years and over

Black1 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................

53.7 54.5 53.5

25.2 27.2 25.9

58.3 58.9 58.0

66.8 67.5 65.8

31.6 32.8 31.4

73.0 73.7 71.9

43.0 43.8 43.5

19.2 22.0 20.9

46.5 47.2 46.9

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

52.3 51.3 49.4 49.5 52.3

23.9 22.1 19.0 18.7 21.9

56.4 55.5 53.6 53.6 56.1

60.4 59.1 56.0 56.3 59.2

27.0 24.6 20.3 20.4 23.9

65.8 64.5 61.4 61.6 64.1

45.7 45.1 44.2 44.1 46.7

21.0 19.7 17.7 17.0 20.1

49.1 48.5 47.5 47.4 49.8

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

Hispanic2 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ...................................................... 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1Beginning

50.1 50.8 51.4 53.6 53.8

53.4 54.1 55.6 56.3 56.9 56.7 55.4 54.9 55.0 56.1 57.1 57.4 58.2 59.7 60.6 60.9 59.7 58.1 57.4 57.2 57.7 55.6 56.2 53.4 53.8 55.4 57.2 58.3 57.6 57.4 54.9 55.1 57.9 57.8 58.5 60.5 61.9 62.2

23.1 22.4 22.3 25.2 25.4

24.6 25.1 27.1 27.6 28.7 26.7 22.6 22.8 22.6 24.9 25.7 26.0 26.1 30.1 27.9 29.8 26.7 25.3 21.7 21.5 21.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

54.5 55.4 56.0 58.0 58.1

57.0 57.6 58.9 59.7 60.1 60.2 59.0 58.3 58.4 59.4 60.5 60.8 61.8 63.0 64.2 64.2 63.2 61.6 61.0 60.9 61.5

55.6 56.2 53.4 53.8 55.4 57.2 58.3 57.6 57.4 54.9 55.1 57.9 57.8 58.5 60.5 61.9 62.2

60.6 60.6 61.4 63.3 63.4

60.0 60.6 62.0 62.7 62.8 62.6 61.3 59.9 60.0 60.8 61.7 61.1 61.4 62.9 63.1 63.6 62.1 61.1 59.5 59.3 60.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

26.3 25.8 26.4 28.5 28.7

26.3 26.5 28.5 29.4 30.4 27.7 23.8 23.6 23.6 25.4 25.2 24.9 23.7 28.4 26.7 28.9 26.4 25.6 19.9 19.3 20.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

61.9 59.8 59.1 59.1 59.5

... ... ... ... 33.5

61.9 59.8 59.1 59.1 59.5

... ... ... ... 71.7

... ... ... ... 36.8

65.7 64.9 63.9 63.1 63.8 64.0

38.6 38.6 35.2 30.2 30.4 31.5

65.7 64.9 63.9 63.1 63.8 64.0

77.4 76.2 74.5 74.3 75.1 75.8

42.8 43.3 39.0 31.9 33.4 33.8

59.7 60.6 62.6 63.1 63.4

34.4 33.1 33.7 36.0 37.0

59.7 60.6 62.6 63.1 63.4

72.1 73.3 74.5 74.7 75.3

37.5 38.8 37.6 38.6 41.2

66.5 66.8 67.5 69.1 69.1

64.6 65.1 66.4 67.1 67.0 67.1 65.9 64.3 64.3 65.0 66.1 65.5 66.1 67.1 67.5 67.7 66.3 65.2 64.1 63.9 64.7

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

41.6 42.8 43.3 45.8 46.0

48.1 48.8 50.3 51.2 52.0 51.9 50.6 50.8 50.9 52.3 53.4 54.4 55.6 57.2 58.6 58.6 57.8 55.8 55.6 55.5 55.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

20.2 19.2 18.5 22.1 22.4

23.1 23.8 25.8 25.8 27.1 25.8 21.5 22.1 21.6 24.5 26.1 27.1 28.5 31.8 29.0 30.6 27.0 24.9 23.4 23.6 22.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... 47.2

... ... ... ... 30.1

81.7 79.9 78.3 78.6 79.4 80.0

53.6 53.3 52.9 51.2 51.8 51.5

33.9 33.5 31.1 28.4 27.2 29.1

... ... ... ... ...

47.3 47.9 50.2 51.0 51.7

31.3 27.3 29.3 33.0 32.5

44.9 46.4 47.0 49.3 49.3

50.9 51.6 53.0 53.9 54.6 54.7 53.6 53.6 53.8 55.0 56.1 57.1 58.4 59.7 61.5 61.3 60.7 58.7 58.6 58.5 58.9

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

55.8 55.4 55.2 53.6 54.4 53.8

in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. be of any race. . . . = Not available.

2May

66 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-13. Employed Civilians, by Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Occupation, 2003–2005 (Thousands of people.)

Year and occupation

2003

All Occupations .............................................................................. Management, professional, and related ........................................... Management, business, and financial operations ........................ Professional and related ............................................................... Life, physical, and social science ..................................................... Community and social services .................................................... Services ............................................................................................ Health care support ...................................................................... Protective services ....................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ........................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ......................... Personal care and services .......................................................... Sales and office ................................................................................ Office and administrative support ................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .......................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ....................................................... Construction and extraction .......................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................ Production, transportation, and material moving .............................. Transportation and material moving ............................................. 2004

All Occupations .............................................................................. Management, professional, and related ........................................... Management, business, and financial operations ........................ Professional and related ............................................................... Life, physical, and social science ..................................................... Community and social services .................................................... Services ............................................................................................ Health care support ...................................................................... Protective services ....................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ........................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ......................... Personal care and services .......................................................... Sales and office ................................................................................ Office and administrative support ................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .......................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ....................................................... Construction and extraction .......................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................ Production, transportation, and material moving .............................. Transportation and material moving ............................................. 2005

All Occupations .............................................................................. Management, professional, and related ........................................... Management, business, and financial operations ........................ Professional and related ............................................................... Life, physical, and social science ..................................................... Community and social services .................................................... Services ............................................................................................ Health care support ...................................................................... Protective services ....................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ........................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ......................... Personal care and services .......................................................... Sales and office ................................................................................ Office and administrative support ................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .......................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ....................................................... Construction and extraction .......................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................ Production, transportation, and material moving .............................. Transportation and material moving .............................................

Total

Men

Women

White1

Black1

Hispanic2

137 736 47 929 19 934 27 995 1 375 2 184 22 086 2 926 2 727 7 254 4 947 4 232 35 496 19 536 14 205 1 050 8 114 5 041 18 020 8 320

73 332 23 735 11 534 12 201 783 862 9 460 311 2 164 3 151 2 920 915 12 851 4 714 13 541 819 7 891 4 830 13 745 7 049

64 404 24 194 8 400 15 794 592 1 323 12 626 2 616 563 4 104 2 027 3 316 22 645 14 823 665 231 223 211 4 274 1 270

114 235 40 558 17 377 23 181 1 113 1 663 17 132 1 996 2 098 5 797 3 920 3 321 29 555 15 968 12 600 954 7 242 4 404 14 391 6 625

14 739 3 923 1 368 2 555 86 408 3 408 738 511 842 740 578 3 881 2 465 1 022 49 578 395 2 504 1 301

17 372 2 925 1 176 1 749 81 184 4 175 365 276 1 441 1 542 550 3 820 2 167 3 023 423 1 926 674 3 430 8 320

139 252 48 532 20 235 28 297 1 365 2 170 22 720 2 921 2 847 7 279 5 185 4 488 35 464 19 481 14 582 991 8 522 5 069 17 954 8 491

74 524 24 136 11 718 12 418 777 845 9 826 311 2 230 3 196 3 085 1 004 12 805 4 700 13 930 786 8 306 4 838 13 827 7 240

64 728 24 396 8 517 15 879 588 1 325 12 894 2 609 616 4 084 2 100 3 484 22 660 14 781 652 204 216 231 4 126 1 251

115 239 41 027 17 590 23 438 1 143 1 650 17 544 1 991 2 197 5 854 4 094 3 407 29 399 15 842 12 928 885 7 642 4 401 14 340 6 746

14 909 3 949 1 408 2 541 76 415 3 543 758 510 835 773 667 3 918 2 487 1 012 53 572 387 2 488 1 364

17 930 3 101 1 290 1 811 69 203 4 336 384 315 1 405 1 661 571 3 818 2 164 3 229 387 2 127 715 3 446 1 552

141 730 49 245 20 450 28 795 1 406 2 138 23 133 3 092 2 894 7 374 5 241 4 531 35 962 19 529 15 348 976 9 145 5 226 18 041 8 664

75 973 24 349 11 761 12 588 808 827 9 882 339 2 246 3 202 3 111 984 13 190 4 829 14 635 756 8 871 5 008 13 917 7 377

65 757 24 896 8 689 16 207 598 1 311 13 251 2 753 648 4 173 2 130 3 548 22 772 14 700 713 220 274 219 4 124 1 286

116 949 41 475 17 668 23 807 1 171 1 654 17 817 2 121 2 195 5 888 4 130 3 484 29 658 15 777 13 582 882 8 158 4 542 14 418 6 892

15 313 3 985 1 451 2 533 71 365 3 656 766 560 857 828 645 4 033 2 526 1 086 50 643 394 2 552 1 393

18 632 3 174 1 330 1 844 63 209 4 434 426 300 1 519 1 605 584 4 000 2 258 3 552 394 2 450 709 3 473 1 597

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as the main race.

2May be of any race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 67 Table 1-14. Employed Civilians, by Selected Occupation and Industry, 2003–2005 (Thousands of people.)

Year and industry

2003

Total employed

Management, professional, and related occupations

Life, physical, and social science occupations

Service occupations

Sales and office occupations

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations

All Industries ............................................................. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................... Mining ......................................................................... Construction ................................................................ Manufacturing ............................................................. Durable goods ......................................................... Nondurable goods ................................................... Wholesale trade .......................................................... Retail trade .................................................................. Transportation and warehousing ................................ Utilities ........................................................................ Information .................................................................. Finance and insurance ................................................ Real estate and rental and leasing ............................. Professional and technical services ............................ Management, administrative, and waste services ...... Educational services ................................................... Health care and social assistance .............................. Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................. Accommodation and food services ............................. Other services ............................................................. Public administration ...................................................

137 736 2 275 525 10 138 16 902 10 520 6 382 4 486 16 220 5 758 1 193 3 687 6 834 2 914 8 243 5 636 11 826 16 434 2 587 9 021 6 815 6 243

47 929 1 088 133 1 590 4 733 3 207 1 526 782 1 679 630 376 1 852 3 142 881 6 237 1 131 8 808 8 665 891 1 267 1 482 2 563

1 375 29 18 6 287 58 229 20 15 6 28 12 26 6 320 25 170 201 9 2 14 182

22 086 80 6 60 252 128 123 47 569 268 21 91 67 304 122 2 321 1 274 4 785 1 193 6 393 2 321 1 912

35 496 112 57 693 2 340 1 370 970 2 477 11 273 1 614 252 1 188 3 561 1 421 1 627 1 286 1 236 2 565 361 988 1 064 1 384

14 205 901 203 7 277 1 150 756 394 239 888 401 293 380 36 194 130 262 187 127 92 57 1 144 245

18 020 94 127 519 8 428 5 060 3 368 941 1 811 2 845 251 176 29 114 128 637 322 291 50 315 804 138

All Industries ............................................................. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................... Mining ......................................................................... Construction ................................................................ Manufacturing ............................................................. Durable goods ......................................................... Nondurable goods ................................................... Wholesale trade .......................................................... Retail trade .................................................................. Transportation and warehousing ................................ Utilities ........................................................................ Information .................................................................. Finance and insurance ................................................ Real estate and rental and leasing ............................. Professional and technical services ............................ Management, administrative, and waste services ...... Educational services ................................................... Health care and social assistance .............................. Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................. Accommodation and food services ............................. Other services ............................................................. Public administration ...................................................

139 252 2 232 539 10 768 16 484 10 329 6 155 4 600 16 269 5 844 1 168 3 463 6 940 3 029 8 386 5 722 12 058 16 661 2 690 9 131 6 903 6 365

48 532 1 092 118 1 696 4 719 3 202 1 517 754 1 759 593 373 1 766 3 311 931 6 333 1 050 9 036 8 756 898 1 286 1 467 2 594

1 365 28 13 5 265 53 212 12 16 3 35 19 17 2 326 26 170 211 15 4 16 181

22 720 95 5 70 225 113 113 60 571 277 22 93 69 280 108 2 503 1 298 4 860 1 266 6 487 2 408 2 021

35 464 106 51 732 2 185 1 247 938 2 553 11 295 1 636 266 1 102 3 495 1 502 1 651 1 249 1 201 2 634 372 1 000 1 082 1 354

14 582 837 232 7 743 1 151 771 380 292 815 383 276 341 34 201 139 278 184 127 86 70 1 134 259

17 954 103 133 527 8 203 4 996 3 207 940 1 830 2 955 231 161 30 115 156 642 338 285 67 289 812 138

All Industries ............................................................. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................... Mining ......................................................................... Construction ................................................................ Manufacturing ............................................................. Durable goods ......................................................... Nondurable goods ................................................... Wholesale trade .......................................................... Retail trade .................................................................. Transportation and warehousing ................................ Utilities ........................................................................ Information .................................................................. Finance and insurance ................................................ Real estate and rental and leasing ............................. Professional and technical services ............................ Management, administrative, and waste services ...... Educational services ................................................... Health care and social assistance .............................. Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................. Accommodation and food services ............................. Other services ............................................................. Public administration ...................................................

141 730 2 197 624 11 197 16 253 10 333 5 919 4 579 16 825 6 184 1 176 3 402 7 035 3 168 8 584 5 709 12 264 16 910 2 765 9 306 7 020 6 530

49 245 1 086 141 1 688 4 612 3 170 1 443 751 1 817 650 353 1 717 3 408 980 6 545 1 005 9 197 8 805 979 1 367 1 498 2 646

1 406 29 23 5 247 60 187 21 14 4 31 13 14 1 329 25 179 230 17 2 15 207

23 133 82 6 76 242 112 130 55 559 270 23 90 72 284 113 2 542 1 318 5 047 1 256 6 535 2 448 2 115

35 962 96 64 736 2 127 1 216 911 2 479 11 790 1 678 234 1 096 3 497 1 588 1 610 1 260 1 222 2 653 358 1 045 1 078 1 353

15 348 836 264 8 208 1 179 787 392 295 830 414 307 336 33 206 172 268 202 146 102 61 1 219 272

18 041 97 150 489 8 092 5 048 3 044 1 000 1 830 3 172 261 164 25 110 144 635 323 259 71 297 778 144

2004

2005

68 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-15. Employed Civilians in Agriculture and Nonagricultural Industries, by Class of Worker and Sex, 1980–2005 (Thousands of people.) Sex and year

Total employed

Agriculture

Total

Wage and salary workers

Selfemployed workers

Unpaid family workers

Nonagricultural industries

Total

Both Sexes 1980 ........................................ 1981 ........................................ 1982 ........................................ 1983 ........................................ 1984 ........................................

99 302 100 398 99 526 100 833 105 006

3 364 3 368 3 401 3 383 3 321

1 425 1 464 1 505 1 579 1 555

1 642 1 638 1 636 1 565 1 553

297 266 261 240 213

95 938 97 030 96 125 97 450 101 685

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

118 793 117 718 118 492 120 259 123 060

3 223 3 269 3 247 3 115 3 409

1 740 1 729 1 750 1 689 1 715

1 378 1 423 1 385 1 320 1 645

105 118 112 106 49

115 570 114 449 115 245 117 144 119 651

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Men 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................

........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................

Women 1980 ........................................ 1981 ........................................ 1982 ........................................ 1983 ........................................ 1984 ........................................ 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................

........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................

107 150 109 597 112 440 114 969 117 341

124 900 126 707 129 558 131 463 133 488 136 891 136 933 136 485 137 736 139 252 141 730 57 186 57 397 56 270 56 787 59 091 59 891 60 892 62 107 63 273 64 315 65 105 64 223 64 441 65 349 66 450 67 377 68 207 69 685 70 693 71 446 73 305 73 196 72 903 73 332 74 525 75 973 42 117 43 000 43 256 44 047 45 915 47 259 48 706 50 334 51 696 53 028 53 689 53 495 54 052 54 910 56 610 57 523 58 501 59 873 60 770 62 042 63 586 63 737 63 582 64 404 64 728 65 757

3 179 3 163 3 208 3 169 3 199

3 440 3 443 3 399 3 378 3 281 2 464 2 299 2 311 2 275 2 232 2 197

2 709 2 700 2 736 2 704 2 668 2 535 2 511 2 543 2 493 2 513 2 546 2 589 2 575 2 478 2 554 2 559 2 573 2 552 2 553 2 432 1 861 1 708 1 724 1 695 1 687 1 654 656 667 665 680 653 644 652 666 676 687 678 680 672 637 855 881 871 847 825 849 602 591 587 580 546 544

1 535 1 547 1 632 1 621 1 665

1 814 1 869 1 890 2 000 1 944 1 421 1 283 1 282 1 299 1 242 1 212

1 149 1 168 1 208 1 265 1 254 1 230 1 230 1 290 1 268 1 302 1 355 1 359 1 371 1 323 1 330 1 395 1 418 1 439 1 526 1 450 1 116 990 979 991 970 949 275 296 296 314 301 305 317 342 353 363 385 369 379 367 384 419 452 451 474 494 305 293 303 309 271 263

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparabilty.

1 458 1 447 1 423 1 398 1 403

1 580 1 518 1 457 1 341 1 297 1 010 988 1 003 951 964 955

185 169 153 150 131

45 56 51 38 40 33 28 26 25 27 30

1 458 1 442 1 433 1 355 1 350

101 91 95 84 65

1 151 1 185 1 164 1 117 1 197

39 45 40 39 27

1 244 1 227 1 194 1 174 1 167

60 54 58 50 44

Total

413 390 401 376 335

106 598 105 373 106 437 107 966 110 517

17 769 17 934 18 136 18 579 18 293

1 027 1 010 1 135 1 126 966

87 802 86 429 87 166 88 261 91 258

8 719 8 851 8 575 8 959 9 003

253 226 233 218 131

125 114 125 407 125 156 126 015 127 463 129 931 49 517 49 745 48 529 48 896 51 151 52 111 53 075 54 102 55 177 56 202 56 913 55 899 56 212 56 926 58 300

16 031 16 342 16 800 17 114 17 469

18 362 18 217 18 131 18 383 18 903 19 248 19 335 19 636 19 634 19 983 20 357

7 822 7 676 7 598 7 623 7 720 7 757 7 805 8 013 8 074 8 116 8 245 8 300 8 348 8 435 8 327

26 31 29 23 20

64 818 65 634 67 133 68 140 69 014

59 332 60 133 61 595 62 630 63 624

8 267 8 110 8 015 8 178 8 278

184 196 203 210 203

197 176 166 156 148

41 461 42 333 42 591 43 367 45 262

39 007 39 798 39 934 40 603 42 413

8 090 8 013 7 918 7 913 8 050

227 237 221 204 448

66 73 73 67 23

214 220 229 224 236

442 394 373 336 335 285 284 272 257 262 267

20 15 14 11 15 17

71 444 71 488 71 179 71 636 72 838 74 319

65 838 65 930 65 726 65 871 66 951 68 345

125 115 95 99 87

46 615 48 054 49 668 51 020 52 341

43 761 45 225 46 669 47 844 49 057

20 25 23 15 20

56 642 57 630 59 026 59 945 61 193

53 115 54 037 55 388 56 389 57 699

12 13 12 14 12 13

53 011 52 815 53 380 54 273 55 755

62 983 63 147 62 995 63 824 64 182 65 213

Unpaid family workers

7 000 7 097 7 262 7 575 7 785

1 138 1 124 1 084 1 005 962 725 703 731 694 702 688

Selfemployed workers

71 421 72 646 71 739 72 719 76 557

112 448 114 171 116 983 119 019 121 323

62 559 61 634 61 866 62 871 63 896

Other private

1 192 1 208 1 207 1 244 1 238

121 460 123 264 126 159 128 085 130 207

57 356 58 381 59 564 60 780 61 802

Private household

15 912 15 689 15 516 15 537 15 770

95 871 98 299 100 771 103 021 105 259

54 477 54 697 53 534 54 083 56 423

Government

88 525 89 543 88 462 89 500 93 565

103 971 106 434 109 232 111 800 114 142

134 427 134 635 134 174 135 461 137 020 139 532

Wage and salary workers

8 309 8 342 8 437 8 368 8 616 8 760

1 249 1 235 1 208 1 153 1 101

78 591 80 722 82 763 84 754 86 689

963 928 915 962 933

93 123 95 026 97 937 99 674 101 487

149 192 188 208 178

41 546 41 877 40 743 41 065 43 253

718 694 757 764 779 812

170 180 180 157 156 149 143 156 146 99

105 148 105 378 104 764 105 616 106 701 108 761

44 184 45 090 45 909 46 946 47 930 48 519 47 456 47 708 48 345 49 874

7 811 7 881 8 201 8 519 8 605

8 902 8 971 9 056 8 962 8 790 9 205 9 121 8 923 9 344 9 467 9 509 4 904 4 905 4 954 5 136 5 219 5 207 5 271 5 423 5 564 5 562 5 597 5 700 5 613 5 894 5 560

289 255 260 260 279

110 122 120 103 95

108 107 95 101 90 93 56 47 52 51 52 38 35 39 39 38 48 35 41 50 37

96 99 81 86 74

50 969 51 924 53 499 54 366 55 272

5 461 5 465 5 506 5 480 5 366

25 36 31 29 25

1 044 1 016 1 019 1 036 1 061

29 873 30 769 30 997 31 654 33 302

2 097 2 192 2 309 2 439 2 566

357 343 348 325 283

71 63 76 59 60 67

57 458 57 524 57 212 57 444 58 275 59 518

5 573 5 527 5 425 5 736 5 860 5 944

33 31 29 30 27 30

8 274 8 537 8 788 9 039 9 353

1 078 1 055 1 029 996 945

34 409 35 633 36 852 37 809 38 759

2 603 2 610 2 778 2 955 3 043

251 219 221 220 240

10 095 10 107 10 116 10 205 10 625

867 830 834 876 859

42 153 43 100 44 438 45 308 46 215

3 440 3 506 3 550 3 482 3 424

86 87 89 74 70

49 685 49 474 50 225 51 040 52 217

9 524 9 635 9 788 10 144 9 965

59 277 59 477 59 431 60 144 60 512 61 586

10 939 10 993 11 199 11 267 11 367 11 598

879 867 979 980 867

647 630 680 705 719 745

39 282 38 972 39 458 39 916 41 385

47 690 47 853 47 552 48 172 48 426 49 243

3 122 3 150 2 963 3 065 3 443

3 631 3 594 3 499 3 609 3 607 3 565

205 191 192 168 95

76 75 66 72 63 63

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 69

Table 1-16. Number of Employed Persons Age 25 Years and Over, by Educational Attainment, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1995–2005 (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

All Races 1995 ...................................................... 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ...................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

Men 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

Women 1995 ...................................................... 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................

Less than a high school diploma

Total

Bachelor's degree only

Total

20 436 20 590 20 678 20 626 21 129

9 245 9 404 9 643 9 850 10 079

30 412 31 459 32 488 33 730 34 905

19 924 20 742 21 524 22 260 22 973

57 420 58 468 59 736 60 497 61 032

6 691 7 058 7 210 7 238 6 921

18 426 18 639 19 124 19 188 19 125

10 653 10 759 10 876 10 684 10 941

4 394 4 416 4 517 4 731 4 838

17 255 17 596 18 010 18 656 19 208

10 983 11 266 11 587 12 028 12 343

116 473 116 846 116 802 118 385 119 622 121 960

62 661 62 824 62 756 63 349 64 326 65 772 48 617 49 602 50 782 51 359 52 392

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

97 320 97 560 97 476 98 120 98 967 100 613

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

12 852 12 797 12 719 12 706 12 817 13 177

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1Beginning

College graduate or higher

34 999 36 300 36 163 35 976 36 017

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Hispanic2 1995 ...................................................... 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................

Associate degree

10 945 11 317 11 546 11 673 11 294

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

Black1 1995 ...................................................... 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................

Some college, no degree

106 037 108 070 110 518 111 855 113 425

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

White1 1995 ...................................................... 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................

High school graduate, no college

53 812 54 021 54 046 55 035 55 296 56 188 90 498 91 992 93 687 94 330 95 316

11 249 11 518 11 882 12 324 12 771

8 873 9 368 10 214 10 615 10 985 12 406 12 817 13 294 14 205 14 661 15 362

11 692 11 669 11 535 11 537 11 408 11 712

7 199 7 188 7 220 7 290 7 276 7 487 4 254 4 259 4 336 4 435 4 372 4 493 4 480 4 315 4 248 4 132 4 226 8 690 9 258 9 414 9 510 9 235 9 544 9 550 9 394 9 437 9 335 9 579 1 482 1 534 1 578 1 579 1 488 1 499 1 492 1 498 1 376 1 326 1 369 3 204 3 450 3 738 3 889 3 926 4 468 4 601 4 744 5 073 5 135 5 367

36 452 36 078 35 779 35 857 35 944 36 398

19 388 19 274 19 154 19 200 19 535 20 127 16 573 16 661 17 039 16 788 16 893 17 064 16 804 16 624 16 657 16 409 16 271 29 776 30 042 30 552 30 249 30 211 30 438 30 126 29 836 29 645 29 571 29 911

4 142 4 192 4 409 4 504 4 631 4 571 4 492 4 453 4 465 4 606 4 742 2 624 2 746 2 945 3 018 3 213 3 658 3 796 3 921 4 169 4 330 4 535

21 601 21 459 20 928 21 107 21 284 21 380

11 260 11 076 10 811 10 858 10 896 10 993

10 707 11 127 11 166 11 313 11 693 12 245

5 013 5 226 5 221 5 231 5 426 5 739

36 020 36 514 37 395 38 570 39 293 40 225

19 800 20 060 20 350 20 770 21 192 21 427

9 783 9 831 9 802 9 943 10 189

4 851 4 988 5 126 5 119 5 242

13 157 13 863 14 478 15 074 15 697

17 265 17 249 17 302 17 101 17 388

7 970 8 072 8 271 8 426 8 556

26 796 27 371 28 148 29 044 29 925

10 341 10 383 10 117 10 249 10 387 10 388

5 694 5 901 5 945 6 081 6 267 6 506

17 770 17 671 17 209 17 227 17 445 17 515

9 075 9 393 9 440 9 476 9 817 10 256

2 910 2 871 2 843 2 780 2 717 2 720

1 160 1 216 1 210 1 199 1 195 1 288

2 517 2 640 2 681 2 776 2 924

1 427 1 453 1 603 1 622 1 696 1 828 1 916 1 900 2 037 2 137 2 230

960 969 984 1 020 1 108

534 568 611 660 660 756 781 823 889 931 997

16 220 16 453 17 045 17 800 18 101 18 798

30 493 30 821 31 597 32 335 32 799 33 352 2 149 2 183 2 230 2 446 2 621 2 713 2 727 2 715 2 887 2 973 3 057 1 084 1 151 1 316 1 427 1 491 1 696 1 723 1 906 2 039 2 127 2 232

23 706 23 907 24 570 25 188 25 484 26 027

12 742 12 872 13 076 13 354 13 575 13 687 8 941 9 475 9 937 10 231 10 630 10 964 11 035 11 493 11 834 11 908 12 340 17 434 17 978 18 801 19 107 19 668 20 078 20 136 20 670 21 103 21 299 21 550 1 538 1 539 1 591 1 741 1 814 1 866 1 921 1 955 2 056 2 097 2 106 759 813 926 1 007 1 034 1 198 1 223 1 370 1 468 1 538 1 595

in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. be of any race.

2May

70 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-16. Number of Employed Persons Age 25 Years and Over, by Educational Attainment, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1995–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

Less than a high school diploma

Total

High school graduate, no college

Some college, no degree

Associate degree

College graduate or higher

Bachelor's degree only

Total

White Men1 1995 ...................................................... 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................

49 641 50 533 51 397 51 842 52 180

5 444 5 920 6 049 6 123 5 883

15 760 15 995 16 330 16 308 16 193

9 155 9 197 9 245 9 009 9 182

3 856 3 861 3 941 4 118 4 160

15 426 15 559 15 832 16 284 16 763

9 780 9 965 10 191 10 490 10 806

White Women1 1995 ...................................................... 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................

40 857 41 459 42 290 42 488 43 135

3 246 3 337 3 365 3 387 3 352

14 016 14 046 14 222 13 941 14 018

8 110 8 052 8 058 8 092 8 207

4 115 4 211 4 330 4 308 4 396

11 370 11 812 12 316 12 760 13 162

7 655 8 012 8 410 8 618 8 862

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

Black Men1 1995 ...................................................... 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................

Black Women1 1995 ...................................................... 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................

Hispanic Men2 1995 ...................................................... 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................

Hispanic Women2 1995 ...................................................... 1996 ...................................................... 1997 ...................................................... 1998 ...................................................... 1999 ......................................................

1Beginning

53 243 53 375 53 242 53 458 54 133 55 214

44 077 44 184 44 234 44 662 44 834 45 399 5 423 5 483 5 658 5 844 6 001 6 011 5 924 5 928 5 860 5 942 6 153 5 826 6 035 6 225 6 480 6 770 6 841 6 873 6 791 6 846 6 874 7 024

6 085 6 080 6 072 6 192 6 188 6 368

3 459 3 469 3 322 3 245 3 146 3 211 778 861 868 811 741 755 762 785 693 676 697 704 673 710 768 746 743 730 713 683 650 672

5 337 5 640 6 165 6 397 6 441

2 125 2 320 2 502 2 594 2 554

3 536 3 729 4 049 4 219 4 544

1 079 1 131 1 236 1 295 1 372

7 373 7 628 7 865 8 578 8 872 9 361

5 033 5 190 5 429 5 627 5 789 6 000

2 937 3 041 3 141 3 424 3 508 3 639

1 531 1 560 1 604 1 649 1 628 1 728

16 373 16 292 16 148 16 068 16 297 16 750

14 065 13 834 13 688 13 576 13 275 13 162

9 435 9 344 9 102 9 042 9 125 9 225

8 335 8 327 8 107 8 185 8 320 8 290

2 101 2 104 2 181 2 248 2 339

1 142 1 177 1 241 1 267 1 313

2 042 2 088 2 229 2 256 2 292

1 375 1 463 1 439 1 509 1 612

2 253 2 232 2 212 2 190 2 287 2 417

2 318 2 260 2 241 2 275 2 319 2 325

1 501 1 588 1 714 1 764 1 839

1 326 1 258 1 264 1 256 1 172 1 171

1 583 1 612 1 579 1 524 1 545 1 549 818 790 899 913 917

2 128 2 174 2 244 2 461 2 583 2 775

995 1 082 1 029 1 105 1 158 1 251

1 529 1 622 1 676 1 708 1 746 1 759

833 834 871 932 980 979

1 123 1 159 1 231 1 254 1 373

609 663 704 708 778

4 320 4 501 4 497 4 431 4 613 4 851

4 755 4 891 4 944 5 045 5 203 5 405

393 382 385 413 469 466 486 482 492 503 558 566 587 600 607 639 694 729 729 707 691 730

279 271 302 336 334

17 030 17 158 17 423 17 725 17 910 18 021

13 463 13 663 14 173 14 610 14 888 15 331 1 010 960 983 1 104 1 140 1 210 1 186 1 185 1 230 1 305 1 310

9 049 9 075 9 453 9 643 9 744 9 999 717 666 710 802 789 828 834 855 890 931 938

1 139 1 224 1 247 1 341 1 481

822 873 882 939 1 025

615 671 747 790 797

408 456 502 547 540

1 503 1 541 1 530 1 657 1 668 1 748

397 386 415 451 468 503

916 945 1 035 1 137 1 155 1 193

359 395 408 438 463 495

780 778 871 901 972 1 039

255 297 309 325 327

11 029 11 060 11 217 11 461 11 555 11 551

470 480 569 637 694

1 038 1 087 1 101 1 166 1 166 1 169

634 669 732 806 837 847 351 357 425 459 494 564 553 638 661 701 748

in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. be of any race.

2May

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 71 Table 1-17. Multiple Jobholders and Multiple Jobholding Rates, by Selected Characteristics, May of Selected Years, 1970–2006 (Thousands of people, percent, not seasonally adjusted.) Total employed

Year

Multiple jobholders

Total

Men

1970 ................................................. 1971 ................................................. 1972 ................................................. 1973 ................................................. 1974 .................................................

78 358 78 708 81 224 83 758 85 786

4 048 4 035 3 770 4 262 3 889

3 412 3 270 3 035 3 393 3 022

1980 ................................................. 1985 ................................................. 1989 ................................................. 1991 ................................................. 1994 .................................................

96 809 106 878 117 084 116 626 122 946

4 759 5 730 7 225 7 183 7 316

3 210 3 537 4 115 4 054 3 973

2000 ................................................. 2001 ................................................. 2002 ................................................. 2003 ................................................. 2004 .................................................

136 685 137 121 136 559 137 567 138 867

1975 ................................................. 1976 ................................................. 1977 ................................................. 1978 ................................................. 1979 .................................................

1995 ................................................. 1996 ................................................. 1997 ................................................. 1998 ................................................. 1999 .................................................

2005 ................................................. 2006 .................................................

84 146 87 278 90 482 93 904 96 327

124 554 126 391 129 565 131 476 133 411

141 591 144 041

3 918 3 948 4 558 4 493 4 724

7 952 7 846 8 197 8 126 7 895 7 751 7 540 7 247 7 338 7 258 7 348 7 641

Women

Number 636 765 735 869 867

2 962 3 037 3 317 3 212 3 317

956 911 1 241 1 281 1 407

4 225 4 352 4 398 4 438 4 117

3 727 3 494 3 800 3 688 3 778

4 084 3 914 3 736 3 841 3 653 3 741 3 863

Multiple jobholding rate1

1 549 2 192 3 109 3 129 3 343

3 667 3 626 3 511 3 498 3 605 3 607 3 778

Percent of all multiple jobholders

Total

Men

Women

White

Black2

15.7 19.0 19.5 20.4 22.3

5.2 5.1 4.6 5.1 4.5

7.0 6.7 6.0 6.6 5.8

2.2 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.6

5.3 5.3 4.8 5.1 4.6

4.4 3.8 3.7 4.7 3.8

32.5 38.3 43.0 43.6 45.7

4.9 5.4 6.2 6.2 6.0

5.8 5.9 6.4 6.4 6.0

3.8 4.7 5.9 5.9 5.9

5.1 5.7 6.5 6.4 6.1

3.2 3.2 4.3 4.9 4.9

24.4 23.1 27.2 28.5 29.8

46.9 44.5 46.4 45.4 47.9 47.3 48.1 48.4 47.7 49.7 49.1 49.4

4.7 4.5 5.0 4.8 4.9

6.4 6.2 6.3 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.3

5.8 5.8 6.2 5.8 5.9

6.3 6.4 6.3 6.3 5.8 5.6 5.3 5.1 5.3 4.9 4.9 5.0

2.9 2.6 3.4 3.3 3.5

6.5 6.0 6.4 6.1 6.1 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.7

4.8 4.7 5.3 5.0 5.1

6.6 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.0 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.4 5.3

3.7 2.8 2.6 3.1 3.0

5.2 5.1 5.7 5.5 5.5 4.9 5.3 4.7 4.3 5.1 4.4 5.4

Note: Data prior to 1985 reflect 1970 census–based population controls; for 1985 to 1991, data reflect 1980 census–based controls; and for 1994 to 1997, data reflect 1990 census–based controls adjusted for the estimated undercount. Beginning in 1994, data reflect the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey (CPS). Beginning in 1997, data reflect revised population controls. Beginning in 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls. Beginning in 1999, 2000, and 2004, data reflect revised population controls. These changes affect comparability with data for prior periods. Comprehensive surveys of multiple jobholders were not conducted in 1981–1984, 1986–1988, 1990, or 1992–1993. 1Multiple jobholders as 2Data for years prior to

a percent of all employed persons in specified group. 1977 refer to the Black-and-Other population group.

72 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-18. Multiple Jobholders, by Sex, Age, Marital Status, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Job Status, 2002–2005 (Thousands of people, percent.) Characteristic

Number

2002

Age Total, 16 years and over2 ........................................................... 16 to 19 years ........................................................................ 20 to 24 years ........................................................................ 25 to 34 years ........................................................................ 35 to 44 years ........................................................................ 45 to 54 years ........................................................................ 55 to 64 years ........................................................................ 65 years and over ..................................................................

Marital Status Single ......................................................................................... Married, spouse present ............................................................ Widowed, divorced, or separated ..............................................

Race and Hispanic Origin White3 ........................................................................................ Black3 ......................................................................................... Hispanic4 .................................................................................... Full- or Part-time Status Primary job full time, secondary job part time ............................ Primary and secondary jobs, both part time .............................. Primary and secondary jobs, both full time ................................ Hours vary on primary or secondary job ....................................

Characteristic

Marital Status Single ......................................................................................... Married, spouse present ............................................................ Widowed, divorced, or separated ..............................................

Race and Hispanic Origin White3 ........................................................................................ Black3 ......................................................................................... Hispanic4 .................................................................................... Full- or Part-time Status Primary job full time, secondary job part time ............................ Primary and secondary jobs, both part time .............................. Primary and secondary jobs, both full time ................................ Hours vary on primary or secondary job ....................................

2003

2002

Rate1

2003

Number

2002

Men

2003

2002

Rate1

2003

Number

2002

Women

2003

2002

Rate1

2003

7 291 286 740 1 551 2 016 1 808 752 139

7 315 280 778 ... ... ... 837 154

5.3 4.5 5.5 5.1 5.7 5.8 4.8 3.2

5.3 4.7 5.8 ... ... ... 5.0 3.3

3 734 114 335 833 1 055 927 394 76

3 716 107 350 ... ... ... 430 87

5.0 3.6 4.8 5.0 5.6 5.6 4.7 3.1

5.1 3.7 5.0 ... ... ... 4.9 3.4

3 557 171 405 718 961 881 358 63

3 599 173 428 696 920 908 407 67

5.6 5.4 6.4 5.2 5.9 5.9 4.9 3.4

5.6 5.7 6.7 5.1 5.7 5.9 5.2 3.3

1 980 3 998 1 313

1 978 4 067 1 270

5.4 5.1 6.1

5.4 5.1 5.8

920 2 362 452

907 2 398 410

4.6 5.4 5.1

4.6 5.4 4.6

1 060 1 636 861

1 070 1 669 860

6.4 4.8 6.7

6.4 4.8 6.6

6 270 709 579

6 273 645 554

5.5 4.8 3.5

5.5 4.4 3.2

3 233 343 347

3 190 328 325

5.2 4.9 3.5

5.2 4.8 3.1

3 037 366 232

3 083 317 229

5.8 4.6 3.4

5.9 4.0 3.3

3 937 1 590 276 1 449

3 825 1 651 273 1 523

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

2 235 493 186 801

2 164 510 187 831

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

1 701 1 097 90 647

1 661 1 141 86 692

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

Number

2004

Age Total, 16 years and over2 ........................................................... 16 to 19 years ........................................................................ 20 to 24 years ........................................................................ 25 to 34 years ........................................................................ 35 to 44 years ........................................................................ 45 to 54 years ........................................................................ 55 to 64 years ........................................................................ 65 years and over ..................................................................

Both sexes

Both sexes

2005

2004

Rate1

2005

Number

2004

Men

2005

2004

Rate1

2005

Number

2004

Women

2005

2004

Rate1

2005

7 473 274 795 1 608 1 898 1 855 869 173

7 546 298 798 1 582 1 900 1 879 900 189

5.4 4.6 5.8 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.0 3.6

5.3 5.0 5.8 5.2 5.5 5.7 4.9 3.7

3 835 107 377 853 1 012 935 451 100

3 855 118 373 827 1 016 939 473 109

5.1 3.6 5.2 5.1 5.4 5.5 4.9 3.7

5.1 4.0 5.1 4.9 5.4 5.4 4.9 3.8

3 638 167 419 755 886 920 417 74

3 691 180 425 755 884 940 426 80

5.6 5.7 6.5 5.6 5.6 5.9 5.1 3.4

5.6 5.9 6.5 5.5 5.6 6.0 4.9 3.6

2 044 4 125 1 303

2 113 4 109 1 324

5.5 5.2 5.9

5.5 5.1 5.8

964 2 408 463

987 2 416 452

4.7 5.3 5.1

4.7 5.3 4.8

1 080 1 718 840

1 125 1 693 872

6.4 5.0 6.4

6.4 4.9 6.5

6 357 705 612

6 342 763 582

5.5 4.7 3.4

5.4 5.0 3.1

3 266 360 363

3 268 363 333

5.2 5.2 3.4

5.1 5.1 2.9

3 091 345 248

3 074 400 248

5.9 4.3 3.5

5.8 4.9 3.4

3 908 1 678 286 1 564

3 942 1 708 294 1 558

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

2 210 540 187 879

2 219 570 188 859

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

1 697 1 138 100 685

1 724 1 138 105 698

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White or Black) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Beginning in January 2003, data reflect the revised population controls used in the household survey. 1Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed persons in specified group. 2Includes a small number of persons who work part time at their primary job and full time at their secondary job(s), not shown separately. 3Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to

group were included in the group they identified as their main race. be of any race. . . . = Not available. 4May

2003, persons who reported more than one race

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 73 Table 1-19. Multiple Jobholders, by Sex and Industry of Principal Secondary Job, Annual Averages, 2003–2005 (Thousands of people.)

Year and industry of secondary job

2003

Both sexes

Men

Women

All Nonagricultural Industries, Wage and Salary Workers ............................ Mining .................................................................................................................. Construction ........................................................................................................ Manufacturing ...................................................................................................... Durable goods ................................................................................................. Nondurable goods ........................................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................................... Wholesale trade .............................................................................................. Retail trade ...................................................................................................... Transportation and utilities .................................................................................. Transportation and warehousing ..................................................................... Utilities ............................................................................................................. Information .......................................................................................................... Financial activities ............................................................................................... Professional and business services .................................................................... Education and health services ............................................................................ Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................................... Other services ...................................................................................................... Other services, except private households ...................................................... Other servces, private households .................................................................. Public administration ............................................................................................

5 134 3 141 147 80 67 875 76 799 173 160 13 144 251 483 1 296 966 439 364 75 217

2 402 2 90 94 55 39 382 57 325 122 112 10 92 142 270 437 444 181 175 6 146

2 732 1 51 53 25 28 493 19 474 51 48 4 52 109 213 859 521 258 189 68 71

All Nonagricultural Industries, Wage and Salary Workers ............................ Mining .................................................................................................................. Construction ........................................................................................................ Manufacturing ...................................................................................................... Durable goods ................................................................................................. Nondurable goods ........................................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................................... Wholesale trade .............................................................................................. Retail trade ...................................................................................................... Transportation and utilities .................................................................................. Transportation and warehousing ..................................................................... Utilities ............................................................................................................. Information .......................................................................................................... Financial activities ............................................................................................... Professional and business services .................................................................... Education and health services ............................................................................ Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................................... Other services ...................................................................................................... Other services, except private households ...................................................... Other servces, private households .................................................................. Public administration ............................................................................................

5 149 9 246 169 92 77 1 137 89 1 048 185 172 13 197 371 850 1 455 1 114 533 455 79 196

2 444 6 196 102 60 42 488 48 440 137 127 10 123 224 483 511 560 235 228 7 133

2 705 4 49 67 32 35 648 40 608 49 45 3 74 147 366 945 554 298 226 71 63

All Nonagricultural Industries, Wage and Salary Workers ............................ Mining .................................................................................................................. Construction ........................................................................................................ Manufacturing ...................................................................................................... Durable goods ................................................................................................. Nondurable goods ........................................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................................... Wholesale trade .............................................................................................. Retail trade ...................................................................................................... Transportation and utilities .................................................................................. Transportation and warehousing ..................................................................... Utilities ............................................................................................................. Information .......................................................................................................... Financial activities ............................................................................................... Professional and business services .................................................................... Education and health services ............................................................................ Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................................... Other services ...................................................................................................... Other services, except private households ...................................................... Other servces, private households .................................................................. Public administration ............................................................................................

5 209 7 239 195 124 72 1 126 112 1 014 186 172 14 175 369 836 1 527 1 120 536 453 84 215

2 458 3 199 122 86 36 464 78 387 138 131 7 113 225 499 535 547 245 235 10 130

2 751 4 40 73 38 36 661 34 627 48 41 7 62 144 337 992 573 291 218 73 85

2004

2005

74 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-20. Employment and Unemployment in Families, by Race and Hispanic Origin, Annual Averages, 1995–2005 (Thousands of people, percent.) Characteristic

ALL RACES

Total Families ................................................................................... With employed member(s) ................................................................. As percent of total families ................................................................. Some usually work full time1 .......................................................... With no employed member ................................................................ As percent of total families .................................................................

With unemployed member(s) ............................................................. As percent of total families ................................................................. Some member(s) employed ........................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ....................... Some usually work full time1 ...................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ...................

WHITE2

Total Families ................................................................................... With employed member(s) ................................................................. As percent of total families ................................................................. Some usually work full time1 .......................................................... With no employed member ................................................................ As percent of total families .................................................................

With unemployed member(s) ............................................................. As percent of total families ................................................................. Some member(s) employed ........................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ....................... Some usually work full time1 ...................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ...................

BLACK2

Total Families ................................................................................... With employed member(s) ................................................................. As percent of total families ................................................................. Some usually work full time1 .......................................................... With no employed member ................................................................ As percent of total families .................................................................

With unemployed member(s) ............................................................. As percent of total families ................................................................. Some member(s) employed ........................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ....................... Some usually work full time1 ...................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ...................

HISPANIC3

Total Families ................................................................................... With employed member(s) ................................................................. As percent of total families ................................................................. Some usually work full time1 .......................................................... With no employed member ................................................................ As percent of total families .................................................................

With unemployed member(s) ............................................................. As percent of total families ................................................................. Some member(s) employed ........................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ....................... Some usually work full time1 ...................................................... As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ...................

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

68 552 55 633 81.2 51 473 12 919 18.8

69 203 56 342 81.4 52 249 12 860 18.6

69 714 57 289 82.2 53 226 12 425 17.8

70 218 57 986 82.6 53 945 12 232 17.4

71 250 59 185 83.1 55 123 12 065 16.9

71 680 59 626 83.2 55 683 12 054 16.8

73 306 60 707 82.8 56 519 12 600 17.2

74 169 61 121 82.4 56 742 13 048 17.6

75 301 61 761 82.0 57 229 13 540 18.0

75 872 62 424 82.3 57 813 13 447 17.7

76 443 62 933 82.3 58 276 13 509 17.7

57 650 47 216 81.9 43 804 10 433 18.1

58 315 47 882 82.1 44 522 10 434 17.9

58 514 48 378 82.7 45 069 10 135 17.3

58 930 48 850 82.9 45 567 10 080 17.1

59 661 49 632 83.2 46 333 10 029 16.8

59 918 49 877 83.2 46 639 10 042 16.8

60 921 50 505 83.0 47 060 10 416 17.0

61 494 50 785 82.6 47 193 10 709 17.4

61 995 51 002 82.3 47 356 10 993 17.7

62 250 51 350 82.5 47 620 10 900 17.5

62 567 51 645 82.5 47 883 10 922 17.5

8 015 5 991 74.7 5 419 2 024 25.3

8 149 6 137 75.3 5 563 2 012 24.7

8 308 6 409 77.1 5 810 1 899 22.9

8 317 6 554 78.8 5 953 1 763 21.2

8 498 6 847 80.6 6 249 1 652 19.4

8 600 6 964 81.0 6 401 1 636 19.0

8 674 6 933 80.0 6 373 1 742 20.1

8 845 6 987 79.0 6 390 1 858 21.0

8 869 6 906 77.9 6 270 1 963 22.1

8 860 6 920 78.1 6 292 1 940 21.9

8 952 6 986 78.0 6 353 1 966 22.0

6 233 5 086 81.6 4 673 1 147 18.4

6 465 5 312 82.2 4 917 1 153 17.8

6 779 5 701 84.1 5 285 1 078 15.9

7 025 5 947 84.7 5 545 1 078 15.3

7 403 6 405 86.5 6 017 998 13.5

7 581 6 633 87.5 6 255 947 12.5

8 140 7 100 87.2 6 692 1 040 12.8

8 650 7 485 86.5 6 989 1 165 13.5

9 185 7 907 86.1 7 383 1 277 13.9

9 305 8 071 86.7 7 566 1 235 13.3

9 603 8 312 86.6 7 786 1 291 13.4

5 404 7.9 3 795 70.2 3 334 61.7

4 002 6.9 2 934 73.3 2 579 64.4

1 080 13.5 631 58.4 556 51.5

841 13.5 568 67.5 490 58.3

5 270 7.6 3 678 69.8 3 265 62.0

3 896 6.7 2 875 73.8 2 557 65.6

1 121 13.8 627 55.9 553 49.3

841 13.0 563 66.9 497 59.1

4 913 7.0 3 445 70.1 3 070 62.5

3 566 6.1 2 632 73.8 2 353 66.0

1 104 13.3 631 57.2 553 50.1

789 11.6 532 67.4 473 59.9

4 503 6.4 3 177 70.6 2 830 62.8

3 299 5.6 2 463 74.7 2 204 66.8

984 11.8 555 56.4 485 49.3

744 10.6 522 70.2 467 62.8

4 260 6.0 3 091 72.6 2 771 65.0

3 134 5.3 2 374 75.8 2 132 68.0

905 10.6 551 60.9 486 53.7

715 9.7 518 72.4 467 65.3

4 110 5.7 2 973 72.3 2 675 65.1

3 010 5.0 2 276 75.6 2 052 68.2

881 10.2 535 60.8 476 54.1

679 9.0 493 72.7 446 65.8

4 847 6.6 3 494 72.1 3 122 64.4

3 553 5.8 2 661 74.9 2 379 67.0

990 11.4 596 60.2 533 53.8

809 9.9 592 73.2 537 66.4

5 809 7.8 4 126 71.0 3 668 63.1

4 275 7.0 3 164 74.0 2 808 65.7

1 162 13.1 689 59.3 611 52.6

965 11.2 686 71.1 615 63.7

6 079 8.1 4 285 70.5 3 790 62.3

4 411 7.1 3 245 73.6 2 873 65.1

1 213 13.7 695 57.3 612 50.5

1 020 11.1 715 70.1 640 62.7

5 593 7.4 3 915 70.0 3 494 62.5

4 078 6.6 3 000 73.6 2 677 65.7

1 127 12.7 625 55.5 556 49.3

950 10.2 664 69.9 594 62.5

5 318 7.0 3 717 69.9 3 310 62.2

3 801 6.1 2 782 73.2 2 477 65.2

1 140 12.7 657 57.7 583 51.1

860 9.0 606 70.5 544 63.2

Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by the race of the householder. Estimates for the above race groups (White or Black) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. Data for 2003 reflect the revised population controls used in the Current Population Survey (CPS). 1Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs. 2Beginning in 2003, families where the householder selected this race group only; families where the householder selected more than one race group are excluded. Prior to 2003, families

where the householder selected more than one race group were included in the group that the householder identified as the main race.

3May be of any race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 75

Table 1-21. Families, by Presence and Relationship of Employed Members and Family Type, Annual Averages, 2000–2005 (Thousands of people, percent.) Characteristic

Number

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Total ........................................................................... Member(s) employed, total ......................................... Husband only .......................................................... Wife only ................................................................. Husband and wife ................................................... Other employment combinations ............................ No member(s) employed ............................................

54 704 45 967 10 500 2 946 29 128 3 394 8 737

55 749 46 680 10 833 3 257 29 241 3 350 9 068

56 280 46 976 11 174 3 613 28 873 3 317 9 303

57 074 47 535 11 403 3 863 29 077 3 193 9 539

57 188 47 767 11 712 3 843 28 991 3 222 9 420

57 167 47 895 11 562 3 715 29 330 3 288 9 272

100.0 84.0 19.2 5.4 53.2 6.2 16.0

100.0 83.7 19.4 5.8 52.5 6.0 16.3

100.0 83.5 19.9 6.4 51.3 5.9 16.5

100.0 83.3 20.0 6.8 50.9 5.6 16.7

100.0 83.5 20.5 6.7 50.7 5.6 16.5

100.0 83.8 20.2 6.5 51.3 5.8 16.2

Total ........................................................................... Member(s) employed, total ......................................... Householder only .................................................... Householder and other member(s) ......................... Other member(s), not householder ......................... No member(s) employed ............................................

12 775 10 026 5 581 2 806 1 639 2 749

13 037 10 131 5 667 2 778 1 686 2 906

13 215 10 169 5 944 2 559 1 666 3 047

13 450 10 187 5 987 2 539 1 660 3 263

13 614 10 358 6 021 2 701 1 636 3 255

14 035 10 609 6 052 2 830 1 727 3 426

100.0 78.5 43.7 22.0 12.8 21.5

100.0 77.7 43.5 21.3 12.9 22.3

100.0 77.0 45.0 19.4 12.6 23.1

100.0 75.7 44.5 18.9 12.3 24.3

100.0 76.1 44.2 19.8 12.0 23.9

100.0 75.6 43.1 20.2 12.3 24.4

Total ........................................................................... Member(s) employed, total ......................................... Householder only .................................................... Householder and other member(s) ......................... Other member(s), not householder ......................... No member(s) employed ............................................

4 200 3 632 1 761 1 358 514 567

4 521 3 895 1 875 1 450 570 625

4 674 3 976 1 939 1 440 598 698

4 777 4 039 1 954 1 427 658 739

5 071 4 299 2 060 1 557 682 772

5 242 4 430 2 093 1 639 698 812

100.0 86.5 41.9 32.3 12.2 13.5

100.0 86.2 41.5 32.1 12.6 13.8

100.0 85.1 41.5 30.8 12.8 14.9

100.0 84.6 40.9 29.9 13.8 15.5

100.0 84.8 40.6 30.7 13.5 15.2

100.0 84.5 39.9 31.3 13.3 15.5

MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN1

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN1

Note: Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. 1No

spouse present.

2000

2001

Percent distribution 2002

2003

2004

2005

76 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-22. Unemployment in Families, by Presence and Relationship of Employed Members and Family Type, Annual Averages, 2000–2005 (Thousands of people, percent.) Characteristic MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES

2000

2001

Number

2002

2003

2004

2005

2000

2001

Percent distribution 2002

2003

2004

2005

With Unemployed Member(s), Total ........................ No member employed ................................................. Some member(s) employed ........................................ Husband unemployed ................................................. Wife employed ........................................................ Wife unemployed ........................................................ Husband employed ................................................. Other family member unemployed ..............................

2 584 411 2 174 836 531 789 694 959

3 081 531 2 550 1 160 736 918 809 1 003

3 772 676 3 096 1 523 993 1 117 969 1 133

3 857 713 3 144 1 600 1 023 1 129 991 1 129

3 521 615 2 906 1 333 850 1 041 913 1 147

3 243 580 2 664 1 190 753 1 004 873 1 049

100.0 15.9 84.1 32.3 20.5 30.5 26.8 37.1

100.0 17.2 82.8 37.7 23.9 29.8 26.3 32.6

100.0 17.9 82.1 40.4 26.3 29.6 25.7 30.0

100.0 18.5 81.5 41.5 26.5 29.3 25.7 29.3

100.0 17.5 82.5 37.9 24.2 29.6 25.9 32.6

100.0 17.9 82.1 36.7 23.2 31.0 26.9 32.4

With Unemployed Member(s), Total ........................ No member employed ................................................. Some member(s) employed ........................................ Householder unemployed ....................................... Other member(s) employed ................................ Other member(s) unemployed ................................

1 194 587 607 522 102 672

1 324 643 681 593 129 731

1 504 787 717 737 147 767

1 612 842 770 791 162 821

1 521 829 692 758 146 764

1 539 797 743 746 161 793

100.0 49.1 50.9 43.7 85.0 56.3

100.0 48.6 51.4 44.8 9.7 55.2

100.0 52.3 47.7 49.0 9.8 51.0

100.0 52.2 47.8 49.1 10.0 50.9

100.0 54.5 45.5 49.8 9.6 50.2

100.0 51.8 48.2 48.5 10.5 51.5

With Unemployed Member(s), Total ........................ No member employed ................................................. Some member(s) employed ........................................ Householder unemployed ....................................... Other member(s) employed ................................ Other member(s) unemployed ................................

331 139 192 173 67 158

442 178 264 234 96 208

533 220 313 303 129 230

610 239 371 340 158 270

551 234 316 296 117 255

536 225 310 301 122 235

100.0 42.0 58.0 52.2 20.4 47.8

100.0 40.3 59.7 52.9 21.7 47.1

100.0 41.3 58.7 56.8 24.2 43.2

100.0 39.2 60.8 55.7 25.9 44.3

100.0 42.5 57.5 53.7 21.3 46.3

100.0 42.1 57.9 56.1 22.8 43.9

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN1

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN1

Note: Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. 1No spouse present.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 77

Table 1-23. Employment Status of the Population, by Sex, Marital Status, and Presence and Age of Own Children Under 18 Years, Annual Averages, 2000–2005 (Thousands of people, percent.)

Characteristic

Both sexes

With Own Children Under 18 Years, Total Civilian noninstitutional population .......................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers1 ............................................................................ Part-time workers2 ........................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate .............................................................................

Married, Spouse Present Civilian noninstitutional population .......................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers1 ............................................................................ Part-time workers2 ........................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate .............................................................................

Other Marital Status3 Civilian noninstitutional population .......................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers1 ............................................................................ Part-time workers2 ........................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate ............................................................................. With Own Children 6 to 17 Years, None Younger Civilian noninstitutional population .......................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers1 ............................................................................ Part-time workers2 ........................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate ............................................................................. With Own Children Under 6 Years Civilian noninstitutional population .......................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers1 ............................................................................ Part-time workers2 ........................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate ............................................................................. With No Own Children Under 18 Years Civilian noninstitutional population .......................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers1 ............................................................................ Part-time workers2 ........................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate .............................................................................

2000 Men

Women

Both sexes

2001 Men

Women

Both sexes

2002 Men

Women

63 267 51 944 82.1 50 259 79.4 43 365 6 894 1 685 3.2

27 673 26 202 94.7 25 622 92.6 24 922 699 581 2.2

35 595 25 742 72.3 24 637 69.2 18 443 6 195 1 104 4.3

64 100 52 489 81.9 50 455 78.7 43 424 7 031 2 034 3.9

28 076 26 551 94.6 25 750 91.7 24 964 787 801 3.0

36 024 25 938 72.0 24 704 68.6 18 460 6 244 1 233 4.8

64 399 52 566 81.6 50 022 77.7 42 884 7 138 2 543 4.8

28 137 26 529 94.3 25 474 90.5 24 644 829 1 056 4.0

36 263 26 036 71.8 24 549 67.7 18 240 6 308 1 488 5.7

51 415 42 361 82.4 41 357 80.4 35 793 5 564 1 004 2.4

25 540 24 290 95.1 23 816 93.2 23 212 604 474 2.0

25 874 18 072 69.8 17 541 67.8 12 581 4 960 531 2.9

51 981 42 712 82.2 41 431 79.7 35 772 5 659 1 282 3.0

25 796 24 512 95.0 23 849 92.5 23 169 680 662 2.7

26 185 18 201 69.5 17 581 67.1 12 603 4 979 619 3.4

51 947 42 492 81.8 40 867 78.7 35 180 5 687 1 625 3.8

25 781 24 425 94.7 23 533 91.3 22 825 708 893 3.7

26 166 18 067 69.0 17 334 66.2 12 356 4 979 733 4.1

11 853 9 583 80.8 8 902 75.1 7 572 1 330 681 7.1

2 132 1 913 89.7 1 806 84.7 1 710 96 107 5.6

9 720 7 670 78.9 7 096 73.0 5 862 1 234 574 7.5

12 119 9 777 80.7 9 024 74.5 7 652 1 372 752 7.7

2 280 2 039 89.4 1 902 83.4 1 795 107 138 6.8

9 839 7 737 78.6 7 123 72.4 5 857 1 265 614 7.9

12 452 10 073 80.9 9 155 73.5 7 704 1 451 918 9.1

2 355 2 103 89.3 1 941 82.4 1 820 122 163 7.8

10 096 7 970 78.9 7 215 71.5 5 885 1 329 755 9.5

34 737 29 576 85.1 28 744 82.7 25 042 3 703 832 2.8

15 165 14 178 93.5 13 877 91.5 13 513 364 302 2.1

19 572 15 398 78.7 14 868 76.0 11 529 3 339 530 3.4

35 523 30 182 85.0 29 174 82.1 25 382 3 792 1 008 3.3

15 486 14 489 93.6 14 096 91.0 13 689 407 393 2.7

20 038 15 693 78.3 15 078 75.2 11 693 3 385 615 3.9

35 829 30 371 84.8 29 122 81.3 25 225 3 898 1 249 4.1

15 580 14 541 93.3 14 023 90.0 13 586 437 518 3.6

20 250 15 830 78.2 15 099 74.6 11 638 3 461 731 4.6

28 530 22 368 78.4 21 515 75.4 18 323 3 191 853 3.8

12 508 12 024 96.1 11 745 93.9 11 410 335 279 2.3

16 022 10 344 64.6 9 770 61.0 6 914 2 856 574 5.6

28 577 22 307 78.1 21 280 74.5 18 041 3 239 1 026 4.6

12 590 12 062 95.8 11 654 92.6 11 274 380 408 3.4

15 986 10 245 64.1 9 626 60.2 6 767 2 859 619 6.0

28 570 22 194 77.7 20 900 73.2 17 660 3 240 1 294 5.8

12 557 11 988 95.5 11 450 91.2 11 058 392 538 4.5

16 013 10 206 63.7 9 450 59.0 6 602 2 848 757 7.4

145 199 88 014 60.6 84 058 57.9 68 046 16 012 3 956 4.5

71 825 48 140 67.0 45 781 63.7 39 136 6 645 2 359 4.9

73 374 39 874 54.3 38 278 52.2 28 910 9 367 1 596 4.0

149 643 90 171 60.3 85 421 57.1 69 074 16 347 4 750 5.3

73 857 49 249 66.7 46 371 62.8 39 596 6 776 2 878 5.8

75 786 40 922 54.0 39 050 51.5 29 478 9 572 1 872 4.6

151 715 90 971 60.0 85 187 56.1 68 574 16 614 5 784 6.4

74 993 49 644 66.2 46 154 61.5 39 319 6 834 3 491 7.0

76 722 41 327 53.9 39 034 50.9 29 254 9 779 2 293 5.5

Note: Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. 1Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs. 2Usually work less than 35 hours a week at all jobs. 3Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed

persons.

78 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-23. Employment Status of the Population, by Sex, Marital Status, and Presence and Age of Own Children Under 18 Years, Annual Averages, 2000–2005—Continued (Thousands of people, percent.)

Characteristic

Both sexes

With Own Children Under 18 Years, Total Civilian noninstitutional population .......................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers1 ............................................................................ Part-time workers2 ........................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate .............................................................................

Married, Spouse Present Civilian noninstitutional population .......................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers1 ............................................................................ Part-time workers2 ........................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate .............................................................................

Other Marital Status3 Civilian noninstitutional population .......................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers1 ............................................................................ Part-time workers2 ........................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate ............................................................................. With Own Children 6 to 17 Years, None Younger Civilian noninstitutional population .......................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers1 ............................................................................ Part-time workers2 ........................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate ............................................................................. With Own Children Under 6 Years Civilian noninstitutional population .......................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers1 ............................................................................ Part-time workers2 ........................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate ............................................................................. With No Own Children Under 18 Years Civilian noninstitutional population .......................................................... Civilian labor force ................................................................................... Participation rate ..................................................................................... Employed ............................................................................................ Employment-population ratio ............................................................... Full-time workers1 ............................................................................ Part-time workers2 ........................................................................... Unemployed ........................................................................................ Unemployment rate .............................................................................

2003 Men

Women

Both sexes

2004 Men

Women

Both sexes

2005 Men

Women

64 932 52 727 81.2 50 103 77.2 42 880 7 223 2 624 5.0

28 402 26 739 94.1 25 638 90.3 24 762 876 1 101 4.1

36 530 25 988 71.1 24 466 67.0 18 118 6 347 1 523 5.9

64 758 52 288 80.7 49 957 77.1 42 758 7 200 2 331 4.5

28 272 26 607 94.1 25 696 90.9 24 794 902 911 3.4

36 486 25 681 70.4 24 261 66.5 17 964 6 298 1 420 5.5

64 482 52 056 80.7 49 882 77.4 42 852 7 029 2 174 4.2

28 065 26 399 94.1 25 587 91.2 24 713 875 811 3.1

36 417 25 657 70.5 24 294 66.7 18 139 6 155 1 363 5.3

52 476 42 776 81.5 41 128 78.4 35 315 5 813 1 648 3.9

26 049 24 638 94.6 23 712 91.0 22 954 757 926 3.8

26 427 18 138 68.6 17 416 65.9 12 360 5 056 722 4.0

52 109 42 247 81.1 40 847 78.4 35 141 5 706 1 400 3.3

25 852 24 449 94.6 23 703 91.7 22 935 768 747 3.1

26 258 17 798 67.8 17 144 65.3 12 206 4 938 653 3.7

51 519 41 905 81.3 40 614 78.8 35 086 5 528 1 291 3.1

25 578 24 215 94.7 23 556 92.1 22 808 748 659 2.7

25 942 17 690 68.2 17 058 65.8 12 278 4 780 632 3.6

12 455 9 950 79.9 8 975 72.1 7 566 1 411 976 9.8

2 354 2 100 89.2 1 926 81.8 1 807 118 175 8.3

10 102 7 850 77.7 7 050 69.8 5 759 1 291 800 10.2

12 649 10 042 79.4 9 110 72.0 7 617 1 494 931 9.3

2 420 2 158 89.2 1 993 82.4 1 859 134 165 7.6

10 229 7 883 77.1 7 117 69.6 5 757 1 360 766 9.7

12 963 10 151 78.3 9 268 71.5 7 766 1 502 883 8.7

2 487 2 184 87.8 2 032 81.7 1 905 127 152 7.0

10 475 7 967 76.1 7 236 69.1 5 861 1 375 731 9.2

35 943 30 362 84.5 29 040 80.8 25 116 3 925 1 322 4.4

15 653 14 572 93.1 14 008 89.5 13 558 450 564 3.9

20 290 15 790 77.8 15 032 74.1 11 557 3 475 758 4.8

35 874 30 182 84.1 29 013 80.9 25 069 3 944 1 170 3.9

15 597 14 516 93.1 14 056 90.1 13 597 459 460 3.2

20 277 15 666 77.3 14 957 73.8 11 473 3 485 709 4.5

35 937 30 068 83.7 28 953 80.6 25 074 3 880 1 115 3.7

15 590 14 496 93.0 14 066 90.2 13 606 460 430 3.0

20 348 15 572 76.5 14 887 73.2 11 468 3 419 684 4.4

28 988 22 365 77.2 21 063 72.7 17 764 3 299 1 302 5.8

12 749 12 167 95.4 11 630 91.2 11 203 426 538 4.4

16 240 10 198 62.8 9 433 58.1 6 561 2 872 765 7.5

28 884 22 106 76.5 20 944 72.5 17 689 3 256 1 162 5.3

12 675 12 091 95.4 11 640 91.8 11 197 443 451 3.7

16 210 10 014 61.8 9 304 57.4 6 491 2 813 710 7.1

28 545 21 988 77.0 20 928 73.3 17 778 3 150 1 060 4.8

12 475 11 903 95.4 11 521 92.4 11 107 414 381 3.2

16 070 10 085 62.8 9 407 58.5 6 671 2 736 678 6.7

154 714 92 319 59.7 86 233 55.7 69 073 17 160 6 087 6.6

76 510 50 036 65.4 46 294 60.5 39 245 7 049 3 741 7.5

78 204 42 284 54.1 39 939 51.1 29 827 10 111 2 345 5.5

156 900 93 511 59.6 87 748 55.9 70 244 17 505 5 763 6.2

77 739 50 771 65.3 47 282 60.8 40 134 7 148 3 489 6.9

79 160 42 740 54.0 40 467 51.1 30 110 10 357 2 274 5.3

159 751 95 545 59.8 90 171 56.4 72 515 17 657 5 374 5.6

79 237 51 914 65.5 48 709 61.5 41 496 7 213 3 205 6.2

80 514 43 631 54.2 41 462 51.5 31 019 10 444 2 169 5.0

Note: Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. 1Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs. 2Usually work less than 35 hours a week at all jobs. 3Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed

persons.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 79 Table 1-24. Employment Status of Mothers with Own Children Under 3 Years of Age, by Age of Youngest Child and Marital Status, Annual Averages, 2001–2005 (Thousands of people, percent.)

Civilian noninstitutional population

Year and characteristic

2001

Total Mothers with Own Children Under 3 Years .............................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................ Married, Spouse Present with Own Children Under 3 Years ............ 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................

9 352 2 844 3 405 3 103

7 079 2 120 2 589 2 370

Total

5 613 1 868 2 050 1 695

4 058 1 310 1 479 1 269

Percent of population

60.0 65.7 60.2 54.6

57.3 61.8 57.1 53.5

Civilian labor force Total

5 227 1 751 1 911 1 565

3 884 1 258 1 416 1 210

Percent of population

55.9 61.6 56.1 50.4

3 513 1 234 1 241 1 038

1 667 524 610 533

451 137 151 163

8.0 7.2 7.5 9.4

Total Mothers with Own Children Under 3 Years .............................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................

9 350 2 949 3 310 3 091

5 632 1 895 2 003 1 734

60.2 64.3 60.5 56.1

5 181 1 758 1 852 1 571

55.4 59.6 56.0 50.8

2 572 870 902 800

1 297 404 477 416 372 120 134 118

248 77 84 87

15.9 13.7 15.1 19.6

3 430 1 205 1 223 1 002

1 685 547 619 519

446 143 154 149

8.0 7.5 7.7 8.9

2 278 748 802 728

1 562 562 557 443

68.6 75.1 69.5 60.9

1 313 484 473 356

57.6 64.7 59.0 48.9

Total Mothers with Own Children Under 3 Years .............................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................

9 450 2 987 3 353 3 110

5 563 1 896 1 997 1 670

58.9 63.5 59.6 53.7

5 115 1 752 1 842 1 521

54.1 58.7 54.9 48.9

Married, Spouse Present with Own Children Under 3 Years ............ 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................

7 165 2 243 2 541 2 381

4 068 1 350 1 458 1 260

56.8 60.2 57.4 52.9

3 872 1 281 1 395 1 196

2 529 853 906 770

1 342 428 488 426 341 118 131 92

250 75 91 84

16.7 13.7 16.9 20.5

3 360 1 152 1 172 1 035

1 604 477 587 540

414 116 147 151

7.7 6.6 7.7 8.7

2 287 744 813 730

1 495 546 539 410

65.4 73.4 66.3 56.2

1 244 471 448 325

54.4 63.3 55.1 44.5

Total Mothers with Own Children Under 3 Years .............................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................

9 345 2 813 3 273 3 259

5 377 1 746 1 906 1 725

57.5 62.1 58.2 52.9

4 964 1 630 1 759 1 575

53.1 57.9 53.7 48.3

Married, Spouse Present with Own Children Under 3 Years ............ 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................

7 071 2 111 2 519 2 441

3 910 1 246 1 401 1 262

55.3 59.0 55.6 51.7

3 740 1 200 1 337 1 203

2 513 839 877 797

1 227 361 459 406 377 116 127 134

243 70 82 91

16.6 13.9 16.3 19.7

3 501 1 162 1 247 1 092

1 576 492 576 508

393 119 135 140

7.2 6.7 6.9 8.0

2 274 702 754 818

1 467 499 505 463

64.5 71.1 66.9 56.6

1 224 430 422 372

53.8 61.2 56.0 45.4

Total Mothers with Own Children Under 3 Years .............................. 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................

9 365 2 845 3 287 3 233

5 470 1 773 1 958 1 740

58.4 62.3 59.6 53.8

5 077 1 654 1 823 1 600

54.2 58.1 55.5 49.5

Married, Spouse Present with Own Children Under 3 Years ............ 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................ Other Marital Status with Own Children Under 3 Years3 ................... 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................

6 951 2 118 2 435 2 398

2 414 726 852 836

3 939 1 268 1 389 1 282

1 531 504 569 457

56.7 59.9 57.0 53.5

63.4 69.5 66.8 54.7

3 776 1 214 1 337 1 225

1 301 440 486 375

54.3 57.3 54.9 51.1

53.9 60.6 57.0 44.9

847 314 295 238

2 588 840 901 847 913 322 346 245

1 188 374 436 378 388 118 139 130

170 46 65 59

164 55 52 58

230 64 83 82

Note: Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. Data for 2003 reflect the revised population controls used in the Current Population Survey (CPS). 1Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs. 2Usually work less than 35 hours a week at all jobs. 3Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed

persons.

4.8 5.1 4.4 5.1

52.9 56.8 53.1 49.3

Other Marital Status with Own Children Under 3 Years3 ................... 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................ 2005

902 352 317 233

197 69 64 64

5.0 4.4 4.6 6.0

54.0 57.1 54.9 50.2

Other Marital Status with Own Children Under 3 Years3 ................... 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................ 2004

941 364 340 237

203 59 67 77

4.3 4.0 4.3 4.6

54.7 57.9 55.0 51.5

Other Marital Status with Own Children Under 3 Years3 ................... 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................ 2003

989 379 367 243

175 53 63 59

6.9 6.3 6.8 7.7

13.6 11.6 13.3 16.7

59.2 68.2 60.8 48.5

3 869 1 274 1 379 1 216

387 117 140 130

212 65 76 71

1 343 493 495 355

57.6 60.6 57.6 54.7

Percent of labor force

352 114 127 111

68.5 77.2 70.1 58.2

4 071 1 333 1 446 1 292

1 636 533 603 500

Number

1 282 419 475 388

1 555 558 571 426

7 073 2 201 2 509 2 363

3 591 1 218 1 308 1 065

Part-time workers2

2 601 839 940 822

2 269 723 814 732

Married, Spouse Present with Own Children Under 3 Years ............ 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................

Full-time workers1

54.9 59.3 54.7 51.1

Other Marital Status with Own Children Under 3 Years3 ................... 2 years ..................................................................................................... 1 year ...................................................................................................... Under 1 year ............................................................................................ 2002

Unemployed

Employed

4.4 3.7 4.6 4.7

4.2 4.3 3.7 4.5

15.0 12.7 14.6 18.0

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 81

UNEMPLOYMENT

14

Unemployment Rate for Women, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1995–2005

Unemployment Rate for Men, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1995–2005 14

10

Percent

12

10

Percent

12

8 6

8 6

4

4

2

2

0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Year

Total men

White men 1 May

Black men be of any race

Hispanic men1

Year

Total women

White women 1 May

Black women

Hispanic women1

be of any race

The unemployment rate fell for all groups in 2005. The overall unemployment rate dropped to 5.1 percent; however, it was still much higher than the recent low of 4.0 percent, which occured in 2000. The rates for Black men and women continued to be more than double the rates for White men and women. (See Table 1-27.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • The number of unemployed persons dropped by over 500,000 from 2004 to 2005, but the total was still 1.9 million higher than the total in 2000. (See Table 1-26.) • The disparity in unemployment rates among age and race groups continued to be substantial in 2005. For example, the unemployment rate for White men age 20 to 24 years was 7.9 percent; for Black men of the same age, the unemployment rate was 20.5 percent. Black women age 20 to 24 years had an unemployment rate of 16.3 percent, while White women in that age group had an unemployment rate of 6.4 percent. (See Table 1-27.) • From 2004 to 2005, the median duration of unemployment dropped from 9.8 to 8.9 weeks. (See Table 1-30.) • In 2005, the states with the highest unemployment rates and the largest increases in unemployment from the previous year were Louisiana and Mississippi, the two states hardest hit by Hurricane Katrina. In Louisiana, the unemployment rate increased from 5.7 percent to 7.1 percent. In Mississippi, the unemployment rate increased from 6.3 percent to 7.9 percent. (See Table 1-5.)

82 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-25. Unemployment Rate, by Selected Characteristics, 1948–2005 (Unemployment as a percent of civilian labor force.)

Married men, spouse present

Married women, spouse present

Women who maintain families

All civilian workers

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Men, 20 years and over

Women, 20 years and over

1948 .................................................. 1949 ..................................................

3.8 5.9

9.2 13.4

3.2 5.4

3.6 5.3

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

4.4 4.1 4.3 6.8 5.5

11.0 11.1 11.6 15.9 14.6

3.8 3.4 3.6 6.2 4.7

4.4 4.2 4.1 6.1 5.2

3.9 3.6 3.8 6.1 4.8

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

2.6 2.3 2.8 5.1 3.6

3.7 3.6 4.3 6.5 5.2

... ... ... ... ...

Year

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

5.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 5.5

5.5 6.7 5.5 5.7 5.2 4.5 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5 4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6 8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8 7.1 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5 7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3 5.6 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2 4.0 4.7 5.8 6.0 5.5 5.1

12.2 8.2 8.5 7.6 12.6

14.7 16.8 14.7 17.2 16.2 14.8 12.8 12.9 12.7 12.2

15.3 16.9 16.2 14.5 16.0 19.9 19.0 17.8 16.4 16.1 17.8 19.6 23.2 22.4 18.9 18.6 18.3 16.9 15.3 15.0 15.5 18.7 20.1 19.0 17.6

17.3 16.7 16.0 14.6 13.9 13.1 14.7 16.5 17.5 17.0 16.6

4.7 2.5 2.4 2.5 4.9

4.7 5.7 4.6 4.5 3.9 3.2 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 3.5 4.4 4.0 3.3 3.8 6.8 5.9 5.2 4.3 4.2 5.9 6.3 8.8 8.9 6.6 6.2 6.1 5.4 4.8 4.5 5.0 6.4 7.1 6.4 5.4 4.8 4.6 4.2 3.7 3.5 3.3 4.2 5.3 5.6 5.0 4.4

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability. 1Beginning

5.1 4.0 3.2 2.9 5.5

5.1 6.3 5.4 5.4 5.2 4.5 3.8 4.2 3.8 3.7 4.8 5.7 5.4 4.9 5.5 8.0 7.4 7.0 6.0 5.7 6.4 6.8 8.3 8.1 6.8 6.6 6.2 5.4 4.9 4.7 4.9 5.7 6.3 5.9 5.4 4.9 4.8 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.6 4.1 5.1 5.1 4.9 4.6

White1

... ... ... ... 5.0

5.0 6.0 4.9 5.0 4.6 4.1 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.1

Black1

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Asian1

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

4.5 5.4 5.1 4.3 5.0

... ... 10.4 9.4 10.5

... ... ... ... ...

6.3 6.7 8.6 8.4 6.5

14.3 15.6 18.9 19.5 15.9

... ... ... ... ...

7.8 7.0 6.2 5.2 5.1

6.2 6.0 5.3 4.7 4.5 4.8 6.1 6.6 6.1 5.3 4.9 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.5 4.2 5.1 5.2 4.8 4.4

14.8 14.0 14.0 12.8 12.3

15.1 14.5 13.0 11.7 11.4 11.4 12.5 14.2 13.0 11.5 10.4 10.5 10.0 8.9 8.0 7.6 8.6 10.2 10.8 10.4 10.0

Hispanic2

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

4.5 3.7 4.5 3.9 3.9

4.9 5.7 5.4 4.7 5.3

10.1 10.4 13.8 13.7 10.7

4.2 4.3 6.5 6.5 4.6

5.8 6.0 7.4 7.0 5.7

... ... ... ... ...

10.5 10.6 8.8 8.2 8.0

3.6 4.5 5.9 6.0 4.4 4.0

2.4 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.5

5.2 6.4 5.4 5.4 5.1

2.6 3.2 2.8 2.3 2.7

12.2 11.5 10.1 9.1 8.3

... ... ... ... ...

3.7 4.6 3.6 3.4 2.8

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... 7.5 8.1

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

8.2 10.0 11.6 10.8 9.9 9.3 8.9 7.7 7.2 6.4 5.7 6.6 7.5 7.7 7.0 6.0

5.1 4.2 3.6 2.8 2.8

4.3 4.4 3.9 3.3 3.0 3.4 4.4 5.1 4.4 3.7

3.3 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.7 3.6 3.8 3.1 2.8

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4.9 4.4 4.4 5.4 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.0

7.9 7.1 6.5 5.5 5.1

10.0 10.1 9.4 8.5 8.3

5.6 5.2 4.3 3.9 3.7

10.4 9.8 9.2 8.1 8.1

3.8 4.5 5.0 4.6 4.1 3.9 3.6 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.7 3.1 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.3

9.2 10.4 11.7 12.2 10.3

8.3 9.3 10.0 9.7 8.9 8.0 8.2 8.1 7.2 6.4 5.9 6.6 8.0 8.5 8.0 7.8

in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. be of any race. . . . = Not available.

2May

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 83 Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

ALL RACES

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Both Sexes 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................

2 276 3 637

409 576

180 238

228 337

1 869 3 060

455 680

457 776

347 603

290 471

226 384

93 146

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

2 852 2 750 2 859 4 602 3 740

450 478 497 678 654

211 231 230 299 301

239 247 266 379 354

2 403 2 274 2 362 3 923 3 085

396 395 430 701 543

577 554 573 993 726

521 476 499 871 673

436 429 448 731 603

355 311 300 472 405

120 109 111 154 135

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3 288 2 055 1 883 1 834 3 532

3 852 4 714 3 911 4 070 3 786 3 366 2 875 2 975 2 817 2 832

513 336 345 307 501

712 828 721 884 872 874 837 839 838 853

4 093 5 016 4 882 4 365 5 156

1 106 1 262 1 308 1 235 1 422

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

7 637 8 273 10 678 10 717 8 539

1 669 1 763 1 977 1 829 1 499

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

7 047 8 628 9 613 8 940 7 996

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

7 929 7 406 6 991 6 202 6 137

8 312 8 237 7 425 6 701 6 528

7 404 7 236 6 739 6 210 5 880 5 692 6 801 8 378 8 774 8 149 7 591

1 767 1 719 1 663 1 583 1 555

1 468 1 454 1 347 1 226 1 194 1 212 1 359 1 427 1 365 1 320 1 346 1 306 1 271 1 205 1 162 1 081 1 162 1 253 1 251 1 208 1 186

226 168 180 150 221

325 363 312 420 436 411 395 400 414 436 537 596 633 634 699 799 796 781 796 739

287 168 165 157 247

387 465 409 462 437 463 441 438 426 416 569 665 676 600 722 968 924 881 787 816

778 781 831 753 646

890 981 1 145 1 076 854

527 587 641 606 624

685 772 787 759 696

662 665 648 573 537

652 617 589 573 544 502 531 540 545 554 541

806 789 700 653 657

695 689 683 632 618 579 632 714 706 653 645

2 776 1 718 1 539 1 529 3 032

3 140 3 886 3 191 3 187 2 913 2 491 2 041 2 140 1 978 1 978

561 273 268 256 504

583 723 636 658 660 557 446 511 543 560

702 435 389 379 793

752 890 712 732 607 529 441 480 443 453

530 354 325 325 680

671 850 688 674 605 546 426 422 371 358

614 751 605 589 543 436 369 383 314 320

2 987 3 755 3 573 3 130 3 733

866 1 130 1 132 1 008 1 212

718 933 878 866 1 044

5 969 6 510 8 701 8 888 7 039

1 835 1 976 2 392 2 330 1 838

2 024 2 211 3 037 3 078 2 374

940 1 065 1 552 1 650 1 335

676 715 966 1 039 828

1 995 2 447 2 702 2 395 2 067

1 328 1 719 1 976 1 896 1 627

723 946 1 138 1 121 971

1 133 1 355 1 691 1 815 1 578 1 400

762 989 1 315 1 356 1 288 1 195

6 161 5 687 5 330 4 620 4 583

6 844 6 783 6 077 5 475 5 333 5 835 7 269 8 186 7 575 6 676 6 058 5 929 5 467 5 005 4 718 4 611 5 638 7 124 7 523 6 942 6 405

1 865 1 714 1 629 1 483 1 442

1 738 1 651 1 453 1 261 1 218 1 299 1 573 1 649 1 514 1 373 1 244 1 239 1 152 1 081 1 042 1 022 1 209 1 430 1 495 1 431 1 335

1 776 1 710 1 650 1 422 1 446

2 341 2 390 2 129 1 929 1 851

1 841 1 757 1 571 1 419 1 278 1 207 1 498 1 890 1 960 1 784 1 661

515 630 576 451 559

478 318 274 280 548

951 849 785 694 705

1 340 1 371 1 281 1 166 1 159

1 549 1 505 1 418 1 258 1 154

476 573 510 430 498 893 758 666 552 540

813 790 723 657 637

844 883 830 782 753

368 238 195 218 374

396 516 411 410 378 322 265 256 219 216 309 381 368 290 321 520 510 450 345 346 399 444 647 677 566 518 489 412 375 379

137 103 86 70 132

122 159 141 126 117 103 92 86 88 72 104 109 111 88 99

155 147 147 123 104 94 98 107 114 97 93 91 78 87 91

386 473 589 541 485

105 113 132 108 153

355 458 635 713 682 630

132 129 163 183 179 184

425 406 369 343 367

153 139 127 122 124

84 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

ALL RACES

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Men 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................

1 559 2 572

256 353

113 145

142 207

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

1 854 1 711 1 841 3 098 2 420

274 269 300 416 398

134 134 140 185 191

140 135 159 231 207

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2 239 1 221 1 185 1 202 2 344

2 486 2 997 2 423 2 472 2 205 1 914 1 551 1 508 1 419 1 403 2 238 2 789 2 659 2 275 2 714 4 442 4 036 3 667 3 142 3 120

318 191 205 184 310

426 479 408 501 487 479 432 448 426 440 599 693 711 653 757 966 939 874 813 811

4 267 4 577 6 179 6 260 4 744

913 962 1 090 1 003 812

3 906 4 946 5 523 5 055 4 367

667 751 806 768 740

4 521 4 530 4 101 3 655 3 525

3 983 3 880 3 577 3 266 3 066 2 975 3 690 4 597 4 906 4 456 4 059

806 779 732 667 658

744 733 694 686 633 599 650 700 697 664 667

139 102 116 94 142

200 221 188 248 257 247 220 241 234 244 306 346 357 352 394 445 443 421 426 393 429 431 469 408 348 363 355 353 311 303 283 317 357 342 342 352 347 321 330 295 281 300 301 291 292 300

Total

1 305 2 219

20 to 24 years

324 485

25 to 34 years

20 years and over

289 539

35 to 44 years

233 414

45 to 54 years

177 310

81 125

285 270 302 492 390

265 216 220 349 287

102 90 83 124 112

1 922 1 029 980 1 019 2 035

377 155 155 152 327

467 241 233 236 517

348 192 192 208 431

327 193 182 196 372

225 258 220 252 230

2 060 2 518 2 016 1 971 1 718

369 458 381 396 384

492 585 445 445 345

415 507 404 386 324

392 473 382 358 319

232 212 207 193 196 294 347 355 300 362 521 496 453 388 418 485 531 621 595 464 443 424 379 356 355 384 433 449 426 398 391 387 373 355 338 317 350 399 407 372 367

1 435 1 120 1 060 993 963 1 638 2 097 1 948 1 624 1 957

248 240 283 478 343

311 221 235 258 270 479 640 628 528 649

3 476 3 098 2 794 2 328 2 308

1 081 951 877 768 744

3 715 3 751 3 369 2 987 2 867

944 899 779 676 660

3 353 3 615 5 089 5 257 3 932

3 239 4 195 4 717 4 287 3 627 3 239 3 146 2 882 2 580 2 433 2 376 3 040 3 896 4 209 3 791 3 392

353 348 349 685 484

292 239 219 205 205 391 513 466 439 546 986 914 869 691 699

328 278 304 552 407

283 219 185 171 155 253 320 284 211 266 507 431 373 314 329

1 076 1 144 1 407 1 369 1 023

1 137 1 213 1 791 1 822 1 322

715 911 951 865 768

1 092 1 375 1 529 1 338 1 113

711 990 1 118 1 049 855

602 756 1 023 1 097 980 844

557 714 897 988 839 715

673 675 636 583 562 547 688 792 841 811 775

1 244 1 291 1 169 1 040 953

961 903 772 699 624

482 552 879 947 728 706 763 689 617 619

815 786 732 609 571

65 years and over

201 347

179 89 89 90 168

1 580 1 442 1 541 2 681 2 022

55 to 64 years

253 196 199 165 157 247 313 272 219 250 499 411 326 277 272 357 390 550 613 450 459 440 426 366 351 413 550 675 636 522 464 484 457 420 403 398 536 725 764 684 624

286 162 145 167 275

294 375 300 290 263 221 179 163 132 127 198 239 227 171 183

117 87 73 60 112

96 122 103 97 85 75 65 60 61 48 71 71 73 57 63

302 296 252 198 196

103 94 97 81 67

307 301 258 240 234

55 58 49 49 49

233 223 217 201 203

94 76 69 69 70

243 261 393 433 356

249 305 378 336 281

189 272 373 412 373 331

58 55 69 73 53

59 64 67 64 88

83 74 87 107 104 102

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 85 Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

ALL RACES

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Women 1948 ...................................................... 1949 ......................................................

717 1 065

153 223

67 93

86 130

564 841

131 195

168 237

114 189

89 124

49 74

12 21

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

998 1 039 1 018 1 504 1 320

176 209 197 262 256

77 97 90 114 110

99 112 107 148 147

823 832 821 1 242 1 063

148 155 147 223 200

224 206 224 308 242

193 198 195 319 266

151 159 146 239 213

90 95 80 123 118

18 19 28 30 23

395 405 391 412 413

164 175 159 180 192

231 229 231 233 220

1 056 921 1 078 985 1 015

183 173 184 149 163

101 86 93 87 89

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 049 834 698 632 1 188

1 366 1 717 1 488 1 598 1 581 1 452 1 324 1 468 1 397 1 429 1 855 2 227 2 222 2 089 2 441 3 486 3 369 3 324 3 061 3 018 3 370 3 696 4 499 4 457 3 794 3 791 3 707 3 324 3 046 3 003 3 140 3 683 4 090 3 885 3 629 3 421 3 356 3 162 2 944 2 814 2 717 3 111 3 781 3 868 3 694 3 531

195 145 140 123 191

286 349 313 383 385

506 568 598 583 665 802 780 789 769 743 755 800 886 825 687 661 675 616 558 536 544 608 621 597 580 602 573 577 519 529 483 512 553 554 543 519

87 66 64 56 79

125 142 124 172 179

231 250 276 282 305 355 352 361 370 346 349 350 362 344 298 298 310 295 262 234 243 270 283 264 282 299 270 268 242 249 221 230 238 255 262 240

108 79 76 67 79

162 207 189 210 207

275 318 322 301 360 447 429 428 399 396 407 450 524 481 390 363 365 321 297 302 301 338 338 333 298 303 303 310 277 280 262 282 315 299 281 278

854 689 559 510 997

1 080 1 368 1 175 1 216 1 195

1 349 1 658 1 625 1 507 1 777 2 684 2 588 2 535 2 292 2 276 2 615 2 895 3 613 3 632 3 107 3 129 3 032 2 709 2 487 2 467 2 596 3 074 3 469 3 288 3 049 2 819 2 783 2 585 2 424 2 285 2 235 2 599 3 228 3 314 3 150 3 013

184 118 113 104 177

214 265 255 262 276 246 225 277 285 290 387 489 503 480 564 783 763 752 714 697

235 194 156 143 276

260 305 267 287 262 237 202 261 238 248 327 420 413 427 497 791 795 782 731 748

760 833 985 961 815

886 998 1 246 1 255 1 052

584 662 698 648 605

902 1 071 1 173 1 058 954

794 752 674 585 558

571 564 516 498 480 475 521 638 654 619 560

1 098 1 099 960 889 897

880 854 800 720 654 604 742 866 863 804 817

182 162 133 117 249

256 343 284 288 281 263 207 237 200 203 262 310 293 240 294 444 417 412 381 375 459 513 673 703 607 634 609 592 550 540 617 728 858 847 772 735 720 686 650 584 577 641 795 827 739 685

151 125 92 84 176

222 278 223 231 224

229 260 237 212 248 395 346 340 275 268 318 325 416 427 378 355 350 298 291 286 310 396 463 485 449 381 399 373 362 350 364 453 591 592 605 571

82 76 50 51 99

102 141 111 120 115

111 142 141 119 137 219 214 198 148 150 155 184 254 244 211 211 189 155 136 144 137 168 210 205 204 193 183 152 141 163 165 187 263 302 309 299

20 16 13 10 20

26 37 38 29 32 28 27 26 27 24 33 38 38 31 36 52 53 50 43 38 36 43 38 41 45 39 33 30 38 41 46 49 66 45 66 60 63 58 53 54 50 55 76 76 75 82

86 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

WHITE1

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Both Sexes 1954 ...................................................... 1955 ...................................................... 1956 ...................................................... 1957 ...................................................... 1958 ...................................................... 1959 ......................................................

2 859 2 252 2 159 2 289 3 680 2 946

423 373 382 401 541 525

191 181 191 195 245 255

232 191 191 204 297 270

2 436 1 879 1 777 1 888 3 139 2 421

394 304 297 331 541 406

610 412 406 425 756 526

540 402 363 401 686 525

447 358 355 373 614 496

329 300 258 262 405 348

115 105 98 98 136 120

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

2 691 2 255 2 338 2 226 2 260

705 651 635 644 660

329 315 311 326 351

374 336 325 318 309

1 986 1 604 1 703 1 582 1 601

437 338 393 422 432

399 323 360 330 354

427 336 336 297 294

358 298 321 269 269

276 227 221 187 185

91 80 75 80 66

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3 065 3 743 3 052 3 208 2 999

575 669 580 708 708

3 339 4 085 3 906 3 442 4 097

871 1 011 1 021 955 1 104

5 884 6 343 8 241 8 128 6 372

1 291 1 374 1 534 1 387 1 116

6 421 5 914 5 441 4 698 4 664

6 191 6 140 5 501 4 944 4 770 5 186 6 560 7 169 6 655 5 892 5 459 5 300 4 836 4 484 4 273 4 121 4 969 6 137 6 311 5 847 5 350

1 413 1 364 1 284 1 189 1 193

1 074 1 070 995 910 863 903 1 029 1 037 992 960 952 939 912 876 844 795 845 925 909 890 845

273 295 262 350 365

438 491 515 513 561 657 649 636 631 589 625 629 683 609 510 507 509 495 437 407 401 461 484 468 471 476 456 438 424 414 386 402 407 414 414 391

302 374 318 358 342

432 521 506 443 544 755 715 648 558 603 666 745 851 778 605 567 561 500 473 456 502 568 553 523 489 476 484 475 451 430 409 443 518 495 476 454

2 490 3 074 2 472 2 500 2 291

2 468 3 074 2 885 2 486 2 993

456 566 488 501 508

679 887 887 758 925

573 668 515 540 441

570 732 679 664 821

5 007 4 550 4 157 3 509 3 472

1 474 1 326 1 195 1 059 1 038

1 413 1 329 1 255 1 059 1 068

5 117 5 070 4 506 4 033 3 908

1 235 1 149 1 017 874 856

1 695 1 751 1 527 1 371 1 297

4 593 4 968 6 707 6 741 5 256

4 283 5 532 6 132 5 663 4 933 4 507 4 361 3 924 3 608 3 429 3 326 4 124 5 212 5 401 4 957 4 505

1 364 1 449 1 770 1 678 1 282

899 1 132 1 156 1 057 952 866 854 765 731 720

682 829 977 1 012 959 878

520 652 522 518 472

433 517 459 358 448 774 682 621 543 545

1 528 1 658 2 283 2 282 1 723

740 827 1 223 1 294 1 036

1 401 1 805 1 967 1 754 1 479

983 1 330 1 483 1 411 1 184

1 311 1 223 1 068 978 865 835 1 062 1 340 1 354 1 211 1 106

1 039 1 056 984 890 871

1 161 1 117 1 035 901 843 817 985 1 237 1 287 1 130 1 006

502 611 485 485 447

415 500 439 371 427 753 637 569 453 443 550 578 796 837 660 642 629 576 520 503 582 759 915 907 779 676 709 648 620 595

591 761 1 004 1 025 953 884

330 438 345 349 323

109 139 117 107 100

275 338 324 257 283

95 100 95 77 88

335 379 549 563 475

74 77 86 88 81

460 448 388 290 290

432 407 333 309 311 330 410 495 442 407 362 336 302 276 303 294 378 518 569 557 488

136 128 129 104 87

75 78 68 69 70

88 96 116 92 132

131 122 106 101 104 107 109 137 155 148 144

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 87

Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

WHITE1

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Total

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Men 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 913 1 478 1 366 1 477 2 489 1 903

266 232 221 243 333 318

125 114 112 118 149 162

142 117 108 124 184 156

1 647 1 246 1 145 1 234 2 156 1 585

260 196 186 222 382 256

408 260 265 257 525 350

341 246 212 239 436 316

299 233 225 250 404 320

241 223 177 193 299 245

98 89 81 73 110 98

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 556 1 241 1 208 1 142 1 137

387 340 342 328 343

200 178 186 185 198

186 162 156 143 145

1 169 901 866 814 794

254 172 185 206 214

226 185 171 162 165

228 173 153 140 130

206 160 167 142 134

190 154 140 111 108

67 57 52 55 43

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 988 2 398 1 915 1 976 1 779

1 857 2 309 2 173 1 836 2 169 3 627 3 258 2 883 2 411 2 405 3 345 3 580 4 846 4 859 3 600 3 426 3 433 3 132 2 766 2 636 2 935 3 859 4 209 3 828 3 275 2 999 2 896 2 641 2 431 2 274 2 177 2 754 3 459 3 643 3 282 2 931

341 384 334 407 400

485 562 564 513 584 785 754 672 615 633 716 755 854 761 608 592 576 548 499 487 504 575 590 565 540 535 532 502 510 461 446 479 516 518 497 480

167 176 158 211 217

255 288 288 284 311 369 368 342 338 319 347 349 387 328 280 282 276 272 239 230 214 249 270 261 259 260 260 234 254 223 217 232 228 221 224 220

174 208 176 196 183

230 275 276 229 274 416 385 330 277 313 369 406 467 433 328 310 299 276 260 257 290 327 319 305 280 275 273 268 257 237 229 247 288 298 274 260

1 647 2 014 1 581 1 569 1 379

1 372 1 747 1 610 1 323 1 585 2 841 2 504 2 211 1 797 1 773

295 370 300 309 310

388 513 506 411 505 871 750 660 558 553

376 442 332 342 262

316 418 375 353 434 796 730 682 525 526

2 629 2 825 3 991 4 098 2 992

827 869 1 066 1 019 722

884 943 1 385 1 410 991

2 431 3 284 3 620 3 263 2 735

510 677 686 619 555

796 1 064 1 155 1 015 827

368 494 562 589 560 522

428 547 772 798 694 586

2 834 2 857 2 584 2 268 2 149

2 465 2 363 2 140 1 920 1 813 1 731 2 275 2 943 3 125 2 785 2 450

694 645 568 480 476

483 478 439 405 398

931 978 879 777 694

711 655 553 512 441

330 395 311 297 255

212 268 231 166 218 412 346 297 250 253 378 433 696 755 572 553 586 536 477 470 530 780 858 793 626 621 592 549 441 419 403 529 672 723 620 536

317 382 308 294 266

216 272 237 188 213 411 341 276 227 220 291 317 460 497 363 356 349 350 293 280 330 438 543 512 417 371 383 358 342 322 302 413 554 591 516 463

243 318 246 246 216

177 211 199 153 161 265 259 213 169 165 206 221 331 362 302 257 248 209 200 191 214 269 318 270 236 200 188 182 164 172 162 229 305 333 307 263

86 107 84 80 70

64 66 60 51 53 86 78 82 68 56

44 42 53 54 42 43 51 43 40 38 51 55 58 53 74 79 67 58 58 61 68 64 77 91 88 81

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

88 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

WHITE1

16 years and over

Total

Women 1954 ...................................................... 1955 ...................................................... 1956 ...................................................... 1957 ...................................................... 1958 ...................................................... 1959 ......................................................

946 774 793 812 1 191 1 043

157 141 161 158 208 207

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

1 135 1 014 1 130 1 084 1 123

318 311 293 316 317

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 077 1 345 1 137 1 232 1 220

1 482 1 777 1 733 1 606 1 927 2 794 2 656 2 558 2 287 2 260 2 540 2 762 3 395 3 270 2 772 2 765 2 708 2 369 2 177 2 135 2 251 2 701 2 959 2 827 2 617 2 460 2 404 2 195 2 053 1 999 1 944 2 215 2 678 2 668 2 565 2 419

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

66 67 79 77 96 93

90 74 83 80 113 114

129 137 125 141 153

188 174 169 175 164

234 285 246 301 308

106 119 104 139 148

386 449 457 442 519

183 203 227 228 250

628 611 612 574 560 576 620 680 626 508 482 495 447 412 376 399 453 447 426 420 418 407 411 365 383 349 366 409 391 393 365

18 to 19 years

288 280 294 292 270 278 281 296 282 231 225 233 223 198 177 187 212 214 208 211 216 196 204 171 190 168 170 179 194 191 172

Total

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

148 125 130 123 210 176

88 77 81 69 106 103

17 16 17 25 26 22

817 703 837 768 806

183 166 209 216 218

173 138 189 168 189

199 163 183 157 164

152 138 154 127 135

86 73 81 76 77

24 23 23 25 23

298 339 384 345 277

1 964 2 143 2 715 2 643 2 264

180 196 230 197 202 193

45 to 54 years

199 156 151 162 250 209

1 096 1 328 1 275 1 164 1 408

201 211 207 195 193

35 to 44 years

202 152 141 168 231 176

202 246 230 214 270

212 241 233 219 208

20 years and over

134 108 111 109 159 150

843 1 060 891 931 912

257 262 224 214 199

25 to 34 years

789 633 632 654 983 836

128 166 142 162 159

340 330 318 281 290

20 to 24 years

2 166 2 045 1 946 1 713 1 699

2 283 2 213 1 922 1 766 1 758 1 852 2 248 2 512 2 400 2 197 2 042 1 998 1 784 1 688 1 616 1 595 1 849 2 269 2 276 2 172 2 054

161 196 188 192 198

291 376 381 347 420 602 577 536 500 485 537 580 704 659 559 541 504 449 393 380 389 455 469 438 397 384 376 326 327 322 314 335 415 423 399 356

197 226 183 198 179

254 314 304 311 387 617 598 573 533 542 645 715 898 872 731 763 773 648 594 603 605 741 811 739 652 600 568 515 467 423 407 515 567 555 516 520

190 257 211 221 217

221 249 227 192 230 362 336 323 294 293 362 394 527 539 464 486 470 448 413 401 453 550 625 618 558 540 525 486 460 423 414 456 565 564 510 469

185 229 177 191 181

87 120 99 103 107

199 228 202 183 214

98 126 125 104 122

259 261 337 340 297

129 158 217 201 173

342 296 293 226 223

286 281 227 227 223 251 320 372 395 361 306 326 290 279 273 289 348 449 434 437 421

195 188 175 122 125

175 159 124 110 120 116 141 177 172 170 162 148 119 112 131 133 150 213 235 250 225

23 32 33 27 30

31 34 35 26 35 49 49 47 37 32 31 36 33 33 39 32 27 25 30 32 37 41 58 39 58 52 55 49 43 43 39 45 60 64 60 63

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 89 Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

BLACK1

Both Sexes 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................

16 years and over

113 114 127

167 148 170

1 553 1 731 2 142 2 272 1 914

343 357 396 392 353

134 138 130 125 122

210 219 266 267 230

1 369 1 334 1 393 1 330 1 319

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1 864 1 840 1 684 1 547 1 544

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

Men 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

325 310 302 281 268 230 260 260 255 241 267

815 891 1 167 1 213 1 003

179 188 213 211 188

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

806 890 1 067 971 848

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

620 709 835 891 860 844

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

1 241 1 416 1 693 1 787 1 729 1 700

268 280 324 313 300

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

1 538 1 592 1 560 1 426 1 309

357 347 312 288 300

143 128 159

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

1 565 1 723 2 011 1 844 1 666

330 330 354 360 333

448 395 494

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

18 to 19 years

279 262 297

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

16 to 17 years

906 846 965

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

Total

16 to 19 years

741 698 698 641 636

951 946 826 771 773

762 808 747 671 626

170 170 187 180 164

193 180 160 154 153

142 145 180 170 167 168 169 162 147 145 121 136 140 132 128 145

130 134 135 150 137

135 138 134 121 116 112 105 127 112 127 143 133 123 124 109 96 102 103 93 103 115 66 62 75

77 66 82

100 103 114 101 97

69 68 70 64 65

124 112 90 90 88

62 54 71 66 69 73 73 70 61 60 52 51 54 49 52 63

106 82 95

1 209 1 374 1 747 1 879 1 561

426 483 565 591 504

433 493 662 700 577

171 207 278 299 253

1 507 1 493 1 373 1 259 1 245

134 158 156 162 138 152

1 297 1 443 1 687 1 530 1 366 1 213 1 282 1 258 1 146 1 041 1 011 1 155 1 433 1 532 1 487 1 433 305 267 336 571 528 512 462 473

108 115 141 142 126

636 703 954 1 002 815

80 91 109 104 97

664 745 886 801 682

95 96 92 86 85 70 85 85 83 75 82

35 to 44 years

183 181 201

221 209 178 167 184

182 177 179 156 159

20 years and over

226 231 261

1 040 1 005 1 040 972 986

156 175 197 201 173

25 to 34 years

627 584 666

200 195 218 210 197

71 69 73 80 68 72 73 72 70 62

Total

20 to 24 years

757 765 666 617 619

593 639 585 524 480 499 573 695 760 733 699

362 350 397 379 369

455 453 397 349 322 349 378 421 387 351 311 327 327 301 273 281 307 365 375 353 358 113 108 129 195 185 197 185 174 222 248 304 313 272 224 225 186 177 162 177 201 221 201 173 153 163 165 151 135 145 150 181 192 188 192

321 338 355 320 335

562 564 533 502 494 505 539 610 532 468 423 454 426 366 339 289 340 407 442 441 423 84 75 103 169 166 170 148 152

45 to 54 years

37 29 33

12 9 10

109 119 141 174 138

53 55 84 95 75

18 17 17 21 15

126 101 81 82 82

254 269 247 230 246

143 127 124 111 109

303 313 307 294 249 254 283 349 385 341 310 45 37 41 83 73 63 53 66

106 151 178 153 130 116 127 136 125 121 131 159 215 217 245 222 31 27 35 78 60 40 40 44

222 245 355 358 289

88 102 154 162 132

247 252 301 260 218

146 172 208 201 180

62 87 107 87 72

121 142 165 189 160 143

72 84 120 109 120 116

268 273 253 233 226

195 210 178 148 143 134 159 180 212 211 189

127 148 122 111 129

150 158 141 133 114

65 years and over

62 53 65

157 145 140 127 137

278 318 402 376 346

55 to 64 years

60 65 74 96 67 85 70 61 58 59

63 75 72 60 60

54 54 51 47 48

74 69 62 51 53 44 44 64 72 55 42 48 45 45 46 38 52 76 93 86 92 23 16 19

17 16 16 17 15

18 10 10 15 20 14 13 13 11 16 18 13 16 16 14 20 15 21 20 21 28

9 5 8

33 32 31 24 27

13 13 12 11 10

43 44 39 30 33

11 5 6 8 10

32 32 54 59 45

27 25 42 46 29 21 26 22 24 22 17 31 40 47 46 45

12 10 12 14 9

6 7 6 7 10 11 7 7 8 7 9 7 9 10 8 14

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

90 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

BLACK1

Women 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

738 840 975 1 059 911

164 169 182 181 165

62 65 58 56 60

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

758 833 944 872 818

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

HISPANIC2

629 637 695 690 683

913 894 858 776 772

777 784 813 756 684 621 706 858 895 868 856

Both Sexes 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................

277 325

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

620 678 929 961 800

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Total

47 51 51

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

16 to 17 years

136 134 139

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

16 to 19 years

458 451 470

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

16 years and over

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

164 167 152 134 147 126 135 144 143 133 157 141 140 134 123

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

954 1 138 1 353 1 441 1 342 1 191

1 140 1 132 1 069 1 026 945

14 13 14

3 4 2

102 104 124 125 104

574 671 793 878 747

204 235 261 278 231

211 248 307 342 288

83 105 123 137 121

49 54 67 77 71

21 23 29 36 30

6 7 5 7 5

258 288 308 272 249

132 145 194 175 166

98 97 88 78 96 76 84 88 97 76

469 477 528 510 513

750 728 706 642 625 633 698 800 729 685

... ...

145 144 175 167 149

66 60 73 64 60

79 84 102 104 88

68 79 94 86 90

94 99 124 115 108

714 913 1 093 1 047 989

83 84 81 79 86 78

112 123 140 113 117 113

759 931 1 132 1 249 1 139 1 000

141 141 136 148 132

161 179 219 201 198 205 199 197 214 196 194 208 221 192 203 191

55 57 57 63 59

96 85 87 89 79

65 years and over

31 26 30

... ...

811 857 751 732 750

55 to 64 years

61 45 55

66 70 64 57 51

... 51 50 63 54

45 to 54 years

99 105 98

100 93 104 110 100

44 52 49 44 51 52

35 to 44 years

113 123 132

80 88

109 124 120 123 114 123

20 years and over

322 317 331

620 80 87 71 74

123 106 113 110 106

876 1 092 1 311 1 248 1 187

Total

25 to 34 years

90 82 87

60 66 63 70 69

49 51 56 46 57

20 to 24 years

87 60 53 63 49

508 485 456 452 434

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

160 160 167 179 169

18 to 19 years

65 72 71 79 63 70

158 643 673 622 561 512 582 738 772 755 734 ... ...

167 165 200 194 195

231 228 211 172 160 172 177 200 186 178 228 164 163 150 138 136 157 183 183 166 166 ... ...

153 172 185 173 183

295 291 280 269 267

153 244 248 218 196

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

168 178 267 270 235

90 92 140 156 124

49 57 75 93 71

24 31 45 54 51

5 5 6 5 5

263 332 390 354 348

156 206 267 261 227

85 110 126 132 132

189 228 271 294 261 231

79 111 146 183 161 142

85 84 79 84 73

670 716 615 585 618

171 183 152 145 158

256 258 222 209 218

934 933 872 812 750

209 217 206 194 171 190 212 265 273 255 227

8 6 6 5 6

59 75 95 109 126 106

... 113 114 116 102

109 114 110 125 117

17 19 22 26 26

7 5 4 7 9

132 141 185 195 180 168

... 116 98 98 100

167 214 240 237 220

44 64 71 66 59

31 25 23 22 21

4 3 4 6 5

... 7 9 8 7

154 181 228 230 230 233

325 296 269 260 233 247 315 373 419 371 324

53 155 166 160 135

58 57 63 53 50

22 23 21 23 21

... 21 24 21 25

... 385 344 342 329

138 171 221 214 164

127 121 125 118 118

48 41 41 41 38

20 52 64 65 61

... 55 60 47 51

474 533 754 793 651

75 73 77 74 71

... 72 56 65 65

123 143 128 120 124

224 246 229 203 190

... 53 48 41 37

73 85 75 69 76

106 101 99 96 104

22 21 35 46 40 47

... 26 24 16 20

41 38 33 36 36

10 8 12 10 13 14

... 6 5 5 4

7 9 5 6 6

36 44 59 54 51

7 8 10 10 12

42 56 62 69 74 61

12 9 15 10 18 15

54 59 56 48 42

16 14 13 11 10

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

2May be of any race.

. . . = Not available.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 91

Table 1-26. Unemployed Persons, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

HISPANIC2

16 years and over

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

Total

18 to 19 years

Men 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................

158 187

114 139

... ...

... ...

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

370 408 565 591 480

86 87 104 100 87

39 40 45 38 36

47 47 59 62 51

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

Women 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ...................................................... 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

2May

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

be of any race. . . . = Not available.

296 278 253 234 223

483 520 451 437 423

225 60 60 59 55

82 82 77 86 81

524 685 807 747 680

100 110 132 118 121

494 611 764 809 755 647

106 117 127 116 120 112

651 607 582 552 480

119 137

121 112 110 117 106

46 52 42 42 48 42

63 63 63 62 63 60 65 86 74 72 70

59 57 71 68 62

28 20 28 26 25

31 37 43 42 37

58 59 59 62 51

460 527 590 631 587 544

59 49 47 54 42

62 69 87 83 77 84 88 87 98 90 88 91 94 76 83 80

... 22 23 28 26

22 25 25 27 23 28 32 38 36 36 38 36 40 35 36 37 33 39 37 38 36

65 years and over

... ...

... ...

284 321 461 491 393

85 105 138 134 103

96 113 169 168 142

51 49 80 92 69

31 31 40 57 41

16 19 29 36 33

... ... ... ... ...

425 575 675 629 558

99 139 156 144 128

154 210 239 217 203

91 126 156 148 113

118 152 213 239 207 168

93 116 144 153 133 119

530 495 471 436 374 388 495 636 693 635 536

... ...

37 35 34 34 28

269 278 241 234 276

51 58 54 39 45 43

55 to 64 years

... ...

... 166 153 168 160

46 52 46 63 54

45 to 54 years

... ...

... 24 27 23 24

34 37 49 47 40

35 to 44 years

... ...

401 438 374 351 342

60 62 75 68 67

20 years and over

... ...

49 50 45 50 45

... ...

327 337 300 296 327

488 525 488 473 466

40 47 56 50 54

25 to 34 years

... ...

... 217 195 175 168

... ...

160 45 50 51 50

351 407 504 501 508

34 33 32 36 36

Total

... 31 33 24 27

83 98

212 207 204 219 211 249 269 364 369 320

... 30 27 35 29

20 to 24 years

190 212 293 302 258

289 339 418 418 431 404 438 401 376 376 371 436 496 555 504 464

... 69 57 51 52

108 115 88 83 88

123 117 125 115 96 105 129 151 157 158 134

... ... ... 47 40 46 48

... 63 65 59 50

156 159 137 128 113

185 165 137 142 109

... ... ... 52 49 58 52

... 38 28 30 33

69 86 77 70 69

120 124 113 97 83

... ... ... ... 9

23 36 38 41 41 31

8 6 8 5 13 9

33 31 35 29 24

13 9 8 5 7

39 43 60 65 55

18 25 35 36 30

8 13 16 18 17

... ... ... ... ...

... 33 28 36 32

65 80 111 113 115

129 163 160 180 164 156

96 112 127 141 128 112

86 83 113 116 97 93

42 55 82 98 82 74

25 33 42 33 30

... ...

109 122 151 136 145 140 131 132 118 124

57 49 54 49 54

... ... ... ... ...

... ...

68 74 84 93 92

86 100 81 80 75

53 62 75 79 75

23 26 22 24 25

... ... ... ... ...

... ...

72 65 98 102 93 100 99 85 81 105

40 46 46 42 43

... 16 15 10 11

... ...

53 65 83 80 61 63 68 64 63 70

... 29 22 20 19

54 57 51 50 55

104 122 117 106 107

... 22 25 20 18

32 39 29 27 33 32 48 51 53 57 50 52 46 48 50 38 56 65 86 78 68

... 10 11 8 10

18 12 11 12 11

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

11 12 17 21 21

... ... ... ... 2

19 20 24 28 32 30

4 3 7 5 5 6

21 27 21 19 17

3 5 4 5 3

92 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 (Percent of labor force.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

ALL RACES

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

Total

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Both Sexes 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................

3.8 5.9

9.2 13.4

10.1 14.0

8.6 13.0

3.3 5.4

6.2 9.3

3.2 5.4

2.6 4.4

2.7 4.2

3.1 5.2

3.2 4.9

1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

4.4 4.1 4.3 6.8 5.5

11.0 11.1 11.6 15.9 14.6

12.3 12.3 12.5 16.4 15.3

10.0 10.2 10.9 15.5 14.0

3.9 3.7 3.8 6.2 4.8

7.0 6.6 7.1 11.2 8.5

3.8 3.7 3.9 6.8 5.0

3.4 3.0 3.1 5.4 4.2

3.4 3.2 3.3 5.2 4.2

4.2 3.5 3.4 5.2 4.4

3.6 3.2 3.4 4.8 4.3

3.6 2.9 3.0 2.7 2.7

6.7 5.3 5.7 5.8 5.7

1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

5.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 5.5

5.5 6.7 5.5 5.7 5.2 4.5 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5 4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6 8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8 7.1 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5 7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3 5.6 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2 4.0 4.7 5.8 6.0 5.5 5.1

12.2 8.2 8.5 7.6 12.6

14.7 16.8 14.7 17.2 16.2 14.8 12.8 12.9 12.7 12.2 15.3 16.9 16.2 14.5 16.0 19.9 19.0 17.8 16.4 16.1 17.8 19.6 23.2 22.4 18.9 18.6 18.3 16.9 15.3 15.0 15.5 18.7 20.1 19.0 17.6 17.3 16.7 16.0 14.6 13.9 13.1 14.7 16.5 17.5 17.0 16.6

13.6 9.6 10.0 8.7 13.5

15.5 18.3 16.3 19.3 17.8 16.5 14.8 14.6 14.7 14.5 17.1 18.7 18.5 17.3 18.3 21.4 21.1 19.9 19.3 18.1 20.0 21.4 24.9 24.5 21.2 21.0 20.2 19.1 17.4 17.2 17.9 21.0 23.1 21.4 19.9 20.2 18.9 18.2 17.2 16.3 15.4 17.2 18.8 19.1 20.2 19.1

11.2 7.1 7.3 6.8 10.7

14.1 15.8 13.6 15.6 14.9 13.5 11.3 11.6 11.2 10.5 13.8 15.5 14.6 12.4 14.3 18.9 17.5 16.2 14.2 14.7 16.2 18.4 22.1 21.1 17.4 17.0 17.0 15.2 13.8 13.6 14.1 17.2 18.2 17.5 16.0 15.3 15.2 14.5 12.8 12.4 11.6 13.1 15.1 16.4 15.0 14.9

4.8 3.0 2.7 2.6 5.1

4.8 5.9 4.9 4.8 4.3

7.7 4.1 4.6 4.7 9.2

8.7 10.4 9.0 8.8 8.3

4.0 4.9 4.5 3.9 4.5

8.2 10.0 9.3 7.8 9.1

6.1 6.5 8.6 8.6 6.7

11.5 12.3 14.9 14.5 11.5

7.3 6.5 5.9 5.0 4.8

6.4 6.2 5.4 4.8 4.6 4.9 6.1 6.8 6.2 5.4 4.9 4.7 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.4 4.2 5.2 5.4 4.9 4.5

13.6 12.0 11.0 9.6 9.1

11.1 10.7 9.7 8.7 8.6 8.8 10.8 11.4 10.5 9.7 9.1 9.3 8.5 7.9 7.5

7.2 8.3 9.7 10.0 9.4 8.8

4.8 3.0 2.6 2.5 5.3

5.2 6.2 5.1 5.2 4.3 3.7 3.1 3.2 2.8 2.8 4.2 5.3 4.6 4.2 4.8 7.8 7.1 6.5 5.3 5.2 6.9 7.3 9.7 9.7 7.3 7.0 6.9 6.0 5.4 5.2 5.6 6.9 7.6 6.9 6.0 5.4 5.2 4.7 4.3 4.0 3.7 4.6 5.9 6.1 5.5 5.1

3.8 2.5 2.3 2.2 4.5

4.1 5.2 4.1 4.0 3.6 3.2 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.2 3.1 3.9 3.5 2.7 3.3 5.6 4.9 4.4 3.7 3.6 4.6 5.0 6.9 7.0 5.4 5.1 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.8 4.1 5.2 5.8 5.5 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.8 3.4 3.0 3.0 3.6 4.6 4.9 4.4 3.9

4.2 2.7 2.3 2.3 4.4

4.1 5.0 4.0 3.8 3.5 2.8 2.3 2.4 1.9 1.9 2.8 3.4 3.0 2.5 2.9 5.2 4.5 3.9 3.3 3.2 4.0 4.2 5.7 6.2 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.0 3.4 3.2 3.6 4.5 5.1 4.8 4.0 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 3.1 4.0 4.1 3.8 3.5

4.8 3.1 2.4 2.7 4.5

4.2 5.4 4.2 4.1 3.7 3.1 2.5 2.4 2.0 1.9 2.7 3.3 3.2 2.6 2.8 4.6 4.5 3.9 2.9 2.9 3.3 3.7 5.4 5.6 4.7 4.3 4.1 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.3 4.1 5.1 4.7 4.1 3.6 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.5 3.0 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.3

4.5 3.4 2.9 2.2 4.1

3.8 5.1 4.5 4.1 3.8 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.2 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.0 3.4 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.0 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.5 2.7 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.8 3.2 4.0 4.0 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.5

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 93 Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Percent of labor force.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

ALL RACES

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

Total

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Men 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................

3.6 5.9

9.8 14.3

10.2 13.7

9.5 14.6

3.2 5.4

6.9 10.4

2.8 5.2

2.4 4.3

2.5 4.3

3.1 5.4

3.4 5.1

1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

4.2 3.8 4.1 6.8 5.2

11.6 11.1 12.4 17.1 15.3

12.5 11.7 12.4 16.3 15.8

10.8 10.5 12.3 17.8 14.9

3.8 3.4 3.6 6.2 4.7

7.7 6.9 7.8 12.7 8.7

3.3 3.3 3.3 6.5 4.7

3.1 2.6 2.8 5.1 3.7

3.2 3.0 3.3 5.3 4.1

4.3 3.5 3.5 5.5 4.5

4.0 3.5 3.4 5.2 4.8

1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

5.1 2.8 2.8 2.8 5.3

5.4 6.4 5.2 5.2 4.6 4.0 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.8 4.4 5.3 5.0 4.2 4.9 7.9 7.1 6.3 5.3 5.1

12.7 8.1 8.9 7.9 13.5

15.3 17.1 14.7 17.2 15.8

13.3 9.4 10.5 8.8 13.9

15.5 18.3 16.0 18.8 17.1

14.1 11.7 12.3 11.6 11.4

16.1 13.7 14.5 13.9 13.8

20.1 19.2 17.3 15.8 15.9

21.6 21.4 19.5 19.1 17.9

15.0 16.6 15.9 13.9 15.6

16.9 18.7 18.3 17.0 18.4

12.3 7.0 7.4 7.2 13.2

15.0 16.3 13.8 15.9 14.6

4.7 2.5 2.4 2.5 4.9

4.7 5.7 4.6 4.5 3.9

12.4 10.2 10.5 9.7 9.3

3.2 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1

19.0 17.6 15.6 13.3 14.3

6.8 5.9 5.2 4.3 4.2

13.4 15.0 14.1 11.4 13.3

8.1 3.9 4.6 5.0 10.7

8.9 10.8 8.9 8.8 8.1

4.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 4.8

4.8 5.7 4.5 4.5 3.5

3.6 2.0 1.9 2.0 4.1

3.8 4.6 3.6 3.5 2.9

4.0 2.4 2.2 2.3 4.3

4.1 4.9 3.9 3.6 3.2

4.9 2.8 2.4 2.8 4.5

4.6 5.7 4.6 4.3 3.9

4.8 3.5 3.0 2.4 4.4

4.2 5.5 4.6 4.5 4.0

6.4 4.6 4.7 5.1 5.1

2.9 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.9

2.5 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.5

2.5 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.5

3.3 2.6 2.3 1.9 1.8

3.5 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.2

14.3 12.1 10.8 9.2 8.7

6.9 6.2 5.7 4.4 4.3

4.9 4.1 3.5 2.8 2.9

4.8 4.0 3.2 2.7 2.7

4.3 4.2 3.6 2.8 2.7

5.4 5.1 5.2 4.2 3.4

3.5 4.4 4.0 3.3 3.8

8.4 10.3 9.3 7.3 8.8

3.5 4.4 3.8 3.4 4.0

2.4 3.1 2.7 2.0 2.6

2.4 3.0 2.6 2.1 2.4

2.8 3.3 3.2 2.4 2.6

3.3 3.4 3.6 3.0 3.3

6.9 7.4 9.9 9.9 7.4

18.3 20.1 24.4 23.3 19.6

20.4 22.0 26.4 25.2 21.9

16.7 18.8 23.1 22.2 18.3

5.9 6.3 8.8 8.9 6.6

12.5 13.2 16.4 15.9 11.9

6.7 6.9 10.1 10.1 7.2

4.1 4.5 6.9 7.1 5.2

3.6 4.0 5.6 6.3 4.6

3.4 3.6 5.5 6.1 5.0

3.1 2.9 3.7 3.9 3.0

5.7 7.2 7.9 7.2 6.2

16.3 19.8 21.5 20.4 19.0

18.4 21.8 24.6 22.9 21.0

15.0 18.5 19.5 18.8 17.6

5.0 6.4 7.1 6.4 5.4

9.1 11.6 12.2 11.3 10.2

5.5 7.0 7.8 7.0 5.9

4.1 5.5 6.1 5.6 4.5

3.7 4.8 5.6 5.1 4.0

3.8 4.6 5.8 5.2 4.4

3.0 3.3 3.3 3.2 4.0

7.0 6.9 6.2 5.5 5.2

5.6 5.4 4.9 4.4 4.1 3.9 4.8 5.9 6.3 5.6 5.1

19.5 19.0 17.8 16.0 15.9

18.4 18.1 16.9 16.2 14.7 14.0 16.0 18.1 19.3 18.4 18.6

21.9 20.8 20.2 18.2 18.6

21.1 20.8 19.1 19.1 17.0 16.8 19.1 21.1 20.7 22.0 22.0

17.9 17.7 16.0 14.6 14.2

16.5 16.3 15.4 14.1 13.1 12.2 14.0 16.4 18.4 16.3 16.5

6.2 6.1 5.4 4.8 4.5

4.8 4.6 4.2 3.7 3.5 3.3 4.2 5.3 5.6 5.0 4.4

11.4 11.0 9.9 8.9 8.8

9.2 9.5 8.9 8.1 7.7

7.3 9.0 10.2 10.6 10.1 9.6

6.6 6.7 5.9 5.3 4.8

5.1 4.9 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.4 4.3 5.8 6.2 5.5 4.7

4.9 5.1 4.4 3.8 3.7

4.2 4.0 3.6 3.0 2.8 2.8 3.6 4.5 5.0 4.3 3.7

4.6 4.4 4.2 3.5 3.2

3.5 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.4 3.2 4.2 4.4 3.9 3.5

4.3 4.3 3.7 3.5 3.5

3.6 3.3 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.4 3.3 4.3 4.5 3.9 3.3

3.1 3.2 2.6 2.5 2.4

4.3 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.4 4.0 3.7 3.4

94 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Percent of labor force.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

ALL RACES

16 years and over

Total

Women 1948 ............................................ 1949 ............................................

4.1 6.0

8.3 12.3

1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

4.9 4.8 4.7 6.8 5.9

10.2 11.2 10.6 14.3 13.5

1950 ............................................ 1951 ............................................ 1952 ............................................ 1953 ............................................ 1954 ............................................

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................ 1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................ 1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

5.7 4.4 3.6 3.3 6.0

5.9 7.2 6.2 6.5 6.2 5.5 4.8 5.2 4.8 4.7 5.9 6.9 6.6 6.0 6.7 9.3 8.6 8.2 7.2 6.8 7.4 7.9 9.4 9.2 7.6 7.4 7.1 6.2 5.6 5.4 5.5 6.4 7.0 6.6 6.0 5.6 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.3 4.1 4.7 5.6 5.7 5.4 5.1

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

17.6 17.6 15.9 14.4 14.0 14.7 17.5 18.6 17.5 16.2 16.1 15.2 15.0 12.9 13.2 12.1 13.4 14.9 15.6 15.5 14.5

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

4.8 7.3

4.3 5.9

3.0 4.7

3.0 4.0

3.1 4.4

2.3 3.8

12.0 13.2 12.6 16.6 14.4

9.1 9.9 9.4 12.9 13.0

4.4 4.2 4.1 6.1 5.2

6.1 6.3 6.0 8.9 8.1

5.3 4.8 5.3 7.3 5.9

4.0 3.9 3.8 6.2 5.1

3.6 3.6 3.2 4.9 4.2

3.8 3.6 3.0 4.5 4.1

2.3 2.3 3.4 3.7 2.8

17.2 16.6 14.8 15.9 15.5

14.8 12.6 12.8 12.9 11.8

15.5 18.3 16.7 20.2 18.8

17.2 19.0 21.9 21.3 18.0

35 to 44 years

3.6 5.3

13.9 16.3 14.6 17.2 16.6

19.7 18.7 18.3 17.1 16.4

25 to 34 years

7.4 11.2

14.2 10.0 9.1 8.5 12.7

15.6 17.2 16.7 15.3 16.6

20 to 24 years

Total

10.0 14.4

11.4 8.3 8.0 7.2 11.4

15.7 14.1 13.5 14.0 13.3

18 to 19 years

20 years and over

17.4 18.7 18.8 17.7 18.2 21.2 20.8 20.5 19.5 18.3 19.6 20.7 23.2 23.7 20.4 20.0 19.6 18.0 16.6 15.7 17.4 20.2 21.5 19.8 18.7 19.2 16.9 17.2 15.1 15.5 13.9 15.2 16.6 17.5 18.5 16.5

9.8 7.2 7.3 6.4 7.7

12.9 15.1 13.5 15.2 15.2

14.4 16.2 15.2 13.5 15.4 18.7 17.4 16.9 15.3 15.0 15.6 17.9 21.0 19.9 16.6 16.0 16.3 14.3 12.9 13.0 13.1 15.9 16.6 16.1 14.3 14.0 14.0 13.6 11.5 11.6 10.8 12.2 13.8 14.2 13.5 13.1

5.1 4.0 3.2 2.9 5.5

5.1 6.3 5.4 5.4 5.2 4.5 3.8 4.2 3.8 3.7 4.8 5.7 5.4 4.9 5.5

6.9 4.4 4.5 4.3 7.3

8.3 9.8 9.1 8.9 8.6 7.3 6.3 7.0 6.7 6.3 7.9 9.6 9.4 8.5 9.5

8.0 7.4 7.0 6.0 5.7

12.7 11.9 11.2 10.1 9.6

6.6 6.2 5.4 4.9 4.7

10.7 10.3 9.4 8.5 8.3

6.4 6.8 8.3 8.1 6.8

4.9 5.7 6.3 5.9 5.4 4.9 4.8 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.6 4.1 5.1 5.1 4.9 4.6

10.4 11.2 13.2 12.9 10.9

8.5 9.8 10.3 9.7 9.2 9.0 9.0 8.1 7.8 7.2 7.1 7.5 9.1 9.3 8.7 7.9

5.7 4.5 3.6 3.4 6.6

6.3 7.4 6.5 6.9 6.3 5.5 4.5 5.4 4.7 4.6 5.7 7.0 6.2 5.8 6.2 9.1 8.4 7.7 6.7 6.5 7.2 7.7 9.3 9.1 7.4 7.4 7.2 6.2 5.6 5.6 5.6 6.8 7.4 6.8 6.2 5.7 5.5 5.2 4.8 4.4 4.1 5.1 5.9 5.9 5.6 5.6

4.4 3.8 3.0 2.5 5.3

4.8 6.4 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.6 3.6 4.1 3.4 3.4 4.4 5.2 4.9 3.9 4.6 6.8 6.1 5.7 5.0 4.6 5.3 5.7 7.0 6.9 5.6 5.5 5.0 4.6 4.1 3.9 4.2 4.8 5.5 5.3 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.3 3.3 3.7 4.6 4.9 4.4 4.1

4.5 3.5 2.5 2.3 4.6

4.2 5.1 4.1 4.2 3.9 3.2 2.9 3.1 2.4 2.6 3.5 4.0 3.6 3.2 3.7 5.9 5.2 5.1 4.0 3.9 4.5 4.6 5.9 6.0 5.2 4.8 4.5 3.7 3.4 3.2 3.4 4.2 4.6 4.5 4.0 3.2 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.5

4.5 4.0 2.5 2.5 4.6

3.4 4.5 3.5 3.6 3.3 2.8 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.7 3.3 3.3 2.8 3.2 5.1 4.9 4.4 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.8 5.2 5.0 4.3 4.3 3.8 3.1 2.7 2.8 2.8 3.4 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.4 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.7 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.3

3.4 2.9 2.2 1.4 3.0

2.9 4.0 4.2 3.2 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.3 3.1 3.6 3.5 2.9 3.6 5.0 5.0 4.7 3.8 3.3 3.1 3.6 3.2 3.4 3.8 3.3 2.8 2.4 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.3 4.5 3.1 4.0 3.7 4.0 3.6 3.3 3.2 2.7 2.9 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.5

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 95 Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Percent of labor force.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

WHITE1

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

Total

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Both Sexes 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

5.0 3.9 3.6 3.8 6.1 4.8

12.1 10.4 10.1 10.6 14.4 13.1

13.2 12.0 11.5 11.9 15.2 14.4

11.3 9.2 9.0 9.6 13.9 12.1

4.6 3.4 3.2 3.4 5.6 4.3

8.3 6.2 5.7 6.3 9.9 7.3

4.6 3.1 3.1 3.3 5.9 4.2

4.0 2.9 2.6 2.8 4.8 3.7

4.0 3.1 2.9 3.0 4.8 3.8

4.3 3.8 3.2 3.2 4.9 4.1

3.9 3.4 3.1 3.2 4.6 4.1

1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................

4.1 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.1

13.4 11.2 11.0 11.0 10.7

14.8 13.3 12.8 12.9 13.0

12.3 9.7 9.8 9.6 8.9

3.3 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.4

6.1 4.6 5.0 5.2 5.0

3.2 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.5

2.9 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.0

2.5 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.8

2.9 2.4 2.3 1.9 1.8

3.2 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.2

17.9 16.9 15.4 13.9 14.0

19.5 19.0 17.9 17.0 16.1

16.7 15.3 13.5 11.5 12.4

6.7 5.9 5.3 4.3 4.2

12.3 10.7 9.3 8.0 7.6

7.1 6.3 5.7 4.6 4.4

5.2 4.5 4.0 3.3 3.2

4.9 4.2 3.8 3.0 3.0

4.5 4.3 3.7 2.7 2.7

5.1 4.9 4.9 3.8 3.1

5.5 5.3 4.7 4.1 3.9

9.2 8.7 8.0 7.1 7.2

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................

1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

5.0 6.0 4.9 5.0 4.6

4.5 5.4 5.1 4.3 5.0 7.8 7.0 6.2 5.2 5.1 6.3 6.7 8.6 8.4 6.5 6.2 6.0 5.3 4.7 4.5 4.8 6.1 6.6 6.1 5.3 4.9 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.5 4.2 5.1 5.2 4.8 4.4

13.5 15.3 13.3 15.5 14.8

13.5 15.1 14.2 12.6 14.0

15.5 17.3 20.4 19.3 16.0 15.7 15.6 14.4 13.1 12.7 13.5 16.5 17.2 16.2 15.1 14.5 14.2 13.6 12.6 12.0 11.4 12.7 14.5 15.2 15.0 14.2

14.6 16.7 15.3 17.9 16.5

15.5 17.0 16.6 15.4 16.3

17.9 19.2 22.8 22.0 18.8 18.3 17.6 16.7 15.3 15.2 15.8 19.0 20.3 19.0 17.6 17.3 16.4 15.8 14.8 14.5

13.9 15.3 16.7 17.2 17.9 16.4

12.6 14.4 12.0 13.7 13.3

11.9 13.8 12.3 10.4 12.2

13.8 15.9 18.8 17.6 14.3 13.9 14.1 12.7 11.6 11.1 12.1 14.9 15.2 14.4 13.3 12.5 12.6 12.0 11.0 10.2

9.8 11.0 13.2 13.9 13.1 12.7

4.3 5.3 4.2 4.2 3.8

3.7 4.5 4.1 3.5 4.1

5.4 5.7 7.6 7.5 5.7

4.3 5.5 6.0 5.5 4.7 4.3 4.1 3.6 3.3 3.1

3.0 3.7 4.6 4.7 4.3 3.9

7.9 9.4 7.9 7.7 7.3

7.3 9.0 8.4 6.8 8.0

9.9 10.4 12.8 12.1 9.3

7.3 9.2 9.5 8.8 8.1 7.7 7.8 6.9 6.5 6.3

5.9 7.0 8.1 8.4 7.9 7.2

4.5 5.3 4.2 4.4 3.6

3.8 4.7 4.1 3.7 4.4

6.1 6.3 8.5 8.4 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.1 4.5 4.3 4.6 6.1 6.7 6.0 5.2 4.6 4.4 3.9 3.7 3.3

3.2 4.1 5.2 5.3 4.7 4.3

3.6 4.5 3.6 3.5 3.2

3.0 3.6 3.2 2.5 3.1

4.2 4.5 6.3 6.3 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.3 3.6 4.7 5.2 4.9 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.3 2.9 2.7

2.6 3.2 4.1 4.3 3.9 3.5

3.8 4.5 3.6 3.5 3.2

2.7 3.3 2.9 2.4 2.8

3.7 3.9 5.4 5.7 4.4 4.3 4.1 3.7 3.1 2.9 3.3 4.2 4.8 4.5 3.7 3.1 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.4

2.2 2.8 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.1

3.9 5.0 3.9 3.8 3.5

2.7 3.3 3.1 2.5 2.8

3.1 3.5 5.1 5.2 4.4 4.0 3.8 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.2 4.0 4.9 4.3 3.9 3.5 3.2 2.7 2.4 2.5

2.4 2.9 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.0

3.7 4.8 4.0 3.8 3.5

3.2 3.5 3.4 2.9 3.3

2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.8 3.1 3.7 3.0 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.0 2.9 2.9

2.8 2.8 3.5 3.7 3.3 3.1

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

96 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Percent of labor force.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

WHITE1

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

Total

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Men 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

4.8 3.7 3.4 3.6 6.1 4.6

13.4 11.3 10.5 11.5 15.7 14.0

14.0 12.2 11.2 11.9 14.9 15.0

13.0 10.4 9.7 11.1 16.5 13.0

4.4 3.3 3.0 3.2 5.5 4.1

9.8 7.0 6.1 7.0 11.7 7.5

4.2 2.7 2.8 2.7 5.6 3.8

3.6 2.6 2.2 2.5 4.4 3.2

3.8 2.9 2.8 3.0 4.8 3.7

4.3 3.9 3.1 3.4 5.2 4.2

4.2 3.8 3.4 3.2 5.0 4.5

1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................

3.6 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5

12.9 10.5 10.7 10.1 10.0

14.7 12.5 12.7 12.3 12.5

11.3 8.9 9.0 8.3 7.9

2.9 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9

5.9 4.1 4.2 4.6 4.6

2.6 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.7

2.3 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.4

2.3 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.4

3.1 2.5 2.2 1.7 1.7

3.4 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.2

18.3 17.3 15.0 13.5 13.9

19.7 19.7 17.6 16.9 16.1

17.2 15.5 13.0 10.8 12.2

6.2 5.4 4.7 3.7 3.6

13.1 10.9 9.3 7.7 7.5

6.3 5.6 5.0 3.8 3.7

4.5 3.7 3.1 2.5 2.5

4.4 3.7 3.0 2.5 2.5

4.1 4.0 3.3 2.6 2.5

5.0 4.7 4.9 3.9 3.2

5.4 5.3 4.8 4.1 3.9

9.7 9.2 8.4 7.4 7.5

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................

1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

4.8 5.7 4.6 4.7 4.1

4.0 4.9 4.5 3.8 4.4 7.2 6.4 5.5 4.6 4.5 6.1 6.5 8.8 8.8 6.4 6.1 6.0 5.4 4.7 4.5 4.9 6.5 7.0 6.3 5.4 4.9 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.4 4.2 5.3 5.6 5.0 4.4

14.0 15.7 13.7 15.9 14.7

13.7 15.1 14.2 12.3 13.5

16.2 17.9 21.7 20.2 16.8 16.5 16.3 15.5 13.9 13.7 14.3 17.6 18.5 17.7 16.3 15.6 15.5 14.3 14.1 12.6 12.3 13.9 15.9 17.1 16.3 16.1

14.6 16.5 15.2 17.8 16.1

15.7 17.1 16.4 15.2 16.2

18.5 19.9 24.2 22.6 19.7 19.2 18.4 17.9 16.1 16.4 16.1 19.7 21.5 20.2 18.5 18.2 18.3 16.3 17.1 15.1 15.3 17.4 18.8 18.5 19.8 18.9

13.5 15.2 12.7 14.2 13.3

12.0 13.5 12.4 10.0 11.5

14.5 16.4 20.0 18.7 15.0 14.7 14.7 13.7 12.4 12.0 13.2 16.3 16.5 16.0 14.7 13.8 13.5 12.9 12.1 10.8 10.4 11.7 14.2 16.1 14.2 14.3

4.2 5.1 4.0 3.9 3.4

3.2 4.0 3.6 3.0 3.5

5.3 5.6 7.8 7.9 5.7

8.3 10.1 8.1 7.8 7.4

7.8 9.4 8.5 6.6 7.8

11.1 11.6 14.3 13.8 9.8

4.3 5.8 6.4 5.7 4.8

7.6 10.2 10.5 9.6 8.8

2.8 3.7 4.7 5.0 4.4 3.8

5.9 7.8 8.7 9.1 8.5 7.9

4.3 4.1 3.6 3.2 3.0

7.9 8.1 7.3 6.7 6.5

4.1 4.9 3.8 3.9 3.0

3.1 4.0 3.4 3.0 3.6

5.9 6.1 8.9 9.0 6.2 5.7 5.8 5.2 4.6 4.1 4.7 6.4 7.0 6.2 5.2 4.5 4.2 3.7 3.5 3.1 2.9 3.8 5.3 5.5 4.8 4.1

3.3 4.0 3.1 2.9 2.5

2.3 2.9 2.5 1.8 2.4

3.6 4.0 6.2 6.4 4.6 4.3 4.4 3.9 3.4 3.2 3.5 5.0 5.5 5.0 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.2 2.6 2.4 2.4 3.1 4.1 4.4 3.8 3.3

3.6 4.4 3.5 3.3 2.9

2.3 2.9 2.5 2.0 2.2

3.3 3.6 5.3 5.7 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.2 2.9 3.4 4.4 5.1 4.7 3.7 3.2 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.9 3.8 4.0 3.5 3.0

4.1 5.3 4.1 4.0 3.5

2.7 3.2 3.0 2.4 2.5

3.1 3.4 5.1 5.6 4.7 4.0 4.0 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.6 4.6 5.5 4.7 4.1 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.2 3.7 3.0

4.0 5.2 4.0 4.1 3.6

3.2 3.4 3.3 2.9 3.0

2.5 2.4 3.2 3.2 2.6 2.7 3.0 2.5 2.2 2.1 2.8 3.1 3.2 2.9 3.7 4.0 3.2 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.8 3.4 3.8 3.5 3.1

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 97 Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Percent of labor force.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

WHITE1

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

Total

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Women 1954 ............................................ 1955 ............................................ 1956 ............................................ 1957 ............................................ 1958 ............................................ 1959 ............................................

5.5 4.3 4.2 4.3 6.2 5.3

10.4 9.1 9.7 9.5 12.7 12.0

12.0 11.6 12.1 11.9 15.6 13.3

9.4 7.7 8.3 7.8 11.0 11.1

5.1 3.9 3.7 3.8 5.6 4.7

6.4 5.1 5.1 5.1 7.3 7.0

5.7 4.3 4.0 4.7 6.6 5.2

4.9 3.8 3.5 3.7 5.6 4.7

4.4 3.4 3.3 3.0 4.9 3.9

4.5 3.6 3.5 2.9 4.3 4.0

2.8 2.2 2.3 3.4 3.5 2.9

1965 ............................................ 1966 ............................................ 1967 ............................................ 1968 ............................................ 1969 ............................................

5.0 4.3 4.6 4.3 4.2

14.0 12.1 11.5 12.1 11.5

15.0 14.5 12.9 13.9 13.7

13.4 10.7 10.6 11.0 10.0

4.0 3.3 3.8 3.4 3.4

6.3 5.3 6.0 5.9 5.5

4.9 3.7 4.7 3.9 4.2

4.1 3.3 3.7 3.1 3.2

3.0 2.7 2.9 2.3 2.4

2.7 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.1

2.7 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.4

1960 ............................................ 1961 ............................................ 1962 ............................................ 1963 ............................................ 1964 ............................................

1970 ............................................ 1971 ............................................ 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................ 1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................ 1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

5.3 6.5 5.5 5.8 5.5

5.4 6.3 5.9 5.3 6.1 8.6 7.9 7.3 6.2 5.9 6.5 6.9 8.3 7.9 6.5 6.4 6.1 5.2 4.7 4.5 4.7 5.6 6.1 5.7 5.2 4.8 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.6 4.1 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.4

12.7 14.8 12.8 15.1 14.9

13.4 15.1 14.2 13.0 14.5 17.4 16.4 15.9 14.4 14.0 14.8 16.6 19.0 18.3 15.2 14.8 14.9 13.4 12.3 11.5 12.6 15.2 15.8 14.7 13.8 13.4 12.9 12.8 10.9 11.3 10.4 11.4 13.1 13.3 13.6 12.3

14.5 17.0 15.6 18.1 17.1

15.3 16.7 17.0 15.8 16.4 19.2 18.2 18.2 17.1 15.9 17.3 18.4 21.2 21.4 17.8 17.2 16.7 15.5 14.4 13.8 15.5 18.2 18.9 17.8 16.6

16.4 14.4 15.2 12.4 13.9 12.5 13.1 14.6 15.9 16.1 14.0

11.5 13.6 11.3 13.2 13.2

11.9 14.1 12.3 10.9 13.0 16.1 15.1 14.2 12.4 12.5 13.1 15.3 17.6 16.4 13.6 13.1 13.6 11.7 10.8 10.1 10.9 13.3 13.7 12.6 11.8

11.2 11.7 11.1 9.8 9.6 9.0 10.2 12.1 11.5 11.9 11.1

4.6 5.7 4.7 4.8 4.6

4.4 5.3 4.9 4.3 5.1

7.2 8.4 7.7 7.4 7.1

6.9 8.5 8.2 7.1 8.2

7.5 6.8 6.2 5.2 5.0

11.2 10.4 9.3 8.3 7.8

5.7 5.4 4.6 4.1 4.0

8.5 8.1 7.4 6.7 6.8

5.6 5.9 7.3 6.9 5.8

4.1 5.0 5.5 5.2 4.6

4.3 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.6 4.4 4.4 4.2 3.9

8.5 9.1 10.9 10.3 8.8

6.8 8.1 8.3 7.9 7.4

7.4 7.4 6.4 6.3 6.1 5.8 6.1 7.4 7.6 7.1 6.4

5.7 6.6 5.4 5.8 5.2

5.3 6.3 5.5 5.1 5.8 8.4 7.6 6.7 5.8 5.6 6.3 6.6 8.0 7.6 6.1 6.2 6.1 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.6 5.7 6.2 5.8 5.1

4.7 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.5 4.5 5.0 4.9 4.6 4.7

4.2 5.6 4.5 4.6 4.5

4.3 4.9 4.4 3.7 4.3 6.5 5.8 5.3 4.5 4.2 4.9 5.1 6.4 6.2 5.0 4.9 4.5 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.7 4.3 4.9 4.7 4.2

3.9 3.8 3.4 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.3 4.1 4.2 3.9 3.6

4.0 4.8 3.7 3.9 3.6

3.4 3.9 3.5 3.2 3.6 5.8 5.0 5.0 3.8 3.7 4.3 4.2 5.5 5.5 4.8 4.5 4.3 3.3 3.1 2.9 3.2 4.0 4.3 4.3 3.7

3.0 3.1 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.7 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.1

3.3 4.3 3.5 3.5 3.5

2.6 3.3 3.3 2.7 3.2 5.0 4.8 4.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.7 5.0 4.7 4.0 4.1 3.7 2.9 2.5 2.7 2.7 3.3 4.0 3.9 3.7

3.5 3.1 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.5 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.0

2.8 3.8 4.0 3.3 3.4

3.3 3.6 3.7 2.8 3.9 5.3 5.3 4.9 3.7 3.1 3.0 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.7 3.1 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.8 3.1 4.5 3.0 3.9

3.5 3.8 3.4 3.0 2.9 2.4 2.7 3.5 3.5 3.1 3.2

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

98 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Percent of labor force.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

BLACK1

16 years and over

Total

Both Sexes 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

10.4 9.4 10.5

35.4 31.5 35.0

1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

14.3 15.6 18.9 19.5 15.9

11.4 12.5 14.2 13.0 11.5

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................ Men 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

14.8 14.0 14.0 12.8 12.3

15.1 14.5 13.0 11.7 11.4

10.4 10.5 10.0 8.9 8.0 7.6 8.6 10.2 10.8 10.4 10.0 9.3 8.0 9.8

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................

14.8 13.7 13.3 11.8 11.4

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................

15.3 14.8 12.7 11.7 11.5

1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

38.7 37.0 40.0

33.6 28.1 31.8

38.5 41.4 48.0 48.5 42.7

41.1 44.8 48.6 50.5 45.7

30.9 36.1 39.7 38.8 35.2

36.5 39.5 44.7 39.7 36.1

39.5 39.3 41.1 38.7 36.5

40.2 39.3 34.7 32.4 32.4

35.7 33.6 32.4 27.6 27.9 24.5 29.0 29.8 33.0 31.7 33.3 31.7 27.8 33.1 38.1 37.5 39.2 36.7 34.2

41.6 44.2 44.5 43.9 40.2

43.6 43.0 39.7 35.1 32.9

7.9 7.2 8.0

16.3 15.5 17.5

37.1 39.5 47.8 47.6 41.2

12.1 13.4 16.6 17.3 13.9

23.6 26.4 30.6 31.6 26.1

27.8 34.4 37.1 38.4 34.6

10.1 11.1 12.6 11.4 10.0

22.9 27.9 27.2 33.5 28.3 29.0

6.5 7.4 9.1 9.7 9.4 8.8

38.1 36.7 39.2 35.7 34.4

38.3 37.2 31.6 30.7 32.2

39.1 36.3 35.0 33.6 31.0

33.4 31.7 30.8 24.2 26.2

36.7 35.7 39.9

28.4 23.0 28.3

26.9 30.8 34.9 32.2 37.8 41.2

41.9 40.8 41.0 43.0 37.9

20 to 24 years

Total

35.9 36.0 38.2 32.9 32.2

12.3 11.5 11.5 10.2 10.1

24.5 22.7 24.2 21.8 20.6

25 to 34 years

20 years and over

8.7 8.1 8.5

13.0 12.8 12.7 10.8 10.8

5.4 5.5 8.3 9.2 7.4

6.9 7.0 7.1 9.2 6.5

8.3 6.7 5.3 5.2 5.2

7.8 8.5 10.5 9.5 8.5

5.3 7.4 8.3 6.9 5.6

6.7 8.1 9.9 10.9 10.8 10.2

5.6 6.3 7.8 8.6 7.8 7.1

8.7 9.0 8.6 7.7 6.8

17.7 18.8 18.3 16.8 14.6

9.9 10.5 9.9 8.4 7.6

7.0 6.0 7.4

14.9 13.2 16.2

7.2 6.2 8.1

24.7 22.6 23.0 21.0 18.7

4.3 3.5 3.9

11.7 12.7 14.2 12.6 11.1

12.7 12.0 11.8 9.8 9.6

9.5 9.6 8.4 7.5 7.6

65 years and over

4.1 3.2 3.6

6.8 7.4 8.7 10.7 8.2

14.5 14.0 12.8 11.9 11.5

12.5 11.4 10.7 9.3 9.3

8.9 8.0 7.4 6.4 6.7

55 to 64 years

4.2 3.5 4.3

8.2 9.5 12.1 12.4 9.9

24.5 24.1 21.8 19.6 18.0

15.0 16.3 19.1 19.8 18.4 18.3

6.1 4.7 5.4

45 to 54 years

13.3 14.7 19.0 19.0 15.2

13.1 12.7 11.3 10.2 9.9

19.9 21.6 23.8 21.9 19.5

35 to 44 years

5.9 5.9 5.5 4.8 4.9

6.6 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.3

8.2 7.1 6.8 5.9 5.6

7.0 6.6 5.6 4.8 5.2

7.0 4.5 3.9 5.5 6.9

7.3 7.3 7.0 6.5 5.3

4.8 5.0 5.0 4.4 4.0

4.0 4.4 4.2 3.9 3.9

6.7 5.3 6.1 5.6 5.0

4.8 3.9 4.3

3.8 3.2 4.2

4.4 3.2 3.6

5.4 3.3 5.3

8.7 7.5 6.2 5.1 6.3

4.1 4.8 6.3 6.2 6.9 6.0

9.3 7.3 4.9 4.9 5.2

4.6 4.4 6.2 7.1 5.4

3.0 3.9 5.4 6.3 5.6 5.6

6.3 6.3 6.0 4.4 5.1

5.3 5.2 4.9 4.7 6.2

6.1 4.3 5.9 5.4 5.5 6.9

8.7 8.7 7.8 6.6 6.4

14.5 15.7 20.1 20.3 16.4

37.5 40.7 48.9 48.8 42.7

39.7 43.2 52.7 52.2 44.0

36.2 39.2 47.1 47.3 42.2

12.4 13.5 17.8 18.1 14.3

23.7 26.4 31.5 31.4 26.6

13.4 14.4 20.1 19.4 15.0

8.2 9.3 13.4 13.5 10.4

7.2 7.8 9.0 11.4 7.9

6.2 6.1 10.3 11.0 8.9

8.7 7.5 9.3 11.8 7.9

11.9 13.0 15.2 13.8 12.0

31.9 36.3 42.0 40.1 37.6

38.8 39.0 47.5 42.7 39.3

28.0 34.8 39.1 38.6 36.5

10.4 11.5 13.5 12.1 10.3

20.1 22.4 24.6 23.0 19.4

11.5 11.9 14.2 12.3 10.6

8.4 9.5 11.2 10.5 9.1

6.3 8.6 10.3 8.1 6.5

5.4 5.0 8.1 9.0 6.0

4.6 6.1 4.9 5.8 8.2

28.5 30.5 36.6 35.6 40.8 45.1

24.7 30.4 28.7 36.3 32.7 31.5

6.9 8.0 9.5 10.3 9.9 9.2

5.8 6.9 8.0 9.2 8.0 7.0

4.8 5.5 7.4 6.7 7.2 6.7

10.6 11.1 10.2 8.9 8.2 8.0 9.3 10.7 11.6 11.1 10.5

41.0 39.3 34.4 32.7 31.9

37.1 36.9 36.5 30.1 30.9 26.2 30.4 31.3 36.0 35.6 36.3

42.9 41.4 39.0 34.4 34.4

39.7 39.9 39.5 33.9 33.3

40.0 38.2 31.6 31.7 30.3

35.4 34.9 34.4 27.9 29.4

13.2 12.9 11.1 10.1 10.0

8.8 9.4 8.5 7.4 6.7

23.5 23.5 20.3 19.4 17.9

17.6 19.2 19.8 18.0 16.2 16.6 17.6 20.0 20.9 20.3 20.5

13.8 13.5 12.2 11.0 10.5

9.3 10.1 8.7 7.3 6.9 6.7 8.3 9.4 11.3 10.9 9.7

9.6 10.9 8.7 7.6 8.4

7.6 7.8 6.7 6.2 5.2

9.7 7.8 6.7 6.2 6.2

5.5 6.3 5.6 4.4 4.3

7.9 8.0 6.6 5.2 6.2

4.4 5.2 4.2 4.5 3.9 2.7 4.8 6.1 6.8 6.4 5.9

8.9 4.3 4.3 5.6 7.4

7.6 5.0 5.5 5.2 5.0 6.3 4.0 5.0 5.6 4.2 7.1

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 99 Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Percent of labor force.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

BLACK1

16 years and over

Total

16 to 19 years 16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

Women 1972 ............................................ 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

11.8 11.1 11.3

40.5 36.1 37.4

42.0 38.6 40.2

40.1 34.2 36.0

1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

14.0 15.6 17.6 18.6 15.4

39.8 42.2 47.1 48.2 42.6

42.9 46.5 44.2 48.6 47.5

10.9 12.0 13.2 12.1 11.0

29.9 36.0 37.2 37.4 32.6

34.1 40.1 41.7 36.1 32.9

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................ 1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................ HISPANIC2

Both Sexes 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

14.8 14.3 14.9 13.8 13.3

14.9 14.2 13.2 11.7 11.4

10.2 10.0 9.9 9.0 7.8 7.1 8.1 9.8 10.2 9.8 9.5 7.5 8.1

41.0 41.6 43.4 40.8 39.1

39.2 39.2 34.9 32.0 33.0

34.3 30.3 28.7 25.3 25.1 22.8 27.5 28.3 30.3 28.2 30.3 19.7 19.8

41.2 48.4 49.5 45.0 42.7

27.7 23.8 22.9 20.7 19.2

30.0 29.2 27.0 28.3 26.0

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................

10.5 10.6 8.8 8.2 8.0

24.3 24.7 22.3 22.0 19.4

27.8 28.1 27.7 27.1 26.4

1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................ 1Beginning

10.1 10.4 13.8 13.7 10.7

8.2 10.0 11.6 10.8 9.9 9.3 8.9 7.7 7.2 6.4 5.7 6.6 7.5 7.7 7.0 6.0

22.5 23.9 29.9 28.4 24.1

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

4.6 3.9 4.4

3.7 3.3 3.6

2.6 3.7 1.9

38.2 39.8 48.6 48.0 40.2

11.9 13.4 15.4 16.5 13.5

23.5 26.4 29.6 31.8 25.6

13.2 14.9 17.8 18.6 15.4

8.2 9.8 10.7 11.4 9.4

6.4 6.9 8.5 9.9 8.6

4.5 4.7 6.1 7.3 5.9

4.9 6.0 4.5 6.3 4.9

27.6 33.9 34.8 38.1 32.5

9.7 10.6 11.8 10.7 9.8

11.9 13.4 14.1 12.9 11.7

7.2 7.6 9.8 8.6 8.0

40.6 37.6 40.4 38.7 36.9

21.3 25.4 25.6 31.1 24.3 26.6 17.3 17.2

26.5 19.2 19.6 15.1 14.9

12.2 11.7 12.3 11.2 10.9

24.3 22.8 25.5 22.7 22.6

13.4 13.6 13.6 11.9 12.1

13.1 12.4 11.6 10.4 9.8

25.6 24.7 23.3 19.8 18.1

15.1 14.6 13.5 12.7 12.5

8.6 8.7 8.8 7.9 6.8

17.8 18.4 17.1 15.7 13.4

10.5 11.0 10.9 9.5 8.3

6.2 7.0 8.8 9.2 8.9 8.5 6.0 6.6

10.3 10.1 8.5 7.7 7.0

19.6 20.7 23.1 20.9 19.6

13.6 15.3 18.3 18.8 16.6 16.3 8.5 9.8

16.7 15.9 12.0 10.9 10.4

6.8 8.0 10.2 10.5 10.7 10.6 5.7 6.3

9.9 9.1 8.6 8.0 6.7

9.0 8.5 8.7 7.8 7.2

7.0 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.2

5.3 5.4 4.8 5.2 4.7

6.8 6.4 6.9 5.6 5.0

6.0 5.0 4.5 4.3 4.2

5.2 4.9 3.4 5.4 6.4

7.0 6.9 7.2 6.7 5.5

4.2 3.8 4.4 4.3 3.8

3.6 3.8 4.1 3.4 3.9

... 5.6 6.6 6.1 5.0

5.5 5.8 7.7 8.1 7.6 7.2 5.6 5.9

8.6 8.2 6.1 6.5 6.2

4.3 6.2 6.4 5.8 4.9

3.4 4.3 5.3 5.8 6.5 5.4 4.7 4.6

8.1 8.4 7.3 5.8 5.2

3.6 3.8 4.2 5.1 4.9

3.3 3.1 4.7 5.9 4.8 5.3 5.5 6.1

8.1 10.1 6.5 5.6 5.3

7.5 7.3 6.5 5.3 4.5

10.6 8.2 6.8 6.4 5.0

9.1 8.8 12.3 11.9 9.7

7.7 7.4 10.7 11.3 8.2

5.7 6.4 8.4 10.0 7.5

5.9 7.3 10.1 10.9 9.7

19.5 22.9 27.5 26.1 24.5

24.5 31.9 35.7 35.1 31.7

16.9 18.7 23.4 21.8 20.6

7.2 9.0 10.4 9.7 8.9

9.1 11.6 13.2 13.1 11.8

7.3 9.2 10.4 9.3 9.0

6.6 8.1 9.8 9.1 7.7

6.4 8.0 8.8 8.6 8.1

5.6 6.5 8.6 8.0 7.3

16.6 17.7 20.1 20.0 20.4 18.4

22.5 24.0 24.2 24.6 29.0 23.6

13.9 15.0 18.2 17.7 16.8 16.0

4.9 5.8 6.7 7.0 6.2 5.3

7.5 8.1 9.9 10.2 9.3 8.6

4.8 5.9 6.6 7.0 6.3 5.3

4.5 5.2 6.0 6.0 5.3 4.5

3.3 4.3 5.5 6.3 5.2 4.4

4.5 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.8 4.4

33.1 30.0 27.7 28.0 23.7

19.5 20.3 18.4 18.1 16.3

8.2 7.8 6.8 6.1 5.5

11.5 11.8 10.3 9.4 8.3

9.9 9.6 7.7 7.1 7.0

8.2 7.3 6.3 5.9 5.4

7.7 8.4 6.7 6.0 5.9

7.2 7.3 6.4 5.5 4.8

7.4 7.8 6.9 6.0 6.3

6.4 6.0 5.1 4.6 4.8

3.9 6.3

7.8 7.3 6.0 5.8 5.8

12.1 13.9 17.7 16.7 12.4 12.6 12.9 10.6 9.8 10.7

6.0 4.6 6.9 5.3 6.8 6.6

9.9 12.6 9.2 7.5 5.7

8.6 9.1 12.3 12.3 9.5 9.4 9.5 7.8 7.0 7.2

5.9 4.4 5.0 3.6 4.4

7.7 8.8 8.2 5.0 6.0

19.5 21.7 25.9 25.8 21.6 22.5 22.9 19.5 19.3 16.0

3.6 2.4 3.4 4.7 3.9

9.3 8.5 8.1 7.4 7.0

27.6 28.0 38.1 33.8 28.9

24.1 23.6 21.6 21.3 18.6

65 years and over

7.6 5.6 6.6

31.5 28.6 27.8 20.9 23.3

12.2 11.5 10.1 9.1 8.3

35 to 44 years

10.5 10.3 9.0

38.5 32.8 30.3 33.2 28.5

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................

20 years and over

17.9 18.4 19.0

36.4 36.1 31.7 29.6 34.0

23.4 23.5

Total

25 to 34 years

9.0 8.6 8.8

44.3 44.6 40.5 35.9 31.1

25.3 31.2 33.2 29.1 35.2 37.3

20 to 24 years

6.0 5.4 6.5 5.8 6.1

6.0 7.0 8.1 6.6 7.9

5.7 4.5 6.8 3.9 6.0 4.9

in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. be of any race. . . . = Not available. 2May

100 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-27. Unemployment Rates of Civilian Workers, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1948–2005 —Continued (Percent of labor force.) Race, Hispanic origin, sex, and year

HISPANIC2

Men 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

16 years and over

17.7 17.1

5.4 6.0

9.7 10.2 13.6 13.6 10.5

21.9 24.3 31.3 28.7 25.2

26.2 30.9 40.2 34.7 31.5

19.3 20.3 26.8 25.9 22.2

8.0 10.3 11.7 10.6 9.4

19.5 23.5 28.2 25.9 26.3

24.0 33.6 36.6 34.5 33.3

15.7 17.1 20.2 21.9 21.2 19.3

22.3 25.8 22.9 25.9 30.7 23.4

10.2 10.5 8.7 8.1 7.6

2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................ Women 1973 ............................................ 1974 ............................................

20 to 24 years

Total

20.9 22.0

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................

1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................

18 to 19 years

19.0 19.0

11.4 10.8 9.0 7.7 7.0

1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................

16 to 17 years

6.7 7.3

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................ 1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

Total

16 to 19 years

8.8 7.9 7.0 6.4 5.6 5.0 5.9 7.2 7.2 6.5 5.4 9.0 9.4

27.6 23.3 20.9 19.7 17.5

24.7 24.5 22.2 22.7 20.2

25.3 22.5 20.8 20.6 17.8

20.7 20.8

29.3 28.7 25.9 27.5 23.5

29.1 28.5 28.2 29.5 27.6

34.8 31.5 26.5 29.0 23.4

26.8 25.3

25 to 34 years

20 years and over 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

8.2 9.9

5.0 5.5

4.2 5.0

4.5 4.3

5.4 5.4

... ...

8.3 8.8 12.1 12.2 9.3

12.2 14.1 18.2 17.0 12.5

8.3 8.9 12.4 11.6 9.2

7.1 6.5 9.9 10.8 7.6

6.0 5.9 7.5 10.3 7.2

5.9 6.7 10.0 11.7 10.2

... ... ... ... ...

17.4 19.2 24.0 21.9 22.5

7.0 9.3 10.5 9.5 8.3

8.4 11.6 13.7 12.6 10.8

6.9 9.3 10.1 9.0 8.4

6.5 8.5 9.8 8.8 6.6

6.8 7.9 8.9 8.8 8.1

6.5 8.1 10.2 8.5 7.4

... ... ... ... 10.5

12.8 13.4 19.1 20.1 17.6 17.5

4.2 5.2 6.4 6.4 5.8 4.7

6.6 8.1 9.3 9.6 9.4 8.2

3.7 4.6 6.1 6.3 5.5 4.3

3.8 4.5 5.4 5.3 4.5 3.9

3.1 3.8 5.5 6.0 4.7 4.0

4.1 6.3 6.2 6.0 5.7 4.0

6.2 4.8 6.3 3.6 6.9 4.8

26.5 19.7 18.2 13.9 13.8

22.4 22.4 19.3 19.5 16.8

20.2 18.4 17.9 16.4 15.3

16.7 17.4

9.6 9.4 7.7 6.4 5.8

9.1 9.5 7.8 7.0 6.6

7.7 6.9 6.1 5.4 4.7

7.3 7.7

16.3 16.0 11.7 9.4 9.2

12.9 13.0 10.2 9.2 9.7

10.6 10.3 9.8 8.9 7.8

9.0 9.7

9.6 8.1 7.9 6.6 5.3

9.6 9.5 7.6 7.0 5.9

7.5 6.6 5.1 5.2 4.1

6.9 7.7

7.9 7.0 4.9 4.8 5.1

7.2 8.5 6.9 5.9 5.7

6.7 6.3 5.4 4.5 3.8

8.3 7.5

7.0 7.4 5.4 4.8 4.4

6.8 7.0 7.1 6.1 6.0

5.9 5.1 4.8 4.2 4.5

5.1 5.3

6.8 8.7 7.4 4.4 5.0

7.0 8.0 6.7 6.7 6.6

7.9 6.7 6.8 5.3 4.6

5.6 7.5

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

12.9 8.3 7.2 5.0 5.0

... ...

1975 ............................................ 1976 ............................................ 1977 ............................................ 1978 ............................................ 1979 ............................................

13.5 12.7 11.9 11.3 10.3

27.9 22.2 24.4 21.8 21.2

31.0 30.3 28.5 29.9 30.0

26.4 18.7 21.9 16.6 15.8

11.5 11.4 10.1 9.8 8.9

17.2 15.8 12.1 13.0 12.1

10.5 10.8 9.8 10.3 8.9

9.9 10.0 8.2 9.2 7.7

10.0 9.8 10.6 7.4 7.1

9.3 9.0 11.0 7.2 7.9

... ... ... ... ...

1985 ............................................ 1986 ............................................ 1987 ............................................ 1988 ............................................ 1989 ............................................

11.0 10.8 8.9 8.3 8.8

23.8 25.1 22.4 21.0 18.2

26.2 27.6 27.1 24.5 24.7

22.6 23.6 19.9 18.9 14.9

9.9 9.6 7.7 7.1 8.0

12.1 12.9 11.4 10.7 12.2

10.6 9.8 7.8 7.2 8.6

8.5 8.2 6.5 6.2 6.3

8.1 8.9 6.7 5.9 6.7

9.2 6.2 5.0 4.6 4.5

... ... ... ... ...

1980 ............................................ 1981 ............................................ 1982 ............................................ 1983 ............................................ 1984 ............................................

1990 ............................................ 1991 ............................................ 1992 ............................................ 1993 ............................................ 1994 ............................................ 1995 ............................................ 1996 ............................................ 1997 ............................................ 1998 ............................................ 1999 ............................................ 2000 ............................................ 2001 ............................................ 2002 ............................................ 2003 ............................................ 2004 ............................................ 2005 ............................................

2May be of any race. . . . = Not available.

10.7 10.8 14.1 13.8 11.1

8.4 9.6 11.4 11.0 10.7 10.0 10.2 8.9 8.2 7.6 6.8 7.5 8.0 8.4 7.6 6.9

23.4 23.4 28.2 28.0 22.8

19.4 21.9 26.4 26.3 22.2 22.6 25.1 22.7 22.1 19.8 18.0 18.5 19.9 17.7 19.3 17.2

29.7 23.5 35.1 32.5 26.1

25.4 29.6 34.5 36.0 29.7 30.7 28.2 29.2 26.4 24.0 22.7 21.6 25.8 23.2 27.0 23.8

19.8 23.4 25.0 25.7 21.0

9.2 9.5 12.5 12.4 9.9

16.2 17.9 22.4 21.7 18.1

7.5 8.6 10.2 9.9 9.8

15.6 17.1 17.0 14.4 15.5 14.0

5.9 6.6 7.2 7.8 7.0 6.3

18.7 23.3 19.1 20.2 17.7

8.9 9.2 7.9 7.1 6.6

12.0 13.5 16.8 16.2 12.2

10.4 11.7 12.4 14.0 13.5 13.0 14.1 11.0 10.1 9.1 9.0 8.2 10.8 11.3 9.1 9.2

10.6 8.7 12.2 12.5 10.3

8.0 9.1 11.0 9.9 10.1 9.5 8.5 8.2 7.2 7.3 6.4 7.8 7.4 8.2 7.6 7.1

8.6 8.9 11.9 12.2 9.1

6.7 7.6 9.7 9.5 9.2 7.9 8.7 7.7 6.9 6.3 5.4 6.2 6.7 7.1 6.4 5.5

5.3 7.2 9.9 9.7 7.9

6.0 8.1 8.5 8.3 8.0 7.0 7.2 5.5 5.1 5.1 3.6 4.8 5.5 6.8 5.8 4.8

5.8 8.4 10.4 9.6 8.8

4.3 4.1 6.2 7.2 7.1 6.8 8.1 6.1 5.4 4.3 5.0 4.8 5.0 5.3 5.8 5.0

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... 3.6 6.4 8.0 6.0 8.8 4.8 4.8 4.0 7.5 4.4 4.6 5.1

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 101 Table 1-28. Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates, by Selected Occupation, 2000–2005 (Thousands of people, percent of civilian labor force.) Occupation

Total Unemployed Persons, 16 Years and Over1 ............................. Management, professional, and related ............................................... Management, business, and financial operations ............................. Professional and related ................................................................... Services ................................................................................................ Sales and office .................................................................................... Sales and related .............................................................................. Office and administrative support ..................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .............................. Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................................................... Construction and extraction .............................................................. Installation, maitenance, and repair .................................................. Production, transportation, and material moving .................................. Production ......................................................................................... Transportation and material moving .................................................

Total Unemployment Rate, 16 Years and Over1 ............................... Management, professional, and related ............................................... Management, business, and financial operations ............................. Professional and related ................................................................... Services ................................................................................................ Sales and office .................................................................................... Sales and related .............................................................................. Office and administrative support ..................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .............................. Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................................................... Construction and extraction .............................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving .................................. Production ......................................................................................... Transportation and material moving ................................................. 1Includes

2000

2001 5 692 827 320 507 1 132 1 446 673 773 758 133 507 119 1 081 575 505 4.0 1.8 1.6 1.9 5.2 3.8 4.1 3.6 5.3 10.2 6.2 2.4 5.1 4.8 5.6

persons with no work experience and those whose last job was in the armed forces.

2002 6 801 1 102 455 647 1 311 1 652 779 873 943 163 626 154 1 318 759 559 4.7 2.3 2.2 2.3 5.8 4.4 4.7 4.2 6.4 13.4 7.3 3.2 6.4 6.6 6.2

2003 8 378 1 482 622 859 1 544 2 110 998 1 112 1 155 142 788 225 1 530 848 682 5.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 6.6 5.6 5.9 5.4 7.8 12.0 9.1 4.6 7.6 7.8 7.4

2004 8 774 1 556 627 929 1 681 2 070 995 1 076 1 244 136 814 295 1 555 807 748 6.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 7.1 5.5 5.9 5.2 8.1 11.4 9.1 5.5 7.9 7.7 8.2

2005 8 149 1 346 544 801 1 617 1 937 912 1 025 1 140 132 786 222 1 393 714 679 5.5 2.7 2.6 2.8 6.6 5.2 5.4 5.0 7.3 11.8 8.4 4.2 7.2 7.0 7.4

7 591 1 172 464 708 1 587 1 820 874 946 1 069 103 751 214 1 245 677 568 5.1 2.3 2.2 2.4 6.4 4.8 5.0 4.6 6.5 9.6 7.6 3.9 6.5 6.7 6.2

102 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-29. Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates, by Class of Worker and Industry, 2000–2005 (Thousands of people, percent.)

Class of worker and industry

Total Unemployed Persons, 16 Years and Over .......................... Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers ............................. Mining ........................................................................................... Construction ................................................................................. Manufacturing ............................................................................... Durable goods .......................................................................... Nondurable goods .................................................................... Wholesale trade and retail trade ................................................... Transportation and utilities ........................................................... Information .................................................................................... Financial activities ........................................................................ Professional and business services ............................................. Education and health services ...................................................... Leisure and hospitality .................................................................. Other services .............................................................................. Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers ................. Government workers ........................................................................ Self-employed and unpaid family workers ........................................

Total Unemployment Rate, 16 Years and Over1 .......................... Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers ............................. Mining ........................................................................................... Construction ................................................................................. Manufacturing ............................................................................... Durable goods .......................................................................... Nondurable goods .................................................................... Wholesale trade and retail trade ................................................... Transportation and utilities ........................................................... Information .................................................................................... Financial activities ........................................................................ Professional and business services ............................................. Education and health services ...................................................... Leisure and hospitality .................................................................. Other services .............................................................................. Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers ................. Government workers ........................................................................ Self-employed and unpaid family workers ........................................ Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

2000

2001 5 692 4 483 21 513 691 400 290 837 193 124 208 573 383 720 219 134 422 219

4.0 4.1 4.4 6.2 3.5 3.2 4.0 4.3 3.4 3.2 2.4 4.8 2.5 6.6 3.9 9.0 2.1 2.1

1Includes persons with no work experience and persons whose last job was in the armed forces.

2002 6 801 5 540 23 609 992 630 362 945 236 190 252 768 463 833 229 153 430 218

4.7 5.0 4.2 7.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 4.9 4.3 4.9 2.9 6.1 2.8 7.5 4.0 11.2 2.2 2.1

2003 8 378 6 926 33 800 1 205 789 416 1 202 274 253 320 1 009 570 961 301 139 512 265

5.8 6.2 6.3 9.2 6.7 6.9 6.2 6.1 4.9 6.9 3.5 7.9 3.4 8.4 5.1 10.1 2.5 2.6

2004 8 774 7 131 37 810 1 166 762 404 1 237 283 246 319 1 042 640 1 006 347 140 568 294

6.0 6.3 6.7 9.3 6.6 6.9 6.1 6.0 5.3 6.8 3.5 8.2 3.6 8.7 5.7 10.2 2.8 2.7

2005 8 149 6 484 21 769 966 590 375 1 197 236 189 332 861 617 972 324 129 548 303

5.5 5.7 3.9 8.4 5.7 5.5 5.9 5.8 4.4 5.7 3.6 6.8 3.4 8.3 5.3 9.9 2.7 2.8

7 591 5 989 20 712 812 485 326 1 137 232 163 272 792 627 921 301 104 534 298

5.1 5.2 3.1 7.4 4.9 4.6 5.3 5.4 4.1 5.0 2.9 6.2 3.4 7.8 4.8 8.3 2.6 2.7

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 103 Table 1-30. Unemployed Persons, by Duration of Unemployment, 1948–2005 (Thousands of people, number of weeks.) Year

Total unemployed

Duration of unemployment Less than 5 weeks

5 to 14 weeks

15 weeks and over

Total

15 to 26 weeks

27 weeks and over

Average duration, in weeks

Median duration, in weeks

1948 ............................................................................ 1949 ............................................................................

2 276 3 637

1 300 1 756

669 1 194

309 684

193 428

116 256

8.6 10.0

... ...

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

2 852 2 750 2 859 4 602 3 740

1 335 1 412 1 408 1 753 1 585

815 805 891 1 396 1 114

702 533 560 1 452 1 040

366 301 321 785 469

336 232 239 667 571

13.0 11.3 10.5 13.9 14.4

... ... ... ... ...

983 779 893 810 827

755 526 448 412 375

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

3 288 2 055 1 883 1 834 3 532

3 852 4 714 3 911 4 070 3 786 3 366 2 875 2 975 2 817 2 832 4 093 5 016 4 882 4 365 5 156 7 929 7 406 6 991 6 202 6 137

1 450 1 177 1 135 1 142 1 605

1 719 1 806 1 663 1 751 1 697 1 628 1 573 1 634 1 594 1 629

1 055 574 516 482 1 116

1 176 1 376 1 134 1 231 1 117

782 303 232 210 812

957 1 532 1 119 1 088 973

2 139 2 245 2 242 2 224 2 604

1 290 1 585 1 472 1 314 1 597

663 1 187 1 167 826 955

2 940 2 844 2 919 2 865 2 950

2 484 2 196 2 132 1 923 1 946

2 505 2 366 1 942 1 414 1 241

425 166 148 132 495

503 728 534 535 491 404 287 271 256 242 428 668 601 483 574

1 303 1 018 913 766 706

357 137 84 78 317

454 804 585 553 482 351 239 177 156 133 235 519 566 343 381

1 203 1 348 1 028 648 535

12.1 9.7 8.4 8.0 11.8

12.8 15.6 14.7 14.0 13.3

11.8 10.4 8.7 8.4 7.8 8.6 11.3 12.0 10.0 9.8 14.2 15.8 14.3 11.9 10.8

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... 2.3 4.5 4.4

4.9 6.3 6.2 5.2 5.2 8.4 8.2 7.0 5.9 5.4

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

7 637 8 273 10 678 10 717 8 539

3 295 3 449 3 883 3 570 3 350

2 470 2 539 3 311 2 937 2 451

1 871 2 285 3 485 4 210 2 737

1 052 1 122 1 708 1 652 1 104

820 1 162 1 776 2 559 1 634

11.9 13.7 15.6 20.0 18.2

6.5 6.9 8.7 10.1 7.9

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

7 047 8 628 9 613 8 940 7 996

3 265 3 480 3 376 3 262 2 728

2 257 2 791 2 830 2 584 2 408

1 525 2 357 3 408 3 094 2 860

822 1 246 1 453 1 297 1 237

703 1 111 1 954 1 798 1 623

12.0 13.7 17.7 18.0 18.8

5.3 6.8 8.7 8.3 9.2

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................

. . . = Not available.

8 312 8 237 7 425 6 701 6 528

7 404 7 236 6 739 6 210 5 880 5 692 6 801 8 378 8 774 8 149 7 591

3 498 3 448 3 246 3 084 3 174

2 700 2 633 2 538 2 622 2 568 2 558 2 853 2 893 2 785 2 696 2 667

2 509 2 557 2 196 2 007 1 978

2 342 2 287 2 138 1 950 1 832 1 815 2 196 2 580 2 612 2 382 2 304

2 305 2 232 1 983 1 610 1 375

2 363 2 316 2 062 1 637 1 480 1 318 1 752 2 904 3 378 3 072 2 619

1 025 1 045 943 801 730

1 085 1 053 995 763 755 669 951 1 369 1 442 1 293 1 130

1 280 1 187 1 040 809 646

1 278 1 262 1 067 875 725 649 801 1 535 1 936 1 779 1 490

15.6 15.0 14.5 13.5 11.9

16.6 16.7 15.8 14.5 13.4 12.6 13.1 16.6 19.2 19.6 18.4

6.8 6.9 6.5 5.9 4.8

8.3 8.3 8.0 6.7 6.4

5.9 6.8 9.1 10.1 9.8 8.9

104 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-31. Long-Term Unemployment, by Industry and Selected Occupation, 2000–2005 (Thousands of people.)

Length of unemployment, industry, and occupation

UNEMPLOYED 15 WEEKS AND OVER

Total .............................................................................................................. Wage and Salary Workers, by Industry Agriculture and related .................................................................................. Mining ............................................................................................................ Construction .................................................................................................. Manufacturing ................................................................................................ Durable goods ........................................................................................... Nondurable goods ..................................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ............................................................................. Transportation and utilities ............................................................................ Information .................................................................................................... Financial activities ......................................................................................... Professional and business services .............................................................. Education and health services ...................................................................... Leisure and hospitality ................................................................................... Other services ............................................................................................... Public administration ..................................................................................... Experienced Workers, by Occupation Management, professional, and related ........................................................ Services ......................................................................................................... Sales and office ............................................................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ....................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ........................................... UNEMPLOYED 27 WEEKS AND OVER

Total .............................................................................................................. Wage and Salary Workers, by Industry Agriculture and related .................................................................................. Mining ............................................................................................................ Construction .................................................................................................. Manufacturing ................................................................................................ Durable goods ........................................................................................... Nondurable goods ..................................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ............................................................................. Transportation and utilities ............................................................................ Information .................................................................................................... Financial activities ......................................................................................... Professional and business services .............................................................. Education and health services ...................................................................... Leisure and hospitality ................................................................................... Other services ............................................................................................... Public administration ..................................................................................... Experienced Workers, by Occupation Management, professional, and related ........................................................ Services ......................................................................................................... Sales and office ............................................................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ....................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ...........................................

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

1 318

1 752

2 904

3 378

3 072

2 619

32 7 107 184 99 86 186 57 33 58 143 124 146 54 41

44 7 130 303 183 120 241 71 52 75 217 149 196 58 36

39 11 236 528 348 180 423 124 119 131 377 232 279 95 51

44 17 262 575 389 186 472 132 128 144 440 300 328 132 59

38 8 248 467 293 174 455 114 87 139 345 304 321 126 72

29 8 216 326 199 127 415 91 76 91 299 271 277 117 62

213 246 331 161 273

313 323 419 212 360

603 447 759 346 575

692 564 810 424 654

571 565 750 386 561

436 511 641 341 461

649

801

1 535

1 936

1 779

1 490

13 4 44 100 50 50 80 27 18 32 67 63 69 26 23

16 3 60 132 75 57 114 33 21 34 90 71 90 31 18

18 5 111 291 191 100 226 67 62 131 377 232 279 95 51

21 10 132 366 255 111 261 74 80 88 262 167 166 71 33

18 6 133 302 196 106 261 63 58 79 193 168 169 76 44

16 4 108 195 124 71 230 50 41 56 172 156 148 74 38

101 128 151 74 140

135 156 185 96 162

340 225 397 164 313

429 295 459 229 388

356 307 419 221 336

269 284 354 186 261

Note: Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 105 Table 1-32. Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates, by Reason for Unemployment, Sex, and Age, 1970–2005 (Thousands of people, percent.) Sex, age, and year Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over 1970 ...................................................... 1971 ...................................................... 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................

New entrants

1.5 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.6

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

7 637 8 273 10 678 10 717 8 539

3 947 4 267 6 268 6 258 4 421

891 923 840 830 823

1 927 2 102 2 384 2 412 2 184

872 981 1 185 1 216 1 110

3.7 3.9 5.7 5.6 3.9

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7

1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 1.9

0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.0

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

7 047 8 628 9 613 8 940 7 996

1 930 2 139 2 285 2 198 2 786

688 792 937 919 604

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Entrants

Reentrants

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Job leavers

2.2 2.8 2.4 1.9 2.4

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

Job losers

504 630 677 649 681

Both Sexes, 16 to 19 Years 1970 ...................................................... 1971 ...................................................... 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

New entrants

1 228 1 472 1 456 1 340 1 463

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Reentrants

550 590 641 683 768

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Job leavers

1 811 2 323 2 108 1 694 2 242

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

Job losers

Unemployed as a percent of the total civilian labor force

Entrants

4 093 5 016 4 882 4 365 5 156

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

Total

Number of unemployed

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

7 929 7 406 6 991 6 202 6 137

8 312 8 237 7 425 6 701 6 528

7 404 7 236 6 739 6 210 5 880 5 692 6 801 8 378 8 774 8 149 7 591 1 106 1 262 1 308 1 235 1 422 1 767 1 719 1 663 1 583 1 555 1 669 1 763 1 977 1 829 1 499 1 468 1 454 1 347 1 226 1 194 1 212 1 359 1 427 1 365 1 320 1 346 1 306 1 271 1 205 1 162 1 081 1 162 1 253 1 251 1 208 1 186

4 386 3 679 3 166 2 585 2 635

827 903 909 874 880

4 139 4 033 3 566 3 092 2 983

877 1 015 965 983 1 024

3 476 3 370 3 037 2 822 2 622

824 774 795 734 783

3 387 4 694 5 389 4 848 3 815

2 517 3 476 4 607 4 838 4 197 3 667

1 041 1 004 1 002 976 791

780 835 866 818 858 872

200 233 248 212 280

126 117 129 146 173

388 385 460 370 271

156 162 134 110 114

450 387 318 300 319

275 240 210 207 198 233 289 259 233 185 214 182 174 181 173 157 185 197 188 165 155

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

155 153 156 167 184

113 145 146 159 200 181 180 149 151 84 102 91 104 86 114 109 98 91 85 76 76

1 892 1 928 1 963 1 857 1 806

2 256 2 160 1 974 1 809 1 843

2 525 2 512 2 338 2 132 2 005 1 961 2 031 2 368 2 477 2 408 2 386

823 895 953 885 817

1 039 1 029 920 816 677

579 580 569 520 469 434 459 536 641 686 666

4.7 3.8 3.2 2.5 2.5

3.6 3.4 3.0 2.5 2.4 2.7 3.7 4.2 3.8 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.4 3.2 3.3 2.8 2.5

0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8

0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.7

2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.7 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6

0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8

0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4

378 410 395 364 436

401 501 536 513 533

2.8 3.1 3.1 2.4 3.1

1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.0

5.2 5.5 4.9 4.3 4.9

5.5 6.7 6.6 6.0 6.0

481 487 509 482 370

643 728 874 867 745

4.1 4.3 5.4 4.6 3.4

1.7 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.4

5.1 5.4 6.0 5.9 4.7

6.9 8.1 10.2 10.6 9.4

4.3 5.0 5.3 4.9 8.5

5.9 7.2 9.1 8.8 5.6

529 496 477 455 452

390 374 375 310 345 338 365 377 353 634 615 625 606 577 547 516 568 597 554 510 489

634 683 711 660 599

689 695 617 550 452 460 524 643 628 416 415 409 388 361 328 299 311 368 424 456 466

5.1 4.3 3.4 3.1 3.3

3.5 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.5

3.0 4.0 3.6 3.3 2.5 2.8 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.9 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.2

1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.9

1.4 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.5

2.3 2.5 2.1 2.1 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1

6.0 5.5 5.1 4.7 4.7

4.9 4.7 4.7 3.9 4.3

7.9 8.0 7.6 7.0 6.6 6.2 7.2 7.9 7.7 7.2 6.8

7.1 7.5 7.6 6.8 6.2

8.7 8.8 7.7 6.8 5.7

5.3 5.2 4.9 4.4 3.9 3.6 3.9 4.9 5.9 6.4 6.5

106 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-32. Unemployed Persons and Unemployment Rates, by Reason for Unemployment, Sex, and Age, 1970–2005—Continued (Thousands of people, percent.) Sex, age, and year

Total

Job losers

Number of unemployed Job leavers

Reentrants

Men, 20 Years and Over 1970 ...................................................... 1971 ...................................................... 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ......................................................

1 638 2 097 1 948 1 624 1 957

1 066 1 391 1 219 959 1 276

209 239 248 258 276

318 411 420 350 356

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

3 353 3 615 5 089 5 257 3 932

2 389 2 565 3 965 4 088 2 800

359 356 327 336 324

516 592 678 695 663

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

Women, 20 Years and Over 1970 ...................................................... 1971 ...................................................... 1972 ...................................................... 1973 ...................................................... 1974 ...................................................... 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

3 476 3 098 2 794 2 328 2 308

3 715 3 751 3 369 2 987 2 867 3 239 4 195 4 717 4 287 3 627 3 239 3 146 2 882 2 580 2 433 2 376 3 040 3 896 4 209 3 791 4 059 1 349 1 658 1 625 1 507 1 777

2 598 2 167 1 816 1 433 1 464

2 568 2 568 2 289 1 939 1 843 2 100 2 982 3 420 2 996 2 296 2 051 2 043 1 795 1 588 1 459 1 416 1 999 2 702 2 899 2 503 2 188

298 323 335 337 325

352 444 413 416 394 431 411 421 429 367 356 322 358 318 336

375 427 419 371 370

858 912 945 930 908

1 170 1 317 1 844 1 801 1 350

0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

82 105 111 114 65 57 51 55 63 46

55 56 65 88 99 359

4.3 4.1 3.7 3.1 2.9 3.2 4.6 5.2 4.5 3.4 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.7 3.7 3.9 3.3 2.7

0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0

0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

376 404 379 384 386

930 1 023 1 197 1 235 1 151

139 151 192 212 220

2.8 3.1 4.2 4.0 2.9

0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8

2.3 2.4 2.7 2.8 2.5

0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5

429 413 433 395 339

966 1 075 1 142 1 098 1 253

366 361 333 330 333

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5

1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8

0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3

1 211 1 145 1 069 1 053 990 943 1 291 1 708 1 751 1 529 1 417

4.2 4.5 6.8 6.9 4.7

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

1.9 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.1

412 426 406 408 430

2 235 2 599 3 228 3 314 3 150 3 013

90 102 119 138 146

5.0 4.1 3.4 2.6 2.6

0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0

1 296 1 225 1 067 946 942

2 819 2 783 2 585 2 424 2 285

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

1.9 2.5 2.2 1.6 2.1

3 129 3 032 2 709 2 487 2 467

1 054 1 423 1 710 1 619 1 334

0.7 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7

58 72 80 80 100

1 339 1 124 1 031 852 851

2 596 3 074 3 469 3 288 3 049

New entrants

531 651 641 625 673

2 684 2 588 2 535 2 292 2 276 2 615 2 895 3 613 3 632 3 107

Entrants

Reentrants

0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

124 128 108 98 88

775 731 675 611 592

Job leavers

2.2 2.9 2.5 1.9 2.5

671 611 558 534 541 626 698 765 747 898

Job losers

44 57 60 56 48

76 86 103 86 73

577 612 743 846 791 1 067

214 235 264 280 319

New entrants

506 521 540 471 446

328 372 386 376 398 445

546 700 641 522 685

Unemployed as a percent of the total civilian labor force

Entrants

343 365 389 357 384 391

114 126 140 138 145

4.0 3.2 2.8 2.2 2.1

1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9

2.6 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.3

0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

1 195 1 175 1 041 965 958

227 206 194 168 137

2.7 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.8

0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8

2.5 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.8

0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3

1 135 1 156 1 057 944 866

107 120 126 97 96

2.1 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.6

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5

2.0 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

868 850 1 028 1 076 1 107 1 103

146 163 183 176 122

80 92 102 130 131 101

2.0 2.6 3.1 2.9 2.4

1.5 2.0 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.2

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

1.8 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.2

1.4 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 107 Table 1-33. Percent of the Population with Work Experience During the Year, by Age and Sex, 1987–2005 (Percent.)

Sex and year

Total

16 to 17 years

18 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 59 years

60 to 64 years

65 to 69 years

70 years and over

Both Sexes 1987 ...................................................... 1988 ...................................................... 1989 ......................................................

69.7 70.2 70.5

51.8 50.6 51.9

76.6 75.5 75.4

85.5 85.7 84.9

85.7 86.0 86.6

86.1 86.8 86.9

81.6 82.2 82.8

69.4 70.5 70.4

51.3 52.2 52.5

26.2 27.9 28.4

10.2 10.3 10.0

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

69.6 69.9 70.1 70.1 70.7

44.4 43.3 43.6 42.1 43.7

71.2 70.5 70.5 69.9 71.2

82.0 83.1 83.0 82.9 82.7

85.6 86.1 87.1 86.7 87.3

85.9 85.7 85.9 86.3 86.9

83.4 84.3 84.4 84.2 85.0

72.2 73.3 73.8 73.7 72.3

53.3 54.3 53.8 54.5 55.8

28.0 27.8 28.5 29.2 30.5

10.2 10.4 10.0 10.6 11.6

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

Men 1987 ...................................................... 1988 ...................................................... 1989 ...................................................... 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

Women 1987 ...................................................... 1988 ...................................................... 1989 ...................................................... 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

70.2 69.5 69.1 69.2 69.6

70.5 69.4 68.5 67.8 67.7 67.8

48.6 43.4 43.8 42.1 44.1

42.2 37.7 34.5 32.0 32.6 31.1

74.2 70.8 69.9 70.4 71.5

69.6 66.7 62.8 61.7 59.8 60.1

84.1 83.4 82.7 82.0 82.5

82.6 80.8 78.5 77.5 76.9 77.3

86.2 85.9 85.2 85.0 85.5

87.1 86.1 84.4 83.7 83.3 83.7

87.0 86.6 85.9 85.3 85.6

87.0 85.8 85.0 84.0 84.2 84.1

82.8 83.0 82.8 82.8 83.8

84.6 83.7 83.7 82.9 82.6 82.8

70.9 70.3 70.8 71.6 72.2

72.9 73.5 74.7 73.9 73.9 74.4

53.4 52.9 53.5 51.6 52.8

55.1 56.7 56.8 56.5 57.0 58.2

28.3 27.2 25.5 27.5 27.5

30.8 30.6 33.1 33.2 32.7 32.0

10.2 9.8 9.8 10.7 10.0

11.4 10.5 10.4 11.4 12.2 12.1

78.9 79.1 79.4

52.4 51.8 53.2

77.4 78.9 77.7

90.4 90.7 89.9

94.3 94.3 94.7

94.1 94.6 94.7

91.9 91.6 91.9

83.3 82.1 82.0

63.2 63.1 64.2

34.2 35.6 35.4

15.4 15.6 15.1

77.0 77.2 77.1 76.9 77.3

43.7 44.1 43.4 40.4 44.7

73.6 71.8 70.3 71.6 72.3

86.4 86.7 86.6 86.4 85.5

92.6 93.4 94.1 93.5 93.9

92.2 92.1 92.3 92.7 93.2

89.7 90.4 90.7 90.1 89.9

81.5 81.8 81.4 81.7 79.2

62.1 62.5 62.9 63.5 65.1

34.5 33.6 33.8 35.5 37.4

14.9 15.2 13.9 14.7 16.5

78.9 77.9 77.4 76.8 77.2

77.1 76.3 75.2 74.3 74.2 74.6

50.3 45.4 46.6 43.9 44.4

42.1 37.4 34.7 32.8 32.1 31.1

76.7 72.2 73.7 71.4 74.7

70.2 67.7 62.8 61.7 58.9 60.7

88.7 87.9 87.1 86.6 87.2

85.1 84.8 82.1 80.2 80.2 80.8

94.4 93.5 93.3 92.5 92.9

93.4 93.2 91.6 90.8 91.0 91.3

94.7 93.6 92.8 92.0 92.0

93.6 92.2 91.8 90.9 91.1 91.6

91.3 91.3 89.9 89.3 90.0

89.8 89.1 88.9 87.7 87.9 88.2

82.0 81.5 80.9 79.8 81.3

80.6 80.4 80.7 80.9 80.1 80.1

65.8 63.6 63.2 59.1 61.4

64.4 64.3 64.3 63.1 64.5 64.3

35.8 35.0 32.4 34.3 33.9

38.4 37.8 39.3 37.3 37.1 37.6

14.0 14.4 14.3 15.3 14.8

16.0 14.5 14.6 15.8 16.7 17.0

61.3 62.1 62.3

51.1 49.3 50.6

75.8 72.2 73.1

81.0 81.0 80.2

77.3 78.1 78.6

78.5 79.4 79.3

71.9 73.5 74.2

56.7 60.0 59.9

41.0 42.5 42.4

19.6 21.4 22.5

6.8 6.8 6.7

62.8 63.2 63.6 63.7 64.5

45.2 42.5 43.9 44.1 42.6

68.7 69.2 70.7 68.2 70.1

77.7 79.5 79.5 79.4 79.9

78.8 78.9 80.1 80.1 80.9

79.8 79.5 79.6 80.0 80.7

77.6 78.4 78.4 78.6 80.3

63.2 65.4 66.7 66.3 66.2

45.6 46.9 45.6 46.2 47.3

22.4 23.0 24.0 23.8 24.4

7.1 7.1 7.3 7.8 8.2

62.2 61.8 61.5 62.1 62.5

64.3 63.1 62.3 61.7 61.5 61.4

46.8 41.4 40.9 40.3 43.7

42.3 38.1 34.3 31.2 33.1 31.2

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

71.7 69.4 66.1 69.4 68.4

69.0 65.7 62.8 61.6 60.7 59.6

79.6 79.0 78.4 77.5 77.8

80.2 76.9 74.9 74.6 73.7 73.7

78.0 78.3 77.2 77.6 78.1

80.9 79.2 77.2 76.6 75.6 76.1

79.6 79.9 79.1 78.7 79.4

80.5 79.5 78.4 77.2 77.4 76.8

74.9 75.3 76.1 76.5 78.0

79.5 78.6 78.7 78.4 77.5 77.6

60.4 59.9 61.5 63.9 63.9

65.7 67.1 69.1 67.3 68.2 68.9

42.5 43.6 44.4 44.7 45.0

47.0 49.8 50.0 50.7 50.3 52.7

22.1 20.6 20.0 22.1 22.2

23.9 24.2 27.8 29.6 28.7 27.1

7.7 6.7 6.7 7.7 6.8

8.2 7.9 7.4 8.3 9.0 8.7

108 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-34. Persons with Work Experience During the Year, by Industry and Class of Worker of Job Held the Longest, 2002–2005 (Thousands of people.)

Industry and class of worker

2002

2003

2004

2005

TOTAL ..................................................................................................

151 546

151 553

153 024

155 127

Nonagricultural Industries ................................................................. Wage and salary workers ..................................................................... Mining ............................................................................................... Construction ...................................................................................... Manufacturing ................................................................................... Durable goods .............................................................................. Nondurable goods ........................................................................ Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................ Wholesale trade ............................................................................ Retail trade ................................................................................... Transportation and utilities ................................................................ Transportation and warehousing .................................................. Utilities .......................................................................................... Information ........................................................................................ Financial activities ............................................................................. Finance and insurance ................................................................. Real estate and rental and leasing ............................................... Professional and business services .................................................. Professional, scientific, and technical services ............................. Management, administration, and waste management services .. Education and health services .......................................................... Education services ........................................................................ Health care and social assistance services .................................. Leisure and hospitality ...................................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation .............................................. Accommodation and food services ............................................... Other services and private household .............................................. Private households ....................................................................... Public administration ......................................................................... Self-employed workers ..................................................................... Unpaid family workers ......................................................................

149 055 139 909 594 9 488 17 660 11 013 6 647 21 615 4 402 17 213 7 039 5 745 1 294 3 989 9 591 6 986 2 605 13 883 7 989 5 894 29 343 12 765 16 578 13 260 2 852 10 408 6 416 873 6 290 9 023 124

149 032 139 747 576 9 423 17 349 10 622 6 727 21 650 4 691 16 959 6 934 5 736 1 198 3 755 9 822 7 135 2 687 13 485 7 855 5 629 29 571 13 026 16 544 13 110 2 789 10 321 6 529 897 6 734 9 169 116

150 532 140 885 630 10 076 17 196 10 814 6 382 22 091 4 470 17 621 7 040 5 827 1 213 3 359 9 956 7 192 2 764 13 277 7 793 5 484 29 814 13 169 16 645 13 345 2 888 10 457 6 473 907 6 897 9 520 128

152 783 143 002 696 10 423 17 243 10 930 6 313 22 479 4 517 17 962 7 248 6 095 1 153 3 495 9 748 7 011 2 737 13 537 7 768 5 769 30 552 13 282 17 270 13 405 2 877 10 528 6 490 866 6 917 9 658 123

Agriculture ........................................................................................... Wage and salary workers ..................................................................... Self-employed workers ......................................................................... Unpaid family workers ..........................................................................

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

2 490 1 583 875 33

2 521 1 605 894 22

2 492 1 549 918 25

2 344 1 501 829 14

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 109

Table 1-35. Number of Persons with Work Experience During the Year, by Extent of Employment and Sex, 1987–2005 (Thousands of people.) Sex and year

Total

Total

Full-time workers

50 to 52 weeks

27 to 49 weeks

1 to 26 weeks

Total

Part-time workers

50 to 52 weeks

27 to 49 weeks

1 to 26 weeks

Both Sexes 1987 .............................................. 1988 .............................................. 1989 ..............................................

128 315 130 451 132 817

100 288 102 131 104 876

77 015 79 627 81 117

13 361 12 875 14 271

9 912 9 629 9 488

28 027 28 320 27 941

10 973 11 384 11 275

6 594 6 624 6 987

10 460 10 312 9 679

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

139 724 142 201 143 968 145 566 148 295

110 063 112 313 113 879 116 412 119 096

88 173 90 252 92 631 95 772 97 941

12 970 12 997 12 508 12 156 12 294

8 920 9 064 8 740 8 484 8 861

29 661 29 888 30 089 29 155 29 199

12 725 13 382 13 810 13 538 13 680

6 831 6 643 6 565 6 480 6 317

10 105 9 863 9 714 9 137 9 202

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

Men 1987 .............................................. 1988 .............................................. 1989 .............................................. 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

Women 1987 .............................................. 1988 .............................................. 1989 .............................................. 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

133 535 133 410 133 912 136 354 138 468

149 361 151 042 151 546 151 553 153 024 155 127

105 323 104 472 104 813 106 299 108 141

80 932 80 385 81 523 83 384 85 764

14 758 14 491 13 587 13 054 13 051

120 591 121 921 121 726 121 158 122 404 124 683

100 349 100 357 100 659 100 700 102 427 104 876

69 144 70 021 71 640

59 736 60 504 62 108

47 040 48 299 49 693

7 503 7 329 7 642

5 193 4 876 4 773

74 381 75 760 76 408 76 918 78 145

64 145 65 356 66 089 67 250 68 347

52 671 53 795 54 918 56 953 57 520

6 973 6 891 6 638 6 208 6 401

4 501 4 670 4 533 4 089 4 426

71 953 71 700 72 007 72 872 73 958

78 804 79 971 80 282 80 317 81 261 82 735

62 319 61 636 61 722 62 513 63 634

68 925 70 074 70 132 69 766 70 780 72 056

49 175 47 895 48 300 49 832 51 582

58 756 58 715 58 765 58 778 60 096 61 510

12 071 13 172 12 544 11 972 11 862 11 816

9 633 9 596 9 703 9 861 9 326

8 188 8 324 7 965 7 317 7 094

6 094 7 087 6 804 6 479 6 428 6 299

8 171 8 392 8 523 8 486 8 115 7 991

28 212 28 938 29 099 30 055 30 327

28 770 29 121 29 819 30 395 30 621 30 444

11 507 11 946 12 326 12 818 12 936

13 865 14 038 14 635 15 333 15 552 15 374

7 012 7 003 6 841 6 777 6 956

6 161 6 139 6 184 6 027 6 077 6 161

9 693 9 989 9 932 10 460 10 435

8 744 8 944 9 000 9 035 8 992 8 909

9 408 9 517 9 532

3 260 3 468 3 619

2 191 2 199 2 254

3 957 3 850 3 659

10 236 10 404 10 319 9 669 9 797

4 034 4 321 4 246 4 197 4 297

2 257 2 136 2 274 2 090 2 062

3 945 3 947 3 799 3 382 3 438

4 956 5 417 5 457 5 364 4 958

9 634 10 064 10 285 10 359 10 324

4 075 4 272 4 563 4 509 4 256 4 247

9 879 9 897 10 151 10 551 10 482 10 679

3 650 3 820 3 864 4 005 3 948

4 485 4 306 4 519 5 042 4 987 5 153

2 322 2 342 2 354 2 144 2 358

1 957 1 989 2 042 1 872 1 992 2 074

3 662 3 902 4 067 4 210 4 018

3 437 3 602 3 590 3 637 3 503 3 452

59 171 60 430 61 178

40 552 41 627 42 768

29 975 31 328 31 424

5 858 5 546 6 629

4 719 4 753 4 715

18 619 18 803 18 410

7 713 7 916 7 656

4 403 4 425 4 733

6 503 6 462 6 021

65 342 66 439 67 559 68 648 70 150

45 917 46 955 47 790 49 162 50 748

35 502 36 457 37 713 38 819 40 421

5 997 6 105 5 870 5 948 5 892

4 418 4 393 4 207 4 395 4 435

19 425 19 484 19 769 19 486 19 402

8 691 9 061 9 564 9 341 9 383

4 574 4 507 4 291 4 390 4 255

6 160 5 916 5 914 5 755 5 764

61 582 61 712 61 904 63 481 64 511

70 556 71 071 71 263 71 236 71 763 72 392

43 004 42 837 43 090 43 785 44 508

51 665 51 848 51 593 51 391 51 624 52 627

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

31 757 32 491 33 223 33 552 34 182

41 593 41 642 41 893 41 921 42 331 43 366

6 570 6 167 5 621 5 736 5 957

5 977 6 085 5 741 5 493 5 434 5 517

4 677 4 179 4 246 4 497 4 369

4 095 4 120 3 959 3 977 3 859 3 744

18 578 18 875 18 814 19 696 20 003

18 891 19 223 19 671 19 844 20 139 19 765

7 857 8 126 8 462 8 813 8 988

9 380 9 731 10 117 10 291 10 565 10 222

4 690 4 662 4 487 4 633 4 598

4 204 4 150 4 143 4 155 4 085 4 087

6 031 6 087 5 865 6 250 6 417

5 307 5 342 5 411 5 398 5 489 5 456

110 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-36. Percent Distribution of the Population with Work Experience During the Year, by Extent of Employment and Sex, 1987–2005 (Percent of total people with work experience.) Sex and year

Total

Full-time workers

Total

50 to 52 weeks

27 to 49 weeks

1 to 26 weeks

Part-time workers

Total

50 to 52 weeks

27 to 49 weeks

1 to 26 weeks

Both Sexes 1987 .............................................. 1988 .............................................. 1989 ..............................................

100.0 100.0 100.0

78.1 78.3 78.9

60.0 61.0 61.1

10.4 9.9 10.7

7.7 7.4 7.1

21.9 21.7 21.1

8.6 8.7 8.5

5.1 5.1 5.3

8.2 7.9 7.3

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

78.8 79.0 79.1 80.0 80.3

63.1 63.5 64.3 65.8 66.0

9.3 9.1 8.7 8.4 8.3

6.4 6.4 6.1 5.8 6.0

21.2 21.0 20.9 20.1 19.7

9.1 9.4 9.6 9.3 9.2

4.9 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.3

7.2 6.9 6.7 6.3 6.2

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

Men 1987 .............................................. 1988 .............................................. 1989 .............................................. 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

Women 1987 .............................................. 1988 .............................................. 1989 .............................................. 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

78.9 78.4 78.2 78.0 78.0

80.8 80.7 80.3 79.9 80.0 80.4

60.6 60.3 60.9 61.2 61.9

67.2 66.4 66.4 66.4 66.9 67.6

11.1 10.9 10.1 9.6 9.4

8.1 8.7 8.3 7.9 7.8 7.6

100.0 100.0 100.0

86.4 86.5 86.8

68.0 69.0 69.4

10.9 10.5 10.7

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

86.3 86.3 86.5 87.4 87.5

70.8 71.0 71.9 74.0 73.6

9.4 9.1 8.7 8.1 8.2

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

86.6 86.0 85.8 85.8 86.0

87.5 87.6 87.4 86.9 87.1 87.0

68.3 66.8 67.1 68.4 69.7

74.6 73.4 73.2 73.2 74.0 74.3

7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 6.7

5.5 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.2 7.5 7.0 6.7

21.2 21.7 21.7 22.1 21.8

8.6 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.3

19.3 19.3 19.7 20.1 20.1 19.6

9.3 9.3 9.7 10.1 10.2 9.9

13.6 13.6 13.3

4.7 5.0 5.1

5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0

4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0

5.7 5.5 5.1

3.0 2.8 3.0 2.7 2.6

5.3 5.2 5.0 4.4 4.4

6.9 7.6 7.6 7.4 6.7

13.4 14.0 14.3 14.2 13.9

5.1 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.3

3.2 3.3 3.3 2.9 3.2

7.7 8.9 8.5 8.1 7.9 7.6

5.2 5.3 5.7 5.6 5.2 5.1

12.6 12.4 12.6 13.1 12.9 12.9

5.7 5.4 5.6 6.3 6.1 6.2

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.5

13.7 13.7 13.6 12.6 12.5

5.4 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.5

5.9 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.7

3.2 3.1 3.1

11.4 11.6 11.1 10.0 9.6

6.1 6.2 5.9 5.3 5.7

7.3 7.5 7.4 7.7 7.5

5.1 5.4 5.6 5.8 5.4

4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.2

100.0 100.0 100.0

68.6 68.9 69.9

50.7 51.8 51.4

9.9 9.2 10.8

8.0 7.9 7.7

31.4 31.1 30.0

13.0 13.1 12.5

7.4 7.3 7.7

11.0 10.7 9.8

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

70.3 70.7 70.7 71.6 72.3

54.3 54.9 55.8 56.5 57.6

9.2 9.2 8.7 8.7 8.4

6.8 6.6 6.2 6.4 6.3

29.7 29.3 29.4 28.4 27.7

13.3 13.6 14.2 13.6 13.4

7.0 6.8 6.4 6.4 6.1

9.4 8.9 8.8 8.4 8.2

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

69.9 69.4 69.7 69.0 69.0

73.2 73.0 72.5 72.1 72.0 72.7

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

51.6 52.6 53.7 52.9 53.0

58.9 58.6 58.8 58.8 59.0 59.9

10.7 10.0 9.1 9.0 9.2

8.5 8.6 8.1 7.7 7.6 7.6

7.6 6.8 6.9 7.1 6.8

5.8 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.2

30.2 30.7 30.4 31.0 30.9

26.8 27.0 27.6 27.8 28.0 27.2

12.8 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.9

13.3 13.7 14.2 14.4 14.7 14.1

7.6 7.6 7.2 7.3 7.1

6.0 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.6

9.8 9.9 9.5 9.8 9.9

7.5 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.5

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 111 Table 1-37. Extent of Unemployment During the Year, by Sex, 1995–2005 (Thousands of people, percent.)

Sex and extent of unemployment

1995

BOTH SEXES

Total Who Worked or Looked for Work ................................................... 142 413 Percent with unemployment ......................................................................... 12.7

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

144 528 11.6

146 096 10.7

147 295 9.5

149 798 8.7

150 786 8.1

153 056 10.4

154 205 10.9

154 315 10.7

155 576 9.7

157 549 9.2

Total with Unemployment ......................................................................... Did not work but looked for work .................................................................. Worked during the year ................................................................................ Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment ........................ Part-year workers with unemployment ..................................................... 1 to 4 weeks ......................................................................................... 5 to 10 weeks ....................................................................................... 11 to 14 weeks ..................................................................................... 15 to 26 weeks ..................................................................................... 27 weeks or more ................................................................................ With 2 or more spells of unemployment ............................................... 2 spells ............................................................................................. 3 or more spells ..............................................................................

18 067 2 690 15 377 715 14 662 2 812 2 725 2 147 4 013 2 965 4 468 1 963 2 505

Total Who Worked or Looked for Work ................................................... Percent with unemployment .........................................................................

75 698 13.2

76 786 11.9

77 385 11.1

77 704 9.4

78 905 9.0

79 546 8.6

80 975 11.0

81 651 11.8

81 804 11.4

82 478 10.0

83 951 9.7

66 716 12.1

67 742 11.3

68 710 10.2

69 591 9.7

70 893 8.4

71 240 7.7

72 081 9.6

72 554 9.9

72 511 9.8

73 097 9.3

73 598 8.8

MEN

Total with Unemployment ......................................................................... Did not work but looked for work .................................................................. Worked during the year ................................................................................ Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment ........................ Part-year workers with unemployment ..................................................... 1 to 4 weeks ......................................................................................... 5 to 10 weeks ....................................................................................... 11 to 14 weeks ..................................................................................... 15 to 26 weeks ..................................................................................... 27 weeks or more ................................................................................ With 2 or more spells of unemployment ............................................... 2 spells ............................................................................................. 3 or more spells .............................................................................. WOMEN

Total Who Worked or Looked for Work ................................................... Percent with unemployment .........................................................................

Total with Unemployment ......................................................................... Did not work but looked for work .................................................................. Worked during the year ................................................................................ Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment ........................ Part-year workers with unemployment ..................................................... 1 to 4 weeks ......................................................................................... 5 to 10 weeks ....................................................................................... 11 to 14 weeks ..................................................................................... 15 to 26 weeks ..................................................................................... 27 weeks or more ................................................................................ With 2 or more spells of unemployment ............................................... 2 spells ............................................................................................. 3 or more spells ..............................................................................

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

9 996 1 317 8 679 462 8 217 1 398 1 434 1 253 2 439 1 693 2 793 1 110 1 683

8 070 1 373 6 696 253 6 443 1 413 1 291 893 1 574 1 272 1 675 853 822

16 789 2 329 14 460 589 13 871 2 550 2 671 2 020 3 662 2 968 4 237 1 982 2 255

9 157 1 026 8 130 395 7 735 1 272 1 478 1 258 2 076 1 651 2 554 1 109 1 445

7 632 1 303 6 330 194 6 136 1 279 1 192 762 1 586 1 317 1 682 872 810

15 637 2 129 13 508 611 12 897 2 582 2 601 1 822 3 378 2 514 4 044 1 853 2 191

8 604 978 7 626 382 7 244 1 275 1 474 1 068 1 949 1 478 2 437 1 078 1 359

7 033 1 151 5 882 229 5 653 1 307 1 127 754 1 429 1 036 1 607 775 832

14 044 1 729 12 316 630 11 686 2 323 2 495 1 701 3 019 2 148 3 628 1 650 1 978

7 284 787 6 497 386 6 111 1 085 1 363 980 1 585 1 098 2 014 880 1 134

6 760 942 5 816 243 5 573 1 237 1 131 721 1 434 1 050 1 614 770 844

13 068 1 503 11 566 562 11 004 2 361 2 218 1 594 2 803 2 028 3 225 1 449 1 776

7 091 760 6 332 373 5 959 1 166 1 168 937 1 655 1 033 1 845 787 1 058

5 976 743 5 234 189 5 045 1 194 1 050 657 1 148 996 1 379 662 717

12 269 1 425 10 845 573 10 272 2 233 2 014 1 505 2 641 1 879 3 079 1 397 1 682

6 806 742 6 064 379 5 685 1 070 1 135 880 1 595 1 005 1 809 804 1 005

5 463 683 4 779 193 4 586 1 164 878 625 1 045 874 1 270 593 677

15 843 2 014 13 829 602 13 227 2 368 2 557 2 038 3 683 2 582 3 421 1 643 1 779

8 928 1 004 7 924 421 7 502 1 247 1 446 1 207 2 191 1 412 2 100 1 002 1 099

6 915 1 010 5 905 180 5 725 1 121 1 111 831 1 492 1 170 1 321 641 680

16 824 2 660 14 164 584 13 580 2 002 2 373 1 970 3 848 3 387 3 226 1 556 1 670

9 621 1 369 8 252 365 7 887 1 075 1 342 1 186 2 282 2 002 1 920 914 1 006

7 203 1 291 5 913 220 5 693 927 1 031 784 1 566 1 385 1 306 642 664

16 462 2 762 13 699 534 13 165 1 839 2 264 1 749 3 778 3 535 3 093 1 585 1 508

9 339 1 487 7 854 359 7 495 958 1 314 1 039 2 178 2 006 1 882 946 936

7 123 1 275 5 848 176 5 672 882 950 710 1 600 1 530 1 211 639 572

15 074 2 551 12 522 465 12 057 1 985 2 100 1 773 3 448 2 751 2 896 1 344 1 552

8 256 1 217 7 039 289 6 750 1 028 1 170 1 021 2 065 1 466 1 828 808 1 020

6 818 1 334 5 484 177 5 307 957 929 752 1 384 1 285 1 069 537 532

14 558 2 422 12 136 431 11 705 1 941 2 170 1 698 3 349 2 547 3 095 1 477 1 618

8 116 1 216 6 899 296 6 603 1 052 1 209 1 024 1 923 1 395 1 975 940 1 035

6 442 1 206 5 236 136 5 100 888 961 674 1 426 1 151 1 120 537 583

112 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-38. Percent Distribution of Persons with Unemployment During the Year, by Sex and Extent of Unemployment, 1995–2005 (Percent.)

Sex and extent of unemployment

BOTH SEXES

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Total with Unemployment Who Worked During the Year ...................... Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment ............................ Part-year workers with unemployment ......................................................... 1 to 4 weeks ............................................................................................. 5 to 10 weeks ........................................................................................... 11 to 14 weeks ......................................................................................... 15 to 26 weeks ......................................................................................... 27 weeks or more .................................................................................... With 2 or more spells of unemployment ................................................... 2 spells ................................................................................................. 3 or more spells ..................................................................................

100.0 4.6 95.4 18.3 17.7 14.0 26.1 19.3 29.1 12.8 16.3

100.0 4.1 96.0 17.6 18.5 14.0 25.3 20.6 29.3 13.7 15.6

100.0 4.5 95.5 19.1 19.3 13.5 25.0 18.6 29.9 13.7 16.2

100.0 5.1 95.0 18.9 20.3 13.8 24.5 17.5 29.5 13.4 16.1

100.0 4.9 95.1 20.4 19.2 13.8 24.2 17.5 27.9 12.5 15.4

100.0 5.3 94.8 20.6 18.6 13.9 24.4 17.3 28.4 12.9 15.5

100.0 4.4 95.6 17.1 18.5 14.7 26.6 18.7 24.8 11.9 12.9

100.0 4.1 95.9 14.1 16.8 13.9 27.2 23.9 22.8 11.0 11.8

100.0 3.9 96.1 13.4 16.5 12.8 27.6 25.8 22.6 11.6 11.0

100.0 3.7 96.3 15.9 16.8 14.2 27.5 22.0 23.1 10.7 12.4

100.0 3.6 96.4 16.0 17.9 14.0 27.6 20.9 25.5 12.2 13.3

Total with Unemployment Who Worked During the Year ...................... Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment ............................ Part-year workers with unemployment ......................................................... 1 to 4 weeks ............................................................................................. 5 to 10 weeks ........................................................................................... 11 to 14 weeks ......................................................................................... 15 to 26 weeks ......................................................................................... 27 weeks or more .................................................................................... With 2 or more spells of unemployment ................................................... 2 spells ................................................................................................. 3 or more spells ..................................................................................

100.0 5.3 94.7 16.1 16.5 14.4 28.1 19.5 32.2 12.8 19.4

100.0 4.9 95.1 15.6 18.2 15.5 25.5 20.3 31.4 13.6 17.8

100.0 5.0 95.1 16.7 19.3 14.0 25.6 19.4 31.9 14.1 17.8

100.0 5.9 94.1 16.7 21.0 15.1 24.4 16.9 31.0 13.5 17.5

100.0 5.9 94.0 18.4 18.4 14.8 26.1 16.3 29.1 12.4 16.7

100.0 6.3 93.6 17.6 18.7 14.5 26.3 16.5 29.9 13.3 16.6

100.0 5.3 94.7 15.7 18.2 15.2 27.6 17.8 26.5 12.6 13.9

100.0 4.4 95.6 13.0 16.3 14.4 27.7 24.3 23.3 11.1 12.2

100.0 4.6 95.4 12.2 16.7 13.2 27.7 25.5 24.0 12.1 11.9

100.0 4.1 95.9 14.6 16.6 14.5 29.3 20.8 26.0 11.5 14.5

100.0 4.3 95.7 15.3 17.5 14.8 27.9 20.2 28.6 13.6 15.0

Total With Unemployment Who Worked During the Year ...................... Year-round workers with 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment ............................ Part-year workers with unemployment ......................................................... 1 to 4 weeks ............................................................................................. 5 to 10 weeks ........................................................................................... 11 to 14 weeks ......................................................................................... 15 to 26 weeks ......................................................................................... 27 weeks or more .................................................................................... With 2 or more spells of unemployment ................................................... 2 spells ................................................................................................. 3 or more spells ..................................................................................

100.0 3.8 96.2 21.1 19.3 13.3 23.5 19.0 25.0 12.7 12.3

100.0 3.1 96.9 20.2 18.8 12.0 25.1 20.8 26.6 13.8 12.8

100.0 3.9 96.1 22.2 19.2 12.8 24.3 17.6 27.3 13.2 14.1

100.0 4.2 95.8 21.3 19.4 12.4 24.7 18.0 27.7 13.2 14.5

100.0 3.6 96.4 22.8 20.1 12.6 21.9 19.0 26.3 12.6 13.7

100.0 4.0 96.0 24.3 18.4 13.1 21.9 18.3 26.6 12.4 14.2

100.0 3.1 96.9 19.0 18.8 14.1 25.3 19.8 22.4 10.9 11.5

100.0 3.7 96.3 15.7 17.4 13.3 26.5 23.4 22.1 10.9 11.2

100.0 3.0 97.0 15.1 16.2 12.1 27.4 26.2 20.7 10.9 9.8

100.0 3.2 96.8 17.4 16.9 13.7 25.2 23.5 19.5 9.8 9.7

100.0 2.6 97.4 17.0 18.4 12.9 27.2 22.0 21.4 10.3 11.1

MEN

WOMEN

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 113 Table 1-39. Number of and Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Age, Sex, and Race, 1990–2005 (Thousands of people, dollars.) Sex, age, and race

NUMBER

Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over ..... 16 to 24 years ................................... 25 to 44 years ................................... 25 to 34 years ............................... 35 to 44 years ............................... 45 to 54 years ................................... 55 to 64 years ................................... 65 years and over .............................

Men, 16 Years and Over ................. 16 to 24 years ................................... 25 to 44 years ................................... 25 to 34 years ............................... 35 to 44 years ............................... 45 to 54 years ................................... 55 to 64 years ................................... 65 years and over .............................

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

74 728 6 978 45 086 23 201 21 885 14 070 7 458 1 137

74 449 6 571 44 811 22 541 22 270 14 718 7 219 1 130

75 517 6 224 45 022 22 469 22 553 15 652 7 590 1 029

77 427 6 685 45 951 22 637 23 314 16 424 7 208 1 159

79 875 6 684 47 150 23 193 23 957 17 366 7 500 1 174

83 407 6 892 48 695 23 310 25 385 18 436 8 122 1 263

85 611 6 809 49 225 23 071 26 154 19 714 8 455 1 408

86 905 7 063 49 513 23 186 26 327 20 109 8 901 1 318

89 748 7 618 50 264 23 048 27 216 21 274 9 273 1 318

91 722 7 631 50 532 22 952 27 580 22 375 9 594 1 590

94 359 8 384 51 159 23 044 28 115 23 307 9 870 1 639

94 531 7 989 49 939 22 744 27 195 23 855 10 948 1 800

94 526 7 903 49 120 22 657 26 463 23 999 11 584 1 921

94 731 7 631 48 343 22 512 25 831 24 507 12 207 2 042

96 098 7 702 48 421 22 405 26 016 25 074 12 812 2 090

98 632 7 956 49 149 22 808 26 341 25 661 13 605 2 262

44 574 3 982 27 069 13 941 13 128 8 168 4 650 705

43 523 3 596 26 353 13 303 13 050 8 479 4 403 694

43 894 3 457 26 335 13 146 13 189 8 908 4 588 606

45 494 3 853 27 161 13 400 13 761 9 522 4 238 719

47 255 3 918 28 000 13 749 14 251 10 120 4 460 757

49 334 4 094 28 940 13 844 15 096 10 589 4 884 827

50 407 3 942 29 282 13 817 15 465 11 372 4 908 903

50 772 4 021 29 453 13 735 15 718 11 388 5 133 775

52 509 4 479 29 763 13 612 16 151 12 030 5 438 801

53 132 4 347 29 738 13 471 16 267 12 546 5 498 1 003

54 477 4 602 30 080 13 497 16 583 13 045 5 693 1 057

54 630 4 605 29 271 13 386 15 885 13 363 6 253 1 138

54 420 4 570 28 855 13 400 15 455 13 330 6 502 1 163

54 575 4 421 28 499 13 288 15 211 13 616 6 872 1 165

White, 16 Years and Over ............... 64 128 Men ................................................... 38 915 Women .............................................. 25 213

63 926 38 018 25 908

64 706 38 267 26 439

65 656 39 347 26 309

67 370 40 589 26 782

70 430 42 608 27 822

72 068 43 554 28 514

72 650 43 429 29 221

75 046 44 901 30 145

76 203 45 211 30 992

77 790 46 105 31 685

78 306 46 373 31 933

77 632 45 823 31 809

77 545 45 816 31 729

25 000 14 100 23 000 28 000 29 000 27 000 22 000

25 871 15 000 24 000 29 483 30 000 27 430 24 000

26 000 15 000 24 000 30 000 30 500 28 000 24 000

26 620 15 000 24 480 30 000 32 343 30 000 24 377

27 000 15 500 25 000 30 000 32 000 30 000 29 600

28 000 15 600 25 300 31 000 33 000 30 000 26 496

30 000 16 000 27 000 32 000 35 000 32 000 28 200

30 000 18 000 28 500 33 000 35 000 34 000 26 000

31 000 18 000 30 000 34 992 36 000 35 000 30 000

32 000 19 000 30 000 35 000 38 000 35 000 32 000

34 000 20 000 31 000 36 000 39 500 36 400 32 000

35 000 20 000 31 800 37 000 40 000 39 145 33 000

35 000 20 000 32 000 39 000 40 000 40 000 32 000

22 150 14 560 22 000 25 000 25 000 22 000 19 000

23 000 15 000 22 000 25 000 25 000 22 500 23 290

24 000 15 000 23 000 25 000 26 000 24 000 20 800

25 000 15 000 24 000 26 000 27 040 24 800 24 000

25 000 17 000 25 000 27 200 28 132 25 775 22 000

26 000 17 000 26 000 28 000 30 000 27 000 20 800

27 500 18 000 27 000 29 000 30 000 28 000 24 000

29 000 19 000 28 080 30 000 32 000 30 000 25 000

30 000 19 000 29 500 30 400 32 000 31 410 28 000

30 000 20 000 30 000 32 000 33 466 32 000 26 000

Women, 16 Years and Over ............ 30 155 16 to 24 years ................................... 2 995 25 to 44 years ................................... 18 017 25 to 34 years ............................... 9 260 35 to 44 years ............................... 8 757 45 to 54 years ................................... 5 902 55 to 64 years ................................... 2 808 65 years and over ............................. 433

Black, 16 Years and Over ............... Men ................................................... Women ..............................................

8 027 4 162 3 865

Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over ..... 16 to 24 years ................................... 25 to 34 years ................................... 35 to 44 years ................................... 45 to 54 years ................................... 55 to 64 years ................................... 65 years and over .............................

24 000 14 400 22 000 27 970 28 000 26 000 23 841

MEDIAN ANNUAL EARNINGS

Men, 16 Years and Over ................. 16 to 24 years ................................... 25 to 34 years ................................... 35 to 44 years ................................... 45 to 54 years ................................... 55 to 64 years ................................... 65 years and over .............................

30 925 2 976 18 458 9 238 9 220 6 239 2 816 436

7 941 4 001 3 940

31 622 2 767 18 688 9 323 9 365 6 744 3 002 423

7 995 4 011 3 984

31 933 2 832 18 790 9 237 9 553 6 902 2 970 439

8 478 4 259 4 219

32 619 2 767 19 150 9 444 9 706 7 246 3 040 417

9 074 4 598 4 476

28 000 15 000 25 000 32 000 35 000 31 875 29 000

29 120 15 000 25 000 33 000 36 000 33 000 28 000

30 000 15 000 26 000 34 000 37 000 33 000 30 000

30 000 15 000 25 000 35 000 38 000 34 000 28 000

30 000 15 000 26 000 35 000 40 000 36 000 30 000

White, 16 Years and Over ............... 25 000 Men ................................................... 29 000 Women .............................................. 20 000

25 000 30 000 20 500

26 200 31 000 22 000

27 000 30 700 22 000

28 000 32 000 23 000

Women, 16 Years and Over ............ 16 to 24 years ................................... 25 to 34 years ................................... 35 to 44 years ................................... 45 to 54 years ................................... 55 to 64 years ................................... 65 years and over .............................

20 000 13 392 19 500 22 000 21 000 19 000 18 586

Black, 16 Years and Over ............... 19 350 Men ................................................... 20 800 Women .............................................. 18 000

20 000 13 800 20 000 22 510 22 000 20 000 17 000

20 000 22 000 18 500

21 500 14 000 21 000 23 397 24 000 22 000 18 500

21 000 22 312 20 000

22 000 14 872 21 000 24 000 24 000 21 500 20 000

20 800 23 000 19 843

21 000 23 500 20 000

34 073 2 798 19 755 9 467 10 288 7 847 3 238 436

9 446 4 686 4 759

31 000 16 000 27 000 35 000 40 000 36 000 36 000

28 000 32 000 23 000

22 000 24 500 20 000

35 203 2 867 19 942 9 254 10 688 8 343 3 547 505

9 706 4 682 5 024

32 000 17 000 28 000 36 000 40 000 36 000 33 000

29 000 33 000 24 000

23 784 26 000 21 000

36 133 3 041 20 060 9 451 10 609 8 721 3 767 543

10 248 5 026 5 222

34 000 17 000 29 852 37 000 41 000 39 000 36 400

30 000 35 000 25 000

24 000 26 000 22 000

37 239 3 140 20 503 9 437 11 066 9 244 3 836 517

10 532 5 202 5 329

35 000 18 720 30 000 38 000 42 000 40 000 35 000

31 000 36 000 26 000

25 000 27 000 23 000

38 591 3 285 20 794 9 481 11 313 9 829 4 096 586

11 145 5 411 5 734

36 000 19 000 32 000 40 000 44 616 40 853 36 000

32 000 37 200 27 000

25 760 30 000 24 000

39 887 3 782 21 081 9 548 11 533 10 263 4 178 583

11 899 5 636 6 264

37 600 20 000 33 500 40 000 45 000 44 000 35 999

34 000 39 000 28 000

26 000 30 000 25 000

39 901 3 384 20 668 9 358 11 310 10 493 4 695 662

11 001 5 281 5 720

38 500 20 000 34 000 42 000 45 000 45 000 35 000

35 000 40 000 30 000

28 500 30 000 26 000

40 106 3 333 20 264 9 257 11 007 10 669 5 082 758

10 966 5 150 5 816

40 000 20 000 34 740 43 000 47 000 47 000 37 861

35 000 40 000 30 000

29 000 30 000 26 000

55 610 4 493 28 763 13 430 15 333 13 975 7 165 1 213

57 020 4 663 29 151 13 629 15 522 14 382 7 489 1 334

40 156 3 210 19 844 9 224 10 620 10 891 5 335 877

40 488 3 209 19 656 8 974 10 682 11 099 5 647 877

41 613 3 293 19 997 9 179 10 818 11 279 6 116 927

10 979 5 196 5 783

11 301 5 470 5 832

11 417 5 402 6 015

78 236 46 317 31 919

35 672 20 000 33 000 40 000 40 000 40 000 35 000

80 546 47 790 32 756

36 400 20 000 33 000 40 000 42 000 41 000 35 000

40 000 20 800 35 000 43 900 48 000 50 000 42 000

40 000 20 800 35 000 45 000 48 000 50 000 40 000

40 051 20 800 35 000 45 000 50 000 50 000 41 000

36 000 40 000 31 000

37 000 42 000 31 800

38 000 42 000 32 000

30 000 32 000 27 000

30 001 20 000 30 000 32 800 34 771 33 000 27 000

30 000 30 000 28 000

Note: Detail for the above race groups will not sum to totals because data for other race groups are not presented. See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

32 000 20 000 30 000 35 000 35 000 33 000 28 768

30 000 33 000 29 141

114 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-40. Number of and Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Sex and Occupation of Job Held the Longest, 2002–2005 (Thousands of people, dollars.)

Sex and occupation

Both Sexes, Number of Workers Management, business, and financial operations .................................... Management ........................................................................................ Business and financial operations ........................................................ Professional and related .......................................................................... Computer and mathematical ................................................................ Architecture and engineering ............................................................... Life, physical, and social science ......................................................... Community and social services ............................................................ Legal .................................................................................................... Education, training, and library ............................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media .................................... Health care practitioner and technical .................................................. Services ................................................................................................... Health care support .............................................................................. Protective services ............................................................................... Food preparation and serving related .................................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ................................ Personal care and services .................................................................. Sales and office ........................................................................................ Sales and related ................................................................................. Office and administrative support ......................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .................................. Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................................... Construction and extraction ................................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ...................................... Production ............................................................................................ Transportation and material moving ..................................................... Armed forces ............................................................................................ Both Sexes, Median Annual Earnings Management, business, and financial operations .................................... Management ........................................................................................ Business and financial operations ........................................................ Professional and related .......................................................................... Computer and mathematical ................................................................ Architecture and engineering ............................................................... Life, physical, and social science ......................................................... Community and social services ............................................................ Legal .................................................................................................... Education, training, and library ............................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media .................................... Health care practitioner and technical .................................................. Services ................................................................................................... Health care support .............................................................................. Protective services ............................................................................... Food preparation and serving related .................................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ................................ Personal care and services .................................................................. Sales and office ........................................................................................ Sales and related ................................................................................. Office and administrative support ......................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .................................. Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................................... Construction and extraction ................................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ...................................... Production ............................................................................................ Transportation and material moving ..................................................... Armed forces ............................................................................................. Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

2002

2003

2004

2005

15 707 11 350 4 357 19 149 2 644 2 257 1 094 1 694 1 006 4 606 1 453 4 395 12 011 1 767 2 042 3 592 2 843 1 767 23 791 9 929 13 862 9 823 573 5 256 3 994 13 386 7 736 5 650 658

15 552 11 102 4 450 19 607 2 598 2 273 1 010 1 698 1 149 4 918 1 374 4 586 11 990 1 703 2 385 3 223 2 942 1 735 23 766 9 804 13 962 9 709 562 5 070 4 077 13 391 7 670 5 721 717

15 575 11 125 4 451 19 592 2 680 2 349 999 1 632 1 087 4 742 1 416 4 688 12 457 1 781 2 406 3 383 3 116 1 771 23 619 9 951 13 668 10 574 629 5 711 4 234 13 648 7 787 5 861 632

16 299 11 685 4 613 20 093 2 779 2 361 1 096 1 728 1 093 4 894 1 362 4 780 13 117 2 027 2 429 3 586 3 285 1 790 24 010 10 251 13 758 10 864 556 6 145 4 163 13 586 7 623 5 963 664

50 000 55 000 44 000 46 000 60 000 59 400 50 000 34 000 61 860 38 000 43 500 46 000 22 000 22 100 38 000 18 000 20 000 21 840 30 000 35 000 28 000 33 000 20 000 31 200 36 000 28 704 28 000 29 000 36 000

52 000 58 000 45 000 46 000 60 000 62 000 50 000 34 349 75 000 39 000 40 000 48 000 22 000 22 000 42 000 18 000 20 000 20 678 30 000 35 000 29 000 34 000 20 000 32 000 38 000 30 000 30 000 30 000 36 000

55 000 60 000 45 000 48 000 62 000 60 000 50 000 36 000 70 000 40 000 40 000 50 000 22 000 22 000 42 000 18 000 20 000 22 537 30 000 35 000 30 000 35 000 20 000 33 000 38 300 30 000 30 000 30 000 40 000

57 000 60 000 49 000 50 000 62 400 65 000 53 500 36 000 72 000 40 000 42 000 50 000 23 000 22 000 42 000 19 656 21 000 23 000 31 200 35 000 30 000 35 000 21 000 32 000 40 000 30 200 30 000 30 800 39 000

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 115 Table 1-40. Number of and Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Sex and Occupation of Job Held the Longest, 2002–2005—Continued (Thousands of people, dollars.)

Sex and occupation

Men, Number of Workers Management, business, and financial operations .................................... Management ........................................................................................ Business and financial operations ........................................................ Professional and related .......................................................................... Computer and mathematical ................................................................ Architecture and engineering ............................................................... Life, physical, and social science ......................................................... Community and social services ............................................................ Legal .................................................................................................... Education, training, and library ............................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media .................................... Health care practitioner and technical .................................................. Services ................................................................................................... Health care support .............................................................................. Protective services ............................................................................... Food preparation and serving related .................................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ................................ Personal care and services .................................................................. Sales and office ........................................................................................ Sales and related ................................................................................. Office and administrative support ......................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .................................. Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................................... Construction and extraction ................................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ...................................... Production ............................................................................................ Transportation and material moving ..................................................... Armed forces ............................................................................................. Men, Median Annual Earnings Management, business, and financial operations .................................... Management ........................................................................................ Business and financial operations ........................................................ Professional and related .......................................................................... Computer and mathematical ................................................................ Architecture and engineering ............................................................... Life, physical, and social science ......................................................... Community and social services ............................................................ Legal .................................................................................................... Education, training, and library ............................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media .................................... Health care practitioner and technical .................................................. Services ................................................................................................... Health care support .............................................................................. Protective services ............................................................................... Food preparation and serving related .................................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ................................ Personal care and services .................................................................. Sales and office ........................................................................................ Sales and related ................................................................................. Office and administrative support ......................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .................................. Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................................... Construction and extraction ................................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ...................................... Production ............................................................................................ Transportation and material moving ..................................................... Armed forces ............................................................................................. Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

2002

2003

2004

2005

9 178 7 145 2 033 9 299 1 953 1 984 667 726 490 1 407 847 1 225 5 988 181 1 689 1 836 1 788 494 9 453 5 933 3 520 9 434 463 5 156 3 815 10 472 5 517 4 955 600

8 961 6 991 1 970 9 535 1 913 2 004 668 730 610 1 476 811 1 323 6 204 178 1 967 1 638 1 914 508 9 398 5 891 3 507 9 348 470 4 972 3 905 10 492 5 513 4 979 636

8 849 6 911 1 938 9 497 1 972 2 049 626 705 537 1 386 848 1 374 6 314 208 1 906 1 716 2 002 482 9 380 5 892 3 488 10 178 536 5 576 4 065 10 812 5 637 5 176 580

9 496 7 477 2 019 9 561 2 060 2 041 668 713 490 1 421 789 1 378 6 658 240 1 919 1 873 2 153 473 9 464 5 896 3 568 10 503 469 6 026 4 008 10 747 5 503 5 244 591

60 000 65 000 52 000 55 000 60 000 60 000 52 000 35 000 100 000 45 600 46 000 72 000 25 000 24 000 40 000 20 000 24 500 30 000 38 000 41 600 32 000 33 592 22 000 31 304 36 000 30 000 30 360 30 000 36 000

60 200 65 000 51 000 58 000 65 000 64 558 50 801 35 000 100 000 48 000 45 000 65 500 26 000 22 537 44 000 18 720 22 156 28 559 39 000 41 000 32 000 34 283 22 000 32 000 38 000 32 000 32 000 30 000 36 000

65 000 70 000 55 000 58 000 65 000 61 785 55 000 38 000 101 000 47 000 45 000 70 000 25 000 20 400 44 000 18 720 24 000 26 000 40 000 44 000 34 000 35 000 22 000 33 000 38 870 33 000 34 000 32 000 40 000

69 000 70 000 60 000 60 000 65 000 66 921 62 000 40 000 108 000 50 000 50 000 70 000 26 000 22 880 45 000 20 000 24 000 30 000 40 000 42 000 34 000 35 000 22 500 32 000 40 000 34 000 35 000 32 760 40 000

116 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-40. Number of and Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Sex and Occupation of Job Held the Longest, 2002–2005—Continued (Thousands of people, dollars.)

Sex and occupation

Women, Number of Workers Management, business, and financial operations .................................... Management ........................................................................................ Business and financial operations ........................................................ Professional and related .......................................................................... Computer and mathematical ................................................................ Architecture and engineering ............................................................... Life, physical, and social science ......................................................... Community and social services ............................................................ Legal .................................................................................................... Education, training, and library ............................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media .................................... Health care practitioner and technical .................................................. Services ................................................................................................... Health care support .............................................................................. Protective services ............................................................................... Food preparation and serving related .................................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ................................ Personal care and services .................................................................. Sales and office ........................................................................................ Sales and related ................................................................................. Office and administrative support ......................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .................................. Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................................... Construction and extraction ................................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ...................................... Production ............................................................................................ Transportation and material moving ..................................................... Armed forces ............................................................................................. Women, Median Annual Earnings Management, business, and financial operations .................................... Management ........................................................................................ Business and financial operations ........................................................ Professional and related .......................................................................... Computer and mathematical ................................................................ Architecture and engineering ............................................................... Life, physical, and social science ......................................................... Community and social services ............................................................ Legal .................................................................................................... Education, training, and library ............................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media .................................... Health care practitioner and technical .................................................. Services ................................................................................................... Health care support .............................................................................. Protective services ............................................................................... Food preparation and serving related .................................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ................................ Personal care and services .................................................................. Sales and office ........................................................................................ Sales and related ................................................................................. Office and administrative support ......................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................................... Construction and extraction ................................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ...................................... Production ............................................................................................ Transportation and material moving ..................................................... Armed forces ............................................................................................. Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

2002

2003

2004

2005

6 529 4 205 2 324 9 851 691 273 428 968 516 3 199 606 3 170 6 026 1 586 354 1 757 1 055 1 274 14 338 3 996 10 342 391 111 100 180 2 914 2 219 695 58

6 591 4 111 2 479 10 071 685 269 342 968 539 3 441 563 3 263 5 786 1 525 419 1 585 1 029 1 228 14 368 3 913 10 455 361 92 97 172 2 899 2 157 742 81

6 726 4 214 2 512 10 095 708 300 373 927 550 3 356 568 3 314 6 144 1 573 500 1 668 1 115 1 289 14 239 4 060 10 180 396 93 135 169 2 835 2 150 685 52

6 803 4 209 2 594 10 532 718 320 428 1 015 603 3 473 573 3 403 6 459 1 787 510 1 713 1 132 1 317 14 546 4 355 10 191 360 87 119 155 2 839 2 120 719 73

41 000 44 000 38 500 40 000 51 627 50 000 44 000 33 000 45 000 35 000 40 000 41 000 20 000 22 000 30 900 16 160 16 491 20 000 26 989 25 000 27 000 26 000 17 000 26 000 34 000 22 000 21 632 22 000 40 000

43 000 47 000 40 000 40 000 52 000 48 000 45 000 33 000 45 000 35 000 35 000 43 000 20 000 22 000 32 000 17 000 16 000 20 000 28 000 26 000 28 000 28 000 16 000 29 500 37 000 22 100 22 000 22 710 32 000

43 000 46 000 40 000 40 000 57 000 47 500 45 995 35 000 46 000 37 000 36 000 45 000 20 000 22 000 32 000 16 000 16 866 21 000 28 000 26 000 28 000 30 000 15 700 40 000 33 000 23 000 23 000 23 000 35 100

46 000 50 000 41 000 42 000 57 000 55 000 50 000 35 000 47 500 38 000 35 000 46 000 20 000 21 000 34 344 18 000 18 000 20 800 29 000 26 000 29 800 30 200 18 000 31 200 36 000 23 000 23 400 21 000 32 652

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 117

Table 1-41. Wage and Salary Workers Paid Hourly Rates with Earnings at or Below the Prevailing Federal Minimum Wage, by Selected Characteristics, 2004–2005 (Thousands of people, percent.) Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates Below prevailing federal minimum wage

Total

At prevailing federal minimum wage

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage Percent of hourly-paid workers

Number

2004

Age and Sex Both sexes, 16 years and over ............................................. 16 to 24 years ................................................................... 25 years and over ............................................................. Men, 16 years and over ........................................................ 16 to 24 years ................................................................... 25 years and over ............................................................. Women, 16 years and over ................................................... 16 to 24 years ................................................................... 25 years and over .............................................................

Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin White, 16 years and over ....................................................... Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Black, 16 years and over ....................................................... Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Hispanic, 16 years and over1 ................................................. Men ................................................................................... Women .............................................................................

Full- and Part-Time Status and Sex2 Full-time workers .................................................................. Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Part-time workers .................................................................. Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. 2005

Age and Sex Both sexes, 16 years and over ............................................. 16 to 24 years ................................................................... 25 years and over ............................................................. Men, 16 years and over ........................................................ 16 to 24 years ................................................................... 25 years and over ............................................................. Women, 16 years and over ................................................... 16 to 24 years ................................................................... 25 years and over .............................................................

Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin White, 16 years and over ....................................................... Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Black, 16 years and over ....................................................... Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Hispanic, 16 years and over1 ................................................. Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Full- and Part-Time Status and Sex2 Full-time workers .................................................................. Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Part-time workers .................................................................. Men ................................................................................... Women .............................................................................

73 939 16 174 57 765 36 806 8 305 28 500 37 133 7 869 29 265

1 483 750 733 470 239 231 1 013 510 502

520 272 249 210 127 83 310 145 166

2 003 1 021 982 680 366 314 1 323 655 668

2.7 6.3 1.7 1.8 4.4 1.1 3.6 8.3 2.3

59 877 30 255 29 621 9 417 4 243 5 174 12 073 7 183 4 890

1 286 393 892 128 49 79 168 66 102

395 161 234 99 40 59 82 32 49

1 681 555 1 126 228 89 138 250 99 151

2.8 1.8 3.8 2.4 2.1 2.7 2.1 1.4 3.1

55 739 30 951 24 788 18 046 5 770 12 276

583 223 360 897 246 651

177 77 100 343 132 210

760 300 460 1 240 378 861

1.4 1.0 1.9 6.9 6.6 7.0

75 609 16 374 59 235 37 652 8 288 29 364 37 957 8 086 29 871

1 403 720 683 459 223 236 944 496 447

479 283 196 189 130 60 290 153 137

1 882 1 002 880 648 353 296 1 234 650 584

2.5 6.1 1.5 1.7 4.3 1.0 3.3 8.0 2.0

60 978 30 901 30 078 9 793 4 421 5 372 12 527 7 467 5 060

1 188 352 836 119 63 57 210 85 125

349 133 216 96 42 54 71 29 42

1 537 485 1 053 215 105 111 282 114 167

2.5 1.6 3.5 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.2 1.5 3.3

57 385 31 911 25 474 18 084 5 669 12 415

608 252 356 790 207 583

143 69 74 336 120 216

752 321 430 1 126 327 799

1.3 1.0 1.7 6.2 5.8 6.4

Note: The prevailing federal minimum wage was $5.15 per hour in 2005. Data are for wage and salary workers, excluding the incorporated self-employed. They refer to a person's earnings for their sole or principal job and pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other non-hourly workers are not included. The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act, as there are exceptions to the minimum wage provisions of the law. In addition, some survey respondents might have rounded hourly earnings to the nearest dollar, and, as a result, reported hourly earnings below the minimum wage even though they earned the minimum wage or higher. Beginning in January 2005, data reflect the revised population controls used in the household survey.

1May be of any race. 2The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on the hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable

for a small number of multiple jobholders.

118 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-42. Absences from Work of Employed Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Age and Sex, 2003–2005 (Thousands of people, percent.) Year, sex, and age 2003

Total employed

Absence rate1

Total

Illness or injury

Other reasons

Lost worktime rate2

Total

Illness or injury

Other reasons

Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over .............................. 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 54 years ........................................................ 55 years and over ..................................................

100 198 1 633 9 183 89 382 76 216 13 166

3.3 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.6

2.4 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.9

1.0 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.6

1.8 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.8 2.1

1.3 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.8

0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3

Women, 16 Years and Over ..................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 54 years ........................................................ 55 years and over ..................................................

44 039 677 3 981 39 381 33 353 6 028

4.4 3.7 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.3

3.0 2.6 2.7 3.0 2.9 3.5

1.4 1.1 1.8 1.4 1.5 0.8

2.4 1.7 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.5

1.6 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.5 2.1

0.8 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.4

Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over .............................. 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 54 years ........................................................ 55 years and over ..................................................

101 011 1 663 9 191 90 157 76 458 13 699

3.2 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.5

2.3 2.4 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.9

0.9 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.7

1.7 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.7 2.1

1.2 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.8

0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3

Women, 16 Years and Over ..................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 54 years ........................................................ 55 years and over ..................................................

44 088 648 3 949 39 492 33 282 6 210

4.4 3.7 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.2

2.9 2.3 2.6 3.0 2.9 3.4

1.4 1.3 1.8 1.4 1.5 0.9

2.4 1.8 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4

1.5 0.9 1.1 1.6 1.5 2.0

0.9 0.9 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.4

Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over .............................. 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 54 years ........................................................ 55 years and over ..................................................

103 410 1 691 9 376 92 344 77 674 14 670

3.3 2.8 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.8

2.4 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.3 3.1

0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.7

1.8 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 2.1

1.3 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.8

0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3

Women, 16 Years and Over ..................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 54 years ........................................................ 55 years and over ..................................................

45 123 694 4 033 40 397 33 720 6 676

4.4 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.5

3.0 2.6 2.7 3.1 2.9 3.6

1.4 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.5 0.9

2.4 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4

1.5 1.3 1.1 1.6 1.5 2.1

0.8 1.1 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.4

Men, 16 Years and Over .......................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 54 years ........................................................ 55 years and over ..................................................

2004

Men, 16 Years and Over .......................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 54 years ........................................................ 55 years and over ..................................................

2005

Men, 16 Years and Over .......................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................................ 20 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 54 years ........................................................ 55 years and over ..................................................

56 159 956 5 201 50 001 42 863 7 138

56 922 1 015 5 242 50 665 43 177 7 489

58 287 997 5 343 51 947 43 953 7 994

2.5 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.4 2.9

2.3 2.9 2.2 2.3 2.2 3.0

2.5 1.8 2.3 2.5 2.4 3.1

1.9 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.8 2.4

1.8 2.4 1.6 1.8 1.7 2.4

1.9 1.4 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.6

0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6

1.3 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.7

1.2 1.7 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.9

1.3 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.8

1.1 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.5

1.0 1.4 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.6

1.1 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.6

Note: Beginning in January 2003, data reflect the revised population controls used in the household survey.

1Absences are defined as instances when persons who usually work 35 or more hours a week worked less than 35 hours during the reference week for reasons including own illness,

injury, or medical problems; childcare problems; other family or personal obligations; civic or military duty; and maternity or paternity leave. Excluded are situations in which work was missed due to vacation or personal days, holidays, labor disputes, and other reasons. For multiple jobholders, absence data refer only to work missed at their main jobs. The absence rate is the ratio of workers with absences to total full-time wage and salary employment. The estimates of full-time wage and salary employment shown in this table do not match those in other tables because the estimates in this table are based on the full Current Population Survey (CPS) sample. Those in the other tables are based on a quarter of the sample only. 2Hours absent as a percentage of hours usually worked.

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 119

Table 1-43. Median Years of Tenure with Current Employer for Employed Wage and Salary Workers, by Age and Sex, Selected Years, February 1996–January 2006 (Number of years.)

Sex and age

Both Sexes 16 years and over .................................................................................... 16 to 17 years ...................................................................................... 18 to 19 years ...................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ...................................................................................... 25 years and over .................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ...................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ...................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ...................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ...................................................................................... 65 years and over ................................................................................ Men 16 years and over .................................................................................... 16 to 17 years ...................................................................................... 18 to 19 years ...................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ...................................................................................... 25 years and over .................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ...................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ...................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ...................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ...................................................................................... 65 years and over ................................................................................ Women 16 years and over .................................................................................... 16 to 17 years ...................................................................................... 18 to 19 years ...................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ...................................................................................... 25 years and over .................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ...................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ...................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ...................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ...................................................................................... 65 years and over ................................................................................

February 1996

February 1998

February 2000

January 2002

January 2004

January 2006

3.8 0.7 0.7 1.2 5.0 2.8 5.3 8.3 10.2 8.4

3.6 0.6 0.7 1.1 4.7 2.7 5.0 8.1 10.1 7.8

3.5 0.6 0.7 1.1 4.7 2.6 4.8 8.2 10.0 9.4

3.7 0.7 0.8 1.2 4.7 2.7 4.6 7.6 9.9 8.6

4.0 0.7 0.8 1.3 4.9 2.9 4.9 7.7 9.6 9.0

4.0 0.6 0.7 1.3 4.9 2.9 4.9 7.3 9.3 8.8

4.0 0.6 0.7 1.2 5.3 3.0 6.1 10.1 10.5 8.3

3.8 0.6 0.7 1.2 4.9 2.8 5.5 9.4 11.2 7.1

3.8 0.6 0.7 1.2 4.9 2.7 5.3 9.5 10.2 9.0

3.9 0.8 0.8 1.4 4.9 2.8 5.0 9.1 10.2 8.1

4.1 0.7 0.8 1.3 5.1 3.0 5.2 9.6 9.8 8.2

4.1 0.7 0.7 1.4 5.0 2.9 5.1 8.1 9.5 8.3

3.5 0.7 0.7 1.2 4.7 2.7 4.8 7.0 10.0 8.4

3.4 0.6 0.7 1.1 4.4 2.5 4.5 7.2 9.6 8.7

3.3 0.6 0.7 1.0 4.4 2.5 4.3 7.3 9.9 9.7

3.4 0.7 0.8 1.1 4.4 2.5 4.2 6.5 9.6 9.4

3.8 0.6 0.8 1.3 4.7 2.8 4.5 6.4 9.2 9.6

3.9 0.6 0.7 1.2 4.8 2.8 4.6 6.7 9.2 9.5

Note: Data for 1996 and 1998 are based on population controls from the 1990 census. Data beginning in 2000 reflect the introduction of Census 2000 population controls and are not strictly comparable with data for prior years. In addition, data for 2004 reflect the introduction of revised population controls in January 2003 and January 2004 and data for January 2006 reflect the introduction of revisions to the population controls in January 2005 and 2006.

120 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-44. Median Years of Tenure with Current Employer for Employed Wage and Salary Workers, by Industry, Selected Years, February 2000–January 2006 (Number of years.)

Industry

TOTAL, 16 YEARS AND OVER ............................................................................

Private Sector ....................................................................................................... Agriculture and related industries ........................................................................... Nonagricultural industries ....................................................................................... Mining ................................................................................................................. Construction ....................................................................................................... Manufacturing .................................................................................................... Durable goods manufacturing ........................................................................ Nonmetallic mineral product ....................................................................... Primary metals and fabricated metal product ............................................. Machinery manufacturing ........................................................................... Computers and electronic product ............................................................. Electrical equipment and appliances .......................................................... Transportation equipment .......................................................................... Wood product ............................................................................................. Furniture and fixtures ................................................................................. Miscellaneous manufacturing ..................................................................... Nondurable goods manufacturing .................................................................. Food manufacturing ................................................................................... Beverage and tobacco product .................................................................. Textiles, apparel, and leather ..................................................................... Paper and printing ...................................................................................... Petroleum and coal product ....................................................................... Chemicals .................................................................................................. Plastics and rubber product ....................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................................. Wholesale trade ............................................................................................. Retail trade ..................................................................................................... Transportation and utilities ................................................................................. Transportation and warehousing .................................................................... Utilities ............................................................................................................ Information1 ........................................................................................................ Publishing, except Internet ............................................................................. Motion picture and sound recording industries .............................................. Broadcasting, except Internet ........................................................................ Telecommunications ...................................................................................... Financial activities .............................................................................................. Finance and insurance ................................................................................... Finance ...................................................................................................... Insurance ................................................................................................... Real estate and rental and leasing ................................................................. Real estate ................................................................................................. Rental and leasing services ....................................................................... Professional and business services ................................................................... Professional and technical services ............................................................... Management, administrative, and waste services1 ........................................ Administrative and support services .......................................................... Waste management and remediation services .......................................... Education and health services ........................................................................... Education services ......................................................................................... Health care and social assistance .................................................................. Hospitals .................................................................................................... Health services, except hospitals ............................................................... Social assistance ....................................................................................... Leisure and hospitality ....................................................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................................................ Accommodation and food services ................................................................ Accommodation ......................................................................................... Food services and drinking places ............................................................. Other services .................................................................................................... Other services, except private households .................................................... Repair and maintenance ............................................................................ Personal and laundry services ................................................................... Membership associations and organizations ............................................. Other services, private households ................................................................

Public Sector ........................................................................................................ Federal government ............................................................................................... State government ................................................................................................... Local government ...................................................................................................

February 2000

January 2002 3.5

3.2 3.7 3.2 4.8 2.7 4.9 4.8 5.5 5.0 5.3 3.9 5.0 6.4 3.7 4.4 3.7 5.0 4.6 5.5 4.7 5.1 9.5 6.0 4.6 2.7 3.9 2.5 4.7 4.0 11.5 3.4 4.2 1.6 3.6 4.3 3.5 3.6 3.3 4.4 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.4 2.6 2.0 1.8 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.5 5.1 3.2 2.4 1.7 2.6 1.5 2.8 1.4 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.7 4.0 3.0

7.1 11.5 5.5 6.7

January 2004 3.7

3.3 4.2 3.3 4.5 3.0 5.4 5.5 5.3 6.3 6.8 4.7 5.5 7.0 4.3 4.7 4.5 5.3 5.0 4.6 5.0 6.2 9.8 5.7 5.3 2.8 3.9 2.6 4.9 4.3 13.4 3.3 4.8 2.3 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9 3.6 4.5 3.0 3.2 2.2 2.7 3.1 2.1 1.9 4.3 3.5 3.6 3.5 4.9 3.1 2.5 1.8 2.3 1.6 2.7 1.4 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.8 4.1 2.7

6.7 11.3 5.4 6.2

January 2006 4.0

3.5 3.7 3.5 5.2 3.0 5.8 6.0 4.8 6.4 6.4 5.2 9.8 7.7 5.0 4.7 4.6 5.5 4.9 8.0 5.0 6.9 11.4 5.3 5.7 3.1 4.3 2.8 5.3 4.7 13.3 4.3 4.7 2.2 4.0 4.6 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.4 3.3 3.5 2.9 3.2 3.6 2.6 2.4 3.4 3.6 3.8 3.6 4.7 3.3 2.8 2.0 2.8 1.9 3.1 1.6 3.3 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.9 2.3

6.9 10.4 6.4 6.4

4.0

3.6 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.0 5.5 5.6 5.0 6.2 6.6 5.9 6.2 7.2 4.7 4.2 3.9 5.4 5.2 5.4 4.4 6.3 5.0 6.1 5.0 3.1 4.6 2.8 4.9 4.3 10.4 4.8 5.3 1.9 4.6 5.3 4.0 4.1 3.9 4.7 3.4 3.5 3.1 3.2 3.8 2.5 2.4 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 5.2 3.6 3.1 1.9 3.1 1.6 2.5 1.4 3.2 3.3 2.9 2.8 4.2 2.8 6.9 9.9 6.3 6.6

Note: Data for January 2004 reflect the introduction of revisions to the population controls in January 2003 and 2004. Data for January 2006 reflect the introduction of revisions to the population controls in January 2005 and 2006. 1Includes

other industries not shown separately.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 121 Table 1-45. Employment Status of the Population, by Sex and Marital Status, March 1990–March 2006 (Thousands of people, percent.)

Marital status and year

Men

Population

Labor force

Total

Number

Percent of population

Employed

Women Unemployed

Number

Percent of labor force

Population

Labor force

Total

Number

Percent of population

Employed

Unemployed

Number

Percent of labor force

Single 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................

25 757 26 220 26 529 26 951 28 350

18 829 19 014 19 229 19 625 20 365

73.1 72.5 72.5 72.8 71.8

16 893 16 418 16 401 16 858 17 826

1 936 2 596 2 828 2 767 2 539

10.3 13.7 14.7 14.1 12.5

21 088 21 688 21 738 21 848 22 885

14 003 14 125 14 072 14 091 14 903

66.4 65.1 64.7 64.5 65.1

12 856 12 887 12 793 12 711 13 419

1 147 1 238 1 279 1 380 1 484

8.2 8.8 9.1 9.8 10.0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

30 232 30 968 32 220 32 852 33 786

21 641 22 232 22 761 22 821 23 212

71.6 71.8 70.6 69.5 68.7

19 823 20 239 20 066 20 194 20 434

1 818 1 993 2 695 2 627 2 778

8.4 9.0 11.8 11.5 12.0

25 863 26 180 26 942 27 527 28 033

17 749 17 900 18 079 17 901 18 089

68.6 68.4 67.1 65.0 64.5

16 446 16 631 16 499 16 219 16 506

1 303 1 269 1 580 1 682 1 583

7.3 7.1 8.7 9.4 8.8

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... Married, Spouse Present 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ...................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... Widowed, Divorced, or Separated 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ...................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................

28 318 28 695 29 294 29 558 29 883

34 069 34 906

20 449 20 561 20 942 21 255 21 329

23 335 24 369

72.2 71.7 71.5 71.9 71.4

68.5 69.8

18 286 18 097 18 683 19 124 19 465

20 831 21 961

2 163 2 464 2 259 2 131 1 864

2 504 2 408

10.6 12.0 10.8 10.0 8.7

10.7 9.9

22 853 23 632 24 215 24 808 25 674

28 508 29 357

14 974 15 417 16 178 16 885 17 486

18 554 18 989

65.5 65.2 66.8 68.1 68.1

65.1 64.7

13 673 14 084 14 747 15 626 16 185

16 902 17 444

1 301 1 333 1 431 1 259 1 301

1 652 1 545

8.7 8.6 8.8 7.5 7.4

8.9 8.1

52 464 52 460 52 780 53 488 53 436

41 020 40 883 40 930 41 255 40 993

78.2 77.9 77.5 77.1 76.7

39 562 38 843 38 650 39 069 39 085

1 458 2 040 2 280 2 186 1 908

3.6 5.0 5.6 5.3 4.7

53 207 53 176 53 464 54 146 54 198

30 967 31 103 31 686 32 158 32 863

58.2 58.5 59.3 59.4 60.6

29 870 29 668 30 130 30 757 31 397

1 097 1 435 1 556 1 401 1 466

3.5 4.6 4.9 4.4 4.5

55 897 56 152 57 325 57 940 58 395

43 254 43 463 44 271 44 700 44 860

77.4 77.4 77.2 77.1 76.8

42 261 42 245 42 508 42 797 43 247

993 1 218 1 763 1 903 1 613

2.3 2.8 4.0 4.3 3.6

56 432 56 740 57 883 58 545 59 008

34 959 35 234 35 624 36 185 35 918

61.9 62.1 61.5 61.8 60.9

33 998 34 273 34 295 34 806 34 582

961 961 1 329 1 379 1 336

2.7 2.7 3.7 3.8 3.7

54 166 53 996 53 981 54 685 55 256

58 854 58 850

41 806 41 837 41 967 42 288 42 557

45 263 45 082

77.2 77.5 77.7 77.3 77.0

76.9 76.6

40 262 40 356 40 628 41 039 41 476

43 763 43 877

1 544 1 481 1 339 1 249 1 081

1 500 1 205

3.7 3.5 3.2 3.0 2.5

3.3 2.7

54 902 54 640 54 611 55 241 55 801

59 449 59 476

33 563 33 382 33 907 34 136 34 349

35 809 36 192

61.1 61.1 62.1 61.8 61.6

60.2 60.9

32 267 32 258 32 836 33 028 33 403

34 738 35 185

1 296 1 124 1 071 1 108 946

1 071 1 007

3.9 3.4 3.2 3.2 2.8

3.0 2.8

11 152 11 588 11 927 11 861 12 239

7 513 7 804 8 049 7 956 8 156

67.4 67.3 67.5 67.1 66.6

6 959 6 985 7 140 7 055 7 382

554 819 909 901 774

7.4 10.5 11.3 11.3 9.5

23 857 24 105 24 582 24 661 25 098

11 168 11 145 11 486 11 308 11 879

46.8 46.2 46.7 45.9 47.3

10 530 10 386 10 610 10 528 10 995

638 759 876 780 884

5.7 6.8 7.6 6.9 7.4

14 289 14 392 14 617 15 180 15 059

9 623 9 421 9 650 9 855 9 789

67.3 65.5 66.0 64.9 65.0

9 152 8 927 8 931 9 020 9 059

471 494 719 835 730

4.9 5.2 7.5 8.5 7.5

26 354 26 747 27 802 28 240 28 228

13 228 13 454 13 716 14 154 14 194

50.2 50.3 49.3 50.1 50.3

12 657 12 887 12 855 13 240 13 324

571 567 861 914 870

4.3 4.2 6.3 6.5 6.1

12 410 13 176 14 113 14 166 14 225

15 779 16 405

8 315 8 697 9 420 9 482 9 449

10 256 10 815

67.0 66.0 66.7 66.9 66.4

65.0 65.9

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

7 632 7 976 8 715 8 954 8 971

9 569 10 141

683 721 705 528 478

687 674

8.2 8.3 7.5 5.6 5.1

6.7 6.2

25 373 25 786 26 301 26 092 26 199

28 576 28 981

12 001 12 430 12 814 12 880 12 951

14 233 14 220

47.3 48.2 48.7 49.4 49.4

49.8 49.1

11 308 11 742 12 071 12 235 12 307

13 472 13 539

693 688 743 645 644

761 681

5.8 5.5 5.8 5.0 5.0

5.3 4.8

122 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-45. Employment Status of the Population, by Sex and Marital Status, March 1990–March 2006 —Continued (Thousands of people, percent.)

Marital status and year

Men

Population

Labor force

Total

Number

Percent of population

Employed

Women Unemployed

Number

Percent of labor force

Population

Labor force

Total

Number

Percent of population

Employed

Unemployed

Number

Percent of labor force

Widowed 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................

2 331 2 385 2 529 2 468 2 220

519 486 566 596 474

22.3 20.4 22.4 24.1 21.4

490 448 501 535 440

29 38 65 61 34

5.6 7.8 11.5 10.2 7.2

11 477 11 288 11 325 11 214 11 073

2 243 2 150 2 131 1 961 1 945

19.5 19.0 18.8 17.5 17.6

2 149 2 044 2 029 1 856 1 825

94 106 102 105 120

4.2 4.9 4.8 5.4 6.2

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

2 601 2 638 2 635 2 694 2 651

583 568 629 628 581

22.4 21.5 23.9 23.3 21.9

547 546 581 588 558

36 22 48 40 23

6.2 3.9 7.6 6.4 4.0

11 061 11 182 11 411 11 295 11 159

2 011 2 137 2 001 2 087 2 157

18.2 19.1 17.5 18.5 19.3

1 911 2 045 1 887 1 991 2 048

100 92 114 96 109

5.0 4.3 5.7 4.6 5.1

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... Divorced 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ...................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... Separated 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ...................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................

2 282 2 476 2 686 2 567 2 540

2 729 2 626

496 487 559 563 562

618 610

21.7 19.7 20.8 21.9 22.1

22.6 23.2

469 466 529 551 532

590 563

27 21 30 12 30

28 47

5.4 4.3 5.4 2.1 5.3

4.5 7.7

11 080 11 070 11 058 11 027 10 943

11 125 11 305

1 941 1 916 2 018 2 157 2 039

2 111 2 164

17.5 17.3 18.2 19.6 18.6

19.0 19.1

1 844 1 820 1 926 2 071 1 942

2 005 2 094

97 96 92 86 97

106 70

5.0 5.0 4.6 4.0 4.8

5.0 3.2

6 256 6 586 6 743 6 770 7 222

5 004 5 262 5 418 5 330 5 548

80.0 79.9 80.3 78.7 76.8

4 639 4 722 4 823 4 736 5 028

365 540 595 594 520

7.3 10.3 11.0 11.1 9.4

8 845 9 152 9 569 9 879 10 113

6 678 6 779 7 076 7 183 7 473

75.5 74.1 73.9 72.7 73.9

6 333 6 365 6 578 6 736 6 962

345 414 498 447 511

5.2 6.1 7.0 6.2 6.8

8 532 8 580 8 643 8 938 8 942

6 583 6 403 6 519 6 621 6 622

77.2 74.6 75.4 74.1 74.1

6 279 6 074 6 053 6 052 6 104

304 329 466 569 518

4.6 5.1 7.1 8.6 7.8

11 061 11 719 12 227 12 653 12 817

8 505 8 662 8 902 9 191 9 246

76.9 73.9 72.8 72.6 72.1

8 217 8 335 8 416 8 673 8 706

288 327 486 518 540

3.4 3.8 5.5 5.6 5.8

7 343 7 734 8 191 8 307 8 529

9 196 9 646

5 739 5 954 6 298 6 378 6 481

6 754 7 065

78.2 77.0 76.9 76.8 76.0

73.4 73.2

5 266 5 468 5 851 6 045 6 151

6 281 6 631

473 486 447 333 330

473 434

8.2 8.2 7.1 5.2 5.1

7.0 6.1

10 262 10 508 11 102 11 065 11 130

12 950 13 107

7 559 7 829 8 092 8 038 8 171

9 253 9 188

73.7 74.5 72.9 72.6 73.4

71.5 70.1

7 206 7 468 7 666 7 687 7 841

8 836 8 799

353 361 426 351 330

417 389

4.7 4.6 5.3 4.4 4.0

4.5 4.2

2 565 2 616 2 655 2 623 2 797

1 990 2 057 2 065 2 030 2 134

77.6 78.6 77.8 77.4 76.3

1 830 1 816 1 816 1 784 1 914

160 241 249 246 220

8.0 11.7 12.1 12.1 10.3

3 535 3 665 3 688 3 568 3 911

2 247 2 216 2 279 2 165 2 461

63.6 60.5 61.8 60.7 62.9

2 048 1 977 2 003 1 937 2 208

199 239 276 228 253

8.9 10.8 12.1 10.5 10.3

3 157 3 174 3 339 3 548 3 466

2 456 2 450 2 502 2 606 2 586

77.8 77.2 74.9 73.4 74.6

2 326 2 307 2 297 2 380 2 397

130 143 205 226 189

5.3 5.8 8.2 8.7 7.3

4 012 3 846 4 164 4 293 4 251

2 711 2 654 2 812 2 877 2 791

67.6 69.0 67.5 67.0 65.7

2 528 2 507 2 551 2 576 2 569

183 147 261 301 222

6.8 5.5 9.3 10.5 8.0

2 784 2 966 3 236 3 293 3 156

3 855 4 132

2 081 2 255 2 563 2 542 2 405

2 884 3 141

74.7 76.0 79.2 77.2 76.2

74.8 76.0

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

1 898 2 041 2 335 2 358 2 287

2 698 2 947

183 214 228 184 118

186 194

8.8 9.5 8.9 7.2 4.9

6.4 6.2

4 031 4 209 4 141 4 000 4 126

4 501 4 569

2 501 2 684 2 705 2 683 2 740

2 870 2 869

62.0 63.8 65.3 67.1 66.4

63.8 62.8

2 258 2 453 2 480 2 476 2 523

2 632 2 647

243 231 225 207 217

238 222

9.7 8.6 8.3 7.7 7.9

8.3 7.7

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 123

Table 1-46. Employment Status of All Women and Single Women, by Presence and Age of Children, March 1990–March 2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) Presence and age of children and year

All women

Civilian labor force

Civilian Employed labor force as percent Percent Percent Number of full time part time population

Single women

Unemployed Number

Percent of labor force

Civilian labor force

Civilian Employed labor force as percent Percent Percent Number of full time part time population

Unemployed Number

Percent of labor force

Women with No Children Under 18 Years 1990 ....................................................... 1991 ....................................................... 1992 ....................................................... 1993 ....................................................... 1994 .......................................................

33 942 34 047 34 487 34 495 35 454

52.3 52.0 52.3 52.1 53.1

32 391 32 167 32 481 32 476 33 343

74.4 74.0 74.3 74.6 72.7

25.6 26.0 25.7 25.4 27.3

1 551 1 880 2 006 2 020 2 110

4.6 5.5 5.8 5.9 6.0

12 478 12 472 12 355 12 223 12 737

68.1 67.0 66.9 66.4 66.8

11 611 11 529 11 374 11 201 11 674

65.9 66.2 66.6 66.1 64.5

34.1 33.8 33.4 33.9 35.5

866 943 982 1 022 1 063

6.9 7.6 7.9 8.4 8.3

2000 ....................................................... 2001 ....................................................... 2002 ....................................................... 2003 ....................................................... 2004 .......................................................

40 142 40 836 41 278 42 039 42 289

54.8 54.9 54.0 54.1 53.8

38 408 39 219 39 038 39 667 40 000

75.4 75.7 75.1 74.8 74.6

24.6 24.3 24.9 25.2 25.4

1 733 1 617 2 241 2 372 2 289

4.3 4.0 5.4 5.6 5.4

14 677 14 877 14 855 14 678 14 828

67.6 67.4 65.6 63.5 63.0

13 713 13 993 13 682 13 430 13 670

66.6 67.3 65.9 65.1 65.5

33.4 32.7 34.1 34.9 34.5

964 884 1 173 1 249 1 157

6.6 5.9 7.9 8.5 7.8

1995 ....................................................... 1996 ....................................................... 1997 ....................................................... 1998 ....................................................... 1999 .......................................................

2005 ....................................................... 2006 ....................................................... Women with Children Under 18 Years 1990 ....................................................... 1991 ....................................................... 1992 ....................................................... 1993 ....................................................... 1994 ....................................................... 1995 ....................................................... 1996 ....................................................... 1997 ....................................................... 1998 ....................................................... 1999 ....................................................... 2000 ....................................................... 2001 ....................................................... 2002 ....................................................... 2003 ....................................................... 2004 ....................................................... 2005 ....................................................... 2006 ....................................................... Women with Children Under 6 Years 1990 ....................................................... 1991 ....................................................... 1992 ....................................................... 1993 ....................................................... 1994 ....................................................... 1995 ....................................................... 1996 ....................................................... 1997 ....................................................... 1998 ....................................................... 1999 ....................................................... 2000 ....................................................... 2001 ....................................................... 2002 ....................................................... 2003 ....................................................... 2004 ....................................................... 2005 ....................................................... 2006 .......................................................

35 843 36 509 37 295 38 253 39 316

42 039 43 392

52.9 53.0 53.6 54.1 54.3

54.1 53.6

34 054 34 698 35 572 36 680 37 589

39 667 41 440

72.9 73.3 73.7 74.1 74.6

74.8 75.3

27.1 26.7 26.3 25.9 25.4

25.2 24.7

1 789 1 811 1 723 1 573 1 727

2 372 1 952

5.0 5.0 4.6 4.1 4.4

5.6 4.5

12 870 13 172 13 405 13 888 14 435

14 678 15 673

67.1 66.1 66.5 67.2 67.1

63.5 63.4

11 919 12 255 12 442 13 082 13 491

13 430 14 547

64.5 64.6 64.0 64.8 65.6

65.1 66.5

35.5 35.4 36.0 35.2 34.4

34.9 33.5

951 918 964 806 944

1 249 1 125

7.4 7.0 7.2 5.8 6.5

8.5 7.2

22 196 22 327 22 756 23 063 24 191

66.7 66.6 67.2 66.9 68.4

20 865 20 774 21 052 21 521 22 467

73.0 73.0 73.8 73.9 70.8

27.0 27.0 26.2 26.1 29.2

1 331 1 552 1 704 1 541 1 724

6.0 7.0 7.5 6.7 7.1

1 525 1 654 1 716 1 869 2 166

55.2 53.6 52.5 54.4 56.9

1 244 1 358 1 420 1 510 1 745

79.1 76.4 75.9 74.8 73.9

20.9 23.6 24.1 25.2 26.1

280 296 297 359 421

18.4 17.9 17.3 19.2 19.4

25 795 25 751 26 140 26 202 25 913

72.9 73.1 72.2 71.7 70.7

24 693 24 572 24 612 24 598 24 413

74.6 75.6 74.8 74.3 74.2

25.4 24.4 25.2 25.7 25.8

1 102 1 179 1 529 1 603 1 501

4.3 4.6 5.8 6.1 5.8

3 073 3 022 3 224 3 222 3 262

73.9 73.8 75.3 73.1 72.6

2 734 2 638 2 818 2 789 2 836

79.7 81.8 79.1 79.5 76.8

20.3 18.2 20.9 20.5 23.2

339 385 406 433 426

11.0 12.7 12.6 13.4 13.1

24 695 24 720 25 604 25 647 25 469

26 202 26 009

69.7 70.2 72.1 72.3 72.1

71.7 70.6

23 195 23 386 24 082 24 209 24 305

24 598 24 728

71.7 72.6 74.1 74.0 74.1

74.3 75.6

28.3 27.4 25.9 26.0 25.9

25.7 24.4

1 500 1 334 1 522 1 438 1 165

1 603 1 281

6.1 5.4 5.9 5.6 4.6

6.1 4.9

2 104 2 245 2 772 2 997 3 051

3 222 3 317

57.5 60.5 68.1 72.5 73.4

73.1 71.5

1 754 1 829 2 305 2 544 2 694

2 789 2 896

73.6 73.5 76.6 75.6 75.8

79.5 77.8

26.4 26.5 23.4 24.4 24.2

20.5 22.2

350 416 467 453 357

433 420

16.6 18.5 16.8 15.1 11.7

13.4 12.7

9 397 9 636 9 573 9 621 10 328

58.2 58.4 58.0 57.9 60.3

8 732 8 758 8 662 8 764 9 394

69.6 69.5 70.2 70.1 67.1

30.4 30.5 29.8 29.9 32.9

664 878 911 857 935

7.1 9.1 9.5 8.9 9.1

929 1 050 1 029 1 125 1 379

48.7 48.8 45.8 47.4 52.2

736 819 829 869 1 062

75.0 72.2 73.2 70.0 70.0

25.0 27.8 26.8 30.0 30.0

194 231 200 257 317

20.9 22.0 19.4 22.8 23.0

10 316 10 200 10 193 10 209 10 131

65.3 64.9 64.1 62.9 62.2

9 763 9 618 9 441 9 433 9 407

70.5 71.2 70.4 70.0 69.4

29.5 28.8 29.6 30.0 30.6

553 582 752 776 724

5.4 5.7 7.4 7.6 7.1

1 835 1 783 1 819 1 893 1 885

70.5 69.7 71.0 70.2 68.4

1 603 1 542 1 568 1 614 1 605

75.3 79.1 74.5 75.2 70.1

24.7 20.9 25.5 24.8 29.9

232 242 251 279 279

12.6 13.6 13.8 14.7 14.8

10 395 10 293 10 610 10 619 10 322

10 209 10 430

62.3 62.3 65.0 65.2 64.4

62.9 63.0

9 587 9 592 9 800 9 839 9 674

9 433 9 779

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

67.5 68.4 70.5 69.8 69.0

70.0 72.0

32.5 31.6 29.5 30.2 31.0

30.0 28.0

809 701 810 780 648

776 651

7.8 6.8 7.6 7.3 6.3

7.6 6.2

1 328 1 378 1 755 1 755 1 811

1 893 1 934

53.0 55.1 65.1 67.3 68.1

70.2 68.6

1 069 1 099 1 424 1 448 1 565

1 614 1 659

68.6 67.3 71.6 71.7 71.0

75.2 72.8

31.4 32.7 28.4 28.3 29.0

24.8 27.2

259 279 330 307 246

279 276

19.5 20.2 18.8 17.5 13.6

14.7 14.3

124 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-47. Employment Status of Ever-Married Women and Married Women, Spouse Present, by Presence and Age of Children, March 1990–March 2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) Presence and age of children and year

Ever-married women1

Civilian labor force

Civilian Employed Unemployed labor force as percent Percent Percent Percent of Number Number of labor full time part time population force

Married women, spouse present

Civilian labor force

Civilian Employed Unemployed labor force as percent Percent Percent Percent of Number Number of labor full time part time population force

Women with No Children Under 18 Years 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................

21 464 21 575 22 132 22 273 22 716

46.1 46.1 46.6 46.6 47.6

20 779 20 637 21 108 21 275 21 669

79.1 78.4 78.5 79.0 77.1

20.9 21.6 21.5 21.0 22.9

685 937 1 024 998 1 047

3.2 4.3 4.6 4.5 4.6

14 467 14 529 14 851 15 211 15 234

51.1 51.2 51.9 52.4 53.2

14 068 13 976 14 247 14 630 14 641

77.3 77.6 77.8 77.6 75.6

22.7 22.4 22.2 22.4 24.4

399 552 604 581 593

2.8 3.8 4.1 3.8 3.9

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

25 465 25 959 26 423 27 361 27 461

49.4 49.6 49.1 50.1 49.8

24 695 25 226 25 356 26 238 26 329

80.3 80.4 80.0 79.7 79.3

19.7 19.6 20.0 20.3 20.7

769 733 1 068 1 123 1 131

3.0 2.8 4.0 4.1 4.1

16 786 16 909 17 353 17 901 17 965

54.7 54.8 54.8 55.7 55.0

16 357 16 528 16 780 17 273 17 367

79.1 78.7 78.4 78.6 78.6

20.9 21.3 21.6 21.4 21.4

429 381 573 628 598

2.6 2.3 3.3 3.5 3.3

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... Women with Children Under 18 Years 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ...................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... Women with Children Under 6 Years 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ...................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................

22 973 23 337 23 890 24 366 24 881

27 361 27 719

47.3 47.7 48.3 48.7 48.9

50.1 49.3

22 134 22 444 23 130 23 598 24 098

26 238 26 893

77.4 78.1 78.9 79.3 79.7

79.7 80.1

22.6 21.9 21.1 20.7 20.3

20.3 19.9

839 893 760 767 783

1 123 827

3.7 3.8 3.2 3.1 3.1

4.1 3.0

15 594 15 628 15 750 16 007 16 484

17 901 18 124

53.2 53.4 54.2 54.1 54.4

55.7 54.8

15 072 15 123 15 315 15 581 16 061

17 273 17 691

76.3 76.8 77.7 78.3 78.2

78.6 79.3

23.7 23.2 22.3 21.7 21.8

21.4 20.7

522 506 435 426 423

628 434

3.3 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.6

3.5 2.4

20 671 20 673 21 040 21 194 22 025

67.8 67.9 68.8 68.3 69.8

19 621 19 416 19 633 20 011 20 722

72.6 72.8 73.6 73.9 70.5

27.4 27.2 26.4 26.1 29.5

1 051 1 257 1 407 1 183 1 303

5.1 6.1 6.7 5.6 5.9

16 500 16 575 16 835 16 947 17 628

66.3 66.8 67.8 67.5 69.0

15 803 15 692 15 884 16 127 16 755

69.8 70.1 71.3 71.4 68.0

30.2 29.9 28.7 28.6 32.0

698 883 952 820 873

4.2 5.3 5.7 4.8 5.0

22 722 22 729 22 917 22 979 22 651

72.7 73.0 71.8 71.5 70.5

21 960 21 934 21 794 21 809 21 576

74.0 74.9 74.3 73.7 73.8

26.0 25.1 25.7 26.3 26.2

763 795 1 122 1 170 1 075

3.4 3.5 4.9 5.1 4.7

18 174 18 325 18 271 18 284 17 953

70.6 70.8 69.6 69.2 68.2

17 641 17 745 17 515 17 533 17 215

71.7 72.6 71.7 71.0 71.3

28.3 27.4 28.3 29.0 28.7

533 580 756 751 738

2.9 3.2 4.1 4.1 4.1

22 591 22 475 22 831 22 650 22 419

22 979 22 692

71.1 71.4 72.6 72.3 71.9

71.5 70.5

21 441 21 556 21 777 21 665 21 611

21 809 21 831

71.5 72.5 73.9 73.8 73.9

73.7 75.3

28.5 27.5 26.1 26.2 26.1

26.3 24.7

1 150 919 1 054 985 808

1 170 861

5.1 4.1 4.6 4.3 3.6

5.1 3.8

17 969 17 754 18 157 18 129 17 865

18 284 18 067

70.2 70.0 71.1 70.6 70.1

69.2 68.4

17 195 17 136 17 521 17 447 17 342

17 533 17 494

68.8 69.6 71.6 71.5 71.5

71.0 73.0

31.2 30.4 28.4 28.5 28.5

29.0 27.0

774 618 636 682 523

751 574

4.3 3.5 3.5 3.8 2.9

4.1 3.2

8 467 8 585 8 544 8 496 8 949

59.5 59.9 60.0 59.6 61.8

7 996 7 938 7 832 7 895 8 332

69.1 69.2 69.9 70.2 66.7

30.9 30.8 30.1 29.8 33.3

471 647 711 600 617

5.6 7.5 8.3 7.1 6.9

7 247 7 434 7 333 7 289 7 723

58.9 59.9 59.9 59.6 61.7

6 901 6 933 6 819 6 840 7 291

67.4 67.5 68.5 68.8 65.4

32.6 32.5 31.5 31.2 34.6

346 501 514 450 432

4.8 6.7 7.0 6.2 5.6

8 481 8 417 8 373 8 315 8 246

64.3 64.0 62.8 61.4 61.0

8 159 8 077 7 873 7 818 7 801

69.5 69.7 69.6 68.9 69.3

30.5 30.3 30.4 31.1 30.7

321 340 501 497 445

3.8 4.0 6.0 6.0 5.4

7 341 7 319 7 166 7 175 7 107

62.8 62.5 60.8 59.8 59.3

7 087 7 062 6 804 6 826 6 774

68.1 68.5 67.7 67.1 68.1

31.9 31.5 32.3 32.9 31.9

254 257 363 349 332

3.5 3.5 5.1 4.9 4.7

9 067 8 915 8 856 8 864 8 511

8 315 8 496

63.9 63.6 64.9 64.8 63.7

61.4 61.9

8 517 8 493 8 376 8 391 8 109

7 818 8 121

1Ever-married women are women who are, or have ever been, married.

67.4 68.6 70.3 69.5 68.6

68.9 71.8

32.6 31.4 29.7 30.5 31.4

31.1 28.2

550 422 480 473 402

497 375

6.1 4.7 5.4 5.3 4.7

6.0 4.4

7 759 7 590 7 582 7 655 7 246

7 175 7 366

63.5 62.7 63.6 63.7 61.8

59.8 60.3

7 349 7 297 7 252 7 309 6 979

6 826 7 092

66.1 66.5 69.1 68.1 67.1

67.1 70.6

33.9 33.5 30.9 31.9 32.9

32.9 29.4

409 293 330 346 267

349 274

5.3 3.9 4.4 4.5 3.7

4.9 3.7

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 125 Table 1-48. Employment Status of Women Who Maintain Families, by Marital Status and Presence and Age of Children, March 1990–March 2006 (Thousands of people, percent.)

Family status, age of children, and year

Civilian noninstitutional population

Percent of the population

Number

Civilian labor force Employed

Unemployed

Percent of the labor force

Number

Not in the labor force

Total, Women Who Maintain Families 1990 ..................................................................................... 1991 ..................................................................................... 1992 ..................................................................................... 1993 ..................................................................................... 1994 .....................................................................................

11 309 11 765 12 214 12 489 12 963

7 088 7 329 7 517 7 777 8 214

62.7 62.3 61.5 62.3 63.4

6 471 6 657 6 798 7 093 7 413

617 672 719 684 801

8.7 9.2 9.6 8.8 9.8

4 221 4 436 4 697 4 712 4 750

2000 ..................................................................................... 2001 ..................................................................................... 2002 ..................................................................................... 2003 ..................................................................................... 2004 .....................................................................................

13 145 12 930 13 489 14 000 14 165

9 226 9 034 9 523 9 759 9 869

70.2 69.9 70.6 69.7 69.7

8 592 8 453 8 755 8 898 9 054

634 581 768 861 815

6.9 6.4 8.1 8.8 8.3

3 918 3 897 3 966 4 241 4 297

1995 ..................................................................................... 1996 ..................................................................................... 1997 ..................................................................................... 1998 ..................................................................................... 1999 .....................................................................................

2005 ..................................................................................... 2006 ..................................................................................... Women with No Children Under 18 Years 1990 ..................................................................................... 1991 ..................................................................................... 1992 ..................................................................................... 1993 ..................................................................................... 1994 ..................................................................................... 1995 ..................................................................................... 1996 ..................................................................................... 1997 ..................................................................................... 1998 ..................................................................................... 1999 ..................................................................................... 2000 ..................................................................................... 2001 ..................................................................................... 2002 ..................................................................................... 2003 ..................................................................................... 2004 ..................................................................................... 2005 ..................................................................................... 2006 ..................................................................................... Women with Children Under 18 Years 1990 ..................................................................................... 1991 ..................................................................................... 1992 ..................................................................................... 1993 ..................................................................................... 1994 ..................................................................................... 1995 ..................................................................................... 1996 ..................................................................................... 1997 ..................................................................................... 1998 ..................................................................................... 1999 ..................................................................................... 2000 ..................................................................................... 2001 ..................................................................................... 2002 ..................................................................................... 2003 ..................................................................................... 2004 ..................................................................................... 2005 ..................................................................................... 2006 ..................................................................................... Single Women with No Children Under 18 Years 1990 ..................................................................................... 1991 ..................................................................................... 1992 ..................................................................................... 1993 ..................................................................................... 1994 ..................................................................................... 1995 ..................................................................................... 1996 ..................................................................................... 1997 ..................................................................................... 1998 ..................................................................................... 1999 ..................................................................................... 2000 ..................................................................................... 2001 ..................................................................................... 2002 ..................................................................................... 2003 ..................................................................................... 2004 ..................................................................................... 2005 ..................................................................................... 2006 .....................................................................................

12 762 12 993 13 258 13 102 13 191

14 391 14 485

8 192 8 460 8 998 8 976 9 213

9 941 9 966

64.2 65.1 67.9 68.5 69.8

69.1 68.8

7 527 7 832 8 192 8 309 8 596

9 140 9 227

665 628 806 667 617

801 739

8.1 7.4 9.0 7.4 6.7

8.1 7.4

4 570 4 532 4 260 4 127 3 978

4 450 4 520

4 290 4 447 4 651 4 708 4 758

2 227 2 364 2 427 2 466 2 609

51.9 53.2 52.2 52.4 54.8

2 132 2 231 2 307 2 339 2 489

95 133 120 127 120

4.3 5.6 4.9 5.2 4.6

2 062 2 083 2 223 2 242 2 149

5 097 5 185 5 119 5 457 5 551

2 707 2 772 2 764 2 934 3 052

53.1 53.5 54.0 53.8 55.0

2 546 2 668 2 628 2 728 2 855

161 104 136 206 197

5.9 3.8 4.9 7.0 6.5

2 390 2 413 2 355 2 522 2 499

4 610 4 847 4 909 4 952 4 942

5 692 5 693 7 018 7 318 7 564 7 781 8 205 8 152 8 146 8 348 8 151 8 248 8 048 7 746 8 370 8 543 8 614 8 699 8 793 642 682 745 752 704 779 895 860 893 969

1 004 1 096 1 154 1 254 1 381 1 388 1 370

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

2 471 2 552 2 663 2 649 2 667

3 095 3 088 4 860 4 965 5 090 5 311 5 604 5 720 5 908 6 335 6 327 6 546 6 520 6 261 6 759 6 825 6 817 6 846 6 878 450 469 505 531 490 534 588 585 637 674 720 787 796 814 977 926 933

53.6 52.7 54.2 53.5 54.0

54.4 54.2 69.3 67.8 67.3 68.3 68.3 70.2 72.5 75.9 77.6 79.4 81.0 80.8 80.8 79.9 79.1 78.7 78.2

70.1 68.8 67.8 70.6 69.6 68.5 65.7 68.0 71.3 69.6

71.7 71.8 69.0 64.9 70.7 66.7 68.1

2 394 2 462 2 571 2 578 2 556

2 961 2 945 4 338 4 426 4 491 4 755 4 924 5 132 5 370 5 621 5 731 6 040 6 046 5 785 6 127 6 170 6 199 6 179 6 282 425 441 475 494 451 508 572 563 613 638

642 756 747 713 887 855 861

77 90 92 71 111

134 143

3.1 3.5 3.5 2.7 4.2

4.3 4.6

522 539 599 556 680

10.7 10.9 11.8 10.5 12.1

474 476 632 655 618

7.3 7.6 9.4 9.6 9.1

588 538 714 596 506

667 596

25 28 30 37 39 26 16 22 24 36

78 31 49 101 90 71 72

10.3 9.1 11.3 9.4 7.7

9.7 8.7

5.6 6.0 5.9 7.0 8.0 4.9 2.7 3.8 3.8 5.3

10.8 3.9 6.2 12.4 9.2 7.7 7.7

2 139 2 295 2 246 2 303 2 275

2 597 2 604 2 159 2 353 2 473 2 470 2 601 2 431 2 237 2 014 1 823 1 702 1 528 1 484 1 611 1 718 1 798 1 853 1 915

192 214 241 221 213 245 308 275 256 295

284 309 358 440 404 463 437

126 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-48. Employment Status of Women Who Maintain Families, by Marital Status and Presence and Age of Children, March 1990–March 2006—Continued (Thousands of people, percent.)

Family status, age of children, and year

Civilian noninstitutional population

Number

Percent of the population

Civilian labor force Employed

Unemployed

Percent of the labor force

Number

Not in the labor force

Single Women with Children Under 18 Years 1990 ..................................................................................... 1991 ..................................................................................... 1992 ..................................................................................... 1993 ..................................................................................... 1994 .....................................................................................

1 953 2 208 2 376 2 445 2 790

1 095 1 187 1 256 1 414 1 625

56.1 53.8 52.9 57.8 58.2

874 985 1 067 1 161 1 328

221 202 189 253 297

20.2 17.0 15.0 17.9 18.3

858 1 021 1 120 1 031 1 165

2000 ..................................................................................... 2001 ..................................................................................... 2002 ..................................................................................... 2003 ..................................................................................... 2004 .....................................................................................

3 167 3 097 3 315 3 421 3 414

2 413 2 351 2 566 2 584 2 568

76.2 75.9 77.4 75.5 75.2

2 151 2 055 2 241 2 272 2 233

262 296 325 312 335

10.9 12.6 12.7 12.1 13.0

754 745 749 837 846

1995 ..................................................................................... 1996 ..................................................................................... 1997 ..................................................................................... 1998 ..................................................................................... 1999 .....................................................................................

2005 ..................................................................................... 2006 ..................................................................................... Widowed, Divorced, or Separated Women with No Children Under 18 Years 1990 ..................................................................................... 1991 ..................................................................................... 1992 ..................................................................................... 1993 ..................................................................................... 1994 ..................................................................................... 1995 ..................................................................................... 1996 ..................................................................................... 1997 ..................................................................................... 1998 ..................................................................................... 1999 ..................................................................................... 2000 ..................................................................................... 2001 ..................................................................................... 2002 ..................................................................................... 2003 ..................................................................................... 2004 ..................................................................................... 2005 ..................................................................................... 2006 ..................................................................................... Widowed, Divorced, or Separated Women with Children Under 18 Years 1990 ..................................................................................... 1991 ..................................................................................... 1992 ..................................................................................... 1993 ..................................................................................... 1994 ..................................................................................... 1995 ..................................................................................... 1996 ..................................................................................... 1997 ..................................................................................... 1998 ..................................................................................... 1999 ..................................................................................... 2000 ..................................................................................... 2001 ..................................................................................... 2002 ..................................................................................... 2003 ..................................................................................... 2004 ..................................................................................... 2005 ..................................................................................... 2006 .....................................................................................

2 613 2 639 3 012 3 083 3 163

3 591 3 671

1 510 1 633 2 087 2 280 2 415

2 708 2 710

57.8 61.9 69.3 74.0 76.4

75.4 73.8

1 261 1 346 1 749 1 960 2 146

2 325 2 370

249 287 338 320 269

383 340

16.5 17.6 16.2 14.0 11.1

14.1 12.5

1 102 1 006 925 803 748

882 961

3 648 3 765 3 905 3 956 4 054

1 778 1 896 1 923 1 935 2 118

48.7 50.4 49.2 48.9 52.2

1 708 1 791 1 832 1 845 2 037

70 105 91 90 81

3.9 5.5 4.7 4.7 3.8

1 870 1 869 1 982 2 021 1 936

4 093 4 088 3 964 4 203 4 170

1 987 1 985 1 968 2 121 2 075

48.5 48.6 49.6 50.5 49.8

1 904 1 912 1 882 2 016 1 968

83 73 86 105 107

4.2 3.7 4.4 5.0 5.2

2 106 2 104 1 997 2 082 2 095

3 831 3 952 4 049 4 058 3 974

4 304 4 323

1 938 1 964 2 077 2 011 1 993

2 170 2 156

50.6 49.7 51.3 49.6 50.2

50.4 49.9

1 887 1 890 2 008 1 965 1 918

2 106 2 084

51 74 69 46 75

64 72

2.6 3.8 3.3 2.3 3.8

2.9 3.3

1 894 1 988 1 971 2 047 1 980

2 135 2 168

5 065 5 109 5 187 5 336 5 415

3 765 3 778 3 834 3 897 3 979

74.3 73.9 73.9 73.0 73.5

3 464 3 441 3 424 3 594 3 596

301 337 410 303 383

8.0 8.9 10.7 7.8 9.6

1 301 1 331 1 353 1 439 1 436

4 881 4 649 5 056 5 122 5 201

4 107 3 910 4 193 4 241 4 249

84.1 84.1 82.9 82.8 81.7

3 895 3 730 3 886 3 898 3 966

212 180 307 343 283

5.2 4.6 7.3 8.1 6.7

774 739 862 881 952

5 539 5 507 5 337 5 068 5 086

5 108 5 121

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

4 210 4 275 4 248 4 047 4 131

4 137 4 167

76.0 77.6 79.6 79.9 81.2

81.0 81.4

3 871 4 024 3 872 3 771 3 894

3 854 3 912

339 251 376 276 237

283 255

8.1 5.9 8.9 6.8 5.7

6.8 6.1

1 329 1 231 1 089 1 020 955

971 955

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 127 Table 1-49. Number and Age of Children in Families, by Type of Family and Labor Force Status of Mother, March 1990–March 2006 (Thousands of children.)

Age of children and year

Total children

Mother in labor force

Mother not in labor force

Total

Married-couple families Mother in labor force

Mother not in labor force

Families maintained by women

Total

Children Under 18 Years 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ......................................................

59 596 60 330 61 262 62 020 63 407

36 712 36 968 38 081 38 542 40 186

21 110 21 526 21 176 21 444 21 188

45 898 45 912 45 966 46 499 47 247

29 077 29 056 29 882 30 054 31 279

16 820 16 856 16 084 16 445 15 968

11 925 12 582 13 291 13 487 14 127

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

65 601 65 777 65 978 66 521 66 386

44 188 44 051 43 821 43 769 43 144

18 674 18 864 19 243 19 782 20 229

48 902 49 352 48 836 49 004 48 656

33 149 33 436 32 673 32 411 31 892

15 753 15 916 16 163 16 593 16 764

13 960 13 563 14 228 14 547 14 717

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... Children from 6 to 17 Years 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ...................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2005 ...................................................... 2006 ...................................................... Children Under 6 Years 1990 ...................................................... 1991 ...................................................... 1992 ...................................................... 1993 ...................................................... 1994 ...................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ......................................................

2005 ...................................................... 2006 ......................................................

63 989 64 506 64 710 65 043 65 191

66 526 66 883

41 365 41 573 42 747 43 156 43 419

43 239 43 278

20 421 20 449 19 223 19 069 19 074

20 179 20 440

47 675 47 484 47 529 47 909 47 945

48 688 48 853

32 190 31 764 32 263 32 533 32 193

31 886 31 946

15 486 15 720 15 265 15 376 15 752

16 802 16 908

39 095 39 470 40 064 40 622 41 795

25 805 25 806 26 666 27 046 28 179

12 079 12 392 12 067 12 291 12 287

29 726 29 598 29 673 30 233 30 895

20 067 19 907 20 586 20 796 21 663

9 659 9 691 9 087 9 437 9 233

44 562 44 458 44 865 45 273 45 066

31 531 31 411 31 437 31 559 31 040

11 198 11 153 11 510 11 635 11 968

32 732 32 957 32 799 32 782 32 506

23 393 23 599 23 296 23 160 22 736

9 339 9 358 9 504 9 622 9 769

42 423 42 964 43 488 43 771 44 110

45 027 45 039

28 931 29 381 30 308 30 579 30 885

30 930 30 591

12 000 11 897 11 400 11 367 11 370

11 995 12 250

31 298 31 231 31 509 31 707 31 975

32 412 32 311

22 239 22 092 22 602 22 706 22 706

22 565 22 315

Mother in labor force

Mother not in labor force

Families maintained by men

7 635 7 912 8 199 8 488 8 907

4 290 4 670 5 093 4 999 5 220

1 774 1 836 2 005 2 034 2 033

11 039 10 615 11 149 11 359 11 252

2 921 2 948 3 079 3 189 3 465

2 739 2 862 2 914 2 970 3 014

14 111 14 538 14 441 14 317 14 547

9 176 9 809 10 483 10 623 11 226

14 729 14 865

11 352 11 332

4 935 4 729 3 958 3 694 3 322

3 377 3 532

2 202 2 484 2 740 2 818 2 699

3 108 3 165

8 157 8 599 9 060 9 104 9 570

5 737 5 899 6 079 6 249 6 516

2 420 2 701 2 980 2 854 3 054

1 211 1 272 1 331 1 285 1 329

9 997 9 608 10 148 10 412 10 502

8 138 7 813 8 142 8 399 8 304

1 859 1 795 2 006 2 013 2 199

1 833 1 894 1 918 2 080 2 058

9 059 9 139 8 906 9 001 9 269

9 633 10 047 10 199 10 238 10 281

9 847 9 996

10 514 10 530

6 692 7 289 7 705 7 873 8 179

8 366 8 276

2 941 2 758 2 493 2 365 2 101

2 148 2 254

1 492 1 685 1 781 1 826 1 855

2 102 2 198

20 502 20 860 21 198 21 398 21 612

10 907 11 162 11 415 11 496 12 007

9 031 9 134 9 109 9 153 8 901

16 171 16 313 16 293 16 266 16 352

9 010 9 148 9 296 9 258 9 617

7 161 7 165 6 997 7 008 6 735

3 767 3 983 4 232 4 383 4 556

1 897 2 013 2 119 2 239 2 391

1 870 1 969 2 112 2 145 2 166

563 563 674 749 704

21 039 21 318 21 113 21 248 21 321

12 657 12 640 12 384 12 210 12 104

7 476 7 711 7 733 8 147 8 261

16 170 16 395 16 037 16 222 16 151

9 757 9 837 9 377 9 251 9 156

6 413 6 558 6 660 6 971 6 995

3 963 3 956 4 080 4 136 4 214

2 901 2 802 3 007 2 960 2 948

1 062 1 153 1 073 1 176 1 266

906 968 996 890 956

21 566 21 542 21 222 21 272 21 081

21 498 21 844

12 435 12 192 12 439 12 577 12 533

12 308 12 687

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

8 421 8 552 7 823 7 703 7 704

8 184 8 190

16 377 16 253 16 020 16 201 15 971

16 276 16 542

9 951 9 672 9 661 9 827 9 487

9 321 9 631

6 427 6 581 6 359 6 375 6 484

6 955 6 911

4 478 4 491 4 243 4 079 4 267

4 216 4 335

2 484 2 520 2 778 2 751 3 046

2 987 3 057

1 995 1 971 1 464 1 328 1 220

1 229 1 278

710 799 959 992 844

1 006 968

128 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-50. Number of Families and Median Family Income, by Type of Family and Earner Status of Members, 1995–2005 (Thousands of families, dollars.)

Number and type of families and median family income

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Married-Couple Families, Total ......................................... No earners ........................................................................... One earner ........................................................................... Husband ........................................................................... Wife .................................................................................. Other family member ....................................................... Two earners ......................................................................... Husband and wife ............................................................ Husband and other family member .................................. Husband not an earner .................................................... Three earners or more ......................................................... Husband and wife ............................................................ Husband, not wife ............................................................ Husband not an earner ....................................................

53 621 7 276 11 708 8 792 2 251 666 27 180 25 274 1 393 513 7 456 6 770 531 155

53 654 7 145 11 493 8 611 2 207 674 27 260 25 274 1 483 502 7 756 7 126 479 150

54 362 7 286 11 700 8 770 2 298 632 27 712 25 731 1 406 575 7 664 7 023 478 163

54 829 7 257 12 246 9 173 2 411 662 27 593 25 696 1 306 590 7 733 7 102 456 176

55 352 7 160 12 290 9 062 2 585 643 28 010 26 134 1 325 552 7 892 7 220 528 144

55 650 7 297 12 450 9 319 2 545 586 28 329 26 447 1 277 605 7 575 6 917 537 120

56 798 7 662 12 852 9 573 2 689 590 28 779 26 829 1 424 526 7 504 6 859 530 115

57 362 7 803 13 503 10 121 2 821 560 28 891 26 966 1 391 534 7 165 6 565 455 145

57 767 8 043 14 061 10 478 3 027 557 28 693 26 860 1 322 511 6 970 6 349 467 154

58 180 7 998 14 385 10 853 2 993 539 28 806 26 758 1 462 586 6 991 6 459 381 152

58 225 8 017 14 301 10 611 3 097 593 28 802 26 833 1 376 594 7 104 6 535 445 124

Families Maintained by Men, Total ................................... No earners ........................................................................... One earner ........................................................................... Householder ..................................................................... Other family member ....................................................... Two earners or more ............................................................ Householder and other family member(s) ........................ Householder not an earner ..............................................

3 557 357 1 800 1 548 253 1 400 1 302 98

3 924 359 1 972 1 667 305 1 593 1 469 124

3 982 344 2 104 1 791 313 1 534 1 427 107

4 041 381 2 027 1 725 302 1 634 1 532 102

4 086 376 2 044 1 721 323 1 666 1 522 143

4 316 380 2 223 1 879 344 1 713 1 585 128

4 499 461 2 319 1 911 408 1 719 1 629 90

4 747 466 2 434 2 026 408 1 847 1 709 138

4 778 530 2 466 2 053 413 1 782 1 625 157

4 953 492 2 573 2 152 421 1 888 1 736 152

5 193 537 2 661 2 196 464 1 995 1 848 147

NUMBER OF FAMILIES

Families Maintained by Women, Total ............................. No earners ........................................................................... One earner ........................................................................... Householder ..................................................................... Other family member ....................................................... Two earners or more ............................................................ Householder and other family member(s) ........................ Householder not an earner ..............................................

13 007 2 664 6 815 5 590 1 225 3 527 3 225 302

13 277 2 574 7 027 5 817 1 211 3 675 3 431 245

Married-Couple Families, Total ......................................... No earners ........................................................................... One earner ........................................................................... Husband ........................................................................... Wife .................................................................................. Other family member ....................................................... Two earners ......................................................................... Husband and wife ............................................................ Husband and other family member .................................. Husband not an earner .................................................... Three earners or more ......................................................... Husband and wife ............................................................ Husband, not wife ............................................................ Husband not an earner ....................................................

47 000 21 888 35 100 36 052 32 098 37 784 53 500 53 626 52 530 47 121 68 996 69 371 60 360 61 196

49 614 22 622 36 468 38 150 30 301 39 644 56 000 56 392 49 610 46 990 70 400 71 148 61 824 55 495

Families Maintained by Men, Total ................................... No earners ........................................................................... One earner ........................................................................... Householder ..................................................................... Other family member ....................................................... Two earners or more ............................................................ Householder and other family member(s) ........................ Householder not an earner ..............................................

30 000 12 240 25 337 25 069 27 291 43 100 43 000 55 133

MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME

Families Maintained by Women, Total ............................. No earners ........................................................................... One earner ........................................................................... Householder ..................................................................... Other family member ....................................................... Two earners or more ............................................................ Householder and other family member(s) ........................ Householder not an earner ..............................................

19 306 7 440 18 824 17 890 23 166 35 000 34 674 39 444

Note: See notes and definitions for information on historical comparability.

19 416 7 092 18 500 18 000 21 000 36 400 36 400 38 249

31 500 12 030 26 100 25 874 28 584 44 275 43 065 47 001

13 115 2 332 7 091 5 841 1 251 3 692 3 398 294

13 206 2 143 7 351 6 167 1 183 3 712 3 399 313

13 164 1 883 7 441 6 127 1 314 3 840 3 508 332

51 475 23 782 39 140 40 300 34 050 40 317 58 020 58 564 53 854 47 979 75 593 76 105 68 890 62 684

54 043 24 525 40 519 42 000 35 625 42 414 61 300 61 900 57 680 50 955 78 973 79 907 71 001 63 205

56 792 25 262 41 261 44 200 35 546 41 120 64 007 64 950 53 541 52 466 81 940 83 000 69 561 69 275

32 984 14 252 26 897 27 000 25 486 49 900 50 000 44 786

35 000 15 468 29 125 29 125 28 241 51 288 50 954 68 257

20 470 7 476 19 000 18 000 22 870 39 275 39 000 47 471

21 875 7 737 20 000 18 800 25 981 40 000 39 713 43 725

23 100 8 010 20 092 19 000 26 800 41 144 40 855 48 004

37 000 13 752 31 038 30 483 34 756 51 040 50 960 57 407

12 950 1 786 7 462 6 132 1 331 3 702 3 376 325

13 517 2 076 7 693 6 436 1 257 3 748 3 442 306

59 200 25 356 44 424 47 010 36 458 45 492 67 500 68 132 56 503 53 430 83 990 84 634 79 050 68 050

60 100 25 900 44 400 47 500 36 140 44 270 69 543 70 000 65 240 58 725 86 090 87 000 76 230 80 661

37 040 14 946 30 160 30 816 29 118 55 010 55 400 51 945

36 000 12 840 30 800 30 500 31 052 55 024 54 850 61 824

25 000 8 988 22 306 21 400 27 524 43 035 43 000 45 600

25 064 8 160 23 008 22 001 28 476 45 244 44 842 51 000

14 033 2 228 8 153 6 832 1 321 3 652 3 290 362

14 196 2 451 8 012 6 725 1 286 3 733 3 364 369

14 404 2 610 8 074 6 788 1 285 3 720 3 399 321

61 000 25 954 45 000 48 004 39 072 40 927 71 282 72 150 62 848 54 840 88 632 89 962 82 180 68 400

62 388 26 312 46 546 48 948 41 180 45 936 73 309 74 500 60 100 58 000 93 000 94 353 77 316 91 771

63 627 26 798 47 749 50 000 41 000 46 324 75 100 76 000 66 120 63 050 94 212 95 524 87 000 73 137

37 440 15 200 30 139 30 014 32 000 55 000 55 220 49 852

37 914 15 408 32 097 31 355 35 525 57 840 57 400 64 658

26 000 8 808 24 597 23 760 29 524 46 580 46 000 51 248

26 000 8 344 24 752 23 832 28 857 47 576 46 701 57 267

26 400 8 400 25 040 24 801 29 700 48 549 47 974 56 799

40 000 14 167 35 000 35 000 35 438 57 600 57 058 65 400

14 505 2 616 8 052 6 724 1 329 3 836 3 468 368

65 586 28 376 50 000 52 000 43 505 50 263 76 960 77 539 67 350 65 622 98 000 99 800 79 417 84 638

27 000 8 228 25 308 24 505 31 700 50 000 48 989 64 805 40 293 13 950 35 001 35 075 35 000 60 024 60 000 70 879

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 129 Table 1-51. Employment Status of the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations, by Selected Characteristics, 2004–2005 (Thousands of people, percent.)

Year and characteristic

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force Total

Participation rate

Employed

Number

Unemployed

Rate

2004

TOTAL

Both sexes, 16 years and over ......................................................... Men ................................................................................................... Women .............................................................................................

223 357 107 710 115 647

147 401 78 980 68 421

66.0 73.3 59.2

139 252 74 524 64 728

8 149 4 456 3 694

5.5 5.6 5.4

Both sexes, 16 years and over ......................................................... Men ................................................................................................... Women .............................................................................................

31 763 15 913 15 849

21 433 12 905 8 528

67.5 81.1 53.8

20 255 12 263 7 992

1 178 642 536

5.5 5.0 6.3

4 191 7 821 7 481 5 342 3 294 3 634

2 497 5 988 6 085 4 305 2 050 507

59.6 76.6 81.3 80.6 62.2 14.0

2 278 5 670 5 787 4 096 1 945 479

219 318 298 210 105 28

8.8 5.3 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.5

Educational Attainment Total, 25 years and over ................................................................... Less than a high school diploma ...................................................... High school graduate, no college2 .................................................... Some college or associate degree ................................................... Bachelor's degree or higher3 ............................................................

7 141 2 360 7 062 14 878

4 282 1 731 4 738 10 439

60.0 73.4 67.1 70.2

4 088 1 595 4 530 9 808

194 136 208 631

4.5 7.9 4.4 6.0

27 572 8 796 6 929 4 259 7 587

18 936 5 351 4 707 3 104 5 773

68.7 60.8 67.9 72.9 76.1

17 977 4 974 4 493 2 944 5 566

959 377 214 161 207

5.1 7.0 4.5 5.2 3.6

Both sexes, 16 years and over ......................................................... Men ................................................................................................... Women .............................................................................................

191 594 91 797 99 797

125 968 66 075 59 893

65.7 72.0 60.0

118 997 62 261 56 736

6 971 3 813 3 158

5.5 5.8 5.3

32 228 31 118 35 745 35 904 25 625 30 975

19 771 26 219 30 072 29 452 15 963 4 490

61.3 84.3 84.1 82.0 62.3 14.5

17 352 24 753 28 793 28 374 15 386 4 339

2 419 1 466 1 280 1 079 577 151

12.2 5.6 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.4

149 414 22 876 2 358 13 231

98 920 14 355 1 455 8 833

66.2 62.8 61.7 66.8

94 480 12 817 1 391 8 122

4 440 1 537 64 711

4.5 10.7 4.4 8.0

159 366 18 873 52 930 43 297 44 266

106 197 7 118 33 128 31 334 34 617

66.6 37.7 62.6 72.4 78.2

101 645 6 434 31 451 30 033 33 727

4 552 684 1 676 1 301 891

4.3 9.6 5.1 4.2 2.6

FOREIGN BORN

Age 16 to 24 years ................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ................................................................................... 65 years and over ............................................................................. Race and Hispanic Origin White, non-Hispanic ......................................................................... Black, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Asian, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Hispanic1 ..........................................................................................

NATIVE BORN

Age 16 to 24 years ................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ................................................................................... 65 years and over .............................................................................

Race and Hispanic Origin White, non-Hispanic ......................................................................... Black, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Asian, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Hispanic1 .......................................................................................... Educational Attainment Total, 25 years and over ................................................................... Less than a high school diploma ...................................................... High school graduates, no college2 .................................................. Some college or associate degree ................................................... Bachelor's degree or higher3 ............................................................

Note: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2005 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004. Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to total because data are not presented for all races. 1May be of any race. 2Includes persons with 3Includes persons with

a high school diploma or equivalent. bachelor's, master's, professional, and/or doctoral degrees.

130 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-51. Employment Status of the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations, by Selected Characteristics, 2004–2005—Continued (Thousands of people, percent.)

Year and characteristic

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force Total

Participation rate

Employed

Number

Unemployed

Rate

2005

TOTAL

Both sexes, 16 years and over ......................................................... Men ................................................................................................... Women .............................................................................................

226 082 109 151 116 931

149 320 80 033 69 288

66.0 73.3 59.3

141 730 75 973 65 757

7 591 4 059 3 531

5.1 5.1 5.1

Both sexes, 16 years and over ......................................................... Men ................................................................................................... Women .............................................................................................

32 558 16 321 16 236

22 042 13 263 8 779

67.7 81.3 54.1

21 022 12 720 8 302

1 020 544 477

4.6 4.1 5.4

4 168 7 902 7 620 5 578 3 499 3 791

2 469 6 094 6 162 4 473 2 278 566

59.2 77.1 80.9 80.2 65.1 14.9

2 277 5 824 5 930 4 285 2 163 542

192 270 232 188 115 24

7.8 4.4 3.8 4.2 5.1 4.2

Educational Attainment Total, 25 years and over ................................................................... Less than a high school diploma ...................................................... High school graduates, no college2 .................................................. Some college or associate degree ................................................... Bachelor's degree and higher3 .........................................................

7 239 2 360 7 289 15 360

4 351 1 746 4 922 10 794

60.1 74.0 67.5 70.3

4 187 1 631 4 728 10 252

165 115 194 541

3.8 6.6 3.9 5.0

28 389 9 053 7 106 4 354 7 876

19 573 5 545 4 804 3 181 6 043

68.9 61.2 67.6 73.1 76.7

18 745 5 227 4 599 3 064 5 856

828 318 205 118 188

4.2 5.7 4.3 3.7 3.1

Both sexes, 16 years and over ......................................................... Men ................................................................................................... Women .............................................................................................

193 525 92 830 100 695

127 278 66 769 60 509

65.8 71.9 60.1

120 708 63 254 57 454

6 570 3 516 3 055

5.2 5.3 5.0

32 505 31 162 35 385 36 529 26 666 31 278

19 821 26 247 29 868 29 930 16 701 4 712

61.0 84.2 84.4 81.9 62.6 15.1

17 493 24 856 28 699 28 922 16 186 4 552

2 328 1 391 1 168 1 008 515 160

11.7 5.3 3.9 3.4 3.1 3.4

150 155 23 283 2 444 13 773

99 539 14 694 1 496 9 030

66.3 63.1 61.2 65.6

95 430 13 155 1 434 8 380

4 109 1 538 62 650

4.1 10.5 4.2 7.2

161 019 18 818 53 302 43 915 44 984

107 457 7 135 33 392 31 793 35 137

66.7 37.9 62.6 72.4 78.1

103 215 6 485 31 799 30 561 34 369

4 242 649 1 593 1 232 768

3.9 9.1 4.8 3.9 2.2

FOREIGN BORN

Age 16 to 24 years ................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ................................................................................... 65 years and over ............................................................................. Race and Hispanic Origin White, non-Hispanic ......................................................................... Black, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Asian, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Hispanic1 ..........................................................................................

NATIVE BORN

Age 16 to 24 years ................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ................................................................................... 65 years and over .............................................................................

Race and Hispanic Origin White, non-Hispanic ......................................................................... Black, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Asian, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Hispanic1 ..........................................................................................

Educational Attainment Total, 25 years and over ................................................................... Less than a high school diploma ...................................................... High school graduates, no college2 .................................................. Some college or associate degree ................................................... Bachelor's degree or higher3 ............................................................

Note: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2005 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004. Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to total because data are not presented for all races. 1May be of any race. 2Includes persons with 3Includes persons with

a high school diploma or equivalent. bachelor's, master's, professional, and/or doctoral degrees.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 131

Table 1-52. Employment Status of the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations Age 16 Years and Over, by Sex and Presence and Age of Youngest Child, Annual Averages, 2004–2005 (Thousands of people, percent.) Characteristic

Both sexes

2004 Men

Women

Both sexes

2005 Men

Women

FOREIGN BORN

With Own Children Under 18 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate .......................................................... With Own Children 6 to 17 Years, None Younger Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate .......................................................... With Own Children Under 6 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate .......................................................... With Own Children Under 3 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate .......................................................... With No Own Children Under 18 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate ..........................................................

12 740 9 614 75.5 9 125 71.6 489 5.1

6 060 5 710 94.2 5 474 90.3 236 4.1

6 680 3 904 58.4 3 652 54.7 253 6.5

12 781 9 653 75.5 9 247 72.3 406 4.2

6 084 5 737 94.3 5 547 91.2 190 3.3

6 697 3 916 58.5 3 700 55.2 216 5.5

6 268 5 024 80.1 4 785 76.3 238 4.7

2 907 2 715 93.4 2 605 89.6 110 4.0

3 361 2 309 68.7 2 180 64.9 129 5.6

6 353 5 053 79.5 4 852 76.4 201 4.0

2 950 2 750 93.2 2 658 90.1 93 3.4

3 403 2 303 67.7 2 194 64.5 108 4.7

6 472 4 590 70.9 4 340 67.1 250 5.5

3 153 2 995 95.0 2 869 91.0 126 4.2

3 319 1 595 48.1 1 471 44.3 124 7.8

6 428 4 600 71.6 4 395 68.4 206 4.5

3 134 2 987 95.3 2 889 92.2 98 3.3

3 294 1 613 49.0 1 505 45.7 108 6.7

3 789 2 596 68.5 2 457 64.8 139 5.4

1 865 1 778 95.3 1 705 91.4 72 4.1

1 924 819 42.6 751 39.1 67 8.2

3 732 2 595 69.5 2 489 66.7 106 4.1

1 841 1 760 95.6 1 711 93.0 49 2.8

1 891 835 44.2 778 41.1 57 6.8

19 023 11 819 62.1 11 130 58.5 690 5.8

9 853 7 195 73.0 6 789 68.9 406 5.6

9 170 4 624 50.4 4 340 47.3 283 6.1

19 777 12 389 62.6 11 775 59.5 614 5.0

10 237 7 526 73.5 7 173 70.1 354 4.7

9 539 4 863 51.0 4 603 48.2 260 5.4

Note: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2005 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004.

132 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-52. Employment Status of the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations Age 16 Years and Over, by Sex and Presence and Age of Youngest Child, Annual Averages, 2004–2005—Continued (Thousands of people, percent.) Characteristic

Both sexes

2004 Men

Women

Both sexes

2005 Men

Women

NATIVE BORN

With Own Children Under 18 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate .......................................................... With Own Children 6 to 17 Years, None Younger Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate .......................................................... With Own Children Under 6 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate .......................................................... With Own Children Under 3 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate .......................................................... With No Own Children Under 18 Years Civilian noninstitutional population ............................................... Civilian labor force .................................................................... Participation rate .............................................................. Employed ............................................................................. Employment-population ratio ........................................... Unemployed ......................................................................... Unemployment rate ..........................................................

53 136 43 757 82.3 41 882 78.8 1 875 4.3

23 424 22 053 94.1 21 342 91.1 711 3.2

29 712 21 703 73.0 20 540 69.1 1 163 5.4

52 845 43 521 82.4 41 727 79.0 1 794 4.1

23 226 21 852 94.1 21 202 91.3 650 3.0

29 619 21 669 73.2 20 524 69.3 1 145 5.3

30 101 25 642 85.2 24 700 82.1 942 3.7

13 279 12 358 93.1 11 993 90.3 365 3.0

16 821 13 284 79.0 12 707 75.5 577 4.3

30 095 25 526 84.8 24 600 81.7 926 3.6

13 252 12 329 93.0 11 977 90.4 351 2.9

16 843 13 197 78.4 12 623 74.9 574 4.4

23 036 18 115 78.6 17 182 74.6 933 5.1

10 145 9 696 95.6 9 349 92.2 347 3.6

12 891 8 419 65.3 7 833 60.8 586 7.0

22 749 17 995 79.1 17 127 75.3 869 4.8

9 974 9 524 95.5 9 225 92.5 298 3.1

12 776 8 472 66.3 7 901 61.8 570 6.7

13 363 10 252 76.7 9 696 72.6 556 5.4

5 941 5 693 95.8 5 483 92.3 210 3.7

7 422 4 559 61.4 4 212 56.8 346 7.6

13 384 10 285 76.8 9 769 73.0 516 5.0

5 910 5 650 95.6 5 470 92.6 180 3.2

7 474 4 635 62.0 4 299 57.5 336 7.3

138 458 82 212 59.4 77 115 55.7 5 096 6.2

68 373 44 021 64.4 40 919 59.8 3 102 7.0

70 085 38 190 54.5 36 196 51.6 1 994 5.2

140 680 83 757 59.5 78 981 56.1 4 776 5.7

69 605 44 917 64.5 42 051 60.4 2 866 6.4

71 076 38 840 54.6 36 930 52.0 1 910 4.9

Note: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2005 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 133

Table 1-53. Employment Status of the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations Age 25 Years and Over, by Educational Attainment, Race, and Hispanic Origin, Annual Averages, 2004–2005 (Thousands of people, percent.) Characteristic

FOREIGN BORN

Less than a high school diploma

2004

High school graduate, no college1

Some college or associate degree

Bachelor's degree or higher2

Less than a high school diploma

2005

High school graduate, no college1

Some college or associate degree

Bachelor's degree or higher2

White, Non-Hispanic Civilian noninstitutional population ...................................... Civilian labor force ........................................................... Participation rate ...................................................... Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Unemployment rate .................................................

899 298 33.2 279 31.1 19 6.4

1 833 981 53.5 948 51.7 33 3.4

1 281 811 63.3 768 60.0 43 5.3

2 474 1 814 73.3 1 747 70.6 67 3.7

928 345 37.1 325 35.0 19 5.6

1 869 988 52.8 955 51.1 33 3.4

1 258 797 63.4 766 60.9 31 3.9

2 525 1 862 73.8 1 805 71.5 57 3.1

Asian, Non-Hispanic Civilian noninstitutional population ...................................... Civilian labor force ........................................................... Participation rate ...................................................... Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Unemployment rate .................................................

Hispanic3 Civilian noninstitutional population ...................................... Civilian labor force ........................................................... Participation rate ...................................................... Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Unemployment rate .................................................

874 390 44.6 366 41.9 24 6.1

6 618 4 422 66.8 4 111 62.1 311 7.0

1 291 862 66.8 819 63.4 43 5.0 3 088 2 315 75.0 2 209 71.5 105 4.6

986 727 73.8 688 69.8 40 5.4

1 474 1 147 77.9 1 102 74.8 46 4.0

3 163 2 394 75.7 2 321 73.4 72 3.0 1 280 997 77.9 957 74.8 40 4.0

857 402 46.9 378 44.1 24 5.9

6 870 4 558 66.4 4 301 62.6 257 5.6

1 332 845 63.5 804 60.4 41 4.9

3 207 2 437 76.0 2 340 72.9 98 4.0

998 725 72.7 702 70.3 23 3.2

1 534 1 202 78.3 1 164 75.9 38 3.1

3 385 2 606 77.0 2 524 74.6 82 3.2

1 309 1 026 78.4 997 76.2 29 2.9

White, Non-Hispanic Civilian noninstitutional population ...................................... Civilian labor force ........................................................... Participation rate ...................................................... Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Unemployment rate .................................................

12 622 4 546 36.0 4 193 33.0 353 7.8

42 042 25 719 61.0 24 615 59.0 1 103 4.3

34 302 24 536 72.0 23 681 69.0 854 3.5

38 440 29 797 78.0 29 079 76.0 718 2.4

12 313 4 479 36.0 4 157 34.0 322 7.2

42 100 25 768 61.0 24 740 59.0 1 027 4.0

34 792 24 879 71.5 24 058 69.1 821 3.3

38 847 30 102 77.5 29 490 75.9 612 2.0

Asian, Non-Hispanic Civilian noninstitutional population ...................................... Civilian labor force ........................................................... Participation rate ...................................................... Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Unemployment rate .................................................

142 55 38.4 52 37.0 2 4.2

320 174 54.6 170 53.0 4 2.4

381 259 68.0 252 66.0 8 3.0

807 640 79.2 624 77.0 16 2.5

158 57 36.3 56 35.0 2 2.8

303 162 53.5 158 52.0 5 2.8

380 257 67.8 249 65.5 9 3.4

859 680 79.2 664 77.3 17 2.4

Black, Non-Hispanic Civilian noninstitutional population ...................................... Civilian labor force ........................................................... Participation rate ...................................................... Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Unemployment rate .................................................

NATIVE BORN

Black, Non-Hispanic Civilian noninstitutional population ...................................... Civilian labor force ........................................................... Participation rate ...................................................... Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Unemployment rate .................................................

Hispanic3 Civilian noninstitutional population ...................................... Civilian labor force ........................................................... Participation rate ...................................................... Employed ..................................................................... Employment-population ratio ................................... Unemployed ................................................................ Unemployment rate .................................................

371 220 59.4 198 53.4 22 10.1

3 391 1 228 36.2 1 025 30.0 203 16.5

2 297 1 131 49.2 1 024 45.0 106 9.4

650 495 76.1 463 71.1 32 6.5

6 600 4 400 66.7 4 004 61.0 396 9.0

3 084 2 251 73.0 2 120 69.0 131 5.8

451 364 80.7 332 73.7 31 8.6

5 068 3 768 74.4 3 483 69.0 285 7.6

2 590 2 075 80.1 1 966 76.0 109 5.2

569 487 85.6 463 81.3 25 5.0

3 097 2 554 82.5 2 451 79.0 104 4.1

1 406 1 207 85.9 1 170 83.0 37 3.1

361 219 60.7 203 56.1 17 7.5

3 464 1 277 36.9 1 077 31.0 200 15.7

2 455 1 163 47.4 1 066 43.0 97 8.4

641 490 76.5 458 71.5 32 6.5

6 778 4 538 66.9 4 135 61.0 403 8.9

3 182 2 313 72.7 2 195 69.0 118 5.1

499 407 81.5 382 76.6 25 6.1

5 039 3 780 75.0 3 518 69.8 263 6.9

2 735 2 164 79.1 2 064 75.5 100 4.6

558 468 83.9 452 80.9 17 3.6

3 211 2 617 81.5 2 528 78.7 89 3.4

1 504 1 272 84.5 1 235 82.1 36 2.9

Note: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2005 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004. Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to total because data are not presented for all races. 1Includes persons with 2Includes persons with 3May be of any race.

a high school diploma or equivalent. bachelor's, master's, professional, and/or doctoral degrees.

134 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-54. Employed Foreign-Born and Native-Born Persons Age 16 Years and Over, by Occupation and Sex, 2005 Averages (Thousands of people, percent.)

Occupation TOTAL EMPLOYED ..............................................................................................

Percent Employed ................................................................................................ Management, professional, and related ................................................................. Management, business, and financial operations .............................................. Management .................................................................................................. Business and financial operations .................................................................. Professional and related .................................................................................... Computer and mathematical .......................................................................... Architecture and engineering ......................................................................... Life, physical, and social science ................................................................... Community and social services ...................................................................... Legal .............................................................................................................. Education, training, and library ....................................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media .............................................. Health care practitioner and technical ............................................................ Services ................................................................................................................. Health care support ............................................................................................ Protective services ............................................................................................. Food preparation and serving related ................................................................ Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance .............................................. Personal care and services ................................................................................ Sales and office ...................................................................................................... Sales and related ............................................................................................... Office and administrative support ....................................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ................................................ Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................................................. Construction and extraction ............................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................................. Production, transportation, and material moving .................................................... Production .......................................................................................................... Transportation and material moving ...................................................................

Both sexes 21 022

100.0 26.2 9.5 6.6 2.9 16.7 3.2 2.2 1.1 0.9 0.5 3.2 1.2 4.3 22.8 2.6 0.9 7.8 8.1 3.5 18.0 9.1 8.9 16.0 1.8 11.1 3.2 17.0 10.0 7.0

Foreign born Male

12 720

100.0 23.9 9.2 7.2 2.0 14.7 3.9 3.0 1.1 0.8 0.3 1.9 1.1 2.6 17.8 0.6 1.1 7.6 7.0 1.4 12.9 8.0 5.0 25.2 2.3 17.9 5.1 20.1 10.4 9.6

Female 8 302

100.0 29.6 10.0 5.7 4.3 19.6 2.1 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.6 5.2 1.4 7.1 30.4 5.6 0.5 8.1 9.7 6.7 25.9 11.0 14.9 1.9 1.0 0.6 0.3 12.3 9.3 3.0

Both sexes 120 708

Note: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2005 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004.

100.0 36.2 15.3 11.0 4.3 21.0 2.1 1.9 1.0 1.6 1.3 6.2 2.0 4.8 15.2 2.1 2.2 4.8 2.9 3.1 26.7 12.0 14.6 9.9 0.5 5.6 3.8 12.0 6.0 6.0

Native born Male

63 254 100.0 33.7 16.7 13.1 3.6 16.9 3.0 3.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 3.0 2.0 2.3 12.0 0.4 3.3 3.5 3.5 1.3 18.3 11.6 6.6 18.1 0.7 10.4 6.9 18.0 8.2 9.7

Female 57 454

100.0 39.1 13.7 8.7 5.0 25.4 1.2 0.5 0.9 2.1 1.3 9.7 2.1 7.6 18.7 4.0 1.1 6.1 2.3 5.2 35.9 12.5 23.4 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.3 5.4 3.6 1.8

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 135

Table 1-55. Median Usual Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers for the Foreign-Born and Native-Born Populations, by Selected Characteristics, Annual Averages, 2004–2005 (Thousands of people, dollars, percent.) Year and characteristic

Number

2004

Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over ..................................................... Men ................................................................................................... Women .............................................................................................

Foreign born

Median weekly earnings

Number

Native born

Earnings of foreign born as a percent of earnings of native born1

Median weekly earnings

15 580 9 902 5 678

502 518 473

85 644 47 099 38 545

664 749 585

75.6 69.1 81.0

1 551 4 631 4 538 3 187 1 409 264

341 491 540 565 607 552

9 325 20 126 22 323 21 799 10 523 1 548

397 624 741 764 740 562

85.8 78.7 72.9 73.9 82.0 98.2

Educational Attainment Total, 25 years and over ................................................................... Less than a high school diploma ...................................................... High school graduate, no college3 .................................................... Some college .................................................................................... Bachelor's degree or higher4 ............................................................

2 852 1 268 3 383 7 899

731 533 699 402

66 563 10 374 1 009 6 163

702 529 738 539

104.1 100.8 94.8 74.5

14 029 4 094 3 486 2 216 4 234

524 373 478 595 943

76 319 4 439 23 655 22 630 25 595

710 433 586 668 994

73.7 86.2 81.5 89.0 94.9

Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over ..................................................... Men ................................................................................................... Women .............................................................................................

16 340 10 396 5 945

511 523 487

87 220 48 011 39 210

677 760 596

75.6 68.9 81.7

1 578 4 831 4 700 3 352 1 582 297

353 495 587 563 607 494

9 529 20 181 22 403 22 299 11 192 1 616

404 633 755 772 757 578

87.3 78.3 77.8 73.0 80.2 85.4

2 978 1 326 3 541 8 331

733 521 747 412

67 458 10 671 1 041 6 343

720 521 777 555

101.8 100.0 96.1 74.2

14 762 4 305 3 589 2 316 4 553

543 385 496 592 960

77 691 4 557 23 926 23 155 26 053

724 442 594 679 1 023

74.9 87.0 83.4 87.2 93.8

Age 16 to 24 years ................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ................................................................................... 65 years and over .............................................................................

Race and Hispanic Origin White, non-Hispanic ......................................................................... Black, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Asian, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Hispanic2 ..........................................................................................

2005

Age 16 to 24 years ................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ................................................................................... 55 to 64 years ................................................................................... 65 years and over .............................................................................

Race and Hispanic Origin White, non-Hispanic ......................................................................... Black, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Asian, non-Hispanic .......................................................................... Hispanic2 .......................................................................................... Educational Attainment Total, 25 years and over ................................................................... Less than a high school diploma ...................................................... High school graduates, no college3 .................................................. Some college .................................................................................... Bachelor's degree and higher4 .........................................................

Note: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2005 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004. Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to total because data are not presented for all races. 1These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ slightly from 2May be of any race. 3Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 4Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and/or doctoral degrees.

percentages computed using the rounded medians displayed in this table.

136 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-56. Percent Distribution of the Civilian Labor Force Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Race, March 1990–March 2006 (Thousands of people, percent.) Sex, race, and year

Civilian labor force

Less than a high school diploma

Total

Percent distribution

4 years of high school only

1 to 3 years of college

4 or more years of college

Both Sexes 1990 .................................................. 1991 .................................................. 1992 .................................................. 1993 .................................................. 1994 ..................................................

99 175 100 480 102 387 103 504 104 868

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

13.4 13.0 12.2 11.5 11.0

39.5 39.4 36.2 35.2 34.0

20.7 21.1 25.2 26.3 27.7

26.4 26.5 26.4 27.0 27.3

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

114 052 115 073 117 738 119 261 119 392

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

9.8 9.8 10.1 10.1 9.7

31.8 31.4 30.6 30.1 30.1

27.9 28.1 27.7 27.8 27.8

30.4 30.7 31.6 31.9 32.4

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

2005 .................................................. 2006 ..................................................

106 519 108 037 110 514 111 857 112 542

120 461 122 541

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0

10.8 10.9 10.9 10.7 10.3

9.8 9.8

33.1 32.9 33.0 32.8 32.3

30.1 29.6

27.8 27.7 27.4 27.4 27.4

27.8 28.0

28.3 28.5 28.6 29.1 30.0

32.3 32.6

Men 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

54 476 55 165 55 917 56 544 56 633

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

15.1 14.7 13.9 13.2 12.7

37.2 37.5 34.7 33.9 32.9

19.7 20.2 23.8 24.7 25.8

28.0 27.6 27.5 28.1 28.6

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

60 510 61 091 62 794 63 466 63 699

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

11.1 11.0 11.8 12.0 11.5

31.8 31.6 30.6 30.1 30.5

26.1 26.3 25.9 25.8 25.8

30.9 31.1 31.7 32.1 32.2

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

2005 .................................................. 2006 .................................................. Women 1990 .................................................. 1991 .................................................. 1992 .................................................. 1993 .................................................. 1994 .................................................. 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

2005 .................................................. 2006 ..................................................

57 454 58 121 59 268 59 905 60 030

64 562 65 708

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0

12.2 12.7 12.8 12.3 11.7

11.6 11.8

32.3 32.2 32.2 32.3 32.0

31.4 30.7

25.7 26.0 25.8 25.8 25.8

25.4 25.7

29.7 29.1 29.2 29.6 30.5

31.6 31.8

44 699 45 315 46 469 46 961 48 235

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

11.3 10.9 10.2 9.3 9.1

42.4 41.6 37.9 36.7 35.3

21.9 22.2 26.9 28.2 29.8

24.5 25.2 25.0 25.8 25.8

53 541 53 982 54 944 55 795 55 693

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

8.4 8.5 8.2 8.0 7.7

31.8 31.1 30.6 30.1 29.6

30.0 30.1 29.7 30.1 30.2

29.8 30.2 31.5 31.8 32.5

49 065 49 916 51 246 51 953 52 512

55 899 56 833

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0

9.1 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.7

7.8 7.6

34.1 33.7 34.0 33.3 32.7

28.6 28.2

30.2 29.7 29.3 29.3 29.2

30.5 30.6

26.6 27.8 28.0 28.6 29.5

33.1 33.6

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 137

Table 1-56. Percent Distribution of the Civilian Labor Force Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Race, March 1990–March 2006—Continued (Thousands of people, percent.) Sex, race, and year

Civilian labor force

Less than a high school diploma

Total

White1 1990 .................................................. 1991 .................................................. 1992 .................................................. 1993 .................................................. 1994 ..................................................

85 238 86 344 87 656 88 457 89 009

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

12.6 12.2 11.3 10.7 10.5

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

95 073 95 562 97 699 98 241 98 030

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

9.5 9.5 9.8 9.9 9.5

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

2005 .................................................. 2006 .................................................. Black1 1990 .................................................. 1991 .................................................. 1992 .................................................. 1993 .................................................. 1994 .................................................. 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

.................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................................................

2005 .................................................. 2006 .................................................. 1Beginning

90 192 91 506 93 179 93 527 94 216

98 581 100 205

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0

Percent distribution

4 years of high school only 39.6 39.3 36.1 35.0 33.7

1 to 3 years of college

20.6 21.1 25.5 26.4 27.7

4 or more years of college 27.1 27.4 27.1 27.9 28.1

10.0 10.4 10.4 10.2 9.8

32.8 32.8 32.8 32.7 32.2

27.8 27.5 27.3 27.4 27.2

29.3 29.3 29.5 29.8 30.8

9.7 9.7

29.8 29.3

27.8 28.1

32.7 32.9

31.8 31.0 30.6 30.0 29.8

27.7 28.0 27.6 27.7 27.8

31.0 31.4 32.0 32.4 32.9

10 537 10 650 10 936 11 051 11 368

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

19.9 19.5 19.2 16.8 14.5

42.5 42.9 40.3 39.5 39.3

22.1 22.1 24.9 27.6 29.2

15.5 15.4 15.6 16.1 17.0

13 383 13 617 13 319 13 315 13 372

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

11.8 12.0 12.4 11.3 11.0

36.1 37.1 34.5 35.6 36.6

31.5 31.1 32.0 31.5 30.5

20.7 19.8 21.0 21.6 21.9

11 695 11 891 12 253 12 893 12 945

13 635 13 855

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0

14.1 14.2 14.3 14.3 13.0

11.2 10.9

38.6 37.2 37.8 37.3 37.2

37.3 35.6

29.6 31.2 31.3 30.1 30.4

29.9 30.4

17.7 17.4 16.6 18.2 19.5

21.6 23.0

in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.

138 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-57. Labor Force Participation Rates of Persons Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Race, March 1990–March 2006 (Civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.) Sex, race, and year

Less than a high school diploma

Total

Participation rates

4 years of high school only

1 to 3 years of college

4 or more years of college

Both Sexes 1990 ............................................................. 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1993 ............................................................. 1994 .............................................................

78.6 78.6 79.0 78.9 78.9

60.7 60.7 60.3 59.6 58.3

78.2 78.1 78.3 77.7 77.8

83.3 83.2 83.5 82.9 83.2

88.4 88.4 88.4 88.3 88.2

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

80.3 80.2 79.7 79.4 78.8

62.7 63.5 63.5 64.1 63.2

78.4 78.4 77.7 76.9 76.1

83.2 83.0 82.1 81.9 81.2

87.8 87.0 86.7 86.2 85.9

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................

79.3 79.4 80.1 80.2 80.0

78.5 78.7

59.8 60.2 61.7 63.0 62.7

62.9 63.2

77.3 77.9 78.5 78.4 78.1

75.7 75.9

83.2 83.7 83.7 83.5 83.0

81.1 81.0

88.7 87.8 88.5 88.0 87.6

85.7 85.9

Men 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

88.8 88.6 88.6 88.1 87.0

75.1 75.1 75.1 74.9 71.5

89.9 89.3 89.0 88.1 86.8

91.5 92.0 91.8 90.6 90.3

94.5 94.2 93.7 93.7 93.2

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

87.5 87.4 87.0 86.4 85.9

74.9 75.4 75.5 76.1 75.2

86.2 85.8 85.3 84.3 83.8

88.9 89.1 88.8 87.5 87.0

93.3 92.9 92.4 92.2 91.9

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2005 ............................................................. 2006 ............................................................. Women 1990 ............................................................. 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1993 ............................................................. 1994 ............................................................. 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................

87.4 87.5 87.7 87.8 87.5

86.0 86.0

72.0 74.3 75.2 75.3 74.4

75.7 76.3

86.9 86.9 86.4 86.7 86.6

83.7 83.4

90.1 90.0 90.6 90.0 89.4

87.5 87.8

93.8 92.9 93.5 93.4 93.0

91.7 91.7

68.9 69.1 70.0 70.0 71.1

46.2 46.2 45.6 44.2 44.7

68.7 68.6 69.1 68.8 70.0

75.9 75.2 76.2 76.1 77.0

81.1 81.8 82.2 82.2 82.5

73.5 73.4 72.7 72.6 72.0

50.4 51.7 50.4 50.5 49.7

71.2 71.3 70.4 69.8 68.6

78.3 77.7 76.4 77.1 76.2

82.0 80.9 81.0 80.1 80.0

71.5 71.8 72.8 73.0 72.8

71.4 71.7

47.2 45.7 47.1 49.8 50.5

48.7 48.3

68.9 69.8 71.4 70.9 70.4

67.4 68.2

77.3 78.1 77.6 77.8 77.4

75.8 75.3

82.8 82.3 83.2 82.3 81.9

79.8 80.4

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 139 Table 1-57. Labor Force Participation Rates of Persons Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Race, March 1990–March 2006—Continued (Civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.) Sex, race, and year

Less than a high school diploma

Total

Participation rates

4 years of high school only

1 to 3 years of college

4 or more years of college

White1 1990 ............................................................. 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1993 ............................................................. 1994 .............................................................

79.2 79.4 79.8 79.7 79.8

62.5 62.5 61.5 61.1 60.3

78.4 78.3 78.7 78.2 78.3

83.3 83.1 83.8 83.1 83.5

88.3 88.6 88.7 88.8 88.5

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

80.8 80.7 80.3 80.1 79.5

64.2 64.5 65.0 65.7 64.6

78.7 78.7 78.2 77.5 76.7

83.1 83.1 82.4 82.3 81.6

87.9 87.2 87.0 86.5 86.2

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2005 ............................................................. 2006 ............................................................. Black1 1990 ............................................................. 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1993 ............................................................. 1994 ............................................................. 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................

80.1 80.4 81.0 80.6 80.6

79.2 79.5

61.6 62.5 63.8 63.8 64.2

63.8 65.1

77.9 78.6 79.2 78.6 78.5

76.4 76.5

83.4 83.9 83.9 83.5 83.3

81.5 81.4

88.8 88.2 89.0 88.3 87.9

86.1 86.2

74.6 73.9 74.4 73.8 73.5

54.5 53.9 55.4 53.4 49.4

78.2 77.1 76.9 74.7 75.2

84.2 84.1 83.4 83.0 82.4

92.0 90.2 89.1 89.6 89.5

77.9 78.1 76.4 75.8 75.0

55.5 58.7 56.6 55.4 55.2

77.0 76.8 75.0 73.9 73.4

84.2 83.0 81.7 81.2 79.0

90.3 90.5 88.9 88.2 87.9

74.2 73.7 74.9 77.7 76.5

75.2 75.0

51.0 50.1 52.9 59.3 55.1

58.2 54.0

74.5 74.3 75.0 77.0 76.5

72.6 73.3

82.8 83.0 83.8 85.0 82.9

79.5 79.6

90.9 87.9 89.0 88.8 88.6

87.2 87.7

1Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group

were included in the group they identified as their main race.

140 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-58. Unemployment Rates of Persons Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment and Sex, March 1990–March 2005 (Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.) Sex, race, and year

Less than a high school diploma

Total

Unemployment rates

4 years of high school only

1 to 3 years of college

4 or more years of college

Both Sexes 1990 ............................................................. 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1993 ............................................................. 1994 .............................................................

4.5 6.1 6.7 6.4 5.8

9.6 12.3 13.5 13.0 12.6

4.9 6.7 7.7 7.3 6.7

3.7 5.0 5.9 5.5 5.0

1.9 2.9 2.9 3.2 2.9

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

3.3 3.5 5.0 5.3 5.1

7.9 8.1 10.2 9.9 10.5

3.8 4.2 6.1 6.4 5.9

3.0 2.9 4.5 5.2 4.9

1.5 2.0 2.8 3.0 2.9

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................

4.8 4.8 4.4 4.0 3.5

4.4 4.1

10.0 10.9 10.4 8.5 7.7

9.0 8.3

5.2 5.5 5.1 4.8 4.0

5.5 4.7

4.5 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.1

4.1 3.9

2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.9

2.3 2.3

Men 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

4.8 6.8 7.5 7.3 6.2

9.6 13.4 14.8 14.1 12.8

5.3 7.7 8.8 8.7 7.2

3.9 5.2 6.4 6.3 5.3

2.1 3.2 3.2 3.4 2.9

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

3.3 3.7 5.5 5.8 5.4

7.1 7.5 9.9 9.5 9.4

3.9 4.6 6.7 6.9 6.6

3.1 3.2 4.9 6.0 5.4

1.6 1.9 3.0 3.2 3.0

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2005 ............................................................. 2006 ............................................................. Women 1990 ............................................................. 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1993 ............................................................. 1994 ............................................................. 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2005 ............................................................. 2006 .............................................................

5.1 5.3 4.7 4.1 3.5

4.7 4.3

10.9 11.0 9.9 8.0 7.0

7.9 7.6

5.7 6.4 5.6 5.1 4.1

6.0 5.0

4.4 4.5 4.0 3.7 3.2

4.3 4.2

2.6 2.3 2.1 1.7 1.9

2.5 2.4

4.2 5.2 5.7 5.2 5.4

9.5 10.7 11.4 11.2 12.4

4.6 5.5 6.5 5.8 6.2

3.5 4.8 5.3 4.6 4.7

1.7 2.5 2.5 2.9 2.9

3.2 3.3 4.6 4.8 4.7

9.1 8.9 10.6 10.6 12.2

3.6 3.8 5.4 5.9 5.2

2.9 2.6 4.1 4.4 4.3

1.4 2.0 2.6 2.8 2.9

4.4 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.5

4.2 3.8

8.6 10.7 11.3 9.3 8.8

10.9 9.4

4.6 4.4 4.5 4.4 3.9

4.8 4.4

4.5 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.0

4.0 3.7

2.4 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9

2.2 2.1

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 141

Table 1-58. Unemployment Rates of Persons Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment and Sex, March 1990–March 2005—Continued (Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force.) Sex, race, and year

Less than a high school diploma

Total

Unemployment rates

4 years of high school only

1 to 3 years of college

4 or more years of college

White1 1990 ............................................................. 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1993 ............................................................. 1994 .............................................................

4.0 5.6 6.0 5.8 5.2

8.3 11.6 12.9 12.4 11.7

4.4 6.2 6.8 6.5 5.8

3.3 4.6 5.3 5.0 4.5

1.8 2.7 2.7 3.1 2.6

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

3.0 3.1 4.6 4.7 4.6

7.5 7.2 9.1 9.0 9.6

3.3 3.6 5.5 5.7 5.4

2.7 2.7 4.1 4.5 4.4

1.4 1.8 2.6 2.7 2.8

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2005 ............................................................. 2006 ............................................................. Black1 1990 ............................................................. 1991 ............................................................. 1992 ............................................................. 1993 ............................................................. 1994 ............................................................. 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. ............................................................. .............................................................

2005 ............................................................. 2006 ............................................................. 1Beginning

4.3 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.1

3.9 3.5

9.2 10.2 9.4 7.5 7.0

7.7 7.1

4.6 4.6 4.6 4.2 3.4

4.9 4.0

4.2 3.7 3.4 3.2 2.8

3.6 3.5

2.3 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.7

2.2 2.1

8.6 10.1 12.4 10.9 10.6

15.9 15.9 17.2 17.3 17.4

8.6 10.3 14.1 12.4 12.2

6.5 8.0 10.7 8.7 8.3

1.9 5.2 4.8 4.1 4.9

5.4 6.5 8.1 9.0 8.4

10.4 14.0 15.4 14.7 15.8

6.3 7.7 9.7 9.9 9.3

4.3 4.3 6.0 8.9 7.9

2.5 3.3 4.1 4.7 3.7

7.7 8.9 8.1 7.3 6.3

8.3 7.8

13.7 15.3 16.6 13.4 12.0

17.9 16.4

8.4 10.8 8.2 8.4 6.7

8.6 9.0

6.3 6.9 6.1 6.4 5.2

7.5 6.5

4.1 3.3 4.4 2.1 3.3

3.6 3.6

in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race.

142 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-59. Workers Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Occupation of Longest Job Held, and Sex, 2004–2005 (Thousands of people with work experience during the year.) Year, sex, and occupation

2004

Less than a high school diploma

Total

Both Sexes ........................................................................................................ Management, business, and financial operations ......................................... Management ............................................................................................. Business and financial operations ............................................................. Professional and related ................................................................................ Computer and mathematical ..................................................................... Architecture and engineering .................................................................... Life, physical, and social science .............................................................. Community and social services ................................................................. Legal .......................................................................................................... Education, training, and library .................................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ......................................... Health care practitioner and technical ....................................................... Services ......................................................................................................... Health care support ................................................................................... Protective services .................................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ....................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ...................................... Personal care and services ....................................................................... Sales and office ............................................................................................. Sales and related ...................................................................................... Office and administrative support .............................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ....................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry .................................................................... Construction and extraction ....................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ........................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ........................................... Production ................................................................................................. Transportation and material moving .......................................................... Armed forces ..................................................................................................

123 578 18 667 13 311 5 356 26 599 3 137 2 470 1 249 1 918 1 427 7 740 2 392 6 267 18 016 2 526 2 564 4 672 4 708 3 547 29 571 12 839 16 732 13 718 947 8 076 4 694 16 436 9 062 7 374 571

12 018 396 347 50 203 13 6 2 23 5 61 45 47 3 437 314 92 1 096 1 541 395 1 490 825 665 3 139 474 2 095 571 3 345 1 890 1 455 8

Women .............................................................................................................. Management, business, and financial operations ......................................... Management ............................................................................................. Business and financial operations ............................................................. Professional and related ................................................................................ Computer and mathematical ..................................................................... Architecture and engineering .................................................................... Life, physical, and social science .............................................................. Community and social services ................................................................. Legal .......................................................................................................... Education, training, and library .................................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ......................................... Health care practitioner and technical ....................................................... Services ......................................................................................................... Health care support ................................................................................... Protective services .................................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ....................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ...................................... Personal care and services ....................................................................... Sales and office ............................................................................................. Sales and related ...................................................................................... Office and administrative support .............................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ....................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry .................................................................... Construction and extraction ....................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ........................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ........................................... Production ................................................................................................. Transportation and material moving .......................................................... Armed forces ..................................................................................................

57 740 8 240 5 103 3 137 15 234 864 335 525 1 144 726 5 824 1 143 4 673 10 477 2 251 580 2 782 2 004 2 859 18 965 6 012 12 953 703 243 250 210 4 073 2 831 1 242 48

4 436 123 97 26 127 3 2 2 12 5 57 11 36 2 034 286 36 606 757 350 971 521 449 180 128 38 14 1 001 733 268 ...

Men .................................................................................................................... Management, business, and financial operations ......................................... Management ............................................................................................. Business and financial operations ............................................................. Professional and related ................................................................................ Computer and mathematical ..................................................................... Architecture and engineering .................................................................... Life, physical, and social science .............................................................. Community and social services ................................................................. Legal .......................................................................................................... Education, training, and library .................................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ......................................... Health care practitioner and technical ....................................................... Services ......................................................................................................... Health care support ................................................................................... Protective services ..................................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ....................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ...................................... Personal care and services ....................................................................... Sales and office ............................................................................................. Sales and related ...................................................................................... Office and administrative support .............................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ....................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry .................................................................... Construction and extraction ....................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ........................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ........................................... Production ................................................................................................. Transportation and material moving .......................................................... Armed forces ..................................................................................................

. . . = Not available.

65 840 10 428 8 208 2 219 11 365 2 272 2 135 724 773 701 1 916 1 249 1 594 7 540 274 1 983 1 890 2 703 688 10 605 6 826 3 779 13 015 704 7 826 4 484 12 363 6 231 6 132 524

7 582 273 249 24 75 10 5 ... 10 ... 4 34 11 1 402 28 56 490 784 45 520 304 216 2 960 346 2 056 558 2 344 1 157 1 187 8

4 years of high school only

1 to 3 years of college

4 or more years of college

37 168 3 308 2 586 722 2 290 230 263 99 188 87 652 321 450 7 238 997 717 2 078 2 068 1 379 10 335 3 991 6 344 5 938 297 3 585 2 056 7 930 4 298 3 632 129

34 480 4 890 3 444 1 446 6 031 840 604 118 358 251 993 633 2 234 5 163 997 1 098 1 071 804 1 193 10 658 3 983 6 675 3 623 108 1 883 1 632 3 890 2 167 1 723 225

39 913 10 073 6 934 3 139 18 075 2 053 1 597 1 031 1 348 1 083 6 034 1 393 3 537 2 179 219 658 426 295 581 7 087 4 040 3 047 1 018 68 514 436 1 271 706 565 210

16 594 1 509 990 519 1 423 70 33 32 120 78 567 159 364 4 365 904 166 1 329 856 1 110 7 125 2 117 5 008 238 69 92 77 1 923 1 287 636 11

17 636 2 445 1 433 1 011 3 915 237 84 47 233 228 834 287 1 966 3 019 877 247 641 280 975 7 221 1 915 5 306 191 31 85 75 831 579 252 14

19 070 4 162 2 582 1 581 9 769 555 217 445 779 415 4 365 686 2 308 1 058 184 132 206 112 424 3 648 1 459 2 190 94 14 35 45 317 232 85 22

20 572 1 798 1 596 203 867 161 230 67 68 10 85 161 86 2 873 93 550 749 1 212 269 3 210 1 873 1 337 5 700 228 3 493 1 979 6 006 3 011 2 995 118

16 845 2 446 2 011 435 2 116 603 521 70 126 23 159 346 268 2 144 119 851 430 524 219 3 437 2 068 1 369 3 432 77 1 798 1 557 3 059 1 588 1 470 211

20 841 5 910 4 352 1 558 8 306 1 498 1 380 586 569 668 1 669 707 1 228 1 121 35 526 221 183 157 3 439 2 582 857 923 53 479 391 954 474 480 188

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 143

Table 1-59. Workers Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Occupation of Longest Job Held, and Sex, 2004–2005—Continued (Thousands of people with work experience during the year.) Year, sex, and occupation

2005

Less than a high school diploma

Total

Both Sexes ........................................................................................................ Management, business, and financial operations ......................................... Management ............................................................................................. Business and financial operations ............................................................. Professional and related ................................................................................ Computer and mathematical ..................................................................... Architecture and engineering .................................................................... Life, physical, and social science .............................................................. Community and social services ................................................................. Legal .......................................................................................................... Education, training, and library .................................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ......................................... Health care practitioner and technical ....................................................... Services ......................................................................................................... Health care support ................................................................................... Protective services .................................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ....................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ...................................... Personal care and services ....................................................................... Sales and office ............................................................................................. Sales and related ...................................................................................... Office and administrative support .............................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ....................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry .................................................................... Construction and extraction ....................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ........................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ........................................... Production ................................................................................................. Transportation and material moving .......................................................... Armed forces ..................................................................................................

125 664 19 624 14 083 5 541 26 851 3 116 2 509 1 317 1 992 1 389 7 659 2 400 6 469 18 586 2 772 2 576 4 771 4 787 3 680 29 770 12 984 16 786 13 977 818 8 430 4 729 16 255 8 835 7 420 602

12 170 442 394 48 173 19 3 ... 18 6 33 62 30 3 336 301 84 1 034 1 492 425 1 653 917 736 3 287 431 2 263 594 3 273 1 887 1 386 7

Women .............................................................................................................. Management, business, and financial operations ......................................... Management ............................................................................................. Business and financial operations ............................................................. Professional and related ................................................................................ Computer and mathematical ..................................................................... Architecture and engineering .................................................................... Life, physical, and social science .............................................................. Community and social services ................................................................. Legal .......................................................................................................... Education, training, and library .................................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ......................................... Health care practitioner and technical ....................................................... Services .......................................................................................................... Health care support ................................................................................... Protective services .................................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ....................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ...................................... Personal care and services ....................................................................... Sales and office ............................................................................................. Sales and related ...................................................................................... Office and administrative support .............................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ....................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry .................................................................... Construction and extraction ....................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ........................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ........................................... Production ................................................................................................. Transportation and material moving .......................................................... Armed forces ..................................................................................................

58 567 8 380 5 243 3 138 15 424 846 344 589 1 241 753 5 701 1 134 4 817 10 762 2 476 617 2 765 2 005 2 899 19 242 6 296 12 946 651 206 245 200 4 033 2 847 1 186 75

4 432 133 107 26 98 3 ... ... 13 4 31 29 18 1 949 289 23 552 731 355 1 070 589 481 172 110 48 15 1 008 781 226 2

Men .................................................................................................................... Management, business, and financial operations ......................................... Management ............................................................................................. Business and financial operations ............................................................. Professional and related ................................................................................ Computer and mathematical ..................................................................... Architecture and engineering .................................................................... Life, physical, and social science .............................................................. Community and social services ................................................................. Legal .......................................................................................................... Education, training, and library .................................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ......................................... Health care practitioner and technical ....................................................... Services ......................................................................................................... Health care support ................................................................................... Protective services .................................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ....................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ...................................... Personal care and services ....................................................................... Sales and office ............................................................................................. Sales and related ...................................................................................... Office and administrative support .............................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ....................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry .................................................................... Construction and extraction ....................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ........................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ........................................... Production ................................................................................................. Transportation and material moving .......................................................... Armed forces ..................................................................................................

. . . = Not available.

67 099 11 244 8 840 2 403 11 428 2 271 2 165 728 751 636 1 958 1 266 1 652 7 824 296 1 959 2 007 2 781 781 10 528 6 688 3 840 13 326 612 8 185 4 529 12 222 5 988 6 234 527

7 739 309 287 21 75 16 3 ... 5 3 3 33 12 1 386 12 61 482 761 70 583 329 254 3 115 321 2 215 579 2 266 1 106 1 160 5

4 years of high school only

1 to 3 years of college

4 or more years of college

37 080 3 348 2 633 715 2 245 258 253 87 163 96 574 304 510 7 499 1 092 691 2 132 2 143 1 441 9 939 3 998 5 941 5 964 262 3 679 2 023 7 955 4 220 3 736 129

35 438 5 132 3 674 1 458 6 184 799 662 172 361 237 1 030 682 2 240 5 425 1 044 1 179 1 124 847 1 231 10 963 4 052 6 912 3 684 74 1 917 1 693 3 806 2 098 1 708 244

40 976 10 702 7 382 3 320 18 249 2 040 1 592 1 057 1 449 1 050 6 022 1 352 3 688 2 325 335 621 481 304 584 7 214 4 016 3 198 1 042 51 571 420 1 221 631 590 222

16 488 1 502 986 516 1 455 79 36 30 116 92 523 148 432 4 510 994 168 1 328 855 1 165 6 863 2 173 4 690 203 53 82 68 1 944 1 359 585 11

18 085 2 514 1 547 967 3 903 237 72 69 245 225 869 264 1 922 3 139 936 284 634 306 979 7 464 1 921 5 543 205 28 87 90 820 528 293 40

19 561 4 231 2 602 1 628 9 967 527 237 489 866 432 4 279 693 2 444 1 163 257 142 250 113 400 3 845 1 614 2 232 71 16 28 28 261 179 82 23

20 592 1 846 1 646 199 790 179 217 57 47 4 51 156 78 2 990 98 523 804 1 288 276 3 076 1 826 1 250 5 761 209 3 597 1 955 6 011 2 861 3 150 118

17 354 2 618 2 127 491 2 281 562 590 103 116 12 162 418 318 2 286 108 895 490 541 252 3 500 2 131 1 369 3 479 47 1 830 1 603 2 986 1 570 1 416 204

21 416 6 472 4 780 1 692 8 282 1 514 1 355 568 583 618 1 742 658 1 244 1 162 78 479 231 191 183 3 369 2 403 967 971 35 543 392 960 451 509 200

144 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-60. Percent Distribution of Workers Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Occupation of Longest Job Held, and Sex, 2004–2005 (Percent of total workers in occupation.) Year, sex, and occupation

2004

Both Sexes ........................................................................................................ Management, business, and financial operations ......................................... Management ............................................................................................. Business and financial operations ............................................................. Professional and related ................................................................................ Computer and mathematical ..................................................................... Architecture and engineering .................................................................... Life, physical, and social science .............................................................. Community and social services ................................................................. Legal .......................................................................................................... Education, training, and library .................................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ......................................... Health care practitioner and technical ....................................................... Services ......................................................................................................... Health care support ................................................................................... Protective services .................................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ....................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ...................................... Personal care and services ....................................................................... Sales and office ............................................................................................. Sales and related ...................................................................................... Office and administrative support .............................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ....................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry .................................................................... Construction and extraction ....................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ........................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ........................................... Production ................................................................................................. Transportation and material moving .......................................................... Armed forces ..................................................................................................

Men .................................................................................................................... Management, business, and financial operations ......................................... Management ............................................................................................. Business and financial operations ............................................................. Professional and related ................................................................................ Computer and mathematical ..................................................................... Architecture and engineering .................................................................... Life, physical, and social science .............................................................. Community and social services ................................................................. Legal .......................................................................................................... Education, training, and library .................................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ......................................... Health care practitioner and technical ....................................................... Services ......................................................................................................... Health care support ................................................................................... Protective services .................................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ....................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ...................................... Personal care and services ....................................................................... Sales and office ............................................................................................. Sales and related ...................................................................................... Office and administrative support .............................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ....................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry .................................................................... Construction and extraction ....................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ........................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ........................................... Production ................................................................................................. Transportation and material moving .......................................................... Armed forces ..................................................................................................

Women .............................................................................................................. Management, business, and financial operations ......................................... Management ............................................................................................. Business and financial operations ............................................................. Professional and related ................................................................................ Computer and mathematical ..................................................................... Architecture and engineering .................................................................... Life, physical, and social science .............................................................. Community and social services ................................................................. Legal .......................................................................................................... Education, training, and library .................................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ......................................... Health care practitioner and technical ....................................................... Services ......................................................................................................... Health care support ................................................................................... Protective services .................................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ....................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ...................................... Personal care and services ....................................................................... Sales and office ............................................................................................. Sales and related ...................................................................................... Office and administrative support .............................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ....................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry .................................................................... Construction and extraction ....................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ........................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ........................................... Production ................................................................................................. Transportation and material moving .......................................................... Armed forces .................................................................................................. . . . = Not available.

Less than a high school diploma

Total

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

9.7 2.1 2.6 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1 1.2 0.4 0.8 1.9 0.7 19.1 12.4 3.6 23.5 32.7 11.1 5.0 6.4 4.0 22.9 50.0 25.9 12.2 20.4 20.9 19.7 1.4

11.5 2.6 3.0 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.2 ... 1.4 ... 0.2 2.8 0.7 18.6 10.2 2.8 25.9 29.0 6.5 4.9 4.4 5.7 22.7 49.1 26.3 12.4 19.0 18.6 19.3 1.5 7.6 1.5 1.9 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.3 1.1 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.8 19.4 12.7 6.2 21.8 37.8 12.2 5.1 8.7 3.5 25.6 52.7 15.4 6.4 24.6 25.9 21.6 ...

4 years of high school only 30.1 17.7 19.4 13.5 8.6 7.3 10.6 7.9 9.8 6.1 8.4 13.4 7.2 40.2 39.5 27.9 44.5 43.9 38.9 35.0 31.1 37.9 43.3 31.4 44.4 43.8 48.2 47.4 49.3 22.6

30.7 17.2 19.4 9.1 7.6 7.1 10.8 9.3 8.8 1.4 4.4 12.9 5.4 38.1 33.8 27.7 39.6 44.8 39.0 30.3 27.4 35.4 43.8 32.4 44.6 44.1 48.6 48.3 48.8 22.5 28.2 18.3 19.4 16.5 9.3 8.1 9.8 6.1 10.5 10.7 9.7 13.9 7.8 41.7 40.2 28.7 47.8 42.7 38.8 37.6 35.2 38.7 33.9 28.5 36.7 36.6 47.2 45.5 51.3 23.9

1 to 3 years of college 27.9 26.2 25.9 27.0 22.7 26.8 24.5 9.4 18.7 17.6 12.8 26.5 35.6 28.7 39.5 42.8 22.9 17.1 33.6 36.0 31.0 39.9 26.4 11.4 23.3 34.8 23.7 23.9 23.4 39.3

25.9 23.5 24.5 19.6 18.6 26.5 24.4 9.7 16.3 3.3 8.3 27.7 16.8 28.4 43.4 42.9 22.8 19.4 31.8 32.4 30.3 36.2 26.4 10.9 23.0 34.7 24.7 25.5 24.0 40.2

30.9 29.7 28.1 32.2 25.7 27.4 25.0 9.0 20.3 31.5 14.3 25.1 42.1 28.8 39.0 42.5 23.0 14.0 34.1 38.1 31.9 41.0 27.2 12.9 33.9 35.6 20.4 20.4 20.3 29.6

4 or more years of college 32.3 54.0 52.1 58.6 68.0 65.5 64.6 82.5 70.3 75.9 78.0 58.2 56.4 12.1 8.7 25.7 9.1 6.3 16.4 24.0 31.5 18.2 7.4 7.1 6.4 9.3 7.7 7.8 7.7 36.7

31.9 56.7 53.0 70.2 73.1 65.9 64.6 81.0 73.6 95.3 87.1 56.6 77.1 14.9 12.6 26.5 11.7 6.8 22.7 32.4 37.8 22.7 7.1 7.6 6.1 8.7 7.7 7.6 7.8 35.8

33.4 50.5 50.6 50.4 64.1 64.2 64.7 84.6 68.1 57.1 75.0 60.0 49.4 10.1 8.2 22.7 7.4 5.6 14.8 19.2 24.3 16.9 13.4 5.9 14.0 21.3 7.8 8.2 6.8 46.5

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 145

Table 1-60. Percent Distribution of Workers Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment, Occupation of Longest Job Held, and Sex, 2004–2005—Continued (Percent of total workers in occupation.) Year, sex, and occupation

2005

Both Sexes ........................................................................................................ Management, business, and financial operations ......................................... Management ............................................................................................. Business and financial operations ............................................................. Professional and related ................................................................................ Computer and mathematical ..................................................................... Architecture and engineering .................................................................... Life, physical, and social science .............................................................. Community and social services ................................................................. Legal .......................................................................................................... Education, training, and library .................................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ......................................... Health care practitioner and technical ....................................................... Services ......................................................................................................... Health care support ................................................................................... Protective services .................................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ....................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ...................................... Personal care and services ....................................................................... Sales and office ............................................................................................. Sales and related ...................................................................................... Office and administrative support .............................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ....................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry .................................................................... Construction and extraction ....................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ........................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ........................................... Production ................................................................................................. Transportation and material moving .......................................................... Armed forces ..................................................................................................

Men .................................................................................................................... Management, business, and financial operations ......................................... Management ............................................................................................. Business and financial operations ............................................................. Professional and related ................................................................................ Computer and mathematical ..................................................................... Architecture and engineering .................................................................... Life, physical, and social science .............................................................. Community and social services ................................................................. Legal .......................................................................................................... Education, training, and library .................................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ......................................... Health care practitioner and technical ....................................................... Services ......................................................................................................... Health care support ................................................................................... Protective services .................................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ....................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ...................................... Personal care and services ....................................................................... Sales and office ............................................................................................. Sales and related ...................................................................................... Office and administrative support .............................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ....................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry .................................................................... Construction and extraction ....................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ........................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ........................................... Production ................................................................................................. Transportation and material moving .......................................................... Armed forces ..................................................................................................

Women .............................................................................................................. Management, business, and financial operations ......................................... Management ............................................................................................. Business and financial operations ............................................................. Professional and related ................................................................................ Computer and mathematical ..................................................................... Architecture and engineering .................................................................... Life, physical, and social science .............................................................. Community and social services ................................................................. Legal .......................................................................................................... Education, training, and library .................................................................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ......................................... Health care practitioner and technical ....................................................... Services ......................................................................................................... Health care support ................................................................................... Protective services .................................................................................... Food preparation and serving related ....................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ...................................... Personal care and services ....................................................................... Sales and office ............................................................................................. Sales and related ...................................................................................... Office and administrative support .............................................................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ....................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry .................................................................... Construction and extraction ....................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ........................................................ Production, transportation, and material moving ........................................... Production ................................................................................................. Transportation and material moving .......................................................... Armed forces .................................................................................................. . . . = Not available.

Less than a high school diploma

Total

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

9.7 2.3 2.8 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.1 ... 0.9 0.5 0.4 2.6 0.5 17.9 10.8 3.3 21.7 31.2 11.6 5.6 7.1 4.4 23.5 52.7 26.8 12.6 20.1 21.4 18.7 1.1

... 2.7 3.3 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.1 ... 0.7 0.4 0.1 2.6 0.7 17.7 4.1 3.1 24.0 27.4 9.0 5.5 4.9 6.6 23.4 52.4 27.1 12.8 18.5 18.5 18.6 0.9 ... 1.6 2.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 ... ... 1.1 0.5 0.5 2.6 0.4 18.1 11.7 3.8 20.0 36.5 12.2 5.6 9.4 3.7 26.5 53.4 19.5 7.4 25.0 27.4 19.1 2.2

4 years of high school only 29.5 17.1 18.7 12.9 8.4 8.3 10.1 6.6 8.2 6.9 7.5 12.7 7.9 40.4 39.4 26.8 44.7 44.8 39.2 33.4 30.8 35.4 42.7 32.0 43.6 42.8 48.9 47.8 50.3 21.4

... 16.4 18.6 8.3 6.9 7.9 10.0 7.8 6.3 0.6 2.6 12.4 4.7 38.2 33.0 26.7 40.1 46.3 35.4 29.2 27.3 32.6 43.2 34.2 43.9 43.2 49.2 47.8 50.5 22.5 ... 17.9 18.8 16.4 9.4 9.3 10.4 5.1 9.3 12.2 9.2 13.0 9.0 41.9 40.1 27.2 48.0 42.6 40.2 35.7 34.5 36.2 31.1 25.6 33.6 33.9 48.2 47.7 49.4 14.2

1 to 3 years of college 28.2 26.2 26.1 26.3 23.0 25.6 26.4 13.1 18.1 17.1 13.5 28.4 34.6 29.2 37.7 45.8 23.6 17.7 33.4 36.8 31.2 41.2 26.4 9.1 22.7 35.8 23.4 23.7 23.0 40.5

... 23.3 24.1 20.4 20.0 24.7 27.2 14.1 15.4 1.9 8.3 33.0 19.3 29.2 36.5 45.7 24.4 19.4 32.2 33.2 31.9 35.6 26.1 7.6 22.4 35.4 24.4 26.2 22.7 38.7 ... 30.0 29.5 30.8 25.3 28.0 20.9 11.8 19.8 29.9 15.2 23.3 39.9 29.2 37.8 46.0 22.9 15.3 33.8 38.8 30.5 42.8 31.5 13.5 35.6 45.0 20.3 18.5 24.7 53.4

4 or more years of college 32.6 54.5 52.4 59.9 68.0 65.5 63.4 80.3 72.7 75.6 78.6 56.3 57.0 12.5 12.1 24.1 10.1 6.4 15.9 24.2 30.9 19.1 7.5 6.2 6.8 8.9 7.5 7.1 8.0 37.0

... 57.6 54.1 70.4 72.5 66.7 62.6 78.0 77.6 97.0 89.0 52.0 75.3 14.8 26.4 24.5 11.5 6.9 23.4 32.0 35.9 25.2 7.3 5.8 6.6 8.7 7.9 7.5 8.2 37.9 ... 50.5 49.6 51.9 64.6 62.3 68.7 83.1 69.8 57.4 75.1 61.1 50.7 10.8 10.4 23.0 9.1 5.6 13.8 20.0 25.6 17.2 10.9 7.6 11.4 13.8 6.5 6.3 6.9 30.3

146 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-61. Median Annual Earnings of Year-Round Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers Age 25 to 64 Years, by Educational Attainment and Sex, 2000–2005 (Thousands of workers, dollars.) Year and sex

2000

Total

Less than a high school diploma

4 years of high school only

1 to 3 years of college

4 or more years of college

Both Sexes Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................

84 337 35 000

7 354 20 000

26 144 28 600

24 064 34 000

26 775 50 000

Women Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................

35 521 29 000

2 616 16 000

11 087 24 000

10 822 28 000

10 995 40 000

Men Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................

2001

48 816 40 000

4 738 22 500

15 057 33 000

13 242 40 000

15 780 60 000

Both Sexes Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................

84 743 35 000

7 623 20 800

25 522 29 000

23 719 35 000

27 879 50 000

Women Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................

35 856 30 000

2 574 17 000

10 867 24 000

10 751 30 000

11 664 42 000

Men Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................

2002

48 887 40 000

5 049 24 000

14 655 33 800

12 968 40 000

16 215 60 000

Both Sexes Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................

84 702 36 000

7 578 21 000

25 078 30 000

23 604 35 100

28 443 52 000

Women Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................

36 015 30 000

2 476 18 000

10 772 25 000

10 927 30 000

11 841 43 500

Men Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................

2003

48 687 41 000

5 102 23 400

14 306 34 000

12 677 41 500

16 602 61 000

Both Sexes Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................

85 058 37 752

7 245 21 000

25 352 30 000

23 702 36 000

28 759 53 000

Women Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................

36 070 32 000

2 366 18 000

10 695 25 111

10 936 31 000

12 073 45 000

Men Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................

2004

48 988 42 000

4 879 24 000

14 657 35 000

12 766 42 000

16 686 62 000

Both Sexes Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................

86 306 38 000

7 648 21 840

25 786 30 000

23 897 37 000

28 976 55 000

Women Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................

36 402 32 000

2 470 18 000

10 523 25 280

11 074 31 200

12 334 45 000

Men Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................

2005

49 904 42 900

5 178 24 000

15 263 35 000

12 822 43 000

16 642 65 000

Both Sexes Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................

88 415 39 768

7 758 22 880

26 023 31 000

24 623 38 000

30 012 55 000

Women Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................

37 393 33 644

2 381 18 200

10 571 26 000

11 424 32 000

13 016 46 700

Men Number of workers ........................................................................... Median annual earnings ...................................................................

51 022 44 000

5 376 25 000

15 451 35 360

13 199 45 000

16 996 65 000

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 147

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS CONTINGENT AND ALTERNATIVE EMPLOYMENT Data on contingent workers is collected through a supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that provides data on employment and unemployment for the nation. The Census Bureau conducts the CPS for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The purpose of this supplement is to obtain information from workers on whether they held contingent jobs (jobs expected to last for only a limited period of time). Information is also collected on several alternative employment arrangements, namely working on call and as an independent contractor, as well as working through temporary help agencies or contract firms. Several major changes introduced into the CPS in 2003 affect the data that presented in this Handbook. These include the introduction of Census 2000 population controls, the use of new questions about race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, the presentation of data for Asians, and the introduction of new industry and occupational classification systems. For a detailed discussion of these changes and their impact on CPS data, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” in the February 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings, available on the BLS Web site at . All employed persons, except unpaid family workers, were included in the February 2005 supplement. For persons holding more than one job, the questions referred to the characteristics of their main job—the job at which they worked the most hours. Similar surveys were conducted in the Februaries of 1995, 1997, 1999, and 2001, and 2005. Defining and Estimating the Contingent Workforce Contingent workers are defined as those who do not have an explicit or implicit contract for long-term employment. Several pieces of data are collected in the supplement; these allow the existence of a contingent employment arrangement to be discerned. Included information consists of the following: whether the job is temporary or not expected to continue, how long the worker expects to be able to hold the job, and how long the worker has held the job. For workers who have a job with an intermediary (namely a temporary help agency or a contract company), information is collected about their employment at the place they are assigned to work by the intermediary as well as about their employment with the intermediary itself. The key factor used to determine whether a worker’s job fits the conceptual definition of contingent is whether the job is temporary or not expected to continue. The first questions in the supplement ask: (1) “Some people are in temporary jobs that last only for a limited time or until the completion of a project. Is your job temporary?” (2) “Provided

the economy does not change and your job performance is adequate, can you continue to work for your current employer as long as you wish?” Respondents who answer “yes” to the first question or “no” to the second are then asked a series of questions designed to distinguish persons in temporary jobs from those who, for personal reasons, are temporarily holding jobs that offer the opportunity of ongoing employment. To assess the impact of altering some of the defining factors on the estimated size of the contingent workforce, three measures of contingent employment were developed: 1) Estimate one, which is the narrowest of the three estimates, measures contingent workers as wage and salary workers who expect to work in their current job for one year or less and who have worked for their current employer for one year or less. Self-employed workers, both incorporated and unincorporated, and independent contractors are excluded from the count of contingent workers under estimate one; individuals who work for temporary help agencies or contract companies are considered contingent under estimate one only if they expect their employment arrangement with the temporary help or contract company to last for one year or less and they have worked for the company for one year or less. 2) Estimate two expands the measure of the contingent work force by including the self-employed—both the incorporated and the unincorporated—and independent contractors who expect to be, and have been, in such employment arrangements for one year or less. (The questions asked of the self-employed are different from those asked of wage and salary workers.) In addition, temporary help and contract company workers are classified as contingent under estimate two if they have worked and expect to work with customers to whom they have been assigned for one year or less. 3) Estimate three expands the count of contingency by removing the one-year requirement on both expected duration of the job and current tenure for wage and salary workers. The estimate effectively includes all the wage and salary workers who do not expect their employment to last, except for those who, for personal reasons, expect to leave jobs that they would otherwise be able to keep. Thus, a worker who has held a job for five years could be considered contingent if he or she now views the job as temporary. Sources of Additional Information A complete description of the survey and additional tables are available from BLS news release USDL 05-1433, “Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements,” available at .

148 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-62. Employed Contingent and Noncontingent Workers, by Selected Characteristics, February 2005 (Thousands of people.)

Characteristic

Total employed

Age and Sex Both sexes, 16 years and over ................................................................ 16 to 19 years .......................................................................................... 20 to 24 years .......................................................................................... 25 to 34 years .......................................................................................... 35 to 44 years .......................................................................................... 45 to 54 years .......................................................................................... 55 to 64 years .......................................................................................... 65 years and over ....................................................................................

138 952 5 510 13 114 30 103 34 481 32 947 17 980 4 817

Women, 16 years and over ..................................................................... 16 to 19 years .......................................................................................... 20 to 24 years .......................................................................................... 25 to 34 years .......................................................................................... 35 to 44 years .......................................................................................... 45 to 54 years .......................................................................................... 55 to 64 years .......................................................................................... 65 years and over ....................................................................................

65 006 2 931 6 186 13 480 15 958 15 754 8 495 2 202

Men, 16 years and over ........................................................................... 16 to 19 years .......................................................................................... 20 to 24 years .......................................................................................... 25 to 34 years .......................................................................................... 35 to 44 years .......................................................................................... 45 to 54 years .......................................................................................... 55 to 64 years .......................................................................................... 65 years and over ....................................................................................

Race and Hispanic Origin White ....................................................................................................... Black ........................................................................................................ Asian ........................................................................................................ Hispanic1 ................................................................................................. Full- or Part-Time Status Full-time workers ..................................................................................... Part-time workers ....................................................................................

Estimate 1 2 504 308 606 693 415 263 143 76

Contingent workers Estimate 2

Estimate 3

Noncontingent workers

3 177 338 688 874 580 387 198 111

5 705 476 1 077 1 447 1 044 875 536 250

133 247 5 035 12 036 28 656 33 437 32 072 17 445 4 567

1 529 182 294 362 277 247 91 76

2 790 247 481 618 504 508 275 158

62 216 2 684 5 705 12 862 15 454 15 247 8 220 2 044

73 946 2 579 6 928 16 624 18 523 17 193 9 485 2 615

1 325 145 358 395 245 95 70 17

1 648 157 394 512 303 140 107 35

115 043 14 688 6 083 18 062

2 007 296 121 603

2 534 387 161 704

4 521 660 350 1 185

110 522 14 028 5 733 16 876

113 798 25 154

1 367 1 137

1 812 1 364

3 410 2 294

110 387 22 860

1 180 163 249 298 171 168 73 58

2 914 229 597 829 540 368 261 92

Note: Noncontingent workers are those who do not fall into any estimate of contingent workers. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black, and Asian) do not sum to total because data are not presented for all races. Detail for other characteristics may not sum to total due to rounding. 1May be of any race.

71 032 2 351 6 331 15 794 17 983 16 825 9 224 2 523

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 149 Table 1-63. Employed Contingent and Noncontingent Workers, by Occupation and Industry, February 2005 (Thousands of people, percent.)

Characteristic OCCUPATION

Total, 16 years and over .................................................................................................................

Percent Distribution ..................................................................................................................... Management, professional, and related ......................................................................................... Management, business, and financial operations ...................................................................... Professional and related ............................................................................................................. Services .......................................................................................................................................... Sales and office .............................................................................................................................. Sales and related ....................................................................................................................... Office and administrative support ............................................................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ........................................................................ Farming, fishing, and forestry ..................................................................................................... Construction and extraction ........................................................................................................ Installation, maintenance, and repair ......................................................................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ............................................................................ Production .................................................................................................................................. Transportation and material moving ........................................................................................... INDUSTRY

Total, 16 years and over .................................................................................................................

Percent Distribution ..................................................................................................................... Agriculture and related industries ................................................................................................... Mining ............................................................................................................................................. Construction ................................................................................................................................... Manufacturing ................................................................................................................................. Wholesale trade ............................................................................................................................. Retail trade ..................................................................................................................................... Transportation and utilities ............................................................................................................. Information .................................................................................................................................... Financial activities .......................................................................................................................... Professional and business services ............................................................................................... Education and health services ....................................................................................................... Leisure and hospitality .................................................................................................................... Other services ................................................................................................................................ Public administration ......................................................................................................................

Estimate 1

Contingent workers Estimate 2

Estimate 3

Noncontingent workers

2 504

3 177

5 705

133 247

2 504

3 177

5 705

133 247

100.0 28.4 5.5 22.8 17.3 24.3 4.9 19.4 16.5 2.4 11.4 2.7 13.6 4.5 9.1

100.0 2.5 0.7 13.0 6.7 3.2 6.4 5.0 1.6 1.4 18.2 23.5 10.1 5.0 2.8

100.0 30.7 8.0 22.6 17.6 22.5 6.0 16.5 16.7 2.0 12.3 2.4 12.5 4.0 8.5

100.0 2.3 0.6 14.0 6.0 2.9 6.7 4.7 1.3 2.6 20.7 21.8 8.9 5.3 2.3

Note: Noncontingent workers are those who do not fall into any estimate of contingent workers. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding.

100.0 35.9 8.7 27.2 15.7 20.6 5.7 14.8 16.1 2.1 11.1 2.9 11.7 5.2 6.5

100.0 1.7 0.4 12.3 6.4 2.2 6.4 3.7 2.1 3.1 18.2 27.1 7.4 4.9 4.0

100.0 35.2 14.6 20.6 15.6 26.0 12.1 13.9 10.2 0.5 5.8 3.8 13.1 6.8 6.2

100.0 1.3 0.4 7.2 11.9 3.2 12.4 5.3 2.3 7.7 9.7 20.8 8.1 4.7 4.9

150 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 1-64. Employed Workers with Alternative and Traditional Work Arrangements, by Selected Characteristics, February 2005 (Thousands of people.)

Characteristic

Total employed

Independent contractors

Workers with alternative arrangements

On-call workers

Temporary help agency workers

Workers provided by contract firms

Workers with traditional arrangements

Age and Sex Both sexes, 16 years and over ................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................................. 20 to 24 years ............................................................. 25 to 34 years ............................................................. 35 to 44 years ............................................................. 45 to 54 years ............................................................. 55 to 64 years ............................................................. 65 years and over .......................................................

138 952 5 510 13 114 30 103 34 481 32 947 17 980 4 817

10 342 89 356 1 520 2 754 2 799 1 943 881

2 454 133 355 535 571 417 267 175

1 217 33 202 362 253 200 135 33

813 7 87 205 196 186 114 18

123 843 5 194 12 055 27 427 30 646 29 324 15 496 3 701

Women, 16 years and over ......................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................................. 20 to 24 years ............................................................. 25 to 34 years ............................................................. 35 to 44 years ............................................................. 45 to 54 years ............................................................. 55 to 64 years ............................................................. 65 years and over .......................................................

65 006 2 931 6 186 13 480 15 958 15 754 8 495 2 202

3 647 57 162 514 930 1 035 656 292

1 212 52 155 236 319 208 158 84

643 9 95 177 133 129 83 17

252 0 27 67 57 43 44 15

59 170 2 805 5 724 12 477 14 516 14 322 7 542 1 785

Men, 16 years and over .............................................. 16 to 19 years ............................................................. 20 to 24 years ............................................................. 25 to 34 years ............................................................. 35 to 44 years ............................................................. 45 to 54 years ............................................................. 55 to 64 years ............................................................. 65 years and over .......................................................

Race and Hispanic Origin White ........................................................................... Black ........................................................................... Asian ........................................................................... Hispanic1 ..................................................................... Full- or Part-time Status Full-time workers ......................................................... Part-time workers ........................................................

73 946 2 579 6 928 16 624 18 523 17 193 9 485 2 615

6 696 32 194 1 006 1 824 1 764 1 287 589

1 241 82 200 299 252 209 108 91

574 24 107 185 120 71 52 16

561 7 61 138 140 143 70 3

64 673 2 389 6 331 14 950 16 130 15 003 7 954 1 917

115 043 14 688 6 083 18 062

9 169 583 370 951

2 097 212 64 385

840 276 63 255

637 121 43 133

102 052 13 471 5 538 16 202

113 798 25 154

7 732 2 611

1 370 1 084

979 238

695 119

102 889 20 954

Note: Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories. Detail may not add to totals because the total employed includes day laborers (an alternative arrangement not shown separately) and a small number of workers who were both "on call" and "provided by contract firms." Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Detail for other characteristics may not sum to total due to rounding. 1May be of any race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 151 Table 1-65. Employed Contingent and Noncontingent Workers and Those with Alternative and Traditional Work Arrangements, by Health Insurance Coverage and Eligibility for Employer-Provided Pension Plans, February 2005 (Thousands of people, percent.)

Characteristic

Contingent Workers Estimate 1 .................................................................................................... Estimate 2 .................................................................................................... Estimate 3 .................................................................................................... Noncontingent Workers ............................................................................

With Alternative Arrangements Independent contractors .............................................................................. On-call workers ............................................................................................ Temporary help agency workers .................................................................. Workers provided by contract firms .............................................................. With Traditional Arrangements .................................................................

Total employed

Percent with health insurance coverage Total

Provided by employer2

Percent eligible for employerprovided pension plan1

Included in employer-provided pension plan

Total

2 504 3 177 5 705

51.8 52.5 59.1

9.4 7.9 18.1

9.2 8.3 18.6

4.6 4.1 12.4

10 342 2 454 1 217 813

69.3 66.9 39.7 80.2

X 25.7 8.3 48.9

2.6 33.2 8.9 42.6

1.9 27.8 3.8 33.5

133 247

123 843

79.4

80.0

52.1

56.0

49.6

52.9

Note: Noncontingent workers are those who do not fall into any estimate of contingent workers. Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories. 1Excludes 2Excludes

the self-employed (incorporated and unincorporated); includes independent contractors who were self-employed. the self-employed (incorporated and unincorporated) and independent contractors. X = Not applicable.

44.7

47.7

152 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-66. Median Usual Weekly Earnings of Full- and Part-Time Contingent Wage and Salary Workers and Those with Alternative Work Arrangements, by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, February 2005 (Dollars.)

Characteristic

Full-Time Workers Total, 16 years and over ........................................................................... Men .......................................................................................................... Women ..................................................................................................... White ........................................................................................................ Black ......................................................................................................... Asian ........................................................................................................ Hispanic2 ..................................................................................................

Part-Time Workers Total, 16 years and over ........................................................................... Men .......................................................................................................... Women ..................................................................................................... White ........................................................................................................ Black ......................................................................................................... Asian ........................................................................................................ Hispanic2 ..................................................................................................

Contingent workers Estimate 1

405 427 376 413 344

Estimate 2

Estimate 3

Independent contractors

Workers with alternative arrangements

335

411 440 383 421 375

331

488 505 423 498 387 619 370

716 794 462 731 474 889 603

152 165 142 154 133

152 169 138 154 133

161 183 149 163 145 190 175

253 330 216 252 196

(1)

152 (1)

(1)

153 (1)

207 (1)

On-call workers

Temporary help agency workers

519 586 394 561 303

414 405 424 418 375

Workers provided by contract firms 756 860 595 772 (1) (1)

417

311

513

173 206 159 177

224 253 202 247

204

(1)

(1) (1)

249

(1)

(1) (1) (1)

(1) (1) (1) (1)

Note: Earnings data for contingent workers exclude the incorporated self-employed and independent contractors. Data for independent contractors include the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed. However, these groups are excluded from the data for workers with other arrangements. Full- or part-time status is determined by hours usually worked at the sole or primary job. 1Data not shown where 2May be of any race.

base is less than 100,000.

0

(1)

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 153

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS FLEXIBLE WORKERS These data and other information on work schedules were obtained from a supplement to the May 2004 Current Population Survey (CPS). This was the first time since 2001 that this supplemental survey was conducted. Respondents to the May 2004 supplement answered questions about flexible and shift schedules, their reasons for working particular shifts, the beginning and ending hours of their workdays, the availability of formal flextime programs and home-based work, and other related topics. The

data cover the incidence and nature of flexible and shift schedules and pertain to wage and salary workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their principal job. The data exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Sources of Additional Information For further information see BLS news release USDL 051198, “Workers on Flexible and Shift Schedules in May 2004,” at .

154 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-67. Flexible Schedules: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Selected Characteristics, May 2004 (Thousands of people, percent.) Characteristic

Age Total, 16 years and over ...................................................... 16 to 19 years .................................................................. 20 years and over ................................................................ 20 to 24 years .................................................................. 25 to 34 years .................................................................. 35 to 44 years .................................................................. 45 to 54 years .................................................................. 55 to 64 years .................................................................. 65 years and over ............................................................

Race and Hispanic Origin White ................................................................................... Black .................................................................................... Asian .................................................................................... Hispanic2 .............................................................................

Marital Status Married, spouse present ...................................................... Not married .......................................................................... Never married .................................................................. Other marital status ......................................................... Presence and Age of Children Without own children under 18 years .................................. With own children under 18 years ....................................... With youngest child 6 to 17 years .................................... With youngest child under 6 years ..................................

Both sexes Total1

With flexible schedules Number

Percent of total

Men

Total1

With flexible schedules Number

Percent of total

Women

Total1

With flexible schedules

Number

Percent of total

99 778 1 427 98 351 9 004 24 640 26 766 24 855 11 745 1 341

27 411 336 27 075 2 058 6 902 7 807 6 651 3 181 475

27.5 23.6 27.5 22.9 28.0 29.2 26.8 27.1 35.4

56 412 903 55 509 5 147 14 358 15 424 13 440 6 383 757

15 853 185 15 668 1 065 4 051 4 605 3 769 1 865 314

28.1 20.5 28.2 20.7 28.2 29.9 28.0 29.2 41.4

43 366 524 42 842 3 856 10 283 11 342 11 415 5 361 585

11 558 151 11 406 993 2 851 3 202 2 882 1 316 161

26.7 28.9 26.6 25.8 27.7 28.2 25.2 24.5 27.6

80 498 12 578 4 136 14 110

23 121 2 476 1 132 2 596

28.7 19.7 27.4 18.4

46 222 6 447 2 300 8 621

13 582 1 193 720 1 430

29.4 18.5 31.3 16.6

34 276 6 131 1 836 5 489

9 539 1 283 412 1 166

27.8 20.9 22.4 21.2

57 630 42 148 25 144 17 004

16 270 11 141 6 693 4 448

28.2 26.4 26.6 26.2

34 926 21 486 14 469 7 018

10 382 5 471 3 605 1 866

29.7 25.5 24.9 26.6

22 704 20 662 10 676 9 986

5 888 5 670 3 088 2 582

25.9 27.4 28.9 25.9

61 761 38 018 21 739 16 279

16 759 10 652 5 960 4 692

27.1 28.0 27.4 28.8

34 680 21 733 11 477 10 256

9 410 6 443 3 341 3 102

27.1 29.6 29.1 30.2

27 081 16 285 10 262 6 023

7 349 4 209 2 619 1 590

27.1 25.8 25.5 26.4

Note: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic origin groups will not sum to total because data for the "other races" group are not presented. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. 1Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible schedules. 2May be of any race.

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 155 Table 1-68. Flexible Schedules: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Sex, Occupation, and Industry, May 2004 (Thousands of people, percent.)

Both sexes

Occupation and industry

Total1

Occupation Total, 16 years and over ....................................................................... Management, professional, and related .......................................... Management, business, and financial operations ........................ Management ............................................................................ Business and financial operations ........................................... Professional and related .............................................................. Computer and mathematical .................................................... Architecture and engineering ................................................... Life, physical, and social science ............................................. Community and social services ............................................... Legal ........................................................................................ Education, training, and library ................................................ Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ....................... Health care practitioner and technical ..................................... Services ............................................................................................ Health care support ..................................................................... Protective services ....................................................................... Food preparation and serving related .......................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ........................ Personal care and services ......................................................... Sales and office ............................................................................... Sales and related ......................................................................... Office and administrative support ................................................ Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ......................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ...................................................... Construction and extraction ......................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ........................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ............................. Production .................................................................................... Transportation and material moving ............................................

Industry Private sector ........................................................................................ Agriculture and related industries ..................................................... Nonagricultural industries ................................................................. Mining ........................................................................................... Construction .................................................................................. Manufacturing ............................................................................... Durable goods .......................................................................... Nondurable goods .................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ............................................................ Wholesale trade ........................................................................ Retail trade ............................................................................... Transportation and utilities ............................................................ Transportation and warehousing .............................................. Utilities ...................................................................................... Information3 .................................................................................. Publishing, except Internet ....................................................... Motion picture and sound recording industries ......................... Broadcasting, except Internet ................................................... Telecommunications ................................................................. Financial activities ......................................................................... Finance and insurance ............................................................. Finance ................................................................................. Insurance .............................................................................. Real estate and rental and leasing ........................................... Professional and business services .............................................. Professional and technical services .......................................... Management, administrative, and waste services .................... Education and health services ...................................................... Educational services ................................................................. Health care and social assistance ............................................ Leisure and hospitality .................................................................. Arts, entertainment, and recreation .......................................... Accommodation and food services ........................................... Accommodation .................................................................... Food services and drinking places ....................................... Other services ............................................................................... Other services, except private households ............................... Other services, private households .......................................... Public sector ......................................................................................... Federal government .......................................................................... State government ............................................................................. Local government .............................................................................

With flexible schedules Number

Percent of total

Men

Total1

With flexible schedules Number

Percent of total

Women

Total1

With flexible schedules Number

99 778 36 200 14 496 10 036 4 461 21 704 2 683 2 478 1 016 1 866 1 118 6 414 1 502 4 626 13 423 1 908 2 224 3 881 3 481 1 929 24 359 9 634 14 724 10 848 744 5 825 4 280 14 948 8 281 6 666

27 411 13 325 6 483 4 598 1 885 6 842 1 405 1 080 483 860 497 843 613 1 060 2 849 315 419 972 531 612 7 196 3 669 3 527 1 908 172 942 795 2 133 1 030 1 102

27.5 36.8 44.7 45.8 42.3 31.5 52.4 43.6 47.5 46.1 44.5 13.1 40.8 22.9 21.2 16.5 18.8 25.0 15.2 31.7 29.5 38.1 24.0 17.6 23.1 16.2 18.6 14.3 12.4 16.5

56 412 17 911 7 969 6 000 1 969 9 942 2 023 2 147 640 786 536 1 779 915 1 115 6 858 199 1 807 2 086 2 260 505 9 561 5 683 3 878 10 403 591 5 750 4 061 11 679 5 928 5 751

15 853 7 832 3 741 2 862 879 4 091 1 085 917 285 430 312 374 396 291 1 339 37 312 524 318 148 3 069 2 305 764 1 820 132 925 762 1 793 806 986

28.1 43.7 46.9 47.7 44.7 41.1 53.6 42.7 44.6 54.7 58.2 21.0 43.3 26.1 19.5 18.7 17.2 25.1 14.1 29.2 32.1 40.6 19.7 17.5 22.4 16.1 18.8 15.3 13.6 17.1

43 366 18 289 6 527 4 035 2 492 11 762 660 330 376 1 080 582 4 635 587 3 511 6 566 1 708 417 1 795 1 221 1 424 14 798 3 952 10 847 445 152 74 218 3 268 2 353 915

11 558 5 492 2 742 1 736 1 006 2 751 320 163 198 430 185 469 217 769 1 510 278 107 448 213 465 4 127 1 364 2 763 88 39 17 32 340 224 116

82 870 888 81 982 446 6 617 15 125 9 249 5 875 14 008 3 771 10 237 4 226 3 482 744 2 716 648 211 512 1 180 7 341 5 537 3 633 1 904 1 805 8 997 5 476 3 521 12 485 2 260 10 226 6 111 1 134 4 977 1 123 3 854 3 911 3 584 327 16 909 2 786 4 724 9 399

23 978 233 23 745 102 1 341 3 631 2 351 1 280 4 100 1 209 2 891 1 086 912 173 948 274 74 116 419 2 767 2 056 1 218 838 711 3 381 2 570 811 3 202 541 2 661 1 686 312 1 374 252 1 122 1 502 1 370 132 3 433 803 1 340 1 289

28.9 26.3 29.0 22.9 20.3 24.0 25.4 21.8 29.3 32.1 28.2 25.7 26.2 23.3 34.9 42.3 35.3 22.7 35.5 37.7 37.1 33.5 44.0 39.4 37.6 46.9 23.0 25.6 23.9 26.0 27.6 27.5 27.6 22.4 29.1 38.4 38.2 40.4 20.3 28.8 28.4 13.7

48 724 702 48 023 416 6 059 10 659 6 881 3 777 8 717 2 698 6 019 3 454 2 858 596 1 674 364 162 319 732 3 117 2 100 1 443 657 1 017 5 342 3 113 2 229 2 969 812 2 157 3 458 630 2 828 546 2 282 2 158 2 140 18 7 688 1 617 2 089 3 982

14 119 180 13 939 84 1 153 2 638 1 794 844 2 544 910 1 634 906 767 139 600 165 62 79 254 1 323 943 584 359 380 2 072 1 596 477 862 246 616 956 165 791 147 644 801 792 9 1 734 453 640 641

29.0 25.6 29.0 20.2 19.0 24.7 26.1 22.3 29.2 33.7 27.1 26.2 26.8 23.4 35.8 45.4 38.5 24.7 34.7 42.4 44.9 40.5 54.6 37.3 38.8 51.3 21.4 29.0 30.3 28.6 27.6 26.2 28.0 26.9 28.2 37.1 37.0

34 145 186 33 959 30 558 4 466 2 368 2 098 5 291 1 072 4 219 771 624 147 1 041 284 49 193 448 4 224 3 437 2 190 1 247 787 3 655 2 364 1 292 9 517 1 448 8 069 2 653 504 2 149 577 1 572 1 753 1 444 309 9 221 1 169 2 635 5 417

9 859 53 9 806 18 188 993 558 436 1 557 300 1 257 179 145 34 348 109 12 37 164 1 444 1 113 633 480 332 1 309 974 335 2 339 295 2 045 730 147 583 105 478 701 577 123 1 699 351 700 648

22.6 28.0 30.7 16.1

(2)

Percent of total

Note: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. 1Includes persons who did not provide information on 2Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000. 3Includes other industries not shown separately.

flexible schedules.

26.7 30.0 42.0 43.0 40.4 23.4 48.5 49.3 52.6 39.8 31.8 10.1 37.0 21.9 23.0 16.3 25.7 25.0 17.4 32.6 27.9 34.5 25.5 19.8 25.7

14.7 10.4 9.5 12.7 (2)

28.9 28.7 28.9

33.7 22.2 23.6 20.8 29.4 27.9 29.8 23.2 23.3 23.0 33.4 38.4 (2)

19.4 36.7 34.2 32.4 28.9 38.5 42.1 35.8 41.2 25.9 24.6 20.4 25.3 27.5 29.2 27.1 18.2 30.4 40.0 40.0 39.9 18.4 30.0 26.6 12.0 (2)

156 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-69. Flexible Schedules: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Formal Flextime Program Status, Occupation, and Industry, May 2004 (Thousands of people, percent.)

Occupation and industry

With flexible schedules

Total1

Occupation Total, 16 years and over ................................................................................ Management, professional, and related ................................................... Management, business, and financial operations ................................ Management .................................................................................... Business and financial operations .................................................... Professional and related ....................................................................... Computer and mathematical ............................................................ Architecture and engineering ........................................................... Life, physical, and social science ..................................................... Community and social services ........................................................ Legal ................................................................................................. Education, training, and library ......................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ................................ Health care practitioner and technical .............................................. Services .................................................................................................... Health care support .............................................................................. Protective services ............................................................................... Food preparation and serving related .................................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ................................. Personal care and services .................................................................. Sales and office ........................................................................................ Sales and related ................................................................................. Office and administrative support ......................................................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .................................. Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................................... Construction and extraction .................................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ...................................... Production ............................................................................................ Transportation and material moving .....................................................

Industry Private sector ................................................................................................ Agriculture and related industries .............................................................. Nonagricultural industries .......................................................................... Mining .................................................................................................... Construction .......................................................................................... Manufacturing ........................................................................................ Durable goods ................................................................................... Nondurable goods ............................................................................. Wholesale and retail trade ..................................................................... Wholesale trade ................................................................................ Retail trade ........................................................................................ Transportation and utilities .................................................................... Transportation and warehousing ....................................................... Utilities ............................................................................................... Information2 ........................................................................................... Publishing, except Internet ................................................................ Motion picture and sound recording industries .................................. Broadcasting, except Internet ............................................................ Telecommunications ......................................................................... Financial activities ................................................................................. Finance and insurance ...................................................................... Finance .......................................................................................... Insurance ....................................................................................... Real estate and rental and leasing .................................................... Professional and business services ...................................................... Professional and technical services .................................................. Management, administrative, and waste services ............................. Education and health services .............................................................. Educational services ......................................................................... Health care and social assistance ..................................................... Leisure and hospitality ........................................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................................... Accommodation and food services ................................................... Accommodation ............................................................................. Food services and drinking places ................................................ Other services ....................................................................................... Other services, except private households ....................................... Other services, private households ................................................... Public sector .................................................................................................. Federal government .................................................................................. State government ...................................................................................... Local government ......................................................................................

With a formal flextime program Percent of total employed

Number

Percent of workers with flexible schedules

99 778 36 200 14 496 10 036 4 461 21 704 2 683 2 478 1 016 1 866 1 118 6 414 1 502 4 626 13 423 1 908 2 224 3 881 3 481 1 929 24 359 9 634 14 724 10 848 744 5 825 4 280 14 948 8 281 6 666

27 411 13 325 6 483 4 598 1 885 6 842 1 405 1 080 483 860 497 843 613 1 060 2 849 315 419 972 531 612 7 196 3 669 3 527 1 908 172 942 795 2 133 1 030 1 102

10 642 5 137 2 293 1 436 857 2 844 729 509 203 325 140 278 272 389 1 188 139 192 423 178 256 2 734 1 175 1 559 697 47 416 234 885 490 395

10.7 14.2 15.8 14.3 19.2 13.1 27.1 20.5 19.9 17.4 12.6 4.3 18.1 8.4 8.9 7.3 8.6 10.9 5.1 13.3 11.2 12.2 10.6 6.4 6.3 7.1 5.5 5.9 5.9 5.9

38.8 38.6 35.4 31.2 45.5 41.6 51.8 47.1 42.0 37.8 28.2 33.0 44.4 36.6 41.7 44.3 45.8 43.5 33.5 41.8 38.0 32.0 44.2 36.5 27.1 44.2 29.5 41.5 47.6 35.8

82 870 888 81 982 446 6 617 15 125 9 249 5 875 14 008 3 771 10 237 4 226 3 482 744 2 716 648 211 512 1 180 7 341 5 537 3 633 1 904 1 805 8 997 5 476 3 521 12 485 2 260 10 226 6 111 1 134 4 977 1 123 3 854 3 911 3 584 327 16 909 2 786 4 724 9 399

23 978 233 23 745 102 1 341 3 631 2 351 1 280 4 100 1 209 2 891 1 086 912 173 948 274 74 116 419 2 767 2 056 1 218 838 711 3 381 2 570 811 3 202 541 2 661 1 686 312 1 374 252 1 122 1 502 1 370 132 3 433 803 1 340 1 289

8 816 53 8 762 47 493 1 618 1 061 557 1 302 300 1 002 432 335 97 371 102 33 43 170 1 066 868 425 443 198 1 294 991 303 1 118 156 962 598 84 513 105 408 422 404 18 1 826 561 665 600

10.6 6.0 10.7 10.5 7.5 10.7 11.5 9.5 9.3 8.0 9.8 10.2 9.6 13.0 13.7 15.8 15.9 8.4 14.4 14.5 15.7 11.7 23.3 11.0 14.4 18.1 8.6 9.0 6.9 9.4 9.8 7.4 10.3 9.3 10.6 10.8 11.3 5.5 10.8 20.1 14.1 6.4

36.8 22.9 36.9 46.1 36.8 44.6 45.1 43.5 31.8 24.8 34.6 39.8 36.7 55.9 39.2 37.3

Note: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. 1Includes persons who did not provide information on 2Includes other industries not shown separately. 3Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000.

flexible schedules.

37.2 40.5 38.5 42.2 34.9 52.9 27.9 38.3 38.6 37.3 34.9 28.8 36.2 35.4 27.1 37.4 41.5 36.4 28.1 29.5 13.6 53.2 69.9 49.6 46.5 (3)

CHAPTER 1: POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS 157

Table 1-70. Shift Usually Worked: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Selected Characteristics, May 2004 (Thousands of people, percent.) Characteristic

Age and Sex Both sexes, 16 years and over ............................................ 16 to 19 years .................................................................. 20 years and over ................................................................ 20 to 24 years .................................................................. 25 to 34 years .................................................................. 35 to 44 years .................................................................. 45 to 54 years .................................................................. 55 to 64 years .................................................................. 65 years and over ............................................................

Men ...................................................................................... Women ................................................................................ Race and Hispanic Origin White ................................................................................... Black .................................................................................... Asian .................................................................................... Hispanic2 .............................................................................

Marital Status and Presence and Age of Children Men Married, spouse present ...................................................... Not married .......................................................................... Never married .................................................................. Other marital status ......................................................... Without own children under 18 years .................................. With own children under 18 years ....................................... With youngest child 6 to 17 years .................................... With youngest child under 6 years .................................. Women Married, spouse present ...................................................... Not married .......................................................................... Never married .................................................................. Other marital status ......................................................... Without own children under 18 years .................................. With own children under 18 years ....................................... With youngest child 6 to 17 years .................................... With youngest child under 6 years ..................................

Total1

99 778 1 427 98 351 9 004 24 640 26 766 24 855 11 745 1 341

Regular daytime schedule

84.6 64.9 84.9 76.8 84.1 85.4 86.8 87.1 88.8

Shift workers Total

Evening shift

Night shift

3.2 4.4 3.2 3.7 3.4 3.2 3.2 2.6 1.8

Rotating shift

2.5 6.1 2.5 3.3 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.4

Split shift

0.5 1.0 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5

Employerarranged irregular schedule 3.1 8.3 3.0 4.6 2.8 3.1 2.5 3.0 2.9

Other shift

14.8 34.6 14.6 22.3 15.2 14.1 12.8 12.5 10.3

4.7 14.5 4.6 8.8 5.0 4.1 3.6 3.8 3.5

0.7 0.2 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.2

5.2 4.1

3.6 2.8

2.8 2.2

0.5 0.5

3.6 2.4

0.9 0.4

56 412 43 366

82.7 87.0

16.7 12.4

80 498 12 578 4 136 14 110

85.8 78.0 83.6 83.1

13.7 20.8 15.7 16.0

4.1 7.9 5.4 5.8

3.0 4.5 4.1 3.9

2.3 4.1 1.6 2.1

0.5 0.4 1.2 0.6

3.1 3.0 2.6 2.6

0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9

34 926 21 486 14 469 7 018 34 680 21 733 11 477 10 256

84.8 79.5 78.6 81.4 81.8 84.3 85.1 83.5

14.9 19.7 20.6 17.8 17.6 15.3 14.6 16.1

3.9 7.4 8.1 5.9 6.0 4.0 3.9 4.2

3.3 3.9 3.8 4.2 3.6 3.6 3.2 3.9

2.9 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.7 3.0 3.1 2.9

0.5 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.8

3.4 4.0 4.2 3.6 3.8 3.2 3.4 3.0

0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.2

22 704 20 662 10 676 9 986 27 081 16 285 10 262 6 023

90.4 83.2 81.2 85.5 86.4 87.9 89.1 86.0

9.2 16.0 17.9 13.9 13.0 11.5 10.5 13.2

2.8 5.6 6.3 4.8 4.1 4.3 3.4 5.8

2.4 3.2 3.0 3.5 2.7 2.9 3.0 2.7

1.4 3.0 3.6 2.3 2.5 1.7 1.6 1.8

0.3 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.4

1.9 2.9 3.6 2.1 2.7 1.9 1.8 2.1

0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4

Note: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic origin groups will not sum to total because data for the "other races" group are not presented. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. 1Includes persons who 2May be of any race.

did not provide information on shift usually worked.

158 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 1-71. Shift Usually Worked: Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Occupation and Industry, May 2004 (Civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population.) Occupation and industry

Occupation Total, 16 years and over ...................................................... Management, professional, and related ......................... Management, business, and financial operations ...... Management ........................................................... Business and financial operations .......................... Professional and related ............................................. Computer and mathematical .................................. Architecture and engineering .................................. Life, physical, and social science ........................... Community and social services .............................. Legal ....................................................................... Education, training, and library ............................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ...... Health care practitioner and technical .................... Service ............................................................................ Health care support .................................................... Protective service ....................................................... Food preparation and serving related ......................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ....... Personal care and service .......................................... Sales and office .............................................................. Sales and related ........................................................ Office and administrative support ............................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ........ Farming, fishing, and forestry ..................................... Construction and extraction ........................................ Installation, maintenance, and repair .......................... Production, transportation, and material moving ............ Production .................................................................. Transportation and material moving ...........................

Industry Private sector ....................................................................... Agriculture and related industries .................................... Nonagricultural industries ................................................ Mining .......................................................................... Construction ................................................................ Manufacturing .............................................................. Durable goods ......................................................... Nondurable goods ................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ........................................... Wholesale trade ....................................................... Retail trade .............................................................. Transportation and utilities .......................................... Transportation and warehousing ............................. Utilities ..................................................................... Information2 ................................................................. Publishing, except Internet ...................................... Motion picture and sound recording industries ........ Broadcasting, except Internet .................................. Telecommunications ................................................ Financial activities ....................................................... Finance and insurance ............................................ Finance ................................................................ Insurance ............................................................. Real estate and rental and leasing .......................... Professional and business services ............................ Professional and technical services ........................ Management, administrative, and waste services ... Education and health services ..................................... Educational services ................................................ Health care and social assistance ........................... Leisure and hospitality ................................................. Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................... Accommodation and food services .......................... Accommodation ................................................... Food services and drinking places ...................... Other services ............................................................. Other services, except private households .............. Other services, private households ......................... Public sector ........................................................................ Federal government ........................................................ State government ............................................................ Local government ............................................................

Total1

Regular daytime schedule

Total

Shift workers Evening shift

Night shift

Rotating shift

Split shift

Employerarranged irregular schedule

Other shift

99 778 36 200 14 496 10 036 4 461 21 704 2 683 2 478 1 016 1 866 1 118 6 414 1 502 4 626 13 423 1 908 2 224 3 881 3 481 1 929 24 359 9 634 14 724 10 848 744 5 825 4 280 14 948 8 281 6 666

84.6 91.9 94.6 93.6 96.8 90.1 95.2 95.7 93.9 87.0 97.4 97.3 84.7 74.5 66.5 70.4 48.3 58.7 82.1 70.9 87.3 83.8 89.6 92.0 89.8 95.1 88.2 73.3 75.0 71.2

14.8 7.6 5.0 6.1 2.7 9.4 4.1 3.9 5.8 12.7 1.8 2.3 14.7 24.6 32.6 28.0 50.6 40.4 17.5 28.1 12.0 15.2 9.9 7.5 9.8 4.4 11.4 26.2 24.4 28.5

4.7 1.7 1.1 1.4 0.5 2.1 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.9 0.0 0.6 3.1 5.8 12.5 12.5 14.4 17.6 8.3 7.3 3.5 3.5 3.6 2.1 0.6 0.8 4.3 9.1 10.1 7.8

3.2 1.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 2.4 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.3 0.0 0.1 1.6 8.3 6.2 7.1 12.9 3.4 5.4 4.6 2.6 1.9 3.0 1.9 2.4 0.8 3.4 6.5 7.1 5.7

2.5 1.3 0.9 1.1 0.4 1.6 0.8 0.7 2.0 2.2 0.0 0.2 2.2 4.4 5.2 3.8 11.9 5.8 1.5 4.5 2.3 3.8 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.5 4.2 4.7 3.7

0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.4 0.7 0.6 3.3 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.3 1.4

3.1 2.2 2.0 2.4 0.9 2.3 0.4 0.7 1.2 4.9 1.4 0.9 6.0 4.4 5.5 3.1 6.2 8.9 1.1 8.1 2.8 5.0 1.4 1.5 2.4 1.3 1.7 4.6 1.4 8.4

0.7 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.1 2.0 0.2 0.2 1.2 1.1 1.7 0.7 4.3 1.1 0.7 2.7 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 2.0 0.3 0.5 1.1 0.8 1.5

82 870 888 81 982 446 6 617 15 125 9 249 5 875 14 008 3 771 10 237 4 226 3 482 744 2 716 648 211 512 1 180 7 341 5 537 3 633 1 904 1 805 8 997 5 476 3 521 12 485 2 260 10 226 6 111 1 134 4 977 1 123 3 854 3 911 3 584 327 16 909 2 786 4 724 9 399

84.0 90.1 83.9 68.0 96.6 81.5 85.3 75.6 82.9 91.5 79.8 71.4 67.5 89.5 87.3 87.6 85.0 84.4 88.8 94.0 96.7 96.8 96.5 85.6 92.0 96.5 84.9 83.2 93.9 80.9 60.8 67.7 59.3 70.2 56.1 88.9 89.3 85.0 87.6 84.8 87.9 88.3

15.4 9.9 15.5 31.9 2.9 18.1 14.4 23.8 16.3 8.0 19.4 27.9 31.8 9.5 11.7 10.3 15.0 15.0 10.5 5.4 2.8 2.6 3.1 13.4 7.8 3.2 15.0 16.0 5.6 18.3 38.3 31.9 39.8 29.4 42.8 10.6 10.3 14.1 11.9 14.7 11.5 11.3

5.0 1.4 5.1 3.6 0.5 7.2 6.7 8.1 4.4 2.7 5.0 5.0 5.6 1.9 4.2 2.3 5.5 6.4 3.6 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 4.3 2.7 0.6 6.1 5.5 3.0 6.0 15.2 10.2 16.4 11.1 17.9 1.5 1.4 3.3 3.4 4.4 3.8 2.9

3.3 2.3 3.3 4.9 0.5 5.2 4.2 6.8 3.2 1.8 3.7 4.8 5.6 0.8 2.4 3.6 2.2 0.1 2.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 1.4 2.4 0.5 5.3 4.5 0.4 5.4 4.8 7.9 4.1 6.6 3.3 1.0 1.0 0.6 2.9 4.9 3.3 2.0

2.6 1.1 2.6 15.1 0.3 3.3 1.9 5.4 3.6 0.7 4.6 4.0 3.9 4.4 1.7 0.8 1.8 2.9 1.9 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 1.0 0.7 0.4 1.1 2.4 0.3 2.9 5.2 1.6 6.0 4.2 6.6 1.9 1.9 2.7 2.4 1.2 1.9 3.0

0.5 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.5 1.7 1.9 0.9 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.4 0.7 2.9 0.7 3.5 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4

3.3 3.2 3.3 6.1 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.9 4.1 2.3 4.8 11.0 13.1 1.1 2.6 2.0 5.5 3.3 2.3 1.8 0.5 0.3 0.8 5.9 1.4 1.3 1.5 2.3 1.3 2.6 9.4 9.2 9.5 5.9 10.5 4.8 4.9 4.0 1.9 3.1 1.4 1.8

0.7 1.0 0.7 2.1 0.2 0.8 0.7 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.6 1.3 1.4 0.5 0.6 1.3 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.8 1.2 2.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.8 3.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.1

Note: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. 1Includes 2Includes

persons who did not provide information on shift usually worked. other industries not shown seperately.

CHAPTER TWO EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS

EMPLOYMENT AND HOURS HIGHLIGHTS The employment, hours, and earnings data in this section are derived from the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey, which covers 400,000 establishments, and are presented by industry and state. The employment numbers differ from those presented in Chapter 1 from the household survey because of the dissimilarities in methodology, concepts, definitions, and coverage. As the CES survey data are obtained from payroll records, they are consistent with industry classifications. The data on hours and earnings are also likely to be more accurate.

Percent Change in Nonfarm Payroll Employment, 1995–2005 6 4

Percent

2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Year Total private

Manufacturing

Private service-providing

Government

Total employment increased 1.5 percent from 2004 to 2005, as private sector employment rose 1.7 percent and government employment went up 0.8 percent. Manufacturing employment continued to decline; it dropped very slowly, decreasing at a rate of less than 1 percent. (See Table 2-1.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • In 2005, total employment increased by more than 2 million jobs, with the private service-providing sector contributing 1.8 million jobs (more than 90 percent of the total). (See Table 2-1.) • The construction industry was again a leader in employment gains in 2005, adding 300,000 jobs and increasing by 4.3 percent from 2004. The information sector declined slightly, with a drop in employment of 52,000 jobs. (See Table 2-1.) • Total government employment increased by 180,000 jobs in 2005; this was largely the result of an increase in local government employment. (See Table 2-1.) • Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers in private industry increased by 0.1 hours; however, the index of aggregate hours increased by 2.4 hours as employment increased. (See Tables 2-6 and 2-9.)

161

162 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS Collection and Coverage The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) works with State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs) to conduct the Current Employment Statistics (CES), or establishment, survey. This survey collects monthly data on employment, hours, and earnings from a sample of nonfarm establishments (including government). The CES sample includes about 160,000 businesses and government agencies and covers approximately 400,000 individual worksites. The active CES sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm payroll workers. From these data, a large number of employment, hours, and earnings series with considerable industrial and geographic detail are prepared and published. The most frequently used data collection method is the touchtone data entry (TDE) system. Under the TDE system, the respondent uses a touchtone telephone to call a toll-free number and activate an interview session. Other frequently used data collection methods include computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI), electronic files transmission (EDI), and interviews over the Internet. Establishment survey data are adjusted annually to accord with comprehensive counts of employment in March of the preceding year; these adjustments are called “benchmarks.” All estimates back to the most recent benchmark month are subject to revision each year when new benchmarks become available. National benchmarks are published 11 months after the benchmark month (March). For example, the revised estimates based on the March 2003 benchmarks were released in February 2004. The benchmarks are derived mainly from employment reports from all employers subject to unemployment insurance. The related series on production and nonsupervisory workers, hours, and earnings are recalculated to be consistent with the employment benchmarks. Concepts and Definitions Industry classification The CES survey completed a conversion from its original quota sample design to a probability-based sample survey design and switched from the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) in 2003. The industry-coding update included reconstruction of historical estimates in order to preserve time series for data users. The foundation of industrial classification with NAICS has changed how establishments are classified into industries and how businesses, as they exist today, are recognized.

Establishments reporting on BLS Form 790 are classified into industries on the basis of their primary activity. Those that use comparable capital equipment, labor, and raw material inputs are classified together. This information is collected on a supplement to the quarterly unemployment insurance tax reports filed by employers. For an establishment engaging in more than one activity, the entire employment of the establishment is included under the industry indicated by the principal activity. Industry employment Employment data refer to persons on establishment payrolls who received pay for any part of the pay period containing the 12th day of the month. The data exclude proprietors, the self-employed, unpaid volunteer or family workers, farm workers, and domestic workers. Salaried officers of corporations are included. Government employment covers only civilian employees; military personnel are excluded. Employees of the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency, the National Imagery and Mapping Agency, and the Defense Intelligence Agency are also excluded. Persons on establishment payrolls who are on paid sick leave (for cases in which pay is received directly from the firm), paid holiday, or vacation leave, or who work during part of the pay period despite being unemployed or on strike during the rest of the period are counted as employed. Not counted as employed are persons who are on layoff, on leave without pay, on strike for the entire period, or who had been hired but had not yet reported during to their new jobs. Beginning with the June 2003 publication of May 2003 data, the CES national federal government employment series has been estimated from a sample of federal establishments and benchmarked annually to counts from unemployment insurance tax records. It reflects employee counts as of the pay period containing the 12th day of the month, which is consistent with other CES industry series. Previously, the national series was an end-of-month count produced by the Office of Personnel Management. The exclusion of farm employment, self-employment, and domestic service employment accounts from the payroll survey accounts for the differences in employment figures between the household and payroll surveys. The payroll survey also excludes workers on leave without pay. (These workers are counted as employed in the household survey.) Persons who worked in more than one establishment during the reporting period are counted each time their names appear on payrolls; these persons are only counted once in the household survey. Production and related workers. This category includes working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers (including group leaders and trainees) engaged in fabri-

CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 163

cating, processing, assembling, inspecting, receiving, storing, handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, trucking, hauling, maintenance, repair, janitorial, guard services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (such as a power plant), record keeping, and other services closely associated with production operations. Construction workers. This group includes the following employees in the construction division: working supervisors, qualified craft workers, mechanics, apprentices, helpers, and laborers engaged in new work, alterations, demolition, repair, maintenance, and the like, whether working at the site of construction or at jobs in shops or yards at jobs (such as precutting and pre-assembling) ordinarily performed by members of the construction trades. Nonsupervisory workers. This category consists of employees such as office and clerical workers, repairers, salespersons, operators, drivers, physicians, lawyers, accountants, nurses, social workers, research aides, teachers, drafters, photographers, beauticians, musicians, restaurant workers, custodial workers, attendants, line installers and repairers, laborers, janitors, guards, and other employees at similar occupational levels whose services are closely associated with those of the employees listed. It excludes persons in executive, managerial, and supervisory positions. Payroll. This refers to payments made to full- and parttime production, construction, or nonsupervisory workers who received pay for any part of the pay period containing the 12th day of the month. The payroll is reported before deductions of any kind, such as those for old age and unemployment insurance, group insurance, withholding tax, bonds, or union dues. Also included is pay for overtime, holidays, and vacation, as well as for sick leave paid directly by the firm. Bonuses (unless earned and paid regularly each pay period), other pay not earned in the pay period reported (such as retroactive pay), tips, and the value of free rent, fuel, meals, or other payment-in-kind are excluded. Employee benefits (such as health and other types of insurance and contributions to retirement, as paid by the employer) are also excluded. Total hours. During the pay period, total hours include all hours worked (including overtime hours), hours paid for standby or reporting time, and equivalent hours for which employees received pay directly from the employer for sick leave, holidays, vacations, and other leave. Overtime and other premium pay hours are not converted to straight-time equivalent hours. The concept of total hours differs from those of scheduled hours and hours worked. The average weekly hours derived from paid total hours reflect the effects of such factors as unpaid absenteeism, labor turnover, part-time work, and work stoppages, as well as fluctuations in work schedules. Overtime hours. These are hours worked by production or related workers for which overtime premiums were paid because the hours were in excess of the number of hours of either the straight-time workday or the total workweek. Weekend and holiday hours are included only if overtime

premiums were paid. Hours for which only shift differential, hazard, incentive, or other similar types of premiums were paid are excluded. Average weekly hours. The workweek information relates to the average hours for which pay was received and is different from standard or scheduled hours. Such factors as unpaid absenteeism, labor turnover, part-time work, and work stoppages cause average weekly hours to be lower than scheduled hours of work for an establishment. Group averages further reflect changes in the workweeks of component industries. Industry hours and earnings. Average hours and earnings data are derived from reports of payrolls and hours for production and related workers in manufacturing and natural resources and mining, construction workers in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in private service-providing industries. All dollar amounts refer to current dollars unless otherwise specified. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls. The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s aggregate by the average of the 12 monthly figures for 1982. For basic industries, the hours aggregates are the product of average weekly hours and production worker or nonsupervisory worker employment. At all higher levels of industry aggregation, hours aggregates are the sum of the component aggregates. The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s aggregate by the average of the 12 monthly figures for 1982. For basic industries, the payroll aggregates are the product of average hourly earnings and aggregate weekly hours. At all higher levels of industry aggregation, payroll aggregates are the sum of the component aggregates. Average overtime hours. Overtime hours represent the portion of average weekly hours that exceeded regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. If an employee worked during a paid holiday at regular rates, receiving as total compensation his or her holiday pay plus straight-time pay for hours worked that day, no overtime hours would be reported. Since overtime hours are premium hours by definition, weekly hours and overtime hours do not necessarily move in the same direction from month to month. Factors such as work stoppages, absenteeism, and labor turnover may not have the same influence on overtime hours as on average hours. Diverse trends at the industry group level may also be caused by a marked change in hours for a component industry in which little or no overtime was worked in both the previous and current months. Average hourly earnings. Average hourly earnings are on a “gross” basis. They reflect not only changes in basic hourly and incentive wage rates, but also such variable factors as premium pay for overtime and late-shift work and changes in output of workers paid on an incentive plan. They also

164 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

reflect shifts in the number of employees between relatively high-paid and low-paid work and changes in workers’ earnings in individual establishments. Averages for groups and divisions further reflect changes in average hourly earnings for individual industries.

force. For example, persistent long-term increases in the proportion of part-time workers in retail trade and many of the services industries have reduced average workweeks in these industries and have affected the average weekly earnings series.

Averages of hourly earnings differ from wage rates. Earnings are the actual return to the worker for a stated period; rates are the amount stipulated for a given unit of work or time. The earnings series do not measure the level of total labor costs on the part of the employer because the following items are excluded: irregular bonuses, retroactive items, payroll taxes paid by employers, and earnings for those employees not covered under the definitions of production workers, construction workers, or nonsupervisory employees.

The earnings in constant 1982 dollars are calculated from the earnings averages for the current month using a deflator derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earnings and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). The reference year for this series is 1982.

Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime-premium pay, are computed by dividing the total production worker payroll for the industry group by the sum of total production worker hours and one-half of total overtime hours. No adjustments are made for other premium payment provisions, such as holiday pay, late-shift premiums, and overtime rates other than time and one-half. Average weekly earnings. These estimates are derived by multiplying average weekly hours estimates by average hourly earnings estimates. Therefore, weekly earnings are affected not only by changes in average hourly earnings but also by changes in the length of the workweek. Monthly variations in factors, such as the proportion of part-time workers, work stoppages, labor turnover during the survey period, and absenteeism for which employees are not paid may cause the average workweek to fluctuate. Long-term trends of average weekly earnings can be affected by structural changes in the makeup of the work-

Future Plans BLS is planning several changes to the CES survey to improve its relevance to the needs of data users, and enhance its value as an input to other key economic statistics. The planned improvements to the CES survey are new data on the hours and regular earnings of all employees, and new data on total earnings—both regular and irregular pay—for all employees. Publication of the CES series on women workers, which was discontinued to accommodate these improvements, resumed in September 2006 with estimates for the missing period. BLS plans to discontinue the production and nonsupervisory worker hours and earnings series after the new allemployee hours and earning series are well established. Sources of Additional Information For further information on sampling and estimation methods see the updated version of Chapter 2 in the BLS Handbook of Methods, BLS news releases, and the publication Employment and Earnings. All of these resources are available on the BLS Web site at

CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 165 Table 2-1. Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector and Selected Component Groups, NAICS Basis, 1995–2005 (Thousands of people.)

Industry

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

TOTAL ...........................................................................................

117 298

119 708

122 776

125 930

128 993

131 785

131 826

130 341

129 999

131 435

133 463

Goods-Producing ........................................................................

23 156

23 410

23 886

24 354

24 465

24 649

Total Private .................................................................................

Natural Resources and Mining ................................................... Mining ............................................................................................ Logging .......................................................................................... Construction ................................................................................ Construction of buildings ............................................................... Heavy and civil engineering ........................................................... Specialty trade contractors ............................................................

Manufacturing .............................................................................. Durable goods ............................................................................... Wood product ............................................................................ Nonmetallic mineral product ...................................................... Primary metals ........................................................................... Fabricated metal product ........................................................... Machinery .................................................................................. Computer and electronic product .............................................. Electrical equipment and appliances ......................................... Transportation equipment .......................................................... Furniture and related product .................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing .................................................... Nondurable goods ......................................................................... Food manufacturing ................................................................... Beverage and tobacco product .................................................. Textile mills ................................................................................ Textile product mills ................................................................... Apparel ...................................................................................... Paper and paper product ........................................................... Printing and related support activities ........................................ Petroleum and coal product ....................................................... Chemicals .................................................................................. Plastics and rubber product .......................................................

97 866 641 558 82

5 274 1 325 775 3 174

100 169

103 113

637 556 81

654 571 82

5 536 1 380 800 3 355

17 241 10 372 574 513 642 1 623 1 440 1 688 593 1 977 607 714 6 869 1 560 203 468 219 814 640 817 140 988 915

17 237 10 485 583 517 639 1 648 1 467 1 747 591 1 974 604 716 6 752 1 562 204 443 216 743 631 816 137 984 920

Trade, Transportation, and Utilities ...........................................

23 834

Retail Trade .................................................................................. Motor vehicle and parts dealers .................................................... Furniture and home furnishing stores ............................................ Electronic and appliance stores ..................................................... Building material and garden supply stores ................................... Food and beverage stores ............................................................. Health and personal care stores .................................................... Gasoline stations ........................................................................... Clothing and clothing accessories stores ...................................... Sporting goods, hobby, and music stores .................................... General merchandise stores ......................................................... Miscellaneous store retailers ......................................................... Nonstore retailers ..........................................................................

13 897 1 627 461 449 982 2 880 812 922 1 246 606 2 635 841 435

Private Service-Providing ...........................................................

Wholesale Trade .......................................................................... Durable goods ............................................................................... Nondurable goods ......................................................................... Electronic markets, agents, and brokers .......................................

Transportation and Warehousing .............................................. Air transportation ........................................................................... Rail transportation ......................................................................... Water transportation ...................................................................... Truck transportation ....................................................................... Transit and ground passenger transportation ................................ Pipeline transportation ................................................................... Scenic and sightseeing transportation ........................................... Support activities for transportation ............................................... Couriers and messengers ............................................................. Warehousing and storage .............................................................

74 710 5 433 2 909 1 969 555

3 838 511 232 51 1 249 328 54 22 430 517 444

5 813 1 435 825 3 553

106 021

108 686

645 565 80

598 517 81

6 149 1 509 865 3 775

6 545 1 586 909 4 050

110 996

110 707

108 828

108 416

109 814

111 660

599 520 79

606 532 74

583 512 70

572 503 69

591 523 68

625 561 64

6 787 1 632 937 4 217

23 873

6 826 1 589 953 4 284

22 557

6 716 1 575 931 4 210

21 816

6 735 1 576 903 4 256

21 882

6 976 1 630 907 4 439

22 133

7 277 1 695 953 4 629

17 419 10 704 595 526 639 1 696 1 494 1 803 586 2 026 615 723 6 716 1 558 206 436 217 700 631 821 136 987 934

17 560 10 910 609 535 642 1 740 1 512 1 831 592 2 077 641 732 6 650 1 555 209 425 217 639 625 828 134 993 943

17 322 10 830 620 541 625 1 728 1 466 1 780 588 2 087 665 729 6 492 1 550 208 397 217 556 616 815 128 982 948

17 263 10 876 613 554 622 1 753 1 455 1 820 591 2 056 680 733 6 388 1 553 207 378 216 497 605 807 123 980 952

16 441 10 335 574 544 571 1 676 1 368 1 749 557 1 938 642 714 6 107 1 551 209 333 206 426 578 768 121 959 897

15 259 9 483 555 516 509 1 548 1 230 1 507 496 1 829 604 688 5 775 1 526 207 291 195 360 547 707 118 928 848

14 510 8 963 538 494 477 1 479 1 149 1 355 460 1 774 573 663 5 547 1 518 200 261 179 312 516 680 114 906 815

14 315 8 924 550 506 467 1 497 1 143 1 323 445 1 766 573 656 5 391 1 494 195 237 176 286 496 663 112 887 806

14 232 8 953 555 503 469 1 519 1 162 1 320 436 1 772 563 654 5 278 1 472 192 218 172 260 484 648 113 879 800

24 239

24 700

25 186

25 771

26 225

25 983

25 497

25 287

25 533

25 909

14 142 1 686 474 470 1 007 2 928 826 946 1 221 614 2 657 874 438

14 389 1 723 485 494 1 043 2 957 853 956 1 236 626 2 658 913 444

14 609 1 741 499 510 1 062 2 966 876 961 1 269 635 2 686 950 453

14 970 1 797 524 542 1 101 2 984 898 944 1 307 664 2 752 986 472

15 280 1 847 544 564 1 142 2 993 928 936 1 322 686 2 820 1 007 492

15 239 1 855 541 554 1 152 2 950 952 925 1 321 679 2 842 993 474

15 025 1 879 539 525 1 176 2 882 939 896 1 312 661 2 812 960 444

14 917 1 883 547 512 1 185 2 838 938 882 1 304 647 2 822 931 427

15 058 1 902 563 516 1 227 2 822 941 876 1 364 641 2 863 914 429

15 255 1 919 578 533 1 272 2 814 955 871 1 414 642 2 919 903 435

76 759 5 522 2 978 1 978 567

3 935 526 225 51 1 282 339 51 23 446 540 452

79 227 5 664 3 072 2 008 584

4 026 542 221 51 1 308 350 50 24 473 546 462

81 667 5 795 3 162 2 033 600

4 168 563 225 50 1 354 363 48 25 497 568 474

84 221

5 892 3 220 2 061 612

4 300 586 229 52 1 392 371 47 26 518 586 494

86 346 5 933 3 251 2 065 618

4 410 614 232 56 1 406 372 46 28 537 605 514

86 834

5 773 3 130 2 031 611

4 372 615 227 54 1 387 375 45 29 539 587 514

86 271 5 652 3 008 2 015 629

4 224 564 218 53 1 339 381 42 26 525 561 517

86 599

5 608 2 941 2 005 662

4 185 528 218 54 1 326 382 40 27 520 562 528

87 932 5 663 2 951 2 010 702

4 249 514 226 56 1 352 385 38 27 535 557 558

89 527 5 750 2 992 2 022 735

4 347 501 228 61 1 393 388 38 30 551 572 585

166 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 2-1. Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector and Selected Component Groups, NAICS Basis, 1995–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.)

Industry

Utilities .......................................................................................... Information ................................................................................... Publishing industries, except Internet ............................................ Motion picture and sound recording industry ................................. Broadcasting, except Internet ........................................................ Internet publishing and broadcasting ............................................. Telecommunications ...................................................................... ISPs, search portals, and data processing .................................... Other information services ............................................................. Financial Activities ...................................................................... Finance and insurance .................................................................. Monetary authorities, central bank ................................................ Credit intermediation ..................................................................... Securities, commodity contracts, and investments ........................ Insurance carriers and related activities ........................................ Funds, trust, and other financial vehicles ...................................... Real estate and rental and leasing ................................................ Real estate ................................................................................ Rental and leasing services ....................................................... Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets ..................................

1995 666

2 843 911 311 298 19 976 291 38

6 827 5 072 23 2 314 562 2 108 64 1 755 1 179 557 19

Professional and Business Services ......................................... Professional and technical services .............................................. Management of companies and enterprises ................................. Administrative and waste services ................................................ Administrative and support services .......................................... Waste management and remediation services .........................

12 844 5 101 1 686 6 057 5 783 273

Leisure and Hospitality .............................................................. Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................................... Performing arts and spectator sports ............................................ Museums, historical sites .............................................................. Amusements, gambling, and recreation ........................................ Accommodation and food services ................................................ Accommodation ......................................................................... Food services and drinking places ............................................

10 501 1 459 308 84 1 068 9 042 1 652 7 389

Education and Health Services .................................................. Educational services ...................................................................... Health care and social assistance ................................................. Ambulatory health care services ............................................... Hospitals .................................................................................... Nursing and residential health facilities ..................................... Social assistance .......................................................................

Other Services ............................................................................. Repair and maintenance ............................................................... Personal and laundry services ...................................................... Membership associations and organizations .................................

Government ................................................................................. Federal .......................................................................................... Federal, excluding U.S. Postal Service ..................................... State .............................................................................................. State, excluding education ........................................................ Local .............................................................................................. Local, excluding education ........................................................

1996 640

2 940 927 335 309 21 997 312 39

6 969 5 154 23 2 368 590 2 108 66 1 814 1 206 588 21

621

3 084 956 353 313 24 1 060 339 40

7 178 5 305 22 2 434 636 2 144 70 1 873 1 241 610 23

13 462 5 337 1 703 6 422 6 140 282

14 335 5 656 1 730 6 950 6 659 290

10 777 1 522 329 89 1 104 9 254 1 699 7 555

11 018 1 600 350 94 1 156 9 418 1 730 7 688

13 289 2 010 11 278 3 768 3 734 2 308 1 470

13 683 2 078 11 605 3 940 3 773 2 380 1 512

4 572 1 079 1 144 2 349

4 690 1 136 1 166 2 389

19 432 2 949 2 099 4 635 2 716 11 849 5 396

1997

19 539 2 877 2 010 4 606 2 695 12 056 5 464

1998 613

3 218 982 370 321 27 1 108 369 41

7 462 5 532 22 2 532 692 2 209 77 1 930 1 274 631 25

15 147 6 021 1 756 7 369 7 070 299

1999 608

3 419 1 005 384 329 37 1 180 439 44

7 648 5 668 23 2 591 737 2 236 82 1 979 1 299 653 27

15 957 6 375 1 774 7 807 7 497 310

14 087 2 155 11 932 4 093 3 822 2 443 1 574

14 446 2 233 12 214 4 161 3 892 2 487 1 673

14 798 2 320 12 477 4 227 3 936 2 529 1 786

4 825 1 169 1 180 2 475

4 976 1 189 1 206 2 581

5 087 1 222 1 220 2 644

19 664 2 806 1 940 4 582 2 678 12 276 5 517

11 232 1 645 350 97 1 198 9 586 1 774 7 813

19 909 2 772 1 891 4 612 2 690 12 525 5 604

2000 601

3 631 1 035 383 344 50 1 263 510 46

7 687 5 680 23 2 548 804 2 221 85 2 007 1 312 667 28

16 666 6 734 1 796 8 136 7 823 313

15 109 2 390 12 718 4 320 3 954 2 583 1 860

2001 599

3 629 1 021 377 345 46 1 302 494 46

7 807 5 773 23 2 598 830 2 234 88 2 034 1 340 666 29

16 476 6 902 1 779 7 795 7 478 317

15 645 2 511 13 134 4 462 4 051 2 676 1 946

2002 596

3 395 964 388 334 34 1 186 441 47

7 847 5 817 23 2 686 789 2 233 85 2 030 1 353 649 28

15 976 6 676 1 705 7 595 7 277 318

16 199 2 643 13 556 4 633 4 160 2 743 2 020

2003 577

3 188 925 376 324 29 1 082 402 49

7 977 5 923 23 2 792 758 2 266 84 2 054 1 384 643 27

15 987 6 630 1 687 7 670 7 348 322

16 588 2 695 13 893 4 786 4 245 2 786 2 075

2004 564

2005 558

3 118 909 385 325 30 1 035 384 51

3 066 904 379 327 30 999 377 50

16 395 6 774 1 724 7 896 7 567 329

16 882 7 013 1 752 8 117 7 783 334

8 031 5 949 22 2 817 766 2 259 85 2 082 1 415 641 26

16 953 2 762 14 190 4 952 4 285 2 818 2 135

8 141 6 012 21 2 866 783 2 255 87 2 129 1 456 646 27

17 342 2 819 14 523 5 110 4 347 2 856 2 210

11 543 1 709 361 103 1 245 9 834 1 832 8 002

11 862 1 788 382 110 1 296 10 074 1 884 8 189

12 036 1 824 382 115 1 327 10 211 1 852 8 359

11 986 1 783 364 114 1 305 10 203 1 779 8 425

12 173 1 813 372 115 1 326 10 360 1 775 8 584

12 493 1 850 368 118 1 364 10 643 1 790 8 854

12 802 1 891 369 121 1 401 10 911 1 812 9 099

20 307 2 769 1 880 4 709 2 726 12 829 5 709

20 790 2 865 1 985 4 786 2 756 13 139 5 845

21 118 2 764 1 891 4 905 2 792 13 449 5 970

21 513 2 766 1 924 5 029 2 786 13 718 6 063

21 583 2 761 1 952 5 002 2 748 13 820 6 110

21 621 2 730 1 948 4 982 2 744 13 909 6 144

21 803 2 724 1 951 5 021 2 771 14 058 6 194

5 168 1 242 1 243 2 683

5 258 1 256 1 255 2 746

5 372 1 247 1 257 2 868

5 401 1 234 1 264 2 904

5 409 1 229 1 273 2 908

5 386 1 236 1 273 2 877

CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 167

Table 2-2. Women Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector and Selected Component Groups, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 (Thousands of people.) Industry

1990

TOTAL NONFARM ........................... 51 586

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

51 681

52 132

53 175

54 759

56 213

57 406

58 914

60 309

61 810

63 222

63 683

63 360

63 237

63 739

64 633

5 961 90 832 5 039

5 486 85 827 4 574

5 192 80 822 4 290

5 117 80 841 4 197

5 102 79 882 4 141

Total Private ..................................... 41 731

41 696

41 970

42 849

44 228

45 514

46 573

47 923

49 144

50 358

51 452

51 669

Private Service-Providing ............... 35 262 Trade, transportation, and utilities ..... 9 363 Wholesale trade ............................ 1 611 Retail trade .................................... 6 696 Transportation and warehousing ... 879 Utilities ........................................... 177 Information ........................................ 1 324 Financial activities ............................. 4 055 Professional and business services .. 5 105 Educational and health services ........ 8 422 Leisure and hospitality ....................... 4 829 Other services ................................... 2 164

35 453 9 243 1 587 6 588 891 177 1 319 4 036 5 026 8 840 4 806 2 184

35 851 9 176 1 565 6 534 901 176 1 295 4 022 5 160 9 141 4 876 2 181

36 759 9 259 1 554 6 599 932 174 1 304 4 114 5 399 9 454 4 994 2 236

38 061 9 564 1 607 6 813 974 169 1 334 4 196 5 682 9 822 5 192 2 269

39 289 9 870 1 668 7 020 1 018 163 1 380 4 164 5 979 10 181 5 382 2 333

40 360 10 043 1 701 7 142 1 042 157 1 433 4 241 6 273 10 474 5 520 2 376

41 629 10 230 1 746 7 272 1 060 153 1 481 4 359 6 705 10 779 5 640 2 435

42 791 10 413 1 778 7 380 1 103 152 1 514 4 515 7 030 11 042 5 760 2 517

44 059 10 658 1 809 7 542 1 154 152 1 600 4 605 7 370 11 323 5 933 2 570

45 155 10 859 1 826 7 680 1 202 151 1 697 4 638 7 680 11 586 6 082 2 614

45 708 10 768 1 770 7 635 1 212 151 1 684 4 726 7 591 12 037 6 224 2 677

Goods-Producing ............................ Natural resources and mining ........... Construction ..................................... Manufacturing ....................................

6 470 112 656 5 702

Government ..................................... Federal .............................................. State ................................................. Local ..................................................

9 855 1 378 2 137 6 340

6 243 114 628 5 501

9 985 1 329 2 173 6 483

6 119 109 599 5 410

10 162 1 335 2 197 6 630

6 090 105 609 5 377

10 326 1 321 2 238 6 767

6 168 102 636 5 430

10 531 1 306 2 281 6 943

6 225 98 666 5 462

10 698 1 285 2 326 7 088

6 214 96 700 5 417

10 832 1 261 2 316 7 255

6 294 99 730 5 466

10 991 1 240 2 324 7 426

6 353 100 769 5 484

11 164 1 184 2 354 7 627

6 299 96 818 5 386

11 452 1 174 2 412 7 866

6 297 92 846 5 359

11 771 1 231 2 464 8 076

12 015 1 148 2 534 8 333

51 033

45 547 10 466 1 718 7 449 1 149 150 1 554 4 755 7 314 12 474 6 215 2 769 12 327 1 155 2 621 8 551

50 901

45 709 10 321 1 700 7 339 1 134 147 1 428 4 830 7 248 12 786 6 319 2 779 12 337 1 173 2 599 8 565

51 404

46 287 10 364 1 714 7 387 1 117 146 1 366 4 831 7 360 13 073 6 516 2 776 12 335 1 168 2 562 8 606

52 239

47 137 10 517 1 734 7 512 1 127 144 1 335 4 891 7 542 13 386 6 699 2 767

12 394 1 174 2 569 8 652

168 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 2-3. Production Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 (Thousands of people.) Industry

1990

TOTAL PRIVATE ............................................ 73 684

Goods-Producing .......................................... 17 322 Natural resources and mining ......................... 538 Construction .................................................... 4 115 Manufacturing ................................................. 12 669

Private Service-Providing ............................. 56 362 Trade, transportation, and utilities ................... 19 032 Wholesale trade .......................................... 4 198 Retail trade .................................................. 11 308 Transportation and warehousing ................. 2 941 Utilities ......................................................... 585 Information ...................................................... 1 866 Financial activities ........................................... 4 973 Professional and business services ................ 8 889 Educational and health services ..................... 9 748 Leisure and hospitality .................................... 8 299 Other services ................................................. 3 555

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

72 520

72 786

74 591

77 382

79 845

81 773

84 158

86 316

88 430

90 336

89 983

88 393

87 658

88 937

90 944

56 168 18 640 4 122 11 008 2 928 582 1 871 4 911 8 748 10 212 8 247 3 539

56 743 18 506 4 071 10 931 2 934 570 1 871 4 908 8 971 10 555 8 406 3 526

58 355 18 752 4 072 11 104 3 019 557 1 896 5 057 9 451 10 908 8 667 3 623

60 587 19 392 4 196 11 502 3 153 541 1 928 5 183 10 078 11 338 8 979 3 689

62 708 19 984 4 361 11 841 3 260 522 2 007 5 165 10 645 11 765 9 330 3 812

66 460 20 698 4 523 12 274 3 407 494 2 181 5 415 11 896 12 478 9 780 4 013

68 308 21 059 4 605 12 440 3 522 492 2 217 5 605 12 566 12 791 9 947 4 124

70 363 21 576 4 673 12 772 3 642 489 2 351 5 728 13 184 13 089 10 216 4 219

72 167 21 965 4 686 13 040 3 753 485 2 502 5 737 13 790 13 362 10 516 4 296

71 993 21 337 4 474 12 774 3 611 478 2 398 5 872 13 049 14 311 10 576 4 449

71 926 21 078 4 396 12 655 3 563 464 2 347 5 967 12 910 14 532 10 666 4 426

73 116 21 319 4 444 12 788 3 637 450 2 371 5 989 13 287 14 771 10 955 4 425

74 844 21 788 4 572 13 007 3 762 446 2 390 6 084 13 797 15 103 11 252 4 432

16 352 515 3 674 12 164

16 043 478 3 546 12 020

16 236 462 3 704 12 070

16 795 461 3 973 12 361

17 137 458 4 113 12 566

17 318 461 4 325 12 532

64 455 20 325 4 423 12 057 3 339 506 2 096 5 279 11 161 12 123 9 565 3 907

17 698 479 4 546 12 673

18 008 473 4 807 12 729

18 067 438 5 105 12 524

18 169 446 5 295 12 428

17 466 457 5 332 11 677

72 517 21 709 4 555 12 952 3 718 483 2 530 5 810 13 588 13 846 10 662 4 373

16 400 436 5 196 10 768

15 732 420 5 123 10 190

15 821 440 5 309 10 072

16 099 471 5 566 10 062

CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 169 Table 2-4. Production Workers on Durable Goods Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 (Thousands of people.) Industry

Total Durable Goods ....................... Wood product .................................... Nonmetallic mineral product .............. Primary metals .................................. Fabricated metal product ................... Machinery .......................................... Computer and electronic product ...... Electrical equipment and appliances ..................................... Transportation equipment ................. Furniture and related product ............ Miscellaneous manufacturing ............

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

7 396 450 413 525 1 190 938

7 000 413 384 497 1 132 884

6 852 417 378 479 1 101 856

6 879 437 381 473 1 117 874

7 132 469 392 487 1 172 921

7 351 478 400 500 1 223 968

7 425 485 405 500 1 242 983

7 597 497 412 502 1 285 1 006

7 720 508 421 505 1 320 1 015

7 650 514 426 492 1 305 977

7 658 506 440 490 1 326 960

7 163 468 427 447 1 254 889

6 529 449 399 396 1 147 785

6 152 433 375 370 1 092 731

6 139 444 388 364 1 109 728

6 217 450 386 365 1 127 747

465 1 472 475 487

436 1 406 440 484

425 1 388 443 489

422 1 366 454 498

435 1 415 476 502

438 1 471 480 502

434 1 480 478 503

428 1 521 490 507

432 1 529 512 514

433 1 525 532 512

433 1 497 544 513

402 1 398 509 493

352 1 309 475 472

320 1 268 444 445

307 1 264 444 435

302 1 277 434 429

980

926

876

856

864

890

915

951

965

933

949

876

744

673

656

702

170 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-5. Production Workers on Nondurable Goods Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 (Thousands of people.) Industry

Total Nondurable Goods ................ Food manufacturing .......................... Beverage and tobacco product ......... Textile mills ........................................ Textile product mills ........................... Apparel ..............................................

Leather and allied product ................. Paper and paper product ................... Printing and related support .............. Petroleum and coal product .............. Chemicals .......................................... Plastics and rubber product ...............

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

5 273 1 165 117 418 170 830

5 164 1 174 117 407 161 805

5 168 1 182 116 406 163 810

5 192 1 195 118 404 167 788

5 229 1 200 118 403 176 763

5 215 1 221 117 393 176 719

5 107 1 228 120 372 173 650

5 076 1 228 121 367 175 612

5 009 1 228 122 357 174 550

4 873 1 229 120 334 173 472

4 770 1 228 117 315 172 415

4 514 1 221 116 276 164 351

4 239 1 202 120 242 154 294

4 038 1 192 106 217 141 249

3 933 1 178 106 194 141 225

3 846 1 166 112 174 140 200

117 493 598 98 620 648

108 488 582 97 600 625

104 490 574 97 586 640

101 491 580 93 590 665

97 493 591 91 596 700

88 494 599 89 598 720

78 488 594 87 595 721

74 489 597 88 593 733

67 484 598 87 601 740

60 474 585 85 595 747

55 468 576 83 588 754

47 446 544 81 562 705

40 421 493 78 532 663

35 393 471 74 525 634

33 374 460 77 520 626

31 365 448 76 515 619

CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 171

Table 2-6. Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 (Hours.)

Industry

TOTAL PRIVATE ..............................

Goods-Producing ............................ Natural resources and mining ........... Construction ...................................... Manufacturing ....................................

Private Service-Providing ............... Trade, transportation, and utilities ..... Wholesale trade ................................ Retail trade ........................................ Transportation and warehousing ....... Utilities ............................................... Information ........................................ Financial activities ............................. Professional and business services .. Educational and health services ........ Leisure and hospitality ....................... Other services ...................................

1990 34.3

40.1 45.0 38.3 40.5

32.5 33.7 38.4 30.6 37.7 41.5 35.8 35.5 34.2 31.9 26.0 32.8

1991 34.1

40.1 45.3 38.1 40.4

32.4 33.7 38.4 30.4 37.4 41.5 35.6 35.5 34.0 31.9 25.6 32.7

1992 34.2

40.2 44.6 38.0 40.7

32.5 33.8 38.6 30.7 37.4 41.7 35.8 35.6 34.0 32.0 25.7 32.6

1993 34.3

40.6 44.9 38.4 41.1

32.5 34.1 38.5 30.7 38.9 42.1 36.0 35.5 34.0 32.0 25.9 32.6

1994 34.5

41.1 45.3 38.8 41.7

32.7 34.3 38.8 30.9 39.5 42.3 36.0 35.5 34.1 32.0 26.0 32.7

1995 34.3

40.8 45.3 38.8 41.3

32.6 34.1 38.6 30.8 38.9 42.3 36.0 35.5 34.0 32.0 25.9 32.6

1996 34.3

40.8 46.0 38.9 41.3

32.6 34.1 38.6 30.7 39.1 42.0 36.4 35.5 34.1 31.9 25.9 32.5

1997 34.5

41.1 46.2 38.9 41.7

32.8 34.3 38.8 30.9 39.4 42.0 36.3 35.7 34.3 32.2 26.0 32.7

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

34.5

34.3

34.3

34.0

33.9

33.7

33.7

33.8

32.8 34.2 38.6 30.9 38.7 42.0

32.7 33.9 38.6 30.8 37.6 42.0

32.7 33.8 38.8 30.7 37.4 42.0

32.5 33.5 38.4 30.7 36.7 41.4

32.5 33.6 38.0 30.9 36.8 40.9

32.4 33.6 37.9 30.9 36.8 41.1

32.3 33.5 37.8 30.7 37.2 40.9

32.4 33.4 37.7 30.6 37.0 41.1

40.8 44.9 38.8 41.4

36.6 36.0 34.3 32.2 26.2 32.6

40.8 44.2 39.0 41.4

36.7 35.8 34.4 32.1 26.1 32.5

40.7 44.4 39.2 41.3

36.8 35.9 34.5 32.2 26.1 32.5

39.9 44.6 38.7 40.3

36.9 35.8 34.2 32.3 25.8 32.3

39.9 43.2 38.4 40.5

36.5 35.6 34.2 32.4 25.8 32.0

39.8 43.6 38.4 40.4

36.2 35.5 34.1 32.3 25.6 31.4

40.0 44.5 38.3 40.8

36.3 35.5 34.2 32.4 25.7 31.0

40.1 45.6 38.6 40.7

36.5 35.9 34.2 32.6 25.7 30.9

172 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-7. Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 (Hours.)

Industry

DURABLE GOODS

Total ......................................................... Wood product ........................................... Nonmetallic mineral product ..................... Primary metals ......................................... Fabricated metal product ......................... Machinery .................................................

1990

41.1 40.4 40.9 42.0 41.0 42.1

1991

40.9 40.2 40.5 41.5 40.8 41.9

1992

41.3 40.9 41.0 42.4 41.2 42.4

1993

41.8 41.8 43.2 39.4 39.2

41.5 41.8 43.6 39.3 39.3

41.4 41.6 43.3 39.2 39.0

40.5 39.8 39.3 41.9 39.9 35.7

40.1 39.6 39.3 40.9 39.1 35.3

40.1 39.5 39.7 40.8 39.2 35.2

40.5 39.8 40.0 41.6 39.6 35.5

40.5 40.1 40.3 41.0 39.5 35.5

40.4 40.2 41.0 41.0 39.4 35.4

40.3 40.1 42.0 41.4 39.0 35.7

Total ......................................................... Food manufacturing ................................. Beverage and tobacco product ................ Textile mills .............................................. Textile product mills ................................. Apparel .....................................................

39.6 39.3 38.9 40.2 39.0 34.8

39.7 39.2 38.8 40.7 39.1 35.4

40.0 39.2 38.7 41.3 39.2 35.6

40.1 39.3 38.3 41.6 39.8 35.5

37.9 43.8 39.0 43.6 43.3 41.2

38.4 43.8 39.2 44.0 43.2 41.4

38.2 44.2 39.6 44.3 43.4 41.8

42.2 41.9 43.7 38.5 39.2

37.7 43.4 39.1 43.7 43.3 41.1

37.8 43.5 39.1 43.7 43.3 41.0

38.2 43.9 39.5 43.1 43.4 41.4

37.4 43.6 39.3 43.6 43.2 41.3

41.9 41.3 42.1 43.8 41.7 42.3

2000

42.5 42.1 44.2 39.1 39.7

42.2 43.0 44.3 39.3 39.4

42.1 41.4 42.2 43.5 41.9 43.1

1999

41.9 42.1 43.8 38.3 39.1

41.8 42.4 43.0 39.0 39.2

42.6 41.4 41.9 44.3 42.3 44.0

1998

42.1 41.2 42.0 43.6 41.9 43.3

41.4 41.8 41.9 38.7 39.3

37.6 43.6 38.6 43.9 43.1 40.5

1997

42.1 41.0 41.8 43.4 41.9 43.5

40.9 41.5 41.9 37.8 39.1

37.4 43.6 38.7 44.4 42.8 40.6

1996

42.6 41.7 42.2 44.1 42.3 43.9

41.3 41.2 42.0 38.0 39.0

Leather and allied product ........................ Paper and paper product ......................... Printing and related support ..................... Petroleum and coal product ..................... Chemicals ................................................ Plastics and rubber product .....................

1995

41.9 41.2 41.5 43.1 41.6 43.2

Computer and electronic product ............. Electrical equipment and appliances ........ Transportation equipment ........................ Furniture and related product ................... Miscellaneous manufacturing ................... NONDURABLE GOODS

1994

37.2 43.6 39.1 42.6 42.7 41.3

41.8 41.0 41.6 44.2 41.9 42.3

37.5 42.8 39.2 42.7 42.2 40.8

2001

40.6 40.2 41.6 42.4 40.6 40.9

2002

2003

2004

2005

39.8 39.8 41.9 38.3 38.8

40.8 39.9 42.0 42.4 40.6 40.5

39.7 40.1 42.5 39.2 38.6

40.8 40.4 42.2 42.3 40.7 40.8

41.3 40.7 42.3 43.1 41.1 41.9

41.1 40.0 42.2 43.1 41.0 42.1

39.9 39.6 40.9 40.0 38.6 36.0

40.1 39.6 39.4 40.6 39.2 36.7

39.8 39.3 39.1 39.1 39.6 35.6

40.0 39.3 39.2 40.1 38.9 36.0

39.9 39.0 40.0 40.3 39.0 35.7

36.4 42.1 38.7 43.8 41.9 40.0

37.5 41.9 38.4 43.0 42.3 40.6

40.4 40.6 41.9 38.9 38.4

39.3 41.5 38.2 44.5 42.4 40.4

40.4 40.7 42.5 39.5 38.5

38.4 42.1 38.4 44.9 42.8 40.4

40.0 40.6 42.5 39.2 38.7

38.4 42.5 38.4 45.6 42.3 40.0

CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 173

Table 2-8. Average Weekly Overtime Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 (Hours.)

Industry

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

TOTAL MANUFACTURING ....................

3.8

3.8

Computer and electronic product ............. Electrical equipment and appliances ........ Transportation equipment ........................ Furniture and related product ................... Miscellaneous manufacturing ...................

3.8 3.0 4.5 2.3 3.0

3.8 3.0 4.3 2.2 3.1

3.9 3.2 4.3 2.7 3.1

4.3 3.7 5.5 2.9 3.2

4.8 4.2 7.0 3.3 3.5

4.6 5.1 3.4 6.3 5.1 3.4

4.9 5.5 3.7 6.3 5.3 3.9

5.3 5.6 3.9 6.2 5.3 4.2

4.9 5.9 4.3 6.6 5.6 4.5

Total Durable Goods .............................. Wood product ........................................... Nonmetallic mineral product ..................... Primary metals ......................................... Fabricated metal product ......................... Machinery .................................................

Total Nondurable Goods ...................... Food manufacturing ................................. Beverage and tobacco product ................ Textile mills .............................................. Textile product mills ................................. Apparel ..................................................... Leather and allied product ........................ Paper and paper product ......................... Printing and related support ..................... Petroleum and coal product ..................... Chemicals ................................................ Plastics and rubber product .....................

3.9 3.3 5.0 4.6 3.9 4.0

3.8 4.1 3.8 4.2 3.0 2.0

4.0 4.9 3.6 6.2 4.9 3.4

3.7 3.1 4.7 4.2 3.7 3.8

3.9 4.1 3.9 4.7 3.1 2.3

4.0

3.9 3.6 5.0 4.7 3.9 4.1

4.1 4.2 3.8 5.1 3.2 2.4

4.4

4.5 3.9 5.4 5.2 4.4 4.8

4.2 4.2 4.0 5.3 3.8 2.2

5.0

1995 4.7

1996 4.8

1997

4.8 3.6 6.4 3.6 3.4

4.6 3.6 6.1 3.9 3.7

4.6 3.7 5.5 3.5 3.1

3.2 3.0 4.5 2.7 2.8

3.4 3.1 5.1 3.4 2.9

3.8 3.4 5.0 3.5 2.7

4.6 5.7 3.7 6.5 5.0 3.9

2.2 4.9 3.4 7.9 4.6 3.6

2.9 5.1 3.4 7.0 4.7 3.9

2.7 5.1 3.2 8.3 4.5 3.9

4.5 4.5 4.9 5.5 3.9 2.4

4.3 4.4 4.8 5.0 3.4 2.2

4.4 4.4 5.0 5.0 3.8 2.3

4.6 4.6 4.8 5.5 4.1 2.4 4.7 6.0 4.2 6.4 5.8 4.3

4.5 4.8 5.0 5.2 4.1 2.2 4.7 5.8 3.9 6.8 5.6 4.2

5.0 4.2 6.1 6.3 4.8 5.0

4.6 5.0 5.3 5.0 4.1 2.4 4.1 5.9 3.6 6.6 5.2 4.2

4.8 4.1 6.1 6.5 4.9 5.1

4.4 4.8 5.8 4.8 3.5 2.1

3.9 3.7 5.5 5.5 4.1 3.9

4.1 4.6 4.9 3.8 2.7 1.8

4.2

2003

5.2 3.9 7.2 3.3 3.7

5.0 4.0 6.4 5.9 4.9 5.1

4.0

2002

4.7

5.4 4.0 6.0 6.3 5.3 5.8

4.0 5.7 3.8 6.4 5.7 4.0

2001

4.8

5.0 4.0 6.1 5.8 4.8 5.2

4.0 5.5 3.8 6.3 5.6 3.9

2000

4.8

5.0 3.9 5.7 5.7 4.8 5.3

4.7 3.7 6.7 2.9 3.4

1999

5.1

5.3 4.3 5.9 6.2 5.1 5.6

4.9 3.5 6.5 2.8 3.4

1998

4.2 3.9 5.9 5.6 4.1 4.0

4.2 4.6 4.8 4.2 3.3 2.3

4.2

2004 4.6

2005 4.6

4.3 4.1 5.8 5.5 4.1 4.2

4.7 4.4 6.1 6.5 4.5 4.8

4.6 4.1 6.3 6.3 4.6 5.0

4.1 4.4 4.0 4.0 3.2 2.0

4.4 4.7 4.3 4.4 3.0 2.2

4.4 4.7 5.7 3.9 4.4 2.1

3.7 4.0 5.5 3.6 3.2

2.2 5.4 3.4 8.2 4.9 4.2

3.6 3.8 5.3 3.2 3.3

2.2 5.6 3.3 8.5 4.6 4.0

174 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 2-9. Indexes of Aggregate Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 (2002 = 100.)

Industry

TOTAL PRIVATE ..............................

1990 84.4

1991 82.6

1992 83.1

1993 85.5

1994 89.2

1995 91.6

1996 93.8

1997 97.1

1998 99.4

1999

2000

2001

2002

101.5

103.6

102.1

100.0

2003

2004

2005

98.7

100.2

102.6

99.5 98.6 98.0 98.9 98.8 97.4

101.1 99.6 98.9 99.4 101.9 94.2

Goods-Producing ............................ Natural resources and mining ........... Construction ...................................... Manufacturing ....................................

106.1 128.6 78.8 117.7

100.1 123.8 70.1 112.8

98.7 113.3 67.5 112.4

100.8 110.3 71.3 113.9

105.6 111.0 77.3 118.3

106.8 110.2 79.9 119.0

108.1 112.7 84.3 118.8

111.2 117.6 88.6 121.4

112.3 112.8 93.4 121.0

112.6 102.9 99.7 118.9

113.1 105.1 104.0 117.7

106.6 108.3 103.2 108.1

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

95.8 97.4 98.4 94.5

Information ........................................ Financial activities ............................. Professional and business services .. Educational and health services ........ Leisure and hospitality ....................... Other services ...................................

76.2 84.5 68.1 67.2 78.9 81.8

76.1 83.3 66.7 70.2 77.3 81.2

76.5 83.5 68.4 72.9 79.3 80.6

78.0 85.9 71.9 75.4 82.2 82.8

79.2 88.0 77.0 78.3 85.6 84.5

82.5 87.8 81.2 81.2 88.5 87.1

86.9 89.8 85.2 83.4 90.8 89.1

90.4 92.6 91.5 86.7 93.4 91.9

92.6 96.5 96.7 88.9 95.5 94.3

98.5 98.0 101.7 90.6 97.9 96.3

104.9 98.5 106.6 92.8 100.6 97.8

106.6 99.5 104.0 96.6 100.7 99.1

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

97.0 101.5 98.7 101.4 100.1 97.5

Private Service-Providing ............... Trade, transportation, and utilities ..... Wholesale trade ............................ Retail trade .................................... Transportation and warehousing ... Utilities ...........................................

78.3 89.5 94.9 87.5 83.5 124.3

77.8 87.4 93.3 84.8 82.4 123.5

78.8 87.3 92.4 85.1 82.7 121.6

81.2 89.0 92.4 86.3 88.4 119.9

84.6 92.7 95.8 89.8 93.8 117.1

87.3 95.1 99.2 92.3 95.6 112.9

89.7 96.6 100.7 93.7 98.3 108.6

93.1 98.8 103.4 95.9 101.0 106.1

95.8 100.3 104.8 97.2 102.7 105.8

98.4 101.9 106.2 99.5 103.2 105.0

101.0 103.5 107.1 101.3 105.6 104.2

100.8 101.5 102.9 100.5 102.8 102.4

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

96.8 104.0 101.7 94.3

98.2 101.9 101.8 103.3 103.0 96.1

98.6 114.2 107.5 93.9

103.6 101.5 101.6 100.6 104.9 93.7

99.6 104.6 105.8 106.2 106.2 96.1

CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 175 Table 2-10. Indexes of Aggregate Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 (2002 = 100.)

Industry

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Computer and electronic product ...... Electrical equipment and appliances .................................... Transportation equipment ................. Furniture and related product ............ Miscellaneous manufacturing ............

114.2 101.5 100.8 131.5 104.7 123.9

107.6 92.6 92.8 122.9 99.1 116.3

106.4 95.2 92.6 120.8 97.3 113.9

108.2 100.5 94.2 121.4 99.7 118.6

114.2 109.1 98.8 128.0 106.3 127.0

116.3 109.3 99.7 129.3 109.9 132.3

117.5 111.6 101.5 129.9 111.6 133.8

121.6 114.8 103.2 132.3 116.6 139.0

122.0 117.5 105.8 131.1 118.6 137.4

120.6 118.6 106.9 128.4 116.7 129.9

120.4 115.8 109.1 128.9 119.1 127.6

109.3 105.0 106.1 113.0 109.3 114.1

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

136.0 111.1 97.2 104.0

128.0 105.8 89.5 103.8

125.9 104.4 92.1 105.2

126.8 105.5 95.3 106.9

132.5 112.6 100.5 108.2

130.3 115.4 99.3 107.7

129.4 116.4 98.3 107.7

127.7 120.7 102.9 110.0

127.8 118.7 108.5 110.3

128.3 119.5 112.6 110.3

127.8 116.4 114.8 109.5

113.4 105.3 104.8 104.8

Total .................................................. Food manufacturing .......................... Beverage and tobacco product ......... Textile mills ........................................ Textile product mills ........................... Apparel ..............................................

123.0 96.2 96.9 170.4 110.3 267.4

120.8 96.6 96.4 168.4 104.5 264.2

121.7 97.3 95.4 170.3 106.0 267.5

122.6 98.7 95.6 170.8 110.6 259.4

124.7 100.5 98.7 171.6 116.6 252.6

123.1 101.6 97.9 163.5 114.4 235.4

120.5 101.8 101.4 154.1 112.8 211.9

120.9 102.6 103.1 155.2 114.8 201.4

119.4 103.4 104.9 148.9 114.1 181.2

116.1 103.8 104.7 139.1 113.5 154.7

113.3 103.5 104.2 132.4 111.1 137.4

106.0 101.5 100.3 112.2 105.0 117.1

DURABLE GOODS

Total .................................................. Wood product .................................... Nonmetallic mineral product .............. Primary metals .................................. Fabricated metal product ................... Machinery ..........................................

NONDURABLE GOODS

Leather and allied product ................. Paper and paper product ................... Printing and related support .............. Petroleum and coal product .............. Chemicals .......................................... Plastics and rubber product ...............

137.2

290.0 121.8 122.3 128.9 118.2 97.7

128.1

268.9 120.6 118.7 127.5 115.0 94.2

122.9

263.5 121.7 118.4 126.0 112.9 98.1

121.1

259.1 121.9 120.3 122.0 113.4 102.4

123.5

246.9 123.5 123.8 120.0 115.1 108.8

127.1

221.8 121.4 123.9 115.5 115.4 109.9

129.9

197.5 120.1 122.8 113.5 114.7 110.1

136.8

187.1 121.5 124.6 112.7 114.6 112.7

136.7

166.6 119.5 124.3 113.4 115.4 113.8

131.1

148.3 117.1 120.9 107.6 113.1 114.6

133.0

138.4 113.4 119.4 105.8 110.4 114.3

117.9

113.3 106.6 111.5 105.6 104.7 105.0

2004

2005

94.3 97.8 94.3 93.4 95.3 93.6

95.2 100.9 98.0 93.3 97.7 95.9

96.1 100.5 97.0 93.6 99.0 98.7

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

92.0 95.4 93.0 93.6

88.7 96.5 94.3 91.8

86.8 97.3 91.5 90.9

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

94.7 98.4 88.4 86.3 92.9 81.9

92.7 97.1 88.8 79.0 91.0 75.1

90.3 95.4 94.8 71.4 90.6 66.4

100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2003

92.1

91.3 92.4 95.3 98.7 98.9 95.2

89.7

83.6 89.2 93.4 102.6 99.0 94.2

95.0

78.8 87.9 91.1 102.9 96.8 92.0

176 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-11. Employees on Total Nonfarm Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, 1965–2005 (Thousands of people.) State

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

UNITED STATES ................................

60 874

64 020

65 931

68 023

70 512

71 006

71 335

73 798

76 912

78 389

77 069

79 502

82 593

86 826

89 932

Colorado .............................................. Connecticut .......................................... Delaware .............................................. District of Columbia .............................. Florida ..................................................

599 1 033 184 572 1 619

631 1 095 193 587 1 727

656 1 130 197 595 1 816

687 1 158 203 583 1 932

721 1 194 212 575 2 070

750 1 198 217 567 2 152

787 1 164 225 567 2 276

869 1 190 232 572 2 513

936 1 239 239 574 2 779

960 1 264 233 580 2 864

964 1 223 230 576 2 746

1 003 1 240 237 576 2 784

1 058 1 282 239 579 2 933

1 150 1 346 248 596 3 181

1 218 1 398 257 612 3 381

999 801 1 058 1 250 357

1 037 835 1 103 1 314 375

1 079 871 1 148 1 365 388

1 119 912 1 210 1 464 406

1 132 947 1 245 1 517 416

1 741 238 558 263 293

1 798 251 572 280 313

1 862 265 594 308 337

1 953 280 610 350 360

2 011 284 631 384 378

Alabama ............................................... Alaska .................................................. Arizona ................................................. Arkansas .............................................. California ..............................................

886 70 404 459 5 800

936 73 435 490 6 145

952 77 446 501 6 368

970 80 473 515 6 642

Georgia ................................................ Hawaii .................................................. Idaho .................................................... Illinois ................................................... Indiana .................................................

1 257 219 178 3 880 1 631

1 338 232 185 4 095 1 737

1 395 242 188 4 210 1 777

1 456 255 193 4 285 1 817

Maryland .............................................. Massachusetts ..................................... Michigan .............................................. Minnesota ............................................ Mississippi ...........................................

1 058 2 016 2 685 1 081 487

1 132 2 097 2 861 1 148 522

1 178 2 148 2 900 1 200 535

1 224 2 188 2 960 1 243 552

New Jersey .......................................... New Mexico ......................................... New York ............................................. North Carolina ...................................... North Dakota ........................................

2 256 262 6 519 1 431 146

2 359 272 6 710 1 534 148

2 422 273 6 858 1 601 152

2 485 277 7 002 1 679 156

South Carolina ..................................... South Dakota ....................................... Tennessee ........................................... Texas ................................................... Utah .....................................................

686 156 1 108 2 932 300

735 160 1 184 3 109 317

754 164 1 219 3 259 327

783 168 1 264 3 424 335

Puerto Rico .......................................... Virgin Islands .......................................

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

Iowa ..................................................... Kansas ................................................. Kentucky .............................................. Louisiana ............................................. Maine ...................................................

Missouri ............................................... Montana ............................................... Nebraska ............................................. Nevada ................................................ New Hampshire ...................................

Ohio ..................................................... Oklahoma ............................................ Oregon ................................................. Pennsylvania ....................................... Rhode Island ........................................

Vermont ............................................... Virginia ................................................. Washington .......................................... West Virginia ........................................ Wisconsin ............................................ Wyoming ..............................................

. . . = Not available.

752 600 759 898 295

1 478 179 419 157 221

3 364 642 608 3 918 316

121 1 219 896 477 1 332 ...

804 634 804 958 309

1 554 185 434 162 235

3 537 676 640 4 077 330

131 1 285 988 495 1 394 ...

833 653 836 997 317

1 596 188 449 166 244

3 620 700 652 4 171 338

136 1 330 1 045 504 1 430 99

852 672 869 1 020 323

1 631 193 459 177 252

3 751 720 679 4 264 343

140 1 385 1 099 508 1 472 103

1 000 87 517 534 6 932

1 532 276 201 4 376 1 880 873 686 896 1 033 330

1 272 2 249 3 081 1 300 573 1 672 196 474 194 259 2 570 288 7 182 1 747 158 3 887 748 709 4 375 346 820 173 1 310 3 597 348 146 1 436 1 120 512 1 525 107

... ...

1 010 93 547 536 6 946

1 558 294 208 4 346 1 849 877 679 910 1 034 332

1 349 2 244 2 999 1 315 584 1 668 199 484 203 258 2 606 293 7 156 1 783 164 3 881 762 711 4 352 344 842 175 1 328 3 625 357 148 1 519 1 079 516 1 530 108 ... ...

1 022 98 581 551 6 917

1 603 302 217 4 296 1 841 883 678 932 1 056 332

1 372 2 211 2 995 1 310 602 1 661 205 491 210 260 2 608 306 7 011 1 814 167 3 840 774 729 4 291 343 863 179 1 357 3 684 369 148 1 567 1 064 520 1 525 111 ... ...

1 072 104 646 582 7 210

1 695 313 236 4 315 1 922 912 718 988 1 129 344

1 415 2 252 3 119 1 357 649 1 700 215 517 224 278 2 672 328 7 038 1 912 176 3 938 812 775 4 400 358 920 190 1 450 3 884 393 154 1 656 1 100 540 1 581 117 ... ...

1 136 110 714 614 7 622

1 802 328 252 4 467 2 028 961 763 1 039 1 176 355

1 472 2 333 3 284 1 436 693 1 771 224 541 245 298 2 760 346 7 132 2 018 184 4 113 852 816 4 506 366

1 170 128 746 641 7 834

1 828 336 267 4 546 2 031 999 790 1 066 1 221 362

1 494 2 354 3 278 1 481 711 1 789 234 562 256 300 2 783 360 7 077 2 048 194 4 169 887 838 4 515 367

984 199 1 531 4 142 415

1 016 207 1 558 4 360 434

... ...

... ...

161 1 753 1 152 562 1 660 126

163 1 805 1 199 572 1 703 136

1 155 162 729 624 7 847

1 756 343 273 4 419 1 942

1 479 2 273 3 137 1 474 692

2 700 370 6 830 1 980 204 4 016 900 837 4 436 349

1 207 172 759 660 8 154

1 839 349 291 4 565 2 024

1 498 2 324 3 283 1 521 728

2 754 390 6 790 2 083 215 4 095 931 878 4 513 367

1 269 163 809 696 8 600

1 926 359 307 4 656 2 114

1 546 2 416 3 442 1 597 766

2 837 415 6 858 2 171 221

1 626 2 526 3 609 1 689 814

2 962 444 7 044 2 278 234

2 128 394 338 4 880 2 236

1 691 2 604 3 637 1 767 838

3 027 461 7 179 2 373 244

4 395 1 036 1 009 4 716 396

4 485 1 088 1 056 4 806 400

178 1 930 1 367 612 1 799 171

191 2 034 1 485 633 1 887 187

198 2 115 1 581 659 1 960 201

1 038 219 1 575 4 684 463

1 082 227 1 648 4 907 489

... 33

... 31

... 32

168 1 848 1 283 596 1 726 157

2 050 377 331 4 789 2 206

1 362 167 980 750 9 665

4 230 972 937 4 565 382

983 209 1 506 4 463 440 162 1 779 1 226 575 1 677 146

1 336 164 895 733 9 200

1 138 237 1 737 5 272 525

... 34

1 176 241 1 777 5 602 548

... 36

CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 177 Table 2-11. Employees on Total Nonfarm Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, 1965–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.) State

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

UNITED STATES ................................................

90 528

91 289

89 677

90 280

94 530

97 511

Colorado .............................................................. Connecticut .......................................................... Delaware .............................................................. District of Columbia .............................................. Florida ..................................................................

1 251 1 427 259 616 3 576

1 295 1 438 259 611 3 736

1 317 1 428 259 598 3 762

1 327 1 444 266 597 3 905

1 402 1 517 280 614 4 204

Alabama ............................................................... Alaska .................................................................. Arizona ................................................................. Arkansas .............................................................. California ..............................................................

1 356 169 1 014 742 9 849

1 348 186 1 041 740 9 985

Georgia ................................................................ Hawaii .................................................................. Idaho .................................................................... Illinois ................................................................... Indiana .................................................................

2 159 404 330 4 850 2 130

2 199 405 328 4 732 2 114

Maryland .............................................................. Massachusetts ..................................................... Michigan .............................................................. Minnesota ............................................................ Mississippi ...........................................................

1 712 2 654 3 443 1 770 829

1 716 2 672 3 364 1 761 819

Iowa ..................................................................... Kansas ................................................................. Kentucky .............................................................. Louisiana ............................................................. Maine ...................................................................

Missouri ............................................................... Montana ............................................................... Nebraska ............................................................. Nevada ................................................................ New Hampshire ................................................... New Jersey .......................................................... New Mexico ......................................................... New York ............................................................. North Carolina ...................................................... North Dakota ........................................................

1 110 945 1 210 1 579 418

1 970 280 628 400 385

3 060 465 7 207 2 380 245

1 089 950 1 196 1 630 419

1 956 282 623 411 395

3 099 476 7 287 2 392 249

1 312 200 1 030 720 9 810

102 088

105 345

108 014

109 487

108 374

108 726

1 408 1 598 303 640 4 599

1 413 1 638 321 656 4 848

1 436 1 667 334 674 5 067

1 482 1 666 344 681 5 261

1 521 1 624 347 686 5 387

1 545 1 555 342 677 5 294

1 597 1 526 341 674 5 358

1 388 226 1 182 780 10 390

1 427 231 1 279 797 10 770

1 463 221 1 338 814 11 086

1 419 1 558 293 629 4 410

1 508 210 1 386 837 11 473

1 559 214 1 419 865 11 912

1 601 227 1 454 893 12 238

1 636 238 1 483 923 12 500

1 642 243 1 491 936 12 359

2 876 478 349 5 098 2 396

2 941 506 366 5 214 2 479

2 992 528 385 5 288 2 522

2 938 539 398 5 232 2 507

1 676 2 642 3 193 1 707 791

1 724 2 696 3 223 1 718 793

1 814 2 856 3 381 1 820 821

1 888 2 930 3 562 1 866 839

1 952 2 989 3 657 1 892 848

2 028 3 066 3 736 1 962 864

2 102 3 131 3 819 2 028 896

2 155 3 109 3 922 2 087 919

2 173 2 985 3 970 2 136 936

2 102 2 821 3 891 2 146 938

1 042 921 1 161 1 607 416

1 922 274 610 401 394

3 093 474 7 255 2 347 250

204 2 161 1 612 628 1 923 224

203 2 146 1 569 608 1 867 218

. . . = Not available.

99 474

2 782 460 333 4 928 2 305

200 2 157 1 608 646 1 938 210

... 38

1992

2 672 439 328 4 791 2 222

Vermont ............................................................... Virginia ................................................................. Washington .......................................................... West Virginia ........................................................ Wisconsin ............................................................ Wyoming ..............................................................

... 37

1991

2 570 426 336 4 755 2 169

4 124 1 217 961 4 580 390

Puerto Rico .......................................................... Virgin Islands .......................................................

1990

2 449 413 330 4 672 2 122

4 318 1 201 1 019 4 729 401 1 196 236 1 755 6 180 558

1989

2 280 406 318 4 531 2 030

4 367 1 138 1 044 4 753 398 1 189 238 1 747 5 851 551

1988

2 202 399 312 4 593 2 028

Ohio ..................................................................... Oklahoma ............................................................ Oregon ................................................................. Pennsylvania ....................................................... Rhode Island ........................................................ South Carolina ..................................................... South Dakota ....................................................... Tennessee ........................................................... Texas ................................................................... Utah .....................................................................

1 329 214 1 078 741 9 918

1987

1 162 230 1 703 6 263 561

... 36

1 040 922 1 152 1 565 425

1 937 276 611 403 410

3 165 480 7 313 2 419 251

1 075 961 1 214 1 602 446

2 033 281 635 426 442

3 329 503 7 570 2 565 252

1 074 968 1 250 1 591 458

2 095 279 650 446 466

3 414 520 7 751 2 651 252

1 074 985 1 274 1 518 477

2 143 275 652 468 490

3 488 526 7 908 2 744 250

1 109 1 005 1 328 1 484 501

2 198 274 667 500 513

3 576 529 8 059 2 863 252

1 156 1 035 1 382 1 512 527

2 259 283 688 538 529

3 651 548 8 187 2 987 257

1 200 1 064 1 433 1 538 542

2 315 291 708 581 529

3 690 562 8 247 3 074 260

1 226 1 088 1 470 1 588 535

2 345 297 730 621 508

3 635 580 8 212 3 118 266

1 238 1 095 1 475 1 611 513

2 309 304 739 629 482

3 499 585 7 887 3 072 271

4 092 1 171 967 4 524 396

4 260 1 180 1 007 4 655 416

4 373 1 165 1 030 4 730 429

4 472 1 124 1 058 4 791 443

4 583 1 108 1 100 4 915 452

4 701 1 132 1 153 5 042 459

4 818 1 164 1 206 5 138 462

4 882 1 196 1 247 5 170 451

4 819 1 211 1 245 5 084 422

206 2 207 1 586 582 1 867 202

215 2 333 1 660 597 1 949 204

225 2 455 1 710 597 1 983 207

234 2 558 1 770 598 2 024 196

246 2 680 1 852 599 2 090 183

256 2 772 1 941 610 2 168 189

262 2 862 2 047 615 2 236 193

258 2 896 2 143 630 2 292 198

249 2 829 2 177 629 2 302 203

1 189 235 1 719 6 194 567

... 36

1 262 247 1 812 6 492 601

... 37

1 296 249 1 868 6 663 624

... 37

1 338 252 1 930 6 564 634

... 38

1 392 257 2 012 6 517 640

... 40

1 449 266 2 092 6 678 660

... 42

1 500 276 2 167 6 840 691

... 42

1 545 289 2 193 7 097 724

846 43

1 514 296 2 184 7 176 745

838 44

1 674 247 1 517 963 12 154

2 987 543 416 5 235 2 554 1 252 1 115 1 508 1 625 512 2 084 2 795 3 928 2 194 960 2 334 316 750 639 487

3 458 602 7 730 3 125 277 4 848 1 222 1 267 5 076 425 1 528 308 2 245 7 271 769 251 2 848 2 222 640 2 358 206 858 45

178 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-11. Employees on Total Nonfarm Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, 1965–2005—Continued (Thousands of people.) State

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

UNITED STATES ................................................

110 844

114 291

117 298

119 708

122 776

125 930

128 993

131 785

131 826

130 341

129 999

131 435

133 463

Colorado .............................................................. Connecticut .......................................................... Delaware .............................................................. District of Columbia .............................................. Florida ..................................................................

1 671 1 531 349 670 5 571

1 756 1 544 356 659 5 799

1 835 1 562 366 643 5 996

1 901 1 584 376 623 6 183

1 980 1 612 388 618 6 414

2 058 1 643 400 614 6 636

2 133 1 669 413 627 6 827

2 214 1 693 420 650 7 080

2 227 1 681 419 654 7 171

2 184 1 665 414 664 7 180

2 153 1 644 414 666 7 261

2 180 1 650 424 674 7 510

2 226 1 663 430 682 7 810

Alabama ............................................................... Alaska .................................................................. Arizona ................................................................. Arkansas .............................................................. California ..............................................................

1 717 253 1 584 994 12 045

1 758 259 1 692 1 034 12 160

1 804 262 1 795 1 069 12 422

1 829 264 1 892 1 086 12 743

1 866 269 1 984 1 104 13 130

1 898 275 2 075 1 122 13 596

1 920 278 2 163 1 142 13 992

1 931 284 2 243 1 158 14 488

1 909 289 2 265 1 154 14 602

1 883 295 2 265 1 146 14 458

1 876 299 2 296 1 145 14 392

1 902 304 2 381 1 158 14 530

Georgia ................................................................ Hawaii .................................................................. Idaho .................................................................... Illinois ................................................................... Indiana .................................................................

3 109 539 436 5 330 2 627

3 266 536 461 5 463 2 713

3 402 533 477 5 593 2 786

3 527 531 491 5 685 2 814

3 614 532 508 5 772 2 858

3 741 531 521 5 899 2 917

3 855 535 539 5 958 2 970

3 949 551 560 6 045 3 000

3 943 555 568 5 995 2 933

3 870 557 568 5 884 2 901

3 845 568 572 5 811 2 895

3 900 583 588 5 816 2 929

Maryland .............................................................. Massachusetts ..................................................... Michigan .............................................................. Minnesota ............................................................ Mississippi ...........................................................

2 104 2 840 4 006 2 252 1 002

2 148 2 904 4 147 2 320 1 056

2 184 2 977 4 274 2 388 1 074

2 213 3 035 4 361 2 442 1 089

2 269 3 109 4 448 2 500 1 107

2 326 3 179 4 510 2 564 1 134

2 392 3 237 4 582 2 622 1 153

2 455 3 323 4 674 2 685 1 154

2 472 3 327 4 556 2 690 1 130

2 480 3 247 4 478 2 664 1 124

2 487 3 185 4 410 2 660 1 115

2 518 3 181 4 395 2 681 1 124

Iowa ..................................................................... Kansas ................................................................. Kentucky .............................................................. Louisiana ............................................................. Maine ...................................................................

Missouri ............................................................... Montana ............................................................... Nebraska ............................................................. Nevada ................................................................ New Hampshire ................................................... New Jersey .......................................................... New Mexico ......................................................... New York ............................................................. North Carolina ...................................................... North Dakota ........................................................

1 278 1 133 1 548 1 656 519

2 395 326 767 672 502

3 493 626 7 760 3 245 285

1 320 1 166 1 597 1 720 532

2 470 340 796 738 523

3 553 657 7 831 3 359 295

1 358 1 198 1 643 1 770 538

2 521 351 817 786 540

3 600 682 7 892 3 460 302

Ohio ..................................................................... Oklahoma ............................................................ Oregon ................................................................. Pennsylvania ....................................................... Rhode Island ........................................................

4 918 1 247 1 308 5 123 430

5 076 1 279 1 363 5 192 434

5 221 1 316 1 418 5 253 440

Vermont ............................................................... Virginia ................................................................. Washington .......................................................... West Virginia ........................................................ Wisconsin ............................................................ Wyoming ..............................................................

257 2 919 2 253 652 2 413 210

264 3 004 2 304 674 2 491 217

270 3 070 2 347 688 2 559 219

South Carolina ..................................................... South Dakota ....................................................... Tennessee ........................................................... Texas ................................................................... Utah .....................................................................

Puerto Rico .......................................................... Virgin Islands .......................................................

1 570 319 2 328 7 483 810

872 48

1 607 332 2 423 7 753 860

898 44

1 646 344 2 499 8 024 908

930 42

1 383 1 227 1 672 1 808 542

2 567 360 837 843 554

3 639 694 7 939 3 546 309 5 296 1 353 1 474 5 306 442 1 675 349 2 533 8 258 954 275 3 136 2 416 699 2 601 221 973 41

1 407 1 268 1 711 1 848 554

2 639 365 857 891 570

3 724 708 8 067 3 663 314 5 392 1 392 1 526 5 406 450 1 720 355 2 584 8 608 994 279 3 232 2 514 708 2 656 224 989 42

1 443 1 312 1 753 1 887 569

2 684 373 880 926 589

3 801 720 8 237 3 774 319 5 482 1 441 1 552 5 495 458 1 783 363 2 638 8 938 1 023 285 3 320 2 595 719 2 718 228 997 42

1 469 1 327 1 795 1 894 586

1 478 1 345 1 825 1 918 603

1 466 1 348 1 804 1 915 608

1 447 1 335 1 789 1 896 606

1 440 1 312 1 783 1 906 607

1 457 1 325 1 799 1 918 612

2 727 380 897 983 606

2 749 388 914 1 027 622

2 730 392 920 1 051 627

2 699 396 912 1 052 618

2 680 401 914 1 088 618

2 693 411 922 1 153 627

5 564 1 462 1 575 5 586 466

5 625 1 489 1 607 5 691 477

5 543 1 507 1 607 5 682 478

5 445 1 486 1 587 5 641 479

5 398 1 458 1 576 5 611 484

5 408 1 474 1 608 5 644 488

3 901 730 8 456 3 870 324

1 830 373 2 685 9 155 1 048 292 3 412 2 649 726 2 784 233 1 011 41

3 994 745 8 635 3 934 328

1 859 378 2 729 9 427 1 075 299 3 516 2 711 736 2 834 239 1 025 42

3 997 757 8 592 3 899 330

1 823 378 2 688 9 514 1 081 302 3 516 2 697 735 2 814 245 1 009 44

3 984 766 8 459 3 837 330

1 804 377 2 664 9 416 1 073 299 3 494 2 654 733 2 782 248 1 005 43

3 979 776 8 407 3 790 333

1 807 378 2 663 9 371 1 074 299 3 497 2 658 728 2 775 250 1 022 42

3 999 790 8 462 3 837 338

1 833 383 2 706 9 497 1 104 303 3 584 2 701 737 2 807 255 1 046 43

1 943 310 2 507 1 178 14 785

4 000 602 613 5 865 2 956 1 481 1 335 1 825 1 870 612 2 555 3 196 4 384 2 709 1 130 2 728 421 936 1 224 635

4 043 809 8 528 3 912 345 5 429 1 511 1 658 5 704 492 1 860 390 2 744 9 735 1 150 305 3 668 2 779 747 2 840 263 1 044 44

CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 179

Table 2-12. Employees on Manufacturing Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 (Thousands of people.) State

1990

UNITED STATES .............................. 17 695 Alabama ............................................ Alaska ................................................ Arizona .............................................. Arkansas ........................................... California ...........................................

364 14 176 219 1 967

Georgia .............................................. Hawaii ................................................ Idaho ................................................. Illinois ................................................ Indiana ...............................................

506 20 53 915 609

Colorado ............................................ Connecticut ....................................... Delaware ........................................... District of Columbia ........................... Florida ...............................................

170 298 46 7 493

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

17 068

16 799

16 774

17 021

17 241

17 237

17 419

17 560

17 322

17 263

16 441

15 259

14 510

14 315

14 232

165 285 46 6 463

164 274 44 5 457

166 262 44 5 463

172 253 43 5 459

178 248 43 5 464

181 245 41 4 470

187 245 43 4 471

191 248 44 4 467

187 240 44 4 463

189 236 42 4 462

180 227 39 3 440

164 211 37 3 413

154 200 36 2 395

152 197 35 2 396

151 195 33 2 400

354 15 171 219 1 892

483 19 55 876 590

357 16 167 224 1 794

491 19 58 855 600

359 15 170 231 1 701

511 18 61 860 614

Iowa ................................................... Kansas .............................................. Kentucky ............................................ Louisiana ........................................... Maine .................................................

219 178 273 177 93

216 174 267 178 88

216 174 271 177 84

221 172 279 177 82

Missouri ............................................. Montana ............................................ Nebraska ........................................... Nevada .............................................. New Hampshire .................................

392 20 98 24 98

373 19 97 25 92

366 20 98 26 90

365 20 100 29 91

Maryland ............................................ Massachusetts .................................. Michigan ............................................ Minnesota .......................................... Mississippi .........................................

New Jersey ........................................ New Mexico ....................................... New York ........................................... North Carolina ................................... North Dakota .....................................

198 486 838 341 229

530 38 983 824 16

187 452 793 339 230

498 38 910 785 16

Ohio ................................................... Oklahoma .......................................... Oregon .............................................. Pennsylvania ..................................... Rhode Island .....................................

1 065 157 203 947 95

1 023 157 195 909 87

Vermont ............................................. Virginia .............................................. Washington ....................................... West Virginia ..................................... Wisconsin .......................................... Wyoming ...........................................

43 387 336 82 523 9

40 376 329 79 513 9

South Carolina ................................... South Dakota ..................................... Tennessee ......................................... Texas ................................................. Utah ...................................................

Puerto Rico ........................................ Virgin Islands .....................................

348 34 493 948 104

159 2

180 437 796 342 236

474 37 870 796 17 994 153 192 888 85

176 425 806 351 239

463 39 836 813 18

526 17 63 878 625 230 176 289 179 83 177 418 848 361 244 366 21 106 33 94

456 42 816 817 20

370 15 191 246 1 721

540 16 63 894 651 236 180 299 182 83 177 417 873 375 241 377 21 110 36 97

449 42 810 821 20

980 156 192 875 84

1 004 159 200 878 82

1 037 162 208 878 80

40 370 313 79 526 10

40 371 312 77 546 10

41 373 311 78 567 10

334 34 480 936 102

338 36 493 929 102

342 38 503 942 106

154 2

154 2

155 3

40 373 325 78 517 9

362 14 182 240 1 689

345 41 514 966 112

156 3

362 14 199 241 1 778

544 16 66 899 646 235 186 298 183 81 174 416 866 381 231

376 22 111 38 99 437 43 797 808 20

1 030 163 216 865 77

364 14 205 241 1 830

547 16 68 902 651 239 198 302 186 81 175 417 873 391 228

377 22 113 40 102

435 43 797 800 22

1 028 169 225 869 76

365 13 210 242 1 861

545 16 69 906 657 251 206 306 185 81 175 418 890 397 234

379 22 114 40 104

429 42 792 796 22

1 031 176 227 872 75

358 12 207 241 1 834

543 16 69 882 665 253 204 309 181 80 174 405 898 395 233

374 22 113 41 101 422 41 773 776 23

1 028 177 223 862 72

351 12 210 240 1 862

530 16 70 870 664 251 201 310 177 80 174 408 897 396 222

364 22 114 43 102 422 42 751 758 24

1 021 178 223 862 71

326 12 202 227 1 790

498 16 68 815 615 240 195 292 172 75 168 389 820 378 201 345 21 111 44 97

401 41 708 704 24 953 170 216 821 68

307 11 184 214 1 643

467 15 65 754 588 227 184 275 161 68 156 349 760 356 188 325 20 106 43 85

368 38 652 644 24 885 152 202 759 62

347 44 518 995 117

339 44 502 1 017 122

338 44 498 1 045 126

341 44 499 1 077 127

336 44 495 1 063 126

336 44 488 1 068 126

314 41 454 1 027 122

290 38 428 949 114

159 2

158 2

155 2

148 2

144 2

143 2

132 2

121 2

43 371 325 78 568 10

44 374 350 77 579 10

45 376 360 78 593 10

45 367 343 77 595 10

46 364 332 76 594 10

46 341 316 72 560 10

40 320 285 69 528 10

294 12 175 206 1 553

452 15 62 714 573 220 175 265 156 64 147 324 716 343 179 314 19 102 44 80

350 36 613 599 24 843 143 195 712 59

292 12 177 203 1 533

448 15 62 697 572 223 177 264 153 63 143 313 697 343 180 311 19 101 46 80 338 36 597 577 25 822 142 200 690 57

298 12 181 200 1 513

449 15 63 689 571 230 180 262 151 61 141 306 679 346 178

308 19 102 48 80 329 36 580 567 26 813 145 204 682 55

276 38 413 900 112

268 39 412 891 114

262 40 409 899 118

118 2

118 2

116 2

38 305 267 64 504 9

37 299 264 63 503 9

37 296 272 62 506 10

180 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-13. Employees on Government Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 (Thousands of people.) State

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

UNITED STATES .......................

18 415

18 545

18 787

18 989

19 275

19 432

19 539

19 664

19 909

20 307

20 790

21 118

21 513

21 583

21 621

21 803

Colorado ..................................... Connecticut ................................ Delaware .................................... District of Columbia .................... Florida ........................................

277 210 48 277 847

283 208 48 281 859

291 207 49 286 870

297 211 50 285 882

299 217 50 270 910

304 221 51 255 918

309 223 52 240 928

316 226 53 233 942

322 228 54 226 955

328 235 55 222 966

337 242 57 224 1 002

344 244 57 226 1 023

355 249 57 232 1 039

356 246 57 231 1 053

358 243 58 231 1 066

363 244 59 233 1 081

Alabama ..................................... Alaska ......................................... Arizona ....................................... Arkansas .................................... California ....................................

Georgia ....................................... Hawaii ......................................... Idaho .......................................... Illinois ......................................... Indiana ........................................ Iowa ............................................ Kansas ....................................... Kentucky ..................................... Louisiana .................................... Maine .......................................... Maryland ..................................... Massachusetts ........................... Michigan ..................................... Minnesota ................................... Mississippi .................................. Missouri ...................................... Montana ..................................... Nebraska .................................... Nevada ....................................... New Hampshire ..........................

327 71 259 159 2 075

532 106 81 766 378 219 214 260 326 96 422 402 634 347 203 370 71 143 76 73

333 72 271 163 2 091

537 109 84 770 380 221 219 267 332 96 419 390 636 351 204 371 72 146 81 72

338 73 277 167 2 096

537 111 88 774 388 221 226 273 340 96 417 382 639 355 208 371 74 148 86 73

341 75 287 170 2 081

548 112 90 774 391 222 230 276 342 95 419 387 639 361 210 377 74 149 88 74

346 74 294 173 2 093

564 112 93 786 391

227 233 280 351 94 422 390 639 369 214

385 76 152 92 76

343 73 310 177 2 107

570 111 96 799 392

230 237 287 358 93 423 395 641 387 215

390 77 151 96 76

343 73 318 180 2 113

570 110 97 809 391 233 234 289 362 93 423 400 644 389 217 401 77 151 101 78

346 73 328 183 2 141

577 112 100 808 392 235 236 291 364 93 423 404 647 389 219 413 77 152 106 79

347 74 341 185 2 166

586 112 103 816 399 236 240 295 367 95 433 412 656 390 223 414 78 151 112 80

351 74 354 187 2 239

590 113 105 826 403

352 74 367 191 2 318

597 115 109 840 410

352 79 378 194 2 382

610 114 110 850 410

355 81 390 195 2 447

625 118 112 861 417

358 82 394 198 2 426

632 119 113 853 423

359 81 399 200 2 396

637 120 114 845 426

362 81 403 205 2 414

650 120 115 846 427

239 240 301 370 97

243 245 305 373 100

245 248 311 374 102

244 251 315 375 103

245 250 312 379 104

245 251 310 382 105

246 252 314 379 105

421 79 151 117 82

426 80 154 122 84

429 84 157 127 86

431 85 159 131 88

432 86 160 135 90

429 87 160 139 90

429 86 161 144 90

444 417 668 397 227

450 424 682 408 234

457 428 686 409 238

465 423 687 414 240

462 413 685 412 241

463 408 680 412 242

464 410 674 416 242

New Jersey ................................. New Mexico ................................ New York .................................... North Carolina ............................ North Dakota ..............................

577 150 1 473 492 65

572 152 1 445 502 66

572 156 1 428 502 67

571 159 1 433 527 67

573 163 1 436 539 67

573 166 1 416 550 71

571 171 1 401 561 71

570 177 1 407 576 71

572 178 1 424 594 71

578 180 1 445 604 72

589 183 1 468 622 73

603 186 1 468 636 73

614 191 1 493 642 74

622 195 1 488 641 75

633 198 1 484 652 75

642 202 1 488 664 75

South Carolina ............................ South Dakota .............................. Tennessee .................................. Texas .......................................... Utah ............................................

282 63 351 1 263 150

286 63 353 1 288 154

292 65 357 1 334 157

296 67 362 1 376 159

295 67 371 1 414 161

294 71 373 1 446 164

295 70 382 1 458 167

299 70 380 1 483 172

309 71 386 1 504 177

315 72 390 1 535 180

323 70 399 1 562 185

323 73 403 1 586 190

326 74 410 1 626 195

326 74 411 1 646 197

325 75 415 1 656 199

328 75 414 1 683 203

Puerto Rico ................................. Virgin Islands ..............................

295 14

291 13

296 14

290 14

300 14

305 14

316 14

310 14

308 14

291 13

286 13

282 12

295 13

301 13

307 12

306 12

Ohio ............................................ Oklahoma ................................... Oregon ....................................... Pennsylvania .............................. Rhode Island ..............................

Vermont ...................................... Virginia ....................................... Washington ................................ West Virginia .............................. Wisconsin ................................... Wyoming ....................................

722 262 224 699 62

44 578 398 127 343 55

728 265 226 695 61

44 580 412 128 346 56

735 270 231 693 61

44 589 424 132 357 57

736 270 233 702 61

44 598 430 133 362 57

741 270 235 706 62

45 603 437 136 367 58

749 270 240 712 61

45 598 444 136 379 58

752 271 247 712 61

45 596 450 139 384 58

758 276 250 715 63

46 597 458 139 387 58

763 278 255 712 63

46 602 466 141 393 58

772 283 261 716 63

48 611 474 141 399 59

785 288 267 725 64

49 625 483 143 406 61

794 296 283 728 65

50 629 505 141 414 62

800 301 287 739 66

51 635 516 143 415 63

803 296 281 746 66

52 638 521 142 413 64

802 302 284 744 66

52 651 524 143 412 64

799 312 286 745 65

53 663 527 144 413 65

CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 181 Table 2-14. Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 2001–2005 (Hours.)

State

UNITED STATES ................................................................

2001

2002 40.3

2003 40.5

2004 40.4

2005 40.8

40.7

40.4 41.8 40.1 ... 41.1

38.5 42.2 39.7 ... 41.7

Alabama .............................................................................. Alaska .................................................................................. Arizona ................................................................................ Arkansas .............................................................................. California .............................................................................

41.0 43.1 40.3 39.9 39.6

41.4 37.4 40.0 39.7 39.6

41.0 43.0 40.4 39.6 39.7

40.8 40.6 40.5 39.9 40.0

Georgia ................................................................................ Hawaii .................................................................................. Idaho .................................................................................... Illinois ................................................................................... Indiana .................................................................................

40.4 36.0 39.1 41.0 41.0

40.9 35.6 39.6 41.4 42.4

39.8 37.2 41.3 40.6 42.1

39.2 37.9 40.5 41.0 42.1

Colorado .............................................................................. Connecticut .......................................................................... Delaware ............................................................................. District of Columbia ............................................................. Florida ..................................................................................

Iowa ..................................................................................... Kansas ................................................................................. Kentucky .............................................................................. Louisiana ............................................................................. Maine ................................................................................... Maryland .............................................................................. Massachusetts ..................................................................... Michigan .............................................................................. Minnesota ............................................................................ Mississippi ...........................................................................

Missouri ............................................................................... Montana ............................................................................... Nebraska ............................................................................. Nevada ................................................................................ New Hampshire ................................................................... New Jersey .......................................................................... New Mexico ......................................................................... New York ............................................................................. North Carolina ..................................................................... North Dakota .......................................................................

Ohio ..................................................................................... Oklahoma ............................................................................ Oregon ................................................................................. Pennsylvania ....................................................................... Rhode Island ....................................................................... South Carolina ..................................................................... South Dakota ....................................................................... Tennessee ........................................................................... Texas ................................................................................... Utah ..................................................................................... Vermont ............................................................................... Virginia ................................................................................. Washington .......................................................................... West Virginia ....................................................................... Wisconsin ............................................................................ Wyoming .............................................................................. Puerto Rico .......................................................................... Virgin Islands ....................................................................... . . . = Not available.

40.7 41.7 39.7 ... 40.6

40.9 40.7 41.5 43.1 39.8 39.0 40.3 41.9 39.6 39.7 40.3 38.8 41.2 38.7 40.6 40.6 39.0 39.8 39.4 40.9 41.2 39.4 39.1 40.4 39.4 41.2 41.7 38.9 41.6 38.4 39.6 40.1 40.0 41.1 40.2 38.6

... 43.9

40.6 41.6 40.0 ... 42.1

41.3 40.8 42.2 43.9 39.9 40.0 40.8 42.7 39.7 40.6 39.3 38.2 41.9 38.8 39.8 40.9 39.9 40.3 40.2 40.2 41.4 39.2 39.1 40.3 38.7 42.1 42.3 40.1 41.1 37.8 40.0 40.8 40.1 41.4 40.5 39.3 ... 43.7

40.4 41.4 40.3 ... 41.0

41.7 40.5 41.7 44.1 40.0 39.5 40.6 42.1 40.2 39.9 40.5 38.4 41.6 39.0 40.0 41.0 39.4 40.0 39.8 40.0 41.0 39.3 39.3 40.0 39.3 41.3 42.5 39.8 41.4 39.7 40.0 40.8 39.5 41.3 40.3 40.2

40.9 42.8

42.2 41.0 40.8 43.9 39.6 40.1 41.1 42.4 40.9 40.1 40.2 38.3 41.6 40.1 40.0 42.1 39.6 39.7 40.3 39.3 41.7 40.5 39.1 40.3 39.2 39.5 42.0 40.0 39.8 38.1 40.2 41.5 40.0 41.4 40.3 39.7

41.0 46.4

40.8 32.9 40.7 39.9 39.9

39.0 38.4 40.3 40.8 41.9 41.6 41.1 40.6 42.0 39.6 40.1 41.5 41.7 40.9 40.1 39.6 40.1 40.0 39.8 41.2 42.0 39.1 39.6 40.0 39.2 41.4 39.2 40.2 40.5 38.4 39.7 42.3 39.2 40.0 39.2 39.2 41.4 39.7 41.4 40.4 40.5

40.8 43.8

CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 183

EARNINGS Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Total Private Nonfarm Payrolls, in Current and Constant 1982 Dollars, 1995–2005 600 500

Dollars

400 300 200 100 0 1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Year Current dollars

Constant 1982 dollars

While weekly earnings of production workers rose 2.9 percent from 2004, real earnings declined 0.6 percent as consumer prices rose 3.4 percent. Real earnings in 2005 were the same as in 2000. (See Table 2-17.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • Natural resources was the only industry with a significant gain in real weekly earnings in 2005. However, it employed less than 1 percent of all workers. The education and health services industry, which employed 13 percent of all workers, increased 0.5 percent in 2005. (See Table 2-17.) • Weekly earnings in current dollars ranged from $235.29 in leisure and hospitality to $1,097.16 in utilities in 2005. Wages in goods-producing industries were 38.7 percent higher than in private serviceproviding industries. (See Table 2-17.) • Within manufacturing, the highest average weekly earnings were $1,117.94 in petroleum and coal products, followed by $938.37 in transportation equipment. (See Table 2-18.) • In 2004, the District of Columbia had the highest average annual pay for all workers at $63,887. This was 62 percent above the national average, most likely due to the lack of production workers in the district. Industries with high pay included mining, utilities, and financial activities. (See Tables 2-21 and 2-22.)

184 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 2-15. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers on Private Nonfarm Payrolls, by Super Sector, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 (Dollars.)

Industry

TOTAL PRIVATE ..............................

Goods-Producing ............................ Natural resources and mining ........... Construction ...................................... Manufacturing ....................................

Private Service-Providing ............... Trade, transportation, and utilities ..... Wholesale trade ................................ Retail trade ........................................ Transportation and warehousing ....... Utilities ............................................... Information ........................................ Financial activities ............................. Professional and business services .. Educational and health services ........ Leisure and hospitality ....................... Other services ...................................

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

10.19

10.50

10.76

11.03

11.32

11.64

12.03

12.49

13.00

13.47

14.00

14.53

14.95

15.35

15.67

16.11

11.19 11.10 13.34 8.85 13.18 19.19

11.57 11.46 13.80 9.21 13.45 19.78

12.05 11.90 14.41 9.59 13.78 20.59

12.59 12.39 15.07 10.05 14.12 21.48

13.07 12.82 15.62 10.45 14.55 22.03

13.60 13.31 16.28 10.86 15.05 22.75

14.16 13.70 16.77 11.29 15.33 23.58

14.56 14.02 16.98 11.67 15.76 23.96

14.96 14.34 17.36 11.90 16.25 24.77

15.26 14.58 17.65 12.08 16.52 25.61

11.46 13.40 13.42 10.78

9.71 9.83 11.58 7.71 12.50 16.14

13.40 9.99 11.14 10.00 5.88 9.08

11.76 13.82 13.65 11.13

10.05 10.08 11.95 7.89 12.61 16.70 13.90 10.42 11.50 10.49 6.06 9.39

11.99 14.09 13.81 11.40

10.33 10.30 12.21 8.12 12.77 17.17 14.29 10.86 11.78 10.87 6.20 9.66

12.28 14.12 14.04 11.70

10.60 10.55 12.57 8.36 12.71 17.95 14.86 11.36 11.96 11.21 6.32 9.90

12.63 14.41 14.38 12.04

10.87 10.80 12.93 8.61 12.84 18.66

15.32 11.82 12.15 11.50 6.46 10.18

12.96 14.78 14.73 12.34

15.68 12.28 12.53 11.80 6.62 10.51

13.38 15.10 15.11 12.75

16.30 12.71 13.00 12.17 6.82 10.85

13.82 15.57 15.67 13.14

17.14 13.22 13.57 12.56 7.13 11.29

14.23 16.20 16.23 13.45

17.67 13.93 14.27 13.00 7.48 11.79

14.71 16.33 16.80 13.85

18.40 14.47 14.85 13.44 7.76 12.26

15.27 16.55 17.48 14.32

19.07 14.98 15.52 13.95 8.11 12.73

15.78 17.00 18.00 14.76

19.80 15.59 16.33 14.64 8.35 13.27

16.33 17.19 18.52 15.29

20.20 16.17 16.81 15.21 8.58 13.72

16.80 17.56 18.95 15.74

21.01 17.14 17.21 15.64 8.76 13.84

17.19 18.07 19.23 16.15

21.40 17.52 17.48 16.15 8.91 13.98

17.60 18.73 19.46 16.56

15.71 14.93 18.16 12.36 16.71 26.70

22.07 17.94 18.07 16.72 9.14 14.33

CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 185 Table 2-16. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 (Dollars.)

Industry

DURABLE GOODS

Total ......................................................... Wood product ........................................... Nonmetallic mineral product ..................... Primary metals ......................................... Fabricated metal product ......................... Machinery .................................................

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

11.40 8.82 11.11 12.97 10.64 11.73

11.81 9.03 11.34 13.37 10.97 12.12

12.09 9.24 11.57 13.72 11.16 12.40

12.41 9.41 11.83 14.08 11.40 12.73

12.78 9.66 12.11 14.47 11.64 12.94

13.05 9.92 12.39 14.75 11.91 13.14 12.29 11.25 17.21 9.75 10.23

13.45 10.24 12.80 15.12 12.26 13.49

12.75 11.80 17.67 10.08 10.60

13.83 10.53 13.17 15.40 12.64 13.94

13.24 12.24 18.00 10.50 10.89

14.07 10.85 13.59 15.66 12.97 14.24

13.85 12.51 17.92 10.88 11.18

14.46 11.18 13.97 16.00 13.34 14.77

14.37 12.90 18.24 11.27 11.56

14.93 11.63 14.53 16.64 13.77 15.22

14.73 13.23 18.89 11.72 11.93

15.38 11.99 14.86 17.06 14.19 15.49

15.42 13.78 19.48 12.14 12.46

16.02 12.33 15.40 17.68 14.68 15.92

16.45 12.71 15.76 18.13 15.01 16.30

16.82 13.03 16.25 18.57 15.31 16.68

17.34 13.16 16.61 18.94 15.80 17.03

10.70 9.82 14.30 9.12 8.27 6.74

10.96 10.00 14.97 9.35 8.45 6.95

11.30 10.27 15.40 9.63 8.76 7.22

11.68 10.50 15.73 9.88 9.12 7.45

12.04 10.77 16.00 10.22 9.45 7.76

12.45 11.09 16.03 10.58 9.75 8.05

12.85 11.40 16.54 10.90 10.18 8.35

13.31 11.77 17.40 11.23 10.43 8.60

13.75 12.18 17.67 11.40 10.60 8.82

14.15 12.55 17.73 11.73 10.96 9.10

14.63 12.80 17.96 11.99 11.23 9.56

15.05 12.98 19.14 12.13 11.39 9.75

15.27 13.04 18.79 12.38 11.66 10.24

Computer and electronic product ............. Electrical equipment and appliances ........ Transportation equipment ........................ Furniture and related product ................... Miscellaneous manufacturing ...................

10.89 10.00 14.44 8.52 8.87

11.35 10.30 15.12 8.74 9.16

11.64 10.50 15.59 9.00 9.44

Total ......................................................... Food manufacturing ................................. Beverage and tobacco product ................ Textile mills .............................................. Textile product mills ................................. Apparel .....................................................

9.87 9.04 13.24 8.17 7.53 6.22

10.18 9.32 13.65 8.49 7.77 6.43

10.45 9.59 14.07 8.82 8.03 6.60

NONDURABLE GOODS

Leather and allied product ........................ Paper and paper product ......................... Printing and related support ..................... Petroleum and coal product ..................... Chemicals ................................................ Plastics and rubber product .....................

7.18 12.06 11.11 17.00 12.85 9.76

7.43 12.45 11.32 17.90 13.30 10.07

7.68 12.78 11.53 18.83 13.70 10.35

11.95 10.65 16.22 9.24 9.65

7.88 13.13 11.67 19.43 13.97 10.55

12.19 10.94 16.94 9.51 9.90

8.23 13.49 11.89 19.96 14.33 10.66

8.50 13.94 12.08 20.24 14.86 10.86

8.94 14.38 12.41 20.18 15.37 11.17

9.31 14.76 12.78 21.10 15.78 11.48

9.68 15.20 13.20 21.75 16.23 11.79

9.93 15.58 13.67 22.22 16.40 12.25

10.35 15.91 14.09 22.80 17.09 12.69

10.69 16.38 14.48 22.90 17.57 13.21

16.20 13.98 20.64 12.61 12.91

11.00 16.85 14.93 23.04 17.97 13.55

16.69 14.36 21.23 12.98 13.30

11.66 17.33 15.37 23.63 18.50 14.18

17.27 14.90 21.49 13.16 13.84

11.63 17.91 15.71 24.39 19.17 14.59

18.40 15.25 22.10 13.44 14.08

11.50 17.98 15.75 24.54 19.67 14.82

186 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 2-17. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Nonfarm Payrolls, by Industry, in Current and Constant 1982 Dollars, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 (Dollars.)

Industry

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

TOTAL PRIVATE

Current dollars .............................................. 349.29 358.06 367.83 378.40 390.73 399.53 412.74 431.25 448.04 462.49 480.41 493.20 506.07 Constant 1982 dollars ................................... 262.43 258.34 257.95 258.12 259.97 258.43 259.58 265.22 271.87 274.64 275.62 275.38 278.83 Goods-Producing Current dollars .............................................. 459.55 471.32 482.58 498.82 519.58 528.62 546.48 568.43 580.99 599.99 621.86 630.04 651.61 Constant 1982 dollars ................................... 345.27 340.06 338.42 340.26 345.70 341.93 343.70 349.59 352.54 356.29 356.78 351.78 359.01 Natural resources and mining Current dollars .............................................. 602.54 625.42 629.02 634.77 653.14 670.32 695.07 720.11 727.28 721.74 734.92 757.92 741.97 Constant 1982 dollars ................................... 452.70 451.24 441.11 432.99 434.56 433.58 437.15 442.87 441.31 428.59 421.64 423.18 408.80 Construction Current dollars .............................................. 513.43 520.41 525.13 539.81 558.53 571.57 588.48 609.48 629.75 655.11 685.78 695.89 711.82 Constant 1982 dollars ................................... 385.75 375.48 368.25 368.22 371.61 369.71 370.11 374.83 382.13 389.02 393.45 388.55 392.19 Manufacturing Current dollars .............................................. 436.16 449.73 464.43 480.80 502.12 509.26 526.55 548.22 557.12 573.17 590.65 595.19 618.75 Constant 1982 dollars ................................... 327.69 324.48 325.69 327.97 334.08 329.40 331.16 337.16 338.06 340.36 338.87 332.32 340.91 Private Service-Providing Current dollars .............................................. 315.49 325.31 335.46 345.03 354.97 364.14 376.72 394.77 412.78 427.30 445.00 460.32 472.88 Constant 1982 dollars ................................... 237.03 234.71 235.25 235.35 236.17 235.54 236.93 242.79 250.47 253.74 255.31 257.02 260.54 Trade, transportation, and utilities Current dollars .............................................. 331.55 339.19 348.68 359.33 370.38 378.79 390.64 407.57 423.30 434.31 449.88 459.53 471.27 Constant 1982 dollars ................................... 249.10 244.73 244.52 245.11 246.43 245.01 245.69 250.66 256.86 257.90 258.11 256.58 259.65 Wholesale trade Current dollars .............................................. 444.48 459.27 470.51 484.46 501.17 515.14 533.29 559.39 582.21 602.77 631.40 643.45 644.38 Constant 1982 dollars ................................... 333.94 331.36 329.95 330.46 333.45 333.21 335.40 344.03 353.28 357.94 362.25 359.27 355.03 Retail trade Current dollars .............................................. 235.62 240.15 249.63 256.89 265.77 272.56 282.76 295.97 310.34 321.63 333.38 346.16 360.81 Constant 1982 dollars ................................... 177.02 173.27 175.06 175.23 176.83 176.30 177.84 182.02 188.31 190.99 191.27 193.28 198.79 Transportation and warehousing Current dollars .............................................. 471.72 471.12 478.02 494.36 507.27 513.37 525.60 542.55 546.86 547.97 562.31 562.70 579.75 Constant 1982 dollars ................................... 354.41 339.91 335.22 337.22 337.50 332.06 330.57 333.67 331.83 325.40 322.61 314.18 319.42

2003

2004

2005

517.30 278.72

528.36 277.50

543.65 275.82

669.13 360.52

688.17 361.43

705.28 357.83

765.94 412.68

803.82 422.17

853.89 433.23

726.83 391.61

735.55 386.32

750.63 380.84

635.99 342.67

658.59 345.90

673.61 341.76

483.89 260.72

493.30 259.09

508.66 258.07

481.14 259.23

488.42 256.52

498.59 252.96

657.29 354.14

667.09 350.36

684.91 347.49

367.15 197.82

371.13 194.92

377.68 191.62

598.41 322.42

614.82 322.91

618.64 313.87

760.81 409.92

777.05 408.11

805.89 408.87

609.08 328.17

622.87 327.14

644.71 327.10

587.02 316.28

597.56 313.84

618.46 313.78

505.69 272.46

523.78 275.09

544.80 276.41

224.30 120.85

228.65 120.09

235.29 119.38

434.41 234.06

433.04 227.44

443.06 224.79

Utilities Current dollars .............................................. 670.40 693.40 716.36 756.35 789.98 811.52 830.74 865.26 902.94 924.59 955.66 977.18 979.09 1 017.27 1 048.44 1 097.16 Constant 1982 dollars ................................... 503.68 500.29 502.36 515.93 525.60 524.92 522.48 532.14 547.90 549.04 548.28 545.61 539.44 548.10 550.65 556.65 Information Current dollars .............................................. 479.50 495.20 512.01 535.25 551.28 564.98 592.68 622.40 646.52 675.32 700.89 731.11 738.17 Constant 1982 dollars ................................... 360.26 357.29 359.05 365.11 366.79 365.45 372.75 382.78 392.31 401.02 402.12 408.21 406.71 Financial activities Current dollars .............................................. 354.65 369.57 386.01 403.02 419.20 436.12 451.49 472.37 500.95 517.57 537.37 558.02 575.51 Constant 1982 dollars ................................... 266.45 266.65 270.69 274.91 278.91 282.10 283.96 290.51 303.97 307.35 308.30 311.57 317.09 Professional and business services Current dollars .............................................. 380.61 391.09 400.64 406.20 414.16 426.44 442.81 465.51 490.00 510.99 535.07 557.84 574.66 Constant 1982 dollars ................................... 285.96 282.17 280.95 277.08 275.56 275.83 278.50 286.29 297.33 303.44 306.98 311.47 316.62 Education and health services Current dollars .............................................. 319.27 334.55 348.29 359.08 368.14 377.73 388.27 404.65 418.82 431.35 449.29 473.39 492.74 Constant 1982 dollars ................................... 239.87 241.38 244.24 244.94 244.94 244.33 244.19 248.86 254.14 256.15 257.77 264.32 271.48 Leisure and hospitality Current dollars .............................................. 152.47 155.16 159.54 163.45 168.00 171.43 176.48 185.81 195.82 202.87 211.79 215.19 221.26 Constant 1982 dollars ................................... 114.55 111.95 111.88 111.49 111.78 110.89 110.99 114.27 118.82 120.47 121.51 120.15 121.91 Other services Current dollars .............................................. 297.91 306.91 315.08 322.69 332.44 342.36 352.62 368.63 384.25 398.77 413.41 428.64 439.76 Constant 1982 dollars ................................... 223.82 221.44 220.95 220.12 221.18 221.45 221.77 226.71 233.16 236.80 237.18 239.33 242.29

CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 187 Table 2-18. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by Industry, NAICS Basis, 1990–2005 (Dollars.)

Industry

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

TOTAL MANUFACTURING .........................................................................................

436.16

449.73

464.43

480.80

502.12

509.26

526.55

548.22

Computer and electronic product .................................................................................. Electrical equipment and appliances ................................................................................................................. Transportation equipment ............................................................................................. Furniture and related product ........................................................................................ Miscellaneous manufacturing .......................................................................................

450.09

412.42 606.87 324.08 346.02

464.25

426.96 633.87 330.49 358.56

482.09

439.04 652.95 348.03 370.75

499.15

451.28 697.16 360.63 378.28

514.92

470.21 750.67 373.87 389.79

518.25

471.63 751.74 375.06 400.85

534.42

496.69 773.95 385.68 414.13

562.69

515.73 795.82 410.38 431.89

Leather and allied product ............................................................................................ Paper and paper product .............................................................................................. Printing and related support .......................................................................................... Petroleum and coal product .......................................................................................... Chemicals ..................................................................................................................... Plastics and rubber product ..........................................................................................

268.32 525.71 429.93 754.13 550.25 396.07

279.41 542.26 437.00 786.05 573.27 408.22

291.11 560.27 450.02 821.72 593.17 426.56

302.85 575.49 457.91 855.36 603.71 436.96

314.18 596.19 470.74 883.81 622.46 445.87

319.98 604.74 472.37 883.68 644.30 445.91

337.86 625.38 484.99 881.24 666.00 458.15

355.63 647.55 504.46 908.50 685.26 474.87

Total Durable Goods ................................................................................................... Wood product ................................................................................................................ Nonmetallic mineral product ......................................................................................... Primary metals .............................................................................................................. Fabricated metal product .............................................................................................. Machinery .....................................................................................................................

Total Nondurable Goods ............................................................................................ Food manufacturing ...................................................................................................... Beverage and tobacco product ..................................................................................... Textile mills ................................................................................................................... Textile product mills ...................................................................................................... Apparel ..........................................................................................................................

Industry

468.43 356.38 453.98 545.22 436.12 493.39

390.65 355.61 515.73 328.11 293.77 216.10

1998

483.28 362.69 459.20 555.37 447.98 507.96

404.17 364.90 530.09 345.48 303.81 227.76

1999

499.59 377.76 474.55 581.34 459.64 525.53

417.95 375.69 544.25 364.45 314.47 235.20

2000

519.92 387.38 490.54 606.37 474.21 549.98

429.15 386.04 547.60 379.74 329.26 239.45

2001

544.66 402.86 510.92 637.69 492.07 568.12

443.82 398.54 588.39 391.64 336.96 248.33

2002

549.49 406.51 517.68 639.70 498.48 571.25

452.83 406.66 605.00 394.17 342.17 254.85

2003

566.53 422.32 537.81 658.68 513.57 584.69

467.88 414.74 624.82 403.08 356.90 261.90

2004

589.10 435.78 552.02 681.47 534.48 613.49

487.04 428.58 639.69 425.53 373.95 275.61

2005

TOTAL MANUFACTURING .........................................................................................

557.12

573.17

590.65

595.19

618.75

635.99

658.59

673.61

Computer and electronic product .................................................................................. Electrical equipment and appliances ................................................................................................................. Transportation equipment ............................................................................................. Furniture and related product ........................................................................................ Miscellaneous manufacturing .......................................................................................

579.70

522.51 774.82 428.50 437.99

596.25

538.98 796.25 443.38 454.56

609.70

550.56 817.98 459.69 465.02

613.07

548.00 817.08 464.57 483.44

642.87

560.24 877.87 494.01 499.13

674.72

583.23 889.48 505.30 510.82

697.83

606.97 912.98 519.62 533.07

735.82

619.19 938.37 527.11 545.19

Leather and allied product ............................................................................................ Paper and paper product .............................................................................................. Printing and related support .......................................................................................... Petroleum and coal product .......................................................................................... Chemicals ..................................................................................................................... Plastics and rubber product ..........................................................................................

361.87 662.20 518.32 949.28 700.53 487.00

369.80 679.24 534.15 947.60 700.45 505.31

388.46 681.34 552.15 973.53 721.90 517.74

388.83 690.06 560.89 1 003.34 735.54 528.69

412.99 705.62 573.05 990.88 759.53 549.85

457.83 719.73 587.58 1 052.32 783.95 572.26

446.66 754.14 603.97 1 095.00 819.73 589.84

442.16 763.36 604.80 1 117.94 831.40 592.50

Total Durable Goods ................................................................................................... Wood product ................................................................................................................ Nonmetallic mineral product ......................................................................................... Primary metals .............................................................................................................. Fabricated metal product .............................................................................................. Machinery .....................................................................................................................

Total Nondurable Goods ............................................................................................ Food manufacturing ...................................................................................................... Beverage and tobacco product ..................................................................................... Textile mills ................................................................................................................... Textile product mills ...................................................................................................... Apparel ..........................................................................................................................

591.68 449.78 572.96 681.64 543.20 613.87

503.99 444.81 646.26 434.15 385.13 286.07

606.67 461.61 587.53 700.76 555.86 625.40

519.91 458.63 679.06 447.38 401.01 295.20

624.38 477.23 604.88 734.62 576.68 643.92

536.82 472.09 730.35 464.51 406.24 307.00

624.54 481.36 618.79 723.95 576.60 632.77

548.41 481.67 721.68 456.64 408.56 317.15

652.97 492.00 646.91 749.32 596.38 645.55

566.84 496.91 698.39 476.52 429.01 333.66

671.21 514.10 664.92 767.60 610.37 664.79

582.61 502.92 702.45 469.33 444.70 340.12

694.13 530.15 688.20 799.78 628.80 699.59

602.53 509.55 751.20 486.68 443.12 351.56

713.05 526.91 700.62 815.52 647.32 716.48

609.13 508.03 752.39 498.47 455.19 366.11

188 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-19. Average Hourly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 2001–2005 (Dollars.)

State

UNITED STATES ................................................................

2001

2002 14.76

2003 15.29

2004 15.74

2005 16.15

16.56

Alabama .............................................................................. Alaska .................................................................................. Arizona ................................................................................ Arkansas .............................................................................. California .............................................................................

12.76 11.70 13.80 12.90 14.69

13.10 13.24 14.16 13.30 14.89

13.56 12.18 14.38 13.55 15.04

14.33 12.01 14.20 13.49 15.36

14.93 14.22 14.55 13.71 15.70

Georgia ................................................................................ Hawaii .................................................................................. Idaho .................................................................................... Illinois ................................................................................... Indiana .................................................................................

12.50 13.18 13.85 14.66 16.42

13.38 13.07 13.80 14.99 17.15

14.08 12.90 13.72 15.20 17.84

14.54 13.50 14.15 15.61 17.92

14.56 14.35 14.96 15.84 18.14

Colorado .............................................................................. Connecticut .......................................................................... Delaware ............................................................................. District of Columbia ............................................................. Florida ..................................................................................

Iowa ..................................................................................... Kansas ................................................................................. Kentucky .............................................................................. Louisiana ............................................................................. Maine ................................................................................... Maryland .............................................................................. Massachusetts ..................................................................... Michigan .............................................................................. Minnesota ............................................................................ Mississippi ...........................................................................

Missouri ............................................................................... Montana ............................................................................... Nebraska ............................................................................. Nevada ................................................................................ New Hampshire ................................................................... New Jersey .......................................................................... New Mexico ......................................................................... New York ............................................................................. North Carolina ..................................................................... North Dakota .......................................................................

Ohio ..................................................................................... Oklahoma ............................................................................ Oregon ................................................................................. Pennsylvania ....................................................................... Rhode Island ....................................................................... South Carolina ..................................................................... South Dakota ....................................................................... Tennessee ........................................................................... Texas ................................................................................... Utah ..................................................................................... Vermont ............................................................................... Virginia ................................................................................. Washington .......................................................................... West Virginia ....................................................................... Wisconsin ............................................................................ Wyoming .............................................................................. Puerto Rico .......................................................................... Virgin Islands ....................................................................... . . . = Not available.

14.72 16.42 16.56 ... 12.68

14.67 15.48 15.44 16.18 14.71 14.56 15.75 19.45 14.76 11.93 16.11 14.03 13.64 13.79 13.98 14.74 13.27 16.24 12.81 12.77 16.79 13.66 14.74 14.37 12.68 13.79 12.11 12.88 14.04 13.76 14.18 14.50 17.96 14.80 15.44 17.26

... 22.57

15.44 17.24 16.60 ... 13.30

15.32 15.98 15.73 17.03 15.55 15.21 16.25 20.51 15.06 12.32 16.80 14.43 14.05 14.62 14.21 15.19 13.41 16.75 13.18 13.17 17.49 14.11 15.06 14.75 12.75 14.00 12.60 13.15 13.93 14.12 14.33 15.20 18.15 15.40 15.86 17.72

... 22.98

16.89 17.74 16.91 ... 14.09

15.70 15.83 16.01 16.86 16.28 15.74 16.53 21.20 15.43 12.89 18.22 14.02 14.86 14.63 14.85 15.45 13.19 16.78 13.66 14.04 17.99 14.13 15.20 14.99 12.88 14.19 13.13 13.56 13.94 14.90 14.54 15.90 18.02 16.05 16.12 16.75

10.46 23.37

16.46 18.35 17.66 ... 13.84

16.17 16.57 16.50 16.40 16.97 16.47 16.89 21.51 16.04 13.12 17.92 14.87 15.19 14.60 15.48 15.89 13.13 17.29 14.25 14.35 18.47 14.24 15.34 15.16 13.03 14.73 13.37 13.84 13.98 15.38 14.60 16.11 18.28 16.57 16.19 16.58

10.84 23.35

15.91 18.96 17.72 ... 13.89

16.25 17.14 16.64 17.30 17.28 16.98 17.67 21.50 16.63 13.53 17.43 15.61 15.44 14.98 15.87 16.33 13.66 17.77 14.38 15.29 19.07 14.65 15.49 15.26 13.12 15.23 13.47 14.03 14.03 14.71 15.06 16.40 18.83 17.14 16.29 17.07

11.09 23.50

CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 189 Table 2-20. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers on Manufacturing Payrolls, by State and Selected Territory, NAICS Basis, 2001–2005 (Dollars.)

State

UNITED STATES ................................................................

2001

2002 595.19

2003 618.75

2004 635.99

2005 658.59

673.61

Alabama .............................................................................. Alaska .................................................................................. Arizona ................................................................................ Arkansas .............................................................................. California .............................................................................

523.16 504.27 556.14 514.71 581.72

542.34 495.18 566.40 528.01 589.64

555.96 523.74 580.95 536.58 597.09

584.66 487.61 575.10 538.25 614.40

609.14 467.84 592.19 547.03 626.43

Georgia ................................................................................ Hawaii .................................................................................. Idaho .................................................................................... Illinois ................................................................................... Indiana .................................................................................

505.00 474.48 541.54 601.06 673.22

547.24 465.29 546.48 620.59 727.16

560.38 479.88 566.64 617.12 751.06

569.97 511.65 573.08 640.01 754.43

567.84 551.04 602.89 646.27 760.07

Colorado .............................................................................. Connecticut .......................................................................... Delaware ............................................................................. District of Columbia ............................................................. Florida ..................................................................................

Iowa ..................................................................................... Kansas ................................................................................. Kentucky .............................................................................. Louisiana ............................................................................. Maine ................................................................................... Maryland .............................................................................. Massachusetts ..................................................................... Michigan .............................................................................. Minnesota ............................................................................ Mississippi ...........................................................................

Missouri ............................................................................... Montana ............................................................................... Nebraska ............................................................................. Nevada ................................................................................ New Hampshire ................................................................... New Jersey .......................................................................... New Mexico ......................................................................... New York ............................................................................. North Carolina ..................................................................... North Dakota .......................................................................

Ohio ..................................................................................... Oklahoma ............................................................................ Oregon ................................................................................. Pennsylvania ....................................................................... Rhode Island ....................................................................... South Carolina ..................................................................... South Dakota ....................................................................... Tennessee ........................................................................... Texas ................................................................................... Utah ..................................................................................... Vermont ............................................................................... Virginia ................................................................................. Washington .......................................................................... West Virginia ....................................................................... Wisconsin ............................................................................ Wyoming .............................................................................. Puerto Rico .......................................................................... Virgin Islands ....................................................................... . . . = Not available.

599.10 684.71 657.43 ... 514.81

600.00 630.04 640.76 697.36 585.46 567.84 634.73 814.96 584.50 473.62 649.23 544.36 561.97 533.67 567.59 598.44 517.53 646.35 504.71 522.29 691.75 538.20 576.33 580.55 499.59 568.15 504.99 501.03 584.06 528.38 561.53 581.30 718.40 608.28 620.69 666.24

... 990.82

626.86 717.18 664.00 ... 559.93

632.72 651.98 663.81 747.62 620.45 608.40 663.00 875.78 597.88 500.19 660.24 551.23 588.70 567.26 565.56 621.27 535.06 675.03 529.84 529.43 724.09 553.11 588.85 594.43 493.43 589.40 532.98 527.32 572.52 533.74 573.20 621.30 727.82 637.56 642.33 696.40

... 1 004.23

682.36 734.44 681.47 ... 577.69

654.69 641.12 667.62 743.53 651.20 621.73 671.12 892.52 620.29 514.31 737.91 538.37 618.18 570.57 594.00 633.45 519.69 671.20 543.67 561.60 737.59 555.31 597.36 599.60 506.18 586.05 558.03 539.69 577.12 591.53 581.60 647.70 711.79 662.87 649.64 673.35

427.81 1 000.24

664.98 767.03 708.17 ... 568.82

682.37 679.37 673.20 719.96 672.01 660.45 694.18 912.02 656.04 526.11 720.38 569.52 631.90 585.46 619.20 668.97 519.95 686.41 574.28 563.96 770.20 576.72 599.79 610.95 510.78 581.84 561.54 553.60 556.40 585.98 586.92 668.57 731.20 686.00 652.46 658.23

444.44 1 083.44

612.54 800.11 703.48 ... 579.21

676.00 704.45 675.58 726.60 684.29 680.90 733.31 896.55 680.17 542.55 690.23 625.96 617.60 596.20 653.84 685.86 534.11 703.69 575.20 599.37 789.50 574.28 622.70 618.03 503.81 604.63 569.78 549.98 561.20 576.63 590.35 678.96 747.55 709.60 658.12 691.34

452.47 1 029.30

190 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS QUARTERLY CENSUS OF EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES The Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) program, also referred to as the ES-202 program, is a cooperative endeavor of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs). Using quarterly data submitted by the agencies, BLS summarizes the employment and wage data for workers covered by state unemployment insurance laws and civilian workers covered by the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) program. The QCEW tables use the 2002 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as the basis for the assignment and tabulation of economic data by industry. The structure of NAICS is significantly different than that of the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system, which was previously used for industry classification purposes. Due to these differences, results in NAICS-based data are not directly comparable with historical SIC-based data. The NAICS classification system was described in the sixth edition of this Handbook and more information about NAICS can be found on the BLS Web site at . The QCEW data series is the most complete universe of employment and wage information by industry, county, and state. These data serve as the basic source of benchmark information for employment by industry in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey, which is described in the first section of notes in this chapter. Therefore, the entire employment series is not presented here. The wage series is presented because the CES only provides earnings only for production and nonsupervisory employees. The QCEW is more comprehensive. BLS aggregates the data by industry and ownership; these aggregations are available at the national, state, county, and metropolitan statistical area (MSA) levels. Collection and Coverage Employment data under the QCEW program represent the number of covered workers who worked during (or received pay for) the pay period containing the 12th of the month. Excluded are members of the armed forces, the self-employed, proprietors, domestic workers, unpaid family workers, and railroad workers covered by the railroad unemployment insurance system. Annual pay data are compiled from reports submitted by employers subject to state and federal unemployment

insurance (UI) laws, covering approximately 130 million full- and part-time workers. Average annual pay is computed by dividing total annual payrolls of employees covered by UI programs by the average monthly number of these employees. Pay differences among states reflect the varying composition of employment by occupation, industry, hours of work, and other factors, and pay differences among industries are similarly affected. For example, the relatively large share of part-time workers reduces average annual pay levels in retail trade industries. Correspondingly, pay levels in construction industries reflect the prevalence of part-year employment due to weather and seasonal factors. Over-the-year pay changes may reflect shifts in the composition of employment, as well as changes in the average level of pay. Total wages, for purposes of the quarterly UI reports submitted by private industry employers in private industry in most states, include gross wages and salaries, bonuses, stock options, tips and other gratuities, and the value of meals and lodging (when supplied). In some of the states, employer contributions to certain deferred compensation plans, such as 401(k) plans, are included in total wages. Total wages, however, do not include employer contributions to Old Age, Survivors’, and Disability Insurance (OASDI), health insurance, unemployment insurance, workers’ compensation, and private pension and welfare funds. In most states, firms report the total wages paid during the calendar quarter, regardless of the timing of the services performed. However, under the laws of a few states, the employers report total wages earned during the quarter (payable) rather than actual amounts paid. For federal workers, wages represent the gross amount of all payrolls for all pay periods paid within the quarter. This gross amount includes cash allowances and the cash equivalent of any type of remuneration. It includes all lump-sum payments for terminal leave, withholding taxes, and retirement deductions. Federal employee remuneration generally covers the same types of services as those for workers in private industry. Sources of Additional Information Additional information and the sub-national data are available in the annual BLS bulletin, Employment and Wages, Annual Averages, which can be found on the BLS Web site at .

CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 191

Table 2-21. Employment and Average Annual Pay for All Covered Workers,1 by Industry, NAICS Basis, 2001–2004 (Number, dollars.)

Industry

2001

Employment

Average annual pay

2002

Employment

Average annual pay

2003

Employment

Average annual pay

2004

Employment

Average annual pay

Total Private .................................................................................... Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ........................................ Mining .............................................................................................. Construction .................................................................................... Manufacturing ..................................................................................

109 304 802 1 170 570 535 189 6 773 512 16 386 001

36 157 20 188 59 686 38 412 42 969

107 577 281 1 155 890 505 979 6 683 553 15 209 192

36 539 20 890 60 392 39 027 44 097

107 065 553 1 156 242 500 103 6 672 360 14 459 712

37 508 21 366 62 313 39 509 45 916

108 490 066 1 155 106 519 931 6 916 398 14 257 380

39 134 22 337 66 632 40 521 47 861

Financial activities ........................................................................... Professional and business services ................................................. Education and health services ........................................................ Leisure and hospitality ...................................................................... Other services .................................................................................

7 678 974 16 324 890 14 849 666 11 884 966 4 206 345

55 515 43 566 32 718 15 426 23 220

7 706 265 15 939 596 15 346 718 11 995 950 4 246 011

55 172 43 899 33 931 15 777 23 784

7 826 930 15 858 457 15 738 013 12 162 238 4 261 165

57 143 45 052 35 071 16 138 24 348

7 890 786 16 294 776 16 084 963 12 467 597 4 287 999

61 487 47 401 36 548 16 624 25 152

Wholesale trade ............................................................................... Retail trade ...................................................................................... Transportation and warehousing ..................................................... Utilities ............................................................................................. Information .......................................................................................

Total Government ........................................................................... Federal ............................................................................................ State ................................................................................................ Local ................................................................................................ 1Includes

5 730 294 15 179 753 4 138 146 599 899 3 591 995

20 330 998 2 752 619 4 452 237 13 126 143

48 791 22 667 36 189 65 561 57 288

36 549 48 940 37 814 33 521

5 617 456 15 018 588 3 989 116 592 152 3 364 485

20 656 638 2 758 627 4 485 071 13 412 941

49 241 23 232 36 823 67 374 56 103

37 935 52 050 39 212 34 605

5 589 032 14 930 765 3 946 170 575 877 3 180 752

20 730 273 2 764 275 4 481 845 13 484 153

workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI) and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs.

50 835 23 804 37 436 68 651 58 002

39 094 54 239 40 057 35 669

5 642 537 15 060 686 4 009 165 563 931 3 099 633

20 788 110 2 739 596 4 484 997 13 563 517

53 310 24 415 38 834 72 403 60 722

40 500 57 782 41 118 36 805

192 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 2-22. Employment and Average Annual Pay for All Covered Workers,1 by State and Selected Territory, 2001–2004 (Number, dollars.)

State

Employment

2001

Average annual pay

Employment

2002

Average annual pay

Employment

2003

UNITED STATES ......................................

129 635 800

36 219

128 233 919

36 764

127 795 827

Colorado .................................................... Connecticut ................................................ Delaware ................................................... District of Columbia ................................... Florida ........................................................

2 201 379 1 665 607 406 736 635 749 7 153 589

37 952 46 993 38 427 55 908 31 553

2 153 857 1 648 547 401 971 650 515 7 164 523

38 005 46 852 39 684 57 914 32 426

2 117 773 1 625 801 402 166 651 088 7 248 097

Alabama .................................................... Alaska ........................................................ Arizona ...................................................... Arkansas .................................................... California ...................................................

1 854 462 283 033 2 243 652 1 127 151 14 981 757

30 102 36 170 33 411 27 260 41 327

Georgia ...................................................... Hawaii ........................................................ Idaho .......................................................... Illinois ......................................................... Indiana .......................................................

3 871 763 557 146 571 314 5 886 248 2 871 236

35 136 31 253 27 768 39 083 31 779

Maryland .................................................... Massachusetts ........................................... Michigan .................................................... Minnesota .................................................. Mississippi .................................................

2 421 899 3 276 224 4 476 659 2 609 669 1 111 255

38 253 44 975 37 391 36 587 25 923

Iowa ........................................................... Kansas ....................................................... Kentucky .................................................... Louisiana ................................................... Maine .........................................................

Missouri ..................................................... Montana ..................................................... Nebraska ................................................... Nevada ...................................................... New Hampshire .........................................

1 429 543 1 319 667 1 736 575 1 869 966 593 166

2 652 876 383 905 883 920 1 043 748 610 192

32 421 25 195 28 377 33 121 35 481

5 434 769 1 463 622 1 596 753 5 552 366 468 952

33 283 28 016 33 204 34 978 33 603

New Jersey ................................................ New Mexico ............................................... New York ................................................... North Carolina ........................................... North Dakota .............................................

3 876 194 729 422 8 423 312 3 805 498 311 632

South Carolina ........................................... South Dakota ............................................. Tennessee ................................................. Texas ......................................................... Utah ...........................................................

Puerto Rico ................................................ Virgin Islands .............................................

Ohio ........................................................... Oklahoma .................................................. Oregon ....................................................... Pennsylvania ............................................. Rhode Island .............................................

Vermont ..................................................... Virginia ....................................................... Washington ................................................ West Virginia ............................................. Wisconsin .................................................. Wyoming ....................................................

1Includes

28 837 30 153 30 021 29 131 28 815

1 830 620 287 231 2 240 234 1 119 428 14 837 334

3 807 915 558 651 571 869 5 771 132 2 832 553 1 412 203 1 303 114 1 717 975 1 847 754 591 052 2 427 257 3 202 323 4 390 209 2 585 650 1 104 225 2 627 082 388 161 874 063 1 045 012 603 234

44 320 28 702 46 727 32 024 25 707

3 855 419 737 418 8 272 274 3 751 648 311 800

1 786 899 364 715 2 625 746 9 350 770 1 050 674

29 255 25 601 31 520 36 045 30 077

1 765 717 363 292 2 601 518 9 261 089 1 041 707

1 007 919 44 330

19 728 29 210

298 020 3 436 172 2 689 507 685 754 2 717 660 237 278

30 238 36 733 37 459 27 981 31 540 28 043

5 332 891 1 439 701 1 573 057 5 504 553 468 557

295 443 3 404 760 2 643 754 683 183 2 690 830 239 615 992 529 43 070

31 163 37 134 34 036 28 074 41 419

35 734 32 671 28 163 39 688 32 603 29 668 30 825 30 904 30 115 29 736 39 382 44 954 38 135 37 458 26 665 33 118 26 001 29 448 33 993 36 176

2 142 352 1 631 240 411 298 659 542 7 463 255

36 626 33 742 28 677 40 540 33 379

2 434 245 3 141 089 4 321 094 2 576 452 1 096 802

30 708 31 489 31 855 30 782 30 750 40 686 46 323 39 433 38 610 27 591

2 615 848 393 541 875 251 1 080 624 604 340

33 788 26 907 30 382 35 329 37 321

5 281 390 1 411 640 1 563 725 5 471 255 472 586

35 153 29 699 34 450 36 995 36 415

30 003 26 360 32 531 36 248 30 585

1 766 861 364 263 2 598 748 9 208 473 1 041 938

20 662 30 506

38 942 48 328 40 954 60 417 33 544

3 783 232 569 532 575 889 5 698 184 2 821 879

3 850 590 745 935 8 224 387 3 719 444 314 283

31 041 37 222 38 242 28 612 32 464 28 975

129 278 176

32 236 37 804 35 056 28 893 42 592

1 404 377 1 284 726 1 714 060 1 855 554 591 372

294 395 3 410 834 2 653 237 677 901 2 687 919 241 699 1 023 102 41 961

workers covered by the Unemployment Insurance (UI) and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs.

Employment

2004

37 765

1 823 573 291 797 2 272 393 1 115 891 14 807 656

45 182 29 431 46 328 32 689 26 550 34 214 28 654 33 684 35 808 34 810

Average annual pay

33 414 39 062 36 646 30 245 44 641

3 840 663 585 131 591 355 5 700 643 2 848 873

37 866 35 198 29 871 42 277 34 694

1 422 454 1 296 618 1 729 015 1 865 164 597 238 2 459 362 3 138 738 4 301 743 2 600 360 1 105 915

40 276 51 007 42 487 63 887 35 186

32 097 32 738 33 165 31 880 31 906 42 579 48 916 40 373 40 398 28 535

2 627 401 403 432 882 263 1 145 762 613 310

34 845 27 830 31 507 37 106 39 176

5 292 088 1 427 618 1 595 003 5 496 599 475 628

36 441 30 743 35 630 38 555 37 651

3 873 787 760 449 8 271 927 3 777 872 321 108

30 750 27 210 33 581 36 968 31 106

1 789 447 369 632 2 644 749 9 323 537 1 071 855

21 548 30 994

39 354

1 851 769 296 292 2 354 660 1 129 018 14 953 022

46 351 30 202 47 247 33 532 27 628

32 086 38 585 39 021 29 284 33 425 29 924

Average annual pay

298 454 3 495 767 2 694 933 686 936 2 714 847 248 051 1 043 949 43 156

48 064 31 411 49 941 34 791 28 987

31 839 28 281 34 925 38 511 32 171 33 274 40 534 39 361 30 382 34 743 31 210 22 259 31 846

CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 193

BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS Private Sector Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses, Seasonally Adjusted, September 1992–December 2005

Number

10,000

Gross job gains

Gross job losses

9,000 8,000 7,000

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1992 1993

6,000

Year

Components of Private Sector Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses, Seasonally Adjusted, September 1992–December 2005

Number

8,000 6,000 4,000

Expansions

Openings

Contractions

Closings

2,000

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1992 1993

0

Year

Private sector business establishments gained about 7.82 million gross jobs in the fourth quarter of 2005, 237,000 fewer jobs than in the third quarter. However, job losses were also lower than the previous quarter, resulting in a net change (the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses) of 551,000. Although substantial, this net change contained more than 300,000 fewer jobs than the net change posted in the fourth quarter of 2004. Gross job gains and losses demonstrate that a sizable number of jobs appear and disappear within the short time from of one quarter. (See Table 2-23.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • During the fourth quarter of 2005, expanding establishments added 6.3 million jobs while opening establishments added another 1.5 million jobs. Gross job losses were 7.3 million, somewhat less than the third quarter for 2005 but about the same as the fourth quarter of 2004. Job losses due to closing establishments were 1.4 million, fewer than in the fourth quarter of 2004. (See Table 2-23.) • In the fourth quarter of 2005, gross jobs gains represented 7.1 percent of private sector employment, a smaller proportion than in the third quarter of 2005. Gross jobs losses were at a low of 6.5 percent. (See Table 2-24.) • The manufacturing sector had a small net job gain in the fourth quarter of 2005, after experiencing net losses for the previous four quarters. Service-providing industries contributed about 78 percent of the total net job gain. (See Table 2-25.)

194 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS (BED) The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative program known as the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), or the ES-202 program. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) compiles the BED data from existing quarterly state unemployment insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the United States are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by UI laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) to BLS. These reports form the basis of the BLS establishment universe-sampling frame. In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows estimations of jobs gained at opening and expanding establishments and of jobs lost at closing and contracting establishments. BLS publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for every given quarter. Each of these measures—the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey, the QCEW program, and the BED data each make use of the quarterly UI employment reports. However, each measure has somewhat different types of universal coverage, estimation procedures, and publication products. (See the notes and corresponding tables for CES and QCEW in earlier sections of this chapter.) Concepts and Definitions The BED data measure the net change in employment at the establishment level. These changes can come about in four different ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening establishments or expanding establishments. A net decrease in employment can come

from either closing establishments or contracting establishments. Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding establishments. Gross job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting establishments. The net change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Openings consist of establishments with positive thirdmonth employment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third-month employment in the current quarter, following zero employment in the previous quarter. Expansions include establishments with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period. Closings consist of establishments with positive thirdmonth employment in the previous quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current quarter. Contractions include establishments with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period. Sources of Additional Information For additional information, see BLS news release 06-1562, “Business Employment Dynamics: Fourth Quarter 2005.” An extensive article on the BED data appeared in the April 2004 edition of the Monthly Labor Review. These resources can be found on the BLS Web site at .

CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 195 Table 2-23. Private Sector Gross Job Gains and Job Losses, Seasonally Adjusted, September 1992– December 2005 (Thousands of jobs.) Year and month 1992 September .............................. December ...............................

1993 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

Net change1

455 216

1 571 1 398

5 354 5 136 5 316 5 420

1 642 1 408 1 333 1 375

746 402 771 407

7 782 7 714 7 970 7 877

6 129 6 017 6 291 6 153

1 653 1 697 1 679 1 724

7 036 7 312 7 199 7 470

5 660 5 839 5 680 5 934

1 376 1 473 1 519 1 536

799 594 854 702 747 666 659 759

2001 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

-101 -771 -1 380 -871

2003 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

-404 -142 72 344

2005 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

5 351 5 487

6 996 6 544 6 649 6 795

380 569 548 1 105

2004 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

6 922 6 885

Closing establishments

1 899 1 536 1 642 1 596

1999 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

2002 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

1 745 1 636

Contracting establishments

Total

5 410 5 794 5 881 5 840

460 642 632 861

2000 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

5 632 5 465

Gross job losses

7 309 7 330 7 523 7 436

1996 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

1998 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

7 377 7 101

Opening establishments

313 786 874 641

517 1 021 1 175 507

1997 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

Expanding establishments

Total

1994 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ............................... 1995 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

Gross job gains

818 541 146 336

-1 -80 -211 -175

435 594 191 869 325 574 628 551

7 400 7 807 7 972 7 630

7 943 8 080 8 189 8 278 8 292 8 098 8 593 8 731 8 788 8 722 8 539 8 576 8 744 8 800 8 817 9 144 8 906 8 764 8 724 8 690 8 555 8 254 7 749 7 893 8 128 8 050 7 763 7 702 7 472 7 560 7 396 7 646

7 745 7 857 7 789 8 081 7 635 7 932 8 055 7 818

1Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

5 807 6 060 6 227 5 998

6 190 6 302 6 326 6 409 6 448 6 342 6 680 6 727 6 633 6 569 6 574 6 778

6 733 6 788 6 871 7 112 6 988 6 975 6 834 6 862 6 768 6 439 5 990 6 055

6 324 6 246 6 083 6 059 5 932 6 033 5 897 6 063

6 231 6 292 6 123 6 365 6 171 6 311 6 423 6 293

1 593 1 747 1 745 1 632

1 753 1 778 1 863 1 869 1 844 1 756 1 913 2 004 2 155 2 153 1 965 1 798

2 011 2 012 1 946 2 032 1 918 1 789 1 890 1 828 1 787 1 815 1 759 1 838

1 804 1 804 1 680 1 643 1 540 1 527 1 499 1 583

1 514 1 565 1 666 1 716 1 464 1 621 1 632 1 525

6 883 6 786 6 797 7 123

7 483 7 438 7 557 7 417 7 493 7 504 7 739 8 029 8 041 8 056 7 880 7 817

8 364 8 231 8 269 8 039 8 088 8 223 8 578 8 354 8 656 9 025 9 129 8 764

8 129 8 130 7 974 7 877 7 876 7 702 7 324 7 302

7 310 7 263 7 598 7 212 7 310 7 358 7 427 7 267

5 435 5 295 5 493 5 647

5 957 5 894 5 998 5 889 5 900 5 925 5 981 6 068 6 107 6 218 6 161 6 060

6 466 6 419 6 397 6 264 6 361 6 509 6 719 6 582 6 756 7 149 7 174 6 995

6 400 6 411 6 345 6 267 6 321 6 138 5 893 5 816

5 871 5 726 5 953 5 727 5 852 5 873 5 915 5 888

1 448 1 491 1 304 1 476

1 526 1 544 1 559 1 528 1 593 1 579 1 758 1 961 1 934 1 838 1 719 1 757 1 898 1 812 1 872 1 775 1 727 1 714 1 859 1 772 1 900 1 876 1 955 1 769 1 729 1 719 1 629 1 610 1 555 1 564 1 431 1 486

1 439 1 537 1 645 1 485 1 458 1 485 1 512 1 379

196 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 2-24. Private Sector Gross Job Gains and Job Losses, as a Percent of Employment,1 Seasonally Adjusted, September 1992–December 2005 (Percent.)

Year and month

Net change2

Gross job gains Expanding establishments

Total

Opening establishments

Gross job losses Expanding establishments

Total

Closing establishments

1992 September .............................. December ...............................

0.5 0.2

8.3 7.9

6.3 6.1

2.0 1.8

7.8 7.7

6.0 6.1

1.8 1.6

1994 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

0.5 1.1 1.2 0.6

8.0 8.4 8.4 8.0

6.3 6.5 6.6 6.3

1.7 1.9 1.8 1.7

7.5 7.3 7.2 7.4

5.9 5.7 5.8 5.9

1.6 1.6 1.4 1.5

1993 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

1995 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ............................... 1996 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ............................... 1997 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ............................... 1998 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ............................... 1999 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ............................... 2000 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

0.3 0.8 0.9 0.6

0.8 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.5 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.3

2001 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

-0.1 -0.8 -1.3 -0.8

2003 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

-0.5 -0.2 0.1 0.4

2002 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

2004 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ............................... 2005 March ...................................... June ........................................ September .............................. December ...............................

0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2

0.4 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.6

8.1 8.1 8.2 8.0

8.1 8.0 8.2 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.3 8.2 7.9 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.4 8.2 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.2 8.5 8.2 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.7 7.4 7.1 7.3 7.6 7.5 7.3 7.1 6.9 7.0 6.9 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.4 6.9 7.2 7.3 7.1

1The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the 2Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

6.0 6.4 6.4 6.3

6.4 6.2 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.6 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.7

2.1 1.7 1.8 1.7

1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.4

previous and current employment.

7.8 7.3 7.3 7.4

7.3 7.5 7.4 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.4 7.5 7.4 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.5 7.4 7.9 7.7 7.7 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.8 7.6 7.8 8.2 8.4 8.1 7.5 7.6 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.2 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.7 7.0 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.8 6.5

6.0 5.7 5.8 5.9

5.9 6.0 5.8 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.7 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.0

1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5

1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6

6.1 6.5 6.6 6.5

1.7 1.7 1.8 1.6

5.9 5.7 5.5 5.4

1.5 1.5 1.3 1.4

5.9 6.0 5.9 5.8

5.5 5.3 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.3

1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5

1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2

CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT, HOURS, AND EARNINGS 197 Table 2-25. Three-Month Private Sector Job Gains and Losses, by Industry, Seasonally Adjusted, December 2004–December 2005 (Thousands of jobs.)

Industry

December 2004

Gross job gains (3 months ended)

March 2005

June 2005

September 2005

December 2005

December 2004

Gross job losses (3 months ended)

March 2005

June 2005

September 2005

December 2005

TOTAL PRIVATE1 .............................................

8 081

7 635

7 932

8 055

7 818

7 212

7 310

7 358

7 427

7 267

Service-Providing1 ........................................... Wholesale trade ................................................. Retail trade ......................................................... Transportation and warehousing ........................ Utilities ................................................................

6 347 329 1 090 255 11

5 915 319 1 020 243 15

6 219 337 1 047 248 15

6 357 338 1 074 254 13

6 096 320 1 058 268 14

5 575 294 992 217 15

5 624 310 980 231 15

5 679 300 989 262 18

5 764 311 1 063 236 12

5 661 302 1 015 231 16

Goods-Producing ............................................. Natural resources and mining ............................ Construction ....................................................... Manufacturing ....................................................

Information ......................................................... Financial activities .............................................. Professional and business services ................... Education and health services .......................... Leisure and hospitality ....................................... Other services ....................................................

1Includes

unclassified sector, not shown separately.

1 734 296 848 590

188 497 1 512 802 1 204 299

1 720 307 844 569

143 452 1 370 741 1 138

302

1 713 288 859 566

155 475 1 456 800 1 212 309

1 698 265 868 565

170 480 1 523 811 1 202 297

1 722 279 862 581

152 472 1 432 766 1 175 289

1 637 275 747 615

169 451 1 300 647 1 134 310

1 686 284 806 596

164 443 1 304 704 1 131 297

1 679 285 786 608

153 439 1 332 701 1 135 300

1 663 265 782 616

154 413 1 311 691 1 219 309

1 606 265 774 567

156 434 1 303 699 1 165 296

CHAPTER THREE OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES

OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES HIGHLIGHTS This chapter presents employment and wage statistics for 801 occupations from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’s Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) program.

45

45

40

40

35

35

30

30

25

25

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

0

0 Management

Computer and mathematical science

Education, training, and library

Sales and related

Production

Percent of total employment

Mean hourly wage

Percent of Total Employment and Mean Hourly Wages of Selected Major Occupational Groups, May 2005

Office and administrative support

Major occupational group Mean hourly wage

Percent of total employment

The distribution of employment and wages in occupations changed little between 2004 and 2005. Office and administrative support occupations continued to employ the largest percentage of workers in any major group (17.5 percent), while mean hourly wages for this occupational group remained relatively low at $14.28 per hour—more than 27 percent less than average. In contrast, management occupations employed only 4.6 percent of total workers, but workers in this occupational group earned a mean hourly wage of $42.52. (See Table 3-1.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • The gap between the earnings of management, the highest-paid major occupational group, and food preparation and serving, the lowest-paid major occupational group, continued to grow. Management earned 4.96 times as much as food preparation and serving in 2005 compared to 4.88 times as much (as food preparation and serving) in 2004. (See Table 3-1.) • Other low-wage occupational groups were farming, fishing, and forestry; building and grounds cleaning and maintenance; and personal care and service. At least 38 percent of the workers in each of these groups earned less than $8.50 per hour in May 2005. (See Table 3-2.) • Specialist physicians and dentists accounted for 12 of the 14 highest-paid detailed occupations in May 2005. Surgeons had the highest mean annual wages at $177,690. (See Table 3-3.) • Among occupations with more than 2 million workers, registered nurses earned the most at $27.35 an hour in May 2005. (See Table 3-3.)

201

202 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Collection and Coverage The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey is a federal-state cooperative program conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs). The OES survey provides estimates of employment and hourly and annual wages for wage and salary workers in 22 major occupational groups and 801 detailed occupations. BLS funds the survey and provides procedural and technical support, while the SWAs collect the necessary data. Scope of the Survey In 1999, the OES survey began using the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The SOC system is the first Office of Management and Budget (OMB)–required occupational classification system for federal agencies. The SOC system consists of 821 detailed occupations grouped into 449 broad occupations, 96 minor occupational groups, and 23 major occupational groups. The OES survey uses 22 of the 23 major occupational groups from the SOC to categorize workers into 801 detailed occupations. Military-specific occupations, which are not covered by the OES survey, are not included. Prior to 2002, the OES survey was conducted annually by mail and measured occupational employment and occupational wage rates for wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments by industry. The survey sampled and contacted approximately 400,000 establishments in the fourth quarter of each year. Beginning in November 2002, the OES survey became a semi-annual survey that sampled approximately 200,000 establishments per panel. The OES also switched from the Standard Industrial Classification System (SIC) to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) in 2002. More information about NAICS can be found on the BLS Web site at . The May 2005 OES estimates are benchmarked to the average of the May 2005 and November 2004 reference periods. May 2005 employment and wage estimates are based on all data collected from establishments in May 2005, November 2004, May 2004, November 2003, May 2003, and November 2002 semi-annual samples. Over the course of a 3-year cycle, approximately 1.2 million establishments are sampled. Concepts and Definitions Employment is the estimate of total wage and salary employment in an occupation across the industries in which it was reported. The OES survey defines employment as the number of workers who can be classified as full-time or part-time employees, including workers on paid vacations or other types of leave; workers on unpaid short-term absences ; employees who are salaried officers,

executives, or staff members of incorporated firms; employees temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for whom the reporting unit is their permanent duty station, regardless of whether that unit prepares their paycheck. Self-employed owners, partners in unincorporated firms, household workers, and unpaid family workers are excluded. Occupations are classified based on work performed and on required skills. Employees are assigned to an occupation based on the work they perform and not on their education or training. For example, an employee trained as an engineer but working as a drafter is reported as a drafter. Employees who perform the duties of two or more occupations are reported as being in either the occupation that requires the highest level of skill or the occupation in which the most time is spent (if there is no measurable difference in skill requirements). The OES survey form sent to an establishment contains between 50 and 225 SOC occupations selected on the basis of the industry classification and size class of the sampled establishment. To reduce paperwork and respondent burden, no survey form contains every SOC occupation. Data for specific occupations are thus primarily collected from establishments within the industries that are the predominant employers of labor for these occupations. However, each survey form is structured to allow a respondent to provide information for each detailed occupation at the establishment; unlisted occupations can be added to the survey form. Wages are money that is paid or received for work or services performed in a specified period. Base rate, cost-of-living allowances, guaranteed pay, hazardous-duty pay, incentive pay (including commissions and production bonuses), tips, and on-call pay are included. Excluded are back pay, jury duty pay, overtime pay, severance pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, employer cost of supplementary benefits, and tuition reimbursements. Mean wage refers to an average wage; an occupational mean wage estimate is calculated by summing the wages of all the employees in a given occupation and then dividing the total wages by the number of employees. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that processes goods or provides services, such as a factory, store, or mine. The establishment is generally at a single physical location and is primarily engaged in one type of economic activity. Additional Information For additional data including area data, see BLS news release USDL 06-896, “Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2005,” and special reports on the BLS Web site at .

CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES 203

Table 3-1. Employment and Wages, by Major Occupational Group, May 2004 and May 2005 (Number, percent, dollars.)

Occupation

Employment

Number

May 2004

Percent

ALL OCCUPATIONS .......................................................................

128 127 360

100.0

Community and social services ........................................................ Legal ................................................................................................. Education, training, and library ......................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ................................ Health care practitioner and technical ..............................................

1 673 740 958 520 7 891 810 1 595 710 6 359 380

1.3 0.7 6.2 1.2 5.0

Management ..................................................................................... Business and financial operations .................................................... Computer and mathematical ............................................................ Architecture and engineering ........................................................... Life, physical, and social science .....................................................

6 200 940 5 131 840 2 915 300 2 372 770 1 131 390

Health care support .......................................................................... Protective service ............................................................................. Food preparation and serving related ............................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ............................. Personal care and service ................................................................

3 271 350 3 006 100 10 507 390 4 300 440 3 099 550

Production ........................................................................................ Transportation and material moving .................................................

10 128 200 9 581 320

Sales and related .............................................................................. Office and administrative support ..................................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ........................................................... Construction and extraction .............................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................................

1Annual

13 507 840 22 649 080 458 850 6 170 410 5 215 390

4.8 4.0 2.3 1.9 0.9

Employment

Mean hourly wage

Mean annual wage1

17.80

37 020

130 307 850

100.0

36 440 79 910 42 080 43 710 57 310

1 692 950 986 740 8 078 500 1 683 310 6 547 350

1.3 0.8 6.2 1.3 5.0

41.12 27.10 31.50 29.69 26.89

17.52 38.42 20.23 21.01 27.55

85 530 56 380 65 510 61 750 55 920

Number

5 960 560 5 410 410 2 952 740 2 382 480 1 185 730

2.6 2.3 8.2 3.4 2.4

11.17 16.75 8.43 10.33 10.48

23 220 34 840 17 530 21 490 21 800

3 363 800 3 056 660 10 797 700 4 342 550 3 188 850

7.9 7.5

14.08 13.41

29 280 27 880

10 249 220 9 594 920

10.5 17.7 0.4 4.8 4.1

May 2005

15.49 13.95 9.76 18.04 17.89

32 210 29 020 20 310 37 520 37 220

13 930 320 22 784 330 443 070 6 370 400 5 305 260

Percent

Mean hourly wage

Mean annual wage1

18.21

37 870

4.6 4.2 2.3 1.8 0.9

42.52 27.85 32.26 30.73 27.90

2.6 2.3 8.3 3.3 2.4

11.47 17.19 8.58 10.55 10.67

23 850 35 750 17 840 21 930 22 180

7.9 7.4

14.37 13.85

29 890 28 820

10.7 17.5 0.3 4.9 4.1

18.04 38.98 20.89 21.30 28.45

15.77 14.28 10.10 18.39 18.30

88 450 57 930 67 100 63 910 58 030

37 530 81 070 43 450 44 310 59 170

32 800 29 710 21 010 38 260 38 050

wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a ''year-round, full-time'' hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations with no hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.

204 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 3-2. Distribution of Employment, by Wage Range and Occupational Group, May 2004 and May 2005 (Percent distribution.)

Occupation

Management ...................................................................... Business and financial operations ..................................... Computer and mathematical science ................................ Architecture and engineering ............................................ Life, physical, and social science .......................................

Community and social services ......................................... Legal .................................................................................. Education, training, and library .......................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ................. Health care practitioner and technical ...............................

Total

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Under $8.50 1.3 1.6 0.6 0.5 1.6

6.4 1.1 10.6 12.1 2.1

$8.50 to $10.74 1.0 2.0 1.2 1.5 3.5

10.4 2.1 8.6 9.8 4.6

$10.75 to $13.49 2.4 5.2 3.1 3.9 7.5

4.6 2.1 0.8 9.5 8.1

19.3 19.3

20.3 18.1

Management ...................................................................... Business and financial operations ..................................... Computer and mathematical science ................................ Architecture and engineering ............................................ Life, physical, and social science .......................................

Community and social services ......................................... Legal .................................................................................. Education, training, and library .......................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ................. Health care practitioner and technical ...............................

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1.0 1.4 0.4 0.4 1.1

5.2 1.1 9.4 11.2 1.8

0.8 1.8 1.2 1.4 2.9

9.6 2.0 8.6 9.5 4.2

$10.75 to $13.49 2.0 4.6 2.9 3.4 6.5

16.5 4.6 9.7 11.4 7.1

18.2 15.4

$13.50 to $16.99

4.3 10.9 6.3 7.1 12.0

7.8 18.4 11.4 12.7 16.8

$21.50 to $27.24 12.6 21.6 17.4 19.7 18.6

$27.25 to $34.49

100.0 100.0

15.0 22.9

18.9 19.1

20.3 18.4

18.8 16.0

13.4 12.2

8.7 6.9

4.5 0.3 0.1 1.0 0.7

0.9 0.8

$34.50 to $43.74

0.1 4.0 0.1 0.1 0.6

4.7 2.3 0.9 9.7 8.8

Production .......................................................................... Transportation and material moving ..................................

3.2 0.7 0.3 3.6 2.3

0.4 8.9 0.2 0.5 1.4

6.8 8.2 2.4 15.1 17.7

1.7 13.4 0.7 2.0 2.6

3.4 2.5

35.2 9.5 16.4 13.1 11.3

0.8 31.3 3.7 6.2 11.1

18.0 12.4 20.7 18.8 12.6

8.4 14.6 4.9 18.4 21.3

6.2 13.8 2.1 5.7 4.9

$43.75 and over

2.7 11.0 5.4 6.1 8.1

15.8 18.3 21.3 21.3 16.7

9.7 20.6 8.1 19.0 19.1

15.1 15.0 4.6 10.4 8.0

- = Quantity represents or rounds to zero.

$17.00 to $ 21.49

3.1 2.2

8.2 11.5 12.1 9.8 16.4

24.9 14.1 9.6 17.2 12.9 11.6 22.2 11.3 16.2 14.2

8.5 6.3

15.0 14.4 17.1 13.8 21.0

30.8 14.9 18.8 25.9 23.9 17.1 18.3 19.8 11.4 9.7

12.8 11.6

19.7 13.4 18.7 16.0 17.3

20.6 14.4 63.9 38.1 45.0 33.7 12.8 52.3 5.3 5.7

1.5 13.1 0.6 1.8 2.7

21.7 9.4 13.9 15.2 10.9

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5.5 13.7 1.9 5.4 4.8

Wage range (May 2005)

Health care support ........................................................... Protective service .............................................................. Food preparation and serving related ................................ Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance .............. Personal care and service ................................................. Sales and related ............................................................... Office and administrative support ...................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................ Construction and extraction ............................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair .................................

0.1 3.6 0.1 0.1 0.7

6.6 7.0 2.1 14.8 17.2

16.5 25.2

$8.50 to $10.74

0.4 8.3 0.2 0.5 1.3

8.3 14.6 4.3 17.9 21.3

100.0 100.0

Under $8.50

17.4 11.6 20.5 18.2 12.0

9.6 20.1 7.1 18.8 19.4

14.0 14.9 4.3 9.9 7.5

$34.50 to $43.74

15.9 17.8 21.8 21.1 16.1

11.6 22.7 11.0 16.5 14.6

Production .......................................................................... Transportation and material moving ..................................

Total

13.2 21.6 17.8 20.3 18.5

7.5 11.1 11.7 9.6 14.6

24.2 14.6 9.2 16.7 12.2

Occupation

8.6 18.9 12.0 13.7 17.1

$27.25 to $34.49

14.2 13.8 17.0 13.8 21.1

31.1 14.9 18.1 25.2 22.8 17.1 18.9 18.0 11.7 10.0

$21.50 to $27.24

19.3 14.1 18.8 15.8 18.7

23.2 15.6 65.6 40.4 47.5 34.5 13.7 56.3 6.3 6.5

5.0 11.8 6.6 7.8 12.5

$17.00 to $21.49

21.2 10.3 14.4 14.8 11.9

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

$13.50 to $16.99

17.4 5.1 9.7 11.8 7.7

Health care support ........................................................... Protective service .............................................................. Food preparation and serving related ................................ Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance .............. Personal care and service ................................................. Sales and related ............................................................... Office and administrative support ...................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................ Construction and extraction ............................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair .................................

Wage range (May 2004)

1.2 0.6

0.2 1.0

$43.75 and over 37.8 10.5 18.2 15.3 13.0

3.1 10.9 6.1 6.6 9.0

1.1 32.6 4.4 6.5 12.3

3.4 0.7 0.3 3.8 2.7

4.6 0.3 1.2 0.7

1.0 0.9

1.4 0.6

0.3 1.1

CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES 205 Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2004 and May 2005 (Number of people, dollars.)

Occupation

Employment

ALL OCCUPATIONS ......................................................................................................... 128 127 360

Management Chief executives .................................................................................................................. General and operations managers ..................................................................................... Legislators ........................................................................................................................... Advertising and promotions managers ............................................................................... Marketing managers ...........................................................................................................

Compensation and benefits managers ............................................................................... Training and development managers ................................................................................. Human resources managers, all other ................................................................................ Industrial production managers ........................................................................................... Purchasing managers .........................................................................................................

Sales managers .................................................................................................................. Public relations managers ................................................................................................... Administrative services managers ...................................................................................... Computer and information systems managers ................................................................... Financial managers .............................................................................................................

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers ........................................................... Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers .................................................................... Farmers and ranchers ......................................................................................................... Construction managers ....................................................................................................... Education administrators, preschool and childcare center/program ...................................

May 2004

Median hourly wages

Mean hourly wages

Mean annual wages1

346 590 1 752 910 63 440 57 100 177 550

13.83

17.80

30.58 42.13

36.76 46.48

139 920 92 010 30 750 76 460 96 680

55 040 35 510 58 770 155 980 73 480

31.99 32.43 39.33 35.09 34.83

35.59 35.45 42.11 38.06 37.51

74 020 73 730 87 580 79 170 78 020

320 240 50 670 254 610 267 390 493 360

88 100 4 810 540 185 580 50 590

67.47 37.22 (2)

40.49 33.65 28.99 44.51 39.37

32.02 24.38 19.44 33.59 17.18

67.27 44.24 (2)

45.68 38.26 31.98 47.24 44.04

34.87 26.51 20.78 37.83 19.74

37 020

95 010 79 580 66 530 98 260 91 610

72 530 55 140 43 230 78 690 41 060

Education administrators, elementary and secondary school ............................................. Education administrators, postsecondary ........................................................................... Education administrators, all other ...................................................................................... Engineering managers ........................................................................................................ Food service managers ......................................................................................................

209 630 101 530 22 570 186 380 206 340

Postmasters and mail superintendents ............................................................................... Property, real estate, and community association managers ............................................. Social and community service managers ........................................................................... Managers, all other .............................................................................................................

26 430 159 980 119 280 354 730

Insurance appraisers, auto damage ................................................................................... Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation ................................................................................................................ Cost estimators ................................................................................................................... Emergency management specialists .................................................................................. Employment, recruitment, and placement specialists .........................................................

10 860 14 300 136 930 257 070 234 950

26.48 21.02 20.30 22.92 21.26

33.42 24.03 23.29 24.60 22.74

69 520 49 980 48 450 51 180 47 310

167 650 191 080 10 070 169 750

22.78 24.01 21.82 19.80

24.64 25.90 23.73 22.76

19.05 25.70 24.41 20.86 26.94

20.43 27.72 27.35 23.73 28.41

Funeral directors ................................................................................................................. Gaming managers .............................................................................................................. Lodging managers .............................................................................................................. Medical and health services managers ............................................................................... Natural sciences managers ................................................................................................

Business and Financial Operations Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes .................................. Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products ................................................................... Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products ............................................................ Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products ........................................ Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators ..................................................................

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists ......................................................... Training and development specialists ................................................................................. Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists, all other .................................. Logisticians ......................................................................................................................... Management analysts ......................................................................................................... Meeting and convention planners ....................................................................................... Business operations specialists, all other ........................................................................... Accountants and auditors ................................................................................................... Appraisers and assessors of real estate ............................................................................. Budget analysts ..................................................................................................................

Credit analysts .................................................................................................................... Financial analysts ............................................................................................................... Personal financial advisors ................................................................................................. Insurance underwriters ....................................................................................................... Financial examiners ............................................................................................................ 1Annual

23 140 3 520 30 860 224 070 40 240

12 520

32.86 28.96 46.94 19.04 (2)

22.10 28.17 18.11 32.42 42.63

24.32 19.22 22.50 37.19

21.79

92 940 200 440 158 930 52 470 416 340

22.83 21.43 22.85 27.46 30.51

67 100 177 780 94 490 96 110 23 400

22.72 29.76 30.14 23.34 29.00

34 640 847 170 995 910 62 270 53 300

Employment 130 307 840

39.06 49.03

51 470 28 720 57 830 153 950 69 300

33.23 35.66 40.47 36.34 36.67

36.68 38.55 43.24 39.41 39.16

33.82 30.85 48.44 19.87

317 970 43 770 239 410 259 330 471 950

84 870 4 070 350 192 610 47 670

213 250 105 360 24 710 187 410 191 420

24.43 23.44 24.39 39.28

50 820 48 760 50 740 81 700

26 120 154 230 112 910 340 720

22.01

53 710 66 090 44 060 75 140 95 800

68.48 39.17

18.21

33.10 44.56

75 640 75 800 66 580 102 600 43 940

25.82 31.77 21.18 36.12 46.06

14.15

Mean hourly wages

321 300 1 663 810 61 060 41 710 166 470

36.44 32.01 49.33 21.13

(2)

May 2005

Median hourly wages

(2)

42.11 36.75 30.78 46.41 41.48

33.23 24.60 16.41 34.74 17.79 (2)

67.22 45.90 (2)

Mean annual wages1 37 870

139 810 95 470 31 320 81 250 101 990

47.36 41.26 33.44 49.21 46.45

98 510 85 820 69 540 102 360 96 620

36.12 26.81 19.09 39.31 20.51

75 130 55 760 39 720 81 760 42 670

76 300 80 180 89 950 81 960 81 440

37.78 33.38 50.71 21.60

76 890 78 590 69 430 105 470 44 930

25.83 24.31 25.92 40.16

53 740 50 570 53 920 83 530

(2)

21 960 3 310 31 040 230 130 40 400

22.90 28.82 19.53 33.51 44.75

10 640 12 970 132 900 267 410 234 030

25.87 22.44 20.61 23.57 22.21

33.68 25.47 23.58 25.27 23.66

70 060 52 970 49 050 52 560 49 210

51 260 53 870 49 350 47 330

161 810 204 330 11 240 181 260

23.73 25.01 22.10 20.08

25.63 26.91 23.90 23.31

53 320 55 980 49 720 48 470

42 490 57 660 56 880 49 350 59 100

40 040 916 290 1 051 220 63 800 53 510

19.85 26.22 25.10 20.88 28.32

21.44 28.38 27.89 23.96 29.89

44 590 59 030 58 020 49 830 62 180

45 780

24.10 22.97 23.67 28.99 34.97

50 130 47 780 49 240 60 310 72 730

26.57 33.89 39.70 26.08 31.47

55 280 70 500 82 570 54 240 65 450

12 900

97 740 206 860 171 880 52 220 441 000

61 500 180 910 108 640 98 970 22 160

25.34 20.14 23.80 38.06

23.12

23.49 22.05 23.29 28.90 31.91

24.22 30.70 30.53 24.65 30.33

27.04 31.69 22.80 37.09 47.66

23.43

24.88 23.58 24.27 30.30 36.06

27.94 35.16 39.89 27.15 32.74

56 240 65 920 47 420 77 140 99 140

48 740

51 750 49 060 50 480 63 010 75 000

58 110 73 130 82 970 56 480 68 090

wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations with no hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. wage rates for occupations at which workers typically work fewer than 2,080 hours per year are not available.

2Hourly

206 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2004 and May 2005—Continued (Number of people, dollars.)

Occupation

Business and Financial Operations—Continued Loan counselors .................................................................................................................. Loan officers ....................................................................................................................... Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents ................................................................. Tax preparers ...................................................................................................................... Financial specialists, all other .............................................................................................

Employment 31 160 278 830 71 610 51 950 119 840

May 2004

Median hourly wages

16.33 23.48 20.91 13.33 23.82

Mean hourly wages 18.61 27.98 23.18 16.50 26.64

Mean annual wages1 38 710 58 200 48 210 34 330 55 420

Employment 28 030 332 690 72 290 58 850 122 320

May 2005

Median hourly wages

17.15 23.77 21.26 12.36 24.64

Mean hourly wages 20.85 28.53 23.78 14.90 27.47

43 370 59 350 49 460 31 000 57 130

33.86 31.54 30.39 31.23 30.38

70 430 65 590 63 210 64 970 63 190

Computer and Mathematical Science Computer and information scientists, research ................................................................... Computer programmers ...................................................................................................... Computer software engineers, applications ........................................................................ Computer software engineers, systems software ............................................................... Computer support specialists ..............................................................................................

24 720 412 090 425 890 318 020 488 540

40.96 30.24 36.05 38.34 19.44

42.32 31.69 37.18 39.50 20.97

88 020 65 910 77 330 82 160 43 620

25 890 389 090 455 980 320 720 499 860

43.86 30.49 37.06 39.48 19.52

45.21 32.40 38.24 40.54 20.86

Actuaries ............................................................................................................................. Mathematicians ................................................................................................................... Operations research analysts ............................................................................................. Statisticians ......................................................................................................................... Mathematical technicians .................................................................................................... Mathematical scientists, all other ........................................................................................

16 350 2 410 55 030 17 030 1 720 8 500

36.70 39.06 28.94 28.18 18.49 29.98

42.05 39.18 30.49 30.42 20.99 29.67

87 460 81 500 63 420 63 260 43 650 61 710

15 770 2 930 52 530 17 480 1 430 7 320

39.25 38.90 29.90 30.02 17.54 29.74

43.63 39.02 31.70 31.79 22.23 29.60

Computer systems analysts ................................................................................................ Database administrators ..................................................................................................... Network and computer systems administrators .................................................................. Network systems and data communications analysts ........................................................ Computer specialists, all other ............................................................................................

Architecture and Engineering Architects, except landscape and naval .............................................................................. Landscape architects .......................................................................................................... Cartographers and photogrammetrists ............................................................................... Surveyors ............................................................................................................................

489 130 96 960 259 320 169 200 130 420

31.95 29.16 27.98 29.14 28.60

32.87 30.51 29.55 30.49 30.31

68 370 63 460 61 470 63 410 63 030

94 280 17 960 9 870 52 680

28.99 25.54 22.15 20.66

31.84 27.73 23.48 22.15

66 230 57 680 48 830 46 080

Computer hardware engineers ........................................................................................... Electrical engineers ............................................................................................................. Electronics engineers, except computer ............................................................................. Environmental engineers .................................................................................................... Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors ...................

74 760 148 310 135 560 47 690 25 860

39.02 34.43 36.43 31.96 30.64

40.39 35.68 37.24 32.86 31.78

Nuclear engineers ............................................................................................................... Petroleum engineers ........................................................................................................... Engineers, all other ............................................................................................................. Architectural and civil drafters ............................................................................................. Electrical and electronics drafters .......................................................................................

17 180 14 690 159 720 101 060 34 850

40.81 42.55 35.78 18.84 20.76

42.67 44.15 36.32 19.59 22.48

Aerospace engineers .......................................................................................................... Agricultural engineers ......................................................................................................... Biomedical engineers .......................................................................................................... Chemical engineers ............................................................................................................ Civil engineers ....................................................................................................................

Industrial engineers ............................................................................................................. Marine engineers and naval architects ............................................................................... Materials engineers ............................................................................................................. Mechanical engineers ......................................................................................................... Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers .................................

Mechanical drafters ............................................................................................................. Drafters, all other ................................................................................................................ Aerospace engineering and operations technicians ........................................................... Civil engineering technicians .............................................................................................. Electrical and electronic engineering technicians ............................................................... Electromechanical technicians ............................................................................................ Environmental engineering technicians .............................................................................. Industrial engineering technicians ....................................................................................... Mechanical engineering technicians ................................................................................... Engineering technicians, except drafters, all other ............................................................. Surveying and mapping technicians ...................................................................................

73 650 3 220 8 650 30 320 218 220

174 960 6 620 21 130 217 010 5 050

76 610 22 620 9 260 90 000 178 560 18 770 19 840 68 210 46 990 88 100 60 530

38.03 27.17 32.54 36.91 30.88

31.26 34.63 32.26 31.88 31.10

20.67 20.13 25.24 18.50 22.26 19.92 18.53 20.96 20.87 23.77 14.60

38.68 29.04 34.04 38.49 32.18

32.05 35.44 33.36 32.91 32.77

21.70 21.91 25.98 19.18 22.66 20.74 19.55 22.64 21.66 23.86 15.76

492 120 99 380 270 330 185 190 116 760

32.84 30.41 28.81 29.69 28.57

Mean annual wages1

94 030 67 400 79 540 84 310 43 380

90 760 81 150 65 940 66 130 46 230 61 560

96 740 20 220 11 260 54 220

30.22 26.07 23.20 22.05

32.96 28.62 24.68 23.53

68 560 59 540 51 340 48 950

84 010 74 220 77 450 68 350 66 110

78 580 144 920 130 050 50 140 25 330

40.59 35.34 37.52 32.74 31.35

41.91 36.57 38.46 34.00 32.33

87 170 76 060 79 990 70 720 67 240

88 760 91 820 75 540 40 750 46 760

14 290 14 860 152 940 101 040 30 270

42.45 44.71 37.09 19.42 21.90

43.60 46.80 37.29 20.24 23.27

90 690 97 350 77 570 42 110 48 410

80 460 60 400 70 800 80 050 66 930

66 660 73 720 69 390 68 460 68 160

45 140 45 560 54 040 39 900 47 130 43 130 40 660 47 080 45 050 49 630 32 780

81 100 3 170 11 660 27 550 229 700

191 640 6 550 20 950 220 750 5 680

74 650 20 870 9 950 90 390 165 850 15 130 19 900 73 310 46 580 78 300 63 910

40.43 31.20 34.54 37.09 31.82

32.05 35.06 33.49 32.49 33.69

20.84 20.34 25.22 18.85 23.10 21.10 19.14 21.77 21.55 25.25 15.04

41.08 31.91 36.24 38.09 33.41

32.93 35.73 34.32 33.65 36.09

21.87 21.84 26.31 19.61 23.42 21.96 20.16 23.67 22.37 25.19 16.05

85 450 66 370 75 380 79 230 69 480

68 500 74 320 71 390 70 000 75 070

45 490 45 420 54 720 40 780 48 710 45 670 41 940 49 220 46 520 52 400 33 390

1Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations with no hourly mean wage published,

the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.

CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES 207

Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2004 and May 2005—Continued (Number of people, dollars.)

Occupation

Employment

May 2004

Median hourly wages

Mean hourly wages

Mean annual wages1

Employment

May 2005

Median hourly wages

Mean hourly wages

Mean annual wages1

Life, Physical, and Social Science Animal scientists ................................................................................................................. Food scientists and technologists ....................................................................................... Soil and plant scientists ...................................................................................................... Biochemists and biophysicists ............................................................................................ Microbiologists ....................................................................................................................

1 540 7 210 9 690 15 200 13 880

24.00 24.44 24.62 33.15 26.37

25.87 26.98 26.67 34.48 29.45

53 800 56 110 55 470 71 730 61 250

3 000 7 570 10 100 17 690 15 250

20.76 24.73 26.22 34.14 27.34

22.88 27.33 27.90 36.21 30.46

47 600 56 840 58 040 75 320 63 360

Medical scientists, except epidemiologists ......................................................................... Life scientists, all other ........................................................................................................ Astronomers ........................................................................................................................ Physicists ............................................................................................................................ Atmospheric and space scientists .......................................................................................

66 450 13 870 680 14 150 7 070

29.48 26.65 46.79 42.04 33.70

33.04 30.63 44.99 42.83 33.46

68 730 63 710 93 580 89 090 69 590

73 670 12 790 970 15 160 7 050

29.68 27.10 50.32 43.18 35.55

33.24 31.04 48.73 43.98 35.11

69 140 64 570 101 360 91 480 73 020

40.57 38.90 30.95 18.13 30.75

84 380 80 900 64 370 37 710 63 960

Zoologists and wildlife biologists ......................................................................................... Biological scientists, all other .............................................................................................. Conservation scientists ....................................................................................................... Foresters ............................................................................................................................. Epidemiologists ...................................................................................................................

Chemists ............................................................................................................................. Materials scientists .............................................................................................................. Environmental scientists and specialists, including health .................................................. Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers ......................................................... Hydrologists ........................................................................................................................

15 050 26 180 14 290 10 250 4 560

24.20 27.05 25.23 23.19 26.35

26.95 34.80 24.56 33.04 29.57

29.43 35.77 26.53 36.96 30.82

61 220 74 390 55 190 76 870 64 100

1 500 6 480 3 640 31 140 4 510

34.33 34.57 27.82 25.70 21.10

37.88 33.53 30.46 26.75 22.86

78 800 69 740 63 350 55 640 47 550

25 260 12 030 170 200 19 480 96 540

Geographers ....................................................................................................................... Historians ............................................................................................................................ Political scientists ................................................................................................................ Social scientists and related workers, all other ................................................................... Agricultural and food science technicians ...........................................................................

750 2 350 4 370 31 990 18 940

28.35 21.39 41.71 28.12 14.29

Environmental science and protection technicians, including health .................................. Forensic science technicians .............................................................................................. Forest and conservation technicians .................................................................................. Life, physical, and social science technicians, all other ......................................................

29 460 9 230 29 910 72 580

21 970 250 790 103 180 108 950 60 120

Biological technicians .......................................................................................................... Chemical technicians .......................................................................................................... Geological and petroleum technicians ................................................................................ Nuclear technicians ............................................................................................................. Social science research assistants .....................................................................................

59 710 61 700 10 420 7 210 15 710

Community and Social Service Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors ....................................................... Educational, vocational, and school counselors ................................................................. Marriage and family therapists ............................................................................................ Mental health counselors .................................................................................................... Rehabilitation counselors ....................................................................................................

68 880 220 690 20 710 89 300 115 150

Health educators ................................................................................................................. Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists .................................................... Social and human service assistants .................................................................................. Community and social service specialists, all other ............................................................ Clergy ..................................................................................................................................

46 490 89 170 331 860 89 250 35 790

Counselors, all other ........................................................................................................... Child, family, and school social workers ............................................................................. Medical and public health social workers ............................................................................ Mental health and substance abuse social workers ........................................................... Social workers, all other ......................................................................................................

Directors, religious activities and education ........................................................................ Religious workers, all other ................................................................................................. 1Annual

53 120 60 370 53 500 49 730 58 060

79 650 7 330 66 850 25 100 7 290

Physical scientists, all other ................................................................................................ Economists ......................................................................................................................... Market research analysts .................................................................................................... Survey researchers ............................................................................................................. Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists ................................................................... Industrial-organizational psychologists ............................................................................... Psychologists, all other ....................................................................................................... Sociologists ......................................................................................................................... Urban and regional planners ............................................................................................... Anthropologists and archeologists ......................................................................................

25.54 29.03 25.72 23.91 27.91

12 620 8 810

38.53 34.99 26.99 12.74 26.42

25.02 28.94 25.65 23.40 25.08

26.58 30.61 26.27 24.53 27.09

76 540 7 880 72 000 27 430 8 360

27.83 34.35 25.30 34.44 30.68

30.51 35.74 27.63 38.46 32.33

1 070 6 750 3 500 31 650 4 790

40.72 35.70 25.37 26.53 22.07

43.26 35.70 29.66 27.70 24.07

81 560 79 770 62 990 32 010 60 810

23 800 12 470 195 710 21 650 98 820

28.65 23.48 41.24 29.09 15.37

59 600 48 850 85 770 60 500 31 980

810 2 850 5 010 31 900 19 340

30.56 21.35 40.43 30.12 15.08

31.07 23.86 40.78 31.27 15.99

16.99 21.16 13.14 18.19

17.90 22.83 14.79 20.52

37 230 47 490 30 770 42 680

32 460 11 030 29 940 63 810

17.43 21.44 13.72 19.25

18.52 22.79 15.13 21.72

16.82 16.74 19.27 16.31 18.96

18.21 18.19 19.92 17.34 19.80

37 880 37 830 41 440 36 060 41 180

21 390 256 430 112 220 120 140 60 940

17.91 17.00 19.77 16.54 19.85

19.01 18.65 20.52 17.75 20.54

15.97 18.35 19.35 28.46 16.52

15.45 21.91 18.74 15.85 13.40

18.50 19.04 11.67 15.64 17.64 14.76 9.01

39.21 38.35 30.28 15.39 29.24

16 440 26 200 15 540 10 750 3 630

17.04 19.04 20.85 28.28 17.26

16.50 22.88 20.21 17.31 14.76

20.25 20.53 12.45 16.57 19.23 16.14 11.41

35 450 39 600 43 360 58 830 35 900

67 080 59 790 11 130 6 050 16 320

34 310 47 590 42 040 36 000 30 710

72 210 214 160 18 500 87 220 117 230

42 120 42 690 25 890 34 470 40 000

51 970 90 600 313 210 99 860 36 590

33 560 23 730

13 610 6 670

40.05 35.43 27.55 14.97 27.49

16.47 18.51 21.03 29.39 16.32

15.66 22.33 20.34 16.35 13.62

19.10 19.33 12.03 15.83 18.53 15.64 11.43

17.54 19.29 23.82 28.77 17.29

16.73 23.33 21.90 18.01 15.07

20.89 20.92 12.79 16.85 20.05 17.09 13.48

55 280 63 670 54 640 51 030 56 340

63 470 74 350 57 470 79 990 67 260

89 980 74 250 61 700 57 620 50 060 64 620 49 620 84 820 65 040 33 260 36 480 40 120 49 550 59 840 35 960 38 520 47 390 31 480 45 180 34 800 48 530 45 550 37 470 31 350 39 540 38 780 42 690 36 920 42 720

43 440 43 510 26 600 35 060 41 700 35 540 28 050

wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations with no hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.

208 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2004 and May 2005—Continued (Number of people, dollars.)

Occupation

Employment

Legal Lawyers ............................................................................................................................... Administrative law judges, adjudicators, and hearing officers ............................................ Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators ............................................................................... Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates ...................................................................... Paralegals and legal assistants ..........................................................................................

521 130 14 830 4 940 25 500 210 020

Education, Training, and Library Business teachers, postsecondary ..................................................................................... Computer science teachers, postsecondary ....................................................................... Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary ................................................................. Architecture teachers, postsecondary ................................................................................. Engineering teachers, postsecondary .................................................................................

68 340 37 260 43 760 5 700 33 520

Court reporters .................................................................................................................... Law clerks ........................................................................................................................... Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers ....................................................................... Legal support workers, all other ..........................................................................................

Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary ................................................................... Biological science teachers, postsecondary ....................................................................... Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary ............................................. Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary ....................... Chemistry teachers, postsecondary .................................................................................... Environmental science teachers, postsecondary ................................................................ Physics teachers, postsecondary ....................................................................................... Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary ..................................................... Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary ................................................ Economics teachers, postsecondary .................................................................................. Geography teachers, postsecondary .................................................................................. Political science teachers, postsecondary .......................................................................... Psychology teachers, postsecondary ................................................................................. Sociology teachers, postsecondary .................................................................................... Social sciences teachers, postsecondary, all other ............................................................ Health specialties teachers, postsecondary ........................................................................ Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary ............................................................... Education teachers, postsecondary .................................................................................... Library science teachers, postsecondary ............................................................................ Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary .........................................

Law teachers, postsecondary ............................................................................................. Social work teachers, postsecondary ................................................................................. Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary ................................................................. Communications teachers, postsecondary ......................................................................... English language and literature teachers, postsecondary .................................................. Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary .................................................. History teachers, postsecondary ......................................................................................... Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary ............................................................... Graduate teaching assistants ............................................................................................. Home economics teachers, postsecondary ........................................................................ Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary .................................................... Vocational education teachers, postsecondary .................................................................. Postsecondary teachers, all other ....................................................................................... Preschool teachers, except special education .................................................................... Kindergarten teachers, except special education ............................................................... Elementary school teachers, except special education ...................................................... Middle school teachers, except special and vocational education ...................................... Vocational education teachers, middle school .................................................................... Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational education ............................... Vocational education teachers, secondary school ..............................................................

Special education teachers, preschool, kindergarten, and elementary school ................... Special education teachers, middle school ......................................................................... Special education teachers, secondary school ................................................................... Adult literacy, remedial education, and GED teachers and instructors ............................... Self-enrichment education teachers ...................................................................................

Teachers and instructors, all other ...................................................................................... Archivists ............................................................................................................................. Curators .............................................................................................................................. Museum technicians and conservators ............................................................................... Librarians ............................................................................................................................

15 520 43 300 53 700 69 590

10 230 60 260 2 970 8 660 18 720

3 860 12 590 4 990 7 670 12 230

4 180 13 230 29 400 14 220 6 310

105 610 34 360 47 710 3 740 9 550 12 580 6 670 63 730 20 760 57 400

22 460 19 190 17 170 111 730 3 870

15 470 112 990 248 330 354 800 164 530

1 422 840 623 400 16 820 1 021 180 102 210 205 960 98 840 138 470 63 200 141 180

505 570 5 190 8 590 8 850 149 680

May 2004

Median hourly wages

Mean hourly wages

45.64 33.14 26.32 44.75 18.81

52.30 35.44 29.08 42.96 19.95

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

.(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

19.59 27.93 10.09

(2)

21.19 30.73 11.51

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2)

20.63 16.34 16.77 20.26

(2)

18.74 14.85

17.54 20.97 15.30 22.07

(2)

22.63 16.92 18.93 21.79

(2)

(2)

20.92 16.93

19.05 23.04 16.96 22.88 (2)

Mean annual wages1

Employment

108 790 73 710 60 480 89 360 41 490

529 190 15 350 5 780 25 330 217 700

65 430 58 140 57 240 65 510 77 070

67 420 38 520 44 660 6 110 34 500

47 070 35 180 39 360 45 330

67 520 73 220 67 660 70 300 63 520 66 790 69 210 66 060 62 940 73 280 61 020 64 950 60 800 59 830 68 460 76 720 55 770 52 850 54 590 51 500 95 300 56 620 52 750 53 130 52 560 51 620 58 490 56 630 27 860 50 810

47 360 44 060 63 920 23 940 44 000 45 670 46 510 46 250 48 420 48 000

46 420 48 910 49 620 43 520 35 210 33 100 39 630 47 920 35 270 47 590

17 130 40 620 64 580 71 060

11 460 59 540 2 990 8 810 19 520 4 340 13 310 5 320 7 970 12 670

4 250 13 710 30 240 14 980 6 330

108 680 37 020 51 320 3 960 9 880

13 560 7 440 69 260 22 320 58 710

23 830 20 520 18 340 117 970 4 010

16 530 105 980 267 280 348 690 171 290

1 486 650 637 340 15 380 1 015 740 96 600

214 060 103 480 136 290 66 070 141 650 530 670 5 410 8 790 9 370 146 740

May 2005

Median hourly wages

Mean hourly wages

47.56 33.98 26.14 46.91 19.79

53.13 36.89 28.78 43.99 20.92

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

20.07

21.69

20.02 17.12 16.88 21.06

(2)

10.57

21.84 17.78 19.26 22.54

(2)

(2)

12.09

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2)

(2)

19.84 15.56

17.99 21.75 16.39 22.79 (2)

(2)

(2)

21.21 17.68

19.64 23.64 17.94 23.61

(2)

Mean annual wages1 110 520 76 730 59 870 91 500 43 510 45 420 36 980 40 070 46 890

67 500 60 330 58 850 65 740 78 780 73 680 77 690 67 550 70 960 65 400 66 020 71 020 66 700 62 480 74 600 61 790 65 760 61 980 59 030 66 060 82 450 56 840 54 790 56 630 52 930 95 570 56 520 55 340 54 010 53 950

53 400 59 450 57 960 29 170 51 760 48 960 45 110 67 540 25 150 45 250 46 990 47 890 46 080 49 400 49 240 47 820 50 340 50 880 44 110 36 760 33 510 40 850 49 180 37 320 49 110

1Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations with no hourly mean wage published,

the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.

2Hourly wage rates for occupations at which workers typically work fewer than 2,080 hours per year are not available.

CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES 209

Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2004 and May 2005—Continued (Number of people, dollars.)

Occupation

Employment

May 2004

Median hourly wages

Education, Training, and Library—Continued Library technicians .............................................................................................................. Audio-visual collections specialists ..................................................................................... Farm and home management advisors .............................................................................. Instructional coordinators .................................................................................................... Teacher assistants .............................................................................................................. Education, training, and library workers, all other ...............................................................

113 520 8 420 12 620 106 590 1 242 760 65 150

14.29

Commercial and industrial designers .................................................................................. Fashion designers ............................................................................................................... Floral designers .................................................................................................................. Graphic designers ............................................................................................................... Interior designers ................................................................................................................

33 050 12 100 67 710 159 720 46 360

25.15 26.85 9.83 18.28 19.56

Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Art directors ......................................................................................................................... Craft artists .......................................................................................................................... Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators ................................................... Multimedia artists and animators ........................................................................................ Artists and related workers, all other ...................................................................................

Merchandise displayers and window trimmers ................................................................... Set and exhibit designers .................................................................................................... Designers, all other ............................................................................................................. Actors .................................................................................................................................. Producers and directors ...................................................................................................... Athletes and sports competitors .......................................................................................... Coaches and scouts ........................................................................................................... Umpires, referees, and other sports officials ...................................................................... Dancers ............................................................................................................................... Choreographers .................................................................................................................. Music directors and composers .......................................................................................... Musicians and singers ........................................................................................................ Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other .................................... Radio and television announcers ........................................................................................ Public address system and other announcers ....................................................................

26 870 3 890 9 570 30 210 5 370

62 220 8 750 12 650 59 000 55 260

12 250 122 930 11 440 14 880 15 360

Family and general practitioners ......................................................................................... Internists, general ............................................................................................................... Obstetricians and gynecologists ......................................................................................... Pediatricians, general ......................................................................................................... Psychiatrists ........................................................................................................................ 1Annual

21 830 84 240 4 950 6 190 730

2 710 46 530 22 780 222 960 25 130

106 750 51 180 20 850 26 520 22 440

12.63 17.13 21.62 24.74

14.37

16.33

26.77 30.84 10.51 20.25 21.59

55 670 64 150 21 860 42 120 44 900

31 650 12 980 63 920 178 530 50 020

25.10 29.26 10.12 18.46 19.88

27.30 32.39 10.77 20.45 22.60

56 780 67 370 22 410 42 530 47 010

35.21 13.33 20.98 27.65 18.02

(2) (2) (2)

15.73 18.32 12.54 18.08 20.96 19.77 33.61 59.16

(4) (4) (4)

60.64 20.98 42.51 40.82

(4)

65.91

(4) (4)

65.26 (4)

12.15 18.39

73 240 27 720 43 640 57 520 37 490

26 020 40 000 46 320

72 470 (3)

86 690 32 780 27 850

38 250 (3)

21.06 24.96 18.82 15.22 14.08

31 650 29 290

25.52 17.61 21.66 17.62 16.14

53 080 36 630 45 060 36 650 33 560

27.28 18.58 23.80 23.65 27.24

17.06 21.91 15.00 20.04 24.37 22.36

42.01 63.87 79.69 72.45 70.04

62.64 21.46 46.53 40.56 83.77

66.58 76.06 84.74 68.04 72.17

43 810 (3) (3)

29 350 4 300 10 390 23 790 5 290

64 320 8 380 12 410 59 590 59 070

12 230 145 440 12 800 16 240 16 150

138 490 158 200 176 270 141 520 150 110

(2) (2) (2)

(2) (2) (2)

8.92 15.84

22.32 16.73 20.14 15.84 14.62

1 190 12 680 58 260 22 530 15 200 17 200 24 290 86 270 5 120 4 820 560

3 480 48 850 23 720 229 740 27 970

112 150 48 210 21 910 26 400 23 450

35.48 13.15 22.44 27.53 17.73

12.10 20.15 22.99 23.73 33.16

43 020 29 240 25 660 40 390 30 730

35 490 45 570 31 200 41 690 50 690 46 510

(2)

10.86 17.98 20.96 13.60 25.89

16.74 17.90 15.73 11.60 11.20

6 680 52 920 191 430 96 270 46 250

130 300 44 640 96 780 84 370 174 250

30.75 10.78 19.85 24.18 15.01

8 610 50 410 68 540 41 090 8 150

56 740 38 650 49 510 49 190 56 650

87 390 132 850 165 750 150 700 145 670

(2)

12.95 19.76 22.05 25.66

Mean annual wages1

16.29

(2)

12.33 19.36 20.14 24.24

Mean hourly wages

26 940 41 100 45 860 53 360 21 100 33 970

(2) (2) (2)

17.78 15.06 21.07 21.10 25.71

Employment

May 2005

Median hourly wages

115 770 6 910 12 620 112 880 1 260 400 72 450

12.51 19.23 22.27 22.48 34.84

8.54 16.19

Mean annual wages1 26 260 35 630 44 960 51 450 20 400 33 890

10.89 17.21 20.31 11.28 25.40

21.32 16.28 19.64 15.66 13.47

1 670 11 650 54 400 21 600 15 800 18 570

Dentists, all other specialists ............................................................................................... Dietitians and nutritionists ................................................................................................... Optometrists ........................................................................................................................ Pharmacists ........................................................................................................................ Anesthesiologists ................................................................................................................

30.69 11.31 18.30 24.21 14.72

42 780 25 410 27 380 40 050 29 940

Radio operators .................................................................................................................. Sound engineering technicians ........................................................................................... Photographers .................................................................................................................... Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture .................................................... Film and video editors ......................................................................................................... Media and communication equipment workers, all other ....................................................

Health Care Practitioner and Technical Chiropractors ...................................................................................................................... Dentists, general ................................................................................................................. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons .......................................................................................... Orthodontists ....................................................................................................................... Prosthodontists ...................................................................................................................

(2)

16.62 17.85 16.73 10.64 10.56

6 930 52 550 166 210 100 790 45 100

Writers and authors ............................................................................................................. Interpreters and translators ................................................................................................. Media and communication workers, all other ...................................................................... Audio and video equipment technicians ............................................................................. Broadcast technicians .........................................................................................................

11.99 15.86 20.00 23.46

8 870 52 000 54 800 41 430 8 180

Broadcast news analysts .................................................................................................... Reporters and correspondents ........................................................................................... Public relations specialists .................................................................................................. Editors ................................................................................................................................. Technical writers .................................................................................................................

Mean hourly wages

20.58 15.52 21.64 21.88 26.52

17.42 18.46 12.55 20.01 22.56 22.95 32.31 60.24 (4) (4) (4)

45.48 21.61 42.33 43.18

(4)

67.50

(4) (4)

65.67

(4)

13.22 18.26

73 790 27 360 46 670 57 270 36 880

25 170 41 920 47 810

68 970 (3)

71 900 32 050 27 150

37 970 (3)

20.90 25.16 17.92 17.11 14.98

35 600 31 160

25.89 18.41 22.13 17.48 17.00

53 850 38 300 46 030 36 350 35 350

30.73 19.41 24.56 24.88 27.75

18.21 22.98 15.10 22.13 26.31 24.81

39.45 64.27 77.24 78.56 70.23

55.60 22.09 45.91 42.62 83.77 67.49 75.27 82.60 66.94 70.26

43 470 (3) (3)

63 920 40 370 51 080 51 750 57 720

37 880 47 790 31 410 46 040 54 730 51 610

82 060 133 680 160 660 163 410 146 080

115 640 45 950 95 500 88 650 174 240 140 370 156 550 171 810 139 230 146 150

wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations with no hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.

2Hourly wage rates for occupations at which workers typically work fewer than 2,080 hours per year are not available. 3There is a wide variation in the number of hours worked by those employed as actors, dancers, singers, and musicians.

Many jobs are for the duration of 1 day or 1 week, and it is extremely rare for a performer to have guaranteed employment for a period that exceeds 3 to 6 months. Therefore, only hourly wages are available for these occupations. hourly wage is equal to or greater than $70.00 per hour.

4Median

210 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2004 and May 2005—Continued (Number of people, dollars.)

Occupation

Employment

May 2004

Median hourly wages

Mean hourly wages

Mean annual wages1

Employment

May 2005

Median hourly wages

Mean hourly wages

Mean annual wages1

Health Care Practitioner and Technical—Continued Surgeons ............................................................................................................................. Physicians and surgeons, all other ..................................................................................... Physician assistants ............................................................................................................ Podiatrists ........................................................................................................................... Registered nurses ...............................................................................................................

55 800 162 720 59 470 7 550 2 311 970

67.44 33.37 45.38 25.16

87.31 66.16 33.07 52.11 26.06

181 610 137 610 68 780 108 400 54 210

52 930 180 210 63 350 8 290 2 368 070

68.98 34.63 48.34 26.28

85.43 66.79 34.17 53.49 27.35

177 690 138 910 71 070 111 250 56 880

Respiratory therapists ......................................................................................................... Speech-language pathologists ............................................................................................ Therapists, all other ............................................................................................................ Veterinarians ....................................................................................................................... Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other ........................................................

91 350 89 260 8 090 46 090 56 920

20.74 25.20 19.32 32.01 27.87

21.24 26.71 21.45 36.07 44.38

44 180 55 550 44 620 75 030 92 300

95 320 94 660 9 730 47 870 57 880

21.70 26.38 20.22 33.13 27.64

22.24 27.89 21.96 37.36 42.13

46 270 58 000 45 680 77 710 87 630

17 520 177 220 187 900 24 630 255 290

27.14 20.84 12.17 11.05 11.37

29.43 21.41 13.30 11.89 11.87

61 210 44 530 27 650 24 730 24 700

18 280 184 580 196 880 23 780 266 790

28.69 22.09 12.54 11.28 11.73

29.10 22.60 13.68 12.20 12.19

60 530 47 010 28 440 25 380 25 350

Audiologists ......................................................................................................................... Occupational therapists ...................................................................................................... Physical therapists .............................................................................................................. Radiation therapists ............................................................................................................ Recreational therapists .......................................................................................................

9 810 83 560 142 940 14 470 23 050

(4)

24.74 26.28 28.93 27.74 15.82

Medical and clinical laboratory technologists ...................................................................... Medical and clinical laboratory technicians ......................................................................... Dental hygienists ................................................................................................................. Cardiovascular technologists and technicians .................................................................... Diagnostic medical sonographers .......................................................................................

151 240 141 720 155 810 43 540 41 280

Psychiatric technicians ........................................................................................................ Respiratory therapy technicians .......................................................................................... Surgical technologists ......................................................................................................... Veterinary technologists and technicians ............................................................................ Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses .............................................................

59 010 24 190 82 280 58 570 702 740

12.28 17.67 16.35 11.99 16.33

Occupational health and safety technicians ........................................................................ Athletic trainers ................................................................................................................... Health care practitioners and technical workers, all other ..................................................

11 190 13 100 52 240

20.25

Nuclear medicine technologists .......................................................................................... Radiologic technologists and technicians ........................................................................... Emergency medical technicians and paramedics ............................................................... Dietetic technicians ............................................................................................................. Pharmacy technicians .........................................................................................................

Medical records and health information technicians ........................................................... Opticians, dispensing .......................................................................................................... Orthotists and prosthetists .................................................................................................. Health technologists and technicians, all other ................................................................... Occupational health and safety specialists .........................................................................

155 030 62 350 4 930 72 390 36 360

Health Care Support Home health aides .............................................................................................................. Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants ............................................................................ Psychiatric aides ................................................................................................................. Occupational therapist assistants ....................................................................................... Occupational therapist aides ...............................................................................................

596 330 1 384 120 54 520 20 880 5 240

Medical equipment preparers ............................................................................................. Medical transcriptionists ...................................................................................................... Pharmacy aides .................................................................................................................. Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers ..................................................... Health care support workers, all other ................................................................................

40 380 92 740 47 720 70 200 182 550

Fire inspectors and investigators ........................................................................................ Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists ................................................................ Bailiffs ................................................................................................................................. Correctional officers and jailers ........................................................................................... Detectives and criminal investigators ..................................................................................

12 500 1 580 17 270 409 580 86 880

Physical therapist assistants ............................................................................................... Physical therapist aides ...................................................................................................... Massage therapists ............................................................................................................. Dental assistants ................................................................................................................. Medical assistants ...............................................................................................................

Protective Service First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers ...................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives ................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers ............................. First-line supervisors/managers of protective service workers, all other ............................ Firefighters ..........................................................................................................................

1Annual

57 420 41 910 32 200 264 820 380 340

35 880 96 080 54 170 47 280 273 630

21.99 14.83 28.05 18.60 25.24

26.47 27.19 30.00 29.05 16.48

10 330 87 430 151 280 14 120 23 260

25.72 27.34 30.33 29.97 16.10

13.43 18.00 16.72 12.49 16.75

27 940 37 440 34 770 25 990 34 840

62 040 22 060 83 680 63 860 710 020

12.87 18.37 16.75 12.34 16.94

14.04 18.57 17.27 12.84 17.41

29 210 38 620 35 920 26 710 36 210

(2)

21.31

9 510 15 110 50 880

(2)

22.17

9.13 10.39 11.70 18.49 12.51

44 320 36 350 37 860

20.75

8.81 10.09 11.19 18.48 11.13

18.20

37 730 23 160 36 670 29 060 25 400

9.34 10.67 11.47 19.13 13.20

46 120 36 520 39 590

18.14 11.14 17.63 13.97 12.21

9.04 10.31 11.02 19.11 11.69

19.03

18.98 11.01 19.33 14.41 12.58

39 490 22 900 40 210 29 970 26 160

16.04

18.22 10.28 15.36 13.62 11.83

11.76 13.64 8.86 8.97 12.01

21.50 30.97 28.33 17.91 18.43 22.28 18.77 16.28 16.15 25.96

(2)

12.14 14.01 9.52 9.44 12.62

22.83 31.34 29.26 20.05 19.06 23.03 19.98 16.80 17.29 27.16

27 660 29 880 57 130 37 650 53 110

160 450 70 090 5 190 71 140 35 460

18 980 21 610 24 340 38 460 26 030

663 280 1 391 430 56 150 22 160 6 220

25 240 29 150 19 810 19 640 26 250

41 790 90 380 46 610 69 890 184 200

47 890 41 560 34 950 35 970 56 500

12 820 1 720 17 160 411 080 85 270

47 490 65 180 60 860 41 690 39 640

58 670 41 930 37 670 270 720 382 720

37 530 91 320 53 490 49 330 282 180

12.83 13.94 25.85 16.49 25.82 16.12

18.98 10.34 15.81 14.19 12.19

11.96 13.98 9.09 9.43 12.51

23.35 31.52 29.25 19.78 18.80 22.64 16.48 16.25 16.39 26.82

23.37 15.95 29.15 19.99 26.65

57 660 59 100 65 350 63 620 35 150

155 250 142 330 161 140 43 560 43 590

13.30 14.37 27.47 18.10 25.54

22.94 15.24 29.28 19.43 26.14

27.72 28.41 31.42 30.59 16.90

46 600 32 120 59 440 39 710 53 620

12.30 13.44 24.17 16.46 24.79

22.41 15.44 28.58 19.09 25.78

55 050 56 550 62 390 60 420 34 280

(4)

13.81 14.80 28.87 18.04 26.83 (2)

12.42 14.36 9.76 9.90 13.05

24.37 32.33 30.06 21.95 19.43 23.44 18.44 16.90 17.60 28.24

48 600 33 170 60 620 41 580 55 430

28 720 30 770 60 050 37 520 55 800

19 420 22 200 23 860 39 800 27 450

25 830 29 880 20 310 20 590 27 150

50 700 67 240 62 510 45 650 40 420 48 760 38 360 35 160 36 600 58 750

wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations with no hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. fewer than 2,080 hours per year are not available.

2Hourly wage rates for occupations at which workers typically work 4Median hourly wage is equal to or greater than $70.00 per hour.

CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES 211 Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2004 and May 2005—Continued (Number of people, dollars.)

Occupation

Protective Service—Continued Fish and game wardens ...................................................................................................... Parking enforcement workers ............................................................................................. Police and sheriff's patrol officers ....................................................................................... Transit and railroad police ................................................................................................... Animal control workers ........................................................................................................

Employment 7 050 9 990 616 340 4 610 13 780

Private detectives and investigators ................................................................................... Gaming surveillance officers and gaming investigators ...................................................... Security guards ................................................................................................................... Crossing guards .................................................................................................................. Lifeguards, ski patrol, and other recreational protective service workers ........................... Protective service workers, all other ...................................................................................

31 220 8 560 978 570 70 180 108 210 122 740

Cooks, restaurant ................................................................................................................ Cooks, short order .............................................................................................................. Cooks, all other ................................................................................................................... Food preparation workers ................................................................................................... Bartenders ..........................................................................................................................

765 670 225 740 10 780 863 700 463 000

Food Preparation and Serving Related Chefs and head cooks ........................................................................................................ First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers ......................... Cooks, fast food .................................................................................................................. Cooks, institution and cafeteria ........................................................................................... Cooks, private household ...................................................................................................

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food ................................ Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop ...................................... Waiters and waitresses ....................................................................................................... Food servers, nonrestaurant ............................................................................................... Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers .............................................

Dishwashers ....................................................................................................................... Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop ................................................ Food preparation and serving related workers, all other .....................................................

6 300 10 140 624 130 5 090 13 940

20 230 17 590 22 600 17 620 17 240

791 450 203 350 12 100 880 360 480 010

9.54 8.28 10.48 8.19 7.62

2 298 010 501 390 2 274 770 188 750 391 320

15.32

31 880

186 870

13.38 10.62 12.74 13.37 11.18

27 830 22 080 26 500 27 800 23 250

199 990

14.19

59 080 860 200 24 200 39 600 17 760

12.61 9.82 12.30 12.57 9.57

7.50 7.82 8.89

16.99 9.04 8.13 10.17

18.38 9.91 8.62 10.74

121 250 25 040 16 210 8 060 81 110

14.59 19.64 11.06 10.60 8.39

241 110 3 460 24 320 37 080 8 660

7.47 12.04 8.44 8.14 17.09

82 560 18 290 14 860 10 290 110 420

29 660 15 830 331 260 1 060 38 030

6.89 8.84 10.01 8.32 7.30

9.26 10.19 9.52 11.74 8.89

17.23 13.44 7.45 9.88 11.18

9.73 8.46 10.87 8.47 8.29

15 390 16 170 15 930 17 840 15 470

7.35 7.52 8.26

15.54 12.53 7.25 9.44 10.01

15.70 12.44 9.98 9.64 8.13 14.77

7.40 7.78 7.66 8.58 7.44

497 650 316 400 62 620

20.85 14.72 22.73 24.20 13.50

33 720 8 730 994 220 69 390 107 620 141 480

34 160 27 480 15 250 19 860 22 530

15 600 16 260 18 490

115 850 748 550 631 190 393 500 830

498 620 328 930 58 730

Mean hourly wages

20.60 13.98 22.25 23.49 12.87

36 330 28 470 22 070 20 670 17 530 30 240

7.06 7.53 6.75 7.95 7.10

9.39 8.11 10.09 8.03 7.42

May 2005

Median hourly wages

17.47 13.69 10.61 9.94 8.43 14.54

2 140 740 458 610 2 219 850 186 770 390 980

Amusement and recreation attendants ............................................................................... Costume attendants ............................................................................................................ Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants ..................................................... Entertainment attendants and related workers, all other .................................................... Embalmers ..........................................................................................................................

1Annual

49 090 29 890 46 180 47 370 27 360

Employment

16.42 13.21 7.33 9.55 10.83

Personal Care and Service First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers ............................................. Gaming supervisors ............................................................................................................ Slot key persons ................................................................................................................. Animal trainers .................................................................................................................... Nonfarm animal caretakers .................................................................................................

Funeral attendants .............................................................................................................. Barbers ............................................................................................................................... Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists .................................................................... Makeup artists, theatrical and performance ........................................................................ Manicurists and pedicurists .................................................................................................

15.44 12.42 9.77 9.28 7.95 13.50

23.60 14.37 22.20 22.77 13.15

Mean annual wages1

14.75 12.22 7.07 9.10 9.42

102 380 2 103 490 880 150 13 580

Gaming dealers ................................................................................................................... Gaming and sports book writers and runners ..................................................................... Gaming service workers, all other ....................................................................................... Motion picture projectionists ............................................................................................... Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers ........................................................................

20.57 13.64 21.74 21.84 12.60

Mean hourly wages

116 930 733 680 652 500 401 110 650

Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers ........................... First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers ......................................................................................................................... Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners ...................................... Maids and housekeeping cleaners ..................................................................................... Building cleaning workers, all other .................................................................................... Pest control workers ........................................................................................................... Landscaping and groundskeeping workers ........................................................................ Pesticide handlers, sprayers, and applicators, vegetation .................................................. Tree trimmers and pruners ................................................................................................. Grounds maintenance workers, all other ............................................................................

May 2004

Median hourly wages

7.11 7.60 6.83 8.28 7.23

7.45 7.62 8.38

14.58

Mean annual wages1 43 360 30 620 47 270 50 330 28 090

17.78 13.82 10.91 10.21 8.67 15.90

36 980 28 740 22 690 21 230 18 020 33 070

9.86 8.64 11.40 8.68 8.48

20 510 17 980 23 720 18 060 17 640

35 840 27 960 15 500 20 550 23 250

7.48 7.88 7.84 8.98 7.59

15 550 16 380 16 310 18 680 15 800

15.66

32 570

7.58 7.90 9.14

15 760 16 430 19 000

38 230 20 620 17 930 22 350

106 280 2 107 360 893 820 15 610

17.46 9.32 8.21 11.25

18.82 10.15 8.74 12.99

39 150 21 120 18 180 27 020

16.07 19.98 12.07 12.48 9.24

33 430 41 570 25 110 25 950 19 220

125 760 24 180 14 700 8 320 100 550

15.09 19.38 10.64 11.92 8.52

16.53 19.87 11.65 14.19 9.64

34 390 41 320 24 230 29 510 20 050

8.00 13.81 8.80 8.57 17.93

16 630 28 720 18 310 17 820 37 300

232 030 3 900 20 340 ... 9 840

7.89 9.76 10.85 9.55 8.07

10.05 12.04 10.95 15.28 9.65

16 420 20 310 22 570 19 870 16 780

20 900 25 040 22 770 31 780 20 080

62 400 896 690 25 770 29 790 17 960

82 320 19 290 16 070 10 230 102 330

30 220 13 630 338 910 1 070 42 960

13.06 9.94 12.56 13.42 10.04

6.85 8.87 10.37 8.07 7.41

7.65 12.19 8.63 ... 17.77

9.48 10.46 9.91 11.29 8.79

13.89 10.74 13.22 14.35 11.78

7.71 9.58 11.53 9.30 8.05

8.15 13.94 9.02 ... 19.01 10.39 11.88 11.36 15.70 9.81

28 880 22 350 27 500 29 850 24 510

16 040 19 930 23 980 19 340 16 740 16 950 28 990 18 760 ... 39 550 21 600 24 700 23 640 32 660 20 400

wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations with no hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. . . . = Not available.

212 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2004 and May 2005—Continued (Number of people, dollars.)

Occupation

Personal Care and Service—Continued Shampooers ........................................................................................................................ Skin care specialists ........................................................................................................... Baggage porters and bellhops ............................................................................................ Concierges .......................................................................................................................... Tour guides and escorts .....................................................................................................

Employment 16 180 19 650 55 910 17 310 28 660

May 2004

Median hourly wages

Mean hourly wages

Mean annual wages1

7.03 11.55 8.54 11.23 9.32

7.51 13.20 10.46 11.93 9.92

9.17 8.06 8.12

9.99 8.57 8.38

29 750 51 160 20 780 17 830 17 430

3 120 99 590 24 810 557 680 566 860

9.88 8.74 8.52

31 270 53 740 20 550 18 180 17 710

37 600 73 670 17 300 20 630 22 530

15.73 28.51 7.81 9.87 8.79

18.01 34.33 8.29 10.04 10.47

37 470 71 420 17 250 20 890 21 770

1 083 890 294 010 3 481 420 28 590 473 090

15.79 29.79 7.82 9.64 9.12

18.08 35.42 8.32 9.92 10.83

90 500 352 050 378 080

13.29 22.60 28.17

14.25 25.93 32.37

29 650 53 940 67 330

88 590 439 450 379 890

13.78 22.50 29.21

14.78 26.07 33.14

1 410 40 050 126 470 71 690 410 360

10.50 28.23 17.15 33.95 9.82

13.21 37.43 23.05 36.42 11.29

27 480 77 850 47 950 75 740 23 490

10.92 27.49 18.87 35.68 9.79

13.26 36.98 25.04 38.16 11.30

Travel agents ...................................................................................................................... Sales representatives, services, all other ........................................................................... Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific products .... Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and scientific products ........................................................................................................................ Demonstrators and product promoters ...............................................................................

1 385 630 93 240

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers ...................... Sales and related workers, all other ....................................................................................

15 200 198 230

Models ................................................................................................................................ Real estate brokers ............................................................................................................. Real estate sales agents ..................................................................................................... Sales engineers .................................................................................................................. Telemarketers .....................................................................................................................

14.98 10.43 11.17 9.81

9.28 8.20 8.34

1 087 830 307 610 3 438 070 28 830 444 850 236 710 4 130 470 144 690 285 390 240 500

12.25 9.29 10.30 8.63

7.85 12.90 10.03 12.08 10.42

Sales and Related First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers ...................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers ............................................... Cashiers .............................................................................................................................. Gaming change persons and booth cashiers ..................................................................... Counter and rental clerks .................................................................................................... Parts salespersons ............................................................................................................. Retail salespersons ............................................................................................................. Advertising sales agents ..................................................................................................... Insurance sales agents ....................................................................................................... Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents ............................................

14.30

12.32 8.98 19.37 20.06 33.27

(2)

13.58 11.03 23.76 26.77 43.77

21.83 9.95

25.91 12.00

10.85 15.09

13.36 18.44

31 170 21 690 23 240 20 410

28 240 22 930 49 420 55 680 91 040

189 220 264 840 50 490 60 260

235 190 4 344 770 153 890 299 470 251 710

14.06 (2)

15.03

12.43 9.67 10.51 8.91

14.93 10.78 11.39 10.20

12.72 9.20 20.08 20.36 32.28

53 900 24 960

1 436 800 86 050

22.78 9.96

27 790 38 350

10 970 178 480

1 430 41 760 150 200 69 790 400 860

25 350 39 610

13.54 13.36 14.18 10.76 15.08

14.36 13.87 14.76 11.28 15.44

29 860 28 860 30 700 23 460 32 120

43 990 22 490 30 220 33 240

1 352 130 194 980 29 290 3 870

20.38 10.61 15.09 15.64

Procurement clerks ............................................................................................................. Tellers ................................................................................................................................. Brokerage clerks ................................................................................................................. Correspondence clerks ....................................................................................................... Court, municipal, and license clerks ...................................................................................

71 740 552 860 73 910 21 590 103 090

14.85 10.15 16.94 13.51 13.67

15.11 10.30 18.15 14.19 14.63

31 420 21 420 37 750 29 510 30 420

71 390 599 220 70 110 17 990 102 060

15.49 10.24 17.04 13.66 14.09

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks ............................................................................. Customer service representatives ...................................................................................... Eligibility interviewers, government programs ..................................................................... File clerks ............................................................................................................................ Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks .................................................................................... Interviewers, except eligibility and loan ............................................................................... Library assistants, clerical ................................................................................................... Loan interviewers and clerks .............................................................................................. New accounts clerks ........................................................................................................... Order clerks ........................................................................................................................ 1Annual

66 010 2 021 350 93 250 242 640 190 300 193 780 102 310 209 320 96 560 289 830

13.97 12.99 15.92 10.11 8.51 11.38 9.96 13.94 12.91 12.07

15.15 14.01 16.25 10.72 8.93 11.91 10.57 14.75 13.55 12.85

29 010 28 070 29 830 23 070 31 240

31 520 29 130 33 800 22 310 18 570 24 770 21 990 30 680 28 180 26 730

431 280 513 020 1 815 340 18 730 205 600

65 410 2 067 700 85 550 229 830 207 190

201 790 104 650 231 700 82 450 259 760

30 750 54 230 68 940

12.19 19.05

21.15 10.81 14.53 15.98 13.95 13.50 14.34 11.09 15.02

28 990 23 170 50 400 56 960 87 990

9.83 15.77

19.72 10.38 13.65 15.23 13.20 13.00 13.74 10.74 14.59

13.94 11.14 24.23 27.38 42.30

31 060 22 420 23 690 21 210

55 940 24 570

1 406 240 206 370 38 500 4 040

445 180 496 780 1 770 860 19 710 205 670

(2)

16 320 26 830 20 870 25 130 21 670

26.90 11.81

Office and Adminstrative Support First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers ................... Switchboard operators, including answering service .......................................................... Telephone operators ........................................................................................................... Communications equipment operators, all other ................................................................ Bill and account collectors .................................................................................................. Billing and posting clerks and machine operators ............................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks .................................................................... Gaming cage workers ......................................................................................................... Payroll and timekeeping clerks ...........................................................................................

Mean annual wages1

7.49 11.22 8.46 11.30 9.61

4 140 101 980 27 730 513 110 532 490 182 280 266 520 49 960 65 070

(2)

16 040 22 740 51 300 16 810 28 320

Mean hourly wages

Travel guides ...................................................................................................................... Flight attendants ................................................................................................................. Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters .......................... Childcare workers ............................................................................................................... Personal and home care aides ........................................................................................... Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors ............................................................................ Recreation workers ............................................................................................................. Residential advisors ............................................................................................................ Personal care and service workers, all other ......................................................................

13.20

15 610 27 450 21 760 24 820 20 640

Employment

May 2005

Median hourly wages

14.10 13.22 16.22 10.30 8.56 12.07 10.16 14.52 13.18 12.30

21.89 11.07 14.92 16.36

15.64 10.59 18.34 14.51 15.02

14.90 14.27 16.53 10.98 9.05 12.54 10.76 15.33 13.69 13.18

27 570 76 930 52 090 79 370 23 500

45 540 23 020 31 030 34 030

32 530 22 020 38 140 30 180 31 230

30 990 29 680 34 390 22 840 18 820 26 070 22 380 31 880 28 460 27 410

wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations with no hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. wage rates for occupations at which workers typically work fewer than 2,080 hours per year are not available.

2Hourly

CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES 213

Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2004 and May 2005—Continued (Number of people, dollars.)

Occupation

Employment

May 2004

Median hourly wages

Mean hourly wages

Mean annual wages1

Employment

May 2005

Median hourly wages

Mean hourly wages

Mean annual wages1

Office and Adminstrative Support—Continued Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping ........................................... Receptionists and information clerks .................................................................................. Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks .......................................... All other information and record clerks ............................................................................... Cargo and freight agents ....................................................................................................

164 940 1 071 230 159 910 269 070 70 000

15.26 10.50 13.34 15.44 16.47

15.77 10.91 14.48 18.34 17.24

32 810 22 690 30 120 38 150 35 870

161 870 1 088 400 160 120 288 730 78 730

15.74 10.65 13.52 16.16 17.24

16.24 11.12 14.45 19.10 17.97

33 790 23 120 30 050 39 720 37 380

Postal service mail carriers ................................................................................................. Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators ..................... Production, planning, and expediting clerks ....................................................................... Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks ................................................................................. Stock clerks and order fillers ...............................................................................................

344 050 214 400 285 940 747 270 1 561 530

21.37 18.96 17.47 11.73 9.66

20.85 18.12 18.10 12.43 10.52

43 370 37 690 37 650 25 850 21 890

347 180 208 600 287 980 759 910 1 625 430

22.27 20.88 18.07 12.10 9.66

21.38 20.01 18.71 12.80 10.60

44 460 41 620 38 920 26 620 22 060

140 870 313 590 168 430 32 790 239 250

14.94 11.18 13.48 15.55 14.06

15.79 11.72 14.17 16.40 14.70

32 850 24 380 29 480 34 110 30 580

Couriers and messengers ................................................................................................... Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers ............................................................................. Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance ................................................................ Meter readers, utilities ......................................................................................................... Postal service clerks ...........................................................................................................

111 700 90 930 165 910 48 830 76 870

9.71 13.91 14.87 14.15 19.69

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping ......................................... Executive secretaries and administrative assistants ........................................................... Legal secretaries ................................................................................................................. Medical secretaries ............................................................................................................. Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive ..............................................................

83 570 1 422 610 264 070 360 850 1 743 560

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service .......................................... Office clerks, general .......................................................................................................... Office machine operators, except computer ....................................................................... Proofreaders and copy markers .......................................................................................... Statistical assistants ............................................................................................................ Office and administrative support workers, all other ...........................................................

149 700 2 970 660 97 140 20 530 18 560 318 430

Graders and sorters, agricultural products .......................................................................... Agricultural equipment operators ........................................................................................ Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse ............................................... Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals ............................................................................... Agricultural workers, all other ..............................................................................................

50 110 20 960 240 000 43 250 9 500

Construction and Extraction First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers ................. Boilermakers ....................................................................................................................... Brickmasons and blockmasons .......................................................................................... Stonemasons ......................................................................................................................

542 440 18 520 107 660 16 320

24.25 21.68 20.07 16.82

Cement masons and concrete finishers .............................................................................. Terrazzo workers and finishers ........................................................................................... Construction laborers .......................................................................................................... Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators ......................................................... Pile-driver operators ............................................................................................................

191 690 6 700 854 840 61 860 4 450

15.10 13.45 12.10 14.42 21.29

Computer operators ............................................................................................................ Data entry keyers ................................................................................................................ Word processors and typists ............................................................................................... Desktop publishers ............................................................................................................. Insurance claims and policy processing clerks ...................................................................

Farming, Fishing, and Forestry First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers .......................... Farm labor contractors ........................................................................................................ Agricultural inspectors ......................................................................................................... Animal breeders ..................................................................................................................

Fishers and related fishing workers .................................................................................... Forest and conservation workers ........................................................................................ Fallers ................................................................................................................................. Logging equipment operators ............................................................................................. Log graders and scalers ..................................................................................................... Logging workers, all other ...................................................................................................

Carpenters .......................................................................................................................... Carpet installers .................................................................................................................. Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles ............................................................... Floor sanders and finishers ................................................................................................. Tile and marble setters .......................................................................................................

11.81 16.81 17.65 12.76 12.55

10.76 10.95 11.16 12.18 14.55 12.22

10.26 14.58 16.01 15.03 19.82

12.92 17.69 18.40 13.42 13.06

21 330 30 330 33 310 31 260 41 230

22 460 31 270 33 590 31 030 46 820

12.17 17.29 18.15 13.13 12.82

12.99 18.18 18.78 13.65 13.35

27 030 37 810 39 070 28 390 27 780

23 440 24 170 24 610 27 010 31 600 27 380

148 330 2 997 370 87 900 18 070 18 700 287 270

10.99 11.09 11.53 12.30 13.92 12.52

11.59 11.82 12.24 13.30 15.04 13.50

24 120 24 580 25 460 27 660 31 270 28 070

17 710 20 300 16 780 18 870 23 010

45 010 19 940 227 750 49 740 8 970

25.95 22.29 20.42 17.75

53 980 46 360 42 480 36 920

555 380 17 760 115 950 17 030

24.98 23.10 20.13 16.66

26.79 23.62 20.60 17.53

55 720 49 130 42 850 36 450

16.36 15.47 13.86 16.07 22.46

34 030 32 170 28 830 33 430 46 720

204 720 5 440 934 000 63 220 4 410

15.40 15.40 12.22 14.58 23.51

16.64 16.69 13.97 15.93 24.27

34 610 34 720 29 050 33 140 50 490

11.27 11.62 11.83 12.99 15.19 13.16

18.50 10.84 16.05 15.74

38 480 22 540 33 390 32 730

940 9 140 10 180 27 690 4 870 5 680

11.58 9.51 13.23 13.18 12.29 14.29

14.04 11.34 15.15 13.75 13.21 14.06

29 200 23 590 31 510 28 600 27 480 29 240

16.78 16.39 15.68 12.88 17.02

10.80 15.03 16.15 14.92 22.51

79 050 1 442 040 265 000 381 020 1 744 380

17.06 8.42 14.92 13.55

882 490 40 170 15 800 6 430 42 930

10.03 14.45 15.09 14.09 23.23

26 880 36 790 38 280 27 900 27 160

19 890 2 770 12 300 1 530

7.90 8.88 7.70 8.31 10.15

106 520 94 060 172 550 46 920 78 710

8.52 9.76 8.07 9.07 11.06

18.26 17.72 17.13 13.93 18.28

37 970 36 860 35 640 28 980 38 020

129 160 296 700 153 580 29 910 239 120

15.42 11.45 13.95 15.77 14.49

16.15 11.98 14.49 16.72 15.24

33 580 24 910 30 140 34 770 31 700

19 750 2 310 11 730 1 860

17.32 9.52 15.79 12.90

18.65 12.14 16.75 15.23

38 790 25 240 34 840 31 690

770 8 700 9 780 26 880 4 520 5 330

12.08 9.46 13.64 13.91 13.31 15.24

13.94 11.19 15.26 14.28 14.21 15.04

29 000 23 280 31 740 29 700 29 550 31 290

935 920 37 050 14 520 5 950 47 410

8.06 9.36 7.91 8.76 10.61

17.11 16.13 15.87 13.14 17.56

8.74 10.06 8.35 9.56 11.60

18.62 17.84 17.92 14.34 18.81

18 170 20 930 17 370 19 890 24 140

38 720 37 100 37 270 29 830 39 130

1Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations with no hourly mean wage published,

the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.

214 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2004 and May 2005—Continued (Number of people, dollars.)

Occupation

Employment

May 2004

Median hourly wages

Mean hourly wages

Mean annual wages1

Employment

May 2005

Median hourly wages

Mean hourly wages

Mean annual wages1

Construction and Extraction—Continued Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators ..................................... Drywall and ceiling tile installers ......................................................................................... Tapers ................................................................................................................................. Electricians .......................................................................................................................... Glaziers ...............................................................................................................................

357 080 113 350 36 370 582 920 43 140

17.00 16.36 18.78 20.33 15.70

18.62 17.71 19.25 21.58 17.63

38 730 36 830 40 040 44 900 36 680

378 720 126 810 38 570 606 500 49 310

17.23 16.70 19.17 20.57 16.12

18.85 18.07 19.91 21.94 17.75

39 210 37 580 41 410 45 630 36 920

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters ................................................................................ Plasterers and stucco masons ............................................................................................ Reinforcing iron and rebar workers ..................................................................................... Roofers ............................................................................................................................... Sheet metal workers ...........................................................................................................

424 360 54 920 32 660 119 820 184 740

19.85 15.60 16.90 14.83 17.09

21.21 16.96 19.32 16.17 18.63

44 110 35 270 40 190 33 630 38 760

420 770 47 760 30 270 120 070 174 550

20.27 16.08 16.78 15.01 17.50

21.56 17.40 19.32 16.14 19.03

44 850 36 200 40 190 33 570 39 570

Insulation workers, floor, ceiling, and wall ........................................................................... Insulation workers, mechanical ........................................................................................... Painters, construction and maintenance ............................................................................. Paperhangers ..................................................................................................................... Pipelayers ...........................................................................................................................

Structural iron and steel workers ........................................................................................ Helpers—brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters ............. Helpers—carpenters ........................................................................................................... Helpers—electricians .......................................................................................................... Helpers—painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons ....................................

37 000 17 110 249 560 7 660 54 470

14.57 16.03 14.55 15.73 13.68

16.12 17.48 15.87 16.87 15.40

33 530 36 350 33 010 35 090 32 040

70 240 61 680 106 130 92 820 26 090

20.40 12.00 10.38 11.26 9.87

21.30 13.40 10.94 11.97 10.87

44 300 27 860 22 750 24 890 22 610

Fence erectors .................................................................................................................... Hazardous materials removal workers ................................................................................ Highway maintenance workers ........................................................................................... Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators .................................................... Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners ...................................................................

23 350 38 550 136 550 10 430 16 670

11.24 16.02 14.21 18.35 13.88

12.27 17.54 14.61 17.96 14.73

Earth drillers, except oil and gas ......................................................................................... Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters ........................................... Continuous mining machine operators ............................................................................... Mine cutting and channeling machine operators ................................................................ Mining machine operators, all other ....................................................................................

19 320 5 290 8 060 3 900 2 710

16.07 17.16 17.87 17.96 16.45

Installation, Repair, and Maintenance First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers ............................ Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers ................................................. Radio mechanics ................................................................................................................ Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers ................. Avionics technicians ............................................................................................................

459 440 141 350 6 340 202 160 22 310

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers .................................... Security and fire alarm systems installers ........................................................................... Aircraft mechanics and service technicians ........................................................................ Automotive body and related repairers ............................................................................... Automotive glass installers and repairers ...........................................................................

32 210 44 710 112 830 162 820 18 150

Helpers—pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters .............................................. Helpers—roofers ................................................................................................................. Helpers—construction trades, all other ............................................................................... Construction and building inspectors .................................................................................. Elevator installers and repairers .........................................................................................

Segmental pavers ............................................................................................................... Construction and related workers, all other ........................................................................ Derrick operators, oil and gas ............................................................................................. Rotary drill operators, oil and gas ....................................................................................... Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining ........................................................................

Rock splitters, quarry .......................................................................................................... Roof bolters, mining ............................................................................................................ Roustabouts, oil and gas .................................................................................................... Helpers—extraction workers ............................................................................................... Extraction workers, all other ................................................................................................

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers ................................................................ Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment ..................... Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment ........................ Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay ............................ Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles ............................................

Automotive service technicians and mechanics ................................................................. Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists ..................................................... Farm equipment mechanics ................................................................................................ Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines ......................................................... Rail car repairers .................................................................................................................

74 820 21 530 38 310 82 690 21 110

840 81 260 13 880 13 860 16 210

3 180 4 290 32 280 26 430 10 450

21 910 17 390 71 300 20 660 15 490

668 540 251 430 30 770 112 000 18 140

34 250 22 100 249 850 7 710 56 280

15.08 17.07 14.81 16.08 13.83

16.59 19.16 16.08 17.65 15.53

34 510 39 840 33 450 36 720 32 290

68 900 58 690 101 870 90 370 21 820

19.51 11.83 10.57 11.17 9.88

20.93 13.14 11.11 11.86 10.61

43 540 27 340 23 100 24 670 22 070

25 530 36 480 30 390 37 360 30 640

22 600 38 260 140 600 13 510 17 940

11.99 16.20 14.54 19.23 14.64

12.74 17.90 14.88 18.81 15.38

26 490 37 240 30 950 39 120 31 980

17.18 17.85 17.71 17.95 17.17

35 740 37 130 36 840 37 330 35 710

18 800 4 800 9 000 6 080 2 450

16.23 18.65 18.80 18.64 17.37

17.20 19.33 18.67 18.12 18.26

24.20 16.90 17.65 23.96 21.30

25.34 17.59 18.30 23.10 21.38

52 700 36 580 38 070 48 050 44 460

455 690 138 210 6 170 198 350 22 490

24.99 17.34 18.25 24.33 22.42

26.15 18.10 18.78 23.72 22.57

13.44 16.06 21.77 16.68 13.45

14.25 16.78 22.69 18.10 13.98

29 640 34 900 47 190 37 650 29 080

35 360 49 470 115 120 158 160 17 760

10.75 9.93 9.91 21.00 28.23

11.74 11.40 16.11 17.11 14.75

12.54 18.70 11.94 12.66 15.66

15.54 19.25 20.48 25.86 12.79

15.60 17.20 13.40 18.34 19.48

11.50 10.58 10.97 21.86 27.98

13.31 12.71 16.74 18.68 16.05

13.43 18.54 12.74 13.23 16.37

16.11 19.46 20.63 25.51 14.24

16.61 17.66 13.74 18.68 19.01

23 930 22 000 22 820 45 460 58 190

27 690 26 440 34 810 38 860 33 380

27 940 38 570 26 500 27 520 34 050

33 520 40 470 42 910 53 060 29 610

34 550 36 730 28 580 38 860 39 550

77 630 20 510 37 590 87 820 21 000

330 63 340 13 270 15 500 19 530

3 600 4 140 33 570 25 550 9 060

10.97 9.97 10.40 21.50 28.46

12.02 14.36 16.29 18.03 14.74

13.10 18.91 11.96 13.19 16.35

11.84 10.41 11.55 22.51 28.12

12.82 15.50 17.16 19.18 16.61

13.56 18.84 12.71 13.76 17.32

24 630 21 660 24 020 46 830 58 500

26 670 32 230 35 690 39 880 34 560

35 770 40 210 38 830 37 680 37 970 28 200 39 180 26 430 28 620 36 010

54 390 37 640 39 070 49 330 46 940

20 070 20 560 69 620 21 250 17 650

16.09 19.95 21.21 26.43 13.19

16.77 20.20 21.32 26.26 14.94

34 880 42 010 44 350 54 620 31 080

654 800 248 280 30 800 117 500 24 270

15.89 17.61 13.81 18.95 20.45

16.90 17.96 14.17 19.32 20.32

35 140 37 360 29 480 40 190 42 270

13.91 16.21 22.74 16.74 14.18

14.83 17.06 23.68 18.23 14.67

30 840 35 480 49 260 37 920 30 510

1Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations with no hourly mean wage published,

the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.

CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES 215

Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2004 and May 2005—Continued (Number of people, dollars.)

Occupation

Installation, Repair, and Maintenance—Continued Motorboat mechanics .......................................................................................................... Motorcycle mechanics ........................................................................................................ Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics ........................................... Bicycle repairers ................................................................................................................. Recreational vehicle service technicians ............................................................................ Tire repairers and changers ................................................................................................ Mechanical door repairers .................................................................................................. Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door ................................... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers ................................. Home appliance repairers ...................................................................................................

Employment 17 680 15 920 25 170 7 750 12 340

May 2004

Median hourly wages

14.74 13.70 11.98 9.71 13.93

10.75 16.92 20.83 18.30 16.00

22 350 35 190 43 320 38 060 33 280

101 760 144 080 3 830 23 750 5 290

23.61 19.39 15.54 17.90 13.47

22.91 19.55 16.29 18.72 14.88

47 640 40 660 33 880 38 930 30 950

Watch repairers ................................................................................................................... Precision instrument and equipment repairers, all other ..................................................... Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers ...................................... Commercial divers .............................................................................................................. Fabric menders, except garment ........................................................................................

3 450 13 500 37 230 2 230 2 150

13.87 21.25 13.47 16.94 15.62

696 750 18 710 27 360 217 360 51 370

259 830 150 900 131 490 137 370 134 140

Production First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers ............................... Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers ............................................ Coil winders, tapers, and finishers ...................................................................................... Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers ................................................................. Electromechanical equipment assemblers .........................................................................

15 540 12 150 12 480 7 780 157 310 137 650

Engine and other machine assemblers ............................................................................... Structural metal fabricators and fitters ................................................................................ Fiberglass laminators and fabricators ................................................................................. Team assemblers ............................................................................................................... Timing device assemblers, adjusters, and calibrators ........................................................

45 730 86 240 30 250 1 208 270 3 150

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders ............... Food batchmakers .............................................................................................................. Food cooking machine operators and tenders .................................................................... Computer-controlled machine tool operators, metal and plastic ......................................... Numerical tool and process control programmers ..............................................................

18 110 85 010 41 810 124 330 17 310

Assemblers and fabricators, all other .................................................................................. Bakers ................................................................................................................................. Butchers and meat cutters .................................................................................................. Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers ....................................................................... Slaughterers and meat packers ..........................................................................................

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ........... Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic .................................. Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ................................... Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ...........

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ........................................................................................................... Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............ Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ................. Machinists ........................................................................................................................... Metal refining furnace operators and tenders ..................................................................... 1Annual

31 530 30 380 26 340 20 580 30 630

10.01 15.38 21.01 17.43 15.47

212 770 1 267 390 84 850 57 050 3 570

Locksmiths and safe repairers ............................................................................................ Manufactured building and mobile home installers ............................................................. Riggers ................................................................................................................................ Signal and track switch repairers ........................................................................................ Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair workers ..................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair workers, all other ......................................................

15.16 14.61 12.66 9.90 14.73

Mean annual wages1

87 110 10 470 37 260 225 630 40 300

Industrial machinery mechanics .......................................................................................... Maintenance and repair workers, general ........................................................................... Maintenance workers, machinery ....................................................................................... Millwrights ........................................................................................................................... Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons ........................................................... Electrical power line installers and repairers ....................................................................... Telecommunications line installers and repairers ............................................................... Camera and photographic equipment repairers ................................................................. Medical equipment repairers ............................................................................................... Musical instrument repairers and tuners .............................................................................

Mean hourly wages

88 980 37 890 37 210 248 800 41 940

98 770 70 230 30 280 361 280 17 150

18.78 14.77 15.79 21.02 18.09

18 190 16 140 24 680 7 980 13 540

15.76 14.16 12.41 10.05 14.65

Mean hourly wages 16.31 15.11 12.95 10.33 15.43

Mean annual wages1 33 920 31 430 26 930 21 490 32 100

100 860 14 400 38 640 241 380 43 110

10.08 14.57 21.21 17.81 15.86

10.72 15.81 21.21 18.64 16.38

22 300 32 890 44 120 38 770 34 060

106 060 142 560 3 160 27 940 4 830

24.11 20.39 16.78 19.02 13.73

23.65 20.66 17.37 20.04 15.33

49 200 42 970 36 130 41 680 31 880

40 090 32 060 34 120 44 990 39 020

234 650 1 307 820 83 220 53 080 3 250

15.23 21.64 13.95 18.66 15.60

31 670 45 000 29 020 38 820 32 440

3 080 12 870 39 570 2 310 2 140

15.21 21.37 13.56 18.25 16.77

16.00 22.11 14.11 20.15 16.37

33 280 45 980 29 340 41 910 34 040

21.51 17.79 12.24 11.68 12.71

22.96 18.02 12.69 12.63 13.29

47 760 37 470 26 400 26 270 27 650

679 930 22 820 23 190 207 270 57 200

22.18 21.15 12.32 12.08 12.97

23.66 20.45 12.65 13.05 13.71

49 210 42 530 26 320 27 150 28 520

11.90 10.26 12.45 9.09 10.03

14.14 10.97 13.12 9.60 10.20

29 410 22 820 27 300 19 970 21 220

258 240 144 110 128 660 136 690 132 000

12.62 10.35 12.78 9.53 10.20

14.49 11.13 13.37 9.99 10.33

30 140 23 150 27 810 20 780 21 490

14.60 11.23 16.98 21.43 10.25 16.23

16.73 14.34 12.18 11.42 13.76

11.46 10.62 10.02 14.75 19.31

13.18 13.22 14.33 12.45 13.69

13.19 15.04 14.91 16.33 15.74

19.28 15.41 16.40 21.63 18.76

Employment

May 2005

Median hourly wages

15.30 11.64 17.55 21.73 11.18 17.23

17.29 14.94 12.59 12.36 14.57

12.12 11.34 10.72 15.22 20.27

13.54 14.05 14.81 13.04 14.72

14.10 15.47 15.16 16.73 16.13

31 830 24 210 36 500 45 210 23 250 35 830

16 080 10 120 11 840 6 100 158 520 135 560

35 960 31 070 26 190 25 720 30 310

49 430 93 490 30 560 1 242 370 2 460

25 210 23 590 22 290 31 650 42 160

18 160 89 400 43 100 136 490 17 860

28 170 29 210 30 810 27 120 30 620

29 330 32 190 31 530 34 790 33 560

87 290 33 850 37 500 265 480 43 180

101 530 71 410 29 140 368 380 17 960

19.11 15.01 16.18 21.53 19.35

14.85 11.09 17.79 23.65 10.21 16.39

16.72 14.56 12.13 11.60 13.54

19.74 15.70 16.96 22.33 19.74

15.67 12.05 18.17 23.25 11.17 17.43

17.38 15.09 12.64 12.50 14.23

41 060 32 650 35 270 46 450 41 070

32 600 25 070 37 790 48 370 23 230 36 260

36 150 31 390 26 300 26 000 29 600

11.17 10.82 10.29 14.91 20.11

12.15 11.61 11.03 15.41 21.15

25 280 24 140 22 950 32 060 43 990

13.34 15.26 15.13 16.51 15.83

14.23 15.74 15.44 17.00 16.26

29 600 32 750 32 120 35 350 33 820

13.46 13.93 14.65 12.49 13.85

13.84 14.53 15.02 13.13 14.72

28 790 30 220 31 240 27 310 30 610

wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations with no hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.

216 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2004 and May 2005—Continued (Number of people, dollars.)

Occupation

Production—Continued Pourers and casters, metal ................................................................................................. Model makers, metal and plastic ........................................................................................ Patternmakers, metal and plastic ........................................................................................ Foundry mold and coremakers ........................................................................................... Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............................................................................................................................

Employment

May 2004

Median hourly wages

13 670 8 030 5 930 17 320

13.92 21.28 17.86 13.37

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ........................... Tool and die makers ........................................................................................................... Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers ............................................................................ Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders ......................... Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic .......................

97 060 99 390 344 970 47 210 25 690

14.06 20.55 14.72 14.32 14.26

Bookbinders ........................................................................................................................ Job printers ......................................................................................................................... Prepress technicians and workers ...................................................................................... Printing machine operators ................................................................................................. Laundry and dry-cleaning workers ......................................................................................

7 160 56 770 76 190 184 230 218 610

13.71 15.41 15.30 14.38 8.28

Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers .......................................................................... Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders ............................................ Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders ..................................................... Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders ............................... Textile winding, twisting, and drawing-out machine setters, operators, and tenders ..........

27 180 21 480 25 320 45 320 53 490

10.79 10.56 9.80 11.48 10.87

25 770 3 210 2 500 56 500 88 870

11.35 12.94 14.88 10.91 10.93

92 120 59 980 10 670 42 300 14 930

38 000 42 600 44 210 119 320

Lay out workers, metal and plastic ...................................................................................... Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ................ Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners .................................................................................. Metal workers and plastic workers, all other ....................................................................... Bindery workers ..................................................................................................................

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials ................................................................ Sewing machine operators ................................................................................................. Shoe and leather workers and repairers ............................................................................. Shoe machine operators and tenders ................................................................................. Sewers, hand ......................................................................................................................

156 480

11 240 38 620 19 750 53 050 73 240

80 520 242 500 7 840 4 530 12 430

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers ............................................................................................................................. Fabric and apparel patternmakers ...................................................................................... Upholsterers ........................................................................................................................ Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other ............................................................. Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters ................................................................................

23 040 9 340 38 550 21 920 121 380

Woodworkers, all other ....................................................................................................... Nuclear power reactor operators ........................................................................................ Power distributors and dispatchers ..................................................................................... Power plant operators ......................................................................................................... Stationary engineers and boiler operators ..........................................................................

12 190 4 300 8 290 33 350 46 870

Furniture finishers ............................................................................................................... Model makers, wood ........................................................................................................... Patternmakers, wood .......................................................................................................... Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood ..................................................... Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing .............................

Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators ........................................... Chemical plant and system operators ................................................................................. Gas plant operators ............................................................................................................ Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers ................................. Plant and system operators, all other .................................................................................

Chemical equipment operators and tenders ....................................................................... Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders .......................................................................................................................... Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders ....................... Grinding and polishing workers, hand ................................................................................. Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders ........................................... Cutters and trimmers, hand ................................................................................................ Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders .............................................. Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders ... Furnace, kiln, oven, dryer, and kettle operators and tenders .............................................. Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers .......................................................... 1Annual

48 450

28 780 73 250 73 970 29 750 495 430

Mean hourly wages

Mean annual wages1

Employment

14.68 21.57 18.19 14.29

30 530 44 870 37 840 29 720

14.88 21.19 15.41 15.39 14.73

30 960 44 070 32 050 32 020 30 630

14.58 16.23 16.08 15.26 8.74

30 320 33 750 33 450 31 740 18 170

7 660 50 580 72 050 192 520 218 360

11.76 10.96 10.44 11.47 11.41

24 450 22 790 21 700 23 850 23 740

30 150 21 660 21 420 42 760 47 670

12.11 14.82 15.74 11.35 11.43

25 190 30 820 32 750 23 600 23 780

16.81 21.55 24.36 24.27 20.10

17.32 21.61 24.36 23.44 20.14

36 030 44 940 50 660 48 760 41 900

102 940 58 640 10 530 40 470 13 920

15.98 12.96 11.28 13.51

16.49 13.70 12.03 14.06

34 290 28 490 25 030 29 240

41 250 41 480 44 890 129 440

11.63

12.47

15.65 12.96 14.52 16.15 11.31

16.23 13.68 15.10 17.19 12.33

8.33 8.61 9.29 9.44 9.13

8.62 9.24 9.68 9.85 10.20

13.37 13.85 12.35 10.34 12.16

13.71 16.23 13.05 10.96 12.90

10.16 30.81 27.56 25.26 21.22

10.94 30.71 28.03 25.02 21.66

18.69

10.59 12.82 13.20 14.29 13.66

18.94

11.60 13.46 13.88 15.08 15.00

14 340 8 120 6 850 15 890

May 2005

Median hourly wages

14.02 21.62 16.57 13.95

14.73 22.26 17.74 14.87

14.32 20.95 14.90 14.63 14.57

15.17 21.61 15.52 15.55 14.97

14.04 15.35 15.79 14.77 8.38

14.52 16.02 16.53 15.61 8.87

25 940

157 080

12.05

33 750 28 440 31 410 35 750 25 650

10 970 40 550 18 180 49 650 64 330

16.03 12.86 15.05 17.06 12.04

17 920 19 230 20 120 20 500 21 210

98 120 99 680 358 050 45 220 26 310

78 620 233 130 7 680 3 850 11 090

8.45 8.82 9.62 9.90 9.51

17.34 22.55 25.15 24.19 21.50

10.20 31.84 28.44 25.56 21.44

24 120 27 990 28 880 31 360 31 210

28 360 78 030 80 420 28 140 506 160

8.76 9.55 10.11 10.31 10.61

16.79 22.45 24.96 24.55 21.57

10 550 3 730 7 520 33 650 43 110

50 610

34 440 28 420 32 530 37 380 26 880

12.60 15.71 15.16 11.72 11.83

22 760 63 880 58 300 52 030 45 060

39 390

16.56 13.67 15.64 17.97 12.92

11.83 13.46 13.78 11.15 11.25

13.82 15.07 12.84 11.01 12.51

18.77

16.66 13.21 11.28 13.89

10.50 13.25 13.36 14.62 14.04

30 650 46 300 36 900 30 920

26 680

11.79 11.16 10.83 11.41 11.30

23 040 9 650 41 040 24 740 121 660

Mean annual wages1

12.82

10.95 10.80 10.30 11.40 11.04

28 520 33 760 27 140 22 790 26 830

24 610 2 280 2 000 60 280 94 690

Mean hourly wages

31 550 44 940 32 280 32 350 31 130

30 200 33 320 34 380 32 470 18 450 18 220 19 860 21 030 21 440 22 060

24 530 23 200 22 530 23 740 23 510

14.20 17.62 13.46 11.35 13.29

29 540 36 660 27 990 23 610 27 650

11.13 32.17 28.61 25.65 21.94

23 150 66 900 59 510 53 350 45 640

19.05

17.15 13.89 12.03 14.52

11.57 14.04 14.15 15.36 15.51

26 200 32 680 31 540 24 380 24 610

36 060 46 900 52 310 50 320 44 730 39 620

35 680 28 900 25 010 30 200

24 070 29 210 29 420 31 940 32 250

wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations with no hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.

CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES 217 Table 3-3. Employment and Wages, by Occupation, May 2004 and May 2005—Continued (Number of people, dollars.)

Occupation

Employment

May 2004

Median hourly wages

Mean hourly wages

Mean annual wages1

Production—Continued Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers ................................................................ Dental laboratory technicians .............................................................................................. Medical appliance technicians ............................................................................................ Ophthalmic laboratory technicians ...................................................................................... Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders ........................................................

26 360 44 540 10 080 25 170 411 660

13.18 14.93 13.38 11.40 10.67

14.76 16.21 15.19 12.32 11.59

30 700 33 720 31 600 25 620 24 110

Semiconductor processors ................................................................................................. Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders ...................................................... Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders .......................... Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders ..................................................... Etchers and engravers ........................................................................................................

44 440 24 630 16 860 8 790 8 490

13.85 11.57 11.18 10.96 11.33

14.46 12.34 12.15 12.18 12.59

30 070 25 660 25 270 25 340 26 180

Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders .......................... Painters, transportation equipment ..................................................................................... Painting, coating, and decorating workers .......................................................................... Photographic process workers ............................................................................................ Photographic processing machine operators ......................................................................

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic ................................................... Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders ....................................................... Tire builders ........................................................................................................................ Helpers—production workers .............................................................................................. Production workers, all other ..............................................................................................

Transportation and Material Moving Aircraft cargo handling supervisors ..................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand ............. First-line supervisors/managers of transportation and material moving machine and vehicle operators ........................................................................................................... Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers ......................................................................... Commercial pilots ...............................................................................................................

Air traffic controllers ............................................................................................................ Airfield operations specialists .............................................................................................. Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians ...................... Bus drivers, transit and intercity .......................................................................................... Bus drivers, school ..............................................................................................................

96 510 49 810 26 990 31 610 53 350

37 930 109 560 17 960 480 430 299 950

7 460 169 860

222 590 78 490 21 370

16.40 18.40

12.51 15.01 17.38 10.35 13.47 18.90 19.45

23.23

22 260 4 810 17 410 183 710 475 430

49.05 17.64 9.49 14.30 11.18

47.94 20.22 10.17 15.09 11.33

31 180 620 6 170 16 410 35 720

24.30 21.56 17.70 21.46 22.28

26.29 22.23 18.41 23.03 25.28

406 910 1 553 370 938 730 132 650 85 520

Subway and streetcar operators ......................................................................................... Rail transportation workers, all other .................................................................................. Sailors and marine oilers ....................................................................................................

8 900 7 680 27 570

1Annual

11.58 14.63 17.50 9.70 11.38

13.25 18.17 12.01 11.07 10.26

21.54

Driver/sales workers ........................................................................................................... Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer ............................................................................... Truck drivers, light or delivery services ............................................................................... Taxi drivers and chauffeurs ................................................................................................. Motor vehicle operators, all other ........................................................................................

Locomotive engineers ......................................................................................................... Locomotive firers ................................................................................................................. Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers ........................................................... Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators ...................................................................... Railroad conductors and yardmasters ................................................................................

12.64 16.89 10.95 9.63 9.33

(2) (2)

9.66 16.11 11.80 9.41 9.45

23.70 19.57 14.00

(2) (2)

11.36 16.63 12.88 10.34 11.04

22.67 19.56 14.98

Employment

15.79 16.47 15.61 12.81 11.94

32 830 34 260 32 460 26 640 24 840

44 720 25 650 15 250 9 640 10 050

14.92 11.78 10.95 11.13 12.04

15.80 12.45 12.19 12.16 13.35

32 870 25 900 25 350 25 290 27 760

6 210 176 030

16.78 18.75

19.73 19.81

41 030 41 210

26 020 31 220 36 150 21 530 28 010

41 250 107 560 19 860 528 610 296 340

99 710 42 050 21 140 31 390 23 560

221 520 76 240 24 860

12.82 16.75 10.89 10.51 9.26

11.39 14.98 17.68 9.80 11.36

22.85 (2) (2)

13.50 18.14 12.15 12.05 10.16

12.33 15.32 17.80 10.45 13.49

24.63 (2) (2)

28 080 37 720 25 280 25 070 21 120

25 640 31 870 37 020 21 730 28 070

51 230 135 040 65 560

21 590 4 510 18 320 183 450 465 880

51.73 17.95 9.03 14.91 11.57

50.88 20.30 9.72 15.37 11.71

105 820 42 230 20 220 31 960 24 350

37 390 540 6 970 20 700 38 330

26.69 18.65 18.28 23.89 25.98

28.96 20.54 18.99 25.07 27.50

60 230 42 710 39 500 52 150 57 200

23 620 34 580 26 790 21 510 22 960

400 530 1 624 740 938 280 144 280 76 500

47 150 40 680 31 160

7 430 7 500 31 090

54 680 46 230 38 280 47 900 52 580

Mean annual wages1

14.15 15.50 13.98 11.89 11.02

100 830 52 650 27 830 28 000 53 970

48 320 129 620 62 290

Mean hourly wages

28 100 45 600 10 810 26 740 396 270

27 550 37 800 24 970 23 010 21 340

39 310 40 460

May 2005

Median hourly wages

9.67 16.48 11.92 9.60 10.71

22.84 18.74 14.11

11.44 17.05 12.99 10.36 12.29

22.43 18.32 15.19

23 800 35 460 27 020 21 550 25 570

46 660 38 100 31 590

wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations with no hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. wage rates for occupations at which workers typically work fewer than 2,080 hours per year are not available.

2Hourly

CHAPTER FOUR LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION

LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION HIGHLIGHTS Every two years, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) develops decade-long projections for industry output, employment, and occupations. This chapter presents the employment outlook for the 2004–2014 period. The projections are based on a set of explicit assumptions and an application of a model of economic relationships.

Percent Change in the Labor Force, by Age, 1994–2004 and Projected Percent Change, 2004–2014 60 50

Percent

40 30 20 10 0 -10

16 years and over

16 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 years and over

Age 1994–2004

2004–2014

The total labor force is projected to grow by 10 percent (1 percentage point per year) between 2004 and 2014, a decrease of 2.5 percent (0.25 percentage points per year) from the 1994–2004 period. As the baby boomers age, the number of workers age 55 years and over in the civilian labor force will grow by a significant 49 percent. An increase is also predicted for the 25- to 54-year-old age group, but a decline is projected for the 35- to 44-year-old age group. The share of 16- to 24-year-old workers in the labor force is also expected to decline. (See Table 4-1.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • The proportion of men in the labor force is expected to continue to decline slightly, with a drop from 53.6 percent in 2004 to 53.2 percent in 2014. The female labor force is projected to increase a small amount, rising from 68,421 in 2004 to 75,906 in 2014. (See Table 4-1.) • The Hispanic labor force is expected to rise rapidly during the 2004–2014 period, with a projected growth of 33.7 percent (3.37 percent per year)—a sizeable difference over the total labor force growth of 10.0 percent. However, this growth is not nearly as dramatic as the increase during the 1994–2004 period when it increased 60.9 percent. (See Table 4-1.) • The Asian labor force, while relatively small in number, is also projected to experience a rapid increase, rising by 32.4 percent during the 2004–2014 period. (See Table 4-1.) • The Black labor force is expected to grow at a faster-than-average rate of 16.8 percent, while the White labor force is expected to grow at a rate of only 7.3 percent during the 2004-2014 period. (See Table 4-1.)

221

222 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Concepts, Definitions, and Procedures The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) employment projections are carried out as a staged set of methodologies that move from the determination of labor supply and aggregate economic activity to the determination of jobs at a detailed industry level, and to the demand for specific occupations within each of the detailed industries. The following notes include a general discussion of the methods used; greater detail on the projection techniques is presented in the BLS Handbook of Methods. The labor force projections are a function of two components—projections of the population and projections of labor force participation rates. Population projections are provided by the Census Bureau for detailed age, sex, race, and ethnicity groupings. BLS extrapolates participation rates for these same categories by applying well-specified smoothing and time series techniques to historical time series for the detailed participation rates. The extrapolation results are multiplied by the projected population to arrive at initial estimates of the labor force categories. Both the participation rate and the labor force projections are carefully examined by BLS senior staff to ensure that relationships among the various categories do not change in unexplained ways over the forecast horizon. The total of all the categories in the labor force is used as one of the critical demographic assumptions in the next stage of the projections: the determination of aggregate economic activity. The aggregate economic projections are carried out using the quarterly model of the U.S. economy produced by Macroeconomic Advisers, LLC (MA). MA is a team of economists based in St. Louis, MO, that provides monthly short-term forecasts of the U.S. economy, as well as quarterly long-term projections. The MA macroeconomic model comprises 609 variables that are descriptive of the aggregate U.S. economy. Of these variables, 160 are determined by stochastic behavioral relationships, 280 are identities, and 169 are exogenous variables determined outside the model. In order to use the MA model, quarterly estimates of the exogenous variables must be provided to the model over the forecast horizon. The model is then solved for the 440 behavioral and identity variables, and the results are evaluated for meaningfulness and acceptability. The industry projections involve two primary tasks. The first is to translate the gross domestic product (GDP) categories from the aggregate economic model into a detailed commodity-by-category matrix. This redistribution of GDP, carried out using an eclectic grouping of models, techniques, and expert judgments, provides the demand component of an interindustry model of the U.S. economy. Approximately 200 commodities and 160 categories of demand are identified for this exercise. The second task is to derive input-output tables for the projection

year, which when combined with the final demand matrix, yield estimates of both commodity and industry total output necessary to produce that level of GDP. Industry total output, also referred to as gross duplicated output, combines industry sales to final users with sales to intermediate users (other industries) in the economy and is the primary determinant of the factors of production (labor and capital) necessary to produce that total output. The determination of detailed employment estimates begins with the specification of a production function for each of the 200 industries for which employment estimates are carried out. The production function is solved for the labor input component, and the resulting set of equations determines total hours paid as a function of industry output, sector wage rates, the unemployment rate, and a trend variable standing in as a proxy for technological change. A separate set of trend equations is estimated for industryspecific measures of average annual hours. Dividing hours paid by average hours yields a count of jobs by industry. The final stage of the industry employment projections process is to extrapolate the 200 industries to a full, 4-digit North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) level of detail (about 310 industries) for input to occupational demand. The occupational projections also involve two basic tasks. The first is to extrapolate the latest historical industry-by occupation staffing pattern matrix to the projection year. A staffing pattern matrix presents the proportional distribution of detailed occupations within each of the 310 4-digit NAICS industries. Analysts must determine whether each occupational ratio should remain unchanged, increase, or decrease relative to all the other ratios within a given industry. Straightforward balancing procedures are applied to ensure that the changed ratios still account for exactly 100 percent of industry employment. The projected industry employments from the previous step are then applied to the projected staffing pattern matrix and result in estimates of new job growth for about 700 detailed occupations. Estimates of job growth for the selfemployed are carried out as a separate step. In addition to the job growth estimates, analysts must also carry out estimates of replacement demand for individuals who have died, retired, or moved on to other occupations during the intervening decade. These estimates are based on relationships derived from the Current Population Survey, which is based on household employment behavior. In terms of occupational job opportunities, replacement demand often exceeds new job growth; thus, basing the analysis on measurements of new jobs alone could seriously underestimate job opportunities for many occupations. A detailed review process is carried out during this entire process. Review feedback can affect occupational ratios,

CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 223

industry outputs, and/or employment totals; it could even impose changes at the aggregate level of detail. The purpose of the detailed review process is to derive a set of estimates which are consistent at all levels of detail, from the aggregate level to the most detailed occupational level. The ultimate review, of course, occurs when historical data finally overtakes the projected years. BLS has been carrying out and publishing these types of reviews since the 1970 projections. It has pointed the way toward improvements in the process and has allowed users to determine for themselves the places where weak points might impact their use of the projections.

Sources of Additional Information A complete presentation of the projections, including analysis of results and additional tables and a comprehensive description of the methodology, can be found in the November 2005 edition of the Monthly Labor Review. A more detailed description of methods can be found in Chapter 13 of the BLS Handbook of Methods and in the 2006–2007 edition of Occupational Projections and Training Data.An article assessing labor force projections appeared in October 2003 edition of the Monthly Labor Review.All of these resources are available on the BLS Web site at .

224 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-1. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1984, 1994, 2004, and Projected 2014 (Number, percent.)

Age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin

1984

Labor force (thousands) 1994

2004

2014

TOTAL, 16 YEARS AND OVER .......................................

113 544

131 056

147 401

162 100

Men, 16 Years and Over .................................................. 16 to 24 years .................................................................... 16 to 19 years ................................................................ 20 to 24 years ................................................................ 25 to 54 years .................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................ 35 to 44 years ................................................................ 45 to 54 years ................................................................ 55 years and over .............................................................. 55 to 64 years ................................................................ 65 years and over .......................................................... 65 to 74 years ............................................................ 75 years and over ......................................................

63 835 12 728 4 134 8 594 42 302 18 488 14 037 9 776 8 805 7 050 1 755 1 476 279

70 817 11 435 3 896 7 540 50 782 18 854 18 966 12 962 8 600 6 423 2 177 1 763 414

78 980 11 673 3 616 8 057 60 773 17 798 19 539 17 635 12 334 9 547 2 787 2 211 576

86 194 11 389 3 057 8 332 56 988 20 565 18 068 18 355 17 817 13 022 4 795 3 834 961

16 to 24 years .................................................................... 16 to 19 years ............................................................... 20 to 24 years ............................................................... 25 to 54 years .................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................ 35 to 44 years ................................................................ 45 to 54 years ................................................................ 55 years and over ............................................................. 55 to 64 years ................................................................ 65 years and over .......................................................... 65 to 74 years ............................................................ 75 years and over ......................................................

Women, 16 Years and Over ............................................ 16 to 24 years .................................................................... 16 to 19 years ................................................................ 20 to 24 years ................................................................ 25 to 54 years .................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................ 35 to 44 years ................................................................ 45 to 54 years ................................................................ 55 years and over .............................................................. 55 to 64 years ................................................................ 65 years and over .......................................................... 65 to 74 years ............................................................ 75 years and over ......................................................

White, 16 Years and Over ................................................ Men .................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Black, 16 Years and Over ................................................ Men ................................................................................... Women .............................................................................

Asian, 16 Years and Over 1 ............................................. Men .................................................................................... Women .............................................................................

All Other Groups, 16 Years and Over 2 .......................... Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Hispanic Origin, 16 Years and Over 3 ............................. Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. Non-Hispanic Origin, 16 Years and Over ....................... Men ................................................................................... Women ............................................................................. White Non-Hispanic, 16 Years and Over ....................... Men ................................................................................... Women .............................................................................

23 989 7 943 16 046 74 661 32 723 24 933 17 006 14 894 11 961 2 933 2 494 498

49 709 11 261 3 810 7 451 32 360 14 234 10 896 7 230 6 088 4 911 1 177 1 018 159

21 612 7 481 14 131 93 898 34 353 35 226 24 318 15 546 11 713 3 834 3 140 694

60 239 10 177 3 585 6 592 43 116 15 499 16 259 11 357 6 947 5 289 1 658 1 377 281

22 268 7 114 15 154 102 122 32 207 36 158 33 758 23 011 18 013 4 998 3 990 1 007

68 421 10 595 3 498 7 097 47 150 14 409 16 619 16 123 10 676 8 466 2 211 1 780 431

6 271 3 396 2 876

7 451 4 563 2 888

106 093 59 272 46 821 91 296 51 650 39 646

11 975 7 210 4 765

119 081 63 607 55 474 100 462 54 306 46 157

3 406 1 817 1 589

19 272 11 587 7 685

128 129 67 393 60 736 103 202 55 186 48 017

8 163 238 -280 517 9 991 -1 056 573 4 673 3 734 3 124 610 448 162

7 214 -284 -559 275 -3 785 2 767 -1 471 720 5 483 3 475 2 008 1 623 385

10.9 -10.2 -5.8 -12.3 20.0 2.0 35.1 32.6 -2.3 -8.9 24.0 19.4 48.4

8 850 4 341 4 509

12.8 8.3 18.7

2 469 963 1 506

5 472 3 002 2 472

... ... ...

6 982 -1 293 -238 -1 054 8 480 366 4 929 3 186 -205 -627 422 287 135

19 434 9 075 10 359

3 019 1 647 1 369

... ... ...

14 699

10 530 -1 084 -225 -859 10 756 1 265 5 363 4 127 859 378 481 359 122

129 936 70 335 59 601

16 638 7 773 8 865

16 345

75 906 10 769 3 186 7 583 48 639 16 190 15 277 17 172 16 498 12 606 3 892 3 108 784

121 086 65 994 55 092

14 502 7 089 7 413

17 512

-2 377 -462 -1 915 19 237 1 630 10 293 7 312 652 -248 901 646 196

111 082 60 727 50 356

Percent change

1984–1994 1994–2004 2004–2014 1984–1994 1994–2004 2004–2014

22 158 6 243 15 915 105 627 36 755 33 345 35 527 34 315 25 629 8 687 6 942 1 745

98 492 56 062 42 431 12 033 6 126 5 907

Change (thousands)

656 -367 1 023 8 224 -2 146 932 9 440 7 465 6 300 1 164 850 313

8 182 418 -87 505 4 034 -1 090 360 4 766 3 729 3 177 553 403 150

-110 -871 761 3 505 4 548 -2 813 1 769 11 304 7 616 3 689 2 952 738

7 485 174 -312 486 1 489 1 781 -1 342 1 049 5 822 4 140 1 681 1 328 353

15.4

12.5

-9.9 -5.8 -11.9 25.8 5.0 41.3 43.0 4.4 -2.1 30.7 25.9 39.4

3.0 -4.9 7.2 8.8 -6.2 2.6 38.8 48.0 53.8 30.4 27.1 45.1

21.2 -9.6 -5.9 -11.5 33.2 8.9 49.2 57.1 14.1 7.7 40.9 35.3 76.7

13.6 4.1 -2.4 7.7 9.4 -7.0 2.2 42.0 53.7 60.1 33.4 29.3 53.4

9.1 -2.4 -15.5 3.4 -6.2 15.5 -7.5 4.1 44.5 36.4 72.0 73.4 66.8

9.0 8.7 9.4

7.3 6.6 8.2

10 004 5 267 4 736

8 304 4 411 3 893

2 456 1 355 1 103

799 394 404

2 033 1 015 1 017

81.4 82.3 80.6

14.6 13.1 16.3

32.4 29.9 35.4

25 760 14 921 10 839

4 524 2 647 1 877

7 297 4 377 2 920

6 488 3 334 3 154

60.7 58.0 65.0

60.9 60.7 61.3

33.7 28.8 41.0

3 171 1 429 1 741

10.0 5.1 16.4

2.7 1.6 4.0

3.1 2.6 3.6

4 427 2 373 2 054

136 340 71 273 65 067 106 373 56 615 49 758

... ... ...

12 988 4 335 8 653 9 166 2 656 6 511

2 136 684 1 452

... ... ...

9 048 3 786 5 262 2 740 880 1 860

2 796 1 302 1 494

1 021 556 465

8 211 3 880 4 331

"Asian and other" race category with 1990 census weights. Data for 2004–2014 represent the "Asian only" race category with 2000 census weights. reporting two or more races. The category was not defined prior to 2003.

10.9 1.6 -8.9 6.8 3.2 12.4 -8.1 6.5 54.5 48.9 76.0 74.6 81.9

12 590 4 665 7 925

20.5 15.7 25.5

... ... ...

12.2 7.3 18.5

14.7 9.6 19.6

... ... ...

7.6 6.0 9.5

2The "All other groups" category includes those reporting the racial categories of "American Indian and Alaska Native" or "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander," as well as those

. . . = Not available.

-0.5 12.2 5.0 3.4 14.1 -7.8 5.2 49.1 42.3 73.8 74.0 73.3

11.5 2.1 -7.2 6.9 19.7 -5.6 3.0 36.1 43.4 48.6 28.0 25.4 39.1

1There was a disruption in the series for "Asian and other" and "Asian only" due to changes in the definition of the race categories for the 2000 census. Data for 1984–1994 represent the 3May be of any race.

10.0

16.8 16.8 16.9

30.0 30.6 29.3

6.4 5.8 7.1

CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 225 Table 4-1. Civilian Labor Force, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 1984, 1994, 2004, and Projected 2014—Continued (Number, percent.)

Age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin

Percent distribution

1984

1994

2004

Annual growth rate (percent)

2014

1984–1994

TOTAL, 16 YEARS AND OVER ..........................................................................

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Men, 16 Years and Over ..................................................................................... 16 to 24 years ....................................................................................................... 16 to 19 years ................................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ................................................................................................... 25 to 54 years ....................................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ................................................................................................... 55 years and over ................................................................................................. 55 to 64 years ................................................................................................... 65 years and over ............................................................................................. 65 to 74 years ............................................................................................... 75 years and over .........................................................................................

56.2 11.2 3.6 7.6 37.3 16.3 12.4 8.6 7.8 6.2 1.5 1.3 0.2

54.0 8.7 3.0 5.8 38.7 14.4 14.5 9.9 6.6 4.9 1.7 1.3 0.3

53.6 7.9 2.5 5.5 41.2 12.1 13.3 12.0 8.4 6.5 1.9 1.5 0.4

53.2 7.0 1.9 5.1 35.2 12.7 11.1 11.3 11.0 8.0 3.0 2.4 0.6

16 to 24 years ....................................................................................................... 16 to 19 years .................................................................................................. 20 to 24 years .................................................................................................. 25 to 54 years ....................................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ................................................................................................... 55 years and over ................................................................................................ 55 to 64 years ................................................................................................... 65 years and over ............................................................................................. 65 to 74 years ............................................................................................... 75 years and over .........................................................................................

Women, 16 Years and Over ............................................................................... 16 to 24 years ....................................................................................................... 16 to 19 years ................................................................................................... 20 to 24 years ................................................................................................... 25 to 54 years ....................................................................................................... 25 to 34 years ................................................................................................... 35 to 44 years ................................................................................................... 45 to 54 years ................................................................................................... 55 years and over ................................................................................................. 55 to 64 years ................................................................................................... 65 years and over ............................................................................................. 65 to 74 years ............................................................................................... 75 years and over .........................................................................................

White, 16 Years and Over .................................................................................. Men ....................................................................................................................... Women ................................................................................................................

21.1 7.0 14.1 65.8 28.8 22.0 15.0 13.1 10.5 2.6 2.2 0.4

43.8 9.9 3.4 6.6 28.5 12.5 9.6 6.4 5.4 4.3 1.0 0.9 0.1 86.7 49.4 37.4

16.5 5.7 10.8 71.6 26.2 26.9 18.6 11.9 8.9 2.9 2.4 0.5

46.0 7.8 2.7 5.0 32.9 11.8 12.4 8.7 5.3 4.0 1.3 1.1 0.2 84.8 46.3 38.4

Black, 16 Years and Over ................................................................................... Men ...................................................................................................................... Women ................................................................................................................

10.6 5.4 5.2

All Other Groups, 16 Years and Over 2 ............................................................. Men ...................................................................................................................... Women ................................................................................................................

... ... ...

... ... ...

Non-Hispanic Origin, 16 Years and Over ......................................................... Men ...................................................................................................................... Women ................................................................................................................

93.4 52.2 41.2

90.9 48.5 42.3

Asian, 16 Years and Over 1 ................................................................................ Men ....................................................................................................................... Women ................................................................................................................

Hispanic Origin, 16 Years and Over 3 ............................................................... Men ...................................................................................................................... Women ................................................................................................................

White Non-Hispanic, 16 Years and Over .......................................................... Men ...................................................................................................................... Women ................................................................................................................

2.7 1.5 1.2

6.6 4.0 2.5

80.4 45.5 34.9

11.1 5.4 5.7

4.2 2.3 1.9

9.1 5.5 3.6

76.7 41.4 35.2

15.1 4.8 10.3 69.3 21.8 24.5 22.9 15.6 12.2 3.4 2.7 0.7

46.4 7.2 2.4 4.8 32.0 9.8 11.3 10.9 7.2 5.7 1.5 1.2 0.3 82.1 44.8 37.4

11.3 5.3 6.0

4.3 2.3 2.0

2.3 1.2 1.1

13.1 7.9 5.2

86.9 45.7 41.2

70.0 37.4 32.6

1.4

1994–2004

1.2

13.7 3.9 9.8 65.2 22.7 20.6 21.9 21.2 15.8 5.4 4.3 1.1

-1.0 -0.6 -1.3 2.3 0.5 3.5 3.6 0.4 -0.2 2.7 2.3 3.4

0.3 -0.5 0.7 0.8 -0.6 0.3 3.3 4.0 4.4 2.7 2.4 3.8

46.8 6.6 2.0 4.7 30.0 10.0 9.4 10.6 10.2 7.8 2.4 1.9 0.5

1.9 -1.0 -0.6 -1.2 2.9 0.9 4.1 4.6 1.3 0.7 3.5 3.1 5.9

1.3 0.4 -0.2 0.7 0.9 -0.7 0.2 3.6 4.4 4.8 2.9 2.6 4.4

80.2 43.4 36.8

12.0 5.6 6.4

1.0 -1.1 -0.6 -1.3 1.8 0.2 3.1 2.9 -0.2 -0.9 2.2 1.8 4.0

1.2 0.8 1.7

2004–2014

0.9 -0.2 -1.7 0.3 -0.6 1.5 -0.8 0.4 3.7 3.2 5.6 5.7 5.3

0.9 0.8 0.9

0.7 0.6 0.8

1.4 0.9 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.6

2.7 1.5 1.3

... ... ...

... ... ...

2.7 2.7 2.6

84.1 44.0 40.1

1.2 0.7 1.7

0.7 0.6 0.9

0.6 0.6 0.7

5.1 2.7 2.4

15.9 9.2 6.7

65.6 34.9 30.7

"Asian and other" race category with 1990 census weights. Data for 2004–2014 represent the "Asian only" race category with 2000 census weights. reporting two or more races. The category was not defined prior to 2003.

1.0 0.2 -0.9 0.7 0.3 1.2 -0.8 0.6 4.4 4.1 5.8 5.7 6.2

1.9 1.5 2.3

6.1 6.2 6.1

4.9 4.7 5.1

1.0 0.5 1.5

1.4 1.2 1.5

4.9 4.9 4.9

0.3 0.2 0.4

2The "All other groups" category includes those reporting the racial categories of "American Indian and Alaska Native" or "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander," as well as those

. . . = Not available.

0.0 -1.3 0.5 0.3 1.3 -0.8 0.5 4.1 3.6 5.7 5.7 5.7

1.1 0.2 -0.7 0.7 1.8 -0.6 0.3 3.1 3.7 4.0 2.5 2.3 3.4

1There was a disruption in the series for "Asian and other" and "Asian only" due to changes in the definition of the race categories for the 2000 census. Data for 1984–1994 represent the 3May be of any race.

1.0

2.8 2.6 3.1

2.9 2.6 3.5

0.3 0.3 0.4

CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 227

PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT The 10 Fastest-Growing Occupations, 2004–2014 Home health aides

Network systems and data communication analysts

Occupation

Medical assistants

Physician assistants

Computer software engineers, applications Physical therapist assistants

Dental hygienists

Computer software engineers, systems software

Dental assistants

Personal and home health care aides

0

10

20

30

40

Projected percent growth

50

60

Seven of the ten fastest-growing occupations are in the health field, while only three are directly associated with computers. However, many of these fastest-growing occupations are relatively small, with total employment ranging from 59,000 to 700,000 workers. (See Table 4-2.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • The fastest-growing occupations do not necessarily provide the largest number of additional jobs. While employment in the fastest-growing occupations was relatively small in 2004, employment in the five largest-growing occupations ranged from 1.6 million to 4.3 million workers. Only one occupation was connected to health care and no occupations were directly related to computers. The occupations with the most employees in 2004 were retail sales and office administration. (See Table 4-3.) • Of the ten occupations with the largest job growth in 2004, only two required a bachelor’s degree or higher. Five were in the lowest quartile rank of median earnings. Meanwhile, of the ten fastestgrowing occupations, four required a bachelor’s degree or higher and only two were in the very low earnings group. (See Tables 4-2 and 4-3.) • In 2014, 46 percent of the projected job openings will require a high school diploma and some college education. (See Table 4-5.) • Total job openings result from growth and net replacements. Of the 54.7 million job openings expected in 2014, only about one-third will be from growth; the rest will be derived from replacements. (See Table 4-7.) • While computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing is projected to have the largest output growth from 2004 to 2014, it is not expected to be a source of employment growth. Employment in computer manufacturing is predicted to decline. (See Tables 4-4 and 4-6.) • The industries expected to have the largest employment growth from 2004 to 2014 are health care and social assistance, administrative and support services, and state and local government. (See Table 4-6.)

228 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-2. Fastest-Growing Occupations, 2004–2014 (Number in thousands, percent.) Occupation

Employment 2004

Change

2014

Number

Percent

Quartile rank by 2004 median annual earnings1

Most significant source of postsecondary education or training2

Home health aides ................................................................................. Network systems and data communications analysts ............................. Medical assistants .................................................................................. Physician assistants ............................................................................... Computer software engineers, applications ...........................................

624 231 387 62 460

974 357 589 93 682

350 126 202 31 222

56.0 54.6 52.1 49.6 48.4

VL VH L VH VH

Short term on-the-job training Bachelor's degree Moderate term on-the-job training Bachelor's degree Bachelor's degree

Network and computer systems administrators ..................................... Database administrators ........................................................................ Physical therapists ................................................................................. Forensic science technicians ................................................................. Veterinary technologists and technicians ...............................................

278 104 155 10 60

385 144 211 13 81

107 40 57 4 21

38.4 38.2 36.7 36.4 35.3

VH VH VH VH L

Bachelor's degree Bachelor's degree Master's degree Associate's degree Associate's degree

Physical therapist assistants .................................................................. Dental hygienists .................................................................................... Computer software engineers, systems software .................................. Dental assistants .................................................................................... Personal and home care aides ...............................................................

Diagnostic medical sonographers .......................................................... Physical therapist aides .......................................................................... Occupational therapist assistants ........................................................... Medical scientists, except epidemiologists ............................................. Occupational therapists ..........................................................................

Preschool teachers, except special education ........................................ Cardiovascular technologists and technicians ....................................... Postsecondary teachers ......................................................................... Hydrologists ............................................................................................ Computer systems analysts ................................................................... Hazardous materials removal workers ................................................... Biomedical engineers ............................................................................. Employment, recruitment, and placement specialists ............................. Environmental engineers ........................................................................ Paralegals and legal assistants ............................................................... 1The

59 158 340 267 701

42 43 21 72 92

431 45 1 628 8 487 38 10 182 49 224

85 226 486 382 988

57 57 29 97 123

573 60 2 153 11 640 50 13 237 64 291

26 68 146 114 287

44.2 43.3 43.0 42.7 41.0

H VH VH L VL

15 15 7 25 31

34.8 34.4 34.1 34.1 33.6

VH L H VH VH

12 3 55 15 67

31.2 30.7 30.5 30.0 29.7

H VH H VH H

143 15 524 3 153

33.1 32.6 32.2 31.6 31.4

L H VH VH VH

Associate's degree Associate's degree Bachelor's degree Moderate term on-the-job training Short term on-the-job training

Associate's degree Short term on-the-job training Associate's degree Doctoral degree Master's degree

Postsecondary vocational award Associate's degree Doctoral degree Master's degree Bachelor's degree

Moderate term on-the-job training Bachelor's degree Bachelor's degree Bachelor's degree Associate's degree

quartile rankings of the BLS Occupational Employment Statistics Survey annual earnings data are presented in the following categories: VH = very high ($43,600 or more); H = high ($28,580 to $43,590); L = low ($20,190 to $28,570); and VL = very low (up to $20,180). The rankings were based on quartiles, with one-quarter of total employment defining each quartile. Earnings are for wage and salary workers. 2An occupation is placed into one of 11 categories that best describes the education or training needed by most workers to become fully qualified in that occupation.

CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 229 Table 4-3. Occupations with the Largest Job Growth, 2004–2014 (Number in thousands, percent.) Occupation

Retail salespersons ................................................................................. Registered nurses ................................................................................... Postsecondary teachers .......................................................................... Customer service representatives ........................................................... Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners ..........

Employment 2004

4 256 2 394 1 628 2 063 2 374

Change

2014

4 992 3 096 2 153 2 534 2 813

Number

736 703 524 471 440

Percent

17.3 29.4 32.2 22.8 18.5

Quartile rank by 2004 median annual earnings1 VL VH VH L VL

Most significant source of postsecondary education or training2

Short term on-the-job training Associate's degree Doctoral degree Moderate term on-the-job training Short term on-the-job training

Waiters and waitresses ........................................................................... Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food ..... Home health aides .................................................................................. Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants ................................................. General and operations managers ..........................................................

2 252 2 150 624 1 455 1 807

2 627 2 516 974 1 781 2 115

376 367 350 325 308

16.7 17.1 56.0 22.3 17.0

VL VL VL L VH

Short term on-the-job training Short term on-the-job training Short term on-the-job training Postsecondary vocational award Bachelor's degree plus work experience

Receptionists and information clerks ....................................................... Landscaping and groundskeeping workers ............................................. Truck drivers, heavy and tractor trailer .................................................... Computer software engineers, applications ............................................ Maintenance and repair workers, general ...............................................

1 133 1 177 1 738 460 1 332

1 379 1 407 1 962 682 1 533

246 230 223 222 202

21.7 19.5 12.9 48.4 15.2

L L H VH H

Short term on-the-job training Short term on-the-job training Moderate term on-the-job training Bachelor's degree Moderate term on-the-job training

12.9 13.8 14.1

VH H VL

Personal and home care aides ................................................................ Elementary school teachers, except special education ........................... Accountants and auditors ........................................................................ Office clerks, general ............................................................................... Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand .........................

Medical assistants ................................................................................... Executive secretaries and administrative assistants ............................... Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and scientific products ......................................................................... Carpenters ............................................................................................... Teacher assistants .................................................................................. Childcare workers .................................................................................... Food preparation workers ....................................................................... Maids and housekeeping cleaners .......................................................... Truck drivers, light or delivery services ................................................... Computer systems analysts .................................................................... 1The

701 1 457 1 176 3 138 2 430

387 1 547

1 454 1 349 1 296 1 280 889 1 422 1 042 487

988 1 722 1 440 3 401 2 678

287 265 264 263 248

589 1 739

202 192

1 456 1 064 1 587 1 206 640

176 175 165 164 153

1 641 1 535 1 478

187 186 183

41.0 18.2 22.4 8.4 10.2

52.1 12.4

13.8 19.7 11.6 15.7 31.4

VL H VH L VL

L H

VL VL VL L VH

Short term on-the-job training Bachelor's degree Bachelor's degree Short term on-the-job training Short term on-the-job training

Moderate term on-the-job training Moderate term on-the-job training

Moderate term on-the-job training Long term on-the-job training Short term on-the-job training Short term on-the-job training Short term on-the-job training Short term on-the-job training Short term on-the-job training Bachelor's degree

quartile rankings of the BLS Occupational Employment Statistics Survey annual earnings data are presented in the following categories: VH = very high ($43,600 or more); H = high ($28,580 to $43,590); L = low ($20,190 to $28,570); and VL = very low (up to $20,180). The rankings were based on quartiles, with one-quarter of total employment defining each quartile. Earnings are for wage and salary workers. 2An occupation is placed into one of 11 categories that best describes the education or training needed by most workers to become fully qualified in that occupation.

230 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-4. Industries with the Largest Output Growth and Declines, 2004–2014 (Dollars, number, percent.)

Industry Largest Growth Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing .................................................................................. Communications equipment manufacturing ............................................................................................... Software publishers .................................................................................................................................... Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing .................................................................................. Wholesale trade ..........................................................................................................................................

Billions of chained (1996) dollars 2004

2014

1 367.6 318.8 281.2 1 367.6 1 812.5

1 195.8 226.7 180.0 1 195.8 841.5

23.1 13.2 10.8 23.1 6.4

92.2 807.4 463.6 841.0 400.0

318.8 1 025.8 667.0 1 043.8 600.0

226.7 218.4 203.4 202.7 200.0

13.2 2.4 3.7 2.2 4.1

148.8 120.6 360.5 390.5 166.6

271.7 239.9 469.1 491.6 264.9

123.0 119.3 108.6 101.1 98.3

6.2 7.1 2.7 2.3 4.7

42.5 59.6 43.9 20.4 25.9

25.7 45.8 32.8 14.0 22.3

-16.8 -13.8 -11.2 -6.5 -3.6

-4.9 -2.6 -2.9 -3.7 -1.5

30.2 31.0 26.3 6.6 111.2

28.4 29.5 24.9 5.5 110.3

-1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1.0

-0.6 -0.5 -0.5 -1.9 -0.1

1 125.3 655.9 397.4 296.2 858.3

Software publishers .................................................................................................................................... Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works) ....................................................... Hospitals, private ........................................................................................................................................ Internet and other information services ...................................................................................................... Computer systems design and related services .........................................................................................

101.1 122.7 384.8 119.9 154.6

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services ........................................................................ Scientific research and development services ........................................................................................... Local government excluding enterprises, educational services, and hospitals .......................................... Local government educational services ..................................................................................................... Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing ................................................................

Largest Declines Tobacco manufacturing .............................................................................................................................. Natural gas distribution ............................................................................................................................... Cut and sew apparel manufacturing ........................................................................................................... Fabric mills ................................................................................................................................................. Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing ...................................................................... Alumina and aluminum production and processing .................................................................................... Textile and fabric finishing and fabric coating mills .................................................................................... Foundries .................................................................................................................................................... Apparel knitting mills ................................................................................................................................... Fiber, yarn, and thread mills ....................................................................................................................... Rubber product manufacturing ................................................................................................................... Other support services ............................................................................................................................... Pipeline transportation ................................................................................................................................ Metal ore mining ......................................................................................................................................... Basic chemical manufacturing .................................................................................................................... Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing ............................................................ Footwear manufacturing ............................................................................................................................. Leather and hide tanning and finishing ....................................................................................................... Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing .............................................................................. Spring and wire product manufacturing ......................................................................................................

Average annual rate of change, 2004–2014

171.8 92.2 101.1 171.8 971.0

Retail trade ................................................................................................................................................. Monetary authorities, credit intermediation, and related activities .............................................................. Management of companies and enterprises .............................................................................................. Securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investments and related activity .............................. Owner-occupied dwellings .......................................................................................................................... Communications equipment manufacturing ............................................................................................... Real estate ................................................................................................................................................. Telecommunications ................................................................................................................................... Construction ............................................................................................................................................... Offices of health practitioners .....................................................................................................................

Change, 2004–2014

35.2 11.2 29.3 8.0 10.0

20.0 3.3 3.3 3.5 8.2

1 757.5 944.4 681.4 565.4 1 123.9

281.2 291.8 544.0 271.8 305.4

31.7 8.4 26.5 5.6 7.8

19.0 2.7 2.8 3.0 7.9

632.2 288.5 284.0 269.2 265.6

180.0 169.1 159.2 152.0 150.8

-3.6 -2.8 -2.8 -2.4 -2.2

-1.0 -0.6 -0.5 -0.5 -0.3

4.6 3.7 5.5 6.7 2.7

10.8 9.0 3.5 8.5 7.0

-1.1 -2.8 -1.0 -3.5 -2.4

-0.5 -2.0 -1.7 -1.5 -0.4

CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 231

Table 4-5. Employment and Total Job Openings, by Education Clusters, 2004–2014 (Number in thousands, percent.)

Employment

Education cluster 2004 Total .................................................................................... High school occupations ...................................................... High school/some college occupations ............................... Some college occupations ................................................... High school/some college/college occupations ................... Some college/college occupations ...................................... College occupations ............................................................

Number

145 612 19 164 67 944 218 24 894 16 470 16 922

2014 164 540 21 100 74 671 279 28 019 20 031 20 440

Total job openings due to growth and net replacements1

Change

Percent distribution

2004

100.0 13.2 46.7 0.1 17.1 11.3 11.6

2014 100.0 12.8 45.4 0.2 17.0 12.2 12.4

Number 18 928 1 935 6 727 61 3 126 3 561 3 517

Percent distribution 100.0 10.2 35.5 0.3 16.5 18.8 18.6

Percent 13.0 10.1 9.9 27.9 12.6 21.6 20.8

Number 54 680 6 834 25 220 86 9 078 6 563 6 898

Percent distribution 100.0 12.5 46.1 0.2 16.6 12.0 12.6

Note: A high school occupation is defined as an occupation in which the percentage of employees age 25 to 44 years with high school as their highest level of educational attainment is greater than or equal to 60 percent, and the percentage of those with some college or a bachelor’s degree or more are each less than 20 percent. Occupations requiring some college and college occupations are similarly defined. (That is, the definitions are identical to that of a high school occupation, except that the terms some college and high school, in the one case, and college and high school, in the other, are interchanged.) Three "mixture" occupations are also defined. An occupation requiring high school/some college is defined as an occupation in which the percentages of those with a high school diploma or some college as their highest level of educational attainment are each greater than or equal to 20 percent, while the percentage with a bachelor’s degree or more is less than 20 percent. Occupations described as some college/college are similarly defined. (That is, the terms some college and college replace high school and some college, respectively.) High school/some college/college occupations are defined as occupations in which 20 or more percent of employees have an education level of high school, some college, or college. Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent, due to rounding. 1Total

job openings are given by the sum of net employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.

232 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-6. Employment and Output, by Industry, 1994, 2004, and Projected 2014 (Number, percent, dollars.)

Industry

Employment

Thousands of jobs 1994

2004

Change

2014

TOTAL1,2 .............................................................................................. 129 246 145 612 164 540 Nonagriculture Wage and Salary Workers3 ...................................... 114 984

Mining .................................................................................................. Oil and gas extraction ........................................................................... Mining (except oil and gas) ................................................................... Coal mining ....................................................................................... Metal ore mining ............................................................................... Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying ........................................ Mining support activities ....................................................................

576 162 255 104 46 106 159

Construction ........................................................................................

5 095

Utilities ................................................................................................. Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ..................... Natural gas distribution ......................................................................... Water, sewage, and other systems .......................................................

Manufacturing ..................................................................................... Food ...................................................................................................... Animal food ....................................................................................... Grain and oilseed milling ................................................................... Sugar and confectionery product ...................................................... Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food ........................... Dairy product ..................................................................................... Animal slaughtering and processing ................................................. Seafood product preparation and packaging .................................... Bakery and tortilla ............................................................................. Other food ......................................................................................... Beverage and tobacco product ............................................................. Beverage ........................................................................................... Tobacco ............................................................................................ Textile mills ........................................................................................... Fiber, yarn, and thread mills ............................................................. Fabric mills ........................................................................................ Textile fabric finishing/fabric coating mills ......................................... Textile product mills .............................................................................. Textile furnishings mills ..................................................................... Other textile product mills ................................................................. Apparel .................................................................................................. Apparel knitting mills ......................................................................... Cut and sew apparel ......................................................................... Apparel accessories and other apparel ............................................ Leather and allied product .................................................................... Leather and hide tanning and finishing4 ............................................ Footwear ........................................................................................... Other leather and allied product4 ...................................................... Wood product ........................................................................................ Sawmills and wood preservation ...................................................... Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood product .............................. Other wood product .......................................................................... Paper .................................................................................................... Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills .................................................... Converted paper product .................................................................. Printing and related support activities ................................................... Petroleum and coal products ................................................................ Chemical ............................................................................................... Basic chemical .................................................................................. Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fiber and filament ........................................................................................ Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical .......................... Pharmaceutical and medicine ........................................................... Paint, coating, and adhesive ............................................................. Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation ............................. Other chemical product and preparation ........................................... Plastics and rubber product .................................................................. Plastics product ................................................................................. Rubber product ................................................................................. Nonmetallic mineral product ................................................................. Clay product and refractory ............................................................... Glass and glass product ....................................................................... Cement and concrete product ............................................................... Lime and gypsum product3 ................................................................... Other nonmetallic mineral product3 ................................................... Primary metal ........................................................................................ Iron and steel mills ferroalloy ............................................................ Steel product from purchased steel .................................................. Alumina and aluminum production and processing .......................... Nonferrous (except aluminum) production and processing .............. Foundries ..........................................................................................

689 504 148 37

17 020 1 539 56 70 99 217 138 456 53 301 149 205 165 40 478 96 252 130 219 129 90 856 108 704 44 114 15 65 34 560 139 102 319 639 224 415 802 144 1 005 234

142 51 230 80 126 140 889 684 205 505 83 144 189 15 74 630 155 68 98 104 207

132 192 150 877

1994– 2004

2004– 2014

16 366

18 928

17 208

18 685

-119 -92 -36 9

-7 -12 -5 10

-776 57 -2 -4 -4 -3 -14 65 -2 11 10 -14 -1 -13 -119 -29 -56 -34 -33 -13 -20 -170 -22 -140 -8 -10 -1 -7 -2 40 -22 8 53 -12 -23 11 -65 -16 -10 -46

523 123 207 72 27 108 193

477 107 180 55 19 106 190

6 964

7 757

1 870

86 34 367 64 120 97 733 600 133 525 69 98 260 23 75 380 80 55 57 60 128

-33 -10 60 -12 -12 -33 -83 -51 -32 -0.5 -17 -32 46 4 -2 -164 -59 -7 -25 -32 -41

570 412 112 46

14 330 1 498 51 61 84 182 132 505 42 288 154 194 165 29 239 54 116 68 178 103 75 285 42 220 23 43 7 19 16 548 118 117 314 499 147 352 665 113 887 156

109 41 291 68 114 108 807 634 173 505 66 112 235 19 73 466 95 61 73 71 165

563 400 107 56

13 553 1 555 48 57 80 179 118 570 40 299 164 181 164 17 120 25 60 35 145 90 55 115 20 80 15 32 6 12 14 588 96 125 367 487 124 363 600 97 877 110

-53 -39 -48 -32 -19 2 34

2 691 -42 -6 -10 -16 -35 -6 50 -11 -13 5 -10 -0.2 -10 -239 -42 -136 -62 -41 -26 -14 -571 -66 -484 -21 -71 -8 -45 -18 -12 -21 15 -6 -140 -78 -63 -137 -31 -118 -78

-46 -16 -27 -17 -8 -2 -3

792

-23 -7 76 -5 6 -11 -74 -34 -40 20 4 -15 25 4 2 -86 -15 -6 -16 -11 -38

Average annual rate of change (percent) 1994– 2004

2004– 2014

1.2

1.2

1.4

Output

Billions of chained (1996) dollars

1994

2004

2014

14 088

19 278

27 418

1.3

13 850

19 003

27 089

-1.9 -2.0 -2.8 2.3

-0.1 -0.3 -0.5 1.9

305 225 75 6

323 256 60 7

351 298 46 9

-1.7 -0.3 -1.0 -1.4 -1.7 -1.7 -0.4 1.0 -2.4 -0.4 0.3 -0.5 0.0 -2.9 -6.7 -5.5 -7.5 -6.2 -2.1 -2.3 -1.7 -10.4 -9.0 -11.0 -6.3 -9.3 -7.3 -11.3 -7.0 -0.2 -1.7 1.4 -0.2 -2.4 -4.2 -1.6 -1.9 -2.4 -1.2 -4.0

-0.6 0.4 -0.5 -0.7 -0.5 -0.1 -1.1 1.2 -0.4 0.4 0.6 -0.7 -0.1 -5.6 -6.6 -7.5 -6.4 -6.5 -2.0 -1.3 -3.1 -8.7 -7.2 -9.6 -4.2 -2.7 -1.7 -4.3 -1.6 0.7 -2.0 0.7 1.6 -0.2 -1.7 0.3 -1.0 -1.5 -0.1 -3.4

3 345 384 20 40 22 46 58 98 9 43 50 126 67 61 54 12 29 14 29 19 10 68 11 52 5 10 3 5 2 81 25 18 38 162 74 88 97 214 403 119

4 155 420 24 39 25 55 57 107 10 47 58 110 68 42 42 10 20 11 36 25 11 55 8 44 4 9 3 3 3 101 30 21 49 171 83 88 92 249 452 111

-1.0 -2.7 -2.1 -3.6 -5.1 0.2 2.0

3.2

-2.6 -2.1 2.4 -1.6 -1.0 -2.6 -1.0 -0.8 -1.7 0.0 -2.3 -2.5 2.2 2.6 -0.2 -3.0 -4.7 -1.1 -2.9 -3.7 -2.2

-0.9 -1.4 -1.4 -2.6 -3.4 -0.2 -0.2

1.1

-2.4 -1.9 2.3 -0.7 0.5 -1.0 -1.0 -0.5 -2.6 0.4 0.6 -1.4 1.0 1.8 0.3 -2.0 -1.7 -1.0 -2.5 -1.7 -2.5

211 145 46 20 9 16 24

685

63 21 90 26 48 36 142 112 30 80 9 20 32 5 13 153 49 18 35 26 25

224 137 48 23 7 18 39

Average annual rate of change (percent) 1994– 2004

2004– 2014

3.2

3.6

3.2

230 144 49 24 6 19 38

0.6 -0.6 0.5 1.0 -2.9 1.2 4.7

841

1 044

2.1

65 20 125 26 63 43 192 162 30 86 8 22 37 5 14 142 40 14 35 25 29

77 19 173 29 77 54 276 247 28 101 10 28 42 7 15 148 47 16 32 26 27

5 871 499 30 51 28 63 66 125 12 57 67 102 81 26 30 8 14 8 46 34 12 41 6 33 3 8 3 3 3 124 38 27 59 184 87 98 103 268 539 110

0.2 0.5 0.3 0.7 -1.9 0.4 -0.1

0.6 1.3 -2.3 2.0

0.8 1.5 -2.6 2.3

2.2 0.9 1.7 0.0 1.3 1.7 -0.2 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.5 -1.4 0.2 -3.5 -2.5 -1.4 -3.4 -1.8 2.3 3.2 0.5 -2.1 -3.4 -1.7 -3.0 -1.0 0.5 -3.6 1.1 2.2 1.9 1.5 2.8 0.6 1.2 0.0 -0.5 1.5 1.2 -0.6

3.5 1.7 2.6 2.6 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.3 -0.7 1.7 -4.9 -3.2 -2.4 -3.7 -2.8 2.5 3.1 0.7 -2.9 -3.5 -2.9 -1.5 -0.8 -1.7 -2.0 1.3 2.1 2.1 2.5 1.8 0.8 0.5 1.0 1.1 0.7 1.8 -0.1

0.2 -0.6 3.3 0.0 2.7 1.7 3.1 3.7 0.1 0.8 -1.3 1.1 1.4 0.0 0.3 -0.7 -1.9 -2.8 0.1 -0.6 1.7

1Employment data for wage and salary workers are from the BLS Current Employment Statistics Survey, which counts jobs, whereas data for self-employed, unpaid family workers and

agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting workers are from the Current Population Survey (the household survey), which counts workers.

3.6

2.2

1.7 -0.5 3.3 1.1 2.0 2.3 3.7 4.3 -0.6 1.6 2.5 2.0 1.2 2.9 0.9 0.4 1.6 1.6 -0.9 0.7 -1.0

2Output subcategories do not necessarily add to higher categories as a by-product of chain weighting. 3Includes wage and salary data from the BLS Current Employment Statistics Survey, except data for private households (which are from the Current Population Survey). Logging workers are

excluded.

4Employment data are based on estimates from the BLS Current Employment Statistics Survey.

CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 233 Table 4-6. Employment and Output, by Industry, 1994, 2004, and Projected 2014—Continued (Number, percent, dollars.)

Industry

Manufacturing—Continued Fabricated metal product ...................................................................... Forging and stamping ....................................................................... Cutlery and handtool ......................................................................... Architectural and structural metals .................................................... Boiler, tank, and shipping container .................................................. Hardware .......................................................................................... Spring and wire product .................................................................... Machine shops; turned product; and screw, nut, and bolt ................ Coating, engraving, heat treating, and allied activities ...................... Other fabricated metal product ......................................................... Machinery ............................................................................................. Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery .............................. Industrial machinery .......................................................................... Commercial and service industry machinery .................................... Ventilation, heating, air-conditioning, and commercial refrigeration .................................................................................. Metalworking machinery ................................................................... Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment ........................ Other general purpose machinery .................................................... Computer and electronic product .......................................................... Computer and peripheral equipment ............................................... Communications equipment ............................................................. Audio and video equipment .............................................................. Semiconductor and other electronic component ............................... Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments ... Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media ........... Electrical equipment, appliance, and component ................................. Electric lighting equipment ................................................................ Household appliance ........................................................................ Electrical equipment .......................................................................... Other electrical equipment and component ...................................... Transportation equipment ..................................................................... Motor vehicle ..................................................................................... Motor vehicle body and trailer ........................................................... Motor vehicle parts ............................................................................ Aerospace product and parts ............................................................ Railroad rolling stock ......................................................................... Ship and boat building ...................................................................... Other transportation equipment ........................................................ Furniture and related product ................................................................ Household and institutional furniture and kitchen cabinet ................. Office furniture (including fixtures) .................................................... Other furniture related product .......................................................... Miscellaneous ....................................................................................... Medical equipment and supplies ....................................................... Other miscellaneous ......................................................................... Wholesale Trade .................................................................................

Employment

Thousands of jobs 1994

1 565 131 78 343 106 55 81 313 148 310 1 379 211 149 142 173 258 114 333 1 651 298 218 58 535 493 49 588 78 113 218 180 1 936 282 151 736 552 32 145 38 600 399 154 47 714 296 418

5 248

2004

1 498 110 59 390 92 38 62 326 142 278 1 142 195 119 115 152 202 93 266 1 326 212 150 32 453 432 47 447 65 90 153 138 1 764 256 164 688 444 25 148 38 573 384 136 52 656 304 352

5 655

Change

2014

1 470 100 55 399 85 35 50 340 150 257 995 190 104 85

1994– 2004

2004– 2014

-68 -22 -19 46 -14 -17 -19 13 -5 -32 -238 -16 -30 -27

-28 -10 -4 9 -7 -4 -12 14 8 -22 -146 -5 -15 -30

139 169 78 230 1 232 175 135 25 400 450 47 363 55 66 117 125 1 859 262 178 732 480 19 145 44 563 375 138 50 637 312 325

-21 -56 -21 -67 -325 -86 -68 -26 -83 -62 -2 -142 -13 -23 -64 -41 -173 -25 13 -47 -108 -8 3 0.2 -28 -14 -18 5 -58 8 -67

6 131

407

Average annual rate of change (percent) 1994– 2004

2004– 2014

-0.4 -1.8 -2.7 1.3 -1.4 -3.6 -2.6 0.4 -0.4 -1.1 -1.9 -0.8 -2.2 -2.1

-0.2 -0.9 -0.7 0.2 -0.8 -1.0 -2.1 0.4 0.5 -0.8 -1.4 -0.3 -1.3 -3.0

1.7 0.2 1.5 1.3 12.7 23.1 13.2 0.3 4.7 3.6 3.1 2.2 1.4 2.9 0.5 3.2 3.5 2.6 4.2 3.7 4.9 1.4 3.3 3.6 2.5 2.1 3.3 1.8 3.7 4.7 2.6

1.1

1.0

741

1 125

1 758

4.3

4.6

546 158 118 42 47 50 257 32

947 230 130 101 69 66 464 120

1 571 435 176 281 99 94 667 272

5.7 3.8 0.9 9.2 3.8 2.8 6.1 14.1

5.2 6.6 3.1 10.8 3.7 3.6 3.7 8.5

296 322 114 71 807 30 24

565 391 143 88 1 026 46 32

14.1 0.7 5.0 2.2 2.3 4.6 2.9

6.7 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.4 4.6 2.6

123

292

8.3

476

0.8

2 739 891 754 137 278 290 961 318

3 138 910 671 239 389 327 1 043 470

3 502 1 115 715 400 451 362 975 600

400 19 -83 102 110 36 82 152

364 205 44 161 62 35 -68 130

1.4 0.2 -1.2 5.7 3.4 1.2 0.8 4.0

553 1 418 700 64 1 183 163 287

767 1 403 857 85 1 417 198 341

888 1 452 1 024 93 1 675 230 378

213 -15 157 21 234 35 54

121 49 167 8 258 32 37

3.3 -0.1 2.0 2.8 1.8 2.0 1.7

7

2

3.3

80

18

8 052 2 854

105 25

8 901 3 005

1 185 455

129

25

28

1.9 0.7 1.9 2.0 0.3 2.3 -0.3 3.4 3.4 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 -1.5

2.7 0.8 4.7 1.9 10.4 21.0 5.8 -4.2 12.8 3.1 5.2 0.3 0.8 0.4 -0.3 0.7 2.1 2.7 1.6 2.6 1.1 -1.4 1.2 -0.4 2.3 2.1 3.0 1.7 4.1 5.8 2.6

Information .......................................................................................... Publishing industries, except Internet ................................................... Newspaper, periodical, book, and directory publishers .................... Software publishers .......................................................................... Motion picture, video, and sound recording industries .......................... Broadcasting, except Internet ............................................................... Telecommunications ............................................................................. Internet and other information services .................................................

6 867 2 399

1.7 1.3 1.3 2.3 0.5 -0.4 1.1 2.7 2.6 1.3 2.0 1.5 1.5 0.8

42 29 43 71 1 795 1 368 319 6 265 154 19 128 14 29 32 53 898 325 39 286 196 7 26 17 91 51 32 8 198 109 89

1 649

Financial Activities ............................................................................. Monetary authorities, credit intermediation, and related activities ........ Securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investments and related activities ............................................................................... Insurance carriers ................................................................................. Agencies, brokerages, and other insurance-related activities .............. Funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles ............................................ Real estate ............................................................................................ Automotive equipment rental and leasing ............................................. Consumer goods rental and general rental centers .............................. Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment rental and leasing .............................................................................................. Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works) ..............................................................................................

2004– 2014

36 28 37 62 543 172 92 6 167 108 14 103 12 22 30 39 634 252 26 198 122 6 18 12 71 41 23 7 138 69 69

1 543 549 4 -10 5 145 69 -18 6 131 94 125

306 25 15 70 24 13 8 64 28 59 298 54 37 22

1994– 2004

27 26 23 52 203 26 53 9 50 80 8 100 11 21 32 36 514 194 22 154 109 7 16 13 56 34 17 6 92 39 54

16 683 4 756 560 215 58 1 480 476 37 35 600 600 694

254 24 12 57 23 11 8 45 20 53 273 50 34 26

2014

-0.9 -1.8 -1.7 -1.4 -0.7 -1.9 -1.1 -2.4 -1.2 0.4 0.0 -2.1 -1.7 -3.1 -2.7 -1.0 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.8 -2.6 -0.2 1.5 -0.2 -0.2 0.1 -0.4 -0.3 0.3 -0.8

15 034 4 250 515 224 57 1 351 386 39 27 536 560 556

214 21 11 46 22 11 7 35 16 46 225 43 30 24

2004

-1.3 -2.4 -2.1 -2.2 -2.2 -3.3 -3.6 -5.7 -1.7 -1.3 -0.4 -2.7 -1.8 -2.2 -3.5 -2.6 -0.9 -0.9 0.8 -0.7 -2.2 -2.7 0.2 0.1 -0.5 -0.4 -1.3 1.0 -0.8 0.3 -1.7

13 491

3 701 511 235 52 1 206 317 57 21 405 466 431

1994

Average annual rate of change (percent)

-13 -33 -15 -36 -94 -37 -16 -7 -53 18 -0.1 -84 -10 -24 -36 -14 95 5 13 43 36 -6 -3 6 -10 -10 2 -2 -19 8 -26

Retail Trade ......................................................................................... Transportation and Warehousing ..................................................... Air transportation ................................................................................... Rail transportation ................................................................................. Water transportation ............................................................................. Truck transportation .............................................................................. Transit and ground passenger transportation ....................................... Pipeline transportation .......................................................................... Scenic and sightseeing transportation .................................................. Support activities for transportation ...................................................... Couriers and messengers ..................................................................... Warehousing and storage .....................................................................

Output

Billions of chained (1996) dollars

506 45 -9 1 129 90 -2 8 64 40 138

849 151

24

0.8

595

1.4 0.1 -0.5 0.9 1.1 2.0 -3.8 2.3 2.8 1.9 2.6

1.1 0.8 -0.4 0.2 0.9 2.1 -0.5 2.8 1.1 0.7 2.2

1.6 1.8

1.0 0.5

1 593 387

2.1

30

2.8

1.1 2.1 0.6 5.3 1.5 1.0 -0.7 2.5 1.5 0.3 1.8 0.9 1.7 1.5 1.0

0.9

494 86 40 28 175 25 28 2 38 45 28

79 300 70 57 641 19 18 55

971

619 130 43 22 224 31 26 2 45 60 36

2 477 656

36

1 812 887 213 60 27 318 41 25 4 72 76 56

3 544 944

50

5.0

2.3 4.2 0.7 -2.3 2.5 2.3 -0.6 1.8 1.8 3.0 2.5

4.5 5.4

1.9

6.4

3.7 5.0 3.3 1.8 3.5 2.8 -0.5 4.8 4.8 2.3 4.6

3.6 3.7

3.5

9.0

234 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-6. Employment and Output, by Industry, 1994, 2004, and Projected 2014—Continued (Number, percent, dollars.)

Industry

Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services ............................. Legal services ....................................................................................... Accounting, tax prepartion, bookkeeping, and payroll services ............ Architectural, engineering, and related services ................................... Specialized design services .................................................................. Computer systems design and related services ................................... Management, scientific, and technical consulting services ................... Scientific research and development services ...................................... Advertising and related services ........................................................... Other professional, scientific, and technical services ........................... Management of companies and enterprises ......................................... Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services ............................................................................................ Administrative and support services ................................................. Office administrative services ........................................................... Facilities support services ..................................................................... Employment services ............................................................................ Business support services .................................................................... Travel arrangement and reservation services ....................................... Investigation and and security services ................................................ Services to buildings and dwellings ...................................................... Other support services .......................................................................... Waste management and remediation services ..................................... Waste collection ............................................................................... Waste treatment and disposal and waste mangement services ....... Education services ............................................................................... Elementary and secondary schools .................................................. Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools ......................................................................................... Other education services .................................................................. Health care and social assistance ........................................................ Ambulatory health care services ........................................................... Offices of health practitioners ........................................................... Home health care services ............................................................... Outpatient, laboratory, and other ambulatory services ..................... Hospitals, private .................................................................................. Nursing and residential care facilities ................................................... Nursing care facilities ........................................................................ Residential care facilities .................................................................. Social assistance .................................................................................. Individual, family, community, and vocational rehabilitation services ........................................................................................ Child day care services ..................................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ....................................................... Performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries ..................... Performing arts companies ............................................................... Spectator sports ................................................................................ Promoters of events, and agents, and managers ............................. Independent artists, writers, and performers .................................... Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions ................................ Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries ................................. Accommodation and food services ....................................................... Accommodation ................................................................................ Food services and drinking places .................................................... Other services ....................................................................................... Repair and maintenance ....................................................................... Automotive repair and maintenance ................................................. Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance ........... Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment (except automotive and electronic repair and maintenance) .................... Personal and household goods repair and maintenance .................. Personal and laundry services .............................................................. Personal care services ...................................................................... Death care services .......................................................................... Dry cleaning and laundry services .................................................... Other personal services .................................................................... Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations .................................................................................... Religious organizations ..................................................................... Grantmaking and giving services and social advocacy organizations ................................................................................ Civic, social, professional, and similar organizations ........................ Private households ............................................................................... Federal Government ........................................................................... Postal service ........................................................................................ Federal electric utilities ......................................................................... Federal enterprises, except postal service and electric utilities ............ Federal government, except enterprises .............................................. Federal government capital services .................................................... . . . = Not available.

Thousands of jobs 1994

2004

4 844 966 670 952 89 531 417 476 375 368 1 666

6 762 1 162 816 1 261 121 1 147 779 548 425 503 1 718

1 074 277 10 912 3 579 2 430 553 595 3 724 2 227 1 377 850 1 382

1 462 475 14 187 4 946 3 337 773 836 4 294 2 815 1 575 1 240 2 132

5 664 5 404 208 72 2 226 574 271 562 1 267 221 261 88 173 1 895 544

2004– 2014

8 684 1 340 1 100 1 460 155 1 600 1 250 613 520 646 1 900

1 918 196 146 309 32 616 362 72 50 136 52

1 922 178 284 199 34 453 471 65 95 143 182

1 965 650 18 482 7 031 4 561 1 310 1 160 4 982 3 597 1 757 1 840 2 872

388 198 3 275 1 367 907 220 241 570 588 198 390 750

503 175 4 295 2 085 1 224 537 324 688 782 181 601 740

10 396 9 983 450 170 5 050 830 233 900 2 050 300 413 145 268 3 664 1 050

872 510 1 376 296 107 96 66 28 82 998 8 724 1 615 7 109 5 202 1 023 701 98

1 365 767 1 833 365 115 120 88 42 117 1 351 10 646 1 796 8 850 6 210 1 228 891 99

1 810 1 062 2 293 443 135 150 97 61 140 1 710 12 401 2 100 10 301 6 944 1 408 1 068 90

2 285 1 234

2 929 1 698

3 310 1 900

3 018 821 27 124 2 046 ...

2 728 784 23 70 1 850 ...

261 790 774

158 80 1 274 561 138 352 223 304 927 779

Change

1994– 2004

2014

7 934 7 608 319 116 3 470 754 226 730 1 694 299 325 119 206 2 766 829

144 80 1 120 439 120 368 193

Employment

170 80 1 475 670 157 380 268

360 1 050 750

2 771 778 23 53 1 917 ...

2 270 2 205 111 43 1 244 180 -46 168 427 77 65 31 33 872 285

Average annual rate of change (percent)

Output

Billions of chained (1996) dollars

1994– 2004

2004– 2014

3.4 1.9 2.0 2.8 3.1 8.0 6.5 1.4 1.3 3.2 0.3

2.5 1.4 3.0 1.5 2.5 3.4 4.8 1.1 2.0 2.5 1.0

679 169 72 124 16 76 71 52 47 55 218

1 060 189 90 180 23 155 149 121 70 87 397

1 698 236 127 248 33 305 272 240 114 134 681

3.1 5.6 2.7 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.5 1.4 2.4 1.4 3.8 4.4

3.0 3.2 2.7 3.6 3.2 5.4 3.3 1.5 2.5 1.1 4.0 3.0

68 22 829 376 273 30 73 284 90 58 32 79

85 33 1 147 550 400 42 108 385 115 68 48 98

108 43 1 639 822 600 67 156 544 144 74 71 130

16 18 88 27 12 19 31

28 20 113 37 13 20 43

44 23 165 56 14 28 68

3.4 3.5 4.4 4.8 4.5 2.8 -1.8 2.7 2.9 3.0 2.2 3.1 1.8 3.9 4.3

493 257 458 69 8 24 22 14 35 354 1 922 180 1 741 1 008 204 190 1

445 295 460 78 20 30 9 19 23 358 1 755 304 1 451 734 180 177 -9

4.6 4.2 2.9 2.1 0.8 2.3 3.0 4.2 3.7 3.1 2.0 1.1 2.2 1.8 1.8 2.4 0.1

2.9 3.3 2.3 2.0 1.6 2.3 1.0 3.8 1.8 2.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.4 1.8 -1.0

51 28 115 52 10 16 11 15 5 59 410 106 304 344 132 81 17

644 464

381 202

2.5 3.2

1.2 1.1

112 44

134 51

0.2 -0.1 -0.2 -2.8 0.4 ...

601 56 8 9 448 81

706 59 9 8 544 85

44 137 5

-290 -36 -4 -54 -196 ...

12 0.5 201 109 19 28 45

0.9 0.0 1.3 2.5 1.4 -0.4 1.5

56 123 -29

1.6 1.6 0.1

43 -6 -0.5 -18 68 ...

-1.0 -0.5 -1.6 -5.5 -1.0 ...

0.8 0.1 1.5 1.8 1.3 0.8 1.8

1.7 1.3 -0.4

298 255 25 7 60 36 23 20 58 26 43 22 21 115 25

2004

2 462 2 374 130 54 1 580 76 7 170 356 1 88 26 62 898 220

14 -0.2 154 122 18 -16 30

2.7 2.8 3.5 3.9 3.8 1.0 0.3 2.1 1.9 0.0 2.4 2.0 2.6 2.9 2.4

1994

14 53 13

496 439 66 11 113 60 28 25 107 31 56 29 28 145 27

59 39 176 63 9 22 14 19 7 106 510 123 387 430 168 103 18

24 60 15

2014

Average annual rate of change (percent) 1994– 2004

2004– 2014

4.6 1.1 2.3 3.8 3.6 7.4 7.6 8.7 4.0 4.6 6.2

4.8 2.2 3.5 3.3 3.8 7.0 6.2 7.1 5.0 4.4 5.5

762 686 130 15 176 107 38 28 164 30 75 38 37 188 37

5.2 5.6 10.1 4.5 6.4 5.3 1.8 2.2 6.3 1.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.3 0.8

4.4 4.6 7.0 3.4 4.5 5.9 3.0 1.4 4.4 -0.5 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.4

79 51 254 86 10 31 20 26 10 158 627 162 465 565 212 128 18

1.5 3.3 4.4 2.0 -0.9 3.2 2.3 2.0 4.9 6.0 2.2 1.5 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.4 0.3

3.0 2.8 3.8 3.2 1.1 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.1 4.1 2.1 2.8 1.9 2.8 2.4 2.2 0.1

172 67

1.8 1.3

38 66 15

737 65 12 10 560 90

2.3 4.0 3.3 3.9 3.9 3.3 4.1 3.1 2.5 1.5 4.1 2.2

2.5 2.6 3.6 4.1 4.1 4.8 3.7 3.5 2.3 0.9 4.1 2.9

5.8 1.1 2.5 3.4 0.7 0.5 3.4

4.6 1.7 3.9 4.2 0.5 3.3 4.7

5.0 1.2 1.8

4.9 1.0 0.1

1.6 0.6 1.0 -1.1 2.0 0.4

2.5 2.9

0.4 0.9 2.5 2.4 0.3 0.6

CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 235

Table 4-6. Employment and Output, by Industry, 1994, 2004, and Projected 2014—Continued (Number, percent, dollars.)

Industry

Employment

Thousands of jobs

Change

1994

2004

2014

1994– 2004

2004– 2014

State and Local Government ............................................................. Local government passenger transit ..................................................... Local government enterprises, except passenger transit ..................... Local government hospitals .................................................................. Local government educational services ................................................ Local government, excluding enterprises, education services, and hospitals .................................................................................... State government enterprises ............................................................... State government hospitals .................................................................. State government educational services ................................................ State government, excluding enterprises, education services, and hospitals ........................................................................................... State and local government capital services .........................................

16 257 204 3 652 673 6 329

18 891 248 4 216 657 7 762

21 019 300 4 699 690 8 546

2 634 44 564 -16 1 433

2 128 52 483 33 783

503 ...

533 ...

571 ...

30 ...

37 ...

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting5 ................................... Crop production .................................................................................... Animal production ................................................................................. Forestry ................................................................................................. Logging ................................................................................................. Fishing, hunting, and trapping ............................................................... Support activities for agriculture and forestry ........................................

2 890 1 226 1 331 22 119 75 117

Owner-Occupied Dwellings ...............................................................

823 1 783 407 1 882 ...

1 022 1 853 350 2 249 ...

2 140 857 953 24 100 52 154

1 250 1 947 326 2 691 ...

1.1 1.9 1.1 0.5 1.0

1 113 8 111 52 303

1 402 7 142 58 390

0.7 ...

119 66

136 99

2.2 0.4 -1.5 1.8 0.6 ... ...

2.0 0.5 -0.7 1.8

-243

28

-1.4

2.5 3.3 2.2 2.5 2.4

179 131

1.3 4.2

2.7 2.8

471 25 54 186

...

-0.8

1 614

2.3 -0.5 2.5 0.9 2.6

...

-2.8

1 587

1 798 10 176 74 494

...

-11

1 830

2004– 2014

...

0.2

232 87 94 6 28 7 11 ...

...

275 112 114 5 26 6 11 ...

...

Average annual rate of change (percent) 1994– 2004

1 124

-44

0.2

360 20 42 147

2014

858

127

Secondary Jobs as a Self-Employed or Unpaid Family Workers8 ..........................................................................................

456

288 16 40 111

2004

657

-1.1 -1.8 -0.8 -2.1 -1.0 -2.0 0.9

196

1994

...

-3.0 -3.5 -3.3 0.9 -1.7 -3.6 2.7

10 012

5Includes

1.5 1.9 1.4 -0.2 2.1

-230 -145 -75 -5 -9 -10 14

9 556

138

...

2004– 2014

-750 -369 -379 2 -18 -23 36

9 360

182

...

228 94 -24 442

Output

Billions of chained (1996) dollars

1994– 2004

1 910 712 877 20 91 42 168

Nonagriculture Self-Employed and Unpaid Family Workers6 .........

Secondary Wage and Salary Jobs in Agriculture and Private Household Industries7 ...................................................................

199 70 -57 367

Average annual rate of change (percent)

2.3 2.3 0.6 2.8

2.7

2.7

...

...

...

...

322 144 126 5 28 7 12

1.7 2.5 2.0 -0.6 -0.8 -1.4 0.2

...

...

...

agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting wage and salary, self-employed, and unpaid family worker data from the Current Population Survey (except logging, which is from the BLS Current Employment Statistics Survey). Government wage and salary workers are excluded.

6Comparable estimate of output growth is not available. 7Workers who hold a secondary wage and salary job in agricultural production, forestry, fishing, 8Output subcategories do not necessarily add to higher categories due to chain weighting.

. . . = Not available.

and private household industries.

2.7 2.1 2.5 2.4

1.6 2.6 1.0 0.0 0.7 0.6 1.1

...

236 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2004 and Projected 2014 (Number in thousands, percent.)

Occupation

Number

Employment

Percent distribution

2014

ALL OCCUPATIONS ..............................................................................................................

145 612

164 540

100.0

100.0

18 928

Business and Financial Operations .................................................................................... Business operations specialists ............................................................................................. Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes .................................. Buyers and purchasing agents ........................................................................................... Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products ............................................................... Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products ........................................................ Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products .................................... Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators ............................................... Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators ............................................................. Insurance appraisers, auto damage ............................................................................... Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation ................................................................................................................. Cost estimators .................................................................................................................. Emergency management specialists .................................................................................. Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists ................................................. Employment, recruitment, and placement specialists ..................................................... Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists ..................................................... Training and development specialists ............................................................................ Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists, all other .............................. Logisticians ......................................................................................................................... Management analysts ........................................................................................................ Meeting and convention planners ...................................................................................... Business operation specialists, all other ............................................................................ Financial specialists ............................................................................................................... Accountants and auditors ................................................................................................... Appraisers and assessors of real estate ............................................................................ Budget analysts .................................................................................................................. Credit analysts .................................................................................................................... Financial analysts and advisers ......................................................................................... Financial analysts ........................................................................................................... Personal financial advisers ............................................................................................. Insurance underwriters ................................................................................................... Financial examiners ........................................................................................................... Loan counselors and officers ............................................................................................. Loan counselors ............................................................................................................. Loan officers ................................................................................................................... Tax examiners, collectors, preparers, and revenue agents ................................................ Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents .............................................................. Tax preparers ................................................................................................................. Financial specialists, all other .............................................................................................

5 873 3 375 21 445 16 156 273 263 250 13

6 996 4 054 23 482 17 169 296 303 288 15

4.0 2.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

4.3 2.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

1 123 679 2 36 1 13 22 40 38 2

Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding. 1Total

14 987 9 115 2 317 444 1 807 66 646 64 525 188 337 58 1 561 268 280 528 157 57 37 62 160 75 92 4 591 1 285 220 1 065 431 442 58 225 132 26 190 371 30 4 58 248 42 26 361 134 969

177 198 10 663 182 99 216 166 53 605 43 897 2 497 1 176 102 58 68 456 197 158 101 24 325 34 291 162 76 86 127

17 142 10 147 2 692 510 2 115 67 777 77 630 228 403 70 1 807 314 353 606 189 70 47 72 162 80 104 4 870 1 139 229 910 475 515 75 249 160 31 215 414 32 5 68 305 48 26 416 169 1 045

197 234 13 823 237 119 261 206 60 727 52 1 139 2 941 1 440 125 65 70 539 231 199 109 27 355 40 315 175 80 95 145

10.3 6.3 1.6 0.3 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.2 0.9 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.7

0.1 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.6 1.7 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

2014

Number

2004

Management, Business, and Financial .............................................................................. Management ........................................................................................................................... Top executives ................................................................................................................... Chief executives ............................................................................................................. General and operations managers ................................................................................. Legislators ...................................................................................................................... Advertising, marketing, promotions, public relations, and sales managers ............................. Advertising and promotions managers ........................................................................... Marketing and sales managers ...................................................................................... Marketing managers ................................................................................................... Sales managers ......................................................................................................... Public relations managers .............................................................................................. Operations specialties managers ........................................................................................... Administrative services managers ...................................................................................... Computer and information systems managers ................................................................... Financial managers ............................................................................................................ Human resources managers .............................................................................................. Compensation and benefits managers ........................................................................... Training and development managers ............................................................................. Human resources managers, all other ........................................................................... Industrial production managers .......................................................................................... Purchasing managers ........................................................................................................ Transportation, storage, and distribution managers ........................................................... Other management occupations ............................................................................................ Agricultural managers ........................................................................................................ Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers ............................................................... Farmers and ranchers .................................................................................................... Construction managers ...................................................................................................... Education administrators .................................................................................................... Education administrators, preschool and childcare center/program ............................... Education administrators, elementary and secondary school ......................................... Education administrators, postsecondary ...................................................................... Education administrators, all other ................................................................................. Engineering managers ....................................................................................................... Food service managers ...................................................................................................... Funeral directors ................................................................................................................ Gaming managers .............................................................................................................. Lodging managers .............................................................................................................. Medical and health services managers .............................................................................. Natural sciences managers ................................................................................................ Postmasters and mail superintendents .............................................................................. Property, real estate, and community association managers .............................................. Social and community service managers ........................................................................... Managers, all other .............................................................................................................

2004

Change, 2004–2014

10.4 6.2 1.6 0.3 1.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 3.0 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.6

0.1 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.7 1.8 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1

Percent

Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2004–20141

13.0

54 680

19.1 20.1 11.8 8.1 7.0 8.4 8.1 15.1 15.1 16.6

2 163 1 276 7 151 6 54 90 72 69 4

2 155 1 032 375 66 308 1 131 13 105 39 66 12 246 45 73 78 32 12 10 10 1 5 12 280 -146 9 -155 45 73 16 24 28 5 25 43 2 1 10 57 6 0 55 34 76

14.4 11.3 16.2 14.9 17.0 2.0 20.3 20.3 20.1 20.8 19.7 21.7 15.8 16.9 25.9 14.8 20.3 21.5 25.9 15.9 0.8 7.0 12.7 6.1 -11.3 4.0 -14.5 10.4 16.6 27.9 10.4 21.3 20.3 13.0 11.5 6.7 22.6 16.6 22.8 13.6 0.0 15.3 25.5 7.8

21 36 2 161 55 20 45 40 7 122 10 242 444 264 23 8 2 83 34 41 8 2 30 6 24 13 4 9 18

11.6 18.2 22.8 24.2 30.5 20.4 20.8 24.1 13.2 20.1 22.2 27.0 17.8 22.4 22.8 13.5 3.6 18.2 17.3 25.9 8.0 9.5 9.2 17.7 8.3 8.0 5.1 10.6 14.4

4 920 2 757 808 150 649 10 249 25 202 74 128 22 517 97 124 154 58 22 16 20 32 21 30 1 183 109 47 63 123 183 31 80 61 12 63 103 10 2 19 105 14 5 123 60 265

62 80 5 265 83 35 78 68 16 204 19 395 887 486 45 17 13 151 63 61 26 8 82 11 71 45 21 23 40

job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.

CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 237

Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2004 and Projected 2014—Continued (Number in thousands, percent.)

Occupation

Computer and Mathematical Science .................................................................................. Computer specialists .............................................................................................................. Computer and information scientists, research .................................................................. Computer programmers ..................................................................................................... Computer software engineers ............................................................................................ Computer software engineers, applications ................................................................... Computer software engineers, systems software ........................................................... Computer support specialists ............................................................................................. Computer systems analysts ............................................................................................... Database administrators .................................................................................................... Network and computer systems administrators ................................................................. Network systems and data communications analysts ......................................................... Computer specialists, all other ........................................................................................... Mathematical science occupations ......................................................................................... Actuaries ............................................................................................................................ Mathematicians .................................................................................................................. Operations research analysts ............................................................................................. Statisticians ........................................................................................................................ Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations .............................................................. Mathematical technicians ............................................................................................... Mathematical scientists, all other ................................................................................... Architecture and engineering .................................................................................................. Architects, surveyors, and cartographers ............................................................................... Architects, except naval ..................................................................................................... Architects, except landscape and naval ......................................................................... Landscape architects ..................................................................................................... Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists ............................................................ Cartographers and photogrammetrists ........................................................................... Surveyors ....................................................................................................................... Engineers ............................................................................................................................... Aerospace engineers ......................................................................................................... Agricultural engineers ......................................................................................................... Biomedical engineers ......................................................................................................... Chemical engineers ............................................................................................................ Civil engineers .................................................................................................................... Computer hardware engineers ........................................................................................... Electrical and electronics engineers ................................................................................... Electrical engineers ........................................................................................................ Electronics engineers, except computer ........................................................................ Environmental engineers .................................................................................................... Industrial engineers, including health and safety ............................................................... Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors ................ Industrial engineers ........................................................................................................ Marine engineers and naval architects ............................................................................... Materials engineers ............................................................................................................ Mechanical engineers ........................................................................................................ Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers .................................. Nuclear engineers .............................................................................................................. Petroleum engineers .......................................................................................................... Engineers, all other ............................................................................................................ Drafters, engineering, and mapping technicians .................................................................... Drafters ............................................................................................................................... Architectural and civil drafters ........................................................................................ Electrical and electronics drafters .................................................................................. Mechanical drafters ........................................................................................................ Drafters, all other ............................................................................................................ Engineering technicians, except drafters ........................................................................... Aerospace engineering and operations technicians ........................................................ Civil engineering technicians .......................................................................................... Electrical and electronic engineering technicians ........................................................... Electromechanical technicians ....................................................................................... Environmental engineering technicians .......................................................................... Industrial engineering technicians .................................................................................. Mechanical engineering technicians .............................................................................. Engineering technicians, except drafters, all other .......................................................... Surveying and mapping technicians ...................................................................................

Life, Physical, and Social Science ....................................................................................... Life scientists .......................................................................................................................... Agricultural and food scientists ........................................................................................... Animal scientists ............................................................................................................. Food scientists and technologists .................................................................................. Soil and plant scientists .................................................................................................. Biological scientists ............................................................................................................ Biochemists and biophysicists ........................................................................................ Microbiologists ................................................................................................................ Zoologists and wildlife biologists .................................................................................... Biological scientists, all other ......................................................................................... Conservation scientists and foresters ................................................................................ Conservation scientists .................................................................................................. Foresters ........................................................................................................................ Medical scientists ............................................................................................................... Epidemiologists .............................................................................................................. Medical scientists, except epidemiologists ..................................................................... Life scientists, all other ....................................................................................................... Physical scientists .................................................................................................................. Astronomers and physicists ............................................................................................... Astronomers ................................................................................................................... Physicists ....................................................................................................................... Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding.

Number

2004

3 153 3 046 22 455 800 460 340 518 487 104 278 231 149 107 18 3 58 19 10 2 9 2 520 220 154 129 25 67 11 56 1 449 76 3 10 31 237 77 299 156 143 49 203 27 177 7 21 226 5 17 16 172 851 254 110 38 82 24 532 10 94 182 19 20 69 48 91 65

1 316 232 30 3 11 17 77 16 15 16 29 32 19 13 77 5 72 15 250 16 1 15

Employment

2014 4 120 4 003 28 464 1 169 682 486 638 640 144 385 357 177 117 22 3 62 20 11 2 9 2 835 258 181 151 30 77 12 65 1 644 82 4 13 34 276 84 331 174 157 64 235 30 205 7 24 251 5 19 16 198 933 267 115 38 87 27 595 10 107 199 21 25 76 54 102 71 1 532 280 34 3 12 19 90 20 18 19 34 34 20 14 103 6 97 19 281 17 1 16

Percent distribution 2004

2.2 2.1 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

2014

2.5 2.4 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Change, 2004–2014 Number 967 957 6 9 369 222 146 119 153 40 107 126 28 10 4 0 5 1 1 0 1 315 38 27 22 5 11 2 9 195 6 1 3 3 39 8 32 18 14 15 32 4 28 1 3 25 0 1 0 27 83 13 5 0 4 3 63 1 13 18 2 5 7 6 11 6 216 48 4 0 1 2 13 3 3 2 5 2 1 1 26 1 25 3 30 1 0 1

Percent 30.7 31.4 25.6 2.0 46.1 48.4 43.0 23.0 31.4 38.2 38.4 54.6 19.0 9.7 23.2 -1.3 8.4 4.6 5.7 3.4 6.2 12.5 17.1 17.7 17.3 19.4 15.8 15.3 15.9 13.4 8.3 12.0 30.7 10.6 16.5 10.1 10.8 11.8 9.7 30.0 15.7 13.4 16.0 8.5 12.2 11.1 -1.5 7.3 -0.1 15.4 9.7 5.3 4.6 1.2 5.5 14.0 11.8 8.5 14.1 9.8 9.7 24.4 10.5 12.3 12.3 9.6

16.4 20.8 12.8 12.9 10.9 13.9 17.0 21.0 17.2 13.0 17.0 6.5 6.3 6.7 33.6 26.2 34.1 20.6 12.2 7.1 10.4 7.0

Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2004–20141 1 389 1 350 8 117 448 268 180 183 208 51 138 153 45 39 12 1 17 6 3 0 2 876 78 45 37 8 33 5 28 507 25 2 5 12 77 20 91 49 42 23 81 10 71 4 8 87 2 6 5 59 291 84 36 11 28 9 177 3 33 56 6 9 22 16 33 30

531 103 9 1 3 5 37 8 7 7 14 11 7 5 40 2 37 6 94 6 0 6

1Total job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings

equal net replacements.

238 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2004 and Projected 2014—Continued (Number in thousands, percent.)

Occupation

Life, Physical, and Social Science—Continued Atmospheric and space scientists ...................................................................................... Chemists and materials scientists ...................................................................................... Chemists ........................................................................................................................ Materials scientists ......................................................................................................... Environmental scientists and geoscientists ........................................................................ Environmental scientists and specialists, including health .............................................. Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geologists .......................................................... Hydrologists .................................................................................................................... Physical scientists, all other ............................................................................................... Social scientists and related .................................................................................................... Economists ......................................................................................................................... Market and survey researchers .......................................................................................... Market research analysts ............................................................................................... Survey researchers ........................................................................................................ Psychologists ..................................................................................................................... Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists ............................................................... Industrial-organizational psychologists ........................................................................... Psychologists, all other ................................................................................................... Sociologists ........................................................................................................................ Urban and regional planners .............................................................................................. Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers ........................................................... Anthropologists and archeologists ................................................................................. Geographers .................................................................................................................. Historians ....................................................................................................................... Political scientists ........................................................................................................... Social scientists and related workers, all other .............................................................. Life, physical, and social science technicians ........................................................................ Agricultural and food science technicians .......................................................................... Biological technicians ......................................................................................................... Chemical technicians ......................................................................................................... Geological and petroleum technicians ............................................................................... Nuclear technicians ............................................................................................................ Social science research assistants .................................................................................... Other life, physical, and social science technicians ............................................................ Environmental science and protection technicians, including health .............................. Forensic science technicians ......................................................................................... Forest and conservation technicians .............................................................................. Life, physical, and social science technicians, all other ..................................................

Number

2004

7 90 82 8 109 73 28 8 29 492 13 212 190 22 179 167 2 10 5 32 51 5 1 3 5 38 342 23 64 62 11 7 18 157 31 10 33 83

Employment

2014

0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

1 414 897 845 52 17 6 28 517 291 227 21 55 62 89

0.8 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

0.9 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

2 800 2 165 729 98 285 30 122 162 31 686 324 139 147 76 751 60 105 456 129 635 474 107 54

Education, Training, and Library ......................................................................................... Postsecondary teachers ......................................................................................................... Primary, secondary, and special education teachers ............................................................. Preschool and kindergarten teachers ................................................................................. Preschool teachers, except special education ............................................................... Kindergarten teachers, except special education ........................................................... Elementary and middle school teachers ............................................................................ Elementary school teachers, except special education ................................................... Middle school teachers, except special and vocational education .................................. Vocational education teachers, middle school ...............................................................

8 698 1 628 4 270 601 431 171 2 102 1 457 628 17

10 438 2 153 5 051 782 573 209 2 453 1 722 714 16

Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding.

2014

0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

2 317 1 755 601 76 248 24 96 131 25 562 272 110 116 64 592 49 93 352 98 562 422 90 50 1 220 783 735 47 16 5 27 437 224 213 18 51 61 83

2004

9 96 88 8 126 86 30 11 33 580 13 255 227 28 212 199 3 11 5 37 57 6 1 3 5 42 391 26 75 65 12 8 21 184 36 13 35 100

Community and Social Services .......................................................................................... Counselors, social workers, and other community and social service specialists ................... Counselors ......................................................................................................................... Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors .................................................... Educational, vocational, and school counselors ............................................................. Marriage and family therapists ....................................................................................... Mental health counselors ............................................................................................... Rehabilitation counselors ............................................................................................... Counselors, all other ...................................................................................................... Social workers .................................................................................................................... Child, family, and school social workers ......................................................................... Medical and public health social workers ....................................................................... Mental health and substance abuse social workers ........................................................ Social workers, all other ................................................................................................. Miscellaneous community and social service specialists .................................................... Health educators ............................................................................................................ Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists ................................................ Social and human service assistants ............................................................................. Community and social service specialists, all other ........................................................ Religious workers ................................................................................................................... Clergy ................................................................................................................................. Directors, religious activities and education ....................................................................... Religious workers, all other ................................................................................................

Legal ....................................................................................................................................... Lawyers, judges, and related workers .................................................................................... Lawyers .............................................................................................................................. Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers ................................................................ Administrative law judges, adjudicators, and hearing officers ......................................... Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators .......................................................................... Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates .................................................................. Legal support workers ............................................................................................................ Paralegals and legal assistants .......................................................................................... Miscellaneous legal support workers ................................................................................. Court reporters ............................................................................................................... Law clerks ...................................................................................................................... Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers .................................................................. Legal support workers, all other .....................................................................................

Percent distribution

1.6 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0

6.0 1.1 2.9 0.4 0.3 0.1 1.4 1.0 0.4 0.0

Change, 2004–2014 Number

1 7 6 1 17 13 2 3 4 88 1 43 37 6 33 32 0 1 0 5 6 1 0 0 0 5 49 3 11 3 1 1 3 27 5 4 2 17

1.7 1.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0

483 410 128 22 37 6 26 31 6 124 52 29 31 12 159 11 12 104 31 73 52 17 4

6.3 1.3 3.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 1.5 1.0 0.4 0.0

1 740 524 781 181 143 38 351 265 86 -1

194 114 110 4 2 1 2 80 67 13 3 4 1 6

Percent

16.5 7.3 7.3 8.0 15.9 17.1 8.3 31.6 14.6 17.9 5.6 20.2 19.6 25.9 18.7 19.1 20.4 9.9 4.7 15.2 11.8 17.0 6.8 4.3 7.3 12.3 14.4 13.4 17.2 4.4 6.5 13.7 17.4 17.5 16.3 36.4 6.6 20.0

Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2004–20141 4 36 33 3 37 26 7 4 11 209 4 98 86 12 72 68 1 3 2 16 17 2 0 1 1 13 126 7 22 18 3 3 7 64 12 6 10 36

20.8 23.4 21.3 28.7 14.8 25.4 27.2 23.9 23.1 22.0 19.0 25.9 26.7 19.6 26.8 22.5 12.8 29.7 31.9 12.9 12.4 18.5 7.4

928 749 264 39 94 12 48 61 10 221 98 48 51 24 264 20 28 166 50 178 139 27 13

20.0 32.2 18.3 30.1 33.1 22.4 16.7 18.2 13.7 -0.9

3 558 892 1 739 252 194 59 815 587 225 4

15.9 14.6 15.0 8.9 10.1 15.5 6.9 18.2 29.7 6.1 14.8 7.7 0.9 7.1

336 215 205 10 4 1 5 121 85 36 5 9 7 15

1Total job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings

equal net replacements.

CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 239 Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2004 and Projected 2014—Continued (Number in thousands, percent.)

Occupation

Education, Training, and Library—Continued Secondary school teachers ................................................................................................ Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational education ........................... Vocational education teachers, secondary school ......................................................... Special education teachers ............................................................................................ Special education teachers, preschool, kindergarten, and elementary school ........... Special education teachers, middle school ................................................................ Special education teachers, secondary school .......................................................... Other teachers and instructors ........................................................................................... Adult literacy, remedial education, and GED teachers and instructors ....................... Self-enrichment education teachers ........................................................................... Teachers and instructors, all other ............................................................................. Archivists, curators, and librarians ..................................................................................... Archivists, curators, and museum technicians ............................................................... Archivists .................................................................................................................... Curators ...................................................................................................................... Museum technicians and conservators ...................................................................... Librarians ........................................................................................................................ Library technicians ......................................................................................................... Other education, training, and library .................................................................................. Audio-visual collections specialists ................................................................................ Farm and home management advisers .......................................................................... Instructional coordinators ............................................................................................... Teacher assistants ......................................................................................................... Education, training, and library workers, all other ..........................................................

Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media ................................................................ Art and design ......................................................................................................................... Artists and related workers ................................................................................................. Art directors .................................................................................................................... Craft artists ..................................................................................................................... Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators ............................................... Multimedia artists and animators .................................................................................... Artists and related workers, all other .............................................................................. Designers ........................................................................................................................... Commercial and industrial designers ............................................................................. Fashion designers .......................................................................................................... Floral designers .............................................................................................................. Graphic designers .......................................................................................................... Interior designers ............................................................................................................ Merchandise displayers and window trimmers ............................................................... Set and exhibit designers ............................................................................................... Designers, all other ........................................................................................................ Entertainers and performers, sports and related ..................................................................... Actors, producers, and directors ........................................................................................ Actors ............................................................................................................................. Producers and directors ................................................................................................. Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers ............................................................... Athletes and sports competitors ..................................................................................... Coaches and scouts ....................................................................................................... Umpires, referees, and other sports officials .................................................................. Dancers and choreographers ............................................................................................. Dancers .......................................................................................................................... Choreographers ............................................................................................................. Musicians, singers, and related workers ............................................................................ Music directors and composers ...................................................................................... Musicians and singers .................................................................................................... Entertainers and performers, sports and related, all other .................................................. Media and communication ...................................................................................................... Announcers ........................................................................................................................ Radio and television announcers ................................................................................... Public address system and other announcers ............................................................... News analysts, reporters, and correspondents .................................................................. Broadcast news analysts ................................................................................................ Reporters and correspondents ....................................................................................... Public relations specialists ................................................................................................. Writers and editors ............................................................................................................. Editors ............................................................................................................................ Technical writers ............................................................................................................ Writers and authors ........................................................................................................ Miscellaneous media and communication workers ............................................................ Interpreters and translators ............................................................................................ Media and communication workers, all other ................................................................. Media and communication equipment occupations ............................................................... Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators ................................... Audio and video equipment technicians ......................................................................... Broadcast technicians .................................................................................................... Radio operators .............................................................................................................. Sound engineering technicians ...................................................................................... Photographers .................................................................................................................... Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors .................................. Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture ................................................ Film and video editors .................................................................................................... Media and communication equipment workers, all other ....................................................

Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding.

Number

2004

1 126 1 024 101 441 205 98 138 977 98 253 626 308 27 6 10 10 159 122 1 515 9 16 117 1 296 77

2 515 780 208 71 6 29 94 9 572 49 17 98 228 65 86 13 16 732 157 74 83 212 17 178 16 38 19 19 249 60 189 76 710 69 57 12 64 8 56 188 320 127 50 142 70 31 39 293 95 46 34 2 13 129 49 28 20 19

Employment

2014 1 283 1 172 110 534 253 118 163 1 150 113 317 720 336 31 7 12 12 167 138 1 748 11 17 149 1 478 92

2 890 880 234 79 7 32 107 9 645 55 18 108 263 75 95 14 18 856 182 85 97 255 21 215 19 45 22 22 282 66 216 92 821 66 54 12 67 8 59 231 376 146 62 167 82 37 46 334 109 55 37 2 16 145 56 32 24 23

Percent distribution 2004

0.8 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.1

1.7 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

2014

0.8 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.1

1.8 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Change, 2004–2014 Number

157 148 9 92 48 19 25 173 15 64 93 28 4 1 2 1 8 16 233 2 1 32 183 16

375 100 26 8 1 3 13 1 74 5 1 10 35 10 9 1 2 124 26 12 14 43 4 36 3 6 3 3 33 6 26 16 111 -3 -4 0 3 0 3 43 56 19 12 25 12 6 6 41 14 8 3 0 2 16 8 4 4 3

Percent

14.0 14.4 9.1 20.9 23.3 19.9 17.9 17.7 15.6 25.3 14.9 9.1 14.5 13.4 15.7 14.1 4.9 13.4 15.4 18.6 7.7 27.5 14.1 20.5

14.9 12.8 12.4 11.5 10.6 10.2 14.1 10.0 12.9 10.8 8.4 10.3 15.2 15.5 10.3 9.3 13.6 16.9 16.4 16.1 16.6 20.4 21.1 20.4 19.0 16.8 16.8 16.8 13.2 10.4 14.0 21.0 15.6 -4.8 -6.5 3.8 4.8 4.3 4.9 22.9 17.4 14.8 23.2 17.7 17.5 19.9 15.7 14.0 14.5 18.1 9.8 -12.9 18.4 12.3 16.0 14.2 18.6 17.0

Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2004–20141 474 436 38 197 97 43 58 293 27 95 170 117 10 2 4 4 46 61 517 3 4 50 433 27

851 221 71 24 2 9 34 2 151 12 4 23 65 19 20 3 5 271 47 21 26 84 7 71 6 30 15 15 85 19 66 25 253 18 15 3 19 2 16 70 125 50 26 50 21 10 11 105 37 20 12 0 6 42 18 10 8 7

1Total job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings

equal net replacements.

240 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2004 and Projected 2014—Continued (Number in thousands, percent.)

Occupation

Health Care Practitioner and Technical .............................................................................. Health diagnosing and treating practitioners .......................................................................... Chiropractors ...................................................................................................................... Dentists .............................................................................................................................. Dentists, general ............................................................................................................ Oral and maxillofacial surgeons ..................................................................................... Orthodontists .................................................................................................................. Prosthodontists ............................................................................................................... Dentists, all other specialists .......................................................................................... Dietitians and nutritionists .................................................................................................. Optometrists ....................................................................................................................... Pharmacists ........................................................................................................................ Physicians and surgeons ................................................................................................... Physician assistants ........................................................................................................... Podiatrists ........................................................................................................................... Registered nurses .............................................................................................................. Therapists ........................................................................................................................... Audiologists .................................................................................................................... Occupational therapists .................................................................................................. Physical therapists ......................................................................................................... Radiation therapists ........................................................................................................ Recreational therapists ................................................................................................... Respiratory therapists .................................................................................................... Speech-language pathologists ....................................................................................... Therapists, all other ........................................................................................................ Veterinarians ...................................................................................................................... Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other ........................................................ Health technologists and technicians ..................................................................................... Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians ............................................................... Medical and clinical laboratory technologists ................................................................. Medical and clinical laboratory technicians .................................................................... Dental hygienists ................................................................................................................ Diagnostic related technologists and technicians ............................................................... Cardiovascular technologists and technicians ............................................................... Diagnostic medical sonographers .................................................................................. Nuclear medicine technologists ...................................................................................... Radiologic technologists and technicians ....................................................................... Emergency medical technicians and paramedics .............................................................. Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians ......................................... Dietetic technicians ........................................................................................................ Pharmacy technicians .................................................................................................... Psychiatric technicians ................................................................................................... Respiratory therapy technicians ..................................................................................... Surgical technologists .................................................................................................... Veterinary technologists and technicians ....................................................................... Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses ............................................................ Medical records and health information technicians .......................................................... Opticians, dispensing ......................................................................................................... Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians ........................................................... Orthotists and prosthetists .............................................................................................. Health care technologists and technicians, all other ....................................................... Other health care practitioner and technical ............................................................................ Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians ............................................... Occupational health and safety specialists .................................................................... Occupational health and safety technicians ................................................................... Miscellaneous health practitioner and technical .................................................................. Athletic trainers ............................................................................................................... Health care practitioner and technical workers, all other ................................................. Health Care Support .............................................................................................................. Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides .......................................................................... Home health aides ............................................................................................................. Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants ............................................................................ Psychiatric aides ................................................................................................................ Occupational and physical therapist assistants and aides ...................................................... Occupational therapist assistants and aides ...................................................................... Occupational therapist assistants ................................................................................... Occupational therapist aides .......................................................................................... Physical therapist assistants and aides .................................................................................. Physical therapist assistants .............................................................................................. Physical therapist aides ...................................................................................................... Other health care support ........................................................................................................ Massage therapists ............................................................................................................ Miscellaneous health care support ...................................................................................... Dental assistants ............................................................................................................ Medical assistants .......................................................................................................... Medical equipment preparers ......................................................................................... Medical transcriptionists ................................................................................................. Pharmacy aides .............................................................................................................. Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers .................................................. Health care support workers, all other ............................................................................

Protective Service ................................................................................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of protective service workers ................................................ First-line supervisors/managers of law enforcement workers ............................................. First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers .................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives ................................................ First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers ............................. First-line supervisors/managers of protective service workers, all other ............................. Fire fighting and prevention workers ...................................................................................... Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding.

Number

2004

6 805 4 190 53 150 128 6 10 1 5 50 34 230 567 62 10 2 394 509 10 92 155 15 24 94 96 24 61 72 2 494 302 156 147 158 287 45 42 18 182 192 514 25 258 61 25 84 60 726 159 66 91 6 85 121 51 40 12 70 15 55

3 492 2 139 624 1 455 59 128 27 21 5 101 59 43 1 225 97 1 129 267 387 43 105 50 74 202 3 138 243 138 38 100 56 50 297

Employment

2014 8 561 5 330 64 171 145 7 11 1 6 59 40 287 702 93 12 3 096 647 11 123 211 19 25 120 110 28 71 88 3 086 371 188 183 226 363 60 57 22 224 244 641 30 332 63 26 109 81 850 205 75 112 7 104 145 58 45 14 87 19 68

4 656 2 815 974 1 781 61 178 35 29 7 142 85 57 1 664 120 1 544 382 589 51 129 59 90 244 3 578 278 157 41 115 68 54 365

Percent distribution 2004

4.7 2.9 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

2.4 1.5 0.4 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1

2.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2

2014

Change, 2004–2014 Number

Percent

Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2004–20141

5.2 3.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.0 1.9 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.9 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0

1 756 1 140 12 20 17 1 1 0 1 9 7 57 136 31 2 703 138 1 31 57 4 1 27 14 4 11 16 592 69 32 37 68 75 15 15 4 42 52 127 5 74 2 1 25 21 124 46 9 21 1 19 24 7 5 2 17 4 13

25.8 27.2 22.4 13.5 13.5 16.2 12.8 13.6 12.2 18.3 19.7 24.6 24.0 49.6 16.2 29.4 27.1 9.1 33.6 36.7 26.3 5.7 28.4 14.6 15.0 17.4 22.5 23.7 22.7 20.5 25.0 43.3 26.3 32.6 34.8 21.5 23.2 27.3 24.8 19.1 28.6 3.2 3.3 29.5 35.3 17.1 28.9 13.6 22.5 18.0 22.9 20.1 13.5 12.4 17.1 25.0 29.3 23.8

3 047 1 960 22 46 39 2 3 0 1 22 16 101 212 40 4 1 203 237 3 43 72 7 7 57 38 9 25 32 1 038 150 74 76 82 129 23 23 7 76 74 194 8 107 10 4 36 29 282 69 21 37 2 35 49 18 14 5 31 8 23

2.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2

440 35 19 4 16 12 4 68

14.0 14.5 13.8 9.4 15.5 21.1 8.7 22.9

1 329 115 63 15 48 35 17 155

2.8 1.7 0.6 1.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.1 0.9 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1

1 164 676 350 325 1 49 9 7 1 41 26 15 438 23 415 114 202 9 24 9 16 42

33.3 31.6 56.0 22.3 2.3 38.5 32.5 34.1 26.3 40.1 44.2 34.4 35.8 23.6 36.8 42.7 52.1 20.0 23.3 17.4 21.0 20.9

1 717 956 431 516 9 70 12 10 2 58 36 22 691 42 650 189 273 16 44 18 29 80

1Total job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings

equal net replacements.

CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 241 Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2004 and Projected 2014—Continued (Number in thousands, percent.)

Occupation

Protective Service—Continued Firefighters ......................................................................................................................... Fire inspectors .................................................................................................................... Fire inspectors and investigators .................................................................................... Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists ........................................................... Law enforcement workers ...................................................................................................... Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers ............................................................................. Bailiffs ............................................................................................................................. Correctional officers and jailers ...................................................................................... Detectives and criminal investigators ................................................................................. Fish and game wardens ..................................................................................................... Parking enforcement workers ............................................................................................. Police officers ..................................................................................................................... Police and sheriff’s patrol officers ................................................................................... Transit and railroad police .............................................................................................. Other protective service .......................................................................................................... Animal control workers ....................................................................................................... Private detectives and investigators ................................................................................... Security guards and gaming surveillance officers ............................................................... Gaming surveillance officers and gaming investigators .................................................. Security guards .............................................................................................................. Miscellaneous protective service ......................................................................................... Crossing guards ............................................................................................................. Lifeguards, ski patrol, and other recreational protective service workers ........................ Protective service workers, all other ...............................................................................

Food Preparation and Serving Related ............................................................................... Supervisors of food preparation and serving workers ............................................................. Chefs and head cooks ........................................................................................................ First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers .......................... Cooks and food preparation workers ..................................................................................... Cooks ................................................................................................................................. Cooks, fast food ............................................................................................................. Cooks, institution and cafeteria ...................................................................................... Cooks, private household ............................................................................................... Cooks, restaurant ........................................................................................................... Cooks, short order .......................................................................................................... Cooks, all other .............................................................................................................. Food preparation workers .................................................................................................. Food and beverage serving workers ...................................................................................... Bartenders .......................................................................................................................... Fast food and counter workers ........................................................................................... Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food ............................. Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop .................................. Waiters and waitresses ...................................................................................................... Food servers, nonrestaurant .............................................................................................. Other food preparation and serving related workers ............................................................... Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers ............................................. Dishwashers ....................................................................................................................... Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop ................................................ Food preparation and serving related workers, all other ..................................................... Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance ............................................................ Supervisors of building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers .............................. First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers ............................ First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers ........................................................................................................................ Building cleaning and pest control workers ............................................................................ Building cleaning workers ................................................................................................... Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping workers ................................... Maids and housekeeping cleaners ................................................................................. Building cleaning workers, all other ................................................................................ Pest control workers ........................................................................................................... Grounds maintenance ............................................................................................................. Landscaping and groundskeeping ...................................................................................... Pesticide handlers, sprayers, and applicators, vegetation .................................................. Tree trimmers and pruners ................................................................................................. Grounds maintenance workers, all other ............................................................................ Personal Care and Service ................................................................................................... Supervisors of personal care and service workers ................................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers ........................................................... Gaming supervisors ....................................................................................................... Slot key persons ............................................................................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers ............................................. Animal care and service workers ........................................................................................... Animal trainers ................................................................................................................... Nonfarm animal caretakers ................................................................................................ Entertainment attendants and related workers ....................................................................... Gaming services workers ................................................................................................... Gaming dealers .............................................................................................................. Gaming and sports book writers and runners ................................................................ Gaming service workers, all other .................................................................................. Motion picture projectionists ............................................................................................... Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers ....................................................................... Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers ............................................ Amusement and recreation attendants .......................................................................... Costume attendants ....................................................................................................... Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants .................................................. Entertainment attendants and related workers, all other .................................................

Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding.

Number

2004

282 15 13 2 1 199 447 18 429 91 7 11 644 639 5 1 399 15 43 1 025 9 1 016 316 71 113 131

Employment

2014 351 14 12 2 1 347 478 20 458 106 8 12 743 738 5 1 588 17 50 1 155 11 1 144 366 86 137 144

10 739 898 125 773 3 011 2 122 662 424 9 783 230 13 889 5 530 474 2 614 2 150 465 2 252 189 1 301 401 507 328 64

12 453 1 047 146 901 3 459 2 395 771 430 9 914 257 14 1 064 6 440 545 3 062 2 516 546 2 627 206 1 507 464 587 381 75

184 3 879 3 811 2 374 1 422 15 68 1 283 1 177 30 55 21

217 4 500 4 418 2 813 1 587 18 81 1 533 1 407 34 64 27

5 582 420 236

4 721 267 61 38 23 206 172 44 128 558 116 83 18 15 12 112 318 252 4 25 38

Percent distribution 2004

0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1

7.4 0.6 0.1 0.5 2.1 1.5 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.6 3.8 0.3 1.8 1.5 0.3 1.5 0.1 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0

2014

0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Number

69 -1 -1 0 148 31 2 29 15 1 2 100 99 0 189 2 8 130 2 128 50 14 23 13

7.6 0.6 0.1 0.5 2.1 1.5 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.6 3.9 0.3 1.9 1.5 0.3 1.6 0.1 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.0

1 714 149 21 129 448 272 109 6 -1 130 27 1 175 911 70 448 367 81 376 17 206 62 80 53 11

0.1 2.7 2.7 1.7 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0

33 620 608 440 165 3 13 250 230 5 9 6

6 530 497 281

3.8 0.3 0.2

4.0 0.3 0.2

5 713 316 72 44 28 244 214 53 161 682 147 106 22 19 11 124 401 322 4 29 45

3.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

3.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.1 2.7 2.6 1.6 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0

Change, 2004–2014 Percent

24.3 -5.2 -5.5 -3.1 12.3 7.0 13.2 6.7 16.3 10.5 15.1 15.5 15.5 9.2 13.5 14.4 17.7 12.7 24.5 12.6 15.8 19.7 20.4 9.6

Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2004–20141 150 4 4 0 435 124 6 118 39 3 4 266 265 1 624 13 17 353 4 349 242 37 102 103

16.0 16.6 16.7 16.6 14.9 12.8 16.4 1.4 -5.6 16.6 11.8 5.7 19.7 16.5 14.8 17.1 17.1 17.5 16.7 8.8 15.9 15.6 15.8 16.3 16.7

5 981 370 58 312 1 419 930 314 137 3 373 98 5 490 3 555 258 1 683 1 298 385 1 534 80 636 197 251 157 31

17.8 16.0 16.0 18.5 11.6 19.8 18.4 19.4 19.5 16.6 16.5 26.3

50 1 383 1 360 890 464 6 23 529 486 11 21 10

948 78 45

17.0 18.5 19.0

991 49 11 6 5 38 42 9 33 125 31 23 4 4 -1 12 83 70 1 4 8

21.0 18.4 18.8 16.3 23.0 18.3 24.3 20.3 25.6 22.4 26.6 28.0 22.1 24.2 -9.9 10.6 26.2 28.0 23.4 17.3 20.0

2 062 150 101

2 121 114 24 14 10 89 83 18 65 324 67 49 10 8 6 76 175 143 2 11 19

1Total job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings

equal net replacements.

242 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2004 and Projected 2014—Continued (Number in thousands, percent.)

Occupation

Personal Care and Service—Continued Funeral service ........................................................................................................................ Embalmers .......................................................................................................................... Funeral attendants .............................................................................................................. Personal appearance .............................................................................................................. Barbers and cosmetologists ............................................................................................... Barbers ........................................................................................................................... Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists ............................................................... Miscellaneous personal appearance ....................................................................................... Makeup artists, theatrical and performance ....................................................................... Manicurists and pedicurists ................................................................................................ Shampooers ....................................................................................................................... Skin care specialists ........................................................................................................... Transportation, tourism, and lodging attendants .................................................................... Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges ....................................................................... Baggage porters and bellhops ....................................................................................... Concierges ..................................................................................................................... Tour and travel guides ........................................................................................................ Tour guides and escorts ................................................................................................. Travel guides .................................................................................................................. Transportation attendants .................................................................................................. Flight attendants ............................................................................................................. Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters ...................... Other personal care and service ............................................................................................. Childcare workers ............................................................................................................... Personal and home care aides ........................................................................................... Recreation and fitness workers .......................................................................................... Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors ........................................................................ Recreation workers ........................................................................................................ Residential advisors ........................................................................................................... Personal care and service workers, all other .....................................................................

Sales and Related .................................................................................................................. Supervisors of sales workers ................................................................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers ...................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers ............................................... Retail sales .............................................................................................................................. Cashiers ............................................................................................................................. Cashiers, except gaming ................................................................................................ Gaming change persons and booth cashiers ................................................................. Counter and rental clerks and parts salespersons .............................................................. Counter and rental clerks ............................................................................................... Parts salespersons ......................................................................................................... Retail salespersons ............................................................................................................ Sales representatives, services .............................................................................................. Advertising sales agents .................................................................................................... Insurance sales agents ...................................................................................................... Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents ............................................. Travel agents ...................................................................................................................... Sales representatives, services, all other ........................................................................... Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing ............................................................. Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific products ...................................................................................................................... Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and scientific products ...................................................................................................................... Other sales and related workers ............................................................................................ Models, demonstrators, and product promoters ................................................................. Demonstrators and product promoters ........................................................................... Models ............................................................................................................................ Real estate brokers and sales agents ................................................................................ Real estate brokers ........................................................................................................ Real estate sales agents ................................................................................................ Sales engineers .................................................................................................................. Telemarketers .................................................................................................................... Miscellaneous sales and related ......................................................................................... Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers .................. Sales and related workers, all other ...............................................................................

Office and Administrative Support ...................................................................................... Supervisors of office and administrative support workers ....................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers .................... Communications equipment operators ................................................................................... Switchboard operators, including answering service .......................................................... Telephone operators .......................................................................................................... Communications equipment operators, all other ................................................................ Financial clerks ....................................................................................................................... Bill and account collectors .................................................................................................. Billing and posting clerks and machine operators ............................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks ................................................................... Gaming cage workers ........................................................................................................ Payroll and timekeeping clerks ........................................................................................... Procurement clerks ............................................................................................................ Tellers ................................................................................................................................. Information and record clerks ................................................................................................. Brokerage clerks ................................................................................................................ Correspondence clerks ...................................................................................................... Court, municipal, and license clerks ................................................................................... Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks ............................................................................ Customer service representatives ...................................................................................... Eligibility interviewers, government programs .................................................................... Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding.

Number

2004

38 9 30 790 670 60 610 120 2 60 27 30 248 75 57 18 44 38 6 130 102 28 2 648 1 280 701 514 205 310 56 96

Employment

2014 46 10 36 915 773 65 708 142 2 73 31 37 287 85 65 21 51 44 6 151 119 32 3 252 1 456 988 623 260 363 72 112

Percent distribution 2004

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.8 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1

2014

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1

Change, 2004–2014 Number

8 1 6 126 103 5 98 23 0 13 4 6 39 11 8 3 7 6 1 21 17 4 604 176 287 109 55 54 16 15

15 330 2 183 1 667 516 8 445 3 499 3 470 29 690 451 239 4 256 1 318 154 400 281 103 380 1 851

16 806 2 256 1 731 526 9 382 3 612 3 578 35 778 555 223 4 992 1 467 180 426 313 96 452 2 095

10.5 1.5 1.1 0.4 5.8 2.4 2.4 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.2 2.9 0.9 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 1.3

10.2 1.4 1.1 0.3 5.7 2.2 2.2 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.1 3.0 0.9 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 1.3

1 476 74 64 10 937 113 108 5 88 104 -16 736 149 25 26 32 -6 71 244

1 454 1 533 120 118 2 460 111 348 74 415 465 239 226

1 641 1 606 140 138 3 520 120 400 84 373 489 221 267

1.0 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

1.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2

187 72 20 19 1 60 9 51 10 -42 24 -18 42

397

23 907 1 482 1 482 256 213 39 4 3 891 456 523 2 046 20 214 74 558 5 554 75 23 110 67 2 063 98

454

25 287 1 602 1 602 223 195 25 4 4 203 554 541 2 166 23 251 72 596 6 212 81 21 131 39 2 534 88

0.3

16.4 1.0 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.3 0.4 1.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 3.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.4 0.1

0.3

15.4 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.3 0.3 1.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.4 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.5 0.1

57

1 380 120 120 -33 -19 -14 0 312 98 18 120 3 37 -2 38 657 6 -2 21 -27 471 -9

Percent

19.7 15.6 20.8 15.9 15.4 8.2 16.1 18.9 13.2 21.0 13.1 20.4 15.6 14.4 14.0 16.0 15.7 16.6 9.6 16.2 16.3 15.9 22.8 13.8 41.0 21.2 27.1 17.3 28.9 15.9 9.6 3.4 3.8 1.9 11.1 3.2 3.1 18.5 12.8 23.1 -6.6 17.3 11.3 16.3 6.6 11.5 -6.1 18.7 13.2

14.4

12.9 4.7 16.5 16.5 15.7 13.0 7.8 14.7 14.0 -10.0 5.1 -7.4 18.4

5.8 8.1 8.1 -12.9 -8.8 -35.7 10.8 8.0 21.4 3.4 5.9 17.0 17.3 -2.7 6.8 11.8 7.5 -6.9 18.6 -41.2 22.8 -9.4

Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2004–20141 16 3 12 283 237 22 215 46 1 24 9 12 87 30 23 8 18 16 2 38 30 8 1 215 525 400 227 102 125 28 36

6 491 471 363 107 4 444 1 815 1 796 20 345 277 68 2 283 408 55 122 64 23 144 730 161

569 439 47 46 1 151 31 120 32 68 141 56 85

7 455 438 438 66 55 10 1 1 232 184 107 503 13 94 19 313 2 045 16 7 45 13 778 26

1Total job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings

equal net replacements.

CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 243 Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2004 and Projected 2014—Continued (Number in thousands, percent.)

Occupation

Office and Administrative Support—Continued File clerks ........................................................................................................................... Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks ................................................................................... Interviewers, except eligibility and loan .............................................................................. Library assistants, clerical .................................................................................................. Loan interviewers and clerks .............................................................................................. New accounts clerks .......................................................................................................... Order clerks ........................................................................................................................ Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping ........................................... Receptionists and information clerks .................................................................................. Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks ........................................... Information and record clerks, all other .............................................................................. Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing occupations .............................. Cargo and freight agents .................................................................................................... Couriers and messengers .................................................................................................. Dispatchers ........................................................................................................................ Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers ......................................................................... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance ............................................................ Meter readers, utilities ........................................................................................................ Postal service workers ....................................................................................................... Postal service clerks ....................................................................................................... Postal service mail carriers ............................................................................................ Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators .................. Production, planning, and expediting clerks ........................................................................ Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks .................................................................................. Stock clerks and order fillers ............................................................................................... Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping ......................................... Secretaries and administrative assistants ............................................................................... Executive secretaries and administrative assistants ........................................................... Legal secretaries ................................................................................................................. Medical secretaries ............................................................................................................. Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive .............................................................. Other office and administrative support ................................................................................... Computer operators ............................................................................................................ Data entry and information processing ................................................................................ Data entry keyers ............................................................................................................ Word processors and typists ........................................................................................... Desktop publishers ............................................................................................................. Insurance claims and policy processing clerks .................................................................. Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service .......................................... Office clerks, general .......................................................................................................... Office machine operators, except computer ....................................................................... Proofreaders and copy markers ......................................................................................... Statistical assistants ........................................................................................................... Office and administrative support workers, all other ...........................................................

Farming, Fishing, and Forestry ............................................................................................ Supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers ............................................................ Agricultural workers ................................................................................................................ Agricultural inspectors ........................................................................................................ Animal breeders ................................................................................................................. Graders and sorters, agricultural products ......................................................................... Miscellaneous agricultural ................................................................................................... Agricultural equipment operators ................................................................................... Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse ........................................... Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals ........................................................................... Agricultural workers, all other ......................................................................................... Fishing and hunting ................................................................................................................. Fishers and related fishing .................................................................................................. Hunters and trappers .......................................................................................................... Forest, conservation, and logging ........................................................................................... Forest and conservation ...................................................................................................... Logging ................................................................................................................................ Fallers ............................................................................................................................. Logging equipment operators ......................................................................................... Log graders and scalers ................................................................................................. Logging workers, all other .............................................................................................. Construction and Extraction ................................................................................................ Supervisors of construction and extraction workers ................................................................ First-line supervisors/managers of construction and extraction workers ............................. Construction trades and related .............................................................................................. Boilermakers ...................................................................................................................... Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons ................................................................. Brickmasons and blockmasons ...................................................................................... Stonemasons ................................................................................................................. Carpenters .......................................................................................................................... Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers ..................................................................... Carpet installers ............................................................................................................. Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles ............................................................ Floor sanders and finishers ............................................................................................ Tile and marble setters ................................................................................................... Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers ................................................ Cement masons and concrete finishers ......................................................................... Terrazzo workers and finishers ...................................................................................... Construction laborers ......................................................................................................... Construction equipment operators ..................................................................................... Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators ..................................................... Pile-driver operators ....................................................................................................... Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators .................................

Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding.

Number

2004

255 195 199 109 218 98 293 172 1 133 163 285 3 849 70 147 266 95 171 50 619 75 335 209 292 751 1 566 88 4 126 1 547 272 373 1 934 4 748 149 525 330 194 34 251 160 3 138 100 23 19 349

1 026 61 834 14 12 45 764 60 611 79 14 39 38 1 92 17 75 15 43 9 7

7 738 750 750 5 929 19 177 155 22 1 349 184 79 31 15 59 208 201 7 1 009 449 63 4 382

Employment

2014

Percent distribution 2004

2014

Change, 2004–2014 Number

Percent

Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2004–20141

163 229 251 122 217 99 230 200 1 379 167 260 3 761 67 134 291 111 181 27 619 75 335 209 315 779 1 451 78 4 382 1 739 319 436 1 887 4 905 101 493 328 165 41 262 101 3 401 78 24 20 384

0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.2 2.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.1 0.1 2.8 1.1 0.2 0.3 1.3 3.3 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 2.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2

0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.2 2.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.0 2.7 1.1 0.2 0.3 1.1 3.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

-93 34 52 14 -1 2 -63 29 246 4 -24 -88 -4 -13 25 15 10 -22 1 0 0 0 23 28 -115 -10 255 192 47 63 -48 157 -49 -32 -2 -30 8 11 -59 263 -22 1 1 35

-36.3 17.2 26.0 12.5 -0.6 1.7 -21.4 16.7 21.7 2.4 -8.6 -2.3 -5.6 -8.6 9.4 15.9 5.7 -44.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.7 3.7 -7.3 -11.3 6.2 12.4 17.4 17.0 -2.5 3.3 -32.6 -6.1 -0.7 -15.3 23.2 4.5 -37.1 8.4 -21.9 1.7 5.7 10.0

76 121 103 58 30 26 66 66 524 46 45 1 204 16 34 82 36 46 16 180 20 105 55 93 182 579 22 1 093 488 99 135 370 1 378 32 121 78 43 15 52 48 958 25 5 4 117

8 669 832 832 6 627 20 198 174 25 1 535 209 86 34 16 73 241 233 8 1 069 504 73 5 426

5.3 0.5 0.5 4.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3

5.3 0.5 0.5 4.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3

931 82 82 699 2 21 19 3 186 25 7 3 1 14 33 32 1 60 55 10 1 44

12.0 10.9 10.9 11.8 8.7 12.1 12.0 13.0 13.8 13.4 8.4 10.2 8.2 22.9 15.9 15.9 15.2 5.9 12.2 15.6 11.9 11.6

2 459 209 209 1 785 8 48 42 6 405 53 19 8 4 23 75 72 2 194 162 19 1 142

1 013 63 824 15 12 49 749 60 595 80 15 33 32 1 93 18 75 14 45 9 7

0.7 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.6 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

-13 2 -10 1 1 4 -15 0 -16 1 1 -7 -7 0 1 1 0 -1 1 0 0

-1.3 3.6 -1.2 6.8 5.6 7.9 -2.0 -0.1 -2.7 0.9 4.3 -16.6 -17.2 5.2 1.6 6.0 0.6 -5.7 3.4 1.7 -4.2

286 14 240 4 3 16 217 17 173 23 4 12 11 1 21 5 16 3 9 2 2

1Total job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings

equal net replacements.

244 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2004 and Projected 2014—Continued (Number in thousands, percent.)

Occupation

Construction and Extraction—Continued Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers ............................................................. Drywall and ceiling tile installers ..................................................................................... Tapers ............................................................................................................................ Electricians ......................................................................................................................... Glaziers .............................................................................................................................. Insulation workers .............................................................................................................. Insulation workers, floor, ceiling, and wall ...................................................................... Insulation workers, mechanical ...................................................................................... Painters and paperhangers ................................................................................................ Painters, construction and maintenance ........................................................................ Paperhangers ................................................................................................................. Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters .............................................................. Pipelayers ....................................................................................................................... Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters ........................................................................... Plasterers and stucco masons ........................................................................................... Reinforcing iron and rebar workers .................................................................................... Roofers ............................................................................................................................... Sheet metal workers ........................................................................................................... Structural iron and steel workers ........................................................................................ Helpers—construction trades ................................................................................................. Helpers—brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters ................................................................................................................. Helpers—carpenters .......................................................................................................... Helpers—electricians ......................................................................................................... Helpers—painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons ..................................... Helpers—pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters .............................................. Helpers—roofers ................................................................................................................ Helpers—construction trades, all other ............................................................................... Other construction and related ................................................................................................ Construction and building inspectors .................................................................................. Elevator installers and repairers .......................................................................................... Fence erectors ................................................................................................................... Hazardous materials removal .............................................................................................. Highway maintenance ......................................................................................................... Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators .................................................... Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners .................................................................. Miscellaneous construction and related .............................................................................. Segmental pavers .......................................................................................................... Construction and related workers, all other .................................................................... Extraction workers .................................................................................................................. Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining ................................... Derrick operators, oil and gas ........................................................................................ Rotary drill operators, oil and gas ................................................................................... Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining ................................................................... Earth drillers, except oil and gas ........................................................................................ Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters ............................................ Mining machine operators .................................................................................................. Continuous mining machine operators ........................................................................... Mine cutting and channeling machine operators ............................................................ Mining machine operators, all other ............................................................................... Rock splitters, quarry .......................................................................................................... Roof bolters, mining ........................................................................................................... Roustabouts, oil and gas .................................................................................................... Helpers—extraction workers .............................................................................................. Extraction workers, all other ............................................................................................... Installation, Maintenance, and Repair ................................................................................. Supervisors of installation, maintenance, and repair workers ............................................. First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers ......................... Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers ........................... Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers ............................................. Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and reporters ................................ Radio mechanics ............................................................................................................ Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers .............. Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers .... Avionics technicians ....................................................................................................... Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers ............................................................ Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment ................. Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment ..................... Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay ......................... Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles ........................................ Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers ................................ Security and fire alarm systems installers ...................................................................... Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers ....................................... Aircraft mechanics and service technicians ....................................................................... Automotive technicians and repairers ................................................................................ Automotive body and related repairers .......................................................................... Automotive glass installers and repairers ....................................................................... Automotive service technicians and mechanics ............................................................. Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists ..................................................... Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics ......................... Farm equipment mechanics ........................................................................................... Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines ..................................................... Rail car repairers ............................................................................................................ Small engine mechanics .................................................................................................... Motorboat mechanics ..................................................................................................... Motorcycle mechanics .................................................................................................... Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics .......................................

Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding.

Number

2004

Employment

2014

196 149 47 656 49 61 42 19 486 471 14 561 62 499 59 34 162 198 73 431

212 162 50 734 56 63 44 19 546 531 15 645 69 577 64 38 189 222 83 480

5 747 469 469 664 168 222 7 215 275 23 28 18 72 21 19 47 47 1 778 119 1 026 201 22 803 270 178 33 125 20 73 23 19 31

6 404 527 527 686 174 211 7 204 301 25 29 19 79 21 21 49 57 2 012 135 1 175 221 26 929 309 189 34 136 20 83 26 22 36

62 109 95 27 76 22 39 460 94 22 38 38 143 11 20 94 1 92 169 47 15 15 17 22 5 15 8 4 3 3 4 34 27 12

71 125 99 30 89 26 40 562 115 25 42 50 177 10 24 119 1 118 169 47 15 15 17 23 6 14 7 4 3 4 3 34 27 12

Percent distribution 2004

0.1 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3

0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

3.9 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

2014

0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3

0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

3.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Change, 2004–2014 Number

16 13 3 77 7 1 1 0 60 60 0 84 6 78 5 5 27 24 11 49

9 16 4 3 13 4 1 102 21 3 4 12 33 -1 4 26 0 25 -1 0 0 0 0 2 0 -1 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0

657 58 58 22 6 -11 0 -10 26 2 1 1 7 0 3 2 10 234 16 150 21 3 126 39 12 1 11 0 10 3 3 4

Percent

Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2004–20141

8.3 9.0 5.9 11.8 14.2 2.4 3.0 1.0 12.4 12.6 3.2 15.0 9.9 15.7 8.2 14.1 16.8 12.2 15.0 11.4

59 46 13 207 17 20 14 6 134 131 2 213 21 193 16 11 65 72 25 228

11.4 12.4 12.4 3.3 3.8 -4.7 -1.1 -4.9 9.6 9.1 4.1 6.6 9.7 -0.4 13.6 4.7 21.7 13.2 13.4 14.6 10.3 15.1 15.7 14.4 6.7 3.3 8.8 -1.2 14.2 15.1 13.7 14.0

1 984 175 175 159 27 46 1 44 86 8 8 5 23 5 7 11 19 695 44 408 61 8 339 108 51 8 38 4 28 9 7 12

14.9 14.5 4.0 11.5 16.6 16.5 1.8 22.2 22.3 14.8 9.9 31.2 23.3 -10.9 21.8 27.3 12.5 27.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.5 0.1 -0.6 7.9 2.2 -9.6 -12.4 -11.1 0.9 4.1 -29.5 1.0 -0.1 -0.7

35 61 43 14 44 13 17 189 42 9 9 22 54 2 10 40 0 40 48 14 4 4 5 6 2 4 2 1 1 1 1 10 8 3

1Total job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings

equal net replacements.

CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 245

Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2004 and Projected 2014—Continued (Number in thousands, percent.)

Occupation

Installation, Maintenance, and Repair—Continued Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers ........... Bicycle repairers ............................................................................................................. Recreational vehicle service technicians ........................................................................ Tire repairers and changers ........................................................................................... Other installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ........................................................ Control and valve installers and repairers .......................................................................... Mechanical door repairers .............................................................................................. Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door ................................... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers ................................. Home appliance repairers .................................................................................................. Industrial machinery installation, repair, and maintenance ................................................. Industrial machinery mechanics ..................................................................................... Maintenance and repair workers, general ...................................................................... Maintenance workers, machinery ................................................................................... Millwrights ....................................................................................................................... Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons ...................................................... Line installers and repairers ............................................................................................... Electrical power line installers and repairers .................................................................. Telecommunications line installers and repairers .......................................................... Precision instrument and equipment repairers ................................................................... Camera and photographic equipment repairers ............................................................. Medical equipment repairers .......................................................................................... Musical instrument repairers and tuners ........................................................................ Watch repairers .............................................................................................................. Precision instrument and equipment repairers, all other ................................................. Miscellaneous installation, maintenance, and repair ........................................................... Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers .................................. Commercial divers .......................................................................................................... Fabric menders, except garment .................................................................................... Locksmiths and safe repairers ....................................................................................... Manufactured building and mobile home installers ........................................................ Riggers ........................................................................................................................... Signal and track switch repairers ................................................................................... Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair ............................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair workers, all other ..................................................

Production ............................................................................................................................. Supervisors of production workers ......................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers ................................ Assemblers and fabricators .................................................................................................... Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers ............................................ Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers ................................................. Coil winders, tapers, and finishers ................................................................................. Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers ............................................................ Electromechanical equipment assemblers ..................................................................... Engine and other machine assemblers .............................................................................. Structural metal fabricators and fitters ................................................................................ Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators ........................................................................ Fiberglass laminators and fabricators ............................................................................ Team assemblers ........................................................................................................... Timing device assemblers, adjusters, and calibrators ..................................................... Assemblers and fabricators, all other ............................................................................. Food processing ...................................................................................................................... Bakers ................................................................................................................................ Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing ....................................................... Butchers and meat cutters ............................................................................................. Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers .................................................................. Slaughterers and meat packers ..................................................................................... Miscellaneous food processing ........................................................................................... Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders ............ Food batchmakers .......................................................................................................... Food cooking machine operators and tenders ............................................................... Metal workers and plastic ........................................................................................................ Computer control programmers and operators .................................................................. Computer-controlled machine tool operators, metal and plastic ..................................... Numerical tool and process control programmers .......................................................... Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic .................................. Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ................................................................................................................. Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............................... Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ................................ Machine tool cutting setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............................. Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ......................................................................................................................... Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ........... Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine, tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic .......................................................................................... Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............ Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ................. Machinists .......................................................................................................................... Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders .................................................................... Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders ................................................................ Pourers and casters, metal ............................................................................................ Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic .......................................................... Model makers, metal and plastic .................................................................................... Patternmakers, metal and plastic ................................................................................... Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............. Foundry mold and coremakers ....................................................................................... Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding.

Number

2004

112 8 13 91 2 837 48 11 38 270 50 1 700 220 1 332 86 59 4 251 104 147 62 5 29 6 4 17 456 46 3 3 28 15 13 8 163 178

Employment

2014

2014

Number

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

8 1 3 4 342 4 2 2 51 1 207 0 202 2 3 -1 18 3 16 5 0 4 0 0 1 55 1 0 0 5 1 2 0 27 20

70 37 36 431

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

-19 -2 -1 -65

10 483 750 750 2 075 21 272 20 207 45 46 93 1 644 32 1 329 3 280 810 191 462 145 163 155 157 19 94 44 2 085 141 124 17 143

251 42

208 39

101 71 31 370 31 17 14 14 8 6 175 17

2004

Change, 2004–2014

120 9 15 96 3 180 52 12 40 321 51 1 907 220 1 533 89 62 3 269 107 163 67 5 34 6 4 18 512 47 3 3 33 16 14 8 190 197

10 562 731 731 1 997 19 301 28 221 52 46 90 1 541 31 1 239 3 268 725 166 411 134 140 136 148 18 87 43 2 175 143 126 18 165 89 38 37 495

Percent distribution

91 64 29 386 26 15 12 13 8 6 157 15

7.3 0.5 0.5 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1

0.2 0.0

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

6.4 0.5 0.5 1.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1

0.1 0.0

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

Percent

6.9 14.3 19.5 4.5 12.1 7.3 15.8 4.9 19.0 2.6 12.2 -0.2 15.2 2.8 5.9 -5.2 7.4 2.5 10.8 8.7 -9.1 14.8 2.8 0.6 7.7 12.1 2.4 9.5 -0.6 16.1 7.9 13.9 2.3 16.4 11.0

Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2004–20141 55 5 8 43 955 16 4 11 87 13 542 44 457 22 18 1 91 36 56 23 1 13 2 1 6 182 12 1 1 14 5 5 3 82 60

-79 20 20 78 1 -29 -8 -14 -7 0 3 103 1 90 0 12 86 25 51 11 22 19 9 1 7 1 -90 -2 -1 -1 -22

-0.7 2.7 2.7 3.9 7.8 -9.8 -28.5 -6.4 -13.9 0.2 2.9 6.7 4.0 7.3 -1.5 4.5 11.8 15.2 12.5 7.9 15.8 13.8 6.0 4.7 7.9 2.9 -4.1 -1.2 -1.2 -1.1 -13.5

2 909 173 173 616 7 71 7 52 12 13 24 502 9 410 1 81 251 64 142 40 53 49 45 6 28 11 562 24 21 3 44

-43 -4

-17.2 -8.4

58 12

-10 -6 -2 16 -5 -2 -2 -1 0 0 -17 -2

-21.3 -4.6 -3.9 -13.1

-10.0 -9.0 -5.3 4.3 -14.7 -13.5 -16.1 -5.5 -4.0 -7.5 -9.9 -13.3

30 6 8 109

19 14 5 102 7 4 3 4 3 2 43 4

1Total job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings

equal net replacements.

246 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2004 and Projected 2014—Continued (Number in thousands, percent.)

Occupation

Production—Continued Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators and tenders, metal and plastic .................................................................................................................. Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............................ Tool and die makers ........................................................................................................... Welding, soldering, and brazing .......................................................................................... Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers ........................................................................ Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders ..................... Miscellaneous metalworkers and plastic ............................................................................. Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, matal and plastic ................... Lay out workers, metal and plastic ................................................................................. Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............ Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners .............................................................................. Metal workers and plastic workers, all other .................................................................. Printing occupations ............................................................................................................... Bookbinders and bindery workers ...................................................................................... Bindery workers .............................................................................................................. Bookbinders ................................................................................................................... Printers ............................................................................................................................... Job printers ..................................................................................................................... Prepress technicians and workers ................................................................................. Printing machine operators ............................................................................................ Textile, apparel, and furnishings occupations ........................................................................ Laundry and dry cleaning .................................................................................................... Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials ................................................................ Sewing machine operators .................................................................................................. Shoe and leather ................................................................................................................. Shoe and leather workers and repairers ........................................................................ Shoe machine operators and tenders ............................................................................ Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers ...................................................................................... Sewers, hand ................................................................................................................. Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers ..................................................................... Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders ................................................................ Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders ........................................ Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders .................................................. Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders ............................ Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders ...... Miscellaneous textile, apparel, and furnishings workers ................................................. Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic or glass fibers ................................................................................................................... Fabric and apparel patternmakers ............................................................................. Upholsterers ............................................................................................................... Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other ..................................................... Woodworkers ......................................................................................................................... Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters ............................................................................... Furniture finishers ............................................................................................................... Model makers and patternmakers, wood ........................................................................... Model makers, wood ...................................................................................................... Patternmakers, wood ..................................................................................................... Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders ...................................................... Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood ................................................. Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing ......................... Woodworkers, all other ....................................................................................................... Plant and system operators .................................................................................................... Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers .......................................................... Nuclear power reactor operators .................................................................................... Power distributors and dispatchers ................................................................................ Power plant operators .................................................................................................... Stationary engineers and boiler operators ......................................................................... Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators ........................................... Miscellaneous plant and system operators ........................................................................ Chemical plant and system operators ............................................................................ Gas plant operators ........................................................................................................ Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers ............................. Plant and system operators, all other ............................................................................. Other production .................................................................................................................. Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders ...................................... Chemical equipment operators and tenders .............................................................. Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders ........................................................................................................ Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending ........................................................ Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders ............... Grinding and polishing workers, hand ........................................................................ Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders .................................... Cutting ............................................................................................................................. Cutters and trimmers, hand ........................................................................................ Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders ...................................... Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders ................................................................................................................ Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders ........................................... Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers ...................................................... Jewelers and precious stone and metal .......................................................................... Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians .................................................. Dental laboratory technicians ..................................................................................... Medical appliance technicians .................................................................................... Ophthalmic laboratory technicians ............................................................................. Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders ..................................................... Painting workers ............................................................................................................. Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders .................. Painters, transportation equipment ............................................................................ Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding. 1Total

Number

2004

157 97 103 429 377 52 153 26 11 40 21 55 413 81 74 7 332 63 78 191 929 235 82 256 15 10 5 85 31 54 148 21 28 46 53 109

Employment

2014

2004

2014

Change, 2004–2014 Number

142 98 100 448 396 52 142 26 11 38 19 47 405 73 66 7 332 64 71 197 768 265 84 163 12 9 3 79 25 54 81 12 21 20 29 84

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

-15 1 -3 19 19 0 -11 0 -1 -2 -2 -7 -8 -8 -8 0 0 1 -7 6 -161 30 2 -93 -3 -2 -1 -6 -6 0 -66 -10 -7 -26 -24 -24

38 207 43 41 122 103 30 73

0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1

0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

1 -1 0 -4 2 -1 1 -2

23 9 53 23 364 148 34 6 3 3 150 58 92 26 320 47 4 8 34 50 94 129 60 11 43 15 2 909 87 49

17 6 44 16 345 154 30 6 4 3 133 51 82 23 324 46 4 8 34 52 110 117 49 12 39 16 2 920 85 47

74 30 508 42 87 50 11 25 412 186 103 53

72 29 494 42 94 54 13 27 422 192 100 61

38 208 43 45 120 104 29 75

Percent distribution

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.1 0.0

0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.1 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0

Percent

Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2004–20141

-9.5 0.3 -2.6 4.5 5.0 0.4 -7.4 -0.4 -4.6 -4.0 -7.7 -13.6 -1.9 -9.9 -10.4 -4.5 0.1 1.8 -8.4 2.9 -17.3 12.7 2.9 -36.5 -19.4 -16.0 -27.3 -7.0 -19.7 0.3 -45.0 -45.3 -25.0 -56.2 -45.5 -22.4

39 27 23 140 125 15 38 8 2 9 7 13 106 22 20 2 84 16 18 50 214 94 15 32 4 3 1 15 5 10 26 5 6 5 10 28

1.6 -0.6 0.8 -8.7 2.0 -1.3 2.4 -2.7

13 57 12 12 34 22 7 16

-6 -3 -9 -7 -18 6 -5 0 1 0 -17 -7 -10 -4 4 -1 0 0 0 2 15 -12 -11 1 -4 1 10 -2 -2

-25.3 -30.5 -16.5 -29.8 -5.0 4.1 -13.3 6.5 9.0 3.3 -11.1 -11.3 -11.0 -13.9 1.4 -0.4 -0.5 0.0 -0.4 3.4 16.2 -9.6 -17.7 7.7 -8.6 7.1 0.4 -1.8 -4.5

-2 -1 -13 0 7 4 2 2 9 6 -3 7

-2.2 -4.2 -2.6 0.0 8.4 7.6 13.2 7.8 2.3 3.4 -3.4 14.1

4 4 14 6 100 43 7 2 1 1 40 16 24 8 113 13 1 2 9 11 48 42 19 4 13 6 775 28 16

20 7 116 8 26 15 4 7 91 58 27 21

job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.

CHAPTER 4: LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION 247

Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2004 and Projected 2014—Continued (Number in thousands, percent.)

Occupation

Production—Continued Painting, coating, and decorating workers ..................................................................... Photographic process workers and processing machine operators .................................... Photographic process workers ....................................................................................... Photographic processing machine operators ................................................................. Semiconductor processors ................................................................................................. Miscellaneous production .................................................................................................... Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders ................................................... Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators, and tenders ..................... Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders ................................................. Etchers and engravers ................................................................................................... Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic ................................................ Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders ................................................... Tire builders .................................................................................................................... Helpers—production ........................................................................................................ Production workers, all other ..........................................................................................

Transportation and Material Moving ................................................................................... Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers ................................................... Aircraft cargo handling supervisors .................................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand .............. First-line supervisors/managers of transportation and material moving machine and vehicle operators ........................................................................................................ Air transportation ..................................................................................................................... Aircraft pilots and flight engineers ...................................................................................... Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers .................................................................... Commercial pilots ........................................................................................................... Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists ....................................................... Air traffic controllers ........................................................................................................ Airfield operations specialists ......................................................................................... Motor vehicle operators .......................................................................................................... Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians ...................... Bus drivers ......................................................................................................................... Bus drivers, transit and intercity ..................................................................................... Bus drivers, school ......................................................................................................... Driver/sales workers and truck drivers ............................................................................... Driver/sales workers ....................................................................................................... Truck drivers, heavy and tractor trailer ........................................................................... Truck drivers, light or delivery services .......................................................................... Taxi drivers and chauffeurs ................................................................................................ Motor vehicle operators, all other ....................................................................................... Rail transportation ................................................................................................................... Locomotive engineers and operators ................................................................................. Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators ..................................................................... Railroad conductors and yardmasters ................................................................................ Subway and streetcar operators ........................................................................................ Rail transportation workers, all other .................................................................................. Water transportation ................................................................................................................ Sailors and marine oilers .................................................................................................... Ship and boat captains and operators ................................................................................ Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels ................................................................. Motorboat operators ....................................................................................................... Ship engineers ................................................................................................................... Other transportation ................................................................................................................ Bridge and lock tenders ...................................................................................................... Parking lot attendants ......................................................................................................... Service station attendants .................................................................................................. Traffic technicians .............................................................................................................. Transportation inspectors ................................................................................................... Transportation workers, all other ........................................................................................ Material moving ....................................................................................................................... Conveyor operators and tenders ........................................................................................ Crane and tower operators ................................................................................................. Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators .......................................................... Dredge operators ........................................................................................................... Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators ................................................ Loading machine operators, underground mining ........................................................... Hoist and winch operators .................................................................................................. Industrial truck and tractor operators .................................................................................. Laborers and material movers, hand .................................................................................. Cleaners of vehicles and equipment .............................................................................. Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers hand .................................................. Machine feeders and offbearers ..................................................................................... Packers and packagers, hand ........................................................................................ Pumping station operators ................................................................................................. Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators ...................................................... Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers ................................................................... Wellhead pumpers ......................................................................................................... Refuse and recyclable material collectors .......................................................................... Shuttle car operators .......................................................................................................... Tank car, truck, and ship loaders ....................................................................................... Material moving workers, all other ...................................................................................... Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding. 1Total

Number

2004

29 86 32 54 45 1 040 25 18 9 12 47 111 18 484 319

10 098 408 8 173

228 135 106 84 22 29 24 5 4 182 20 653 190 463 3 232 451 1 738 1 042 188 88 112 40 17 38 9 8 72 28 32 29 3 12 301 4 122 91 6 26 52 4 887 53 44 92 3 86 4 6 635 3 803 347 2 430 148 877 27 5 11 11 149 3 17 58

Employment

2014 31 66 28 38 42 1 072 25 18 9 12 43 113 15 522 315

11 214 458 9 187 262 157 124 98 26 34 28 6 4 810 26 757 231 526 3 681 513 1 962 1 206 235 111 111 39 11 45 10 6 77 30 34 30 4 13 309 4 111 98 7 29 60 5 292 58 48 99 3 92 4 6 685 4 142 376 2 678 122 966 21 4 8 8 163 2 15 55

Percent distribution 2004

0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.2

6.9 0.3 0.0 0.1

0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.3 2.2 0.3 1.2 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.6 0.2 1.7 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

2014

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.2

6.8 0.3 0.0 0.1

0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.3 2.2 0.3 1.2 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.5 0.2 1.6 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Change, 2004–2014 Number

Percent

2 -20 -4 -17 -3 31 0 0 0 0 -3 3 -3 38 -4

7.9 -23.6 -11.4 -30.7 -7.5 3.0 1.9 1.0 0.8 2.1 -7.0 2.4 -16.6 7.9 -1.3

35 22 18 14 4 4 3 1 629 6 104 41 63 449 62 223 164 47 23 -1 -1 -7 8 1 -2 4 1 2 1 1 1 8 0 -11 7 1 3 7 405 4 4 7 0 7 0 0 50 339 29 248 -27 89 -6 -1 -2 -3 13 -1 -2 -3

15.3 16.5 17.2 17.2 16.8 14.4 14.3 15.0 15.0 28.0 15.9 21.7 13.6 13.9 13.8 12.9 15.7 24.8 25.7 -1.1 -2.5 -38.5 20.3 13.7 -30.8 6.2 5.2 4.7 4.8 4.4 12.7 2.5 7.2 -8.7 7.5 14.1 11.4 13.9 8.3 7.7 8.2 7.1 3.7 8.0 -8.3 7.0 7.9 8.9 8.3 10.2 -18.0 10.1 -22.6 -21.3 -22.2 -23.6 8.9 -42.4 -11.0 -5.3

1 116 50 1 14

11.1 12.3 17.3 8.1

Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2004–20141 10 21 8 13 10 310 7 5 2 3 11 26 4 174 76

3 449 146 3 55

88 58 46 37 10 12 10 2 1 256 8 246 83 164 902 136 507 259 64 35 39 13 2 18 4 2 29 11 11 10 1 7 120 1 36 48 3 9 23 1 801 19 13 32 1 30 1 2 170 1 485 150 1 042 40 253 6 1 2 3 52 1 5 16

job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.

248 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 4-7. Employment, by Occupation, 2004 and Projected 2014—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.)

Occupation

Transportation and Material Moving—Continued Rail transportation ................................................................................................................... Locomotive engineers and operators ................................................................................. Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators ..................................................................... Railroad conductors and yardmasters ................................................................................ Subway and streetcar operators ........................................................................................ Rail transportation workers, all other .................................................................................. Water transportation ................................................................................................................ Sailors and marine oilers .................................................................................................... Ship and boat captains and operators ................................................................................ Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels ................................................................. Motorboat operators ....................................................................................................... Ship engineers ................................................................................................................... Other transportation ................................................................................................................ Bridge and lock tenders ...................................................................................................... Parking lot attendants ......................................................................................................... Service station attendants .................................................................................................. Traffic technicians .............................................................................................................. Transportation inspectors ................................................................................................... Transportation workers, all other ........................................................................................ Material moving ....................................................................................................................... Conveyor operators and tenders ........................................................................................ Crane and tower operators ................................................................................................. Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators .......................................................... Dredge operators ........................................................................................................... Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators ................................................ Loading machine operators, underground mining ........................................................... Hoist and winch operators .................................................................................................. Industrial truck and tractor operators .................................................................................. Laborers and material movers, hand .................................................................................. Cleaners of vehicles and equipment .............................................................................. Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers hand .................................................. Machine feeders and offbearers ..................................................................................... Packers and packagers, hand ........................................................................................ Pumping station operators ................................................................................................. Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators ...................................................... Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers ................................................................... Wellhead pumpers ......................................................................................................... Refuse and recyclable material collectors .......................................................................... Shuttle car operators .......................................................................................................... Tank car, truck, and ship loaders ....................................................................................... Material moving workers, all other ...................................................................................... Note: Data may not sum to totals or 100 percent due to rounding. 1Total

Number

2004

112 40 17 38 9 8 72 28 32 29 3 12 301 4 122 91 6 26 52 4 887 53 44 92 3 86 4 6 635 3 803 347 2 430 148 877 27 5 11 11 149 3 17 58

Employment

2014 111 39 11 45 10 6 77 30 34 30 4 13 309 4 111 98 7 29 60 5 292 58 48 99 3 92 4 6 685 4 142 376 2 678 122 966 21 4 8 8 163 2 15 55

Percent distribution 2004

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.6 0.2 1.7 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

2014

0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.5 0.2 1.6 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Change, 2004–2014 Number

-1 -1 -7 8 1 -2 4 1 2 1 1 1 8 0 -11 7 1 3 7 405 4 4 7 0 7 0 0 50 339 29 248 -27 89 -6 -1 -2 -3 13 -1 -2 -3

Percent

-1.1 -2.5 -38.5 20.3 13.7 -30.8 6.2 5.2 4.7 4.8 4.4 12.7 2.5 7.2 -8.7 7.5 14.1 11.4 13.9 8.3 7.7 8.2 7.1 3.7 8.0 -8.3 7.0 7.9 8.9 8.3 10.2 -18.0 10.1 -22.6 -21.3 -22.2 -23.6 8.9 -42.4 -11.0 -5.3

Total job openings due to growth and net replacements, 2004–20141 39 13 2 18 4 2 29 11 11 10 1 7 120 1 36 48 3 9 23 1 801 19 13 32 1 30 1 2 170 1 485 150 1 042 40 253 6 1 2 3 52 1 5 16

job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and total job openings equal net replacements.

CHAPTER FIVE PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS HIGHLIGHTS This chapter covers two kinds of productivity measures produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS): output per hour (or labor productivity) and multifactor productivity. Multifactor productivity is designed to ensure the joint influence of technological change, efficiency improvements, returns to scale, and other factors on economic growth. For some measures, there is a lag in the available data. Industry data are based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Indexes of Productivity (Manufacturing), 1995–2005

Indexes of Productivity (Business), 1995–2005 180

Index (1992 = 100)

Index (1992 = 100)

180 160 140 120 100 80 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

160 140 120 100 80 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Year

Year Output per hour

Output

Hours

Output per hour

Output

Hours

In 2005, output in the business sector rose 3.8 percent, a slower rate than in 2004. Hours also rose, leading to a slower increase in output per hour (2.3 percent, compared to 3.1 percent in 2004). In manufacturing, output rose more quickly than it did during the previous year and hours continued the downward trend that began in 1998. This resulted in a substantial rise of 4.1 percent in output per hour. (See Table 5-1.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • In 2005, unit labor costs in the business sector rose almost 3 times as fast as it did during the previous year (2.0 percent versus 0.7 percent). In manufacturing, unit labor costs increased 0.5 percent after increasing just 0.1 percent during the previous year. (See Table 5-1.) • Wholesale trade had only a small increase in output per hour, as output increased slightly faster than hours from 2004 to 2005. (See Table 5-3.) • Retail trade had a 3.4 percent increase in output per hour, as output increased at a much faster rate than hours from 2004 to 2005. (See Table 5-3.) • The increase in multifactor productivity in private nonfarm business was higher in 2004 than in the previous year as a result of a larger increase in output per unit of capital as well as an increase in output per hour. (See Table 5-4.)

251

252 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Concepts and Definitions Output per hour for the business, nonfarm business, and manufacturing sectors describes the relationship between real output and the labor time involved in production. The output measures for the business sectors and nonfinancial corporations are based on series prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce as part of the national income and product accounts (NIPAs). The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) derives manufacturing output indexes by combining data from the Census Bureau, BEA, and the Federal Reserve Board. All of the output measures are chain-type annualweighted indexes. This means that the relative prices (weights) used to combine output changes into an aggregate output measure are revised annually, thus minimizing the bias that arises from using fixed weights over long periods of time. Business sector output is constructed by excluding the following outputs from gross domestic product (GDP): general government, nonprofit institutions, paid employees of private households, and the rental value of owner-occupied dwellings. Corresponding exclusions are also made in labor inputs. These activities are excluded because theoretical or practical difficulties make it impossible to use them as a basis for the computation of meaningful productivity measures. Business output accounted for about 78 percent of GDP and nonfarm business output accounted for about 77 percent of GDP in 2000. Manufacturing indexes are constructed by deflating current-dollar industry value of production data from the Census Bureau with deflators from BLS. These deflators are based on data from the BLS producer price program and other sources. To avoid duplication, intrasector transactions are removed when industry shipments are aggregated. Productivity measures show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour. Although these measures relate output to hours of persons engaged in a sector, they do not measure the specific contributions of labor, capital, or any other factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, including changes in technology, capital, economies of scale, utilization of capacity, the substitution of capital or intermediates for labor, the organization of production, managerial skill, and the characteristics and effort of the work force. Labor input measures are based mainly on the monthly BLS survey of nonagricultural establishments. Measures of employment and average weekly hours paid for employees of these establishments are drawn from this survey. Weekly hours paid are adjusted to hours at work using information from the National Compensation Survey program for 2000 onward and the annual Hours at Work Survey for years prior to 2000. (The Hours at Work

Survey was terminated in 2000.) Supplementary information for farm workers, the self-employed, and unpaid family workers is obtained from the Current Population Survey, the monthly survey of households conducted by the Census Bureau for BLS. The indexes of hourly compensation are based mainly on the BLS hours data, discussed above, and employee compensation data from the NIPAs. Compensation includes wages and salaries and supplemental payments such as employer contributions to Social Security and private health and pension funds. The all persons’ compensation data include estimates of proprietors’ salaries and contributions for supplementary benefits. Real compensation per hour is derived by adjusting the compensation data with the Consumer Price Index Research Series Using Current Methods (CPI-U-RS) in order to reflect changes in purchasing power. (See Chapter 7 for more information on the CPI-U-RS.) The indexes of unit labor costs are computed by dividing compensation per hour by output per hour. Nonlabor payments are calculated by subtracting total compensation from current dollar output and thus include profits, depreciation, interest, and indirect taxes. The implicit deflator reflects changes in all of the costs of production and distribution (unit labor costs plus unit nonlabor payments). To construct the implicit price deflator, the current-dollar measure of output in a sector is divided by the real output series. Output Per Hour and Related Series in Selected Industries The BLS industry productivity program produces annual indexes of labor productivity, labor compensation, and unit labor costs for selected 4-, 5-, and 6-digit North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) industries. These data series cover 60 percent of employment in the private nonfarm business sector and 100 percent of employment in the manufacturing, retail trade, and wholesale trade sectors. The data sources used in the industry measures differ from those used in the productivity and cost measures for the major sectors. Output per hour indexes are obtained by dividing an output index by an index of aggregate hours. Although the measures relate output to one input (labor time), they do not measure the specific contribution of labor or any other factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of a number of interrelated influences, such as changes in technology, capital investment per worker, and capacity utilization. Caution is necessary when analyzing year-toyear changes in output per hour; the annual changes can be irregular and are not necessarily indicative of long-term

CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS 253

trends. Conversely, long-term trends are not necessarily applicable to any one year or period in the future. An output index for a particular industry is calculated using the Tornqvist index formula that aggregates the growth rates of the industry products between two periods of time, with weights based on the products’ shares in industry value of production. The weight for each product equals its average value share in the two periods. The formula yields the ratio of output in a given period to output in the previous period. The ratios for successive years must be chained together to form a time series. The quantities of products used in the output index are measured with either deflated values of production or actual quantities. Indexes of labor input are employee hours indexes or all person hours indexes. In manufacturing industries, employee hours are used. In nonmanufacturing industries where self-employed workers play a significant role, all person hours are used. For most industries, the hours series are based on hours paid. Total hours are calculated by multiplying the number of workers by average weekly hours. Employee hours are treated as homogenous and additive, with no distinction made between the hours worked by different groups. Annual indexes are developed by dividing the aggregate hours for each year by the base period aggregate. Indexes of unit labor costs are calculated as the ratio of total labor compensation to real output, or equivalently as the ratio of hourly compensation to labor productivity (output per hour). Unit labor costs measure the cost of labor input required to produce one unit of output. Indexes of total compensation measure the change in the total costs to the employer of securing labor. Compensation is defined as payroll plus supplemental payments. Payroll includes salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick-leave pay, and compensation-in-kind. Supplemental payments are divided into legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. The legally required expenditures include employers’ contributions to Social Security, unemployment insurance taxes, and workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans.

Multifactor productivity measures refer to the ratio of an output index to an index of combined labor and capital services inputs. These measures are produced for the private business and private nonfarm business sectors for which multifactor productivity indexes are prepared exclude government enterprises. Multifactor productivity growth reflects the amount of output growth that cannot be accounted for by the growth of weighted labor and capital inputs. The weights are associated cost shares. Labor’s share is the ratio of compensation to current-dollar output. Capital’s share is equal to the ratio of capital cost to current-dollar output. As with the output measures, the multifactor productivity growth weights are updated annually. Capital services measure the services derived from the stock of physical assets and software. Physical assets included are fixed business equipment, structures, inventories, and land. Structures include nonresidential structures and residential capital that is rented out by profitmaking firms or persons. Software includes prepackaged, custom, and own-account software. Financial assets are excluded, as are owner-occupied residential structures. Data on investments in physical assets and gross product originating by industry, which are used in measuring the rental prices, are obtained from BEA. Labor input in private business and private nonfarm business is obtained by weighting the hours worked by all persons, classified by education, work experience, gender, and their shares of labor compensation. Additional information concerning data sources and methods of measuring labor composition can be found in BLS Bulletin 2426 (December 1993), “Labor Composition and U.S. Productivity Growth, 1948-90.” The manufacturing multifactor productivity index is derived by dividing an output index by a weighted index of combined hours, capital services, energy, materials, and purchased business services. Weights (shares of total costs) are updated annually. The labor hours for the manufacturing measure are directly added and thus do not include the effect of changing labor composition, unlike those used for business multifactor productivity. The manufacturing sector coverage is the same in both the multifactor and the labor productivity series.

Multifactor Productivity Sources of Additional Information BLS calculates the annual growth of multifactor productivity for the U.S. private business sector. This measure is generally released about 14 months after the end of the measured, or target, year. The lag occurs because the process of calculating multifactor productivity requires detailed data from many sources. BLS uses a simplified methodology to make preliminary estimates of private business sector multifactor productivity changes available within a few months after the end of target year.

Productivity concepts and methodology are described in Chapters 10 and 11 of the BLS Handbook of Methods. More information on productivity can be found in BLS news release USDL 06-1555, “Productivity and Costs.” Additional information on multifactor productivity can be found in the June 2005 edition of the Monthly Labor Review. All of these resources can be found on the BLS Web site at .

254 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 5-1. Indexes of Productivity and Related Data, 1947–2005 (1992 = 100.) Year

Output per hour

Output

Hours

1947 ................................. 1948 ................................. 1949 .................................

32.2 33.7 34.5

20.4 21.5 21.3

63.4 63.8 61.8

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

43.6 43.6 45.0 46.3 48.0

28.7 29.1 29.6 29.1 31.4

65.8 66.8 65.8 62.9 65.5

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

37.3 38.5 39.6 41.0 41.9

48.9 50.6 52.9 55.0 56.8 58.8 61.2 62.5 64.7 65.0 66.3 69.0 71.2 73.4 72.3 74.8 77.1 78.5 79.3 79.3 79.2 80.8 80.1 83.0 85.2 87.1 89.7 90.1 91.5 92.4

23.4 24.9 25.7 26.9 26.6

32.0 32.7 34.8 36.4 38.7 41.4 44.2 45.1 47.3 48.8 48.7 50.6 53.9 57.6 56.8 56.3 60.0 63.3 67.3 69.6 68.8 70.7 68.6 72.3 78.6 82.2 85.3 88.3 92.1 95.4

Hourly compensation 7.0 7.6 7.7

Real hourly compensation

55.7 56.3 55.1

36.7 38.2 38.7

52.2 54.8 56.5 57.4 59.4

24.8 26.4 27.2 27.7 27.8

24.0 23.5 24.2 24.7 25.2

24.5 25.3 26.1 26.6 26.8

58.3 59.5 59.4 57.1 58.9

49.2 49.0 49.9 50.9 53.4

13.9 14.4 15.1 15.6 16.2

60.8 62.5 64.6 66.1 67.7

75.3 77.8 80.7 84.9 87.7 87.0 87.6 85.6 87.1 92.2

94.3 95.1 97.9 100.6 103.3

23.6 25.1 26.7 28.9 31.7 34.9 38.0 41.0 44.5 48.9 54.1 59.3 63.6 66.3 69.1 72.5 76.1 79.0 83.0 85.2

69.1 71.7 73.5 76.2 77.3 78.8 80.2 82.6 84.3 83.3 84.1 86.4 87.6 89.1 89.3 89.1 89.3 90.4 90.3 90.7 92.0 94.9 95.2 96.5 95.0

22.1 23.5 24.2 24.9 25.2

28.4 28.5 28.5 28.4 28.5 28.6 29.3 30.3 31.7 33.7 35.6 36.3 37.4 39.4 43.9 46.7 49.2 52.2 56.2 61.6 68.4 73.5 79.4 79.8 81.1 83.2 84.9 87.6 90.7 92.2

21.5 23.7 23.2 22.6 22.5

24.9 25.3 26.1 26.6 27.3 28.4 29.0 29.5 30.4 30.8 31.5 34.1 35.7 37.5 40.0 46.3 48.7 51.5 54.8 58.2 61.3 69.1 70.1 76.3 80.2 82.0 82.6 83.1 85.1 91.3

21.9 23.6 23.8 24.0 24.2

27.1 27.3 27.6 27.7 28.1 28.5 29.2 30.0 31.2 32.6 34.1 35.5 36.8 38.7 42.4 46.6 49.0 52.0 55.6 60.4 65.8 71.8 75.9 78.5 80.8

90.6 95.1 100.0 102.2 103.6

96.2 97.4 100.0 99.7 99.0

96.0 99.1 100.0 101.8 102.3

93.7 96.7 100.0 102.6 106.7

95.1 98.2 100.0 102.1 103.9

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

116.1 119.1 124.0 128.7 132.7 135.7

140.5 141.0 143.1 147.5 154.0 159.8

121.0 118.4 115.4 114.6 116.1 117.7

134.7 140.4 145.4 151.2 157.0 163.8

112.0 113.5 115.7 117.7 119.0 120.2

116.0 117.9 117.3 117.5 118.3 120.7

107.2 110.0 114.1 118.3 125.1 130.3

112.7 114.9 116.1 117.8 120.8 124.3

105.8 109.5 113.0 119.9 125.8

98.7 99.4 100.5 105.2 108.0

104.2 104.8 106.1 109.5 111.5

108.3 111.9 113.8 110.0 109.4

68.4 68.5 70.5 73.5 74.7 72.4 74.7 77.9 82.2 85.4 85.6 86.4 85.0 85.8 90.1

108.5 110.9 113.9 116.2 118.1

102.7 100.2 100.0 102.7 106.8 109.7 111.5 115.2 117.5 119.8

62.5 64.3 65.2 66.5 68.6

105.7 107.4 109.0 109.7 110.7

96.9 96.1 100.0 103.1 108.2 111.4 116.5 122.7 128.6 135.2

59.2 58.6 59.3 59.6 60.8

92.3 93.9 96.4 99.3 101.5

94.4 95.9 100.0 100.4 101.3 101.5 104.5 106.5 109.5 112.8

55.6 57.1 57.3 58.1 56.7

82.7 84.1 85.9 88.6 91.9

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

Output per person

20.6 21.8 21.6

65.6 64.6 65.8 66.2 68.1

73.5 73.3 75.6 78.5 78.7

Implicit price Employment deflator

18.6 20.6 20.4

44.4 45.1 46.9 49.5 50.7

16.8 17.9 19.0 20.5 21.9

Unit nonlabor payments

21.8 22.6 22.4

8.3 9.0 9.6 10.2 10.5

70.4 72.3 72.1 73.2 75.0

Unit labor costs

40.7 40.9 42.0

62.6 64.6 64.8 65.6 63.4

10.8 11.5 12.3 12.8 13.3

Business

42.0 43.6 44.8 46.3 46.8

Compensation in current dollars

4.4 4.9 4.8 5.2 5.8 6.2 6.7 6.7 7.1 7.7 8.1 8.1 8.7

Nonlabor payments in current dollars 3.8 4.4 4.4 5.0 5.9 5.9 6.1 6.0 6.9 6.8 7.2 7.2 7.9

54.1 55.8 58.6 61.0 63.7

9.1 9.3 9.9 10.3 11.0

8.0 8.3 9.1 9.7 10.6

71.3 73.9 76.4 78.4 76.1

17.4 18.4 20.2 22.7 24.9

15.3 17.3 19.2 21.6 22.7

66.3 68.8 69.1 71.2 71.1

77.7 80.3 81.3 81.9 81.5 80.4 81.8 80.7 84.3 87.2

89.0 90.8 91.5 92.7 94.0

11.8 13.0 13.7 15.0 16.4

26.3 29.5 33.1 37.8 42.9 47.1 52.0 54.4 57.7 63.7

68.4 72.4 77.3 83.5 88.0

11.8 12.8 13.3 14.4 15.0

26.1 29.2 32.6 36.9 40.5 42.2 48.9 48.1 55.2 63.0

67.4 70.4 73.3 78.4 87.1

102.2 100.6 100.0 102.1 105.6

94.8 95.6 100.0 101.0 102.5

93.0 95.3 100.0 105.0 110.7

90.8 92.9 100.0 105.8 115.5

120.1 119.0 116.3 116.0 117.6 119.5

117.0 118.4 123.0 127.1 131.0 133.7

163.0 166.1 167.8 173.4 182.2 192.9

150.7 155.0 163.3 174.5 192.7 208.2

102.6 105.0 107.7 110.7 114.5

116.1 122.0 130.2 140.8 150.7

120.6 130.4 139.7 141.4 147.9

CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS 255

Table 5-1. Indexes of Productivity and Related Data, 1947–2005—Continued (1992 = 100.) Year

Output per hour

Output

Hours

1947 ................................. 1948 ................................. 1949 .................................

37.0 38.0 39.3

20.1 20.9 20.8

54.2 55.1 53.0

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

47.5 47.2 48.4 49.4 51.3

28.3 28.8 29.4 28.7 31.2

59.6 61.1 60.7 58.2 60.9

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

41.9 43.0 43.8 44.8 45.6

51.9 53.5 55.9 57.8 59.6 61.4 63.6 64.7 66.9 67.0 68.0 70.7 73.1 75.3 74.2 76.2 78.7 80.0 81.0 80.7 80.6 81.7 80.8 84.5 86.1 87.5 90.2 90.6 92.1 92.8

22.9 24.6 25.3 26.6 26.1

31.8 32.4 34.6 36.2 38.7 41.4 44.4 45.1 47.5 48.9 48.9 50.7 54.1 58.0 57.3 56.3 60.2 63.6 67.8 70.0 69.2 70.7 68.4 72.9 78.9 82.2 85.4 88.4 92.4 95.7

Hourly compensation 7.5 8.1 8.3

Real hourly compensation

47.1 48.2 46.8

42.5 43.5 44.5

55.3 57.8 59.2 59.8 61.8

24.1 25.8 26.6 27.0 27.1

23.7 23.1 23.8 24.1 25.0

23.9 24.8 25.6 26.0 26.3

52.3 53.8 54.1 52.2 54.1

54.1 53.5 54.3 55.1 57.7

14.5 15.0 15.6 16.1 16.6

63.3 64.8 66.7 68.1 69.3

73.9 76.5 79.5 83.7 86.6 85.9 86.6 84.7 86.3 91.6

94.0 94.7 97.6 100.4 103.1

23.7 25.2 26.9 29.1 31.9 35.1 38.1 41.2 44.8 49.1 54.4 59.7 63.9 66.6 69.5 72.6 76.4 79.2 83.1 85.3

70.5 72.6 74.5 77.1 78.1 79.2 80.7 83.2 84.7 83.8 84.5 86.6 88.0 89.6 89.7 89.5 89.8 90.8 90.9 91.1 92.2 95.2 95.5 96.7 95.1

21.1 22.3 23.1 23.9 24.2

27.9 28.0 27.8 27.8 27.9 27.9 28.6 29.7 31.0 33.0 34.9 35.7 36.8 38.6 43.0 46.0 48.3 51.5 55.3 60.8 67.5 73.1 79.1 78.9 80.7 83.0 84.7 87.4 90.2 91.9

20.8 22.5 22.3 22.2 22.3

24.3 24.8 25.8 26.3 27.2 28.1 28.7 29.2 30.2 30.5 31.2 33.8 34.9 35.3 38.1 44.9 47.8 50.7 53.4 56.5 60.4 67.7 69.3 76.1 79.2 81.5 82.4 82.8 85.0 90.9

21.0 22.4 22.8 23.3 23.5

26.6 26.8 27.1 27.3 27.6 28.0 28.6 29.5 30.7 32.1 33.5 35.0 36.1 37.4 41.2 45.6 48.1 51.2 54.6 59.2 64.9 71.1 75.5 77.9 80.1

90.4 95.0 100.0 102.0 103.7

96.1 97.4 100.0 99.5 99.1

95.7 98.9 100.0 101.6 102.1

93.5 96.8 100.0 103.1 107.3

94.9 98.1 100.0 102.1 104.0

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

115.7 118.6 123.5 128.0 131.8 134.9

140.8 141.3 143.4 147.8 154.2 160.0

121.7 119.2 116.1 115.4 117.0 118.7

134.2 139.5 144.6 150.4 155.9 162.7

111.5 112.8 115.1 117.1 118.2 119.3

116.0 117.7 117.1 117.5 118.3 120.7

108.7 111.6 116.0 119.6 126.0 132.2

113.3 115.4 116.7 118.3 121.1 124.9

105.9 109.4 112.8 119.6 125.2

98.8 99.4 100.3 104.9 107.5

103.8 104.5 106.0 109.3 111.3

109.3 112.1 114.5 111.0 110.9

66.4 66.6 68.6 71.7 72.8 70.7 73.2 76.5 80.7 84.2 84.4 85.4 84.0 84.9 89.4

108.7 111.2 114.3 116.9 119.0

102.7 100.2 100.0 102.9 106.6 109.6 111.5 115.4 117.9 120.5

59.3 61.6 62.6 64.1 66.4

105.8 107.3 109.1 109.9 111.1

97.1 96.3 100.0 103.4 108.3 111.8 116.8 122.8 128.9 135.6

54.7 54.3 55.3 55.9 57.3

92.0 93.6 96.2 99.3 101.5

94.5 96.1 100.0 100.4 101.5 102.0 104.7 106.4 109.4 112.5

47.9 50.1 50.7 52.2 50.8

82.5 83.9 85.7 88.3 91.5

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

Output per person

19.3 20.6 20.8

61.2 60.6 61.9 62.6 64.9

71.9 71.7 74.0 77.0 77.2

Implicit price Employment deflator

17.8 19.4 20.0

47.5 47.8 49.5 51.9 53.1

17.1 18.2 19.2 20.7 22.1

Unit nonlabor payments

20.2 21.3 21.2

8.8 9.6 10.1 10.7 11.0

67.4 69.8 69.7 71.0 73.0

Unit labor costs

43.3 43.6 45.4

54.7 57.2 57.9 59.3 57.3

11.4 12.1 12.8 13.4 13.9

Nonfarm business

47.8 49.2 50.0 50.9 51.5

Compensation in current dollars

4.0 4.5 4.4 4.8 5.5 5.9 6.3 6.3 6.8 7.4 7.8 7.8 8.5

Nonlabor payments in current dollars 3.6 4.1 4.2 4.8 5.5 5.6 5.9 5.8 6.7 6.6 7.0 6.9 7.8

58.1 59.7 62.6 64.8 67.5

8.9 9.1 9.6 10.1 10.8

7.7 8.0 8.9 9.5 10.5

73.6 76.1 78.8 81.0 78.6

17.0 18.1 19.9 22.4 24.6

15.2 17.1 18.9 20.5 21.8

69.9 72.0 72.1 74.1 73.7

79.6 82.3 83.1 84.0 83.1 82.0 82.8 81.4 85.9 88.2

89.4 91.2 91.9 93.1 94.3

11.6 12.7 13.4 14.7 16.2

25.9 29.1 32.7 37.5 42.5 46.7 51.7 54.1 57.5 63.6 68.2 72.3 77.3 83.4 87.9

11.6 12.7 13.2 14.4 14.9

25.3 28.8 32.3 36.2 39.5 41.8 47.9 47.4 55.4 62.4

67.0 70.3 73.2 78.6 87.0

102.2 100.6 100.0 102.4 105.7

95.0 95.8 100.0 101.0 102.5

92.9 95.2 100.0 105.0 110.6

90.8 93.2 100.0 106.5 116.1

121.1 120.2 117.4 117.2 118.8 120.7

116.3 117.6 122.2 126.1 129.8 132.6

163.3 166.3 167.9 173.7 182.4 193.1

153.1 157.7 166.4 176.8 194.3 211.5

102.9 105.0 107.4 110.3 113.9

116.0 122.0 130.2 140.9 150.8

122.2 130.9 140.7 143.1 150.4

256 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 5-1. Indexes of Productivity and Related Data, 1947–2005—Continued (1992 = 100.) Year

1947 ................................. 1948 ................................. 1949 .................................

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Real hourly compensation

Unit labor costs

Unit nonlabor costs

Unit profits

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

Implicit price deflator

Employment

Output per person

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

... ... ... 52.8 55.3

... ... ... 25.4 28.2

... ... ... 48.0 50.9

... ... ... 15.0 15.6

... ... ... 67.2 69.3

... ... ... 28.4 28.1

... ... ... 23.5 22.3

... ... ... 47.2 55.8

... ... ... 28.9 29.2

... ... ... 43.6 45.6

... ... ... 58.2 61.8

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

65.1 66.2 67.1 69.5 69.5

39.5 42.3 43.4 46.1 47.9

60.7 63.9 64.6 66.4 69.0

18.8 19.8 20.9 22.5 24.0

77.1 79.2 81.1 83.8 84.8

28.8 29.9 31.2 32.4 34.6

23.1 23.3 24.7 26.2 28.6

64.1 63.6 59.9 60.0 54.0

30.6 31.3 32.2 33.4 34.8

53.3 56.3 57.9 59.9 62.7

74.1 75.2 74.9 76.9 76.5

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

Hourly compensation

... ... ...

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

Hours

... ... ...

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

Output

... ... ...

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

Output per hour

Nonfinancial corporations

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

... ... ... ... ...

56.2 57.9 60.4 62.6 63.6

69.8 72.7 74.2 74.8 73.3 76.2 78.6 80.6 81.7 81.0 80.8 82.9 83.1 85.7 87.8 89.6 91.4 93.3 95.7 94.6

... ... ... ... ...

29.1 29.7 32.2 34.1 36.5

47.4 49.3 53.1 56.3 55.3 54.6 58.9 63.2 67.4 69.5 68.8 71.6 69.9 73.1 79.7

71.7 75.0 78.4 82.5 85.8 85.2 86.4 84.1 85.3 90.8

114.3 120.6 128.4 135.8 144.0

110.6 112.6 116.9 119.5 122.2

97.8 97.0 100.0 102.8 109.2

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

122.4 124.7 129.7 134.5 139.4 144.9

151.5 150.2 151.5 154.7 162.5 171.3

. . . = Not available.

67.9 67.8 71.6 75.2 75.5

92.9 93.2 96.1 99.1 102.2

95.4 97.4 100.0 100.3 102.2 103.3 107.1 109.9 113.7 117.9

51.7 51.3 53.3 54.5 57.4

83.2 85.2 89.7 94.9 96.6

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

16.2 16.7 17.4 17.9 18.2

25.7 27.3 28.8 31.0 33.9 37.3 40.3 43.5 47.6 51.9 57.2 62.4 66.5 68.9 71.9 75.2 78.9 81.6 84.9 87.0

70.8 72.4 74.4 75.7 76.2

85.9 87.4 89.2 90.4 89.2 89.7 91.8 93.0 95.1 94.9 94.1 93.9 94.4 94.0 94.3 95.4 98.3 98.3 98.7 97.0

28.8 28.8 28.7 28.6 28.7

36.9 37.6 38.8 41.4 46.3 49.0 51.3 54.0 58.2 64.1 70.8 75.3 80.0 80.4 81.9 83.9 86.3 87.4 88.7 92.0

... ... ... ... ...

23.3 23.8 23.4 23.4 23.3

32.2 33.6 33.9 35.7 41.1 46.6 46.4 48.4 51.2 55.8

63.1 71.4 77.3 79.1 74.0

36.4 37.8 39.0 41.2 45.2 49.6 51.9 54.7 58.4 62.9

96.9 93.2 100.0 114.1 131.7

96.1 98.7 100.0 102.2 103.9

108.7 82.2 98.0 110.0 138.8 154.3

107.5 108.9 109.6 111.0 112.8 114.9

83.6 86.3 85.8 86.8 93.3

96.8 97.9 100.0 99.3 98.9

95.5 98.0 100.0 101.4 101.3

97.3 102.7 100.0 99.9 100.8

123.7 120.4 116.7 115.0 116.6 118.2

133.0 138.6 143.6 149.4 154.3 161.0

110.5 112.1 114.3 116.3 116.9 118.1

108.6 111.2 110.7 111.1 110.7 111.1

104.2 112.6 110.8 111.2 109.2 110.9

101.9 101.3 101.7 104.1 105.3

44.4 50.5 54.1 54.9 48.4

29.4 29.5 29.7 29.9 30.1

66.9 81.0 75.2 91.2 107.6

91.1 95.5 100.0 101.8 103.5

98.2 98.5 99.4 103.8 106.6

50.2 50.3 54.5 57.3 59.7

... ... ... ... ...

64.9 73.5 81.3 81.6 81.3

102.5 99.6 100.0 102.4 106.8

105.3 108.5 111.7 118.3 124.1

... ... ... ... ...

101.2 100.0 99.7 99.5 100.4

102.3 90.2 100.1 111.6 101.2

136.9 150.0 154.3 137.0 129.1

69.0 75.4 79.9 81.7 84.1

... ... ... ... ...

46.6 46.3 47.8 48.8 50.6

62.8 63.0 66.1 69.7 71.1 68.4 71.5 75.1 79.3 83.3 83.6 85.1 83.1 83.5 88.4

85.5 86.6 88.1 90.3 93.2

90.9 92.2 94.8 97.9 100.4

104.9 105.3 105.9 105.9 106.2

109.5 112.3 115.8 118.7 121.2

... ... ... ... ...

Compensation in current dollars

Nonlabor payments in current dollars

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ... 7.2 7.9

... ... ...

... ... ... 7.6 8.8

62.4 64.2 67.3 69.9 72.1

8.4 8.6 9.3 9.8 10.5

8.9 9.2 10.2 11.1 12.1

75.5 78.4 80.3 80.7 77.8

17.5 18.5 20.6 23.3 25.6

16.8 18.8 20.9 23.0 23.8

79.8 82.4 84.2 84.9 83.4 82.3 84.2 84.0 87.6 90.1 91.5 92.3 94.6 96.9 96.2

11.4 12.7 13.5 14.9 16.6

26.7 30.2 34.1 39.2 44.6 48.7 53.9 55.9 58.8 65.3 69.8 73.5 78.4 84.2 88.9

13.5 14.4 14.8 16.3 16.9

27.8 31.3 35.5 39.5 42.2 45.0 54.0 55.7 61.6 70.4 73.7 74.4 80.4 88.6 92.2

102.2 100.0 100.0 102.0 105.7

95.8 97.1 100.0 100.8 103.2

93.4 95.1 100.0 104.2 110.6

95.1 97.2 100.0 106.6 119.1

123.6 122.1 118.6 117.4 118.8 120.9

122.6 123.0 127.7 131.8 136.7 141.7

164.5 166.9 167.7 171.9 179.8 190.3

159.7 156.9 162.7 171.5 190.4 209.8

104.4 107.4 110.9 114.5 118.8

116.5 122.1 130.6 141.4 151.7

126.6 136.7 146.9 148.8 155.6

CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS 257 Table 5-1. Indexes of Productivity and Related Data, 1947–2005—Continued (1992 = 100.) Year

Output per hour

Output

Hours

Hourly compensation

Real hourly compensation

Manufacturing Unit labor costs

Unit nonlabor payments

Implicit price Employment deflator

Output per person

1947 ................................. 1948 ................................. 1949 .................................

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 89.0 91.0 92.0

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 92.5 97.4 99.0

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 103.8 107.0 107.6

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 81.3 84.1 86.6

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 98.0 97.8 96.6

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 91.2 92.4 94.2

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 86.7 90.2 95.5

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

90.5 95.6 100.0 102.0 105.3

96.1 98.0 100.0 99.5 100.6

96.3 99.2 100.0 99.6 99.3

99.5 99.3 100.0 101.3 102.8

98.4 99.3 100.0 100.7 101.6

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

139.4 141.5 151.4 160.8 163.8 170.5

144.1 136.8 135.9 137.3 139.1 143.3

103.4 96.6 89.8 85.4 84.9 84.0

134.7 137.9 147.8 158.2 161.4 168.8

112.0 111.5 117.7 123.2 122.3 123.8

96.7 97.4 97.6 98.4 98.5 99.0

104.7 103.1 100.8 103.3 109.5 ...

102.0 101.3 99.7 101.7 105.9 ...

. . . = Not available.

107.3 109.3 112.2 118.8 123.4

100.1 99.3 99.8 104.2 106.0

96.9 95.1 92.6 92.8 92.4

106.5 108.3 107.0 102.0 102.5

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

102.8 102.6 103.7 104.6 103.0

105.0 100.5 100.0 101.4 103.8 104.6 104.2 106.0 105.7 105.1

... ... ... ... ...

103.3 103.9 102.2 99.0 99.2

98.6 96.8 100.0 103.9 110.0 115.8 119.8 128.6 135.3 140.3

... ... ... ... ...

... ... 104.6 106.4 107.0

93.9 96.3 100.0 102.5 106.1 110.7 115.0 121.2 127.9 133.6

... ... ... ... ...

... ... 88.2 90.9 95.1

................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 88.5 91.5 92.5

Compensation in current dollars

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 84.4 90.0 93.2

Nonlabor payments in current dollars ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 80.2 87.8 94.5

105.4 101.7 100.0 100.1 101.5

93.6 95.2 100.0 103.8 108.5

95.0 96.1 100.0 103.5 109.2

98.1 96.2 100.0 105.2 113.1

102.5 97.8 90.6 86.3 85.2 84.8

140.6 139.9 150.0 159.1 163.4 169.1

139.3 133.2 132.7 135.1 137.1 141.9

150.8 141.1 137.0 141.9 152.3 ...

112.7 116.7 124.0 129.3 136.3

112.2 113.9 119.0 125.6 129.7

123.3 129.7 137.6 137.9 143.9

258 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 5-2. Average Annual Percent Change in Output per Hour and Related Series, 1987–2004 and 2003–2004 (Number, percent.)

Industry

Mining Mining .......................................................................................................................... Oil and gas extraction .................................................................................................. Mining, except oil and gas ........................................................................................... Coal mining .................................................................................................................. Metal ore mining .......................................................................................................... Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying ...................................................................

NAICS Code

2004 employment (thousands)

Annual percent change, 1987–2004

Output per hour

Output

Hours

Annual percent change, 2003–2004

Output per hour

Output

Hours

21 211 212 2 121 2 122 2 123

523 123 205 71 28 107

1.3 2.0 3.0 3.9 4.0 1.4

-0.2 -0.9 1.0 0.0 2.2 1.1

-1.5 -2.9 -2.0 -3.7 -1.7 -0.3

-7.7 -13.7 1.2 -0.3 -4.7 4.1

-1.2 -2.6 3.4 3.8 0.9 4.1

7.1 12.9 2.2 4.1 5.9 -0.1

Manufacturing Food ............................................................................................................................. Animal food .................................................................................................................. Grain and oilseed milling ............................................................................................. Sugar and confectionery product ................................................................................. Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty ..............................................................

2 211 2 212

409 109

2.9 3.3

1.1 1.5

-1.8 -1.8

2.2 3.9

-0.5 0.2

-2.7 -3.6

311 3 111 3 112 3 113 3 114

1 495 50 60 84 181

1.3 3.5 2.8 1.7 1.8

1.6 2.1 1.5 1.1 1.7

0.3 -1.3 -1.2 -0.5 -0.2

1.5 9.0 4.8 3.4 2.7

-0.1 3.9 -1.2 0.7 -0.7

-1.5 -4.6 -5.8 -2.6 -3.4

Beverage and tobacco product .................................................................................... Beverages .................................................................................................................... Tobacco and tobacco product ..................................................................................... Textile mills .................................................................................................................. Fiber, yarn, and thread mills ........................................................................................

312 3 121 3 122 313 3 131

195 166 29 237 54

1.1 2.2 0.8 3.7 4.9

-0.1 1.5 -2.4 -1.2 0.2

-1.1 -0.7 -3.2 -4.7 -4.5

2.8 3.4 4.7 0.0 1.4

1.5 2.8 -0.7 -7.7 0.1

-1.3 -0.6 -5.2 -7.7 -1.3

Utilities Power generation and supply ...................................................................................... Natural gas distribution ................................................................................................

Dairy product ............................................................................................................... Animal slaughtering and processing ............................................................................ Seafood product preparation and packaging ............................................................... Bakery and tortilla manufacturing ................................................................................ Other food product .......................................................................................................

3 115 3 116 3 117 3 118 3 119

131 505 42 285 156

Fabric mills ................................................................................................................... Textile and fabric finishing mills ................................................................................... Textile product mills ..................................................................................................... Textile furnishings mills ................................................................................................ Other textile product mills ............................................................................................

3 132 3 133 314 3 141 3 149

115 68 176 101 74

Leather and hide tanning and finishing ........................................................................ Footwear ...................................................................................................................... Other leather product ................................................................................................... Wood product .............................................................................................................. Sawmills and wood preservation .................................................................................

3 161 3 162 3 169 321 3 211

7 19 16 550 119

Printing and related support activities .......................................................................... Petroleum and coal product ......................................................................................... Chemicals .................................................................................................................... Basic chemicals ........................................................................................................... Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers ................................................................................

323 324 325 3 251 3 252

Apparel ........................................................................................................................ Apparel knitting mills .................................................................................................... Cut and sew apparel .................................................................................................... Accessories and other apparel .................................................................................... Leather and allied product ...........................................................................................

Plywood and engineered wood product ....................................................................... Other wood product ..................................................................................................... Paper and paper product ............................................................................................. Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills ............................................................................... Converted paper product .............................................................................................

Agricultural chemicals .................................................................................................. Pharmaceuticals and medicines .................................................................................. Paints, coatings, and adhesives .................................................................................. Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries ................................................................. Other chemical product and preparations ....................................................................

Plastics and rubber product ......................................................................................... Plastics product ........................................................................................................... Rubber product ............................................................................................................ Nonmetallic mineral product ........................................................................................ Clay product and refractories .......................................................................................

315 3 151 3 152 3 159 316

1.5 0.7 1.5 0.7 1.2

1.7 -3.4 7.6 5.5 12.7

-5.5 -3.4 -0.9 -0.9 -0.9

0.3 1.6 1.5 1.1 2.5

-3.6 -7.3 -3.4 0.9 1.0

-3.9 -8.8 -4.8 -0.2 -1.5

0.9 3.2 2.2 2.7 2.8

0.1 1.3 1.7 0.3 1.2

-0.8 -1.9 -0.4 -2.3 -1.5

3 212 3 219 322 3 221 3 222

118 313 496 146 350

0.1 0.9 2.1 3.4 1.4

3 253 3 254 3 255 3 256 3 259

42 290 68 115 107

806 634 173 506 65

-3.4 2.0 -8.4 2.9 -0.2

-1.4 -1.8 0.7 0.7 0.6

2.2 1.2 2.8 -1.7 2.5

326 3 261 3 262 327 3 271

-0.8 1.6 -0.8 0.0 1.0

4.3 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.4

286 42 221 23 42

663 112 887 156 110

0.7 2.2 0.7 0.7 2.2

2.2 1.0 1.7 2.5 2.7

2.7 2.7 2.3 1.2 1.4

-4.9 -4.9 -4.9 -4.6 -4.6

1.1 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.7

1.0 4.2 0.6 2.1 0.6

2.8 3.2 1.3 1.2 -0.3

-3.3 -1.2 0.6 4.1 1.0

-9.7 -9.3 3.6 1.6 8.5

-11.2 -6.2 -3.7 -3.7 -3.7

-4.3 -8.6 12.7 1.7 -1.6

-7.5 -6.8 -11.5 1.7 1.7

0.0 2.4 3.4 6.0 4.4

-2.4 -0.9 -1.2 -2.9 3.5

-7.0 -6.0 -7.5 -3.0 -6.9

-6.7 -12.9 -5.4 -7.0 8.9

-14.4 -17.5 -14.3 -10.6 -0.6

1.0 -0.1 -1.6 -3.1 -0.7

-5.1 4.4 2.7 2.9 2.7

-1.4 5.2 -0.3 -0.2 -0.4

-1.1 3.1 -1.1 -0.4 -2.1

0.1 0.5 -1.1 -0.1 -1.7

3.5 -2.0 27.3 0.0 -3.3

2.5 3.3 4.7 9.2 0.9

6.8 3.6 3.5 8.3 -3.5

0.9 0.9 1.0 -2.9 5.6

0.1 -3.2 9.9 1.2 1.1

7.5 1.0 5.3 5.6 -4.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.5 1.1

-8.3 -5.3 -9.3 -3.8 -8.7

3.9 0.8 -2.9 -3.0 -2.9

0.6 -2.5 1.7 -2.4 -1.1 -0.8 -0.8 -0.9 4.5 -4.3

CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS 259 Table 5-2. Average Annual Percent Change in Output per Hour and Related Series, 1987–2004 and 2003–2004—Continued (Number, percent.)

Industry

Manufacturing—Continued Glass and glass product .............................................................................................. Cement and concrete product ..................................................................................... Lime and gypsum product ........................................................................................... Other nonmetallic mineral product ............................................................................... Primary metal ...............................................................................................................

NAICS Code

2004 employment (thousands)

3 272 3 273 3 274 3 279 331

113 235 20 75 467

332 3 321 3 322 3 323 3 324

1 497 110 59 389 92

Machinery .................................................................................................................... Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery ......................................................... Industrial machinery ..................................................................................................... Commercial and service industry machinery ............................................................... HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment ..........................................................

333 3 331 3 332 3 333 3 334

1 143 195 121 115 153

Communications equipment ........................................................................................ Audio and video equipment ......................................................................................... Semiconductors and electronic components ............................................................... Electronic instruments ................................................................................................. Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction ........................................................

3 342 3 343 3 344 3 345 3 346

148 33 454 431 36

Transportation equipment ............................................................................................ Motor vehicles .............................................................................................................. Motor vehicle bodies and trailers ................................................................................. Motor vehicle parts ...................................................................................................... Aerospace product and parts .......................................................................................

336 3 361 3 362 3 363 3 364

1 767 256 165 692 442

3 372 3 379 339 3 391 3 399

135 53 658 304 354

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production .............................................................. Steel product from purchased steel ............................................................................. Alumina and aluminum production .............................................................................. Other nonferrous metal production .............................................................................. Foundries .....................................................................................................................

3 311 3 312 3 313 3 314 3 315

Hardware ..................................................................................................................... Spring and wire product ............................................................................................... Machine shops and threaded product ......................................................................... Coating, engraving, and heat treating metal ................................................................ Other fabricated metal product ....................................................................................

3 325 3 326 3 327 3 328 3 329

Fabricated metal product ............................................................................................. Forging and stamping .................................................................................................. Cutlery and hand tools ................................................................................................. Architectural and structural metal ................................................................................ Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers .......................................................................

Metalworking machinery .............................................................................................. Turbine and power transmission equipment ................................................................ Other general purpose machinery ............................................................................... Computer and electronic product ................................................................................. Computer and peripheral equipment ...........................................................................

Electrical equipment and appliances ........................................................................... Electric lighting equipment ........................................................................................... Household appliances ................................................................................................. Electrical equipment .................................................................................................... Other electrical equipment and components ...............................................................

Railroad rolling stock ................................................................................................... Ship and boat building ................................................................................................. Other transportation equipment ................................................................................... Furniture and related product ...................................................................................... Household and institutional furniture ........................................................................... Office furniture and fixtures .......................................................................................... Other furniture-related product .................................................................................... Miscellaneous manufacturing ...................................................................................... Medical equipment and supplies ................................................................................. Other miscellaneous manufacturing ............................................................................

3 335 3 336 3 339 334 3 341

335 3 351 3 352 3 353 3 359

3 365 3 366 3 369 337 3 371

Annual percent change, 1987–2004

Output per hour

1.9 0.5 0.9 1.5 2.8

95 61 74 72 165

5.4 1.0 2.5 1.3 2.5

38 62 327 144 278

2.0 2.9 2.3 3.0 1.2

201 93 265 1 312 210

445 65 89 154 138

25 148 39 573 385

Output

0.8 1.8 0.3 1.1 0.7

Hours

-1.1 1.2 -0.6 -0.4 -2.1

18.3 1.8 6.7 -0.2 6.8

-2.3 1.7 -1.3 -0.7 0.4

-1.0 1.6 3.1 3.3 0.2

-2.9 -1.3 0.8 0.3 -1.0

-1.4 -3.6 -2.5 5.9 -0.1

-4.4 -6.2 4.2 7.6 -0.3

-3.1 -2.7 6.9 1.6 -0.2

1.5 2.7 2.1 -0.4 2.1

-1.0 -0.4 -0.9 -1.6 -0.5

7.8 8.4 19.7 4.2 2.9

4.9 4.5 17.9 1.3 3.0

-2.7 -3.6 -1.5 -2.8 0.1

2.9 3.8 1.4 3.4 1.8

1.8 2.7 2.6 3.9 -1.9

2.4 2.0 3.1 3.8 2.3

2.0 6.8 6.5 8.8 -0.4

21.1 0.1 8.0 0.5 6.4

2.5 3.2 3.0 1.2 2.6

4.9 2.1 5.0 2.1 1.9

0.9 0.6 3.3 4.1 9.6

Hours

-3.4 -0.8 -2.3 -2.3 -1.3

1.3 1.7 0.0 1.4 -0.2

2.9 1.7 4.6 2.8 2.3

-1.0 -5.8 -3.1 -4.3 10.1

Output

1.8 0.2 0.1 -1.0 1.1

1.5 2.9 1.5 0.9 0.9

1.9 2.6 2.4 13.5 24.1

Annual percent change, 2003–2004

Output per hour

0.4 1.6 1.3 10.6 19.2

-0.3 -1.2 -1.5 0.5 -1.0

-1.8 5.2 -1.4 -4.9 -8.0

0.5 9.1 6.9 1.5 0.3

0.0 5.8 -2.6 -3.9 -4.2

3.3 15.2 8.6 1.5 1.4

-1.5 -1.0 -1.0 -2.6 -3.9

1.4 -13.3 -3.3 11.5 15.0

2.4 -11.4 1.6 7.9 7.0

0.5 0.2 2.1 -0.1 0.2

-2.4 -1.5 -2.4 -2.9 -2.1

4.5 7.8 6.9 6.7 -0.3

0.9 2.4 3.0 2.1 -1.8

4.6 0.9 5.3 1.8 1.7

-0.3 -1.2 0.3 -0.3 -0.2

1.5 2.7 3.1 4.8 1.7

-1.1 -1.0 1.2 0.5 -3.6

-0.9 0.6 0.1 1.0 -0.6

0.2 42.3 11.7 12.7 11.2

-2.3 0.9 -1.5 1.1 -6.0 -9.8 2.2 3.1 2.8 2.8

2.3 10.1 1.3 1.6 1.0

-0.5 33.9 9.0 9.7 6.4

1.9 0.6 -1.3 1.1 4.1

2.8 5.6 1.6 0.0 1.1

1.0 2.1 5.1 -3.3 -7.0

-0.7 -5.9 -2.5 -2.7 -4.4

-3.4 -5.0 -3.6 -4.3 -1.5

-1.5 -1.9 9.3 0.3 -4.8

0.8 -2.8 10.9 -0.8 1.3

-0.8 5.5 0.3 0.6 0.0

-3.0 -4.2 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0

2.8 3.6 4.3 4.4 6.9

14.0 1.4 1.1 1.5 4.0

260 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 5-2. Average Annual Percent Change in Output per Hour and Related Series, 1987–2004 and 2003–2004—Continued (Number, percent.)

Industry

Transportation and Warehousing Air transportation ......................................................................................................... Line-haul railroads ....................................................................................................... General freight trucking, long distance ........................................................................ Used household and office goods, moving .................................................................. Postal service .............................................................................................................. Couriers and messengers ............................................................................................

Information Publishing .................................................................................................................... Newspaper, book, and directory publishers ................................................................. Software publishers ..................................................................................................... Motion picture and video exhibition ............................................................................. Broadcasting, except Internet ...................................................................................... Radio and television broadcasting ............................................................................... Cable and other subscription programming ................................................................. Wired telecommunications carriers .............................................................................. Wireless telecommunications carriers ......................................................................... Cable and other program distribution .......................................................................... Finance and Insurance Commercial banking .................................................................................................... Real Estate Rental and Leasing Passenger car rental .................................................................................................... Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing ..................................................................... Videotape and disc rental ............................................................................................

Professional and Technical Services Tax preparation services ............................................................................................. Architectural services ................................................................................................... Engineering services ................................................................................................... Advertising agencies .................................................................................................... Photography studios, portrait .......................................................................................

Administrative and Support Services Travel agencies ........................................................................................................... Janitorial services ........................................................................................................ Health Care and Social Assistance1 Medical and diagnostic laboratories ............................................................................ Medical laboratories ..................................................................................................... Diagnostic imaging centers .......................................................................................... Accommodation and Food Services Traveler accommodations ...........................................................................................

Other Services Automotive repair and maintenance ............................................................................ Hair, nail, and skin care services ................................................................................. Funeral homes and funeral services ............................................................................ Dry-cleaning and laundry services ............................................................................... Photofinishing .............................................................................................................. 1For

NAICS Code

2004 employment (thousands)

Annual percent change, 1987–2004

Output per hour

Output

Hours

Annual percent change, 2003–2004

Output per hour

Output

Hours

481 482 111 48 412 48 421 491 492

483 178 864 104 782 598

2.6 5.5 1.5 -1.1 1.1 -0.9

3.4 2.6 3.2 0.3 1.2 2.6

0.8 -2.7 1.7 1.4 0.1 3.5

11.4 3.1 -0.8 2.9 2.1 -5.7

11.5 5.6 6.1 5.7 0.1 -2.3

0.0 2.5 6.9 2.7 -1.9 3.6

511 5 111 5 112 51 213 515 5 151 5 152 5 171 5 172 5 175

953 718 236 140 338 249 88 558 195 132

4.3 0.1 17.7 0.8 0.5 -0.4 2.4 5.0 8.2 0.5

5.1 -0.4 26.4 2.5 2.0 -0.1 8.2 3.8 24.0 5.8

0.8 -0.4 7.4 1.7 1.5 0.3 5.6 -1.2 14.6 5.3

3.9 -2.4 17.0 3.3 1.5 -3.1 8.5 0.8 19.1 12.4

4.3 0.6 9.5 -3.1 2.0 -0.8 6.9 -4.5 16.5 8.7

0.4 3.0 -6.5 -6.2 0.5 2.4 -1.5 -5.3 -2.2 -3.3

52 211

1 281

2.4

2.0

-0.4

5.3

4.8

-0.5

532 111 53 212 53 223

125 62 158

1.6 4.8 4.2

3.8 4.6 7.4

2.1 -0.2 3.1

-1.8 18.3 4.2

9.3 13.0 6.6

11.3 -4.5 2.3

541 213 54 131 54 133 54 181 541 921

131 207 831 180 78

1.2 1.6 1.1 1.9 -0.4

4.3 3.7 3.0 1.8 2.5

3.1 2.1 1.9 -0.2 2.9

-7.9 5.2 7.4 10.3 -11.6

6.4 5.3 10.5 9.4 2.6

15.4 0.1 2.9 -0.8 16.1

56 151 56 172

128 1 129

3.8 3.1

2.9 4.6

-0.8 1.4

13.9 -1.4

7.7 3.0

-5.4 4.5

6 215 621 511 621 512

198 136 62

4.5 3.6 5.6

7.5 6.2 9.8

2.9 2.5 4.0

0.1 1.6 -3.7

4.7 4.4 5.3

4.6 2.7 9.4

7 211

1 750

2.3

3.1

0.8

5.7

6.0

0.4

8 111 81 211 81 221 8 123 81 292

1 155 899 111 382 43

1.6 2.5 -0.6 0.8 0.4

2.6 3.5 0.3 0.5 -3.6

1.0 1.0 1.0 -0.3 -4.0

7.8 5.7 -2.4 7.4 2.5

1.2 8.9 -5.9 0.6 -11.8

-6.1 3.0 -3.5 -6.3 -13.9

NAICS industries 6 215, 621 511, and 621 512, annual percent changes are for 1994–2004.

CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS 261 Table 5-3. Annual Percent Change in Output per Hour and Related Series, Retail Trade, Wholesale Trade, and Food Services and Drinking Places, 1987–2005 and 2004–2005 (Number, percent.)

Industry

NAICS code

2005 employment (thousands)

Wholesale Trade ................................................................................................ Durable goods ..................................................................................................... Motor vehicles and parts ..................................................................................... Furniture and furnishings .................................................................................... Lumber and construction supplies ......................................................................

42 423 4 231 4 232 4 233

5 987 3 109 361 120 261

Miscellaneous durable goods .............................................................................. Nondurable goods ............................................................................................... Paper and paper product .................................................................................... Druggists' goods ................................................................................................. Apparel and piece goods ....................................................................................

4 239 424 4 241 4 242 4 243

308 2 132 159 223 161

4 249 425

387 745

Commercial equipment ....................................................................................... Metals and minerals ............................................................................................ Electric goods ...................................................................................................... Hardware and plumbing ...................................................................................... Machinery and supplies ......................................................................................

Grocery and related product ............................................................................... Farm product (raw materials) .............................................................................. Chemicals ........................................................................................................... Petroleum ............................................................................................................ Alcoholic beverages ............................................................................................ Miscellaneous nondurable goods ........................................................................ Electronic markets and agents and brokers ........................................................

4 234 4 235 4 236 4 237 4 238

4 244 4 245 4 246 4 247 4 248

Annual percent change, 1987–2005

Output per hour

3.5 5.5 4.1 2.6 1.0

Output

Hours

0.6 3.1 6.3 -2.0 -5.3

3.1 5.0 4.8 0.7 0.8

2.5 1.8 -1.3 2.8 6.4

3.1 1.6 2.3 5.1 2.6

0.7 0.3 -0.6 2.5 -0.3

0.7 0.6 10.5 5.3 10.2

5.2 0.9 3.8 5.9 6.3

4.5 0.3 -6.1 0.5 -3.5

0.0 2.7

5.8 -8.6

0.6 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.7

7.5 1.7 -0.7 4.2 9.1

15.7 0.4 8.9 2.6 2.6

734 80 136 103 149

0.8 1.2 -0.1 3.4 0.5

1.7 -1.4 0.9 0.3 2.0

0.9 -2.6 1.1 -3.0 1.5

3.3 2.8 2.5 4.3

4.2 4.0 3.8 7.2

0.9 1.2 1.3 2.8

5.3 5.5 4.2 0.3 0.3

2.0 2.3 0.0 -0.1 0.0

0.7 5.1

0.4 0.2 -0.1 1.2 0.0

Retail Trade ........................................................................................................ Motor vehicle and parts dealers .......................................................................... Automobile dealers ............................................................................................. Other motor vehicle dealers ................................................................................

44-45 441 4 411 4 412

16 461 2 024 1 319 186

Building material and garden supply stores ........................................................ Building material and supplies dealers ................................................................ Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores ............................................... Food and beverage stores .................................................................................. Grocery stores .....................................................................................................

444 4 441 4 442 445 4 451

1 346 1 174 172 2 922 2 503

Clothing stores .................................................................................................... Shoe stores ......................................................................................................... Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores ........................................................ Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores ................................................. Sporting goods and musical instrument stores ...................................................

4 481 4 482 4 483 451 4 511

1 129 183 216 720 501

4.7 3.9 4.3 4.5 5.1

5.4 2.6 4.8 4.9 5.4

Florists ................................................................................................................. Office supply, stationery, and gift stores ............................................................. Used merchandise stores ................................................................................... Other miscellaneous store retailers ..................................................................... Nonstore retailers ................................................................................................

4 531 4 532 4 533 4 539 454

127 443 185 362 752

2.8 6.2 5.5 2.4 8.6

0.8 6.8 6.6 4.3 9.4

-1.9 0.5 1.1 1.8 0.8

2.4 2.7 2.5 2.6 -0.4

1.7 1.8 2.0 0.8 0.3

Auto parts, accessory, and tire stores ................................................................. Furniture and home furnishings stores ................................................................ Furniture stores ................................................................................................... Home furnishings stores ..................................................................................... Electronics and appliance stores ........................................................................

Specialty food stores ........................................................................................... Beer, wine, and liquor stores ............................................................................... Health and personal care stores ......................................................................... Gasoline stations ................................................................................................. Clothing and clothing accessories stores ............................................................

Book, periodical, and music stores ..................................................................... General merchandise stores ............................................................................... Department stores ............................................................................................... Other general merchandise stores ...................................................................... Miscellaneous store retailers ...............................................................................

Electronic shopping and mail-order houses ........................................................ Vending machine operators ................................................................................ Direct selling establishments ...............................................................................

Food Services and Drinking Places ................................................................ Full-service restaurants ....................................................................................... Limited-service eating places .............................................................................. Special food services .......................................................................................... Drinking places, alcoholic beverages ..................................................................

4 413 442 4 421 4 422 443

4 452 4 453 446 447 448

7.7 1.9 4.4 3.5 6.9

-1.7 -7.8 -2.2 -8.5 5.7

0.5 -2.3 2.3 -8.7 6.6

3.4 0.5 -1.0 5.4

4.3 1.3 -0.6 18.4

0.4 0.5 -0.6 5.3 4.5

6.6 6.5 7.8 2.6 2.1

5.1 5.9 5.4 6.5 15.5

-2.2 4.2 6.2 2.1 5.9

268 152 999 892 1 527

0.0 2.5 2.6 2.4 4.5

0.3 0.6 3.9 1.9 4.9

0.3 -1.8 1.3 -0.5 0.4

13.5 13.6 -0.9 5.9 5.9

10.7 5.7 2.5 3.6 6.9

4.0 5.6 2.7 9.6 5.1

0.7 1.7 1.4 1.9 0.7

10.8 3.8 0.6 5.5 8.3

1.6 5.9 0.2 10.2 5.8

4.0 -1.8 -0.7

4.2 2.1 -2.3

12.3 4.1 2.3

218 2 951 1 620 1 331 1 117

4 541 4 542 4 543

311 69 373

9 336 4 359 3 947 651 380

3.2 3.9 1.3 7.6 4.4

11.6 0.9 3.4 0.7 0.9 0.6 1.8 -0.7

16.1 -0.9 2.7

9.0 3.7 -5.1 8.7 7.9

23.8 5.5 8.0 7.3 2.8

1.6 2.6 -0.1 3.4 6.4

2.2 6.0 4.6 -0.2 0.9

-2.4 12.4

3.4 5.2 4.5 6.1 15.4

0.7 -1.2 0.5 0.4 0.3

-0.4 5.7 0.7 5.3 1.3

3.3 2.7

2.8 3.9 3.3 4.7 13.4

4 512 452 4 521 4 529 453

722 7 221 7 222 7 223 7 224

8.1 -3.6 3.6 -1.6 5.6

519 640 324 316 570

3.3 3.1 4.2 0.4 0.3

Hours

0.6 0.4 -0.1 0.1 1.8

15.2 0.2 9.0 1.4 2.6

0.7 2.4

Output

4.1 6.0 4.0 2.7 2.9

650 125 352 251 681

2.3 1.3 3.0 2.6 2.9

Annual percent change, 2004–2005

Output per hour

0.9 0.7 0.5 12.3

6.2 5.9 8.4 -2.5 -2.3

-2.5 -7.0 3.5 -2.2 0.9

8.5 1.4 3.7 3.4 4.3

-0.4 -2.1 9.2 -4.8 -3.3

8.8 4.5 8.9 5.7 8.8

-12.1 -1.0 0.9 -1.5 5.8

3.5 3.9 3.3 4.7 0.1

1.9 1.3 3.5 1.3 -5.9

-8.3 1.9 -0.4 4.4 -2.3

7.8 2.0 4.8

262 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 5-4. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, 1987–2004 (2000 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) Sector

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Productivity Output per hour of all persons ....................... 77.5 Output per unit of capital ................................ 104.9 Multifactor productivity ................................... 89.5 Output ............................................................ 62.4

78.7 105.6 90.2 65.2

79.5 105.6 90.5 67.6

81.1 104.0 91.0 68.6

82.5 100.7 90.3 68.1

86.0 102.6 92.7 70.9

86.4 102.9 93.0 73.2

87.3 104.4 93.7 76.8

87.5 103.3 93.5 79.2

90.1 103.5 95.1 82.8

91.8 103.7 96.0 87.2

94.4 103.0 97.5 91.5

97.2 102.0 98.7 96.2

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

102.8 96.3 100.2 100.5

107.0 95.2 101.8 102.0

111.2 96.4 104.7 105.5

115.0 98.6 107.7 110.6

75.2 59.5 69.8 73.8

77.9 61.7 72.3 74.5

80.3 64.0 74.7 75.3

80.4 66.0 75.4 78.0

79.4 67.6 75.4 81.9

80.2 69.1 76.5 83.9

82.5 71.2 78.7 84.0

86.2 73.6 82.0 83.6

88.7 76.6 84.7 84.7

90.5 80.0 87.1 87.1

94.1 84.1 90.8 88.5

96.3 88.8 93.9 91.6

98.9 94.3 97.5 95.3

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

98.6 104.4 100.3 106.8

97.3 107.1 100.2 112.3

97.2 109.4 100.8 115.3

98.7 112.1 102.7 116.6

Productivity Output per hour of all persons ....................... 78.0 Output per unit of capital ................................ 106.4 Multifactor productivity ................................... 90.2 Output ............................................................ 62.4 Inputs Labor input ..................................................... Capital services .............................................. Combined units of labor and capital inputs .... Capital services per hour for all persons ........

79.4 107.6 91.1 65.3

80.0 107.3 91.2 67.6

81.5 105.5 91.6 68.6

82.9 101.9 91.0 68.1

86.4 103.5 93.2 70.8

86.8 103.9 93.5 73.2

87.8 105.2 94.3 76.7

88.3 104.3 94.3 79.3

90.7 104.2 95.6 82.8

92.1 104.1 96.3 87.2

94.7 103.4 97.7 91.5

97.3 102.3 98.8 96.3

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

102.7 96.3 100.1 100.5

106.9 95.1 101.8 102.1

111.1 96.3 104.6 105.5

114.9 98.6 107.7 110.6

74.7 58.7 69.2 73.3

77.4 60.7 71.7 73.8

79.9 63.0 74.1 74.5

80.0 65.0 74.9 77.3

78.9 66.8 74.8 81.4

79.7 68.4 76.0 83.5

82.2 70.5 78.3 83.6

85.6 72.9 81.4 83.5

88.1 76.0 84.1 84.7

90.1 79.5 86.6 87.0

93.7 83.7 90.5 88.5

96.0 88.5 93.7 91.5

98.9 94.2 97.5 95.2

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

98.7 104.5 100.4 106.7

97.3 107.3 100.2 112.4

97.3 109.6 100.9 115.4

98.9 112.3 102.8 116.6

Productivity Output per hour of all persons ....................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity ................................... Output ............................................................

78.3 97.6 93.6 78.3

79.9 100.7 95.3 82.2

80.0 99.2 93.5 82.6

82.2 97.5 93.3 83.2

84.1 93.6 92.4 81.5

88.6 95.9 94.0 85.5

90.2 96.9 95.1 88.3

93.0 99.7 97.3 92.9

96.5 100.6 99.2 96.9

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

103.8 101.4 103.1 105.6

108.9 101.7 105.7 110.5

114.0 101.7 108.7 114.7

118.3 101.0 111.3 117.4

119.7 95.1 110.3 112.1

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

102.8 81.6 89.9 71.9 77.4 86.2

103.3 83.2 90.2 75.0 82.6 88.3

101.1 85.3 93.1 77.5 84.7 89.1

96.9 87.1 93.2 78.5 84.6 88.3

96.5 89.1 93.1 83.5 92.0 90.9

97.8 91.1 96.6 86.5 92.9 92.8

99.9 93.2 99.9 90.3 96.0 95.5

100.4 96.4 102.3 93.1 100.4 97.7

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

101.7 104.1 97.5 101.9 103.9 102.4

101.5 108.7 100.6 107.5 103.1 104.6

100.7 112.8 102.9 107.9 105.4 105.5

99.2 116.2 104.3 106.9 106.5 105.5

93.6 117.9 98.9 105.5 97.7 101.6

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

PRIVATE BUSINESS

Inputs Labor input ..................................................... Capital services .............................................. Combined units of labor and capital inputs .... Capital services per hour for all persons ........ PRIVATE NONFARM BUSINESS

MANUFACTURING1

Inputs Hours at work of all persons .......................... 100.0 Capital services .............................................. 80.2 Energy ............................................................ 86.5 Non-energy materials ..................................... 70.9 Purchased business services ........................ 70.8 Combined units of all inputs ........................... 83.7 11996 = 100.

. . . = Not available.

CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS 263 Table 5-5. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Manufacturing Industries, 1985–2001 (1996 = 100.)

Sector

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

79.6 101.0 98.8 78.0 98.0 77.3 76.5 73.9 57.4 79.0

81.9 101.9 99.4 80.5 98.3 79.0 77.6 76.9 59.8 81.0

83.6 104.3 101.2 84.0 100.4 80.5 80.9 77.9 65.5 83.0

84.9 105.7 102.4 86.5 102.0 81.8 83.4 77.3 73.2 84.5

84.5 104.0 100.0 87.0 103.0 83.6 85.3 79.6 80.7 87.0

86.5 102.9 99.1 88.6 102.5 86.1 89.6 82.5 87.1 89.5

88.2 99.9 98.1 88.5 100.3 88.6 90.6 83.5 90.3 90.2

91.9 101.9 98.6 92.9 101.0 91.1 92.6 89.3 97.9 94.1

92.4 101.3 99.1 94.5 102.3 93.4 96.5 91.0 96.2 95.4

94.3 102.2 99.6 97.3 103.2 95.2 98.9 95.2 96.6 97.7

97.1 101.7 100.5 99.2 102.2 97.6 102.4 95.5 101.5 98.7

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

103.1 100.5 101.0 103.2 100.0 102.7 95.7 103.8 102.7 102.1

105.8 98.7 101.0 104.4 98.6 105.8 97.1 107.0 101.5 103.3

107.4 96.5 101.5 104.9 97.7 108.7 98.0 106.1 102.2 103.4

110.8 95.0 100.4 105.5 95.2 111.1 97.8 110.2 106.8 105.1

112.1 90.8 98.1 101.7 90.7 112.1 94.8 111.4 103.2 103.7

89.0 102.2 103.9 81.9 92.0 80.1 78.9 77.1 62.0 78.8

89.0 101.2 102.3 83.1 93.4 82.2 81.7 79.1 69.4 81.2

89.5 100.4 102.9 84.5 94.5 84.2 84.5 80.6 63.9 82.2

91.9 102.5 106.4 87.2 94.9 85.1 87.1 79.0 71.0 81.9

89.4 100.7 102.2 86.9 97.2 86.3 88.0 81.9 79.8 85.0

90.1 101.1 100.9 89.3 99.1 88.3 88.4 85.6 87.3 88.4

93.2 100.8 101.8 90.9 97.5 90.2 91.3 86.1 93.5 89.3

98.1 103.6 101.4 95.8 97.6 92.5 93.4 92.9 102.5 94.5

98.3 103.4 102.7 97.5 99.1 94.2 96.1 92.5 103.9 94.9

98.8 103.1 100.5 98.4 99.7 95.5 100.1 97.4 101.9 97.9

100.8 104.2 104.5 101.8 101.0 97.7 104.8 95.5 101.4 97.4

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

102.2 101.9 101.2 103.4 101.1 101.5 101.3 102.7 101.8 102.2

106.1 100.2 100.1 106.6 100.4 106.4 105.2 109.1 103.1 106.5

104.3 98.1 102.9 107.1 102.7 109.1 105.2 104.2 97.2 104.1

104.7 95.1 100.2 106.8 102.0 112.3 105.6 107.6 100.0 106.6

105.0 93.6 97.1 106.6 101.4 113.9 106.0 112.8 102.0 109.7

70.1 84.8 84.1 77.0 109.9 90.8 79.5 87.0 53.2 91.5

71.2 88.4 85.9 80.4 112.8 90.9 83.0 88.5 55.6 93.5

72.6 95.0 87.1 86.5 119.1 91.1 91.3 95.1 61.2 99.4

73.6 94.7 89.8 86.4 117.4 91.2 91.3 88.0 68.5 96.2

76.5 96.5 90.3 88.3 115.5 91.5 92.0 90.7 77.9 97.8

78.9 93.6 91.0 86.2 109.3 92.0 88.5 88.2 79.2 94.7

79.7 93.1 91.2 85.8 107.6 92.1 90.5 86.6 84.2 94.0

85.7 100.3 95.1 92.9 108.5 92.6 94.5 91.9 95.2 97.7

88.9 104.0 96.5 97.6 109.8 93.9 98.8 97.4 98.3 101.1

91.2 105.1 97.2 101.5 111.4 96.5 104.7 101.9 102.3 104.5

95.1 101.8 98.5 100.5 105.7 98.8 106.2 99.7 102.7 102.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

101.0 98.9 101.4 100.7 99.7 101.8 95.9 99.0 97.2 99.3

104.1 94.3 100.7 99.6 95.7 105.6 94.1 101.5 92.2 98.9

109.4 90.6 104.7 96.9 88.5 106.9 91.7 93.7 85.2 92.5

111.2 89.6 107.8 95.2 85.6 106.2 90.3 87.9 80.3 88.3

114.5 82.4 110.0 85.3 74.5 103.5 81.1 76.3 68.3 77.5

72.7 102.9 94.4 88.6 121.9 86.1 62.0 98.2 31.3 93.8

75.0 103.3 95.4 91.0 121.3 88.1 66.1 100.9 32.5 95.4

76.0 105.9 96.5 93.5 123.0 88.3 68.7 103.4 31.6 96.9

76.2 102.6 96.3 92.3 121.1 89.9 69.2 98.6 39.7 95.8

72.4 99.4 94.9 87.7 121.2 88.3 60.5 89.3 47.5 92.5

75.1 97.8 94.4 87.0 115.8 88.9 59.8 88.0 58.7 92.1

75.6 98.1 92.6 86.2 114.1 87.9 61.1 87.9 70.5 93.1

81.4 102.5 92.1 93.4 114.8 91.1 95.6 97.4 91.8 101.3

85.2 101.4 93.1 96.2 112.9 94.9 105.9 100.7 95.6 103.3

89.9 102.9 95.8 100.8 112.1 98.0 103.4 103.7 99.2 105.2

95.5 99.5 98.2 101.6 106.3 102.1 110.4 102.0 102.1 103.4

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

113.7 108.0 102.9 107.0 94.1 99.1 84.0 110.6 108.1 104.0

117.1 97.1 103.6 103.0 88.0 106.1 81.0 105.8 100.9 99.4

129.1 95.8 105.0 104.2 80.7 108.8 81.7 109.6 101.6 99.2

141.4 91.8 108.7 102.1 72.2 111.2 80.1 106.2 93.6 93.9

144.4 83.8 111.5 92.6 64.1 110.5 73.5 92.5 80.6 83.1

81.3 103.5 97.9 78.7 96.9 76.1 77.8 76.8 57.1 80.4

86.6 105.0 100.2 82.4 95.2 78.5 81.2 79.9 62.7 82.2

86.5 105.6 99.8 84.5 97.8 80.1 84.9 81.7 69.0 84.8

88.3 107.4 100.8 87.8 99.4 81.7 86.4 83.3 79.2 87.1

88.1 104.9 98.4 89.1 101.2 84.9 88.8 87.0 89.1 90.6

88.3 101.0 97.4 89.5 101.4 88.6 94.2 87.5 89.6 91.9

90.6 98.3 98.2 90.2 99.6 91.8 94.9 86.9 90.1 91.8

93.0 100.2 99.5 94.0 101.2 93.9 96.8 90.2 94.9 94.5

94.8 101.3 103.0 96.3 101.6 95.0 99.2 87.7 90.2 93.5

98.4 104.8 104.1 100.6 102.2 96.0 101.3 93.5 93.9 96.6

99.1 103.3 98.1 100.4 101.3 97.2 104.5 103.1 113.4 102.3

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

101.3 100.3 102.7 102.2 100.9 102.0 98.2 98.3 97.0 99.6

104.8 99.0 101.6 103.7 98.9 104.7 99.5 104.5 97.8 102.1

105.8 99.0 101.7 105.1 99.3 106.2 101.3 106.8 97.4 103.3

108.4 96.5 100.0 102.8 94.9 106.5 99.0 109.0 98.1 102.8

108.2 91.2 98.2 97.2 89.9 106.6 93.8 105.6 90.9 99.0

NONDURABLE GOODS

Total Nondurable Goods Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................ Food and Kindred Product Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................ Textile Mill Product Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................ Apparel and Related Product Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................ Paper and Allied Product Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................

264 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 5-5. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Manufacturing Industries, 1985–2001—Continued (1996 = 100.)

Sector

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Printing and Publishing Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................

103.3 142.9 114.2 93.4 90.3 65.3 65.1 82.4 74.8 81.7

104.2 139.5 112.8 96.6 92.6 69.2 70.2 87.0 80.9 85.6

106.6 138.8 112.7 101.1 94.9 72.8 81.9 91.3 89.2 89.7

101.5 131.6 110.8 101.4 99.9 77.0 87.6 88.6 88.8 91.5

99.5 123.1 109.5 100.0 100.5 81.3 87.8 85.3 88.3 91.3

98.0 117.6 107.0 99.7 101.7 84.8 91.6 87.6 89.2 93.2

96.9 108.4 104.6 95.3 98.3 88.0 90.7 85.8 84.3 91.1

100.5 107.5 106.0 97.7 97.2 90.9 91.5 87.5 88.1 92.2

98.4 105.3 102.0 98.0 99.6 93.0 94.4 94.2 93.0 96.1

97.1 104.3 102.6 98.5 101.4 94.4 98.2 90.6 92.4 96.0

97.2 102.1 100.9 99.2 102.1 97.2 102.9 92.4 100.4 98.4

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

96.4 92.4 95.7 98.4 102.2 106.5 70.6 104.1 101.4 102.9

97.0 91.1 95.7 98.1 101.1 107.7 70.7 104.7 99.8 102.5

99.0 86.5 97.7 99.9 100.9 115.5 71.2 101.4 97.5 102.3

100.8 82.3 98.0 100.4 99.6 121.9 72.0 99.4 100.0 102.4

97.1 73.7 93.1 92.9 95.6 126.0 66.9 99.6 91.6 99.7

72.9 97.0 92.8 71.2 97.7 73.4 75.6 72.3 55.3 76.8

78.3 99.5 96.7 74.6 95.3 75.0 73.9 73.6 57.6 77.1

85.1 107.6 102.8 82.1 96.5 76.3 79.6 76.6 63.5 79.9

86.4 111.3 101.9 86.2 99.7 77.5 83.1 82.4 75.7 84.6

86.1 110.3 99.7 87.8 102.0 79.6 85.7 85.7 84.7 88.1

87.5 109.0 100.1 90.2 103.1 82.8 90.7 86.0 89.5 90.1

87.5 103.5 97.2 89.5 102.3 86.5 90.4 88.2 93.0 92.1

89.0 103.7 96.9 92.6 104.0 89.3 91.2 93.0 99.4 95.6

89.2 101.1 95.4 93.0 104.2 92.0 95.7 95.9 100.0 97.5

94.9 102.4 98.2 96.6 101.8 94.3 97.7 99.2 99.5 98.4

97.9 101.7 99.1 98.5 100.6 96.9 99.5 98.3 104.5 99.4

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

107.1 103.0 102.9 106.5 99.4 103.4 92.1 108.3 105.3 103.5

106.4 99.3 101.8 106.8 100.4 107.6 93.0 108.4 104.2 104.9

107.4 97.4 100.9 107.9 100.5 110.7 93.1 114.8 100.8 106.9

110.6 95.9 97.5 108.8 98.4 113.4 93.7 131.6 103.1 111.6

108.9 91.7 96.4 105.3 96.7 114.8 91.8 126.0 99.0 109.3

68.2 92.0 96.2 83.1 121.9 90.4 100.9 83.8 70.7 86.4

76.1 98.6 98.7 88.3 116.1 89.6 102.5 89.3 53.4 89.5

78.8 102.3 98.7 90.2 114.5 88.2 90.2 91.9 68.4 91.4

82.7 105.0 99.4 92.1 111.3 87.7 93.9 93.7 70.2 92.7

83.3 105.6 99.2 92.1 110.5 87.3 93.9 93.5 79.8 92.9

83.0 105.3 98.5 92.5 111.4 87.8 106.3 93.4 97.4 94.0

82.3 102.3 98.5 91.5 111.1 89.4 104.5 92.0 90.9 92.9

84.5 101.3 99.2 93.3 110.4 92.1 100.3 93.6 84.8 94.0

90.1 101.6 100.1 96.3 106.9 94.8 103.3 96.8 80.5 96.3

91.6 99.3 99.7 96.0 104.8 96.7 99.6 96.4 83.0 96.3

96.8 99.0 99.9 97.4 100.6 98.4 103.8 97.6 88.6 97.5

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

106.2 103.2 101.1 103.3 97.3 100.0 100.5 103.1 104.1 102.2

108.4 107.2 104.1 105.7 97.5 98.6 101.2 105.6 75.6 101.5

112.8 107.1 103.3 104.1 92.3 97.2 104.1 103.6 90.1 100.7

120.2 110.2 102.5 105.7 87.9 95.9 102.1 105.2 123.5 103.1

118.6 110.6 102.8 104.7 88.2 94.6 101.5 104.3 114.2 101.8

73.3 94.8 88.6 60.4 82.3 63.7 66.9 64.6 46.2 68.1

74.1 93.9 88.6 62.2 83.9 66.2 70.0 66.8 48.0 70.2

78.3 99.4 90.1 67.6 86.3 68.0 75.4 72.9 54.9 74.9

78.8 100.6 90.6 70.1 89.0 69.7 78.5 74.6 61.3 77.4

79.6 99.6 92.4 72.0 90.4 72.3 81.0 73.7 64.7 77.9

81.9 97.5 92.5 73.4 89.7 75.3 81.4 75.7 68.7 79.4

83.1 92.1 93.7 72.0 86.6 78.1 79.9 72.1 69.4 76.8

90.3 100.6 95.7 81.2 89.9 80.7 83.5 83.0 83.1 84.8

91.7 103.1 96.4 86.7 94.6 84.1 90.3 88.7 87.7 90.0

94.5 106.7 97.9 94.3 99.8 88.4 96.6 95.8 95.7 96.3

95.7 102.5 98.1 96.4 100.7 94.0 101.9 97.1 100.6 98.3

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

104.1 99.4 102.3 106.1 101.9 106.7 101.0 104.0 106.0 103.8

106.9 95.8 103.4 109.8 102.7 114.6 104.2 107.0 104.3 106.2

109.6 93.2 104.0 114.0 104.1 122.4 108.6 111.1 106.1 109.6

113.4 90.5 105.6 116.7 103.0 128.9 111.0 112.3 106.8 110.6

113.7 81.8 104.5 109.1 95.9 133.4 104.5 105.7 96.8 104.4

Chemicals and Allied Product Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................ Petroleum Refining Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................ Rubber and Plastics Product Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................

CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS 265 Table 5-5. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Manufacturing Industries, 1985–2001—Continued (1996 = 100.)

Sector

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Total Durable Goods Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................

68.1 92.2 82.0 70.0 102.7 75.9 88.1 72.5 67.0 85.4

71.7 91.7 84.1 71.8 100.1 78.3 88.1 73.2 71.4 85.4

74.4 92.4 87.5 74.2 99.7 80.2 95.4 68.4 76.5 84.7

76.1 96.4 89.4 78.7 103.4 81.7 100.2 71.3 81.9 88.1

76.2 95.0 88.3 78.9 103.5 83.1 97.8 73.5 84.7 89.3

78.2 92.6 88.9 78.3 100.2 84.6 98.6 74.0 82.3 88.1

79.4 87.7 88.1 75.1 94.5 85.6 97.3 73.0 78.9 85.2

84.6 90.9 90.6 79.0 93.3 86.9 94.4 77.7 86.0 87.1

87.4 93.5 92.2 82.8 94.7 88.5 97.2 82.5 89.5 89.8

91.4 98.1 95.5 89.3 97.7 91.0 101.7 86.7 95.4 93.4

95.7 99.9 98.1 94.9 99.1 95.0 102.6 92.4 99.3 96.7

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

105.2 102.3 104.6 108.2 102.9 105.8 99.4 102.3 105.1 103.5

112.6 104.2 109.4 116.6 103.5 111.9 105.4 109.3 104.7 106.6

120.8 105.7 114.4 124.1 102.7 117.4 110.2 112.2 108.6 108.5

126.0 105.4 120.3 128.5 102.0 121.9 113.6 105.3 106.1 106.8

126.9 97.5 121.0 121.4 95.7 124.5 106.3 98.1 91.9 100.3

101.4 85.5 102.0 87.7 86.5 102.6 69.8 87.7 47.4 86.0

106.4 93.1 105.9 94.9 89.2 101.9 75.8 92.7 55.7 89.6

107.9 101.9 110.7 102.1 94.6 100.3 85.7 94.2 59.6 92.3

105.4 102.7 111.7 101.0 95.9 98.4 90.4 89.1 58.0 90.4

102.5 101.4 110.9 97.9 95.5 96.5 88.5 83.7 62.8 88.3

103.8 100.1 111.6 96.2 92.8 96.1 89.6 80.8 63.0 86.2

105.9 93.6 111.3 88.8 83.9 94.9 89.5 73.6 60.4 79.8

106.2 98.4 110.7 92.3 86.9 93.7 83.1 78.8 69.5 83.4

100.0 98.6 101.8 92.1 92.2 93.5 92.3 85.9 100.3 90.5

99.3 102.3 101.1 97.2 97.8 95.0 97.9 93.8 102.6 96.1

99.5 102.2 102.3 99.5 100.0 97.4 103.3 94.6 98.0 97.3

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

98.6 97.2 98.5 99.7 101.2 102.6 88.5 100.8 104.5 101.3

99.5 99.8 97.5 103.9 104.5 104.2 92.5 110.4 106.9 106.6

100.9 101.4 96.4 107.6 106.7 106.2 96.6 119.6 112.8 111.6

100.6 98.4 95.6 106.1 105.4 107.8 94.8 119.8 106.8 110.9

101.5 93.5 94.5 100.9 99.4 107.9 90.6 119.0 93.2 106.8

81.6 100.4 95.0 78.6 96.3 78.3 71.4 74.4 90.5 82.7

84.1 102.9 94.5 82.5 98.1 80.2 76.3 79.8 103.0 87.3

86.8 104.7 95.9 87.2 100.5 83.3 89.6 83.2 111.8 90.9

85.5 101.0 95.5 87.1 101.9 86.3 92.7 82.9 108.4 91.3

85.4 100.0 95.4 87.8 102.7 87.8 97.2 83.9 106.1 92.0

87.6 96.7 95.4 86.4 98.6 89.4 91.3 84.2 101.6 90.6

88.0 90.5 95.7 80.9 91.9 89.3 90.4 78.6 90.4 84.5

91.7 97.0 98.7 87.4 95.3 90.2 91.2 83.5 93.4 88.6

93.5 99.7 100.5 92.0 98.4 92.3 96.3 86.8 95.3 91.6

93.8 100.5 99.3 95.0 101.3 94.6 98.5 92.2 97.8 95.7

98.2 101.2 99.9 98.7 100.5 97.5 103.9 97.5 101.3 98.8

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

107.2 107.0 103.4 111.0 103.5 103.7 110.5 109.4 112.2 107.3

111.3 109.3 103.2 119.0 106.9 108.9 118.0 121.2 118.1 115.3

113.0 108.1 103.7 123.9 109.6 114.5 122.7 126.3 120.7 119.4

114.0 105.5 103.4 126.1 110.6 119.4 125.0 129.9 120.9 122.0

116.6 96.4 103.0 116.3 99.8 120.7 117.1 121.6 107.4 113.0

85.5 81.0 89.6 82.7 96.7 102.1 95.2 87.2 72.6 92.3

88.9 84.2 92.9 86.2 97.0 102.4 100.4 86.4 78.1 92.8

91.1 86.4 94.5 88.4 97.0 102.2 102.6 86.7 85.3 93.5

90.2 88.3 94.7 90.2 100.0 102.2 104.5 87.6 88.0 95.3

89.9 87.4 95.7 89.6 99.7 102.5 101.7 84.3 87.8 93.6

92.1 87.0 96.6 88.7 96.4 102.0 101.6 83.4 86.8 91.9

90.9 80.9 94.4 81.7 89.9 101.0 97.0 78.3 81.6 86.6

95.7 86.5 98.8 85.7 89.5 99.1 99.6 78.5 85.5 86.7

95.8 90.1 97.4 87.6 91.4 97.2 100.6 84.7 87.9 89.9

96.1 95.2 99.2 91.9 95.6 96.5 98.7 87.8 90.3 92.7

97.3 96.8 99.9 94.5 97.1 97.6 104.3 89.7 94.0 94.6

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

103.9 98.4 103.9 103.5 99.6 105.2 101.7 97.3 97.4 99.6

108.4 97.9 103.2 108.9 100.5 111.3 107.1 108.7 102.3 105.5

108.5 93.7 102.2 110.4 101.8 117.8 108.4 111.2 102.4 108.0

107.0 88.5 100.1 109.9 102.7 124.1 108.1 113.1 100.2 109.8

102.3 80.4 94.9 104.6 102.3 130.1 104.5 114.5 96.1 110.3

76.0 74.0 92.0 81.5 107.3 110.1 103.5 75.0 73.2 88.6

81.4 75.3 98.1 81.0 99.6 107.5 95.5 69.4 70.9 82.6

85.2 82.1 97.0 86.5 101.5 105.3 98.9 78.6 84.0 89.1

87.8 90.2 96.0 93.7 106.8 103.9 111.5 88.2 100.6 97.6

85.3 88.6 94.6 91.1 106.8 102.8 103.2 86.8 101.2 96.3

85.3 86.5 96.2 88.5 103.7 102.3 105.2 80.9 92.9 91.9

86.0 82.2 96.6 83.7 97.3 101.8 107.0 75.8 81.4 86.6

91.4 86.1 99.8 86.6 94.8 100.6 99.7 78.2 83.9 86.8

95.2 91.4 103.4 91.0 95.5 99.5 99.0 80.2 85.0 88.0

96.1 97.2 102.2 96.2 100.2 99.0 110.2 87.4 93.6 94.1

97.7 98.5 99.9 97.7 100.0 99.2 99.9 94.9 101.6 97.7

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.9 101.6 100.3 102.6 101.7 101.0 94.6 103.8 103.6 102.3

106.5 103.9 102.7 106.3 99.8 102.3 97.6 107.9 100.9 103.5

105.8 102.0 103.4 105.7 99.9 103.7 97.7 106.4 94.1 102.3

104.0 100.3 99.8 104.2 100.2 103.9 95.9 112.5 91.4 104.4

102.8 92.1 101.2 94.4 91.9 102.5 87.0 98.3 76.0 93.3

84.6 98.0 94.9 83.3 98.4 85.0 79.8 82.7 79.8 87.8

87.6 95.4 95.7 83.3 95.1 87.3 80.7 82.6 80.3 87.0

91.4 95.5 98.7 85.1 93.1 89.1 89.6 80.7 85.2 86.2

90.3 98.4 99.4 87.7 97.2 89.1 93.3 81.5 89.9 88.3

87.1 95.6 96.6 85.3 97.9 89.2 93.0 80.9 90.7 88.2

87.8 92.5 95.3 83.4 95.0 90.1 92.3 81.4 88.0 87.5

87.5 87.3 93.4 79.1 90.3 90.6 91.2 79.4 83.1 84.7

92.7 91.9 95.1 83.7 90.2 91.1 88.4 85.2 89.5 87.9

94.5 94.7 96.2 86.9 92.0 91.9 92.8 88.7 91.0 90.4

96.6 100.0 99.6 93.5 96.8 93.5 96.1 91.7 94.8 93.9

98.2 100.2 100.3 96.8 98.6 96.6 102.7 94.3 99.2 96.5

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

103.2 103.5 101.3 106.4 103.1 102.8 102.5 106.9 106.9 105.0

106.6 103.9 100.7 110.8 103.9 106.7 106.4 116.1 109.5 110.0

106.3 101.3 99.8 111.5 104.9 110.1 107.3 118.7 106.0 111.7

107.6 101.4 101.1 114.0 106.0 112.5 109.7 119.5 105.6 112.8

106.0 93.6 98.0 105.9 99.9 113.1 102.8 115.1 96.0 108.1

DURABLE GOODS

Lumber and Wood Product Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................ Furniture and Fixtures Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................ Stone, Clay, and Glass Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................ Primary Metal Industries Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................ Fabricated Metal Product Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................

266 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 5-5. Indexes of Multifactor Productivity and Related Measures, Manufacturing Industries, 1985–2001—Continued (1996 = 100.)

Sector

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Industrial Machinery and Computer Equipment Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................

49.7 75.6 69.1 50.1 100.9 66.2 86.1 54.4 72.2 72.5

53.1 73.5 71.4 50.4 94.9 68.5 86.9 53.5 74.0 70.5

55.7 75.0 76.2 52.2 93.7 69.7 92.0 50.1 75.2 68.6

60.1 81.9 80.2 59.0 98.2 72.0 94.9 55.9 80.4 73.6

60.9 80.9 80.9 60.5 99.3 74.7 99.2 56.7 80.6 74.8

62.4 79.0 81.7 60.6 97.1 76.7 99.1 57.0 76.1 74.2

62.3 73.3 79.8 57.6 92.4 78.5 97.7 56.3 70.7 72.2

69.1 77.2 84.1 62.3 90.2 80.7 89.9 60.9 73.9 74.1

74.1 81.6 86.3 68.4 92.3 83.8 92.7 68.4 79.8 79.2

81.2 88.2 90.8 77.6 95.5 88.0 99.5 76.5 88.9 85.4

89.6 95.1 95.1 89.0 99.4 93.5 102.8 88.6 95.7 93.6

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

108.5 104.3 106.8 113.0 104.2 108.3 99.9 107.8 100.4 105.8

120.6 105.8 118.0 126.2 104.6 119.3 111.2 108.3 96.7 106.9

132.0 101.6 125.2 132.3 100.2 130.3 117.2 107.9 93.2 105.7

146.4 103.0 137.6 143.4 98.0 139.3 125.6 105.8 90.0 104.2

145.5 90.5 139.5 131.8 90.6 145.6 117.0 92.3 77.4 94.5

38.3 67.9 59.8 41.5 108.3 61.1 75.1 46.2 55.7 69.3

40.7 65.9 61.6 42.6 104.6 64.6 77.7 45.8 58.7 69.1

44.4 66.0 65.6 45.2 102.0 68.6 87.5 44.6 62.1 68.9

46.4 68.3 67.6 48.3 104.1 70.7 88.5 47.1 64.5 71.4

47.9 67.8 69.2 49.2 102.8 72.7 90.8 46.4 63.5 71.1

51.0 66.8 70.9 50.0 98.2 74.9 92.1 47.2 60.9 70.6

54.8 66.6 72.7 50.7 92.5 76.1 90.8 48.7 57.9 69.7

61.9 71.8 76.2 55.9 90.4 78.0 89.8 55.9 66.9 73.5

67.0 76.2 79.3 61.5 91.7 80.7 95.2 62.6 70.7 77.5

75.6 84.6 86.6 71.7 94.9 84.7 97.8 68.7 82.1 82.8

88.8 94.3 94.4 86.4 97.4 91.7 102.6 83.8 95.0 91.6

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

113.9 105.6 108.7 115.4 101.3 109.2 107.7 106.9 111.8 106.1

126.3 110.0 112.5 128.9 102.1 117.3 120.8 130.0 112.4 114.6

152.1 122.1 126.4 151.2 99.4 123.8 144.2 139.9 132.1 119.6

184.6 142.0 140.0 187.4 101.5 131.9 178.2 179.6 150.1 133.8

185.0 123.2 146.2 172.8 93.4 140.3 163.7 146.0 114.1 118.2

72.8 95.4 102.3 78.4 107.7 82.2 75.8 63.7 57.1 76.7

75.9 94.6 102.3 81.6 107.5 86.2 78.1 66.9 66.7 79.7

77.9 93.2 103.7 83.2 106.7 89.3 100.8 66.6 71.3 80.3

78.7 95.7 102.8 88.0 111.9 92.0 97.3 71.8 81.3 85.6

78.6 94.1 100.1 88.1 112.1 93.6 95.2 74.1 90.7 88.0

80.4 90.9 99.1 86.4 107.5 95.0 95.7 74.7 91.1 87.2

80.3 84.5 98.0 81.1 101.0 95.9 92.6 70.0 91.3 82.7

87.8 90.3 98.1 86.6 98.6 95.9 95.9 79.1 102.0 88.2

92.9 94.2 100.4 90.5 97.4 96.1 101.2 83.2 100.8 90.1

97.8 100.6 101.8 97.2 99.4 96.6 101.7 91.2 105.5 95.4

98.0 100.8 101.4 98.3 100.3 97.5 104.9 94.0 102.5 96.9

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

106.6 107.1 102.5 111.1 104.3 103.8 103.9 111.6 107.6 108.4

114.7 110.1 105.8 120.2 104.7 109.1 112.6 120.1 108.5 113.6

123.7 115.1 108.1 131.2 106.1 114.0 122.3 131.8 118.5 121.5

119.8 106.7 108.4 123.4 103.0 115.7 114.1 120.9 103.9 113.9

121.4 101.2 109.5 116.5 96.0 115.2 108.5 112.1 93.9 106.4

64.6 117.1 90.8 77.4 119.9 66.1 98.6 60.8 80.1 85.3

68.7 116.6 92.1 79.9 116.4 68.5 102.0 65.0 82.3 86.7

73.5 125.5 95.4 84.9 115.5 67.7 96.3 68.4 89.6 89.0

74.0 126.1 99.1 88.3 119.3 70.0 100.1 65.8 89.4 89.0

74.3 117.0 96.6 87.8 118.2 75.0 99.7 68.7 94.8 90.9

77.4 112.0 98.9 89.1 115.2 79.6 104.2 69.3 92.6 90.2

80.6 106.3 98.9 89.3 110.7 84.0 100.6 72.2 92.8 90.3

87.2 104.6 100.0 92.8 106.4 88.7 99.4 78.7 99.8 92.8

88.3 100.9 98.7 92.6 104.9 91.8 100.5 80.6 104.5 93.8

91.5 99.1 99.5 92.5 101.1 93.4 99.2 82.4 103.7 93.0

95.3 98.9 98.9 94.7 99.3 95.7 104.5 89.7 104.3 95.7

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

99.2 96.7 98.8 102.1 103.0 105.6 98.6 104.9 99.1 103.4

103.0 94.5 102.6 105.2 102.1 111.4 100.9 104.3 95.3 102.6

108.3 91.2 105.6 108.6 100.2 119.0 104.3 106.1 95.4 102.8

116.1 90.8 112.4 114.1 98.3 125.6 109.5 104.7 94.8 101.5

113.3 84.3 111.4 110.0 97.1 130.5 107.3 101.3 86.5 98.8

84.2 87.0 98.8 77.0 91.4 88.5 67.8 65.7 72.8 77.9

85.5 89.9 97.9 79.7 93.2 88.6 73.4 69.6 83.2 81.4

89.4 91.9 100.0 83.5 93.4 90.9 90.1 71.0 92.1 83.6

90.4 96.9 103.3 88.9 98.4 91.7 91.9 72.3 95.3 86.0

87.7 93.6 101.8 87.0 99.2 93.0 94.4 71.1 91.1 85.5

90.9 93.8 100.9 87.6 96.4 93.4 95.6 75.9 90.3 86.9

90.0 91.2 97.2 84.6 94.0 92.7 93.3 79.1 86.0 87.0

90.6 92.3 95.0 87.6 96.7 94.9 84.7 87.5 92.5 92.2

92.0 95.6 95.4 92.4 100.5 96.7 95.6 94.0 97.6 96.9

91.1 96.2 96.7 94.4 103.6 98.1 96.2 93.4 95.4 97.6

97.5 98.5 99.7 97.1 99.6 98.6 107.9 94.7 97.9 97.4

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

96.9 100.2 100.2 102.1 105.3 101.9 83.8 100.0 100.4 101.9

99.9 99.9 99.6 103.9 104.0 104.0 84.7 107.2 98.3 104.3

104.8 100.1 102.7 106.9 102.0 106.8 87.3 108.2 93.7 104.1

112.5 102.4 109.2 111.4 99.0 108.8 90.4 105.2 90.6 102.0

108.9 95.7 105.9 104.7 96.1 109.4 85.8 101.0 84.0 98.8

Electrical and Electronic Equipment Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................ Transportation Equipment Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................ Instruments Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................ Miscellaneous Manufacturing Output per hour of all persons ......................... Output per unit of capital ................................ Multifactor productivity .................................... Sector output ................................................... Hours of all persons at work ............................ Capital services ............................................... Energy ............................................................. Non-energy materials ...................................... Purchased business services .......................... Combined units of all inputs ............................

CHAPTER SIX COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES

COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES HIGHLIGHTS This chapter discusses the Employment Cost Index (ECI), which covers changes in wages and salaries, and benefits; the Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC); employee participation in various benefit plans; and occupational wage data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS).

State and Local Government Wages and Salaries, and Benefits, Percent Change, 1995–2005

8

8

6

6

Percent

Percent

Private Industry Wages and Salaries, and Benefits, Percent Change, 1995–2005

4

4

2

0

2

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

1996

1997 1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004 2005

Year

Year Wages and salaries

0 1995

Wages and salaries

Benefits

Benefits

In 2005, in a trend that has been occurring since 2000, the ECI reported increases in benefits exceeded increases in wages and salaries. In private industry, wages and salaries rose 2.6 percent in 2005, which was somewhat faster than the rate during the previous year. Benefits increased 4.2 percent, far slower than the rate during the previous year. Wage costs for state and local governments increased 3.1 percent, while benefit costs increased at a rapid rate of 6.0 percent. (See Tables 6-1, 6-3, and 6-4.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • Wage increases in most industries hovered between 2 and 3 percent in 2005. Sales occupations experienced the greatest increase at 3.8 percent. Wage increases in hospitals, nursing homes, educational services, and colleges and universities, all exceeded 3 percent. (See Table 6-1.) • In 2005, the rise in benefit costs in the aircraft manufacturing industry (39.9 percent) continued to vastly exceed the increases in any other industry. This rise in benefit costs was also an increase from 2004, when benefits in aircraft manufacturing rose by close to 25 percent. (See Table 6-4.) • Health insurance costs for state and local governments are considerably higher than the costs in private industry—$3.91 cents per hour, compared to $1.72 per hour. (See Tables 6-5 and 6-7.) • Service-providing industries spent $1.54 per hour on health insurance (compared to $2.47 per hour in goods-producing industries) in March 2006, indicating less or no coverage for many workers in the services sector. (See Table 6-5.)

269

270 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS EMPLOYMENT COST INDEX The National Compensation Survey (NCS) provides data for the Employment Cost Index (ECI), the Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC), employee benefits, and occupational wages. In 2005, the NCS classified workers into one of 480 occupations based on job duties. Collection and Coverage The ECI is a quarterly measure of the rate of change in compensation per hour worked and includes wages and salaries and the employer costs of employee benefits. It uses a fixed market basket of labor—similar in concept to the Consumer Price Index’s fixed market basket of goods and services—to measure the change over time in the employer costs of employing labor. Statistical series on total compensation costs, wages and salaries, and benefit costs are available for private nonfarm workers, excluding business proprietors, the selfemployed, and household workers. The total compensation costs and wages and salaries series are also available for state and local government workers and for the civilian nonfarm economy, which consists of private industry and state and local government workers. Federal workers are excluded. The variables included in the ECI probability sample changed from 1990 to 2005. The ECI probability sample for December 2005 consisted of about 11,300 private industry establishments (which provided about 50,400 occupational observations) and from approximately 3,500 occupations within about 800 sample establishments in state and local governments. On average, each reporting unit provided wage and compensation information on five well-specified occupations. These occupations were defined narrowly enough to ensure that all workers in the job carried out the same task at roughly the same level of skill. Data were collected each quarter for the pay periods that contained the 12th days of March, June, September, and December. From June 1986 to March 1995, fixed employment weights from the 1980 decennial census were used each quarter to calculate the civilian and private indexes and the index for state and local governments. In March 1995, employment weights from the 1990 decennial census were introduced. Prior to June 1986, the employment weights came from the 1970 decennial census. These fixed weights, also used to derive all of the industry and occupation series indexes,

ensure that changes in these indexes reflect only changes in compensation—not employment shifts among industries or occupations with different levels of wages and compensation. However, for the bargaining status, region, and metropolitan/nonmetropolitan area series, employment data by industry and occupation are not available from the census. Instead, the 1980 employment weights are reallocated quarterly within these series, based on the current sample. Therefore, these indexes are not strictly comparable to indexes for the aggregate, industry, and occupation series. The ECI was converted to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) in 2006. Concepts and Definitions Total compensation costs include wages and salaries, and the employer costs of employee benefits. Wages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, including production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-of-living adjustments. Benefits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplemental pay (including nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retirement and savings plans, and legally required benefits such as Social Security, workers’ compensation, and unemployment insurance. Excluded from wages and salaries and employee benefit costs are items such as payment-in-kind, free room and board, and tips. Bonuses. In June 2000, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) expanded the definition of nonproduction bonuses in the ECI to better represent the compensation packages offered to employees. In addition to the traditional types of nonproduction bonuses (such as attendance bonuses and lump-sum payments), the ECI will include hiring bonuses and referral bonuses. Hiring bonuses are payments made by the employer to induce an individual to accept employment; referral bonuses are made by the employer to an employee for recommending an applicant who is hired by the establishment. Sources of Additional Information Additional information on ECI methodology and data is available in BLS news releases. BLS’s e-publication, Compensation and Working Conditions, contains articles on all aspects of the NCS. All of these resources are available on the BLS Web site at .

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 271 Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005 (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

WORKERS BY INDUSTRY

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)

Private Industry Workers 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

57.6 60.1 62.7 64.9 67.1

58.3 60.9 63.1 65.4 67.6

58.9 61.5 63.6 66.0 68.2

59.3 61.9 64.1 66.4 68.5

4.6 4.4 3.6 3.6 3.2

60.6 63.0 65.1 66.8 68.8

61.3 63.6 65.5 67.3 69.3

61.9 64.1 65.8 67.9 69.9

62.3 64.6 66.3 68.3 70.2

4.0 3.7 2.6 3.0 2.8

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

81.4 84.8 88.1 91.5 95.0 98.2

82.3 85.6 89.1 92.2 95.9 98.9

83.1 86.4 89.6 93.2 96.7 99.6

83.6 87.1 90.0 93.6 97.1 100.0

4.2 4.2 3.3 4.0 3.7 3.0

84.4 87.7 90.8 93.5 95.9 98.2

85.3 88.6 91.7 94.1 96.5 98.8

86.2 89.3 92.1 94.9 97.4 99.5

86.7 90.0 92.4 95.2 97.5 100.0

3.8 3.8 2.7 3.0 2.4 2.6

70.0 72.1 74.3 76.9 79.3

70.4 72.4 74.9 77.2 80.0

72.0 74.5 77.0 80.0 82.7

72.5 74.9 77.7 80.4 83.4

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Private Industry Workers, Excluding Sales Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

WORKERS BY OCCUPATIONAL GROUP

69.0 70.9 73.0 75.6 77.8

57.5 60.1 62.7 65.1 67.2 69.2 71.0 73.0 75.5 77.8 81.1 84.7 88.0 91.4 95.0 98.4

69.5 71.5 73.6 76.2 78.7

58.2 60.8 63.2 65.6 67.7 69.6 71.5 73.6 76.1 78.6 82.1 85.5 88.9 92.2 95.9 99.1

70.0 72.0 74.2 77.1 79.4

58.9 61.5 63.7 66.2 68.3

70.2 72.4 74.9 77.5 80.2

59.3 62.0 64.2 66.6 68.6

82.9 86.4 89.5 93.1 96.7 99.6

83.6 87.0 89.9 93.6 97.2 100.0

2.5 3.1 3.5 3.5 3.5

5.0 4.6 3.5 3.7 3.0 2.6 2.8 3.5 3.1 3.6 4.5 4.1 3.3 4.1 3.8 2.9

70.8 73.0 75.5 78.5 81.0

60.6 63.1 65.2 67.1 69.0 71.1 73.2 75.5 78.5 81.2 84.3 87.8 91.0 93.6 96.0 98.4

71.3 73.7 76.1 79.2 82.0

61.3 63.7 65.6 67.5 69.5 71.5 73.8 76.3 79.2 82.0 85.2 88.5 91.7 94.2 96.6 99.1

71.8 74.2 76.9 80.2 82.7

61.9 64.2 66.1 68.1 70.1

72.2 74.7 77.6 80.6 83.5

62.4 64.7 66.5 68.5 70.5

86.0 89.4 92.2 95.0 97.4 99.6

86.7 90.0 92.5 95.4 97.8 100.0

2.8 3.5 3.9 3.9 3.6

4.3 3.7 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.3 3.7 3.5 3.7 4.0 3.8 2.8 3.1 2.5 2.2

White-Collar Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

56.6 59.3 61.7 63.9 66.1

57.4 60.0 62.1 64.4 66.6

58.1 60.6 62.6 65.0 67.2

58.4 61.0 63.1 65.4 67.5

4.8 4.5 3.4 3.6 3.2

59.4 61.9 64.1 65.8 67.9

60.2 62.6 64.4 66.3 68.4

60.8 63.2 64.8 67.0 69.0

61.2 63.5 65.2 67.4 69.3

4.3 3.8 2.7 3.4 2.8

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

81.2 84.7 88.1 91.5 94.8 98.2

82.2 85.6 89.1 92.2 95.6 98.8

83.0 86.3 89.6 93.1 96.5 99.6

83.6 87.1 89.9 93.6 96.9 100.0

4.6 4.2 3.2 4.1 3.5 3.2

84.1 87.4 90.5 93.3 95.9 98.3

85.1 88.2 91.5 94.0 96.5 98.9

85.9 88.8 91.8 94.8 97.4 99.5

86.4 89.6 92.0 95.2 97.5 100.0

4.0 3.7 2.7 3.5 2.4 2.6

69.1 71.4 73.5 76.4 79.0

69.6 71.7 74.3 76.7 79.7

70.9 73.6 76.1 79.3 82.1

71.4 73.8 76.9 79.7 82.8

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

White-Collar Occupations, Excluding Sales Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

1Excludes farm and household workers.

68.2 70.2 72.4 75.1 77.5

56.4 59.1 61.5 64.0 66.2 68.3 70.3 72.3 75.1 77.3 80.8 84.6 88.0 91.5 94.8 98.4

68.7 70.7 73.0 75.8 78.4

57.0 59.7 62.0 64.5 66.7 68.7 70.7 72.9 75.7 78.2 81.8 85.5 88.9 92.2 95.6 99.1

69.1 71.3 73.6 76.8 79.2

57.8 60.5 62.6 65.0 67.3

82.7 86.3 89.4 93.1 96.4 99.6

69.4 71.7 74.4 77.3 79.9

58.2 61.0 63.1 65.4 67.7

83.3 87.0 89.7 93.6 97.1 100.0

2.8 3.3 3.8 3.9 3.4

5.2 4.8 3.4 3.6 3.5 2.8 3.0 3.6 3.2 3.9 4.5 4.4 3.1 4.3 3.7 3.0

69.8 72.2 74.7 77.9 80.5

59.2 61.7 63.9 66.0 67.9 70.1 72.3 74.6 77.8 80.4 83.7 87.3 90.5 93.3 95.9 98.5

70.4 72.9 75.3 78.6 81.5

59.8 62.3 64.3 66.4 68.4 70.4 72.8 75.3 78.4 81.3 84.7 88.1 91.3 94.0 96.5 99.1

70.9 73.4 76.1 79.7 82.3

60.6 63.0 64.9 67.0 69.0

85.5 88.8 91.7 94.8 97.3 99.5

71.3 73.8 77.0 80.3 83.1

61.0 63.5 65.3 67.4 69.4

86.2 89.5 92.0 95.3 97.8 100.0

2.9 3.5 4.3 4.3 3.5

4.8 4.1 2.8 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.4 4.2 3.6 3.9 4.1 3.8 2.8 3.6 2.6 2.2

272 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Professional Specialty and Technical Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

57.2 60.0 62.8 65.6 67.9

57.7 60.5 63.4 66.1 68.3

58.6 61.5 64.3 66.6 68.8

59.2 62.1 64.9 67.0 69.1

5.5 4.9 4.5 3.2 3.1

60.6 63.2 65.8 68.2 70.1

61.0 63.8 66.4 68.7 70.6

62.0 64.7 67.2 69.2 71.2

62.6 65.2 67.6 69.6 71.6

4.9 4.2 3.7 3.0 2.9

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

80.9 85.2 88.0 90.7 94.5 98.5

82.1 85.8 88.6 91.4 95.2 99.0

82.9 86.8 89.2 92.3 96.3 99.7

83.8 87.4 89.6 92.9 97.1 100.0

4.9 4.3 2.5 3.7 4.5 3.0

84.5 88.6 91.3 92.9 95.9 98.7

85.8 89.2 91.7 93.5 96.4 99.0

86.5 90.2 92.1 94.4 97.6 99.7

87.5 90.8 92.3 94.9 97.8 100.0

4.3 3.8 1.7 2.8 3.1 2.2

68.0 70.6 72.9 76.5 79.6

68.4 70.8 74.1 76.4 80.4

68.7 71.8 74.4 78.5 81.5

69.3 72.0 75.6 78.2 82.2

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Executive, Administrative, and Managerial Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Sales Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Administrative Support Occupations, Including Clerical Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

1Excludes farm and household workers.

69.6 71.7 73.4 75.6 77.9

55.9 58.7 60.8 62.8 64.9 67.3 69.0 71.7 75.1 77.5 81.5 84.8 88.6 92.8 95.3 98.7 58.0 60.5 62.5 63.2 65.6 67.3 69.9 72.8 75.8 78.2 83.4 85.3 88.3 91.5 94.7 96.9

70.0 72.3 74.1 76.3 78.5

56.8 59.5 61.0 63.2 65.4 67.6 69.4 72.2 75.5 78.6 82.3 85.9 89.8 93.3 96.0 99.3 59.1 61.5 62.8 63.7 66.5 68.5 71.1 73.2 76.9 79.8 84.2 86.5 90.5 92.4 95.9 97.6

70.5 72.6 74.5 77.2 79.1

57.5 60.1 61.4 63.7 66.1

70.8 72.9 75.1 77.7 79.9

57.8 60.5 61.7 64.1 66.5

83.2 86.4 90.0 94.3 96.6 99.6

83.7 87.2 90.1 94.8 97.1 100.0

69.0 70.9 74.0 78.6 80.7

69.0 71.7 74.7 79.8 81.4

59.3 61.5 62.6 64.7 66.7

59.4 61.4 63.0 65.2 67.0

84.7 86.8 90.5 93.6 96.9 99.1

84.8 87.7 90.6 93.6 96.0 100.0

2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 2.8

5.7 4.7 2.0 3.9 3.7 2.9 3.5 4.7 3.1 5.2 4.1 4.2 3.3 5.2 2.4 3.0 2.8 3.4 2.6 3.5 2.8 3.0 3.9 4.2 6.8 2.0 4.2 3.4 3.3 3.3 2.6 4.2

72.0 74.4 76.3 79.1 81.9

57.5 60.2 62.1 63.9 65.6 67.9 70.1 72.9 76.7 79.0 83.1 86.1 89.8 94.2 96.2 98.7 60.7 62.7 64.4 64.9 67.4 68.6 71.6 75.0 78.2 80.6 86.1 87.6 90.2 92.8 95.5 96.8

72.5 75.0 77.1 79.8 82.6

58.4 60.9 62.4 64.2 66.1 68.2 70.6 73.6 77.2 80.3 83.9 87.1 91.1 94.8 96.8 99.3 61.8 63.7 64.7 65.5 68.2 70.1 73.0 75.3 79.4 82.5 86.8 89.0 92.2 93.5 96.2 97.5

73.0 75.5 77.9 80.8 83.1

59.1 61.6 62.6 64.7 66.8

73.4 75.7 78.5 81.4 83.9

59.5 62.0 63.0 65.1 67.1

84.8 87.5 91.5 95.7 97.4 99.5

85.2 88.3 91.6 96.0 97.8 100.0

70.8 72.8 76.2 81.5 83.4

70.7 73.9 77.2 83.0 84.1

61.9 63.5 64.4 66.8 68.4

61.8 63.4 65.0 67.4 68.5

87.5 88.8 92.1 94.9 97.4 99.2

87.3 89.6 92.1 94.6 96.3 100.0

2.5 3.1 3.7 3.7 3.1

5.3 4.2 1.6 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.9 5.0 3.4 5.1 3.6 3.6 3.7 4.8 1.9 2.2 1.5 2.6 2.5 3.7 1.6 3.2 4.5 4.5 7.5 1.3 3.8 2.6 2.8 2.7 1.8 3.8

55.9 58.3 61.0 63.4 65.8

56.5 59.0 61.4 64.0 66.3

57.1 59.6 62.0 64.6 66.8

57.6 60.1 62.5 65.1 67.1

4.9 4.3 4.0 4.2 3.1

59.2 61.5 63.8 65.8 68.0

59.8 62.1 64.2 66.3 68.5

60.4 62.6 64.7 66.9 69.1

60.8 63.1 65.1 67.4 69.5

4.1 3.8 3.2 3.5 3.1

80.0 83.8 87.4 90.7 94.5 98.1

80.8 84.6 88.1 91.7 95.6 98.9

81.7 85.6 88.9 92.5 96.3 99.5

82.3 86.3 89.5 92.9 97.0 100.0

4.8 4.9 3.7 3.8 4.4 3.1

83.4 87.0 90.4 92.9 95.5 98.3

84.3 87.8 91.0 93.7 96.3 99.0

85.2 88.7 91.6 94.3 97.0 99.5

85.8 89.4 92.2 94.7 97.6 100.0

4.4 4.2 3.1 2.7 3.1 2.5

67.9 69.8 71.8 74.2 76.5

68.3 70.2 72.3 74.9 77.1

68.8 70.9 72.9 75.5 77.8

69.2 71.1 73.5 75.9 78.5

3.1 2.7 3.4 3.3 3.4

70.2 72.3 74.6 77.3 80.2

70.6 72.7 75.3 78.1 80.8

71.0 73.4 75.9 78.8 81.5

71.6 73.8 76.5 79.4 82.2

3.0 3.1 3.7 3.8 3.5

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 273 Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Blue-Collar Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

59.1 61.6 64.2 66.6 68.7

59.8 62.2 64.7 67.2 69.2

60.3 62.9 65.2 67.8 69.8

60.7 63.4 65.6 68.1 70.0

4.3 4.4 3.5 3.8 2.8

62.7 64.9 66.9 68.6 70.5

63.3 65.5 67.4 69.1 71.1

63.8 65.9 67.8 69.6 71.7

64.2 66.4 68.1 70.0 72.0

3.5 3.4 2.6 2.8 2.9

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

81.4 84.6 87.7 91.2 95.3 98.3

82.2 85.2 88.5 92.1 96.3 99.1

83.0 86.2 89.2 92.9 97.1 99.7

83.6 86.7 89.8 93.4 97.5 100.0

4.2 3.7 3.6 4.0 4.4 2.6

84.9 88.2 91.3 93.7 95.9 98.1

85.7 89.0 92.1 94.3 96.6 98.9

86.6 90.0 92.6 94.9 97.3 99.5

87.1 90.5 93.0 95.2 97.6 100.0

3.7 3.9 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.5

71.2 72.8 74.8 76.9 79.3

71.4 73.3 74.9 77.3 79.8

73.9 75.9 78.3 80.8 83.5

74.2 76.4 78.6 81.2 84.0

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Precision Production, Craft, and Repair Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Machine Operator, Assembler, and Inspector Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Transportation and Material Moving Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

1Excludes farm and household workers.

70.5 72.3 74.0 76.0 78.1

58.7 61.3 63.7 66.2 68.3 70.1 71.8 73.6 75.5 77.9 80.8 84.4 87.3 90.9 94.9 98.3 59.1 61.7 64.9 67.1 69.1 70.8 72.4 74.1 76.1 78.2 82.1 84.5 87.5 91.1 96.1 98.7 61.7 63.6 66.0 68.1 70.9 72.8 74.1 75.4 77.3 78.7 82.2 85.3 88.9 91.6 94.8 97.9

71.0 72.8 74.7 76.7 78.9

59.5 62.0 64.2 66.8 68.8 70.6 72.5 74.3 76.3 78.6 81.8 85.0 88.4 92.0 96.0 99.3 59.8 62.3 65.3 67.8 69.6 71.1 73.0 74.8 76.8 78.9 82.6 85.0 88.1 91.8 97.2 99.0 62.4 64.4 66.6 68.9 71.2 73.2 74.6 75.8 77.7 79.9 82.9 86.1 89.5 92.8 96.1 99.1

71.4 73.1 75.2 77.2 79.6

60.0 62.7 64.9 67.4 69.6

71.7 73.6 75.5 77.6 80.2

60.3 63.0 65.3 67.5 69.6

82.8 86.2 89.1 92.6 96.6 99.7

83.3 86.6 89.6 93.2 97.2 100.0

71.3 73.3 75.3 77.3 79.7

71.9 73.8 75.8 77.9 80.6

60.3 63.0 65.5 68.4 70.0

60.9 63.6 66.0 68.8 70.3

83.2 85.7 88.5 92.6 98.1 99.7

83.6 86.3 89.3 93.0 98.3 100.0

73.5 74.7 76.6 78.2 80.4

73.6 74.9 77.1 78.2 80.9

62.7 64.8 67.3 69.3 71.9

83.7 87.1 90.3 93.7 96.8 99.9

63.1 65.2 67.6 70.0 72.1

84.4 87.5 90.8 93.8 97.1 100.0

2.4 2.6 2.6 2.8 3.4

4.1 4.5 3.7 3.4 3.1 2.6 2.7 2.2 3.2 3.2 4.4 4.0 3.5 4.0 4.3 2.9 5.0 4.4 3.8 4.2 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.8 3.5 3.7 3.2 3.5 4.1 5.7 1.7 4.1 3.3 3.7 3.6 3.0 2.1 1.8 2.9 1.4 3.5 4.3 3.7 3.8 3.3 3.5 3.0

72.6 74.7 76.9 79.4 81.9

62.6 64.9 66.8 68.7 70.6 72.6 74.8 76.8 79.3 82.0 84.9 88.3 91.1 93.7 96.0 98.0 62.3 64.8 67.0 68.4 70.3 72.3 74.6 76.9 79.6 82.0 85.1 88.0 91.0 93.5 95.9 98.3 64.6 66.2 68.1 69.7 71.9 74.1 76.0 77.5 79.8 81.8 85.0 88.4 91.8 93.7 95.3 97.8

73.3 75.5 77.7 80.1 82.7

63.3 65.4 67.3 69.2 71.2 73.2 75.6 77.8 80.1 82.8 85.9 89.0 92.2 94.5 96.7 99.0 63.0 65.3 67.5 68.8 70.9 73.1 75.3 77.7 80.2 82.6 85.6 88.8 91.7 93.9 96.6 99.0 65.3 66.9 68.6 70.5 72.2 74.7 76.4 77.9 80.1 83.0 85.7 89.2 92.0 94.4 96.2 98.9

73.7 75.8 78.3 80.8 83.5

63.8 65.9 67.8 69.8 72.0

74.1 76.3 78.8 81.3 84.0

64.1 66.2 68.1 70.1 72.0

86.7 90.2 92.7 95.0 97.3 99.5

87.2 90.7 93.0 95.4 97.6 100.0

73.4 75.8 78.3 80.9 83.6

73.9 76.4 79.0 81.6 84.3

63.4 65.7 67.5 69.3 71.3

64.0 66.4 68.0 69.9 71.8

86.4 89.5 91.9 94.8 97.7 99.5

86.9 90.1 92.6 94.9 97.7 100.0

75.1 76.7 78.6 80.9 83.6

75.2 76.7 79.3 81.0 84.1

65.7 67.2 69.3 70.8 73.0

86.5 90.1 92.7 94.9 96.9 99.7

66.0 67.6 69.5 71.4 73.3

87.2 90.5 93.1 94.9 97.1 100.0

2.9 3.0 3.3 3.2 3.3

3.2 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.3 3.4 3.8 4.0 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.5 4.2 3.8 2.4 2.8 2.7 2.9 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.7 2.8 2.5 3.0 2.4 3.0 2.4 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.0 3.4 2.1 3.8 3.7 3.8 2.9 1.9 2.3 3.0

274 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Handler, Equipment Cleaner, Helper, and Laborer Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

57.5 60.0 62.5 64.8 66.7

58.1 60.7 62.9 65.3 67.4

58.7 61.3 63.6 65.7 68.1

59.2 61.8 64.0 66.1 68.2

4.4 4.4 3.6 3.3 3.2

61.2 63.8 65.8 67.5 69.3

62.1 64.5 66.2 68.0 69.7

62.6 64.9 66.6 68.3 70.1

63.1 65.3 66.9 68.8 70.7

4.1 3.5 2.5 2.8 2.8

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

81.2 84.5 88.1 91.5 95.3 98.2

82.2 85.1 88.7 92.6 96.1 98.7

82.9 86.0 89.6 93.6 96.7 99.4

83.5 86.8 90.4 94.1 97.3 100.0

4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.4 2.8

84.3 88.0 91.7 94.2 96.2 98.5

85.4 89.1 92.2 94.5 96.7 98.6

86.2 89.8 92.7 95.1 97.3 99.3

86.9 90.6 93.5 95.5 97.8 100.0

4.1 4.3 3.2 2.1 2.4 2.2

71.8 73.3 76.6 79.0 81.2

72.1 74.2 77.2 79.4 82.1

73.6 75.6 79.2 81.9 84.1

74.0 76.6 79.9 82.4 85.1

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Service Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Production and Nonsupervisory Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

WORKERS BY INDUSTRY DIVISION

68.9 71.3 73.7 76.0 78.2

59.8 62.3 65.3 67.5 69.4 71.0 72.4 74.7 77.9 80.3 82.8 86.4 90.0 93.1 96.1 98.4 58.3 60.9 63.5 65.7 67.8 69.8 71.7 73.7 76.1 78.3 81.7 85.1 88.3 91.4 95.2 98.1

69.5 71.8 74.0 76.4 79.0

60.4 63.3 65.7 67.9 69.7 71.4 72.8 75.4 78.3 80.9 83.7 87.1 90.6 93.6 96.8 99.0 59.1 61.6 64.0 66.3 68.4 70.3 72.3 74.3 76.8 79.1 82.6 85.8 89.2 92.2 96.1 98.8

69.9 72.1 74.5 76.9 79.5

60.9 64.2 66.4 68.5 70.1

70.4 72.9 75.4 77.2 80.1

61.8 64.7 66.7 68.8 70.8

84.4 87.9 91.5 94.3 97.2 99.5

85.3 89.1 92.0 94.9 97.7 100.0

70.7 72.6 74.9 77.6 79.8

71.0 73.1 75.4 78.1 80.4

59.6 62.3 64.5 66.9 68.9

60.1 62.7 64.9 67.3 69.2

83.4 86.7 89.8 93.1 96.9 99.6

84.0 87.4 90.2 93.6 97.2 100.0

3.2 3.6 3.4 2.4 3.8

4.7 4.7 3.1 3.1 2.9 1.8 2.9 4.0 2.8 3.4 3.9 4.5 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.4 4.3 4.3 3.5 3.7 2.8 2.6 3.0 3.1 3.6 2.9 4.5 4.0 3.2 3.8 3.8 2.9

71.4 73.8 76.3 79.2 81.6

62.8 65.1 67.8 69.2 70.9 72.8 74.5 77.1 80.5 83.3 85.9 89.2 92.6 94.8 96.5 98.4 61.6 63.8 66.0 67.7 69.6 71.5 73.8 76.2 78.9 81.6 84.8 88.1 91.1 93.3 95.9 98.2

72.1 74.4 76.9 79.5 82.2

63.5 66.0 68.0 69.5 71.2 73.1 75.0 77.8 81.0 84.0 86.8 89.9 93.1 95.1 97.1 98.9 62.2 64.5 66.4 68.1 70.1 72.2 74.5 76.8 79.7 82.5 85.7 88.9 91.9 93.9 96.5 98.7

72.2 74.8 77.4 80.3 82.9

63.9 66.9 68.6 70.0 71.7

72.9 75.6 78.4 80.7 83.5

64.8 67.4 68.8 70.3 72.4

87.4 90.6 93.8 95.7 97.4 99.5

88.3 91.8 94.1 96.2 97.9 100.0

72.7 74.9 77.6 80.7 83.1

73.0 75.5 78.3 81.4 83.8

62.8 65.0 66.8 68.8 70.7

63.2 65.4 67.2 69.2 71.1

86.5 89.7 92.3 94.7 97.3 99.5

87.1 90.4 92.6 95.1 97.5 100.0

3.1 3.7 3.7 2.9 3.5

4.0 4.0 2.1 2.2 3.0 2.2 3.5 4.3 3.1 3.3 3.8 4.0 2.5 2.2 1.8 2.1 3.6 3.5 2.8 3.0 2.7 2.7 3.4 3.7 4.0 2.9 3.9 3.8 2.4 2.7 2.5 2.6

Goods-Producing Industries2 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

57.7 60.2 63.0 65.5 67.6

58.4 61.0 63.5 66.1 68.3

59.0 61.6 64.0 66.6 68.8

59.4 62.1 64.5 67.0 69.0

4.8 4.5 3.9 3.9 3.0

61.8 64.1 66.4 68.2 70.1

62.5 64.7 66.8 68.6 70.7

63.0 65.2 67.2 69.1 71.3

63.4 65.8 67.6 69.6 71.7

3.6 3.8 2.7 3.0 3.0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

80.4 83.7 86.7 90.5 94.6 98.2

81.4 84.5 87.5 91.3 95.4 99.1

82.1 85.0 88.1 92.0 96.2 99.8

82.6 85.7 88.9 92.4 96.8 100.0

4.4 3.8 3.7 3.9 4.8 3.3

84.7 88.1 90.9 93.7 95.9 98.1

85.7 89.1 91.8 94.4 96.5 98.8

86.5 89.6 92.3 94.9 97.3 99.5

87.1 90.2 92.9 95.1 97.4 100.0

3.9 3.6 3.0 2.4 2.4 2.7

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

1Excludes farm and household workers. 2Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

69.6 71.2 73.0 75.0 77.1

69.9 71.8 73.7 75.6 77.7

70.2 72.2 74.2 76.1 78.3

70.7 72.7 74.5 76.5 79.1

2.5 2.8 2.5 2.7 3.4

72.2 74.3 76.4 79.1 81.7

72.8 75.0 77.3 79.9 82.3

73.2 75.6 77.9 80.5 83.0

73.7 76.0 78.3 81.1 83.8

2.8 3.1 3.0 3.6 3.3

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 275 Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Goods-Producing Industries, Excluding Sales Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

57.9 60.4 63.2 65.7 67.7

58.6 61.2 63.6 66.2 68.3

59.1 61.8 64.2 66.7 68.8

59.6 62.3 64.6 66.9 69.1

4.6 4.5 3.7 3.6 3.3

62.1 64.4 66.6 68.4 70.2

62.8 65.0 67.0 68.8 70.8

63.3 65.5 67.5 69.3 71.4

63.7 66.1 67.9 69.7 71.8

3.6 3.8 2.7 2.7 3.0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

80.4 83.7 86.7 90.5 94.6 98.3

81.3 84.4 87.5 91.3 95.4 99.2

82.1 85.0 88.0 92.0 96.2 99.8

82.6 85.7 88.7 92.5 96.8 100.0

4.6 3.8 3.5 4.3 4.6 3.3

84.7 88.2 91.0 93.7 96.0 98.1

85.7 89.1 91.7 94.3 96.6 98.9

86.4 89.6 92.2 94.9 97.2 99.6

87.2 90.2 92.8 95.2 97.4 100.0

4.2 3.4 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.7

68.8 71.0 72.8 75.0 77.2

69.2 71.3 73.1 75.3 78.1

72.9 75.3 77.5 80.5 83.0

73.4 75.6 77.9 81.0 83.8

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Goods-Producing Industries, White-Collar Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Goods-Producing Industries, White-Collar Occupations, Excluding Sales Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Goods-Producing Industries, Blue-Collar Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

1Excludes farm and household workers.

69.6 71.3 73.1 75.0 77.1

55.9 58.4 61.0 63.7 66.0 68.3 69.8 71.7 73.9 76.1 79.5 82.9 85.9 90.1 93.1 97.8

70.0 71.9 73.7 75.6 77.6

56.5 59.1 61.5 64.2 66.7 68.5 70.3 72.4 74.5 76.6 80.6 84.0 86.9 90.8 93.8 98.9

70.3 72.4 74.2 76.1 78.3

57.3 59.7 62.0 64.7 67.1

70.8 72.7 74.5 76.5 79.0

57.6 60.3 62.6 65.0 67.6

81.2 84.2 87.4 91.3 94.7 99.8

81.5 84.9 88.2 91.5 95.4 100.0

2.5 2.7 2.5 2.7 3.3

5.3 4.7 3.8 3.8 4.0 2.4 3.0 2.5 3.0 3.7 4.4 4.2 3.9 3.7 4.3 4.8

72.3 74.4 76.6 79.1 81.7

60.6 62.9 65.4 67.6 69.8 72.1 73.9 76.2 79.1 81.7 84.9 88.2 90.8 93.7 95.6 98.0

72.9 75.1 77.3 79.9 82.3

61.3 63.6 65.9 68.2 70.5 72.5 74.6 77.0 79.8 82.3 86.0 89.2 91.7 94.6 96.4 98.7

73.3 75.8 77.9 80.5 83.1

61.9 64.1 66.3 68.7 70.9

73.8 76.1 78.4 81.0 83.7

62.3 64.7 66.9 69.2 71.5

86.6 89.4 92.3 94.8 97.2 99.6

87.1 90.0 92.9 95.0 97.2 100.0

2.8 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.3

4.4 3.9 3.4 3.4 3.3 2.7 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.5 3.9 3.3 3.2 2.3 2.3 2.9

56.3 58.8 61.3 64.0 66.0

57.0 59.6 61.7 64.5 66.7

57.6 60.2 62.4 64.8 67.2

58.0 60.8 62.9 65.0 67.7

4.9 4.8 3.5 3.3 4.2

61.3 63.6 66.1 68.2 69.9

62.0 64.4 66.5 68.6 70.5

62.7 65.0 67.0 69.1 71.1

63.0 65.6 67.5 69.3 71.7

4.1 4.1 2.9 2.7 3.5

79.4 82.9 85.8 90.1 93.3 98.0

80.4 84.0 86.8 90.7 93.9 99.1

81.0 84.1 87.3 91.3 94.5 100.1

81.5 84.8 87.9 91.7 95.6 100.0

4.5 4.0 3.7 4.3 4.3 4.6

85.0 88.4 90.7 93.8 95.8 98.1

86.0 89.3 91.7 94.5 96.6 98.9

86.6 89.5 92.2 94.9 97.1 99.7

87.4 90.0 92.8 95.2 97.4 100.0

4.2 3.0 3.1 2.6 2.3 2.7

70.9 72.9 74.6 76.4 78.5

71.3 73.2 75.2 76.9 79.2

71.7 73.6 75.4 77.4 79.9

72.3 74.5 76.7 79.2 81.7

73.0 75.3 77.5 79.9 82.4

73.5 75.8 78.1 80.5 83.1

73.9 76.3 78.6 81.1 83.7

68.4 70.1 71.8 73.8 76.1

59.0 61.6 64.4 66.8 68.8 70.5 72.2 73.9 75.8 77.9 81.1 84.2 87.2 90.8 95.5 98.5

68.6 70.5 72.5 74.4 76.5

59.7 62.3 64.8 67.4 69.4

82.0 84.8 87.9 91.7 96.4 99.2

68.9 71.2 72.9 74.9 77.2

60.2 62.9 65.4 67.9 69.9

82.8 85.6 88.5 92.5 97.3 99.7

69.4 71.6 73.1 75.2 78.0

60.7 63.4 65.8 68.3 70.1

83.4 86.3 89.3 93.1 97.7 100.0

2.5 3.2 2.1 2.9 3.7

4.5 4.4 3.8 3.8 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.4 2.7 3.2 4.4 3.5 3.5 4.3 4.9 2.4

72.3 74.4 76.5 79.1 81.8

62.6 65.0 67.0 68.7 70.4

84.6 88.1 91.1 93.6 96.0 98.1

72.7 75.0 77.2 79.9 82.4

63.4 65.5 67.4 69.0 71.0

85.5 88.9 91.7 94.2 96.5 98.8

73.1 75.8 77.7 80.5 83.1

63.7 65.9 67.8 69.4 71.5

86.4 89.7 92.2 94.9 97.3 99.5

73.7 76.0 78.1 80.9 83.9

64.2 66.5 68.1 69.9 71.9

87.1 90.3 92.9 95.2 97.4 100.0

2.8 3.1 2.8 3.6 3.7

3.5 3.6 2.4 2.6 2.9 2.8 3.2 3.0 3.2 3.2 4.1 3.7 2.9 2.5 2.3 2.7

276 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Construction 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

59.4 61.9 63.7 66.2 68.4

60.1 62.5 64.4 66.9 69.3

60.6 63.0 65.2 67.3 70.0

60.9 63.3 65.6 67.1 69.6

3.2 3.9 3.6 2.3 3.7

63.0 64.9 66.2 67.6 69.3

63.6 65.4 66.6 68.2 70.2

63.9 65.7 67.1 68.7 70.8

64.1 66.0 67.3 68.6 70.8

2.1 3.0 2.0 1.9 3.2

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

81.2 85.4 88.8 91.7 94.9 97.5

82.5 86.6 89.5 92.9 95.6 98.6

83.6 87.4 90.1 93.5 96.3 99.7

84.6 88.2 91.0 94.1 96.4 100.0

5.9 4.3 3.2 3.4 2.4 3.7

84.0 87.8 90.8 93.0 95.8 97.4

85.2 88.9 91.5 94.1 96.3 98.3

86.1 89.6 92.0 94.9 97.0 99.4

86.9 90.4 92.8 95.1 97.0 100.0

5.3 4.0 2.7 2.5 2.0 3.1

70.2 72.4 74.2 76.2 78.4

70.8 72.9 74.6 76.6 79.2

73.4 75.9 78.1 80.9 83.4

73.9 76.3 78.6 81.3 84.1

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Manufacturing 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Manufacturing, White-Collar Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Manufacturing, White-Collar Occupations, Excluding Sales Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

1Excludes farm and household workers.

69.8 71.6 73.3 75.3 78.2

57.4 59.9 62.9 65.4 67.6 69.6 71.3 73.1 75.2 77.2 80.5 83.5 86.4 90.5 94.7 98.3 56.1 58.7 61.3 64.0 66.2 68.7 70.4 72.2 74.5 76.5 79.9 83.2 85.8 90.1 93.4 97.8

70.3 72.2 74.2 76.5 78.9

58.1 60.7 63.3 66.0 68.1 70.0 71.9 73.8 75.7 77.7 81.4 84.2 87.2 91.2 95.5 99.1 56.8 59.4 61.8 64.6 66.8 69.0 71.0 72.9 75.0 77.1 81.0 84.1 86.9 91.0 94.2 98.9

71.0 72.6 74.8 76.9 79.5

58.7 61.3 63.8 66.5 68.6

71.1 72.9 74.8 77.4 79.9

59.1 61.9 64.3 66.9 69.0

82.0 84.6 87.8 91.8 96.5 99.7

82.3 85.3 88.5 92.2 96.7 100.0

69.4 71.6 73.2 75.6 77.8

69.8 72.1 73.7 75.8 78.6

57.6 60.0 62.3 65.0 67.4

57.9 60.6 62.9 65.4 68.0

81.7 84.1 87.5 91.4 95.1 99.7

81.7 84.6 88.1 91.5 95.3 100.0

2.2 2.5 2.6 3.5 3.2

5.0 4.7 3.9 4.0 3.1 2.6 3.0 2.3 2.7 3.4 3.9 3.6 3.8 4.2 4.9 3.4 5.3 4.7 3.8 4.0 4.0 2.6 3.3 2.2 2.8 3.7 3.9 3.5 4.1 3.9 4.2 4.9

70.9 73.1 75.4 77.8 80.7

61.4 63.9 66.3 68.2 70.2 72.5 74.6 76.8 79.5 82.0 85.0 88.3 91.0 93.9 95.9 98.3 60.9 63.1 65.7 68.1 70.1 72.7 74.6 76.6 79.6 82.2 85.6 88.7 90.9 94.0 95.8 98.4

71.5 73.9 76.3 79.1 81.5

62.1 64.4 66.7 68.7 70.7 73.1 75.2 77.5 80.0 82.6 85.9 89.2 91.9 94.5 96.6 98.9 61.4 63.8 66.3 68.6 70.8 73.2 75.2 77.4 80.3 83.0 86.7 89.6 91.9 94.8 96.7 99.0

72.1 74.4 77.0 79.4 82.1

62.7 65.0 67.1 69.1 71.3

72.5 74.6 77.1 79.9 82.5

63.1 65.6 67.6 69.7 71.8

86.6 89.6 92.4 94.9 97.4 99.5

87.1 90.2 93.0 95.2 97.5 100.0

73.5 76.1 77.9 81.2 83.7

74.0 76.3 78.4 81.6 84.5

62.1 64.4 66.7 69.1 71.4

62.4 65.0 67.3 69.7 72.0

87.3 89.7 92.5 95.1 97.5 99.7

87.6 90.0 93.1 95.1 97.5 100.0

2.4 2.9 3.4 3.6 3.3

4.1 4.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.0 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.1 2.4 2.4 2.6 4.5 4.2 3.5 3.6 3.3 2.8 3.1 2.8 4.1 3.6 3.7 2.7 3.4 2.1 2.5 2.6

56.7 59.1 61.6 64.4 66.2

57.3 60.0 62.1 64.8 66.8

58.0 60.6 62.7 65.2 67.4

58.4 61.2 63.2 65.4 68.1

5.0 4.8 3.3 3.5 4.1

61.6 63.8 66.3 68.7 70.3

62.2 64.7 66.8 69.0 70.9

62.9 65.3 67.3 69.5 71.6

63.3 65.9 67.9 69.8 72.3

4.3 4.1 3.0 2.8 3.6

79.8 83.0 85.5 90.1 93.5 97.9

80.9 84.0 86.5 90.8 94.2 99.0

81.5 83.9 87.1 91.3 95.0 99.8

81.7 84.4 87.7 91.5 95.3 100.0

4.1 3.3 3.9 4.3 4.2 4.9

85.6 88.8 90.7 93.9 96.0 98.3

86.7 89.6 91.7 94.6 96.8 99.2

87.3 89.6 92.3 95.0 97.4 99.9

87.8 89.9 92.9 95.3 97.6 100.0

3.8 2.4 3.3 2.6 2.4 2.5

68.8 70.6 72.4 74.5 76.4

69.1 71.2 73.0 74.9 77.1

69.5 71.9 73.4 75.5 77.7

70.0 72.3 73.8 75.7 78.5

2.8 3.3 2.1 2.6 3.7

72.9 75.0 77.0 79.7 82.4

73.4 75.6 77.7 80.4 83.1

73.8 76.5 78.2 81.2 83.9

74.3 76.8 78.7 81.7 84.6

2.8 3.4 2.5 3.8 3.5

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 277 Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Manufacturing, Blue-Collar Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

58.4 60.9 64.1 66.5 68.7

59.1 61.7 64.5 67.2 69.2

59.6 62.4 65.0 67.7 69.6

60.2 62.9 65.4 68.1 69.9

5.1 4.5 4.0 4.1 2.6

62.0 64.5 66.8 68.4 70.3

62.7 65.0 67.1 68.8 70.8

63.2 65.5 67.5 69.2 71.3

63.8 66.1 68.0 69.8 71.8

4.1 3.6 2.9 2.6 2.9

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

81.1 83.7 86.8 90.7 95.7 98.7

81.8 84.2 87.5 91.4 96.6 99.2

82.4 85.0 88.0 92.1 97.5 99.7

83.0 85.7 88.9 92.7 97.9 100.0

4.0 3.3 3.7 4.3 5.6 2.1

84.6 88.0 91.2 93.9 96.0 98.3

85.3 88.8 91.8 94.3 96.5 99.0

86.2 89.6 92.2 94.9 97.4 99.5

86.9 90.3 93.0 95.3 97.6 100.0

3.5 3.9 3.0 2.5 2.4 2.5

70.1 72.1 73.8 75.7 77.8

70.5 72.5 74.2 76.1 78.7

73.1 75.6 77.6 80.4 83.1

73.6 76.0 78.0 81.0 83.9

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Manufacturing, Durable Goods 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Aircraft Manufacturing 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Aircraft Manufacturing, White-Collar Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

1Excludes farm and household workers.

70.4 72.1 73.9 75.8 77.8

56.9 59.3 62.4 65.1 67.2 69.4 70.9 72.7 74.6 76.5 80.1 83.0 85.8 89.9 94.3 98.1 44.2 46.2 49.0 52.0 52.9 54.7 57.4 57.5 57.5 58.9 63.3 66.9 70.2 76.7 83.3 98.1 45.4 46.9 49.5 52.3 53.2 55.0 57.4 57.9 58.4 59.6 63.6 68.2 70.8 77.2 84.1 98.8

70.7 72.7 74.6 76.3 78.3

57.5 60.1 62.8 65.6 67.7 69.8 71.7 73.3 75.1 77.1 81.1 83.7 86.6 90.5 95.1 99.1 44.8 46.8 49.9 52.2 53.2 54.9 57.9 58.0 58.2 59.7 64.6 67.2 70.8 77.0 84.2 98.2 45.9 47.6 50.5 52.6 53.7 55.2 58.1 58.5 59.5 60.5 65.4 68.2 71.2 76.9 84.6 99.1

70.9 73.1 75.1 76.8 78.9

58.1 60.8 63.3 66.2 68.4

71.6 73.6 75.4 77.3 79.8

58.6 61.3 63.8 66.6 68.8

81.7 84.2 86.9 91.1 96.1 99.7

82.1 84.9 87.8 91.5 96.4 100.0

55.1 57.9 57.7 58.4 60.2

56.1 57.6 57.4 58.9 61.5

45.5 47.4 50.3 53.1 53.9

45.5 48.1 51.5 52.5 54.1

2.4 2.8 2.4 2.5 3.2

4.8 4.6 4.1 4.4 3.3 2.5 2.8 2.3 2.6 3.4 4.3 3.4 3.4 4.2 5.4 3.7 4.8 5.7 7.1 1.9 3.0

3.7 2.7 -0.3 2.6 4.4

65.4 67.2 70.7 77.3 84.5 98.5

65.1 68.5 72.2 76.3 84.6 100.0

5.9 5.2 5.4 5.7 10.9 18.2

55.4 58.0 58.4 59.6 60.7

56.0 58.0 58.3 59.6 61.5

2.9 3.6 0.5 2.2 3.2

46.5 47.9 50.8 53.4 54.4

65.9 67.8 71.0 77.0 84.7 99.2

46.3 48.6 51.6 52.8 54.4

65.6 69.0 71.7 76.8 84.7 100.0

3.8 5.0 6.2 2.3 3.0

6.7 5.2 3.9 7.1 10.3 18.1

72.4 74.6 76.9 79.5 81.9

61.1 63.5 65.8 67.7 69.7 72.1 74.0 76.3 78.9 81.6 84.6 88.2 91.1 94.0 95.8 98.2 58.1 61.0 63.9 66.3 68.9 70.7 72.6 74.3 76.0 78.4 82.3 86.8 90.8 93.4 96.0 98.8 59.6 61.8 64.1 66.4 68.8 70.5 72.3 74.5 76.5 79.0 82.8 87.3 90.9 93.5 96.0 99.1

73.1 75.4 77.6 80.0 82.5

61.7 64.1 66.2 68.1 70.2 72.7 74.9 77.0 79.6 82.3 85.6 89.1 91.9 94.5 96.4 98.9 59.0 61.8 64.8 66.9 69.4 71.2 73.3 75.1 77.0 79.6 83.6 87.3 91.4 93.9 96.7 99.1 60.5 62.6 65.0 67.1 69.4 70.9 73.4 75.5 77.9 80.4 84.6 87.5 91.1 93.4 96.4 99.3

73.4 75.9 78.2 80.7 83.2

62.3 64.6 66.7 68.6 70.9

74.0 76.5 78.8 81.3 84.0

62.8 65.2 67.1 69.3 71.5

86.4 89.6 92.3 95.0 97.3 99.5

87.2 90.3 93.1 95.2 97.5 100.0

71.7 73.5 75.0 77.2 80.3

72.1 73.7 75.4 77.8 80.8

59.5 62.4 65.3 67.8 69.8

60.2 63.4 66.0 68.4 70.2

84.4 88.1 91.4 94.2 97.0 99.4

85.3 89.1 91.8 94.4 97.1 100.0

71.5 73.5 75.3 78.0 80.6

71.8 73.7 75.6 78.4 81.1

60.7 62.9 65.4 68.0 69.8

85.1 87.9 90.9 93.4 96.6 99.4

61.2 63.5 65.9 68.4 70.0

85.2 88.7 91.0 93.6 96.7 100.0

3.1 3.4 3.0 3.2 3.3

4.1 3.8 2.9 3.3 3.2 2.9 3.3 2.6 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.6 3.1 2.3 2.4 2.6 4.7 5.3 4.1 3.6 2.6 2.7 2.2 2.3 3.2 3.9 5.6 4.5 3.0 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.8 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.6 3.7 3.4 5.1 4.1 2.6 2.9 3.3 3.4

278 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Aircraft Manufacturing, Blue-Collar Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

42.5 45.2 48.2 51.5 52.2

43.3 45.8 49.0 51.5 52.5

43.9 46.5 49.5 52.5 53.1

44.2 47.4 51.1 51.8 53.5

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

62.9 64.6 68.8 75.7 81.6 96.7

63.2 65.3 69.7 76.7 83.1 96.8

64.4 65.9 70.0 77.3 84.1 97.2

70.5 72.9 75.0 77.2 79.4

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Manufacturing, Nondurable Goods 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Service-Producing Industries3 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Service-Producing Industries, Excluding Sales Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

54.1 57.2 56.8 55.7 57.6

58.4 61.0 63.8 66.1 68.3 69.9 72.0 73.9 76.2 78.3 81.3 84.4 87.5 91.5 95.6 98.6 57.6 60.2 62.6 64.6 66.8 68.8 70.8 73.0 75.9 78.2 81.8 85.3 88.7 91.9 95.2 98.3 57.3 60.0 62.5 64.7 67.0 69.0 70.9 73.0 75.8 78.2 81.5 85.3 88.8 91.9 95.2 98.5

54.3 57.5 57.0 55.9 58.1

59.2 61.7 64.3 66.7 68.9 70.3 72.3 74.6 76.7 78.7 81.9 85.0 88.3 92.5 96.3 99.2 58.4 60.9 63.0 65.1 67.3 69.3 71.4 73.5 76.5 79.2 82.7 86.2 89.8 92.7 96.2 98.8 58.0 60.7 62.9 65.3 67.4 69.4 71.3 73.6 76.4 79.1 82.5 86.1 89.6 92.7 96.1 99.0

54.4 57.6 56.6 56.2 59.4

59.8 62.4 64.7 67.1 69.1

57.1 60.7 64.4 66.4 69.2

57.6 61.7 65.0 67.4 69.6

58.8 63.1 65.9 68.4 70.4

6.5 7.3 4.4 3.8 2.9

64.0 67.5 72.7 75.1 84.5 100.0

3.9 5.5 7.7 3.3 12.5 18.3

81.2 85.7 90.4 92.8 95.4 98.3

81.3 86.7 91.7 94.4 96.6 98.8

82.9 88.2 92.1 95.1 97.9 99.5

85.2 89.5 92.6 95.3 98.0 100.0

6.2 5.0 3.5 2.9 2.8 2.0

71.2 73.5 75.4 77.5 80.1

2.6 3.2 2.6 2.8 3.4

73.9 76.5 78.8 81.5 83.8

74.6 77.0 79.5 82.0 84.5

56.0 56.8 55.7 57.6 61.6

60.2 63.0 65.2 67.5 69.4

69.8 71.9 74.3 77.5 80.0

70.0 72.3 75.1 78.0 80.6

59.4 61.9 63.9 66.2 68.1

83.6 87.1 90.3 93.7 96.9 99.5

84.2 87.8 90.5 94.2 97.3 100.0

69.9 71.9 74.2 77.3 79.8

70.2 72.2 75.1 77.6 80.5

83.4 87.1 90.2 93.7 96.9 99.5

June

55.9 59.9 63.6 66.3 68.8

82.8 85.9 89.9 93.4 97.4 100.0

58.7 61.4 63.5 65.8 68.0

March

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

5.7 7.2 7.8 1.4 3.3

82.7 85.2 89.3 93.1 97.1 99.7 58.9 61.6 63.5 65.8 67.9

Wages and salaries

Indexes

59.2 61.9 64.0 66.3 68.3

84.0 87.7 90.5 94.2 97.4 100.0

4.7 1.4 -1.9 3.4 6.9

5.2 4.7 3.5 3.5 2.8

3.4 3.7 4.7 3.9 4.3 2.7 4.6 4.2 3.2 3.6 2.9 2.8 3.3 3.9 3.9 3.3 4.5 4.3 3.1 4.1 3.3 2.8 5.2 4.6 3.4 3.6 3.0 2.8 2.8 4.0 3.3 3.7 4.3 4.4 3.2 4.1 3.4 2.7

71.0 72.8 73.6 74.9 77.3

62.1 64.5 67.0 69.2 70.9 73.1 75.4 77.5 80.5 82.7 85.6 88.4 91.1 93.9 96.2 98.6 60.1 62.5 64.6 66.3 68.2 70.2 72.5 75.0 78.2 80.8 84.4 87.6 90.8 93.4 96.0 98.3 59.8 62.3 64.5 66.4 68.4 70.4 72.6 75.0 78.2 80.9 84.0 87.5 90.9 93.5 96.0 98.6

1Excludes farm and household workers. 3Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries.

71.4 72.9 74.2 75.1 77.8

62.8 65.1 67.6 69.7 71.6 73.7 75.8 78.3 80.9 83.2 86.3 89.3 91.8 94.6 96.9 99.1 60.8 63.2 65.0 66.7 68.8 70.7 73.2 75.7 78.9 81.9 85.2 88.4 91.7 94.1 96.6 98.9 60.4 62.9 64.9 66.9 68.8 70.9 73.2 75.7 78.8 81.8 85.0 88.3 91.7 94.2 96.6 99.1

71.7 73.3 74.0 75.4 79.6

63.4 65.6 67.9 70.1 72.1

72.2 73.3 74.7 76.6 80.2

63.7 66.3 68.5 70.4 72.4

86.9 89.5 92.6 94.9 97.6 99.7

87.2 90.0 93.0 95.1 97.7 100.0

71.3 73.7 76.5 80.0 82.7

71.7 74.2 77.4 80.5 83.4

61.5 63.8 65.3 67.4 69.3

61.8 64.1 65.7 67.8 69.6

86.0 89.1 92.1 95.0 97.4 99.5

86.6 89.9 92.3 95.3 97.7 100.0

71.4 73.8 76.5 79.8 82.5

71.8 74.2 77.4 80.1 83.2

61.2 63.6 65.4 67.4 69.5

85.8 89.2 92.1 95.0 97.5 99.5

61.7 64.0 65.8 67.9 69.8

86.4 89.9 92.3 95.4 97.9 100.0

2.6 1.5 1.9 2.5 4.7

4.4 4.1 3.3 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.3 2.3 2.7 2.4 3.9 3.7 2.5 3.2 2.7 3.0 3.5 4.3 4.0 3.6 3.8 3.8 2.7 3.3 2.5 2.4 4.8 3.7 2.8 3.2 2.8 2.9 3.3 4.3 3.5 3.9 3.8 4.1 2.7 3.4 2.6 2.1

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 279 Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Service-Producing Industries, White-Collar Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

57.0 59.7 62.0 63.9 66.2

57.7 60.4 62.4 64.4 66.7

58.4 61.0 62.9 65.1 67.2

58.8 61.3 63.3 65.5 67.5

4.8 4.3 3.3 3.5 3.1

59.2 61.8 63.8 65.4 67.4

60.0 62.5 64.1 65.8 67.9

60.6 63.0 64.5 66.6 68.5

61.0 63.3 64.9 67.0 68.8

4.1 3.8 2.5 3.2 2.7

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

81.7 85.2 88.7 91.8 95.2 98.3

82.6 86.1 89.7 92.6 96.1 98.9

83.5 87.0 90.1 93.7 97.0 99.5

84.1 87.7 90.3 94.1 97.3 100.0

4.6 4.3 3.0 4.2 3.4 2.8

83.9 87.1 90.4 93.1 95.9 98.3

84.9 88.0 91.4 93.8 96.5 98.9

85.7 88.7 91.7 94.9 97.4 99.5

86.2 89.4 91.8 95.2 97.6 100.0

4.0 3.7 2.7 3.7 2.5 2.5

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Service-Producing Industries, White-Collar Occupations, Excluding Sales Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Service-Producing Industries, Blue-Collar Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Service-Producing Industries, Service Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

1Excludes farm and household workers.

68.2 70.3 72.6 75.5 77.8

68.7 70.9 73.1 76.2 78.9

69.2 71.4 73.8 77.2 79.8

69.5 71.7 74.7 77.8 80.4

3.0 3.2 4.2 4.1 3.3

69.3 71.8 74.3 77.5 80.2

69.9 72.5 75.0 78.3 81.3

70.4 73.0 75.8 79.5 82.2

70.9 73.4 76.7 80.1 82.9

3.1 3.5 4.5 4.4 3.5

56.4 59.2 61.7 64.0 66.3

57.1 59.8 62.1 64.5 66.7

57.9 60.6 62.8 65.1 67.4

58.4 61.1 63.1 65.6 67.6

5.6 4.6 3.3 4.0 3.0

58.5 61.2 63.4 65.4 67.5

59.2 61.8 63.8 65.9 67.9

60.0 62.5 64.3 66.4 68.5

60.5 62.9 64.7 66.9 68.9

5.0 4.0 2.9 3.4 3.0

81.2 85.1 88.7 91.8 95.2 98.6

82.2 86.0 89.5 92.6 96.1 99.0

83.2 87.0 90.0 93.6 97.0 99.5

83.8 87.7 90.3 94.2 97.5 100.0

4.5 4.7 3.0 4.3 3.5 2.6

83.4 87.0 90.5 93.2 96.0 98.7

84.4 87.8 91.1 93.9 96.6 99.2

85.3 88.7 91.7 94.9 97.5 99.5

85.9 89.5 91.8 95.3 97.9 100.0

4.0 4.2 2.6 3.8 2.7 2.1

71.6 73.0 75.1 77.6 80.4

71.6 73.5 75.6 77.9 80.8

74.2 75.9 78.4 81.1 83.9

74.4 76.5 79.0 81.4 84.4

68.3 70.3 72.4 75.4 77.7

59.3 61.6 63.8 66.0 68.4 70.5 72.3 74.1 76.3 78.7 81.9 85.3 88.5 91.7 94.8 98.2 60.1 62.7 65.6 67.6 69.5 71.1 72.5 74.9 78.1 80.6 83.1 86.5 90.2 93.2 96.1 98.4

68.7 70.8 73.0 76.0 78.6

60.0 62.2 64.5 66.7 68.8 71.1 72.8 74.6 76.9 79.6 82.7 85.9 89.7 92.9 96.1 99.1 60.7 63.6 66.0 68.1 69.8 71.5 72.9 75.5 78.5 81.3 83.9 87.2 90.8 93.7 96.8 99.0

69.2 71.5 73.7 76.9 79.5

60.5 62.8 64.9 67.4 69.7

69.6 71.7 74.6 77.2 80.2

60.9 63.2 65.4 67.7 69.7

83.5 87.2 90.5 93.7 96.7 99.6

83.9 87.5 90.6 93.9 97.1 100.0

71.8 73.5 76.7 79.2 81.4

72.2 74.4 77.4 79.7 82.4

61.2 64.5 66.6 68.6 70.2

84.6 88.0 91.7 94.4 97.2 99.5

62.1 65.1 66.9 68.9 70.9

85.5 89.2 92.1 95.0 97.7 100.0

3.0 3.0 4.0 3.5 3.9

4.3 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.7 3.8 4.3 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.0 4.7 4.8 2.8 3.0 2.9 1.8 3.0 4.0 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.3 3.3 3.1 2.8 2.4

69.5 71.7 74.2 77.4 80.1

62.6 64.7 66.6 68.6 70.8 73.0 75.2 77.2 79.8 82.4 85.2 88.4 91.5 93.9 95.7 98.1 63.1 65.4 68.1 69.4 71.1 73.0 74.6 77.4 80.8 83.6 86.3 89.4 92.7 94.9 96.6 98.4

69.8 72.3 74.8 78.1 81.0

63.3 65.3 67.2 69.2 71.2 73.7 75.7 77.9 80.3 83.3 86.0 89.0 92.6 94.5 96.7 99.0 63.8 66.3 68.3 69.8 71.4 73.3 75.1 78.0 81.3 84.3 87.2 90.0 93.2 95.2 97.1 99.0

70.3 73.0 75.7 79.1 81.8

63.8 65.7 67.6 69.9 72.0

70.8 73.3 76.6 79.4 82.6

64.2 66.1 68.0 70.2 72.1

86.8 90.4 93.0 95.0 97.4 99.5

87.1 90.7 93.1 95.2 97.7 100.0

73.8 75.8 79.4 82.1 84.4

74.2 76.8 80.1 82.7 85.4

64.2 67.3 68.9 70.3 71.7

87.8 90.8 93.9 95.8 97.5 99.6

65.1 67.7 69.1 70.5 72.6

88.6 91.9 94.3 96.3 98.0 100.0

2.8 3.5 4.5 3.7 4.0

3.9 3.0 2.9 3.2 2.7 3.2 2.8 3.3 3.0 3.7 3.2 4.1 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.4 4.0 4.0 2.1 2.0 3.0 2.2 3.5 4.3 3.2 3.3 3.7 3.7 2.6 2.1 1.8 2.0

280 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Transportation and Public Utilities 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

58.0 59.7 62.5 64.6 67.1

58.1 60.6 63.0 65.3 67.4

58.6 61.3 63.5 65.7 68.3

59.1 61.7 63.9 66.1 68.7

3.9 4.4 3.6 3.4 3.9

63.1 64.8 67.4 69.4 71.5

63.4 65.5 68.0 70.1 72.0

64.0 66.2 68.3 70.5 73.1

64.3 66.6 68.7 70.9 73.5

3.4 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.7

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

81.0 84.7 88.5 91.8 95.6 98.2

82.0 85.8 89.4 93.1 97.1 98.9

82.9 86.4 90.5 93.7 97.7 99.8

83.5 87.5 91.0 94.0 97.6 100.0

4.2 4.8 4.0 3.3 3.8 2.5

85.1 88.3 92.5 95.1 96.9 98.2

86.0 89.6 93.5 95.6 97.8 99.0

86.8 90.2 94.3 95.9 98.6 99.8

87.5 91.7 94.7 96.2 98.6 100.0

3.2 4.8 3.3 1.6 2.5 1.4

74.3 76.4 78.7 81.5 82.7

74.6 77.0 79.5 81.8 83.1

77.5 79.3 82.3 84.8 86.1

77.9 79.9 83.0 85.1 86.4

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Transportation 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Public Utilities 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Communications 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

1Excludes farm and household workers.

69.8 72.0 73.9 76.4 78.6

61.3 62.7 65.5 67.2 69.8 72.9 75.6 77.8 79.9 81.5 83.7 86.7 90.9 94.0 96.5 98.6 53.9 55.9 58.9 61.4 63.6 65.9 67.4 69.0 72.1 75.0 77.7 82.2 85.7 89.1 94.3 97.7 54.0 55.5 58.5 61.0 63.4 66.1 67.0 68.2 71.5 75.0 77.7 82.9 86.9 89.7 95.4 97.4

70.2 72.3 74.1 77.2 79.3

61.4 63.6 65.9 68.0 70.1 73.3 76.1 78.0 80.4 82.3

70.9 72.8 74.8 77.9 79.8

61.9 64.2 66.6 68.4 71.3

71.2 73.4 75.5 78.4 80.1

62.3 64.7 66.6 69.0 71.7

84.5 87.5 91.7 94.7 98.2 99.0

85.1 88.3 92.6 95.0 99.0 100.0

85.8 90.0 93.0 95.1 99.0 100.0

66.3 67.5 69.3 73.0 75.6

66.6 68.2 69.9 73.5 76.2

67.2 68.8 70.6 74.2 76.4

54.3 56.9 59.4 61.8 64.1

78.9 83.5 86.5 91.1 95.7 98.9 54.0 56.5 59.0 61.5 63.9 66.3 66.8 68.3 72.9 75.9 79.0 84.3 87.0 91.9 96.1 98.6

54.8 57.7 59.8 62.3 64.6

55.3 58.1 60.4 62.7 65.0

80.2 84.0 87.9 92.2 96.0 99.5

80.6 84.4 88.4 92.5 95.9 100.0

66.7 67.6 69.0 73.6 76.5

67.2 68.6 70.2 74.2 76.4

54.6 57.5 59.4 62.0 64.3

80.6 85.2 88.5 93.4 96.2 99.5

55.1 58.0 60.1 62.4 64.9

81.0 85.5 89.1 93.7 96.1 100.0

3.6 3.1 2.9 3.8 2.2

3.7 3.9 2.9 3.6 3.9 4.0 3.2 3.2 2.9 1.6 3.2 4.9 3.3 2.3 4.1 1.0 3.9 5.1 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.4 2.4 2.6 5.1 3.0 5.5 4.7 4.7 4.6 3.7 4.3 3.6 5.3 3.6 3.8 4.0 3.5 2.1 2.3 5.7 3.0 6.0 5.6 4.2 5.2 2.6 4.1

74.5 76.6 78.8 81.2 83.2

65.5 66.8 69.4 71.0 73.2 76.2 78.7 81.0 83.3 84.8

75.0 76.8 79.2 81.6 84.1

65.5 67.6 70.0 71.7 73.5 76.7 78.9 81.3 83.5 85.7

75.5 77.4 80.0 82.5 84.5

66.2 68.3 70.3 72.1 74.8

76.0 78.1 80.7 83.0 84.8

66.3 68.5 70.4 72.6 75.3

86.4 89.6 94.4 96.4 97.2 98.3

87.3 90.7 95.2 96.5 98.3 99.0

88.0 91.4 95.8 96.3 99.3 100.1

88.8 93.3 96.2 96.6 99.4 100.0

72.2 73.8 75.9 78.4 81.2

72.6 74.1 76.3 79.1 82.0

73.0 74.9 77.0 79.6 82.5

73.5 75.7 77.8 80.3 82.7

60.1 62.3 65.0 67.3 69.4

83.5 86.7 90.0 93.5 96.4 98.1 59.9 61.8 64.3 66.6 68.8 72.2 73.2 75.4 78.0 81.0 83.3 86.6 90.2 94.0 97.0 97.8

60.7 63.0 65.5 67.9 70.0

84.5 88.0 91.2 94.5 97.0 99.1 60.5 62.5 64.9 67.1 69.4 72.4 73.5 75.8 78.9 81.9 84.2 88.2 91.2 94.9 97.3 98.9

61.2 63.6 65.9 68.3 70.8

61.8 64.1 66.5 68.7 71.3

85.4 88.6 92.2 95.3 97.7 99.4

85.8 89.6 92.9 95.7 97.7 100.0

72.8 74.4 76.5 79.4 82.4

73.3 75.7 77.8 80.1 82.6

61.0 63.0 65.2 67.7 70.3

85.2 89.0 92.7 96.1 98.0 99.3

61.6 63.6 65.9 68.0 70.9

85.6 90.1 93.3 96.3 97.7 100.0

3.4 2.8 3.3 2.9 2.2

2.8 3.3 2.8 3.1 3.7 3.5 2.6 3.9 2.5 1.5

2.8 5.1 3.1 0.4 2.9 0.6 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.8 3.1 3.0 2.8 3.2 3.0 3.7 4.4 3.7 3.0 2.1 2.4 4.2 3.2 3.6 3.2 4.3 3.4 3.3 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.6 5.3 3.6 3.2 1.5 2.4

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 281 Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Electric, Gas, and Sanitary Services 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

53.9 56.5 59.3 61.9 64.0

54.6 57.3 60.0 62.3 64.3

55.1 57.9 60.5 62.7 64.9

55.4 58.3 60.9 63.0 65.1

4.3 5.2 4.5 3.4 3.3

60.3 62.9 65.7 68.1 70.2

61.0 63.6 66.4 68.8 70.8

61.5 64.1 66.9 69.2 71.4

61.9 64.7 67.3 69.6 71.7

3.9 4.5 4.0 3.4 3.0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

77.7 81.4 84.2 88.5 93.0 98.1

78.8 82.5 86.0 90.1 95.2 99.3

79.8 82.5 87.3 90.7 95.7 99.5

80.1 83.0 87.7 91.1 95.7 100.0

5.0 3.6 5.7 3.9 5.0 4.5

83.8 86.8 89.6 92.9 95.7 98.4

84.8 87.8 91.1 94.0 96.7 99.1

85.5 88.1 91.7 94.3 97.2 99.5

85.9 88.9 92.2 94.8 97.6 100.0

3.7 3.5 3.7 2.8 3.0 2.5

70.9 73.1 75.9 78.9 81.5

71.2 73.7 76.2 79.2 82.2

72.8 75.3 78.3 81.7 84.2

73.2 76.0 78.8 82.0 85.0

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Wholesale and Retail Trade 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Wholesale and Retail Trade, Excluding Sales Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Wholesale Trade 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

1Excludes farm and household workers.

65.7 67.9 70.0 72.9 74.8

59.3 61.5 63.8 65.7 67.4 69.7 71.9 74.6 77.2 79.6 83.4 86.5 89.7 92.4 95.3 97.9 58.8 61.5 63.7 65.9 67.7 69.9 71.9 74.5 77.4 79.9 83.6 87.2 89.9 92.4 95.6 98.4 57.3 58.9 61.5 63.0 64.4 67.3 69.7 72.6 75.2 78.0 82.0 84.8 88.5 92.6 95.0 97.9

66.3 68.4 70.4 73.2 75.3

60.2 62.6 64.5 66.4 68.4 70.4 72.4 75.2 77.8 80.9 84.4 87.4 91.4 93.1 96.3 98.4 59.7 62.3 64.4 66.4 68.4 70.3 72.2 75.3 77.8 81.0 84.6 87.9 91.4 92.9 96.3 98.9 57.6 59.9 62.0 63.6 65.4 68.2 70.7 73.1 75.7 79.0 83.0 86.2 90.9 93.6 96.1 98.0

66.6 68.9 71.0 73.6 75.7

60.5 63.2 64.8 66.7 69.1

67.2 69.1 71.2 74.2 76.3

60.9 63.4 65.2 67.1 69.1

85.0 88.1 91.5 94.2 96.9 99.4

85.6 89.1 91.5 94.6 96.9 100.0

70.9 73.1 76.0 78.9 81.6

71.4 73.7 76.5 79.3 82.4

60.2 62.9 64.8 66.8 69.0

60.6 63.3 65.2 67.4 69.0

85.4 88.7 91.5 94.2 96.9 99.7

86.0 89.7 91.6 94.7 97.3 100.0

68.9 71.0 73.6 76.9 79.9

69.4 71.5 73.8 78.0 81.1

57.8 60.5 61.9 63.7 65.9

83.1 86.7 90.7 94.0 97.2 99.3

58.2 60.7 62.5 64.4 66.4

84.4 87.2 91.1 94.0 96.5 100.0

3.2 2.8 3.0 4.2 2.8

3.6 4.1 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.4 3.9 3.8 4.1 4.1 2.7 3.4 2.4 3.2 3.9 4.5 3.0 3.4 2.4 3.5 3.2 3.8 3.7 3.9 4.4 4.3 2.1 3.4 2.7 2.8 1.9 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.1 4.5 3.0 3.2 5.7 4.0 4.1 3.3 4.5 3.2 2.7 3.6

72.3 74.4 76.4 78.9 81.4

61.8 63.8 65.8 67.6 69.1 71.5 74.1 76.9 79.8 82.4 86.1 88.8 91.6 93.8 95.9 97.8 60.9 63.4 65.3 67.4 69.1 71.3 73.8 76.7 79.9 82.8 86.2 89.4 91.9 93.7 96.3 98.2 60.3 61.9 64.2 65.7 67.0 69.7 72.7 75.8 78.5 81.1 85.0 87.4 90.7 94.2 95.8 97.8

72.9 74.8 76.9 79.4 82.0

62.6 64.9 66.5 68.3 70.3 72.2 74.7 77.6 80.6 83.5 87.1 89.8 93.2 94.3 96.7 98.2 61.8 64.3 66.1 67.9 69.9 71.8 74.1 77.8 80.5 83.7 87.1 90.1 93.2 94.2 96.7 98.7 60.7 63.0 64.9 66.4 68.2 70.8 73.8 76.2 79.1 82.1 86.2 89.1 93.0 95.0 96.8 97.7

73.3 75.3 77.4 79.8 82.5

62.9 65.5 66.7 68.6 70.8

73.8 75.6 77.9 80.5 82.8

63.2 65.6 67.2 69.1 70.9

87.6 90.1 93.1 95.3 97.2 99.3

88.2 91.0 93.1 95.5 97.0 100.0

72.3 75.1 78.5 81.7 84.2

73.1 75.8 79.1 82.0 85.0

62.3 64.8 66.5 68.4 70.4

62.6 65.0 66.8 68.9 70.5

88.0 90.9 93.2 95.4 97.0 99.5

88.4 91.8 93.2 95.7 97.4 100.0

71.5 74.1 76.7 80.3 83.2

72.4 74.7 77.0 81.5 84.5

60.8 63.7 64.5 66.4 68.6

86.3 88.9 92.5 95.0 97.9 99.0

61.2 63.6 65.5 67.1 69.1

87.4 89.3 92.8 95.3 96.6 100.0

2.9 2.4 3.0 3.3 2.9

2.8 3.8 2.4 2.8 2.6 3.2 3.8 3.7 4.1 3.7 3.8 3.2 2.3 2.6 1.6 3.1 3.5 3.8 2.8 3.1 2.3 3.7 3.7 4.4 3.7 3.7 4.0 3.8 1.5 2.7 1.8 2.7 0.8 3.9 3.0 2.4 3.0 4.8 3.2 3.1 5.8 3.7 3.4 2.2 3.9 2.7 1.4 3.5

282 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wholesale Trade, Excluding Sales Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

57.4 59.8 62.2 64.2 66.0

58.1 60.6 62.8 64.6 66.5

58.3 61.0 63.1 65.0 67.1

58.7 61.5 63.6 65.7 67.5

3.5 4.8 3.4 3.3 2.7

59.7 62.4 64.5 66.4 68.2

60.6 63.2 65.2 66.8 68.8

60.9 63.5 65.6 67.3 69.2

61.3 63.9 66.0 68.0 69.6

3.4 4.2 3.3 3.0 2.4

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

82.7 86.8 89.8 93.1 96.1 99.1

83.6 87.7 90.9 94.0 96.2 99.3

84.5 88.5 91.9 94.7 97.0 99.8

85.7 88.8 92.5 94.7 97.5 100.0

5.2 3.6 4.2 2.4 3.0 2.6

85.6 89.6 92.2 94.8 97.1 99.2

86.6 90.6 93.3 95.6 97.0 99.2

87.6 91.1 94.1 95.9 97.6 99.7

88.7 91.4 94.7 96.2 97.7 100.0

4.7 3.0 3.6 1.6 1.6 2.4

72.3 74.4 77.3 80.1 82.5

72.3 75.1 77.7 80.0 83.0

73.5 75.9 79.3 82.5 84.7

73.6 76.8 79.7 82.2 85.2

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Retail Trade 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

General Merchandise Stores 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Food Stores 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

1Excludes farm and household workers.

68.8 70.5 73.3 75.8 78.8

60.7 63.3 65.3 67.5 69.3 71.3 73.4 75.8 78.5 80.7 84.4 87.7 90.5 92.3 95.6 98.0 58.9 62.2 64.1 65.5 66.2 68.9 70.3 72.6 75.3 77.5 80.2 84.6 87.5 89.8 95.2 98.9 61.5 64.0 67.1 69.0 71.2 71.9 73.6 76.4 78.2 80.0 83.4 87.0 91.1 93.8 96.5 98.3

69.2 71.2 73.9 76.4 79.6

61.8 64.3 66.1 68.2 70.3 71.8 73.6 76.5 79.2 82.0 85.4 88.3 91.7 92.8 96.5 98.6 60.7 63.2 64.8 65.8 67.7 69.3 71.0 73.3 76.3 77.8 80.9 85.8 88.5 91.4 95.4 98.8 62.3 65.1 67.7 69.8 71.8 71.9 74.1 76.4 79.2 80.8 84.9 88.3 92.0 94.5 97.4 98.8

69.8 71.9 74.4 77.4 80.6

62.2 64.9 66.6 68.5 71.0

70.3 72.4 74.9 78.1 81.5

62.5 65.2 66.9 68.9 70.8

86.2 89.0 92.0 94.3 96.8 99.4

86.4 90.3 91.9 94.9 97.1 100.0

69.5 71.5 73.8 76.5 78.8

69.9 72.5 74.6 76.9 79.4

60.8 63.8 65.0 66.3 68.1

61.4 63.8 65.0 66.8 68.5

81.6 85.9 89.6 92.5 96.9 98.7

82.9 86.6 89.0 95.1 97.3 100.0

72.5 75.6 77.3 79.6 81.6

72.9 76.5 77.1 79.0 82.3

63.0 65.7 68.0 69.7 71.6

85.4 89.2 93.1 94.9 97.4 99.2

63.4 66.5 68.6 70.5 71.5

86.1 90.4 93.1 95.5 97.7 100.0

4.1 3.0 3.5 4.3 4.4

4.3 4.3 2.6 3.0 2.8 2.1 3.9 3.5 3.0 3.8 4.1 4.5 1.8 3.3 2.3 3.0 5.3 3.9 1.9 2.8 2.5 2.0 3.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 4.4 4.5 2.8 6.9 2.3 2.8 4.6 4.9 3.2 2.8 1.4 2.0 4.9 0.8 2.5 4.2 4.6 5.0 3.0 2.6 2.3 2.4

70.7 73.1 76.3 79.0 82.1

62.7 64.8 66.7 68.7 70.3 72.4 74.9 77.5 80.5 83.1 86.7 89.6 92.1 93.4 96.0 97.8 63.5 66.8 68.9 69.7 70.7 73.1 75.0 77.5 80.2 82.9 85.4 89.2 91.7 92.9 95.5 98.8 64.9 67.4 70.0 72.3 73.8 74.3 76.0 78.7 81.4 83.2 86.2 90.4 93.4 95.3 97.0 98.3

71.1 73.8 76.9 79.7 82.8

63.7 65.9 67.5 69.4 71.4 73.0 75.1 78.4 81.3 84.4 87.6 90.2 93.2 93.8 96.6 98.5 65.2 68.2 69.2 70.3 72.2 73.5 75.4 78.2 81.5 83.3 85.9 90.2 92.3 94.2 96.0 98.6 65.8 68.6 70.9 72.8 74.3 74.2 76.5 78.7 82.3 83.8 88.0 91.2 93.9 95.6 97.4 98.9

71.6 74.6 77.5 80.8 83.8

64.1 66.5 67.9 69.9 72.0

72.7 75.1 78.1 81.5 84.7

64.2 66.6 68.2 70.2 71.9

88.3 90.8 93.3 95.4 96.8 99.4

88.6 91.9 93.2 95.5 97.2 100.0

73.8 76.0 78.5 82.0 84.1

74.5 77.3 79.6 82.5 84.7

65.5 68.8 69.2 71.0 72.2

66.0 68.6 69.3 71.3 72.8

86.6 90.3 93.1 94.9 97.6 98.6

88.2 90.8 92.5 95.2 98.0 100.0

74.8 77.7 79.9 83.1 84.5

75.1 78.7 80.1 82.3 85.1

66.3 69.0 71.2 72.5 74.1

88.5 91.9 94.7 96.0 97.5 99.4

66.8 69.7 71.7 73.1 74.0

89.3 92.6 94.8 96.4 97.8 100.0

4.5 3.3 4.0 4.4 3.9

3.5 3.7 2.4 2.9 2.4 2.4 4.3 3.8 3.1 3.6 4.0 3.7 1.4 2.5 1.8 2.9 4.9 3.9 1.0 2.9 2.1 2.3 3.8 3.0 3.6 2.7 4.1 2.9 1.9 2.9 2.9 2.0 4.0 4.3 2.9 2.0 1.2 1.5 4.8 1.8 2.7 3.4 4.9 3.7 2.4 1.7 1.5 2.2

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 283 Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

53.4 56.3 58.1 58.6 61.2

54.3 56.9 57.6 58.8 61.2

54.8 57.0 57.8 60.2 61.6

54.9 57.2 57.9 60.5 61.8

4.2 4.2 1.2 4.5 2.1

56.0 58.8 60.2 60.1 62.5

56.9 59.4 59.5 60.1 62.2

57.7 59.4 59.5 61.7 62.6

57.6 59.6 59.5 62.1 62.8

3.4 3.5 -0.2 4.4 1.1

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

79.0 82.1 85.9 91.9 94.9 98.2

79.6 82.9 87.0 92.7 95.5 99.3

80.7 83.7 87.4 93.7 96.1 99.3

81.0 83.9 87.6 94.1 96.7 100.0

5.1 3.6 4.4 7.4 2.8 3.4

81.7 84.6 88.1 94.1 96.3 98.5

82.2 85.0 89.1 94.8 96.4 99.6

83.4 85.7 89.3 95.7 97.0 99.5

83.4 85.8 89.4 95.9 97.7 100.0

4.5 2.9 4.2 7.3 1.9 2.4

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate, Excluding Sales Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Banking, Savings and Loan, and Other Credit Agencies 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Insurance 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

1Excludes farm and household workers.

62.5 64.7 66.9 71.1 73.6

63.3 65.7 67.3 72.0 75.8

63.8 65.9 67.9 73.3 76.8

64.0 65.5 69.9 74.1 77.1

3.6 2.3 6.7 6.0 4.0

63.2 65.9 68.4 72.9 75.4

64.3 67.0 68.9 74.1 78.3

64.9 67.2 69.5 75.9 79.4

65.1 67.2 71.8 76.9 79.8

3.7 3.2 6.8 7.1 3.8

52.7 55.3 57.3 58.5 61.0

53.3 55.8 57.2 59.3 61.3

54.2 56.3 57.3 59.9 61.9

54.4 56.7 57.6 60.2 62.0

5.6 4.2 1.6 4.5 3.0

55.5 58.0 59.6 60.3 62.2

56.0 58.4 59.2 60.9 62.5

57.0 59.0 59.2 61.4 63.1

57.2 59.5 59.4 61.7 63.3

5.1 4.0 -0.2 3.9 2.6

78.6 82.1 86.5 92.7 95.1 99.0

79.2 83.1 87.3 93.7 96.1 99.9

80.2 83.9 87.7 94.4 96.8 99.4

80.7 84.1 88.2 94.8 97.4 100.0

4.5 4.2 4.9 7.5 2.7 2.7

80.9 84.4 88.6 95.2 96.6 99.5

81.6 84.9 89.3 96.2 97.3 100.5

82.6 85.7 89.5 96.6 98.0 99.5

83.0 85.7 90.1 96.9 98.5 100.0

4.1 3.3 5.1 7.5 1.7 1.5

58.1 60.6 61.9 69.1 74.1

57.9 59.6 65.4 68.3 74.4

56.4 58.1 59.6 66.7 69.1

56.6 58.8 60.0 67.8 73.1

57.0 60.0 61.0 69.6 75.3

56.8 58.6 65.5 68.3 75.5

63.0 65.0 67.0 71.4 74.2

47.5 50.0 51.3 53.3 55.2 57.5 59.1 60.8 66.7 69.2

63.5 65.5 67.4 72.0 75.8

48.4 49.8 51.2 54.0 55.6

57.7 59.7 61.2 67.6 72.3

75.7 79.5 84.7 95.1 96.4 99.4

76.4 80.4 85.7 96.0 97.2 101.1

65.0 67.2 69.4 72.3 74.6

65.6 67.5 69.5 73.1 75.8

54.3 56.5 59.6 60.2 63.1

78.9 82.9 86.3 90.6 93.6 98.1

55.4 57.6 60.4 61.1 63.4

79.6 83.8 87.4 91.5 95.0 99.4

63.9 66.1 68.0 72.9 76.9

48.6 50.0 51.7 54.4 56.2

64.0 65.8 70.1 73.0 77.2

49.2 50.0 51.8 54.8 56.1

3.2 2.8 6.5 4.1 5.8

4.9 1.6 3.6 5.8 2.4

3.2 2.9 9.7 4.4 8.9

77.2 81.6 85.9 96.6 98.0 99.4

77.5 81.1 86.2 97.3 98.8 100.0

4.2 4.6 6.3 12.9 1.5 1.2

65.7 68.1 70.1 74.7 76.1

66.3 68.2 70.9 74.6 76.7

3.0 2.9 4.0 5.2 2.8

56.1 57.6 60.5 61.8 63.9

81.5 84.2 87.9 92.2 95.8 99.5

55.8 58.3 60.6 63.0 64.4

81.7 84.9 88.4 92.7 96.6 100.0

4.9 4.5 3.9 4.0 2.2

6.5 3.9 4.1 4.9 4.2 3.5

64.3 66.5 68.5 73.2 76.0

48.1 50.4 51.2 53.1 54.3

64.8 67.1 69.0 74.1 78.0

49.0 50.1 51.0 53.4 54.4

76.7 80.2 85.8 97.7 97.8 99.7

77.3 80.8 86.5 98.8 98.2 101.9

68.7 70.9 73.3 76.3 78.8

69.3 71.2 73.4 77.3 80.2

58.7 60.6 63.8 63.8 66.5

83.4 87.4 90.1 92.7 94.7 98.5

59.7 61.8 64.6 64.7 67.0

84.1 87.9 90.9 93.5 95.9 99.6

65.2 67.9 69.7 75.3 79.5

49.2 50.4 51.4 53.8 55.1

65.4 67.5 72.0 75.2 79.7

49.9 50.3 51.6 54.2 55.0

3.3 3.2 6.7 4.4 6.0

4.4 0.8 2.6 5.0 1.5

3.3 3.2 11.8 4.3 10.5

78.1 82.0 86.5 99.0 99.1 99.5

78.4 81.3 87.0 99.5 100.0 100.0

3.8 3.7 7.0 14.4 0.5 0.0

69.4 71.9 73.8 79.5 80.4

70.1 72.2 74.7 79.4 81.1

3.1 3.0 3.5 6.3 2.1

60.7 61.6 64.6 65.3 67.5

86.4 88.1 91.5 94.0 96.8 99.7

60.3 62.3 64.6 66.9 68.0

86.5 88.9 91.2 94.3 97.7 100.0

4.3 3.3 3.7 3.6 1.6

6.7 2.8 2.6 3.4 3.6 2.4

284 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Insurance, Excluding Sales Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

56.1 58.3 61.1 63.7 66.8

57.0 59.2 62.1 64.7 67.1

57.3 59.8 62.3 65.4 67.6

57.8 60.4 62.9 65.9 67.9

5.9 4.5 4.1 4.8 3.0

61.3 63.3 66.0 68.4 71.3

62.2 64.2 67.0 69.5 71.7

62.6 64.7 67.3 69.9 72.3

62.9 65.3 67.9 70.4 72.5

4.8 3.8 4.0 3.7 3.0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

80.2 83.5 87.5 91.0 94.1 98.2

80.8 84.6 88.2 92.2 95.6 99.3

81.7 84.8 88.6 92.8 96.1 99.6

82.2 85.6 88.9 93.2 96.8 100.0

4.2 4.1 3.9 4.8 3.9 3.3

84.6 87.6 91.2 93.3 95.6 98.8

85.2 88.4 91.7 94.3 96.7 99.6

86.1 88.5 92.1 94.8 97.3 99.8

86.6 89.4 92.1 95.0 97.8 100.0

3.5 3.2 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.2

70.7 72.8 75.1 77.7 80.1

70.9 73.1 75.9 78.2 80.9

71.3 73.8 76.6 79.6 82.2

71.7 74.2 77.5 80.1 83.0

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Service Industries 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Business Services 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Health Services 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

1Excludes farm and household workers.

68.5 70.9 73.0 75.1 77.6

57.6 60.7 63.2 65.8 68.2 69.9 71.7 73.8 76.4 78.7 81.9 85.8 89.1 91.6 95.1 98.5 57.1 60.8 62.1 64.3 66.9 68.7 71.1 73.5 76.9 81.4 85.1 88.5 91.7 92.9 96.4 99.3 57.4 61.1 64.0 66.7 68.7 70.4 71.9 73.5 75.0 76.2 79.1 82.9 87.1 90.3 94.0 97.8

69.2 71.2 73.3 75.6 78.0

58.4 61.1 63.8 66.3 68.5 70.3 72.2 74.4 76.9 79.3 82.9 86.5 89.7 92.3 96.0 99.0 58.1 60.9 62.7 64.8 67.3 69.1 71.3 74.0 77.6 82.0 86.2 89.9 91.9 93.3 97.6 99.8 58.1 61.6 64.5 67.3 69.0 70.7 72.4 73.7 75.3 76.7 80.0 83.9 87.9 91.1 94.8 98.5

69.6 71.6 73.8 76.0 78.5

59.3 62.0 64.6 67.1 69.0

69.9 71.7 74.4 76.5 78.9

59.9 62.5 65.2 67.5 69.4

83.8 87.7 90.4 93.4 97.0 99.6

84.5 88.3 90.7 94.0 97.5 100.0

69.3 71.8 75.2 79.2 83.1

69.7 72.7 76.4 80.5 83.8

58.6 60.7 63.5 65.1 67.5

59.2 61.3 63.9 65.4 67.8

86.9 91.1 92.2 94.8 98.5 99.9

87.4 91.7 92.4 95.2 98.8 100.0

71.2 72.8 74.3 75.4 77.4

71.7 73.0 74.9 75.4 78.2

59.1 62.6 65.4 67.8 69.4

80.8 85.1 88.6 91.9 96.0 99.2

60.1 63.2 66.1 68.4 69.8

81.7 85.9 89.2 92.7 96.6 100.0

2.9 2.6 3.8 2.8 3.1

6.2 4.3 4.3 3.5 2.8 2.2 3.1 3.8 3.0 3.5 4.4 4.5 2.7 3.6 3.7 2.6 5.9 3.5 4.2 2.3 3.7 2.8 4.3 5.1 5.4 4.1 4.3 4.9 0.8 3.0 3.8 1.2 6.7 5.2 4.6 3.5 2.0 2.7 1.8 2.6 0.7 3.7 4.5 5.1 3.8 3.9 4.2 3.5

73.2 75.7 77.8 79.6 82.2

59.3 62.3 64.4 66.6 68.7 70.5 72.6 75.0 78.0 80.9 83.8 87.5 90.7 92.6 95.6 98.6 58.3 62.1 62.9 64.7 67.3 69.1 71.9 74.4 77.9 82.3 86.1 89.6 92.9 93.8 96.8 99.4 59.4 62.7 65.2 67.6 69.4 71.2 72.9 74.7 76.8 78.2 80.9 84.5 88.7 91.3 94.6 97.8

74.0 76.0 78.1 80.2 82.7

60.1 62.6 64.8 66.9 69.0 70.8 73.2 75.7 78.7 81.5 84.8 88.2 91.2 93.3 96.3 99.1 59.5 62.0 63.3 64.9 67.6 69.6 72.3 75.0 78.8 82.8 87.3 91.1 92.9 94.2 97.8 99.9 60.0 63.1 65.6 68.1 69.7 71.5 73.4 75.1 77.0 78.7 82.0 85.6 89.3 92.0 95.2 98.5

74.3 76.4 78.5 80.7 83.3

60.9 63.4 65.5 67.6 69.5

74.6 76.7 79.0 81.5 83.7

61.6 63.8 66.0 68.0 70.0

85.7 89.4 91.9 94.4 97.3 99.6

86.3 90.0 92.0 94.8 97.8 100.0

70.0 72.8 76.4 80.3 84.1

70.4 73.7 77.7 81.6 84.8

59.9 61.7 64.2 65.3 67.9

60.8 62.3 64.5 65.5 68.2

87.9 92.2 93.2 95.8 98.7 99.9

88.3 92.7 93.3 96.1 99.1 100.0

71.9 73.8 75.7 77.6 79.3

72.4 74.1 76.4 77.5 80.2

61.0 64.0 66.5 68.6 70.1

82.7 86.6 90.0 92.8 96.4 99.2

61.9 64.6 67.1 69.1 70.7

83.5 87.6 90.6 93.5 97.0 100.0

2.9 2.8 3.0 3.2 2.7

5.7 3.6 3.4 3.0 2.9 2.4 3.5 4.4 3.4 3.6 4.0 4.3 2.2 3.0 3.2 2.2 6.1 2.5 3.5 1.6 4.1 3.2 4.7 5.4 5.0 3.9 4.1 5.0 0.6 3.0 3.1 0.9 6.0 4.4 3.9 3.0 2.3 2.4 2.3 3.1 1.4 3.5 4.1 4.9 3.4 3.2 3.7 3.1

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 285 Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Hospitals 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

55.3 58.8 61.7 64.3 66.4

55.9 59.4 62.1 64.7 66.6

57.1 60.3 63.0 65.3 67.0

58.0 60.9 63.8 65.9 67.4

6.8 5.0 4.8 3.3 2.3

58.3 61.5 64.1 66.2 68.2

58.9 62.0 64.4 66.6 68.5

60.1 62.9 65.1 67.2 68.8

61.0 63.5 65.7 67.7 69.3

6.3 4.1 3.5 3.0 2.4

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

76.5 80.5 85.4 89.6 93.4 97.4

77.3 81.8 86.3 90.1 94.2 98.2

78.2 83.1 87.2 91.2 95.3 99.2

79.2 84.1 88.1 92.2 96.1 100.0

4.5 6.2 4.8 4.7 4.2 4.1

78.7 82.5 87.2 90.8 94.1 97.4

79.6 83.8 88.1 91.4 94.7 98.1

80.5 85.1 89.0 92.4 95.7 99.1

81.5 86.3 90.0 93.2 96.5 100.0

4.2 5.9 4.3 3.6 3.5 3.6

68.2 70.0 72.0 74.4 77.2

68.9 70.7 72.5 74.9 78.1

68.5 70.4 72.7 75.6 78.5

69.1 71.1 73.3 76.0 79.3

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Nursing Homes 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Educational Services 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Colleges and Universities 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

1Excludes farm and household workers.

. . . = Not available.

67.6 69.3 70.3 71.7 74.0

68.0 69.6 70.5 72.5 74.5

68.3 70.0 71.0 72.9 75.0

... ... ... 63.0 65.4

... ... 61.0 63.5 65.9

... ... 61.6 64.0 66.3

79.1 84.4 88.3 91.7 94.9 97.2

80.3 85.0 89.3 92.4 95.5 98.0

67.4 69.2 71.2 73.1 75.8

53.9 57.2 59.2 61.6 63.6 65.8 68.7 70.8 73.3 75.8 78.7 82.9 86.1 90.1 93.6 97.1 54.5 57.6 60.5 62.9 65.1 66.9 70.3 72.2 74.7 77.2 80.0 84.0 87.0 90.3 93.8 97.1

67.8 69.9 71.5 73.7 76.5

54.1 57.0 59.4 61.6 64.1 66.6 68.9 70.9 73.5 76.0 79.2 83.1 86.4 90.5 94.1 97.5 54.7 58.0 60.8 62.9 65.2 68.0 70.5 72.4 74.9 77.4 80.5 84.2 87.2 90.8 94.5 97.6

68.9 70.1 71.6 73.4 75.8

2.2 1.7 2.1 2.5 3.3

... ... 62.2 64.6 66.6

... ... ... 3.9 3.1

81.6 86.3 89.9 93.2 96.0 98.9

82.9 87.1 90.6 93.7 96.6 100.0

6.1 5.1 4.0 3.4 3.1 3.5

68.1 70.3 72.4 75.1 77.8

68.3 70.5 72.9 75.5 78.2

56.3 58.7 61.0 63.3 65.5

56.9 59.1 61.3 63.4 65.6

81.1 85.0 88.7 92.1 95.6 99.6

81.7 85.6 89.5 92.6 96.3 100.0

69.7 71.7 73.8 76.5 79.0

70.0 72.0 74.4 76.9 79.3

56.8 59.8 62.3 64.7 66.5

82.1 86.0 89.0 92.3 95.9 99.5

57.2 60.2 62.5 64.9 66.7

82.4 86.7 89.9 92.9 96.4 100.0

3.5 2.6 2.5 3.3 4.3

7.0 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.5 4.1 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.6 4.5 4.8 4.6 3.5 4.0 3.8 6.5 5.2 3.8 3.8 2.8 4.9 2.9 3.3 3.4 3.1 3.9 5.2 3.7 3.3 3.8 3.7

69.6 71.3 72.6 74.2 76.4

69.9 71.7 72.8 74.8 76.8

70.3 72.0 73.4 75.4 77.3

... ... ... 63.0 65.5

... ... 61.2 63.5 66.0

... ... 61.7 64.0 66.5

80.3 85.4 89.4 92.5 95.1 97.4

81.6 86.0 90.2 93.2 95.7 98.3

67.6 69.7 71.9 74.3 77.1

57.3 60.4 62.1 64.3 66.4 68.8 71.2 73.7 76.2 78.8 81.5 85.1 88.3 91.5 94.1 97.4 58.3 61.2 63.7 65.8 68.1 70.0 72.9 75.1 77.6 80.4 83.1 86.0 89.2 91.7 94.6 97.4

68.2 70.1 72.2 74.9 77.8

57.5 60.1 62.2 64.3 66.9 68.9 71.4 73.8 76.5 79.0 81.9 85.5 88.3 91.8 94.5 97.8 58.5 61.5 63.9 65.7 68.2 70.3 73.0 75.3 78.0 80.6 83.4 86.5 89.2 92.1 94.9 97.9

70.9 72.3 74.0 75.8 78.2

2.3 2.0 2.4 2.4 3.2

... ... 62.3 64.5 66.9

... ... ... 3.5 3.7

82.9 87.2 91.0 93.8 96.2 99.0

83.9 88.2 91.8 94.4 96.7 100.0

5.8 5.1 4.1 2.8 2.4 3.4

70.4 73.0 75.5 78.2 80.8

70.9 73.3 75.8 78.6 81.2

59.8 61.9 63.8 66.1 68.4

60.4 62.3 64.1 66.2 68.5

84.0 87.4 90.5 93.3 96.1 99.7

84.5 88.0 91.2 93.6 96.8 100.0

72.0 74.4 76.9 79.7 82.1

72.6 74.7 77.4 80.1 82.5

60.7 63.4 65.5 67.7 69.5

85.1 88.4 91.0 93.5 96.5 99.6

61.0 63.7 65.6 67.9 69.7

85.3 89.1 91.7 94.0 96.9 100.0

3.3 2.9 3.1 3.7 4.3

6.2 3.1 2.9 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.3 4.1 4.1 3.6 2.6 3.4 3.3 5.4 4.4 3.0 3.5 2.7 4.2 2.9 3.6 3.5 3.0 3.4 4.5 2.9 2.5 3.1 3.2

286 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)

Nonmanufacturing Industries 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

57.8 60.4 62.7 64.7 66.9

58.5 61.0 63.2 65.2 67.4

59.1 61.7 63.7 65.9 68.1

59.5 62.0 64.1 66.2 68.2

4.6 4.2 3.4 3.3 3.0

60.5 62.9 64.9 66.4 68.4

61.2 63.5 65.2 66.9 69.0

61.7 64.0 65.6 67.6 69.5

62.2 64.3 66.0 68.0 69.8

3.8 3.4 2.6 3.0 2.6

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

81.6 85.2 88.6 91.8 95.1 98.2

82.6 86.1 89.6 92.6 96.0 98.8

83.5 87.0 90.2 93.5 96.8 99.6

84.1 87.7 90.4 94.0 97.2 100.0

4.6 4.3 3.1 4.0 3.4 2.9

84.3 87.6 90.8 93.4 95.9 98.2

85.2 88.4 91.7 94.0 96.5 98.8

86.1 89.2 92.1 95.0 97.4 99.5

86.6 89.9 92.3 95.3 97.6 100.0

4.1 3.8 2.7 3.3 2.4 2.5

69.1 71.2 73.6 77.0 79.5

69.3 71.6 74.5 77.5 80.2

70.4 73.0 75.7 79.5 82.1

70.8 73.4 76.7 80.0 82.8

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Nonmanufacturing, White-Collar Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Nonmanufacturing, White-Collar Occupations, Excluding Sales Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

1Excludes

farm and household workers.

68.8 70.8 73.0 75.7 78.1

56.8 59.6 61.9 63.9 66.1 68.1 70.1 72.4 75.3 77.7 81.4 85.0 88.5 91.7 95.0 98.3

69.3 71.3 73.5 76.3 79.0

57.6 60.3 62.3 64.4 66.6 68.6 70.7 72.9 76.0 78.7 82.4 86.0 89.6 92.4 95.9 98.8

69.8 71.8 74.2 77.3 79.8

58.2 60.9 62.7 65.0 67.2

70.1 72.2 75.0 77.7 80.4

58.6 61.2 63.2 65.4 67.4

83.3 86.8 90.0 93.4 96.7 99.5

83.9 87.6 90.2 93.9 97.2 100.0

2.8 3.0 3.9 3.6 3.5

4.6 4.4 3.3 3.5 3.1 2.8 3.3 4.1 4.0 3.5 4.6 4.4 3.0 4.1 3.5 2.9

70.3 72.6 75.1 78.1 80.8

59.3 61.8 63.8 65.4 67.4 69.3 71.7 74.3 77.5 80.1 83.8 87.1 90.4 93.1 95.8 98.2

70.8 73.3 75.7 78.9 81.8

60.1 62.5 64.1 65.9 68.0 69.9 72.4 74.9 78.3 81.2 84.8 88.0 91.3 93.8 96.5 98.8

71.4 73.8 76.6 80.0 82.6

60.7 63.0 64.5 66.6 68.5

71.8 74.3 77.4 80.5 83.2

61.0 63.3 64.9 67.0 68.8

85.6 88.7 91.6 94.8 97.3 99.4

86.2 89.5 91.8 95.1 97.5 100.0

2.9 3.5 4.2 4.0 3.4

4.1 3.8 2.5 3.2 2.7 2.9 3.7 4.5 4.3 3.5 4.1 3.8 2.6 3.6 2.5 2.6

56.3 59.1 61.6 64.0 66.3

57.0 59.7 62.0 64.4 66.7

57.7 60.5 62.6 65.0 67.3

58.3 60.9 63.1 65.5 67.5

5.6 4.5 3.6 3.8 3.1

58.7 61.3 63.5 65.5 67.5

59.4 61.8 63.9 65.9 67.9

60.1 62.6 64.4 66.5 68.6

60.6 63.0 64.8 67.0 68.9

5.0 4.0 2.9 3.4 2.8

81.1 85.0 88.6 91.7 95.1 98.6

82.0 85.9 89.4 92.5 95.9 99.1

83.0 86.8 89.9 93.5 96.8 99.6

83.7 87.6 90.2 94.0 97.5 100.0

4.8 4.7 3.0 4.2 3.7 2.6

83.3 87.0 90.5 93.2 95.9 98.6

84.3 87.8 91.2 93.9 96.5 99.2

85.2 88.7 91.6 94.8 97.4 99.5

85.9 89.5 91.9 95.3 97.9 100.0

4.1 4.2 2.7 3.7 2.7 2.1

68.2 70.2 72.3 75.2 77.5

68.6 70.6 72.9 75.8 78.4

69.1 71.3 73.5 76.6 79.2

69.4 71.5 74.4 77.0 79.9

2.8 3.0 4.1 3.5 3.8

69.5 71.7 74.2 77.4 80.0

69.8 72.2 74.8 78.1 80.9

70.3 73.0 75.6 79.0 81.7

70.9 73.3 76.6 79.3 82.5

2.9 3.4 4.5 3.5 4.0

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 287

Table 6-1. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Nonmanufacturing, Blue-Collar Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

59.8 62.3 64.3 66.6 68.6

60.5 62.8 64.9 67.1 69.2

61.0 63.4 65.5 67.7 70.0

61.3 63.8 65.9 68.0 70.0

3.7 4.1 3.3 3.2 2.9

63.3 65.3 67.0 68.8 70.7

63.9 65.8 67.6 69.3 71.3

64.4 66.3 67.9 70.0 72.1

64.6 66.6 68.2 70.2 72.1

3.0 3.1 2.4 2.9 2.7

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

81.6 85.3 88.4 91.5 94.9 98.0

82.6 86.0 89.4 92.7 96.1 99.1

83.6 87.2 90.2 93.6 96.6 99.7

84.1 87.5 90.5 93.9 97.2 100.0

4.5 4.0 3.4 3.8 3.5 2.9

85.1 88.4 91.3 93.6 95.8 98.0

86.0 89.1 92.3 94.4 96.7 98.9

86.9 90.3 92.8 95.0 97.3 99.5

87.2 90.7 93.0 95.2 97.5 100.0

3.7 4.0 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.6

71.8 73.5 76.7 79.2 81.4

72.1 74.4 77.4 79.6 82.3

73.8 75.8 79.4 82.1 84.4

74.2 76.8 80.1 82.7 85.4

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Nonmanufacturing, Service Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

1Excludes

farm and household workers.

70.6 72.4 74.0 76.1 78.5

60.1 62.7 65.6 67.6 69.5 71.1 72.5 74.8 78.0 80.5 83.0 86.5 90.2 93.2 96.0 98.4

71.1 72.9 74.7 76.9 79.4

60.7 63.6 66.0 68.1 69.8 71.4 72.9 75.5 78.5 81.2 83.9 87.2 90.7 93.7 96.8 98.9

71.7 73.1 75.1 77.5 80.1

61.2 64.6 66.6 68.6 70.2

84.6 88.0 91.6 94.4 97.2 99.5

71.8 73.6 75.6 77.8 80.5

62.1 65.1 66.9 68.9 70.8

85.5 89.1 92.1 95.0 97.7 100.0

2.6 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.5

4.9 4.8 2.8 3.0 2.8 1.8 3.2 4.0 2.8 3.4 3.9 4.2 3.4 3.1 2.8 2.4

72.8 74.9 76.8 79.4 82.0

63.2 65.5 68.1 69.4 71.2 72.9 74.7 77.4 80.8 83.5 86.2 89.4 92.7 94.9 96.6 98.4

73.4 75.5 77.7 80.2 83.0

63.8 66.3 68.4 69.8 71.4 73.3 75.1 78.0 81.3 84.3 87.1 90.0 93.2 95.2 97.1 99.0

73.9 75.8 78.3 80.8 83.7

64.3 67.3 68.9 70.3 71.8

87.8 90.7 93.9 95.8 97.4 99.6

74.2 76.2 78.7 81.2 84.1

65.2 67.7 69.1 70.4 72.6

88.6 91.9 94.2 96.3 98.0 100.0

2.9 2.7 3.3 3.2 3.6

4.2 3.8 2.1 1.9 3.1 2.2 3.5 4.3 3.2 3.3 3.7 3.7 2.5 2.2 1.8 2.0

288 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 6-2. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Bargaining Status, Industry, Region,2 and Area Size, 1990–2005 (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

WORKERS BY BARGAINING STATUS

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Union Workers 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

57.0 59.4 62.5 65.0 67.3

57.5 60.1 62.9 65.8 67.9

58.0 60.8 63.6 66.3 68.4

58.6 61.3 64.0 66.8 68.6

4.3 4.6 4.4 4.4 2.7

62.4 64.6 66.8 68.8 70.9

62.9 65.2 67.4 69.3 71.6

63.4 65.7 68.0 69.9 72.2

64.0 66.3 68.4 70.4 72.5

3.6 3.6 3.2 2.9 3.0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

79.0 81.7 85.5 89.5 94.6 98.0

79.7 82.6 86.3 90.6 96.0 98.8

80.7 83.4 87.3 91.5 96.8 99.6

81.1 84.5 88.1 92.1 97.3 100.0

4.0 4.2 4.3 4.5 5.6 2.8

83.5 86.5 90.3 93.3 95.7 97.9

84.3 87.5 91.2 93.9 96.6 98.7

85.2 88.3 92.1 94.5 97.4 99.5

85.9 89.7 92.8 95.1 97.7 100.0

3.4 4.4 3.5 2.5 2.7 2.4

70.4 71.9 73.5 75.4 77.2

70.8 72.2 73.7 75.8 77.8

74.3 76.0 78.0 80.4 82.7

74.4 76.4 78.4 80.8 83.2

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Union Workers, Blue-Collar Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Union Workers, Goods-Producing Industries3 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Union Workers, Service-Producing Industries4 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

69.1 71.0 72.3 74.0 76.2

57.7 60.2 63.2 65.8 67.9 69.5 71.0 72.2 73.8 76.0 79.0 81.7 85.0 89.2 94.7 98.0 56.8 59.3 62.7 65.3 67.3 68.8 70.3 71.5 73.0 75.2 78.8 81.3 84.3 88.7 94.7 98.0 57.3 59.5 62.2 64.8 67.2 69.3 71.7 73.3 75.2 77.3 79.2 82.0 86.7 90.3 94.6 98.1

69.5 71.6 72.8 74.7 76.8

58.3 60.8 63.8 66.5 68.6 69.9 71.7 72.8 74.7 76.6 79.8 82.5 86.0 90.4 95.9 98.9 57.4 60.0 63.0 66.0 68.1 69.2 70.9 72.1 73.8 76.0 79.6 82.1 85.0 89.8 96.0 98.8 57.6 60.2 62.9 65.4 67.7 69.8 72.4 73.6 75.7 77.6 79.9 83.1 87.6 91.4 96.1 98.8

70.0 71.8 73.6 75.5 77.4

58.7 61.5 64.3 67.1 69.0

70.5 72.2 73.7 75.9 78.0

59.3 62.0 64.7 67.6 69.1

80.8 83.3 86.9 91.4 96.7 99.6

81.2 84.0 87.7 92.0 97.2 100.0

69.7 71.0 72.7 74.5 76.5

70.1 71.4 72.8 75.0 77.4

57.8 60.6 63.6 66.5 68.4

58.4 61.2 64.0 67.0 68.6

80.7 82.8 85.9 90.5 96.8 99.5

81.0 83.5 86.8 91.2 97.1 100.0

70.4 72.8 74.4 76.7 78.3

71.1 73.2 74.7 76.9 78.6

58.3 61.0 63.7 65.9 68.3

80.7 84.0 88.8 92.5 96.9 99.7

58.9 61.6 64.0 66.4 68.7

81.3 85.7 89.5 93.1 97.4 100.0

2.8 2.4 2.1 3.0 2.8

4.0 4.6 4.4 4.5 2.2 2.5 2.0 2.1 2.8 2.6 4.4 3.4 4.4 4.9 5.7 2.9 4.3 4.8 4.6 4.7 2.4 2.2 1.9 2.0 3.0 3.2 4.7 3.1 4.0 5.1 6.5 3.0 4.2 4.6 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.0 2.9 2.2 3.4 5.4 4.4 4.0 4.6 2.7

72.9 74.7 76.7 78.9 81.3

63.2 65.5 67.5 69.3 71.2 73.1 74.8 76.5 78.7 81.2 83.7 86.8 90.1 93.1 95.5 97.6 62.5 64.9 67.0 68.6 70.5 72.4 74.1 75.9 78.2 80.9 83.9 87.0 90.0 93.2 95.5 97.6 62.2 64.1 66.6 69.0 71.3 73.5 75.5 77.5 79.7 81.9 83.2 86.0 90.7 93.5 95.8 98.1

73.4 75.6 77.2 79.5 82.0

63.9 66.0 68.0 69.8 71.9 73.7 75.5 77.2 79.5 82.0 84.5 87.7 91.1 93.8 96.2 98.6 63.3 65.5 67.4 69.1 71.3 72.9 74.9 76.7 79.1 81.8 84.6 88.1 90.8 94.1 96.3 98.5 62.3 64.7 67.4 69.6 71.8 73.9 76.3 77.9 79.9 82.1 84.0 86.9 91.5 93.8 96.9 98.9

74.0 76.0 78.1 80.6 82.6

64.2 66.4 68.6 70.4 72.6

74.4 76.3 78.5 81.0 83.1

64.9 67.0 68.9 70.9 72.8

85.5 88.7 91.8 94.6 97.0 99.3

86.1 89.5 92.6 95.0 97.3 100.0

73.5 75.3 77.4 80.1 82.5

73.7 75.6 77.7 80.5 83.2

63.6 65.8 67.9 69.6 71.8

64.2 66.4 68.3 70.2 72.1

85.7 88.8 91.7 94.6 97.0 99.1

86.4 89.4 92.4 95.0 97.1 100.0

74.5 76.7 78.8 81.1 82.7

75.1 77.1 79.3 81.5 83.0

63.1 65.5 68.0 70.1 72.6

84.7 87.9 92.4 94.5 97.8 99.7

63.6 66.0 68.4 70.6 72.9

85.6 90.0 93.2 95.1 98.3 100.0

1Excludes farm and household workers. 2The regional coverage is as follows: Northeast—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South—Alabama,

2.6 2.6 2.9 3.2 2.6

3.3 3.2 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.2 2.7 2.6 3.1 3.0 3.5 3.9 3.5 2.6 2.4 2.8 3.4 3.4 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.6 3.4 3.8 3.5 3.4 2.8 2.2 3.0 3.4 3.8 3.6 3.2 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.9 2.8 1.8 3.1 5.1 3.6 2.0 3.4 1.7

Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and West—Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 3Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing workers. 4Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities workers; wholesale and retail trade workers; finance, insurance, and real estate workers; and service industry workers.

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 289 Table 6-2. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Bargaining Status, Industry, Region,2 and Area Size, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Union Workers, Manufacturing Industries 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

56.5 58.9 62.6 65.3 67.4

57.1 59.7 62.8 66.0 68.0

57.4 60.3 63.3 66.5 68.3

58.1 60.9 63.7 67.1 68.6

4.5 4.8 4.6 5.3 2.2

62.0 64.5 66.7 68.4 70.5

62.8 65.0 67.0 68.9 71.2

63.1 65.5 67.5 69.3 71.6

63.8 66.1 68.0 70.1 72.1

3.7 3.6 2.9 3.1 2.9

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

78.8 80.6 83.6 88.5 95.4 98.5

79.3 81.1 84.3 89.3 96.5 99.1

80.2 81.7 85.0 90.0 97.3 99.6

80.4 82.6 86.1 90.7 97.5 100.0

4.6 2.7 4.2 5.3 7.5 2.6

83.9 87.0 90.1 93.5 95.6 97.6

84.5 88.0 90.8 94.3 96.3 98.4

85.5 88.7 91.7 94.7 97.0 99.0

86.2 89.5 92.6 95.0 97.2 100.0

3.7 3.8 3.5 2.6 2.3 2.9

70.0 71.5 73.2 74.8 76.4

70.5 71.8 73.4 75.3 77.5

73.8 75.8 77.9 80.2 82.4

74.2 76.3 78.3 80.8 83.5

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Union Workers, Manufacturing, Blue-Collar Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Union Workers, Nonmanufacturing Industries 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Nonunion Workers, Total 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

1Excludes farm and household workers. 2The regional coverage is as follows: Northeast—Connecticut,

68.9 70.2 71.3 72.8 74.7

57.1 59.7 63.3 66.0 68.2 69.6 70.8 72.0 73.5 75.3 79.4 81.3 84.2 88.9 95.9 98.6 57.5 59.8 62.4 64.9 67.2 69.2 71.4 72.9 74.7 77.1 79.1 82.2 86.5 90.1 94.2 97.8 57.8 60.4 62.8 64.8 67.0 69.0 70.9 73.1 75.9 78.1 81.8 85.3 88.6 91.8 95.1 98.3

69.0 70.8 71.8 73.4 75.3

57.7 60.4 63.5 66.8 68.8 69.8 71.4 72.5 74.1 75.9 79.9 81.7 84.8 89.7 97.1 99.1 57.9 60.4 63.1 65.5 67.8 69.8 72.1 73.4 75.5 77.7 80.0 83.4 87.4 91.4 95.8 98.7 58.5 61.1 63.2 65.3 67.5 69.5 71.4 73.7 76.5 79.1 82.7 86.2 89.6 92.6 95.8 98.9

69.3 70.8 72.5 74.2 75.8

58.0 61.0 64.0 67.2 69.0

69.8 71.2 72.7 74.6 76.9

58.8 61.6 64.5 67.8 69.3

80.8 82.5 85.5 90.3 97.8 99.6

81.1 83.3 86.6 91.1 98.1 100.0

70.4 72.5 74.2 76.4 78.3

70.9 72.8 74.3 76.7 78.6

58.5 61.2 63.9 66.1 68.4

59.1 61.7 64.2 66.6 68.6

80.9 84.3 88.6 92.4 96.5 99.7

81.6 85.7 89.2 92.9 97.2 100.0

69.9 72.0 74.3 77.3 79.8

70.2 72.4 75.1 77.7 80.6

59.2 61.7 63.7 65.9 68.1

83.6 87.0 90.0 93.5 96.7 99.6

59.5 62.1 64.1 66.3 68.4

84.1 87.6 90.3 93.8 97.1 100.0

1.7 2.0 2.1 2.6 3.1

4.6 4.8 4.7 5.1 2.2 1.7 1.8 2.2 2.6 2.9 4.6 2.7 4.0 5.2 7.7 1.9 4.2 4.4 4.1 3.7 3.0 3.4 2.7 2.1 3.2 2.5 3.8 5.0 4.1 4.1 4.6 2.9 4.8 4.4 3.2 3.4 3.2 2.6 3.1 3.7 3.5 3.7 4.3 4.2 3.1 3.9 3.5 3.0

72.4 74.3 75.9 78.4 80.8

62.6 65.0 67.3 69.0 71.0 72.9 74.7 76.5 78.7 81.1 84.1 87.2 90.2 93.5 95.6 97.6 62.6 64.6 66.8 69.0 71.1 73.2 75.0 77.0 79.2 81.7 83.3 86.2 90.5 93.2 95.7 97.9 60.3 62.7 64.8 66.5 68.5 70.4 72.8 75.3 78.4 81.0 84.6 87.9 90.9 93.5 96.0 98.3

72.9 74.9 76.5 78.8 81.4

63.3 65.6 67.6 69.4 71.8 73.3 75.4 77.0 79.3 81.8 84.6 88.0 90.9 94.2 96.3 98.4 62.9 65.2 67.6 69.6 71.7 73.7 75.9 77.6 79.9 82.2 84.2 87.2 91.4 93.8 96.8 98.8 61.1 63.4 65.2 66.9 69.0 71.0 73.4 76.0 79.1 82.0 85.5 88.7 91.8 94.2 96.6 98.9

73.3 75.3 77.3 79.9 82.1

63.6 66.0 68.1 69.8 72.2

73.8 75.7 77.8 80.4 83.1

64.3 66.7 68.6 70.6 72.5

85.7 89.0 91.7 94.7 97.1 99.0

86.5 89.7 92.6 95.1 97.1 100.0

74.3 76.3 78.6 80.9 82.8

74.7 76.7 78.9 81.3 83.0

63.6 65.9 68.2 70.2 72.4

64.0 66.3 68.5 70.6 72.7

85.0 88.1 92.3 94.4 97.5 99.6

85.8 89.9 92.9 95.1 98.0 100.0

71.5 74.0 76.7 80.1 82.8

71.9 74.5 77.6 80.6 83.6

61.7 64.0 65.5 67.6 69.5

86.4 89.4 92.2 95.0 97.4 99.5

62.0 64.3 65.9 68.0 69.9

86.9 90.0 92.4 95.3 97.6 100.0

2.4 2.6 2.8 3.3 3.4

3.5 3.7 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.3 2.8 2.6 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.7 3.2 2.7 2.1 3.0 3.2 3.6 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.9 3.0 2.1 3.4 4.8 3.3 2.4 3.0 2.0 4.2 3.7 2.5 3.2 2.8 2.9 3.6 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.9 3.6 2.7 3.1 2.4 2.5

Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South—Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and West—Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

290 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 6-2. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Bargaining Status, Industry, Region,2 and Area Size, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)

Nonunion Workers, Blue-Collar Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

59.9 62.5 64.7 66.8 69.0

60.7 63.1 65.2 67.4 69.4

61.3 63.8 65.7 67.9 70.2

61.6 64.1 66.1 68.2 70.3

4.6 4.1 3.1 3.2 3.1

62.2 64.5 66.5 68.2 70.0

63.0 65.1 66.9 68.6 70.5

63.5 65.6 67.3 69.1 71.1

63.7 66.0 67.6 69.5 71.5

3.6 3.6 2.4 2.8 2.9

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

82.7 86.2 89.2 92.2 95.6 98.5

83.6 86.7 90.0 93.0 96.5 99.3

84.3 87.8 90.5 93.8 97.2 99.7

84.9 88.2 90.9 94.1 97.6 100.0

4.2 3.9 3.1 3.5 3.7 2.5

85.4 88.9 91.8 94.0 96.1 98.3

86.3 89.5 92.5 94.6 96.8 99.1

87.1 90.6 92.9 95.2 97.5 99.5

87.6 90.9 93.2 95.3 97.7 100.0

3.8 3.8 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.4

70.4 72.6 74.6 76.7 79.0

70.8 73.1 75.0 77.0 79.7

73.0 75.6 78.0 80.6 83.2

73.6 76.1 78.4 81.1 83.8

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Nonunion Workers, Goods-Producing Industries3 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Nonunion Workers, Service-Producing Industries4 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Nonunion Workers, Manufacturing Industries 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

1Excludes farm and household workers. 2The regional coverage is as follows: Northeast—Connecticut,

70.9 72.8 74.9 77.2 79.4

58.0 60.6 63.1 65.5 67.7 69.7 71.4 73.5 75.7 77.8 81.0 84.4 87.5 91.1 94.5 98.3 57.7 60.4 62.7 64.6 66.8 68.7 70.7 73.0 75.9 78.3 82.2 85.7 89.0 92.1 95.3 98.3 57.7 60.2 62.9 65.4 67.6 69.8 71.6 73.7 76.0 77.9 81.1 84.4 87.3 91.1 94.5 98.3

71.5 73.4 75.7 77.7 80.2

58.7 61.3 63.5 66.0 68.3 70.1 72.0 74.2 76.2 78.2 82.0 85.2 88.3 91.8 95.2 99.1 58.6 61.1 63.1 65.1 67.2 69.3 71.2 73.6 76.6 79.4 83.1 86.6 90.1 92.8 96.2 98.8 58.4 61.0 63.4 65.9 68.1 70.3 72.3 74.4 76.4 78.5 82.1 85.1 88.1 91.8 95.2 99.1

71.8 73.7 76.0 78.1 80.9

59.4 62.0 64.1 66.5 68.8

72.1 74.3 76.5 78.6 81.5

59.8 62.5 64.6 66.8 69.1

82.6 85.7 88.8 92.5 96.0 99.8

83.1 86.5 89.5 92.8 96.6 100.0

69.7 71.7 74.2 77.6 80.2

70.0 72.1 75.1 78.1 80.9

59.1 61.7 63.5 65.7 67.9

59.5 62.1 64.0 66.2 68.1

84.0 87.5 90.4 93.8 96.9 99.4

84.6 88.1 90.7 94.3 97.2 100.0

70.5 72.9 74.8 76.9 79.2

71.0 73.4 75.2 77.2 80.0

59.2 61.7 64.0 66.4 68.7

82.6 85.5 88.6 92.4 96.2 99.7

59.6 62.2 64.5 66.8 69.1

83.0 86.1 89.3 92.6 96.5 100.0

2.6 3.1 3.0 2.7 3.7

4.9 4.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 2.5 3.2 2.6 2.7 3.5 4.3 4.1 3.5 3.7 4.1 3.5 4.6 4.4 3.1 3.4 2.9 2.8 3.0 4.2 4.0 3.6 4.6 4.1 3.0 4.0 3.1 2.9 5.5 4.4 3.7 3.6 3.4 2.7 3.4 2.5 2.7 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.2 3.6

72.2 74.7 77.0 79.8 82.3

61.5 63.8 66.1 68.0 69.9 72.1 74.2 76.6 79.4 81.9 84.9 88.4 91.2 93.8 95.9 98.2 59.9 62.5 64.4 65.9 67.9 69.8 72.2 74.8 78.0 80.7 84.5 87.7 90.8 93.4 95.9 98.3 61.2 63.6 66.1 68.2 70.1 72.5 74.6 77.0 79.8 82.3 85.3 88.7 91.4 94.1 96.0 98.5

72.9 75.3 77.9 80.3 83.1

62.1 64.3 66.5 68.4 70.5 72.6 74.9 77.4 80.0 82.5 86.0 89.3 92.0 94.4 96.5 98.9 60.8 63.1 64.7 66.4 68.4 70.4 72.8 75.4 78.7 81.9 85.3 88.5 91.7 94.0 96.5 98.9 61.9 64.3 66.6 68.6 70.6 73.1 75.3 77.8 80.4 83.0 86.3 89.5 92.2 94.6 96.7 99.1

73.4 75.6 78.4 81.0 83.8

62.7 64.9 66.9 68.9 71.0

73.8 76.3 78.9 81.5 84.4

63.0 65.4 67.3 69.3 71.5

86.6 89.8 92.4 94.9 97.3 99.5

87.2 90.4 93.0 95.1 97.4 100.0

70.9 73.3 76.2 79.9 82.6

71.3 73.9 77.2 80.4 83.4

61.4 63.7 65.1 67.1 68.9

61.7 64.0 65.5 67.6 69.2

86.2 89.3 92.1 95.0 97.3 99.5

86.7 89.9 92.1 95.3 97.6 100.0

73.4 76.1 78.3 81.1 83.7

74.0 76.6 78.9 81.6 84.4

62.6 64.8 67.0 69.1 71.2

86.9 89.9 92.6 95.0 97.6 99.7

62.9 65.4 67.5 69.6 71.8

87.4 90.4 93.2 95.3 97.6 100.0

3.2 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.6

3.8 3.8 2.9 3.0 3.2 2.9 3.4 3.0 3.4 3.3 4.1 3.7 2.9 2.3 2.4 2.7 4.2 3.7 2.3 3.2 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.5 4.1 3.7 4.0 3.7 2.4 3.5 2.4 2.5 4.5 4.0 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.5 3.0 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.1 2.3 2.4 2.5

Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South—Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and West—Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 3Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing workers. 4Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities workers; wholesale and retail trade workers; finance, insurance, and real estate workers; and service industry workers.

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 291

Table 6-2. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Bargaining Status, Industry, Region,2 and Area Size, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Nonunion Workers, Manufacturing, Blue-Collar Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

59.4 62.0 64.7 66.8 68.9

60.2 62.7 65.2 67.3 69.3

60.9 63.5 65.7 67.9 69.9

61.3 64.0 66.1 68.2 70.2

5.3 4.4 3.3 3.2 2.9

61.6 64.1 66.5 68.1 69.9

62.4 64.7 66.9 68.5 70.2

63.0 65.2 67.2 69.0 70.8

63.4 65.8 67.6 69.4 71.3

4.3 3.8 2.7 2.7 2.7

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

82.1 85.2 88.5 91.8 95.6 98.8

82.9 85.7 89.1 92.4 96.2 99.3

83.4 86.5 89.5 93.3 97.3 99.7

84.1 87.3 90.3 93.7 97.7 100.0

3.6 3.8 3.4 3.8 4.3 2.4

84.9 88.4 91.7 94.1 96.3 98.7

85.7 89.2 92.3 94.4 96.7 99.2

86.4 90.0 92.6 95.0 97.6 99.6

87.2 90.7 93.2 95.4 97.8 100.0

3.6 4.0 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.2

69.7 71.7 74.2 77.4 80.0

69.9 72.1 75.1 77.9 80.7

71.0 73.4 76.4 79.8 82.6

71.4 74.0 77.2 80.4 83.3

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Nonunion Workers, Nonmanufacturing Industries 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

WORKERS BY REGION2

70.8 72.8 75.2 77.3 79.3

57.9 60.5 62.8 64.7 66.9 68.8 70.7 73.0 75.8 78.2 82.0 85.6 89.0 92.0 95.2 98.3

71.3 73.5 75.9 77.7 79.7

58.7 61.3 63.2 65.2 67.4 69.3 71.2 73.6 76.5 79.2 83.0 86.5 90.0 92.8 96.0 98.9

71.5 74.1 76.3 78.1 80.5

59.3 61.9 63.6 65.8 68.0

72.2 74.7 76.6 78.6 81.2

59.7 62.2 64.1 66.2 68.2

83.9 87.4 90.4 93.8 96.8 99.6

84.5 88.0 90.7 94.2 97.2 100.0

2.8 3.5 2.5 2.6 3.3

4.7 4.2 3.1 3.3 3.0 2.5 3.1 4.2 3.7 3.6 4.7 4.1 3.1 3.9 3.2 2.9

72.1 74.6 77.2 79.9 82.3

60.2 62.7 64.6 66.1 68.1 69.9 72.3 74.8 78.0 80.7 84.4 87.8 90.8 93.4 95.9 98.3

72.9 75.3 78.0 80.3 82.8

61.0 63.3 64.9 66.6 68.6 70.5 72.9 75.5 78.8 81.8 85.4 88.5 91.7 94.1 96.5 98.8

73.2 76.0 78.5 81.0 83.5

61.6 63.8 65.2 67.3 69.1

73.8 76.6 79.1 81.6 84.2

61.9 64.1 65.6 67.6 69.4

86.2 89.3 92.1 95.0 97.3 99.5

86.7 89.9 92.2 95.3 97.6 100.0

3.5 3.8 3.3 3.2 3.2

3.9 3.6 2.3 3.0 2.7 2.9 3.6 4.3 4.1 3.6 4.1 3.7 2.6 3.4 2.4 2.5

Northeast 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

57.9 60.7 63.2 65.4 67.5

58.4 61.4 63.5 66.1 68.1

59.1 62.0 64.1 66.7 68.8

59.7 62.4 64.6 67.0 69.0

4.6 4.5 3.5 3.7 3.0

61.3 63.8 65.8 67.5 69.4

61.8 64.5 66.1 68.2 70.0

62.4 65.0 66.6 68.8 70.7

63.0 65.4 67.0 69.1 70.8

4.0 3.8 2.4 3.1 2.5

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

81.2 84.1 87.8 90.9 94.5 97.7

81.9 85.3 88.7 91.7 95.6 98.6

82.9 86.1 89.1 92.6 96.4 99.3

83.4 86.7 89.5 93.2 96.7 100.0

4.1 4.0 3.2 4.1 3.8 3.4

83.9 86.8 90.5 92.7 95.5 97.8

84.7 87.9 91.3 93.3 96.4 98.6

85.6 88.7 91.4 94.3 97.2 99.3

86.0 89.4 91.8 94.8 97.2 100.0

3.6 4.0 2.7 3.3 2.5 2.9

71.7 73.8 75.9 78.9 81.3

72.0 74.3 77.1 79.1 81.9

73.6 76.1 78.9 82.5 84.7

74.0 76.7 80.4 82.6 85.5

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

South 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

69.7 71.5 73.4 75.5 78.0

59.6 62.1 64.5 66.6 68.8 70.9 72.8 75.0 77.7 79.7 83.1 86.6 89.5 92.0 95.4 98.9

70.3 72.0 73.9 76.0 78.5

60.6 62.9 64.9 67.0 69.2 71.2 73.2 75.4 78.2 80.6 84.1 87.3 90.3 92.6 96.2 99.4

70.7 72.5 74.4 77.0 79.5

60.9 63.4 65.4 67.7 69.8

84.6 88.0 91.1 93.5 97.1 99.7

70.9 72.8 74.9 77.4 80.1

61.3 63.7 65.8 68.1 70.2

85.2 88.6 91.1 93.9 97.8 100.0

2.8 2.7 2.9 3.3 3.5

4.6 3.9 3.3 3.5 3.1 2.6 3.2 3.8 2.6 3.5 4.0 4.0 2.8 3.1 4.2 2.2

71.5 73.6 75.9 78.1 80.8

62.5 64.9 66.9 68.6 70.5 72.5 75.0 77.6 81.0 83.3 86.4 89.6 92.1 93.8 96.1 98.9

72.0 74.2 76.5 78.8 81.4

63.6 65.6 67.4 69.1 70.9 73.0 75.6 78.2 81.5 84.2 87.4 90.2 92.8 94.3 96.7 99.3

72.5 74.8 77.0 79.8 82.4

63.9 66.0 67.7 69.7 71.6

87.8 90.8 93.5 95.1 97.6 99.7

72.8 75.3 77.5 80.4 83.0

64.1 66.2 68.1 70.1 72.0

88.4 91.4 93.4 95.4 98.1 100.0

1Excludes farm and household workers. 2The regional coverage is as follows: Northeast—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South—Alabama,

2.8 3.4 2.9 3.7 3.2

3.9 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.8 3.6 4.8 2.7 3.5 3.4 3.4 2.2 2.1 2.8 1.9

Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and West—Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

292 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 6-2. Employment Cost Index, Private Industry Workers,1 Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Bargaining Status, Industry, Region,2 and Area Size, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Midwest 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

56.3 59.0 61.9 64.1 66.8

57.0 59.7 62.3 64.9 67.2

57.8 60.5 62.7 65.3 67.8

58.2 61.0 63.1 65.9 68.0

5.1 4.8 3.4 4.4 3.2

58.7 61.2 63.3 64.9 67.2

59.3 61.6 63.7 65.6 67.7

60.1 62.3 64.0 65.9 68.4

60.5 62.9 64.4 66.6 68.7

4.1 4.0 2.4 3.4 3.2

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

81.0 84.2 87.6 91.9 95.0 97.9

81.9 84.8 88.4 92.7 95.8 98.4

82.8 85.6 88.9 93.4 96.6 99.5

83.4 86.2 89.5 93.8 96.7 100.0

4.8 3.4 3.8 4.8 3.1 3.4

83.1 86.3 89.9 93.9 95.5 97.6

84.2 87.1 90.7 94.4 95.9 98.0

85.0 87.9 91.1 95.0 96.8 99.3

85.6 88.5 91.6 95.3 96.8 100.0

4.1 3.4 3.5 4.0 1.6 3.3

67.2 69.6 71.9 75.1 77.7

67.8 69.9 72.3 75.9 78.5

70.2 72.8 75.3 79.1 81.7

71.0 73.2 75.9 80.0 82.5

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

West 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

WORKERS BY AREA SIZE

68.4 70.4 72.5 75.2 77.1

56.0 58.3 60.7 63.0 64.8 66.5 68.3 70.7 73.3 76.1 79.7 83.7 87.0 90.7 95.1 98.4

69.0 71.1 73.2 75.9 78.1

56.7 59.1 61.2 63.1 65.3 66.9 69.0 71.3 74.1 77.1 80.7 84.6 88.3 91.9 95.9 99.4

69.4 71.4 74.1 76.6 78.8

57.3 59.7 61.9 63.9 65.8

69.8 71.8 74.4 76.9 79.6

57.6 60.1 62.3 64.0 66.0

81.8 85.5 88.8 93.0 96.6 99.8

82.3 86.4 89.5 93.4 97.1 100.0

2.6 2.9 3.6 3.4 3.5

4.3 4.3 3.7 2.7 3.1 2.7 3.1 3.4 5.0 3.4 4.8 5.0 3.6 4.4 4.0 3.0

69.2 71.6 73.8 77.1 79.5

59.3 61.5 63.7 65.7 67.4 69.3 71.3 73.9 76.9 79.9 83.7 87.5 90.5 93.3 96.5 98.5

69.9 72.2 74.6 77.8 80.7

60.2 62.2 64.3 65.8 68.2 69.9 72.2 74.6 77.8 81.1 84.6 88.4 91.8 94.3 97.1 99.4

70.4 72.6 75.6 78.7 81.5

60.6 62.8 64.9 66.7 68.3

70.7 73.1 76.1 78.9 82.2

61.0 63.3 65.2 66.9 68.8

85.7 89.2 92.1 95.3 97.8 99.6

86.3 90.2 92.6 95.5 98.0 100.0

2.9 3.4 4.1 3.7 4.2

4.1 3.8 3.0 2.6 2.8 3.2 3.1 3.7 5.4 3.1 4.6 4.5 2.7 3.1 2.6 2.0

Metropolitan Areas5 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

57.5 60.1 62.6 64.8 66.9

58.2 60.8 63.1 65.4 67.5

58.9 61.5 63.6 65.9 68.1

59.3 61.9 64.0 66.3 68.3

4.8 4.4 3.4 3.6 3.0

60.5 62.9 65.0 66.7 68.7

61.2 63.5 65.4 67.2 69.2

61.7 64.0 65.8 67.8 69.8

62.2 64.5 66.1 68.2 70.1

4.0 3.7 2.5 3.2 2.8

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

81.3 84.8 88.1 91.5 95.0 98.2

82.3 85.6 89.1 92.2 95.8 98.9

83.1 86.4 89.6 93.2 96.7 99.6

83.6 87.2 90.0 93.6 97.1 100.0

4.4 4.3 3.2 4.0 3.7 3.0

84.4 87.8 90.9 93.5 96.0 98.2

85.4 88.6 91.8 94.1 96.6 98.9

86.2 89.3 92.2 95.0 97.4 99.5

86.7 90.0 92.5 95.3 97.6 100.0

3.8 3.8 2.8 3.0 2.4 2.5

70.6 72.1 75.0 77.4 80.2

70.9 72.9 75.8 78.1 80.4

72.7 74.4 77.6 80.2 83.2

72.9 75.3 78.6 81.0 83.5

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Other Areas 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

68.9 70.9 72.9 75.5 77.7

58.0 60.7 63.4 65.5 68.0 69.9 71.3 73.6 76.1 78.7 81.8 85.2 88.2 91.6 95.4 98.8

69.4 71.5 73.5 76.1 78.6

58.9 61.6 63.7 66.0 68.6 70.2 71.7 74.2 76.8 79.4 82.7 86.1 88.8 92.4 96.4 99.3

69.9 72.0 74.1 77.0 79.3

59.4 62.0 64.3 66.5 69.0

83.4 86.7 89.6 93.1 97.1 99.8

70.2 72.3 74.8 77.4 80.1

59.8 62.3 64.8 67.1 69.2

84.2 87.2 90.1 93.5 97.6 100.0

2.8 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.5

4.7 4.2 4.0 3.5 3.1 2.5 2.8 4.0 3.0 2.9 4.7 3.6 3.3 3.8 4.4 2.5

70.7 73.0 75.4 78.4 81.0

61.3 63.8 65.9 67.6 69.6 71.7 73.5 76.0 78.9 81.6 84.6 87.7 90.3 93.3 95.7 98.3

71.2 73.7 76.1 79.1 82.0

62.3 64.5 66.2 68.1 70.3 72.2 73.9 76.7 79.4 82.4 85.5 88.6 90.8 94.0 96.5 99.0

71.7 74.2 76.8 80.2 82.7

62.7 64.9 66.7 68.5 70.6

86.1 89.1 91.5 94.6 97.2 99.5

72.2 74.6 77.5 80.7 83.5

63.1 65.1 67.1 68.9 70.8

86.9 89.6 92.1 94.9 97.5 100.0

1Excludes farm and household workers. 2The regional coverage is as follows: Northeast—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South—Alabama,

3.0 3.3 3.9 4.1 3.5

4.0 3.2 3.1 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.3 4.4 3.1 3.1 4.1 3.1 2.8 3.0 2.7 2.6

Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and West—Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 5A metropolitan area can be a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or a Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA), as defined by the Office of Management and Budget in 1994.

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 293

Table 6-3. Employment Cost Index, State and Local Government Workers, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005 (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

WORKERS BY INDUSTRY

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

State and Local Government Workers 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

58.9 62.2 64.1 66.4 68.3

59.3 62.4 64.4 66.6 68.5

60.9 63.4 65.6 67.6 69.6

61.5 63.7 66.0 67.9 69.9

5.9 3.6 3.6 2.9 2.9

61.7 64.9 66.8 68.8 70.7

62.0 65.1 67.0 68.9 70.8

63.7 66.2 68.0 70.0 72.1

64.2 66.4 68.4 70.2 72.4

5.2 3.4 3.0 2.6 3.1

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

81.0 83.7 86.9 90.5 93.5 96.9

81.2 84.2 87.2 90.9 93.9 97.3

82.3 85.9 89.1 92.4 95.5 99.1

82.9 86.4 89.9 92.9 96.1 100.0

3.0 4.2 4.1 3.3 3.4 4.1

84.7 87.6 90.6 93.4 95.4 97.6

84.9 88.1 90.9 93.7 95.5 97.8

86.4 89.8 92.5 94.7 96.5 99.1

87.0 90.2 93.1 95.0 97.0 100.0

3.3 3.7 3.2 2.0 2.1 3.1

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

WORKERS BY OCCUPATIONAL GROUP

70.4 72.3 74.2 76.0 78.2

70.7 72.5 74.2 76.2 78.5

71.7 73.4 75.2 77.4 79.7

72.0 73.9 75.6 77.8 80.5

3.0 2.6 2.3 2.9 3.5

72.9 75.0 77.1 79.3 81.6

73.1 75.2 77.2 79.5 81.9

74.3 76.3 78.4 80.8 83.5

74.7 76.8 78.9 81.3 84.2

3.2 2.8 2.7 3.0 3.6

White-Collar Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

59.7 63.1 64.9 67.2 69.0

60.0 63.2 65.1 67.3 69.1

61.8 64.2 66.4 68.3 70.2

62.4 64.5 66.9 68.6 70.6

6.1 3.4 3.7 2.5 2.9

62.1 65.3 67.1 69.1 70.9

62.4 65.4 67.2 69.2 71.1

64.2 66.5 68.4 70.4 72.3

64.6 66.8 68.8 70.5 72.7

5.4 3.4 3.0 2.5 3.1

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

81.5 84.1 87.3 90.9 93.8 97.1

81.7 84.6 87.6 91.2 94.2 97.4

82.8 86.4 89.6 92.7 95.6 99.0

83.4 86.8 90.4 93.2 96.3 100.0

3.0 4.1 4.1 3.1 3.3 3.8

84.8 87.6 90.5 93.5 95.4 97.6

85.0 88.1 90.8 93.6 95.5 97.8

86.5 89.8 92.6 94.7 96.5 99.0

87.1 90.2 93.2 95.0 97.0 100.0

3.2 3.6 3.3 1.9 2.1 3.1

72.8 74.6 76.3 78.1 80.5

73.1 75.0 76.6 78.6 81.2

74.8 76.9 78.9 80.9 83.6

75.1 77.3 79.3 81.4 84.3

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Professional Specialty and Technical Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Executive, Administrative, and Managerial Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

71.0 72.9 74.7 76.5 78.6

60.4 63.7 65.5 67.8 69.5 71.5 73.2 75.2 76.9 78.7 81.7 84.2 87.1 90.9 93.6 96.7 58.7 62.3 63.9 66.1 68.2 70.5 72.6 74.5 76.4 79.2 81.7 84.7 88.6 91.8 94.5 98.2

71.2 73.1 74.8 76.6 78.9

60.7 63.8 65.8 67.9 69.6 71.6 73.5 75.2 76.9 79.0 82.0 84.6 87.4 91.2 93.9 97.1 59.1 62.2 64.0 66.2 68.6 70.8 72.8 74.7 76.6 79.3 81.8 85.4 88.8 92.1 95.0 98.1

72.3 74.1 75.8 77.8 80.2

62.6 64.9 67.2 69.0 70.9

72.6 74.5 76.2 78.3 81.0

63.1 65.2 67.6 69.2 71.2

83.2 86.7 89.7 92.7 95.5 98.8

83.6 86.9 90.4 93.1 96.1 100.0

71.7 73.3 75.3 78.0 80.3

72.2 73.8 75.8 78.7 81.2

60.7 62.9 64.9 67.2 69.3

82.9 86.9 90.2 93.3 95.6 99.3

61.2 63.2 65.4 67.6 69.6

83.7 87.6 91.0 93.9 96.8 100.0

2.8 2.6 2.3 2.8 3.4

6.2 3.3 3.7 2.4 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.1 2.6 3.3 3.0 3.9 4.0 3.0 3.2 4.1 5.9 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.0 3.7 2.2 2.7 3.8 3.2 3.1 4.7 3.9 3.2 3.1 3.3

73.2 75.2 77.3 79.4 81.7

62.1 65.4 67.2 69.3 71.1 73.2 75.3 77.4 79.5 81.5 84.7 87.5 90.1 93.2 95.1 97.2 61.6 64.9 66.5 68.4 70.3 72.8 74.9 77.1 79.3 82.2 85.0 88.1 91.9 94.4 96.0 98.7

73.3 75.4 77.4 79.5 81.9

62.4 65.6 67.4 69.4 71.2 73.4 75.5 77.5 79.6 81.8 84.9 87.9 90.4 93.4 95.2 97.5 62.0 65.0 66.6 68.4 70.6 72.9 75.1 77.3 79.6 82.5 85.2 88.9 92.0 94.5 96.1 98.6

74.6 76.6 78.6 80.9 83.6

64.4 66.8 68.7 70.7 72.5

74.9 77.1 79.1 81.5 84.4

64.9 67.0 69.0 70.8 72.9

86.5 89.8 92.4 94.5 96.5 98.8

87.0 90.0 93.0 94.7 96.8 100.0

73.9 75.9 78.1 81.0 83.7

74.5 76.4 78.7 81.7 84.7

63.6 65.7 67.3 69.4 71.4

86.4 90.3 93.3 95.4 96.4 99.6

63.9 65.9 67.8 69.7 71.8

87.3 91.0 94.0 95.8 97.5 100.0

3.0 2.9 2.6 3.0 3.6

5.9 3.2 3.0 2.6 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.6 3.6 3.2 3.4 3.3 1.8 2.2 3.3 4.9 3.1 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.8 2.6 3.0 3.8 3.7 3.1 4.2 3.3 1.9 1.8 2.6

294 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 6-3. Employment Cost Index, State and Local Government Workers, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Administrative Support Occupations, Including Clerical Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

58.0 61.6 63.5 65.6 67.6

58.4 61.5 63.7 65.9 67.9

59.9 62.5 64.7 66.6 68.8

60.7 62.8 65.3 67.0 69.2

6.1 3.5 4.0 2.6 3.3

62.5 65.5 67.4 69.1 71.2

62.7 65.6 67.6 69.4 71.5

64.2 66.7 68.3 70.1 72.4

64.6 66.9 68.8 70.5 72.8

4.9 3.6 2.8 2.5 3.3

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

80.3 83.0 86.4 90.2 93.8 97.6

80.7 83.5 87.0 90.5 94.6 97.9

81.7 84.9 88.7 92.5 96.0 99.3

82.3 85.7 89.4 92.8 96.6 100.0

3.1 4.1 4.3 3.8 4.1 3.5

85.2 88.0 90.9 93.9 96.0 98.1

85.6 88.3 91.4 94.1 96.2 98.1

86.8 89.6 92.8 95.2 97.3 99.4

87.5 90.3 93.4 95.5 97.5 100.0

3.2 3.2 3.4 2.2 2.1 2.6

71.3 73.1 74.8 76.7 79.0

71.8 73.6 75.3 77.3 79.9

75.1 77.0 79.0 81.3 83.9

75.7 77.5 79.7 81.9 84.7

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Blue-Collar Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Service Occupations 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

WORKERS BY INDUSTRY DIVISION

69.5 71.6 73.4 75.4 77.9

59.2 61.9 64.0 66.3 68.6 70.3 72.3 74.1 75.7 77.8 80.6 83.3 86.4 90.5 93.5 96.8 55.4 58.7 60.8 62.9 65.1 67.4 69.7 71.7 73.7 76.3 79.0 82.1 85.4 88.8 92.2 96.2

69.9 71.8 73.5 75.6 77.8

59.6 62.2 64.7 66.6 68.8 70.8 72.6 74.2 75.8 78.2 80.9 83.6 86.8 90.7 93.9 97.5 55.7 58.8 61.1 63.3 65.5 68.1 69.9 71.7 74.5 76.8 79.1 82.7 85.8 89.3 92.7 96.7

70.7 72.6 74.5 76.8 78.7

60.7 63.0 65.6 67.6 69.7

71.1 73.2 74.9 77.3 79.8

61.0 63.3 66.1 68.1 69.9

81.8 85.0 88.8 91.8 95.3 99.5

82.6 85.9 89.6 92.7 95.9 100.0

68.8 70.6 72.4 75.6 77.5

69.2 71.1 72.8 75.8 78.5

57.1 59.9 62.1 64.2 66.6

57.7 60.3 62.4 64.5 66.9

80.1 84.0 87.3 90.9 94.8 99.2

80.8 84.8 87.9 91.4 95.4 100.0

2.7 3.0 2.3 3.2 3.2

4.8 3.8 4.4 3.0 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.7 3.4 3.4 4.0 4.3 3.5 3.5 4.3 5.3 4.5 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.4 2.7 2.4 4.1 3.6 2.9 5.0 3.7 4.0 4.4 4.8

73.3 75.3 77.3 79.6 82.2

62.8 65.7 67.7 70.0 72.1 74.1 76.2 78.0 80.1 82.4 85.2 87.9 91.3 94.0 95.7 97.8 59.4 62.5 64.7 66.5 68.4 71.2 73.2 75.7 78.0 80.6 83.7 87.3 90.5 93.0 95.3 97.4

73.5 75.5 77.5 79.8 82.3

63.4 66.2 68.5 70.1 72.3 74.5 76.5 78.1 80.4 82.8 85.6 88.2 91.6 94.2 95.8 98.3 59.5 62.9 65.0 66.9 68.8 71.5 73.5 75.7 78.4 81.2 83.8 87.8 91.0 93.6 95.4 97.8

74.4 76.4 78.6 81.0 83.5

64.5 66.9 69.2 71.3 73.3

74.9 77.2 79.2 81.7 84.8

64.8 67.2 69.6 71.6 73.8

86.6 89.8 93.0 94.9 96.7 99.5

87.4 90.8 93.4 95.3 97.2 100.0

72.3 74.3 76.7 79.5 82.3

72.7 74.9 77.3 80.0 83.3

61.0 64.0 65.7 67.6 70.1

61.5 64.4 66.0 67.9 70.5

85.5 89.2 91.8 94.2 96.3 99.4

86.4 89.9 92.1 94.7 96.8 100.0

2.9 3.1 2.6 3.2 3.8

4.2 3.7 3.6 2.9 3.1 2.6 2.4 2.8 2.8 3.4 3.2 3.9 2.9 2.0 2.0 2.9 4.6 4.7 2.5 2.9 3.8 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.5 4.1 3.7 4.1 2.4 2.8 2.2 3.3

Service Industries 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

59.8 63.3 65.2 67.6 69.4

60.2 63.4 65.5 67.7 69.5

62.1 64.7 66.9 68.8 70.8

62.7 65.0 67.4 69.1 71.0

6.3 3.7 3.7 2.5 2.7

61.9 65.3 67.1 69.3 71.0

62.2 65.4 67.3 69.3 71.1

64.2 66.7 68.6 70.6 72.5

64.7 66.9 68.9 70.7 72.8

5.7 3.4 3.0 2.6 3.0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

81.8 84.5 87.6 91.2 93.8 96.8

82.0 84.8 87.8 91.4 94.0 97.1

83.4 87.0 90.0 92.9 95.6 99.0

83.9 87.3 90.6 93.4 96.2 100.0

3.1 4.1 3.8 3.1 3.0 4.0

84.8 87.7 90.7 93.5 95.4 97.5

85.0 88.1 90.9 93.7 95.4 97.7

86.7 90.1 92.9 94.8 96.7 99.1

87.2 90.4 93.4 95.1 97.1 100.0

3.2 3.7 3.3 1.8 2.1 3.0

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

71.4 73.2 75.0 76.9 78.9

71.6 73.4 75.1 77.0 79.2

72.8 74.6 76.3 78.3 80.7

73.0 75.0 76.6 78.7 81.4

2.8 2.7 2.1 2.7 3.4

73.3 75.4 77.5 79.6 81.8

73.4 75.6 77.5 79.7 82.1

74.8 77.0 79.0 81.2 83.8

75.2 77.4 79.4 81.6 84.5

3.3 2.9 2.6 2.8 3.6

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 295 Table 6-3. Employment Cost Index, State and Local Government Workers, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months September December (ended December)

Service Industries, Excluding Schools 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

58.6 62.3 63.9 66.4 68.2

59.1 62.1 64.2 66.7 68.5

60.4 63.2 65.3 67.4 69.4

61.2 63.6 65.9 67.7 69.8

6.8 3.9 3.6 2.7 3.1

61.0 64.4 66.4 68.5 70.2

61.5 64.4 66.6 68.7 70.5

62.9 65.6 67.3 69.5 71.3

63.4 66.0 67.9 69.6 71.7

6.4 4.1 2.9 2.5 3.0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

80.7 83.4 87.7 91.1 94.1 97.6

81.0 84.4 88.2 91.2 94.5 98.0

82.0 85.8 89.4 92.7 96.1 99.6

82.7 86.7 90.4 93.4 96.6 100.0

3.5 4.8 4.3 3.3 3.4 3.5

83.5 86.2 90.6 93.3 95.5 98.0

83.7 87.2 91.0 93.6 95.8 98.4

84.8 88.6 92.0 94.4 96.9 99.5

85.5 89.6 92.7 95.1 97.3 100.0

3.3 4.8 3.5 2.6 2.3 2.8

71.5 73.2 74.3 76.6 78.8

71.9 73.2 74.9 76.8 79.6

73.0 74.9 76.5 79.2 81.6

73.4 75.0 77.3 79.5 82.4

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Health Services 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Hospitals 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Educational Services 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

70.2 72.4 73.6 75.6 77.6

58.0 61.5 63.3 65.6 67.8 70.1 72.4 73.5 75.3 77.1 80.4 83.1 87.6 90.9 94.0 97.7 57.8 61.1 63.2 65.4 67.4 70.0 72.3 73.5 75.4 77.2 80.6 82.9 87.6 91.0 94.0 97.6 60.1 63.6 65.5 67.9 69.6 71.6 73.4 75.3 77.1 79.2 82.1 84.7 87.6 91.2 93.8 96.7

70.9 72.7 73.8 75.7 77.9

58.4 61.3 63.8 65.9 68.4 70.9 72.7 73.7 75.4 77.6 80.8 84.3 88.1 91.0 94.4 98.1 58.3 61.1 63.6 65.6 67.8 70.8 72.6 73.7 75.4 77.8 80.9 84.3 88.2 91.2 94.4 98.0 60.4 63.7 65.7 68.0 69.7 71.8 73.6 75.4 77.2 79.4 82.2 84.9 87.8 91.5 93.9 97.0

71.6 73.3 74.7 77.1 79.2

60.0 62.2 64.8 66.7 69.5

71.9 73.3 75.2 77.1 79.9

60.7 62.8 65.2 67.2 69.7

81.9 85.8 89.3 92.6 96.0 99.6

82.8 86.6 90.4 93.4 96.6 100.0

71.4 73.1 74.3 76.7 78.9

71.8 73.2 75.0 76.9 79.7

59.8 62.2 64.6 66.5 69.2

60.7 62.8 65.1 67.2 69.6

82.1 85.8 89.4 92.8 96.1 99.5

82.8 86.7 90.6 93.4 96.7 100.0

73.0 74.9 76.6 78.6 81.0

73.2 75.3 76.9 79.0 81.7

62.4 65.0 67.3 69.2 71.0

83.7 87.2 90.1 93.0 95.5 99.0

63.0 65.3 67.7 69.4 71.3

84.2 87.4 90.7 93.4 96.2 100.0

3.0 1.9 2.6 2.5 3.6

6.7 3.5 3.8 3.1 3.7 3.2 1.8 2.3 2.5 3.6 4.0 4.6 4.4 3.3 3.4 3.5 6.7 3.5 3.7 3.2 3.6 3.2 1.9 2.5 2.5 3.6 3.9 4.7 4.5 3.1 3.5 3.4 6.1 3.7 3.7 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.1 2.7 3.4 3.1 3.8 3.8 3.0 3.0 4.0

72.3 74.1 75.9 78.3 80.4

60.3 63.4 65.6 67.4 69.6 72.0 73.8 75.4 77.8 79.8 83.0 85.6 90.1 93.0 95.6 98.2 60.0 63.3 65.4 67.2 69.3 71.9 73.8 75.4 77.9 79.8 83.0 85.4 90.1 93.2 95.7 98.3 62.1 65.5 67.2 69.4 71.1 73.4 75.6 77.7 79.8 82.1 85.0 87.9 90.7 93.6 95.3 97.4

72.6 74.4 76.1 78.4 80.7

60.6 63.8 66.1 67.8 70.2 72.3 74.2 75.7 78.0 80.2 83.2 86.8 90.7 93.4 95.8 98.6 60.5 63.6 65.8 67.5 69.7 72.2 74.1 75.7 78.0 80.3 83.2 86.7 90.7 93.6 95.9 98.6 62.4 65.6 67.4 69.5 71.2 73.5 75.8 77.8 79.9 82.2 85.2 88.2 90.9 93.7 95.4 97.5

73.4 75.2 77.1 79.7 82.2

62.2 64.5 66.6 68.8 71.2

73.7 75.5 77.7 79.9 82.8

62.6 65.1 67.0 69.1 71.6

84.4 88.1 91.7 94.3 96.9 99.4

85.3 89.0 92.6 95.2 97.5 100.0

72.9 74.8 76.4 79.2 81.6

73.4 75.0 77.3 79.5 82.3

62.1 64.5 66.6 68.5 71.0

62.7 65.2 66.9 69.0 71.5

84.4 88.1 91.8 94.6 97.1 99.4

85.3 89.0 92.9 95.3 97.7 100.0

75.1 77.2 79.3 81.4 84.1

75.5 77.6 79.6 81.9 84.7

64.5 66.9 68.8 70.8 72.7

87.1 90.4 93.0 94.8 96.6 99.0

65.0 67.1 69.2 70.9 73.1

87.5 90.6 93.5 95.1 97.0 100.0

2.8 2.4 2.9 2.8 3.6

5.7 4.0 2.9 3.1 3.6 2.5 2.2 3.1 2.8 3.6 3.5 4.3 4.0 2.8 2.4 2.6 5.7 4.0 2.6 3.1 3.6 2.7 2.2 3.1 2.8 3.5 3.6 4.3 4.4 2.6 2.5 2.4 5.7 3.2 3.1 2.5 3.1 3.3 2.8 2.6 2.9 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.2 1.7 2.0 3.1

296 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 6-3. Employment Cost Index, State and Local Government Workers, Total Compensation and Wages and Salaries, by Occupation and Industry, 1990–2005—Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

Total compensation

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Wages and salaries

March

Indexes

June

Percent change for 12 months (ended September December December)

Schools 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 ....................................................................................................

60.1 63.5 65.5 67.9 69.6

60.4 63.7 65.7 67.9 69.7

62.5 65.0 67.3 69.2 71.1

63.0 65.3 67.7 69.4 71.3

5.9 3.7 3.7 2.5 2.7

62.0 65.3 67.2 69.3 71.1

62.2 65.5 67.3 69.3 71.2

64.5 66.8 68.7 70.7 72.7

64.9 67.0 69.0 70.9 73.0

5.5 3.2 3.0 2.8 3.0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

82.0 84.6 87.6 91.1 93.7 96.7

82.2 85.0 87.7 91.5 93.9 97.0

83.7 87.2 90.1 93.0 95.5 98.9

84.1 87.4 90.7 93.3 96.2 100.0

2.9 3.9 3.8 2.9 3.1 4.0

85.0 88.0 90.7 93.5 95.2 97.3

85.1 88.2 90.8 93.7 95.4 97.5

87.0 90.4 93.0 94.8 96.5 98.9

87.5 90.5 93.4 95.1 96.9 100.0

3.3 3.4 3.2 1.8 1.9 3.2

73.8 75.3 77.0 78.9 81.2

73.9 75.6 77.2 79.1 81.9

75.8 77.8 79.7 81.7 84.3

76.1 78.0 80.0 82.1 84.9

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Elementary and Secondary Schools 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Colleges and Universities 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Public Administration1 1990 .................................................................................................... 1991 .................................................................................................... 1992 .................................................................................................... 1993 .................................................................................................... 1994 .................................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

71.6 73.4 75.3 77.1 79.2

60.5 64.1 66.3 68.6 70.3 72.2 74.0 75.6 77.3 79.3 82.1 84.4 87.2 90.6 93.4 96.5 59.0 61.9 63.4 65.9 67.6 70.1 72.0 74.7 76.7 78.8 82.0 85.5 89.0 92.9 94.9 97.4 57.4 60.5 62.3 64.2 66.4 68.5 70.6 72.6 74.5 76.9 79.6 82.3 85.5 89.2 92.9 97.0

71.8 73.6 75.4 77.2 79.4

60.9 64.2 66.5 68.6 70.3 72.4 74.1 75.7 77.4 79.5 82.2 84.7 87.3 90.9 93.5 96.8 59.1 62.6 63.5 65.9 67.9 70.1 72.2 74.6 76.8 79.0 82.1 85.8 89.2 93.2 95.1 97.7 57.6 60.6 62.6 64.4 66.7 68.9 70.8 72.6 75.0 77.3 79.8 83.0 86.0 89.7 93.6 97.4

73.1 74.9 76.6 78.5 81.0

63.1 65.7 68.1 69.9 71.8

73.3 75.3 76.9 79.0 81.7

63.7 66.0 68.6 70.2 71.9

83.7 86.8 89.6 92.6 95.5 98.9

84.1 87.0 90.2 93.0 96.1 100.0

71.2 73.7 75.8 77.9 80.5

71.6 74.5 76.3 78.7 81.5

60.7 63.1 65.0 67.2 69.2

61.3 63.1 65.2 67.1 69.8

83.7 88.4 91.6 94.1 95.9 99.2

84.4 88.8 92.2 94.5 96.3 100.0

69.6 71.4 73.2 75.9 77.8

70.1 72.0 73.8 76.4 78.9

58.9 61.3 63.2 65.2 67.6

80.2 84.0 87.5 91.4 95.1 98.9

59.4 61.5 63.5 65.5 67.8

81.0 84.8 88.3 91.8 95.8 100.0

2.8 2.7 2.1 2.7 3.4

6.3 3.6 3.9 2.3 2.4 2.8 2.3 2.1 2.5 3.5 2.7 3.4 3.7 3.1 3.3 4.1 5.3 2.9 3.3 2.9 4.0 2.6 4.1 2.4 3.1 3.6 3.6 5.2 3.8 2.5 1.9 3.8 5.3 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.5 3.4 2.7 2.5 3.5 3.3 2.7 4.7 4.1 4.0 4.4 4.4

1Includes executive, legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory activities of state and local governments (SIC 91 and 96).

73.4 75.6 77.7 79.8 82.0

62.2 65.8 67.7 69.9 71.7 74.0 76.2 78.0 80.1 82.2 85.2 87.8 90.4 93.2 95.1 97.1 61.7 64.4 65.6 67.5 69.3 72.0 74.1 76.8 79.0 81.5 84.6 88.4 91.6 94.7 96.0 98.1 61.8 64.6 66.3 67.8 69.8 72.2 74.0 76.4 78.6 81.1 84.4 87.4 90.3 93.1 95.4 97.7

73.5 75.7 77.7 79.9 82.3

62.4 65.8 67.9 70.0 71.8 74.1 76.3 78.1 80.2 82.4 85.2 88.1 90.5 93.4 95.2 97.3 61.9 64.8 65.6 67.5 69.6 71.8 74.2 76.8 79.1 81.7 85.0 88.7 91.9 94.7 96.0 98.2 62.0 64.9 66.6 68.1 70.2 72.5 74.2 76.4 78.9 81.6 84.7 88.1 90.9 93.6 95.6 98.1

75.1 77.2 79.3 81.4 84.1

64.9 67.4 69.5 71.4 73.4

75.4 77.7 79.6 82.0 84.7

65.4 67.6 69.8 71.7 73.6

87.2 90.0 92.8 94.6 96.5 98.9

87.5 90.2 93.2 94.8 96.9 100.0

73.0 75.8 78.0 80.4 83.3

73.5 76.6 78.6 81.5 84.3

63.3 65.4 66.6 68.8 71.0

63.8 65.4 66.8 68.8 71.6

86.6 91.4 93.9 95.5 96.6 99.3

87.3 91.5 94.4 95.8 97.1 100.0

73.0 75.0 77.2 79.9 82.6

73.5 75.7 77.8 80.5 83.8

63.1 65.5 67.0 68.7 71.0

85.7 89.0 91.7 94.4 96.3 99.2

63.6 65.7 67.3 69.1 71.4

86.6 89.8 92.3 94.8 96.9 100.0

3.3 3.1 2.4 3.0 3.3

5.8 3.4 3.3 2.7 2.6 3.4 2.5 2.6 2.6 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.3 1.7 2.2 3.2 4.9 2.5 2.1 3.0 4.1 2.7 4.2 2.6 3.7 3.4 3.6 4.8 3.2 1.5 1.4 3.0 4.4 3.3 2.4 2.7 3.3 2.9 3.0 2.8 3.5 4.1 3.3 3.7 2.8 2.7 2.2 3.2

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 297

Table 6-4. Employment Cost Index, Benefits, by Occupation, Industry, and Bargaining Status, 1990–2005 (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

March

June

Indexes

September

Percent change for 12 months (ended December)

December

Civilian Workers1 1990 ................................................................................... 1991 ................................................................................... 1992 ................................................................................... 1993 ................................................................................... 1994 ...................................................................................

51.4 54.5 57.6 60.7 63.2

52.1 55.2 58.1 61.3 63.6

52.9 56.0 59.0 61.9 64.3

53.5 56.5 59.5 62.2 64.4

6.8 5.6 5.3 4.5 3.5

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

74.1 77.6 81.4 86.4 92.3 97.8

74.9 78.3 82.3 87.4 93.7 98.5

75.7 79.5 83.4 88.8 94.8 99.6

76.2 80.2 84.2 89.5 95.7 100.0

5.0 5.2 5.0 6.3 6.9 4.5

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ...................................................................................

State and Local Government Workers 1990 ................................................................................... 1991 ................................................................................... 1992 ................................................................................... 1993 ................................................................................... 1994 ................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ...................................................................................

Private Industry Workers2 1990 ................................................................................... 1991 ................................................................................... 1992 ................................................................................... 1993 ................................................................................... 1994 ................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ...................................................................................

White-Collar Occupations 1990 ................................................................................... 1991 ................................................................................... 1992 ................................................................................... 1993 ................................................................................... 1994 ................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ...................................................................................

1Includes private industry and state and local 2Excludes farm and household workers.

65.0 66.1 67.5 69.0 70.6

65.3 66.5 67.8 69.5 71.2

65.7 66.9 68.1 69.9 71.8

65.8 67.1 68.5 70.3 72.6

2.2 2.0 2.1 2.6 3.3

53.2 56.8 58.7 61.5 63.3

53.6 56.7 59.1 61.7 63.6

55.1 57.7 60.6 62.5 64.5

55.8 58.0 61.1 62.9 64.6

6.9 3.9 5.3 2.9 2.7

73.4 75.4 79.2 84.4 89.7 95.6

73.6 76.0 79.5 85.0 90.6 96.1

73.8 77.9 82.1 87.6 93.3 99.0

74.4 78.5 83.3 88.4 94.3 100.0

2.3 5.5 6.1 6.1 6.7 6.0

64.9 66.7 68.1 69.2 71.1

65.5 66.9 68.1 69.5 71.3

66.2 67.4 68.4 70.4 71.8

66.3 67.8 68.6 70.7 72.7

2.6 2.3 1.2 3.1 2.8

51.0 53.9 57.3 60.5 63.2

51.7 54.9 57.9 61.2 63.7

52.3 55.7 58.6 61.7 64.2

52.9 56.2 59.1 62.0 64.3

6.7 6.2 5.2 4.9 3.7

74.3 78.1 81.8 86.8 92.9 98.3

75.3 78.9 82.9 88.0 94.4 99.0

76.1 79.8 83.7 89.1 95.2 99.8

76.7 80.6 84.4 89.8 96.0 100.0

5.6 5.1 4.7 6.4 6.9 4.2

65.0 66.0 67.4 68.9 70.5

65.3 66.4 67.7 69.5 71.2

65.5 66.7 68.1 69.8 71.8

65.7 67.0 68.5 70.2 72.6

2.2 2.0 2.2 2.5 3.4

50.0 53.1 56.1 59.1 61.8

50.8 53.9 56.6 59.7 62.4

51.5 54.6 57.3 60.1 62.9

52.0 55.2 57.8 60.5 63.2

7.0 6.2 4.7 4.7 4.5

74.1 78.3 82.2 87.0 92.1 98.0

75.1 79.3 83.5 87.9 93.6 98.8

76.0 80.3 84.0 89.0 94.4 99.7

76.5 81.1 84.6 89.7 95.3 100.0

5.8 6.0 4.3 6.0 6.2 4.9

64.1 65.3 66.7 68.6 70.1

64.5 65.6 67.1 69.0 70.8

government workers and excludes farm, household, and federal government workers.

64.7 66.1 67.3 69.5 71.6

64.8 66.2 68.0 69.9 72.3

2.5 2.2 2.7 2.8 3.4

298 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 6-4. Employment Cost Index, Benefits, by Occupation, Industry, and Bargaining Status, 1990–2005 —Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

March

June

Indexes

September

Percent change for 12 months (ended December)

December

Blue-Collar Occupations 1990 ................................................................................... 1991 ................................................................................... 1992 ................................................................................... 1993 ................................................................................... 1994 ...................................................................................

52.5 55.4 59.3 62.7 65.2

53.2 56.3 59.8 63.6 65.7

53.9 57.4 60.5 64.1 66.3

54.4 57.8 61.0 64.4 66.2

6.3 6.3 5.5 5.6 2.8

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

74.9 77.7 81.0 86.2 94.0 98.8

75.7 78.0 81.9 87.9 95.8 99.6

76.4 79.0 83.0 89.1 96.5 100.0

76.9 79.5 83.8 89.8 97.3 100.0

5.3 3.4 5.4 7.2 8.4 2.8

51.9 55.0 58.8 62.6 65.1

52.4 56.1 59.6 63.4 65.2

53.0 57.1 60.6 63.9 65.8

53.8 57.7 61.0 64.4 66.0

6.5 7.2 5.7 5.6 2.5

73.9 78.1 82.8 88.3 94.8 98.4

74.8 78.9 83.5 89.2 96.1 99.0

75.6 80.0 85.0 90.2 96.8 99.5

76.6 81.3 85.7 91.3 97.1 100.0

4.4 6.1 5.4 6.5 6.4 3.0

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ...................................................................................

Service Occupations 1990 ................................................................................... 1991 ................................................................................... 1992 ................................................................................... 1993 ................................................................................... 1994 ................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ...................................................................................

Goods-Producing Industries3 1990 ................................................................................... 1991 ................................................................................... 1992 ................................................................................... 1993 ................................................................................... 1994 ................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ...................................................................................

Manufacturing 1990 ................................................................................... 1991 ................................................................................... 1992 ................................................................................... 1993 ................................................................................... 1994 ................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ...................................................................................

3Includes

mining, construction, and manufacturing workers.

66.6 67.5 68.5 69.4 71.0

66.1 66.5 67.8 70.2 71.7

66.7 67.9 68.9 70.1 71.7

66.4 66.8 68.4 70.4 72.3

66.9 68.0 69.3 70.4 72.3

66.5 66.7 69.3 70.9 72.7

67.2 68.4 69.4 70.7 73.0

66.6 67.3 69.6 70.9 73.4

1.5 1.8 1.5 1.9 3.3

0.9 1.1 3.4 1.9 3.5

50.3 53.2 56.9 60.5 63.1

51.0 54.2 57.3 61.3 63.7

51.7 55.1 58.2 61.8 64.1

52.3 55.5 58.7 62.0 64.1

7.2 6.1 5.8 5.6 3.4

72.4 75.4 78.8 84.6 92.1 98.4

73.3 75.9 79.6 85.7 93.3 99.6

74.0 76.5 80.3 86.7 94.2 100.3

74.3 77.3 81.3 87.4 95.7 100.0

5.4 4.0 5.2 7.5 9.5 4.5

50.2 52.9 56.8 60.3 62.8

50.9 53.9 57.1 61.2 63.3

51.6 54.9 57.8 61.7 63.7

52.1 55.2 58.3 61.8 63.9

7.0 6.0 5.6 6.0 3.4

72.5 74.7 77.9 84.2 92.5 98.3

73.2 75.1 78.7 85.2 93.7 99.3

73.7 75.4 79.4 86.2 94.8 100.0

73.6 76.3 80.4 86.7 95.3 100.0

4.7 3.7 5.4 7.8 9.9 4.9

64.6 65.5 66.5 67.3 68.6

64.4 65.4 66.6 67.4 68.3

64.6 65.9 67.0 67.8 69.0

64.3 65.9 67.1 67.7 68.7

64.8 66.0 67.3 68.0 69.6

64.5 66.0 67.3 67.8 69.3

65.2 66.4 67.3 68.1 70.5

65.0 66.5 67.4 67.9 70.3

1.7 1.8 1.4 1.2 3.5

1.7 2.3 1.4 0.7 3.5

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 299 Table 6-4. Employment Cost Index, Benefits, by Occupation, Industry, and Bargaining Status, 1990–2005 —Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

March

June

Indexes

September

Percent change for 12 months (ended December)

December

Aircraft Manufacturing 1990 ................................................................................... 1991 ................................................................................... 1992 ................................................................................... 1993 ................................................................................... 1994 ...................................................................................

29.6 30.7 33.4 37.0 36.1

29.9 31.2 34.2 36.8 36.4

30.8 31.6 34.7 37.7 37.3

30.1 32.2 36.3 35.8 37.2

5.2 7.0 12.7 -1.4 3.9

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

43.5 46.1 48.6 59.2 70.1 97.3

44.8 46.2 49.1 59.2 71.0 97.3

45.3 45.2 49.1 59.5 71.3 97.5

43.8 46.9 51.7 57.4 71.5 100.0

5.8 7.1 10.2 11.0 24.6 39.9

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ...................................................................................

Aircraft Manufacturing, White-Collar Occupations 1990 ................................................................................... 1991 ................................................................................... 1992 ................................................................................... 1993 ................................................................................... 1994 ................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ...................................................................................

Aircraft Manufacturing, Blue-Collar Occupations 1990 ................................................................................... 1991 ................................................................................... 1992 ................................................................................... 1993 ................................................................................... 1994 ................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ...................................................................................

Service-Producing Industries4 1990 ................................................................................... 1991 ................................................................................... 1992 ................................................................................... 1993 ................................................................................... 1994 ................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ...................................................................................

4Includes

37.9 41.5 39.9 38.1 38.3

37.8 41.8 40.0 38.5 38.8

37.8 41.6 39.7 38.7 39.1

39.3 40.8 38.4 39.1 41.4

5.6 3.8 -5.9 1.8 5.9

29.5 30.4 33.3 36.6 35.8

29.8 30.9 34.2 36.3 36.2

30.7 31.2 34.5 37.2 37.0

29.9 32.0 35.7 35.6 36.9

5.3 7.0 11.6 -0.3 3.7

42.1 47.0 48.5 59.0 70.9 98.5

43.9 46.8 49.0 58.6 71.2 98.9

44.4 45.3 48.9 58.7 71.4 99.1

43.7 47.0 50.2 58.1 71.4 100.0

10.4 7.6 6.8 15.7 22.9 40.1

37.6 40.8 39.4 38.4 37.9

37.6 41.0 39.5 38.9 38.3

37.6 40.8 39.4 39.1 38.4

38.3 40.5 38.9 38.6 39.6

3.8 5.7 -4.0 -0.8 2.6

29.9 31.2 33.6 37.7 36.5

30.3 31.7 34.4 37.6 36.7

31.0 32.3 35.0 38.4 37.6

30.5 32.6 37.2 36.1 37.7

4.8 6.9 14.1 -3.0 4.4

45.8 44.6 48.6 59.5 68.5 95.2

46.1 45.1 49.1 60.0 70.3 94.8

46.9 44.9 49.2 60.6 71.1 95.0

44.0 46.6 53.9 56.1 71.7 100.0

-0.2 5.9 15.7 4.1 27.8 39.5

38.3 42.4 40.8 37.6 39.0

38.1 42.8 40.7 37.7 39.6

38.0 42.8 40.1 38.1 40.4

40.8 41.2 37.8 39.7 44.1

8.2 1.0 -8.3 5.0 11.1

51.6 54.6 57.6 60.4 63.1

52.2 55.3 58.2 61.0 63.5

52.8 56.1 59.0 61.6 64.3

53.4 56.7 59.4 62.0 64.4

6.4 6.2 4.8 4.4 3.9

75.4 79.6 83.6 88.1 93.3 98.2

76.4 80.6 84.9 89.3 95.1 98.7

77.3 81.8 85.7 90.5 95.7 99.5

78.1 82.5 86.1 91.2 96.2 100.0

5.8 5.6 4.4 5.9 5.5 4.0

65.2 66.4 67.8 69.9 71.5

65.7 66.7 68.2 70.4 72.4

66.0 67.2 68.5 71.0 73.2

66.0 67.3 69.2 71.4 73.8

transportation, communication, and public utilities workers; wholesale and retail trade workers; finance, insurance, and real estate workers; and service industry workers.

2.5 2.0 2.8 3.2 3.4

300 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 6-4. Employment Cost Index, Benefits, by Occupation, Industry, and Bargaining Status, 1990–2005 —Continued (December 2005 = 100.)

Characteristic and year

March

June

Indexes

September

Percent change for 12 months (ended December)

December

Nonmanufacturing Industries 1990 ................................................................................... 1991 ................................................................................... 1992 ................................................................................... 1993 ................................................................................... 1994 ...................................................................................

51.4 54.5 57.6 60.5 63.3

52.1 55.3 58.2 61.2 63.7

52.7 56.1 59.0 61.6 64.4

53.3 56.6 59.5 62.1 64.5

6.4 6.2 5.1 4.4 3.9

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

75.0 79.4 83.4 87.9 93.0 98.2

76.1 80.4 84.6 89.1 94.7 98.9

77.0 81.6 85.4 90.2 95.4 99.7

77.8 82.3 85.9 91.0 96.3 100.0

6.0 5.8 4.4 5.9 5.8 3.8

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ...................................................................................

Union Workers 1990 ................................................................................... 1991 ................................................................................... 1992 ................................................................................... 1993 ................................................................................... 1994 ................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ...................................................................................

Nonunion Workers 1990 ................................................................................... 1991 ................................................................................... 1992 ................................................................................... 1993 ................................................................................... 1994 ................................................................................... 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ...................................................................................

65.3 66.3 67.7 69.5 71.3

65.6 66.6 68.0 70.1 72.1

66.0 67.0 68.3 70.7 72.8

65.9 67.2 69.0 71.1 73.4

2.2 2.0 2.7 3.0 3.2

48.9 51.5 55.8 59.2 61.7

49.4 52.5 56.2 60.1 62.2

49.9 53.3 56.9 60.7 62.4

50.6 53.9 57.3 61.1 62.6

5.9 6.5 6.3 6.6 2.5

71.9 74.2 77.9 83.6 93.0 98.3

72.8 74.9 78.7 85.5 95.1 99.1

73.7 75.8 79.9 86.8 95.9 99.9

73.7 76.5 80.8 87.6 96.6 100.0

5.1 3.8 5.6 8.4 10.3 3.5

63.1 65.1 65.6 66.5 68.2

63.4 65.5 65.9 67.3 68.7

63.9 65.5 66.5 67.9 69.4

64.6 65.8 66.4 68.1 70.1

3.2 1.9 0.9 2.6 2.9

51.7 54.8 57.8 60.8 63.5

52.4 55.7 58.3 61.5 64.0

53.2 56.5 59.1 62.0 64.7

53.7 56.9 59.6 62.2 64.8

7.0 6.0 4.7 4.4 4.2

75.0 79.1 82.9 87.6 92.9 98.3

75.9 79.9 84.0 88.6 94.2 99.1

76.8 81.0 84.7 89.7 95.0 99.8

77.4 81.6 85.3 90.4 95.9 100.0

5.7 5.4 4.5 6.0 6.1 4.3

65.5 66.3 67.8 69.6 71.1

65.8 66.7 68.2 70.0 71.8

66.0 67.1 68.5 70.4 72.5

66.0 67.3 69.1 70.8 73.2

1.9 2.0 2.7 2.5 3.4

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 301

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS EMPLOYER COSTS FOR EMPLOYEE COMPENSATION

Survey Scope

The Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC) measures the average cost per employee hour worked that employers pay for wages and salaries and benefits.

The ECEC consists of data for the civilian economy obtained from both private industry and state and local government. Excluded from private industry are the selfemployed and farm and private household workers. Federal government workers are excluded from the public sector. The private industry series and the state and local government series provide separate data for the two sectors.

Definitions Wages and salaries are defined as the hourly straight-time wage rate or (for workers not paid on an hourly basis) straight-time earnings divided by the corresponding hours. Straight-time wage and salary rates are total earnings before payroll deductions and include production bonuses, incentive earnings, commission payments, and cost-ofliving adjustments. Not included in straight-time earnings are nonproduction bonuses, such as lump-sum payments provided in lieu of wage increases, shift differentials, and premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends and holidays; these payments are included in the benefits component. Benefits include paid leave—vacations, holidays, sick leave, and other leave; supplemental pay—premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays), shift differentials, and nonproduction bonuses (such as referral bonuses and attendance bonuses); insurance benefits—life, health, short-term disability, and long-term disability insurance; retirement and savings benefits—defined benefit and defined contribution plans; and legally required benefits— Social Security, Medicare, federal and state unemployment insurance, and workers’ compensation. The collection of other benefits, such as severance pay and supplemental unemployment plans, were discontinued with the release of the March 2006 estimates.

The cost levels for March 2006 were collected from a probability sample of about 50,000 occupational observations within approximately 11,300 sample establishments in private industry, and from approximately 3,500 occupations within about 800 sample establishments in state and local governments. Data were collected for the pay periods containing the 12th days of the survey months of March, June, September, and December. Current employment weights are used to calculate cost levels. The March 2006 cost levels were calculated using the March 2006 employment counts from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Current Employment Statistics (CES) program, benchmarked to the March 2005 universe of all private nonfarm establishments. The ECEC was converted to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) in 2004. Sources of Additional Information Additional information may be obtained from BLS news release 06-1049 “Employer Costs for Employee Compensation—March 2006,” and in various articles in the BLS e-publication, Compensation and Working Conditions. These resources are available on the BLS Web site at .

302 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 6-5. Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: Private Industry Workers, by Major Industry Group, March 2006 (Dollars, percent of total cost.) Compensation component

All workers Cost

Percent

All goods-producing1 Cost

Percent

Goods-producing1 Construction

Cost

Percent

TOTAL COMPENSATION ........................

25.09

100.0

29.36

100.0

28.65

100.0

TOTAL BENEFITS ....................................

7.36

29.3

9.92

33.8

8.98

31.4

WAGES AND SALARIES .........................

Paid Leave ................................................ Vacation ..................................................... Holiday ....................................................... Sick ............................................................ Other ..........................................................

Supplemental Pay .................................... Overtime and premium pay3 ...................... Shift differentials ........................................ Nonproduction bonuses .............................

Insurance .................................................. Life insurance ............................................ Health insurance ........................................ Short-term disability ................................... Long-term disability ................................... Retirement and Savings .......................... Defined benefit plans ................................. Defined contribution plans .........................

Legally Required Benefits ...................... Social Security and Medicare .................... Social Security6 ..................................... Medicare ................................................ Federal unemployment insurance ............. State unemployment insurance ................. Workers' compensation .............................

17.73 1.71 0.85 0.57 0.21 0.08

0.73 0.26 0.06 0.41

1.85 0.04 1.72 0.05 0.04

0.91 0.44 0.47

2.15 1.49 1.19 0.29 0.03 0.16 0.47

Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding. 1Includes 2Includes

70.7 6.8 3.4 2.3 0.8 0.3

2.9 1.0 0.2 1.6

7.4 0.2 6.9 0.2 0.1

3.6 1.8 1.9

8.6 5.9 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.6 1.9

19.44

1.85 0.97 0.66 0.16 0.07

1.16 0.56 0.09 0.51

2.64 0.06 2.47 0.08 0.04

1.48 0.96 0.52

2.78 1.66 1.34 0.32 0.03 0.22 0.87

66.2 6.3 3.3 2.2 0.5 0.2

4.0 1.9 0.3 1.7

9.0 0.2 8.4 0.3 0.1

5.0 3.3 1.8

9.5 5.7 4.6 1.1 0.1 0.7 3.0

19.67 1.02 0.57 0.35 0.07 0.02

7.3 0.2 7.0 0.1

(4)

1.42 0.93 0.49

3.29 1.63 1.32 0.32 0.03 0.26 1.36

(5)

(5)

5.0 3.3 1.7

11.5 5.7 4.6 1.1 0.1 0.9 4.8

Percent

Cost

Percent

Trade, transportation, and utilities Cost

Percent

100.0

24.05

100.0

20.89

100.0

10.22

34.8

6.73

28.0

6.01

28.8

1.15 0.54 0.13 0.47

3.9 1.8 0.5 1.6

1.44 0.90 0.53

4.9 3.1 1.8

2.26 1.16 0.81 0.20 0.09

2.0

All service-providing2

29.40

3.6 2.0 1.2 0.2 0.1

2.11 0.05 2.00 0.04

(4)

Cost

19.18

4.0 2.0

0.57

Manufacturing

68.6

1.15 0.57

Service-providing2

2.87 0.06 2.67 0.09 0.05

2.51 1.67 1.34 0.32 0.03 0.20 0.61

65.2

17.31

7.7 3.9 2.8 0.7 0.3

1.67 0.83 0.54 0.23 0.08

9.8 0.2 9.1 0.3 0.2

1.66 0.04 1.54 0.04 0.04

8.5 5.7 4.6 1.1 0.1 0.7 2.1

0.63 0.19 0.05 0.39

0.77 0.32 0.45

2.00 1.44 1.16 0.29 0.03 0.15 0.38

72.0 7.0 3.4 2.3 0.9 0.3

14.88

1.25 0.63 0.41 0.17 0.05

2.6 0.8 0.2 1.6

0.49 0.24 0.03 0.23

3.2 1.3 1.9

0.75 0.41 0.33

6.9 0.2 6.4 0.2 0.2

8.3 6.0 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.6 1.6

1.59 0.04 1.49 0.04 0.02

1.93 1.24 1.00 0.24 0.04 0.14 0.51

71.2 6.0 3.0 1.9 0.8 0.2

2.4 1.1 0.1 1.1

7.6 0.2 7.1 0.2 0.1 3.6 2.0 1.6

9.2 5.9 4.8 1.2 0.2 0.7 2.4

mining, construction, and manufacturing. The agriculture, forestry, farming and hunting sector is excluded. utilities; wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment, and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration. 3Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 4Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 5Less than 0.05 percent. 6Comprises the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program.

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 303

Table 6-5. Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: Private Industry Workers, by Major Industry Group, March 2006—Continued (Dollars, percent of total cost.) Compensation component

Information Cost

Financial activities

Percent

Cost

Percent

Service-providing2

Professional and business services Cost

Percent

TOTAL COMPENSATION ........................

37.01

100.0

34.18

100.0

29.61

100.0

TOTAL BENEFITS ....................................

11.36

30.7

11.04

32.3

7.90

26.7

WAGES AND SALARIES .........................

Paid Leave ................................................ Vacation ..................................................... Holiday ....................................................... Sick ............................................................ Other ..........................................................

Supplemental Pay .................................... Overtime and premium pay3 ...................... Shift differentials ........................................ Nonproduction bonuses .............................

Insurance .................................................. Life insurance ............................................ Health insurance ........................................ Short-term disability ................................... Long-term disability ................................... Retirement and Savings .......................... Defined benefit plans ................................. Defined contribution plans .........................

Legally Required Benefits ...................... Social Security and Medicare .................... Social Security6 ..................................... Medicare ................................................ Federal unemployment insurance ............. State unemployment insurance ................. Workers' compensation .............................

25.64 3.50 1.72 1.07 0.45 0.25

0.92 0.35 0.04 0.52

2.89 0.06 2.60 0.16 0.08

1.35 0.66 0.69

2.70 2.17 1.73 0.43 0.03 0.19 0.31

Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding. 2Includes

69.3 9.5 4.7 2.9 1.2 0.7

2.5 1.0 0.1 1.4

7.8 0.2 7.0 0.4 0.2 3.7 1.8 1.9

7.3 5.9 4.7 1.2 0.1 0.5 0.8

23.15

2.75 1.37 0.88 0.36 0.14

1.85 0.13 0.02 1.70

2.58 0.07 2.38 0.07 0.06

1.59 0.67 0.92

2.27 1.88 1.48 0.40 0.03 0.15 0.20

67.7 8.0 4.0 2.6 1.1 0.4

5.4 0.4

5.0 (5)

7.6 0.2 7.0 0.2 0.2

4.7 2.0 2.7

6.6 5.5 4.3 1.2 0.1 0.4 0.6

21.70 2.16 1.06 0.73 0.29 0.08

0.81 0.20 0.03 0.57

1.72 0.05 1.56 0.06 0.05 0.87 0.33 0.55

2.34 1.77 1.41 0.36 0.03 0.18 0.36

Education and health services Cost

Percent

100.0

21.59

100.0

7.37

27.7

2.21

20.7

5.81

26.9

0.48 0.19 0.17 0.12

1.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

2.01 0.96 0.65 0.30 0.10

7.9 6.0 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.6 1.2

Cost

10.69

7.3 3.6 2.5 1.0 0.3

3.0 1.1 1.8

Percent

100.0

19.25

5.8 0.2 5.3 0.2 0.2

Cost

Other services

26.62

73.3

2.7 0.7 0.1 1.9

Percent

Leisure and hospitality

1.97 0.03 1.85 0.04 0.05 0.77 0.22 0.55

2.14 1.61 1.30 0.31 0.03 0.14 0.36

72.3 7.5 3.6 2.4 1.1 0.4

7.4 0.1 6.9 0.2 0.2 2.9 0.8 2.1

8.0 6.1 4.9 1.2 0.1 0.5 1.3

8.47

0.34 0.20 0.10 0.04 0.02

0.13 0.08

0.05 (4)

79.3 3.2 1.8 0.9 0.4 0.1

1.2 0.7

0.4

(5)

0.45

4.2

(4) (4)

(5) (5)

0.43 (4)

0.10 0.02 0.08

1.19 0.76 0.62 0.15 0.04 0.12 0.27

4.0

(5)

0.9 0.2 0.8

11.1 7.1 5.8 1.4 0.4 1.1 2.5

15.79

1.49 0.70 0.53 0.19 0.06

0.33 0.11 0.02 0.20

1.49 0.06 1.38 0.02 0.03

0.57 0.17 0.40

1.94 1.31 1.06 0.26 0.03 0.15 0.44

73.1 6.9 3.2 2.5 0.9 0.3

1.5 0.5 0.1 0.9

6.9 0.3 6.4 0.1 0.1

2.6 0.8 1.8

9.0 6.1 4.9 1.2 0.1 0.7 2.0

utilities; wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment, and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration. 3Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 4Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 5Less than 0.05 percent. 6Comprises the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program.

304 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 6-6. Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: Private Industry Workers, by Census Region and Area, March 2006 (Dollars, percent of total costs.) Compensation component

Census region and division1

Northeast Cost

Percent

Cost

New England

Northeast divisions

Percent

28.75

100.0

27.96

100.0

TOTAL BENEFITS ................................

8.63

30.0

8.11

29.0

Supplemental Pay ............................... Overtime and premium pay2 ................. Shift differentials .................................... Nonproduction bonuses ........................

0.93 0.26 0.06 0.60

3.2 0.9 0.2 2.1

Retirement and Savings ..................... Defined benefit ...................................... Defined contribution ..............................

1.06 0.48 0.59

3.7 1.7 2.0

WAGES AND SALARIES .....................

Paid Leave ............................................ Vacation ................................................ Holiday .................................................. Sick ........................................................ Other .....................................................

Insurance ............................................. Life insurance ........................................ Health insurance ................................... Short-term disability ............................... Long-term disability ...............................

Legally Required Benefits .................. Social Security and Medicare ................ Social Security3 ................................. Medicare ............................................ Federal unemployment insurance ......... State unemployment insurance ............. Workers' compensation .........................

20.12

2.18 1.05 0.71 0.30 0.11

2.07 0.05 1.92 0.07 0.04

2.39 1.68 1.34 0.34 0.03 0.22 0.46

Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding. 1The

70.0

19.86

7.6 3.7 2.5 1.0 0.4

2.04 0.99 0.70 0.25 0.09

7.2 0.2 6.7 0.2 0.1

1.91 0.05 1.78 0.04 0.03

8.3 5.8 4.7 1.2 0.1 0.8 1.6

0.81 0.26 0.06 0.50

1.00 0.41 0.59

2.35 1.66 1.33 0.33 0.03 0.22 0.43

Middle Atlantic

Cost

TOTAL COMPENSATION ....................

100.0

22.35

100.0

8.85

30.4

6.24

27.9

7.3 3.5 2.5 0.9 0.3

2.24 1.08 0.72 0.32 0.12

6.8 0.2 6.4 0.2 0.1

2.14 0.05 1.97 0.08 0.04

8.4 5.9 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.8 1.5

Percent

29.08

20.23

3.6 1.5 2.1

Cost

Percent

71.0

2.9 0.9 0.2 1.8

South

69.6 7.7 3.7 2.5 1.1 0.4

16.11 1.42 0.72 0.48 0.17 0.06

72.1 6.4 3.2 2.1 0.8 0.2

0.98 0.27 0.07 0.64

3.4 0.9 0.2 2.2

0.57 0.23 0.05 0.29

2.6 1.0 0.2 1.3

1.09 0.51 0.59

3.8 1.7 2.0

0.75 0.34 0.41

3.3 1.5 1.8

2.41 1.68 1.34 0.34 0.03 0.22 0.47

7.3 0.2 6.8 0.3 0.1

8.3 5.8 4.6 1.2 0.1 0.8 1.6

1.61 0.04 1.49 0.04 0.04

1.88 1.35 1.08 0.26 0.03 0.11 0.40

7.2 0.2 6.7 0.2 0.2

8.4 6.0 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.5 1.8

states that comprise the Census divisions are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic—Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central—Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central—Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. 2Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 3Comprises the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program.

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 305

Table 6-6. Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: Private Industry Workers, by Census Region and Area, March 2006—Continued (Dollars, percent of total costs.) Compensation component

South divisions

South Atlantic

Cost

Census region and division1

Percent

East South Central Cost

Percent

West South Central Cost

Percent

Midwest

Cost

Midwest divisions

Percent

East North Central Cost

Percent

West North Central Cost

Percent

TOTAL COMPENSATION ....................

23.43

100.0

19.82

100.0

21.83

100.0

24.65

100.0

26.03

100.0

21.50

100.0

TOTAL BENEFITS ................................

6.49

27.7

5.74

29.0

6.07

27.8

7.56

30.6

8.07

31.0

6.37

29.6

Supplemental Pay ............................... Overtime and premium pay2 ................. Shift differentials .................................... Nonproduction bonuses ........................

0.57 0.23 0.05 0.28

2.4 1.0 0.2 1.2

0.58 0.23 0.07 0.28

2.9 1.1 0.4 1.4

0.59 0.24 0.04 0.31

2.7 1.1 0.2 1.4

0.76 0.30 0.08 0.38

3.1 1.2 0.3 1.5

0.84 0.31 0.09 0.43

3.2 1.2 0.3 1.7

0.57 0.26 0.06 0.26

2.7 1.2 0.3 1.2

Retirement and Savings ..................... Defined benefit ...................................... Defined contribution ..............................

0.76 0.31 0.45

1.01 0.57 0.44

4.1 2.3 1.8

1.11 0.66 0.45

4.3 2.5 1.7

0.79 0.38 0.41

3.7 1.8 1.9

WAGES AND SALARIES .....................

Paid Leave ............................................ Vacation ................................................ Holiday .................................................. Sick ........................................................ Other .....................................................

Insurance ............................................. Life insurance ........................................ Health insurance ................................... Short-term disability ............................... Long-term disability ...............................

Legally Required Benefits .................. Social Security and Medicare ................ Social Security3 ................................. Medicare ............................................ Federal unemployment insurance ......... State unemployment insurance ............. Workers' compensation .........................

16.93 1.54 0.78 0.51 0.19 0.06

72.3

1.14 0.61 0.37 0.11 0.05

71.0 5.8 3.1 1.9 0.6 0.3

15.76 1.37 0.67 0.48 0.18 0.05

72.2 6.3 3.1 2.2 0.8 0.2

17.10 1.67 0.85 0.55 0.19 0.09

1.66 0.04 1.53 0.05 0.04

7.1 0.2 6.5 0.2 0.2

1.65 0.05 1.52 0.05 0.03

8.3 0.2 7.7 0.3 0.2

1.52 0.05 1.41 0.04 0.03

7.0 0.2 6.4 0.2 0.2

2.02 0.05 1.88 0.06 0.04

1.97 1.42 1.14 0.28 0.03 0.11 0.41

8.4 6.1 4.9 1.2 0.1 0.4 1.8

1.75 1.21 0.97 0.23 0.03 0.10 0.41

8.9 6.1 4.9 1.2 0.2 0.5 2.1

1.81 1.30 1.04 0.26 0.03 0.12 0.36

8.3 6.0 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.5 1.7

2.09 1.45 1.17 0.28 0.03 0.16 0.44

Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding. 1The

6.6 3.3 2.2 0.8 0.3

14.07

3.3 1.3 1.9

0.62 0.24 0.38

3.1 1.2 1.9

0.78 0.43 0.35

3.6 2.0 1.6

69.4 6.8 3.4 2.2 0.8 0.4

17.96 1.80 0.90 0.60 0.20 0.10

8.2 0.2 7.6 0.2 0.1

2.16 0.05 2.00 0.06 0.04

8.5 5.9 4.7 1.1 0.1 0.7 1.8

2.17 1.52 1.22 0.30 0.03 0.17 0.44

69.0 6.9 3.5 2.3 0.8 0.4

8.3 0.2 7.7 0.2 0.1

8.3 5.8 4.7 1.1 0.1 0.7 1.7

15.13 1.39 0.73 0.45 0.15 0.06

1.71 0.04 1.60 0.04 0.03

1.90 1.29 1.04 0.25 0.03 0.14 0.43

70.4 6.5 3.4 2.1 0.7 0.3

8.0 0.2 7.4 0.2 0.1

8.8 6.0 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.7 2.0

states that comprise the Census divisions are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic—Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central—Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central—Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. 2Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 3Comprises the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program.

306 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 6-6. Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: Private Industry Workers, by Census Region and Area, March 2006—Continued (Dollars, percent of total costs.) Compensation component

Census region and division1

West Cost

Percent

TOTAL COMPENSATION ....................

26.56

100.0

TOTAL BENEFITS ................................

7.71

29.0

WAGES AND SALARIES .....................

18.85

Paid Leave ............................................ Vacation ................................................ Holiday .................................................. Sick ........................................................ Other .....................................................

1.76 0.89 0.59 0.23 0.05

Insurance ............................................. Life insurance ........................................ Health insurance ................................... Short-term disability ............................... Long-term disability ...............................

1.82 0.04 1.71 0.03 0.03

Supplemental Pay ............................... Overtime and premium pay2 ................. Shift differentials .................................... Nonproduction bonuses ........................

Retirement and Savings ..................... Defined benefit ...................................... Defined contribution ..............................

Legally Required Benefits .................. Social Security and Medicare ................ Social Security3 ................................. Medicare ............................................ Federal unemployment insurance ......... State unemployment insurance ............. Workers' compensation .........................

1The

6.44

27.9

6.6 3.4 2.2 0.9 0.2

1.40 0.72 0.46 0.17 0.04

6.9 0.2 6.4 0.1 0.1

1.62 0.03 1.53 0.03 0.03

0.90 0.43 0.47

3.4 1.6 1.8

Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding.

100.0

16.68

2.9 0.9 0.2 1.8

9.2 5.9 4.7 1.2 0.1 0.7 2.5

Percent

23.12

71.0

0.77 0.25 0.05 0.47

2.45 1.57 1.26 0.31 0.03 0.19 0.66

Cost

Mountain

West divisions

8.25

29.4

0.82 0.27 0.05 0.50

2.9 1.0 0.2 1.8

0.98 0.51 0.47

3.5 1.8 1.7

6.0 3.1 2.0 0.8 0.2

1.92 0.96 0.64 0.25 0.06

7.0 0.1 6.6 0.1 0.1

1.91 0.04 1.79 0.04 0.04

0.72 0.26 0.45

3.1 1.1 2.0

8.8 6.0 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.6 2.1

Percent 100.0

19.77

2.9 0.9 0.2 1.8

Metropolitan area

28.02

72.1

0.67 0.21 0.05 0.41

2.04 1.39 1.12 0.27 0.03 0.13 0.48

Cost

Pacific

2.62 1.65 1.32 0.33 0.03 0.21 0.73

Area4

Cost 26.00

100.0

7.63

29.3

0.76 0.26 0.06 0.44

2.9 1.0 0.2 1.7

0.96 0.47 0.49

3.7 1.8 1.9

70.6

18.37

6.8 3.4 2.3 0.9 0.2

1.80 0.90 0.60 0.23 0.08

6.8 0.2 6.4 0.1 0.1

1.89 0.05 1.76 0.05 0.04

9.4 5.9 4.7 1.2 0.1 0.8 2.6

Percent

2.21 1.54 1.23 0.30 0.03 0.17 0.48

Nonmetropolitan area Cost 18.85

100.0

5.52

29.3

0.54 0.28 0.06 0.20

2.9 1.5 0.3 1.1

0.57 0.26 0.31

3.0 1.4 1.6

70.7

13.33

6.9 3.4 2.3 0.9 0.3

1.10 0.57 0.37 0.11 0.05

7.3 0.2 6.8 0.2 0.1

1.55 0.03 1.46 0.04 0.02

8.5 5.9 4.7 1.2 0.1 0.6 1.8

Percent

1.76 1.15 0.93 0.22 0.03 0.14 0.44

70.7 5.8 3.0 2.0 0.6 0.2

8.2 0.2 7.8 0.2 0.1

9.3 6.1 4.9 1.2 0.2 0.7 2.3

states that comprise the Census divisions are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic—Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central—Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central—Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. 2Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 3Comprises the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. 4A metropolitan area can be a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or a Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA), as defined by the Office of Management and Budget in 1994. Nonmetropolitan areas are counties that do not fit the definitions above.

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 307 Table 6-6. Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: Private Industry Workers, by Census Region and Area, March 2006—Continued (Dollars, percent of total costs.) Compensation component

Census region and division1

West Cost

Percent

TOTAL COMPENSATION ....................

26.56

100.0

TOTAL BENEFITS ................................

7.71

29.0

WAGES AND SALARIES .....................

18.85

Paid Leave ............................................ Vacation ................................................ Holiday .................................................. Sick ........................................................ Other .....................................................

1.76 0.89 0.59 0.23 0.05

Insurance ............................................. Life insurance ........................................ Health insurance ................................... Short-term disability ............................... Long-term disability ...............................

1.82 0.04 1.71 0.03 0.03

Supplemental Pay ............................... Overtime and premium pay2 ................. Shift differentials .................................... Nonproduction bonuses ........................

Retirement and Savings ..................... Defined benefit ...................................... Defined contribution ..............................

Legally Required Benefits .................. Social Security and Medicare ................ Social Security3 ................................. Medicare ............................................ Federal unemployment insurance ......... State unemployment insurance ............. Workers' compensation .........................

1The

6.44

27.9

6.6 3.4 2.2 0.9 0.2

1.40 0.72 0.46 0.17 0.04

6.9 0.2 6.4 0.1 0.1

1.62 0.03 1.53 0.03 0.03

0.90 0.43 0.47

3.4 1.6 1.8

Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding.

100.0

16.68

2.9 0.9 0.2 1.8

9.2 5.9 4.7 1.2 0.1 0.7 2.5

Percent

23.12

71.0

0.77 0.25 0.05 0.47

2.45 1.57 1.26 0.31 0.03 0.19 0.66

Cost

Mountain

West divisions

8.25

29.4

0.82 0.27 0.05 0.50

2.9 1.0 0.2 1.8

0.98 0.51 0.47

3.5 1.8 1.7

6.0 3.1 2.0 0.8 0.2

1.92 0.96 0.64 0.25 0.06

7.0 0.1 6.6 0.1 0.1

1.91 0.04 1.79 0.04 0.04

0.72 0.26 0.45

3.1 1.1 2.0

8.8 6.0 4.8 1.2 0.1 0.6 2.1

Percent 100.0

19.77

2.9 0.9 0.2 1.8

Metropolitan area

28.02

72.1

0.67 0.21 0.05 0.41

2.04 1.39 1.12 0.27 0.03 0.13 0.48

Cost

Pacific

2.62 1.65 1.32 0.33 0.03 0.21 0.73

Area4

Cost 26.00

100.0

7.63

29.3

0.76 0.26 0.06 0.44

2.9 1.0 0.2 1.7

0.96 0.47 0.49

3.7 1.8 1.9

70.6

18.37

6.8 3.4 2.3 0.9 0.2

1.80 0.90 0.60 0.23 0.08

6.8 0.2 6.4 0.1 0.1

1.89 0.05 1.76 0.05 0.04

9.4 5.9 4.7 1.2 0.1 0.8 2.6

Percent

2.21 1.54 1.23 0.30 0.03 0.17 0.48

Nonmetropolitan area Cost 18.85

100.0

5.52

29.3

0.54 0.28 0.06 0.20

2.9 1.5 0.3 1.1

0.57 0.26 0.31

3.0 1.4 1.6

70.7

13.33

6.9 3.4 2.3 0.9 0.3

1.10 0.57 0.37 0.11 0.05

7.3 0.2 6.8 0.2 0.1

1.55 0.03 1.46 0.04 0.02

8.5 5.9 4.7 1.2 0.1 0.6 1.8

Percent

1.76 1.15 0.93 0.22 0.03 0.14 0.44

70.7 5.8 3.0 2.0 0.6 0.2

8.2 0.2 7.8 0.2 0.1

9.3 6.1 4.9 1.2 0.2 0.7 2.3

states that comprise the Census divisions are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic—Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central—Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central—Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. 2Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 3Comprises the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. 4A metropolitan area can be a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or a Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA), as defined by the Office of Management and Budget in 1994. Nonmetropolitan areas are counties that do not fit the definitions above.

308 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 6-7. Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: State and Local Government, by Major Occupational and Industry Group, March 2006 (Dollars, percent of total cost.) Compensation component

All workers Cost

Percent

TOTAL COMPENSATION ........................................

36.96

100.0

TOTAL BENEFITS ....................................................

11.96

Supplemental Pay .................................................... Overtime and premium pay3 ...................................... Shift differentials ........................................................ Nonproduction bonuses .............................................

0.32 0.16 0.07 0.10

WAGES AND SALARIES .........................................

Paid Leave ................................................................ Vacation ..................................................................... Holiday ...................................................................... Sick ........................................................................... Other .........................................................................

25.01 2.88 1.00 0.92 0.73 0.24

32.4

13.11

29.1

0.9 0.4 0.2 0.3

0.19 0.05 0.05 0.10

0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2

67.6 7.8 2.7 2.5 2.0 0.6

10.9 0.2 10.6 0.1 0.1

Legally Required Benefits ...................................... Social Security and Medicare .................................... Social Security5 ...................................................... Medicare ................................................................ Federal unemployment insurance ............................. State unemployment insurance ................................. Workers' compensation .............................................

2.18 1.66 1.28 0.38

5.9 4.5 3.5 1.0

Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding. 1This

0.06 0.46 (6)

Percent

100.0

4.03 0.06 3.91 0.02 0.04 2.54 2.27 0.28

Cost

45.07

Insurance .................................................................. Life insurance ............................................................ Health insurance ........................................................ Short-term disability ................................................... Long-term disability ................................................... Retirement and Savings .......................................... Defined benefit plans ................................................. Defined contribution plans .........................................

Management, professional, and related

6.9 6.1 0.8

0.2 1.2 (4)

31.95

3.16 0.92 1.02 0.92 0.29

4.39 0.07 4.26 0.02 0.05

2.51 2.07 1.59 0.48

2.86 2.52 0.34

0.06 0.38 (6)

Occupational group1 Sales and office

Cost

Service

Percent

Cost

Service-providing2

Percent

25.23

100.0

28.21

100.0

9.50

37.6

11.02

0.17 0.08 0.02 0.07

0.7 0.3 0.1 0.3

0.62 0.33 0.15 0.14

70.9

15.73

7.0 2.0 2.3 2.1 0.7

2.41 0.98 0.77 0.50 0.16

9.7 0.1 9.4

Industry group

62.4

9.6 3.9 3.1 2.0 0.6

17.19 2.58 1.11 0.81 0.48 0.19

100.0

39.1

11.99

32.3

2.2 1.2 0.5 0.5

0.32 0.15 0.07 0.10

0.9 0.4 0.2 0.3

60.9 9.2 3.9 2.9 1.7 0.7

0.1

15.1 0.2 14.7 0.1 0.1

3.35 0.04 3.23 0.04 0.03

11.9 0.1 11.5 0.1 0.1

5.6 4.6 3.5 1.1

1.59 1.21 0.95 0.26

6.3 4.8 3.8 1.0

1.76 1.08 0.81 0.26

6.2 3.8 2.9 0.9

6.3 5.6 0.8

0.1 0.8 (4)

1.53 1.36 0.16

0.05 0.32 (6)

6.1 5.4 0.6

0.2 1.3 (4)

2.71 2.57 0.14

0.07 0.62 (6)

Percent

37.14

3.80 0.05 3.70 0.02 0.03

(4)

Cost

25.15 2.89 1.00 0.92 0.73 0.24

10.9 0.2 10.5 0.1 0.1

2.18 1.67 1.28 0.38

5.9 4.5 3.5 1.0

2.56 2.28 0.28

0.2 2.2

0.06 0.46 (6)

table presents data for the three major occupational groups in state and local government: management, professional, and related occupations, including teachers; sales and office occupations, including clerical workers; and service occupations, including police and firefighters. industries, which include health and educational services, employ a large proportion of the state and local government workforce. 3Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 4Less than 0.05 percent. 5Comprises the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. 6Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 2Service-providing

7.8 2.7 2.5 2.0 0.6

4.03 0.06 3.91 0.02 0.04

9.6 9.1 0.5

(4)

67.7

6.9 6.1 0.8

0.2 1.2 (4)

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 309 Table 6-8. Employer Compensation Costs Per Hour Worked for Employee Compensation and Costs as a Percent of Total Compensation: State and Local Government Workers, by Occupational and Industry Workers, March 2006 (Dollars, percent of total compensation.) Characteristic

COSTS PER HOUR WORKED

State and Local Government Workers .......................................................

Occupational Group Management, professional, and related ......................................................... Professional and related ............................................................................. Teachers1 ....................................................................................................... Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers ...................... Sales and office .............................................................................................. Office and administrative support ............................................................... Service ............................................................................................................ Industry Group Education and health services ........................................................................ Educational services ................................................................................... Elementary and secondary schools ........................................................ Junior colleges, colleges, and universities ............................................. Health care and social assistance .............................................................. Hospitals ................................................................................................. Public administration ...................................................................................... PERCENT OF TOTAL COMPENSATION

State and Local Government Workers .......................................................

Occupational Group Management, professional, and related ......................................................... Professional and related ............................................................................. Teachers1 ....................................................................................................... Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers ...................... Sales and office .............................................................................................. Office and administrative support ............................................................... Service ............................................................................................................ Industry Group Education and health services ........................................................................ Educational services ................................................................................... Elementary and secondary schools ........................................................ Junior colleges, colleges, and universities ............................................. Health care and social assistance .............................................................. Hospitals ................................................................................................. Public administration ...................................................................................... Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding. 1Includes

Total compensation

Wages and salaries

36.96

25.01

45.07 44.87 50.12 48.24 25.23 25.24 28.21

Cost per hour worked

Supplemental pay

11.96

2.88

0.32

4.03

2.54

2.18

31.95 32.13 36.86 35.19 15.73 15.74 17.19

13.11 12.74 13.26 13.05 9.50 9.50 11.02

3.16 2.87 2.67 2.47 2.41 2.41 2.58

0.19 0.20 0.12 0.11 0.17 0.17 0.62

4.39 4.38 4.57 4.86 3.80 3.80 3.35

2.86 2.82 3.26 3.12 1.53 1.53 2.71

2.51 2.47 2.65 2.49 1.59 1.58 1.76

38.96 39.58 38.62 42.85 34.98 31.39 33.88

27.43 28.14 27.47 30.36 22.96 20.46 21.19

11.53 11.45 11.15 12.49 12.02 10.93 12.69

2.71 2.54 2.21 3.58 3.78 3.24 3.19

0.21 0.14 0.12 0.20 0.68 0.75 0.49

4.07 4.16 4.37 3.59 3.49 3.19 3.96

2.37 2.45 2.38 2.70 1.85 1.66 2.95

2.17 2.16 2.08 2.42 2.22 2.09 2.10

100.0

67.6

32.4

7.8

0.9

10.9

6.9

5.9

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

70.9 71.6 73.5 72.9 62.4 62.4 60.9

29.1 28.4 26.5 27.1 37.6 37.6 39.1

7.0 6.4 5.3 5.1 9.6 9.6 9.2

0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.7 2.2

9.7 9.8 9.1 10.1 15.1 15.0 11.9

6.3 6.3 6.5 6.5 6.1 6.1 9.6

5.6 5.5 5.3 5.2 6.3 6.3 6.2

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

70.4 71.1 71.1 70.9 65.6 65.2 62.5

29.6 28.9 28.9 29.1 34.4 34.8 37.5

7.0 6.4 5.7 8.4 10.8 10.3 9.4

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 1.9 2.4 1.4

10.4 10.5 11.3 8.4 10.0 10.2 11.7

6.1 6.2 6.2 6.3 5.3 5.3 8.7

5.6 5.5 5.4 5.6 6.4 6.7 6.2

postsecondary teachers; primary, secondary, and special education teachers; and other teachers and instructors.

Insurance

Retirement and savings

Legally required benefits

Paid leave

Total

310 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS EMPLOYEE BENEFITS SURVEY The Employee Benefits Survey is now part of the National Compensation Survey (NCS), which also includes the Employment Cost Index. Collection and Coverage The statistics in this chapter represent the integration of data on employee benefits into the NCS. Prior to 1999, surveys of different sectors of the economy were conducted in alternating years; medium and large private establishments were studied during odd-numbered years, and small private establishments were studied during even-numbered years. Since these surveys have been replaced by the new survey, the tables previously presented in this Handbook have been discontinued. Data for all private workers are now collected annually.

some employees may decline to participate in a health insurance plan if there is an employee cost involved. Survey Scope The 2000 NCS benefits incidence survey obtained data from 1,436 private industry establishments, representing over 107 million workers. Of this total, nearly 86 million were full-time workers; the remainder—nearly 22 million—was made up of part-time workers. The NCS uses the establishment’s definition of full- and part-time status. For purposes of this survey, an establishment is an economic unit that produces goods or services, a central administrative office, or an auxiliary unit providing support services to a company. For private industries, the establishment is usually at a single physical location.

Definitions

Sources of Additional Information

Incidence refers to different methods of computing the number or percentage of employees who receive a benefit plan or specific benefit feature.

For more information, see BLS news release USDL-061482, “Employee Benefits in Private Industry, 2006.” For a listing of selected benefit definitions, see the Glossary of Compensation Terms. Additional data and further information on methodology and sampling are available in BLS Bulletin 2555, “National Compensation Survey: Employee Benefits in Private Industry in the United States, 2000.” These resources are available on the BLS Web site at . The NCS was described in an article in the fifth edition of this Handbook.

Access to a benefit is determined on an occupational basis within an establishment. An employee is considered to have access to a benefit if it is available for his or her use. Participation refers to the proportion of employees covered by a benefit. There will be cases where employees with access to a plan will not participate. For example,

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 311 Table 6-9. Percent of Workers with Access to or Participating in Selected Benefits, March 2006 (Percent.)

Characteristic

Retirement benefits All plans1

ACCESS TO SELECTED BENEFITS

Defined benefit

Defined contribution

Medical care

Health care benefits Dental care

Vision care

Outpatient prescription drug coverage

46

29

67

Life insurance

Disability benefits

Short-term disability

Long-term disability

39

30

All workers ..................................................................

60

21

Full-time ...................................................................... Part-time .....................................................................

69 29

24 9

63 25

85 22

55 15

34 11

81 21

64 13

Average wage less than $15 per hour ........................ Average wage $15 per hour or higher ........................

47 77

11 34

43 69

57 88

34 62

20 40

54 84

40 67

27 54

1 to 99 workers ........................................................... 100 workers or more ...................................................

44 78

9 35

41 70

59 84

31 64

20 40

56 80

38 69

27 53

Worker Characteristics White-collar occupations ............................................. Blue-collar occupations ............................................... Service occupations ....................................................

Union ........................................................................... Nonunion ..................................................................... Establishment Characteristics Goods-producing ........................................................ Service-producing .......................................................

Geographic Areas2 Metropolitan areas3 ..................................................... Nonmetropolitan areas3 ..............................................

New England ............................................................... Middle Atlantic ............................................................. South Atlantic .............................................................. East South Central ...................................................... West South Central .....................................................

69 62 34

84 57

73 56

61 55

23 25 8

70 15

32 18

22 14

54

65 53 30 50 55

63 52

55 51

71

77 77 45 89 68

86 66

71 66

53 46 27 69 43

56 43

47 40

32 31 19 54 26

35 27

30 25

72 73 43 86 64

82 62

68 63

52

60 54 30

43 43 22

42 23 12

63 51

63 36

30 30

62 49

53 50

46 13

53 35

40 32

38 6 17 48 31 30

19 43

32 21

58 61 60 63 54

20 27 17 15 15

53 52 57 60 50

71 71 72 72 66

54 45 45 47 36

31 32 28 32 19

69 65 68 69 60

49 47 57 56 52

38 73 34 35 25

34 27 33 28 28

All workers ..................................................................

51

20

43

52

36

22

49

50

37

29

Full-time ...................................................................... Part-time .....................................................................

60 21

23 8

51 16

64 13

44 10

Average wage less than $15 per hour ........................ Average wage $15 per hour or higher ........................

36 70

10 33

31 58

38 71

1 to 99 workers ........................................................... 100 workers or more ...................................................

37 67

9 33

33 54

43 63

East North Central ...................................................... West North Central ..................................................... Mountain ..................................................................... Pacific ......................................................................... PARTICIPATING IN SELECTING BENEFITS

Worker Characteristics White-collar occupations ............................................. Blue-collar occupations ............................................... Service occupations ....................................................

Union ........................................................................... Nonunion ..................................................................... Establishment Characteristics Goods-producing ........................................................ Service-producing .......................................................

Geographic Areas2 Metropolitan areas3 ..................................................... Nonmetropolitan areas3 ..............................................

New England ............................................................... Middle Atlantic ............................................................. South Atlantic .............................................................. East South Central ...................................................... West South Central .....................................................

East North Central ...................................................... West North Central ..................................................... Mountain ..................................................................... Pacific .........................................................................

Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding.

63 64 63 56

60 52 24

80 47

64 47

52 44

50 55 49 47 43 56 56 52 47

25 20 20 21

22 25 7

68 14

31 17

21 13

19 26 16 14 15 24 20 18 20

56 57 59 49

53 40 20 44 43

51 40

44 39

43 43 43 42 37 46 47 46 38

71 66 70 73

57 60 27 80 49

70 47

53 48

51 52 53 55 49 53 50 51 55

46 43 47 55

27 22 30 39

41 38 18

24 25 13

63 33

48 19

69 64 67 70

54 57 27

57 52 50 46

42 33 26 28

58 51 26

41 42 21

40 22 11

62 48

62 35

29 29

26 7

60 12

61 10

23 52

14 32

35 67

37 66

26 52

24 50

14 31

40 60

36 66

25 52

49 32

37 31

41 35 33 37 27 36 34 36 44

29 20

22 19

21 24 20 26 15 21 17 24 30

77 46

66 44

50 46

48 48 49 53 44 52 48 49 52

60 47

50 47

48 45 54 53 48 54 50 44 44

45 12

52 33

39 31

37 72 31 33 24 41 32 25 27

1Includes defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution retirement plans. The total is less than the sum of the individual items because many employees have access to both types

of plans.

34 29 29 28

36 5 16 46 31 28

18 42

31 20

31 27 31 26 26 32 28 27 27

2The states that comprise the Census divisions are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York,

and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic—Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central—Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central—Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. 3A metropolitan area can be a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or a Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA), as defined by the Office of Management and Budget in 1994. Nonmetropolitan areas are counties that do not fit the definitions above.

312 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 6-10. Percent of Medical Plan Participants and Employer Premiums Per Participant, by Requirements for Employee Contributions for Single and Family Coverage, Private Industry, March 2006 (Dollars, percent.)

Characteristic

Percent of participating employees

SINGLE COVERAGE

Total

Average flat monthly employer premium

Employee contribution not required Percent of participating employees

Average flat monthly employer premium

Employee contribution required

Percent of participating employees

Average flat monthly employer premium

Average flat monthly employee contribution

All workers ..........................................................

100

266.50

25

327.45

75

246.72

76.05

Full-time ............................................................. Part-time .............................................................

100 100

265.69 280.35

25 21

324.80 381.10

75 79

246.25 254.15

75.39 86.75

Average wage less than $15 per hour ............... Average wage $15 per hour or higher ................

100 100

249.97 277.75

20 27

296.93 342.92

80 73

237.95 253.25

77.50 74.97

1 to 99 workers ................................................... 100 workers or more ..........................................

100 100

257.39 273.76

32 18

320.29 337.55

68 82

227.31 259.51

83.66 71.04

Worker Characteristics White-collar occupations .................................... Blue-collar occupations ...................................... Service occupations ...........................................

Union .................................................................. Nonunion ............................................................ Establishment Characteristics Goods-producing ................................................ Service-producing .............................................. Geographic Areas1 Metropolitan areas2 ............................................ Nonmetropolitan areas2 .....................................

New England ...................................................... Middle Atlantic .................................................... South Atlantic ..................................................... East South Central ............................................. West South Central ............................................

East North Central .............................................. West North Central ............................................. Mountain ............................................................ Pacific ................................................................. FAMILY COVERAGE

100 100 100

100 100

100 100

265.93 265.85 271.75

333.13 253.75

266.96 266.31

20 33 20

49 20

30 22

322.78 323.33 376.10

390.42 297.67

320.77 331.28

100 100

267.36 261.60

24 25

333.73 291.88

100 100 100 100

274.38 272.02 269.78 267.02

23 27 23 34

359.28 310.39 333.84 318.44

100 100 100 100 100

258.74 285.37 251.79 243.70 263.02

16 28 21 22 20

80 67 80

51 80

70 78

251.35 237.70 246.43 278.15 242.89

243.75 247.84

76.69 73.20 80.41 57.28 78.34

70.00 78.35

76 75

245.87 251.60

75.91 76.86

77 73 77 66

248.45 257.96 251.00 240.25

76.08 71.26 77.54 70.49

337.19 359.34 301.04 277.63 311.06

84 72 79 78 80

243.56 256.96 238.68 234.40 251.38

83.92 73.87 79.67 79.13 75.42

All workers ..........................................................

100

617.18

13

788.53

87

592.38

296.88

Full-time ............................................................. Part-time .............................................................

100 100

618.51 593.33

13 12

793.97 686.13

87 88

593.04 580.60

294.46 339.90

Average wage less than $15 per hour ............... Average wage $15 per hour or higher ................

100 100

558.64 656.66

8 16

648.37 834.72

92 84

551.06 622.94

311.29 286.23

1 to 99 workers ................................................... 100 workers or more ..........................................

100 100

553.37 667.32

15 11

787.46 789.68

85 89

512.52 652.34

344.12 261.41

Worker Characteristics White-collar occupations .................................... Blue-collar occupations ...................................... Service occupations ...........................................

Union .................................................................. Nonunion ............................................................ Establishment Characteristics Goods-producing ................................................ Service-producing .............................................. Geographic Areas1 Metropolitan areas2 ............................................ Nonmetropolitan areas2 .....................................

New England ...................................................... Middle Atlantic .................................................... South Atlantic ..................................................... East South Central ............................................. West South Central ............................................

East North Central .............................................. West North Central ............................................. Mountain ............................................................ Pacific .................................................................

Note: Individual items may not sum to totals due to rounding. 1The

100 100 100

100 100

100 100

624.40 620.62 567.18

750.88 592.39

654.66 601.51

9 20 9

40 8

19 10

754.51 827.94 676.90

870.66 706.91

851.25 737.17

100 100

621.93 590.22

13 12

799.86 717.36

100 100 100 100

668.73 609.19 592.99 592.56

16 16 10 18

902.78 658.08 821.06 713.31

100 100 100 100 100

652.63 661.40 590.83 564.05 577.70

10 17 7 9 6

805.78 803.01 814.61 753.25 716.26

91 80 91

60 92

81 90

611.90 567.43 556.76 670.05 583.08

607.63 586.67

87 88

595.74 573.54

84 84 90 82

624.93 599.91 566.41 565.93

90 83 93 91 94

635.70 632.36 574.72 544.75 568.74

303.36 279.03 311.79 196.60 308.88

260.76 310.40

296.89 296.81

279.34 282.84 309.91 304.20 317.10 283.02 281.28 320.07 295.88

states that comprise the Census divisions are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic—Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central—Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central—Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. 2A metropolitan area can be a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or a Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA), as defined by the Office of Management and Budget in 1994. Nonmetropolitan areas are counties that do not fit the definitions above.

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 313

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS NATIONAL COMPENSATION SURVEY: OCCUPATIONAL WAGES Collection and Coverage The occupational wages in this section are from the National Compensation Survey (NCS). In 2005, the NCS included 25,723 establishments and represented over 84 million workers. Private sector establishments with one or more workers were included in the survey. State and local governments with 50 or more workers within a survey area were also included. The survey covered goods-producing industries (mining, construction, and manufacturing), service-producing industries (transportation, communications, electric, gas, and sanitary services; wholesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries), and state and local governments. Agriculture, private households, and the federal government were excluded from the scope of the NCS. For the purposes of this survey, an establishment is an economic unit that produces goods or services, a central administrative office, or an auxiliary unit providing support services to a company. For private industries in this survey, the establishment is usually at a single physical location. For state and local governments, an establishment is defined as all locations of a government entity. The geographic scope of the NCS includes all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Identification of the occupations for which wage data were collected for the 2005 NCS was a multistep process: 1. Probability-proportional-to-size selection of establishment jobs 2. Classification of jobs into occupations based on the Census of Population system 3. Characterization of jobs as full time versus part time, union versus nonunion, and time versus incentive 4. Determination of the level of work of each job For each occupation, wage data were collected for workers who met the unique set of characteristics identified in the last three steps. Special procedures were developed for jobs for which a level could not be determined. In step one, the jobs to be sampled were selected at each establishment by a Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) field economist during a personal visit. A complete list of employees was used for sampling, with each selected worker representing a job within the establishment. The second step of the process entailed classifying the selected jobs into occupations based on their duties. A selected job may have been categorized into any one of about 480 occupational classifications.

In step three, certain job characteristics (such as full-time versus part-time employment, time versus incentive pay, and union versus non-union status) were determined. In the last step before wage data were collected, the work level of each selected job was determined using a “point factor leveling” process. Point factor leveling matches certain aspects of a job to specific levels of work with assigned point values. Points for each factor are then totaled to determine the overall work level for the job. Definitions A full-time worker is any employee whom the employer considers to be working full time. A part-time worker is any employee whom the employer considers to be working part time. An incentive worker is any employee whose earnings are tied, at least in part, to commissions, piece rates, production bonuses, or other incentives based on production or sales. A level is a ranking of an occupation based on the requirements of the position. A nonunion worker is any employee in an occupation who does not meet the conditions for union coverage. (See below.) A time-based worker is any employee whose earnings are tied to an hourly rate or salary and not to a specific level of production. A union worker is any employee who works in an unionized occupation and meets all of the following conditions: • A labor organization is recognized as the bargaining agent for all workers in the occupation. • Wage and salary rates are determined through collective bargaining or negotiations. • Settlement terms, which must include earnings provisions and may include benefit provisions, are embodied in a signed, mutually binding collective bargaining agreement. Earnings are defined as regular payments from the employer to the employee as compensation for straighttime hourly work, or for any salaried work performed. The following components were included as part of earnings: • Incentive pay, including commissions, production bonuses, and piece rates • Cost-of-living allowances • Hazard pay • Payments of income deferred due to participation in a salary reduction plan • Deadhead pay, defined as pay given to transportation workers returning in a vehicle without freight or passengers.

314 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Weighting and Estimation Sample weights were calculated for each establishment and occupation in the survey. These weights reflected the relative size of the occupation within the establishment and of the establishment within the sample universe. Weights were used to aggregate data for the individual establishments or occupations into the various data series. The wage series in the tables are computed by combining the wages for each sampled occupation. Before being

combined, individual wage rates are weighted by the number of workers; the sample weight, adjusted for nonresponding establishments and other factors; and the occupations scheduled hours of work. Sources of Additional Information An extensive description of the steps and additional detailed tables are available in BLS Bulletin 2581, “National Compensation Survey: Occupational Wages in the United States, June 2005,” available on the BLS Web site at .

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 315

Table 6-11. Mean Hourly Earnings1 and Weekly Hours, by Selected Characteristics, Private Industry and State and Local Government, National Compensation Survey,2 June 2005 (Dollars, number of hours.) Characteristic

Total

Mean hourly earnings

Mean weekly hours

Private

Mean hourly earnings

Mean weekly hours

State and local government

Mean hourly earnings

Mean weekly hours

TOTAL ........................................................................

18.62

35.7

17.82

35.5

23.31

36.8

Professional specialty and technical ....................... Executive, administrative, and managerial .............. Sales ....................................................................... Administrative support .............................................

22.96 30.24 33.69 15.32 14.53

36.0 36.2 39.8 32.4 36.5

22.21 29.80 34.21 15.33 14.44

35.9 36.2 40.0 32.4 36.5

26.32 31.25 31.04 13.75 14.98

36.5 36.1 38.6 33.3 36.6

Worker Characteristics3 White-collar occupations4 ............................................

Blue-collar occupations4 .............................................. Precision production, craft, and repair ..................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..... Transportation and material moving ........................ Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ............................................................. Service occupations ................................................

15.87 19.95 14.19 15.28

38.1 39.6 39.0 37.7

Full-time ....................................................................... Part-time ......................................................................

19.70 10.52

39.6 20.5

Time ............................................................................ Incentive ......................................................................

18.33 24.12

Union ........................................................................... Nonunion .....................................................................

Establishment Characteristics Goods-producing ......................................................... Service-producing ....................................................... 1 to 99 workers6 .......................................................... 100 to 499 workers ...................................................... 500 to 999 workers ...................................................... 1,000 to 2,499 workers ................................................ 2,500 workers or more ................................................

Geographic Areas7 Metropolitan8 ............................................................... Nonmetropolitan8 ........................................................

New England ............................................................... Middle Atlantic ............................................................. South Atlantic .............................................................. East South Central ...................................................... West South Central .....................................................

East North Central ....................................................... West North Central ...................................................... Mountain ...................................................................... Pacific ..........................................................................

11.63 10.89

22.65 17.77

15.75 19.93 14.17 15.10

38.1 39.6 39.0 38.1

17.96 20.24 17.59 17.01

18.95 10.15

39.7 20.6

23.73 15.80

38.8 19.1

17.43 24.11

35.3 38.7

23.31 ...

36.8 ...

35.3 31.7

11.43 9.38

36.7 35.5

20.67 17.43

35.5 38.7

(5)

(5)

(5)

(5)

36.8 36.8

34.4 36.4 37.2 37.0 37.1

18.86 21.79 23.83 23.37 24.06

36.6 35.9 35.8 36.4 37.5

35.5 35.5

24.20 19.53

36.7 36.9

19.37 14.63

35.7 35.7

18.58 13.57

35.3 35.4 35.8 35.4

18.11 16.18 16.31 19.74

18.91 17.09 17.30 20.83

25.49 21.22

38.6 37.0

39.5 34.3

34.4 36.4 36.9 36.9 37.3

34.3 35.1 36.2 37.0 36.6

36.6 35.4

14.90 17.55

19.60 17.19

15.73 18.13 20.79 21.65 25.44

20.81 21.19 17.72 14.66 16.36

35.1 30.6

37.7 39.7 38.0 34.5

15.69 17.72 19.94 21.07 27.05

19.97 20.27 17.19 14.06 15.73

34.1 35.0 35.9 37.0 36.3 35.2 35.0 35.5 35.4

(5) (5)

26.72 26.67 20.40 19.16 19.64 24.27 22.13 23.27 27.10

are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, and holidays; nonproduction bonuses; and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours.

(5) (5)

35.5 35.7 38.1 37.3 38.3 36.1 37.2 37.1 35.6

1Earnings

2This survey covers all 50 states. Data collection was conducted between December 2004 and January 2006. The average reference period was June 2005. 3Employees are classified as working either a full-time or part-time schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Union workers are those whose

wages are determined through collective bargaining. Wages of time workers are based solely on hourly rate or salary; incentive workers are those whose wages are at least partly based on productivity payments such as piece rates, commissions, and production bonuses. 4A classification system including about 480 individual occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy. 5Classification of establishments into goods-producing and service-producing industries applies to private industry only. 6Estimates include private establishments employing 1 to 99 workers and state and local government establishments employing 50 to 99 workers. 7The states that comprise the Census divisions are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic—Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central—Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central—Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. 8A metropolitan area can be a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or a Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA), as defined by the Office of Management and Budget in 1994. Nonmetropolitan areas are counties that do not fit the definitions above. . . . = Not available.

316 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 6-12. Mean Hourly Earnings1 and Weekly Hours for Selected Characteristics, Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Areas,2 National Compensation Survey,3 June 2005 (Dollars, number of hours.) Characteristic TOTAL ........................................................................ Industry Private industry ............................................................ State and local government ......................................... Worker Characteristics4 White-collar occupations5 ............................................ Professional specialty and technical ....................... Executive, administrative, and managerial .............. Sales ....................................................................... Administrative support .............................................

Total

Mean hourly earnings

East North Central ....................................................... West North Central ...................................................... Mountain ...................................................................... Pacific .......................................................................... 1Earnings

Mean weekly hours

35.7

14.63

35.7

17.82 23.31

35.5 36.8

18.58 24.20

35.5 36.7

13.57 19.53

35.5 36.9

22.96 30.24 33.69 15.32 14.53

36.0 36.2 39.8 32.4 36.5

23.68 31.00 34.32 16.01 14.86

36.1 36.2 39.8 32.3 36.5

17.88 24.56 27.75 11.49 12.32

35.7 36.0 40.1 32.9 36.1

Establishment Characteristics Goods-producing6 ....................................................... Service-producing6 ......................................................

Geographic Areas8 New England ............................................................... Middle Atlantic ............................................................. South Atlantic .............................................................. East South Central ...................................................... West South Central .....................................................

Mean hourly earnings

19.37

Union ........................................................................... Nonunion .....................................................................

1 to 99 workers7 .......................................................... 100 to 499 workers ...................................................... 500 to 999 workers ...................................................... 1,000 to 2,499 workers ................................................ 2,500 workers or more ................................................

Mean weekly hours

35.7

11.63 10.89

Time ............................................................................ Incentive ......................................................................

Mean hourly earnings

Nonmetropolitan areas2

18.62

Blue-collar occupations5 .............................................. Precision production, craft, and repair ..................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..... Transportation and material moving ........................ Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ............................................................. Service occupations5 ...............................................

Full-time ....................................................................... Part-time ......................................................................

Mean weekly hours

Metropolitan areas2

15.87 19.95 14.19 15.28

38.1 39.6 39.0 37.7

19.70 10.52

39.6 20.5

16.25 20.49 14.42 15.52

38.0 39.5 39.0 37.6

14.30 17.51 13.30 14.27

39.6 20.5

15.40 8.92

38.4 39.9 39.1 38.4

35.3 31.7

11.87 11.26

35.2 31.5

22.65 17.77

36.7 35.5

23.07 18.55

19.60 17.19

39.5 34.3 34.4 36.4 36.9 36.9 37.3

... ...

16.28 18.62 21.58 23.31 25.75

34.5 36.2 36.7 36.5 37.2

13.17 15.68 17.23 15.05 17.65

33.9 37.0 37.4 38.4 39.9

20.81 21.19 17.72 14.66 16.36

34.3 35.1 36.2 37.0 36.6

21.41 21.44 18.41 15.93 16.89

34.4 35.1 36.1 36.5 36.8

16.88 16.74 14.13 12.88 13.61

33.9 34.4 36.7 37.9 35.6

18.33 24.12

15.73 18.13 20.79 21.65 25.44

18.91 17.09 17.30 20.83

35.5 38.7

35.3 35.4 35.8 35.4

20.50 10.82

19.05 25.17

19.49 18.28 17.73 21.15

10.57 9.37

35.7 32.2

36.5 35.5

19.56 13.87

38.0 35.4

... ...

... ...

35.5 38.5

35.3 35.6 35.9 35.5

14.51 17.18

15.68 14.11 15.80 16.30

39.7 20.6

35.5 40.4 ... ...

35.3 34.7 35.2 34.1

are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, and holidays; nonproduction bonuses; and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. metropolitan area can be a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or a Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA), as defined by the Office of Management and Budget in 1994. Nonmetropolitan areas are counties that do not fit the definitions above. 3This survey covers all 50 states. Data collection was conducted between December 2004 and January 2006. The average reference period was June 2005. 4Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Union workers are those whose wages are determined through collective bargaining. Wages of time workers are based solely on hourly rate or salary; incentive workers are those whose wages are at least partly based on productivity payments such as piece rates, commissions, and production bonuses. 5A classification system including about 480 individual occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy. 6Classification of establishments into goods-producing and service-producing industries applies to private industry only. 7Estimates include private establishments employing 1 to 99 workers and state and local government establishments employing 50 to 99 workers. 8The states that comprise the Census divisions are: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic—New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic—Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central—Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central—Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific—Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. . . . = Not available. 2A

CHAPTER 6: COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES 317 Table 6-13. Mean Hourly Earnings1 and Weekly Hours for Selected Occupations, Full-Time and Part-Time Workers,2 National Compensation Survey,3 June 2005 (Dollars, number of hours.)

Occupation

ALL OCCUPATIONS ................................................................

White-Collar Occupations ....................................................... Professional specialty and technical .......................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial ................................ Sales ........................................................................................... Administrative support, including clerical .................................... Blue-Collar Occupations .......................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair ........................................ Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ....................... Transportation and material moving ........................................... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ................ Service ........................................................................................

Mean hourly earnings

Total

18.62

22.96 30.24 33.69 15.32 14.53

15.87 19.95 14.19 15.28 11.63 10.89

Mean weekly hours 35.7

36.0 36.2 39.8 32.4 36.5

38.1 39.6 39.0 37.7 35.3 31.7

Mean hourly earnings

Full-time

19.70

24.03 30.66 33.78 17.84 14.82

16.27 20.04 14.32 15.69 12.14 12.01

Mean weekly hours

Mean hourly earnings

39.6

39.5 39.0 40.3 40.1 39.3

40.1 40.0 39.8 40.9 39.9 38.9

Part-time

Mean weekly hours

10.52

13.46 24.80 26.43 8.14 11.62 9.60 12.60 9.39 10.80 8.69 7.59

1Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime,

vacations, and holidays; nonproduction bonuses; and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours.

20.5

20.3 18.6 20.0 20.9 21.1

21.3 21.2 23.7 20.5 21.3 20.4

2Total includes full-time and part-time workers. Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a

worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one establishment but a part-time employee in another establishment, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.

3This survey covers all 50 states. Data collection was conducted between December 2004 and January 2006. The average reference period was June 2005.

CHAPTER SEVEN PRICES

PRICES HIGHLIGHTS This chapter examines the movement of prices, which is one of the most important indicators of the state of the economy. Several indexes are covered: the Producer Price Index (PPI), which gives information about prices received by producers; the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which gives information about prices paid by consumers; and the Import Price Index (MPI) and the Export Price Index (XPI), which give information about prices involved in various foreign trade, export, and import price indexes.

Percent Change in Prices of Fuel Products at Various Levels, 2004–2005 50

Percent

40 30 20 10 0

PPI crude materials (fuel)

PPI fuels and related products

CPI motor fuel

CPI fuel oil Import prices and other fuels (petroleum products)

Product price index

The price indexes show the sharp increase in the price of fuel and fuel products from 2004 to 2005. The content of these products in the various indexes may not be identical; however, they essentially refer to petroleum fuel products. (See Tables 7-1, 7-8, and 7-13.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • While a great deal of attention has been paid to energy prices, another important component, materials and components for construction, has increased significantly in the last two years. This value rose 8.3 percent in 2004 and 6.1 percent in 2005. (See Table 7-1.) • In 2005, the PPI for capital equipment continued to grow at a much slower rate (2.3 percent) than the PPI for consumer goods (5.7 percent). (See Table 7-1.) • The PPI for all commodities rose 7.3 percent in 2005. Since 1999, it has increased 25.4 percent. However, from 1994 to 1999, it only increased 4.2 percent. (See Table 7-2.) • While prices of imported commodities rose 8 percent between December 2004 and December 2005, petroleum products rose 42.8 percent and natural and manufactured gas rose 50.2 percent. (See Table 7-13.)

321

322 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS PRODUCER PRICE INDEX

includes producer durable goods, such as heavy motor trucks, tractors, and machine tools.

Collection and Coverage The Producer Price Index (PPI) measures average changes in prices received by domestic producers of goods and services. Most of the information used in calculating the indexes is obtained through the systematic sampling of nearly every industry in the manufacturing and mining sectors of the economy. The PPI program also includes data from other sectors, including agriculture, fishing, and forestry; services; and gas and electricity. As producer price indexes are designed to measure only the change in prices received for the output of domestic industries, imports are not included. The sample currently contains about 80,000 price quotations per month. Producer price indexes are based on selling prices reported by establishments of all sizes as selected by probability sampling, with the probability of selection proportional to size. Individual items and transaction terms from these firms are also chosen by probability proportionate to size. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) strongly encourages cooperating companies to supply actual transaction prices at the time of shipment to minimize the use of list prices. Prices are normally reported monthly by mail questionnaire for the Tuesday of the week containing the 13th of the month Price data are always provided on a voluntary and confidential basis; only BLS employees, prohibited from revealing, are allowed access to individual company price reports. BLS publishes price indexes instead of unit dollar prices. All producer price indexes are routinely subject to revision four months after the original publication to reflect the availability of late reports and corrections by respondents. There are three primary systems of indexes within the PPI program: (1) stage-of-processing indexes; (2) indexes for the net output of industries and their products; and (3) commodity indexes. The commodity-based stage-of-processing structure organizes products by class of buyer and degree of fabrication. The entire output of various industries is sampled to derive price indexes for the net output of industries and their products. The commodity structure organizes products by similarity of end-use or material composition. Within the commodity-based stage-of-processing system, finished goods are commodities that will not undergo further processing and they are ready for sale to the final demand user—either an individual consumer or a business firm. Consumer foods include unprocessed foods, such as eggs and fresh vegetables, as well as processed foods, such as bakery products and meats. Other finished consumer goods include durable goods, such as automobiles, household furniture, and appliances; and nondurable goods, such as apparel and home heating oil. Capital equipment

Producer price indexes for the net output of industries and their products are grouped according to the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system and the Census Bureau product code extensions of the SIC. Industry price indexes are compatible with other economic time series organized by SIC codes, such as data on employment, wages, and productivity. Net output values of shipments are used as weights for industry indexes and refer to the value of shipments from establishments in one industry shipped to establishments classified in another industry. However, weights for commodity price indexes are based on gross shipment values, including shipment values between establishments within the same industry. As a result, commodity aggregate indexes, such as the all commodities index, are affected by the multiple counting of price change at successive stages of processing. This can lead to exaggerated or misleading signals about inflation. Stage-of-processing indexes partly correct this defect, but industry indexes consistently correct this weakness at all levels of aggregation. Therefore, industry and stage-of-processing indexes are more appropriate than commodity aggregate indexes for economic analysis of general price trends. Weights for most traditional commodity groupings of the PPI, as well as all indexes calculated from traditional commodity groupings (such as stage-of-processing indexes), are currently and primarily calculated with 1997 net output weights and 1992 input-output relationships. With the release of data for January 2004, the PPI program changed its basis for industry classification from the 1987 SIC system to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The PPI treats the SIC-to-NAICS comparison as continuous if 80 percent or more of the weight of the SIC-based index comprises at least 80 percent of the weight of the NAICS-based index. All index series that have passed this test are published under the NAICS structure using the index base date and price index history established by the SIC-based index. Sources of Additional Information Additional information is published monthly by the BLS in the Producer Price Index Detailed Report. For information on the underlying concepts and methodology of the Producer Price Index, see Chapter 14 in the BLS Handbook of Methods, which is available on the BLS Web site at .

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 323

Table 7-1. Producer Price Indexes, by Stage of Processing, 1947–2005 (1982 = 100.) Year

Crude materials for further processing Total

Foodstuffs Nonfood and materials, feedstuffs except fuel

Intermediate materials, supplies, and components

Fuel

Total

Materials CompoProcessed and nents components for fuels and Containers for manufac- lubricants construction turing

Finished goods Supplies

Total

Consumer Capital goods equipment

1947 ..................................... 1948 ..................................... 1949 .....................................

31.7 34.7 30.1

45.1 48.8 40.5

24.0 26.7 24.3

7.5 8.9 8.8

23.3 25.2 24.2

22.5 24.9 24.9

21.3 23.0 23.4

14.4 16.4 14.9

23.4 24.4 24.5

28.5 29.8 28.0

26.4 28.5 27.7

28.6 30.8 29.4

19.8 21.6 22.7

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

30.4 30.6 31.2 31.9 31.1

38.4 37.6 39.2 41.6 38.8

27.5 28.6 28.2 27.1 28.1

8.9 9.5 10.1 10.2 10.4

28.4 29.6 30.3 30.4 30.8

30.3 31.8 32.0 32.0 32.9

29.5 32.2 33.5 33.8 34.2

15.8 16.3 17.2 16.2 16.2

28.9 31.0 32.4 33.2 33.0

31.2 32.0 32.3 33.1 33.5

30.5 31.3 32.5 33.2 33.1

31.5 32.0 32.9 33.6 33.3

27.4 29.5 31.3 32.1 32.7

27.7 28.3 26.5 27.1 28.4

10.6 10.9 11.3 11.5 12.0

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

32.7 37.6 34.5 31.9 31.6

30.4 30.2 30.5 29.9 29.6 31.1 33.1 31.3 31.8 33.9 35.2 36.0 39.9 54.5 61.4

45.2 46.1 51.5 72.6 76.4

95.8 87.7 93.7 96.0 103.1

94.8 93.2 96.2 106.1 111.2

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

108.9 101.2 100.4 102.4 101.8

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

39.2 42.7 40.3 40.9 44.1

77.4 76.8 77.5 87.3 100.0

95.3 103.0 100.0 101.3 103.5

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

38.4 37.9 38.6 37.5 36.6

61.6 63.4 65.5 73.4 85.9

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................

43.4 50.2 47.3 42.3 42.3

102.7 113.8 111.1 96.8 98.2 120.6 121.0 108.1 135.3 159.0 182.2

27.8 32.0 27.8 26.6 26.1

26.9 27.2 27.1 26.7 27.2

29.1 29.4 32.3 42.9 54.5 50.0 54.9 56.3 61.9 75.5

8.8 9.0 9.0 9.3 8.9

10.5 10.5 10.4 10.5 10.5

13.8 15.7 16.8 18.6 24.8 30.6 34.5 42.0 48.2 57.3

25.3 28.4 27.5 27.7 27.9

30.8 30.6 30.6 30.7 30.8 31.2 32.0 32.2 33.0 34.1 35.4 36.8 38.2 42.4 52.5 58.0 60.9 64.9 69.5 78.4

26.2 28.7 28.5 29.0 29.1

32.7 32.2 32.1 32.2 32.5 32.8 33.6 34.0 35.7 37.7 38.3 40.8 43.0 46.5 55.0 60.1 64.1 69.3 76.5 84.2

24.3 27.6 27.6 28.1 28.3

34.0 33.7 33.4 33.4 33.7 34.2 35.4 36.5 37.3 38.5 40.6 41.9 42.9 44.3 51.1 57.8 60.8 64.5 69.2 75.8

15.2 15.9 15.7 15.8 15.8

16.6 16.8 16.7 16.6 16.2 16.5 16.8 16.9 16.5 16.6 17.7 19.5 20.1 22.2 33.6 39.4 42.3 47.7 49.9 61.6

25.2 29.6 28.0 28.0 28.5

33.4 33.2 33.6 33.2 32.9 33.5 34.5 35.0 35.9 37.2 39.0 40.8 42.7 45.2 53.3 60.0 63.1 65.9 71.0 79.4

29.0 32.6 32.6 31.0 31.7

33.3 33.7 34.5 35.0 34.7 35.0 36.5 36.8 37.1 37.8 39.7 40.8 42.5 51.7 56.8 61.8 65.8 69.3 72.9 80.2

28.2 30.8 30.6 30.3 30.4

33.4 33.4 33.5 33.4 33.5 34.1 35.2 35.6 36.6 38.0 39.3 40.5 41.8 45.6 52.6 58.2 60.8 64.7 69.8 77.6

29.9 32.7 32.3 31.7 31.7

33.6 33.6 33.7 33.5 33.6 34.2 35.4 35.6 36.5 37.9 39.1 40.2 41.5 46.0 53.1 58.2 60.4 64.3 69.4 77.5

23.2 25.5 25.9 26.3 26.7

32.8 32.9 33.0 33.1 33.4 33.8 34.6 35.8 37.0 38.3 40.1 41.7 42.8 44.2 50.5 58.2 62.1 66.1 71.3 77.5

104.6 103.9 100.0 101.8 104.7

91.8 109.8 100.0 98.8 101.0

69.4 84.8 100.0 105.1 105.1

90.3 98.6 100.0 100.6 103.1

91.3 97.9 100.0 102.8 105.6

84.6 94.7 100.0 102.4 105.0

85.0 100.6 100.0 95.4 95.7

89.1 96.7 100.0 100.4 105.9

89.9 96.9 100.0 101.8 104.1

88.0 96.1 100.0 101.6 103.7

88.6 96.6 100.0 101.3 103.3

85.8 94.6 100.0 102.8 105.2

113.1 105.5 105.1 108.4 106.5

107.3 97.5 94.2 94.1 97.0

84.8 82.9 84.0 87.1 82.4

114.5 114.4 114.7 116.2 118.5

122.9 124.5 126.5 132.0 136.6

119.0 121.0 122.0 123.0 124.3

85.9 85.3 84.5 84.7 83.1

127.7 128.1 127.7 126.4 129.7

119.4 121.4 122.7 125.0 127.0

119.2 121.7 123.2 124.7 125.5

118.2 120.5 121.7 123.0 123.3

122.9 126.7 129.1 131.4 134.1

100.2 106.1 99.5 113.5 127.0 122.7

118.0 101.5 101.0 116.9 149.2 176.7

105.8 121.5 112.2 103.9 98.7

94.3 76.0 88.5 85.9 95.8

105.8 105.7 103.5 84.5 91.1

102.7 92.2 84.1 82.1 85.3

72.1 92.6 101.3 86.7 91.2

136.9 151.4 117.3 185.7 211.4 279.7

102.7 99.1 101.5 107.1 112.0

124.9 125.7 125.6 123.0 123.2 129.2 129.7 127.8 133.7 142.6 154.0

107.3 108.1 109.8 116.1 121.3

142.1 143.6 146.5 146.8 148.9 150.7 150.6 151.3 153.6 166.4 176.6

106.4 107.5 108.8 112.3 116.4

126.5 126.9 126.4 125.9 125.7 126.2 126.4 126.1 125.9 127.4 129.9

92.8 72.7 73.3 71.2 76.4

84.2 90.0 89.3 81.1 84.6

102.0 104.5 96.3 112.6 124.3 150.0

109.0 110.3 114.5 120.1 125.4

148.8 141.1 136.0 140.8 142.5 151.6 153.1 152.1 153.7 159.3 167.1

104.4 105.6 107.7 113.7 118.1

132.1 135.9 135.9 134.8 134.2 136.9 138.7 138.9 141.5 146.7 151.9

104.7 103.2 105.4 108.0 113.6

127.9 131.3 131.8 130.7 133.0 138.0 140.7 138.9 143.3 148.5 155.7

103.8 101.4 103.6 106.2 112.1

125.6 129.5 130.2 128.9 132.0 138.2 141.5 139.4 145.3 151.7 160.4

107.5 109.7 111.7 114.3 118.8

136.7 138.3 138.2 137.6 137.6 138.8 139.7 139.1 139.5 141.4 144.6

324 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 7-2. Producer Price Indexes, by Commodity Group, 1913–2005 (1982 = 100.)

Year

All comFarm modities products

Industrial commodities

Processed foods and feeds

Total

Fuels Hides, Pulp, Machin- Furniture Textile Chemi- Rubber Lumber Metals Nonand leather, paper, ery and products and and and metallic related cals and and and and houseand wood metal mineral products related plastics related allied equiphold apparel products products products products products and products products ment durables power

Transportation equipment

Miscellaneous products

1913 .................... 1914 ....................

12.0 11.8

18.0 17.9

... ...

11.9 11.3

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

1920 1921 1922 1923 1924

26.6 16.8 16.7 17.3 16.9

38.0 22.3 23.7 24.9 25.2

... ... ... ... ...

27.4 17.8 17.4 17.8 17.0

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

1915 1916 1917 1918 1919

.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

1925 1926 1927 1928 1929

.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

. . . = Not available.

12.0 14.7 20.2 22.6 23.9

17.8 17.2 16.5 16.7 16.4 14.9 12.6 11.2 11.4 12.9 13.8 13.9 14.9 13.5 13.3 13.5 15.1 17.0 17.8 17.9 18.2 20.8 25.6 27.7 26.3 27.3 30.4 29.6 29.2 29.3 29.3 30.3 31.2 31.6 31.7 31.7 31.6 31.7 31.6 31.6

18.0 21.3 32.6 37.4 39.8

27.7 25.3 25.1 26.7 26.4 22.4 16.4 12.2 13.0 16.5 19.8 20.4 21.8 17.3 16.5 17.1 20.8 26.7 30.9 31.2

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

11.6 15.0 19.5 21.1 22.0

17.5 17.0 16.0 15.8 15.6 14.5 12.8 11.9 12.1 13.3 13.3 13.5 14.5 13.9 13.9 14.1 15.1 16.2 16.5 16.7

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... 17.1 18.4 20.7 18.6

... 10.3 9.1 8.7 8.6

... ... ... ... ...

15.3 16.3 17.9 15.8 16.3

7.6 7.9 8.0 7.9 7.5

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

17.1 14.7 12.5 13.8 14.8

17.2 18.4 20.1 20.1 19.9

20.1 23.3 31.7 32.1 30.4

8.7 9.3 11.1 13.1 12.4

40.5 40.0 41.1 42.9 40.2

33.8 33.8 34.8 36.5 35.6

27.8 29.1 29.9 30.0 30.5

48.2 48.2 48.3 47.4 48.1

29.4 31.2 31.2 31.6 35.9

13.2 13.6 14.3 13.7 13.7

40.1 39.7 40.4 39.6 39.0

35.6 36.2 36.5 36.8 36.7

30.5 30.4 30.4 30.3 30.5

50.2 56.0 50.5 49.3 48.2

48.6 47.8 48.2 48.2 48.5

32.9 37.7 30.5 31.0 29.5

34.6 34.9 35.3 34.3 34.4

19.6 21.1 24.9 24.4 25.4

17.9 19.5 21.7 21.9 22.2

... ... 50.6 52.8 48.3

25.0 27.6 26.9 27.2 27.2

17.7 17.8 18.6 17.7 17.6

7.4 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.6

17.0 18.6 22.7 24.6 24.1

33.2 36.9 36.4 34.8 35.4

... 47.1 35.7 28.3 24.6

... ... ... 16.2 17.0

... ... 33.0 35.3 32.1

12.6 13.0 13.0 13.4 13.2

13.9 14.0 14.0 13.9 13.5

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

8.1 7.0 7.3 6.9 7.6

32.4 37.5 45.1 48.5 41.9 44.0 51.2 48.4 43.8 43.2

... ... ... ... ...

22.3 24.1 32.1 32.8 30.0 30.4 34.8 33.0 33.4 33.8 33.7 33.9 34.6 34.9 34.8 34.8 34.5 33.9 33.5 33.6

21.5 18.3 15.9 16.7 19.5

... ... ... ... ...

... 9.3 8.8 8.5 8.8

8.0 6.5 5.6 6.7 7.8 7.5 7.9 9.3 8.5 8.7

23.7 25.5 29.7 30.5 30.1

9.6 11.5 12.5 13.2 14.3

35.6 43.7 39.6 36.9 37.5

31.4 34.1 33.2 33.1 32.5

29.2 29.3 29.2 30.2 29.2

42.4 43.0 42.8 42.8 42.6 42.7 41.1 39.9 40.1 39.6

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... 13.7 12.9 12.9 13.3

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

14.5 16.6 25.8 29.5 27.3

... ... 25.1 26.2 25.1

34.1 34.6 32.8 32.5 34.7

30.4 32.4 33.0 33.4 33.7

33.5 32.0 32.2 32.8 33.5

... ... ... ... ...

25.7 30.5 29.7 29.6 29.6

34.0 33.0 33.4 33.1 33.0

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... 28.6 27.9 27.2 27.0

... 16.4 15.7 16.2 16.0

11.2 11.4 13.1 12.6 12.5

... ... ... ... 14.8

23.2 23.6 26.1 25.5 25.4

15.7 15.8 16.1 15.6 15.3

13.1 14.7 18.2 20.7 20.9

15.1 16.6 19.3 20.9 21.9

12.0 10.8 9.9 10.2 11.2

12.5 12.8 13.0 12.9 12.9

22.0 24.5 24.5 25.3 25.5 27.2 29.6 30.2 30.0 30.6 30.6 30.5 30.2 30.3 31.1

... ... ... ... ...

14.9 15.1 15.4 15.2 15.1

22.6 25.3 25.3 25.9 26.3 27.2 29.3 31.4 32.1 32.8 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.1 33.3

26.5 24.4 21.5 21.6 23.4

26.0 27.6 29.9 29.7 30.5

30.5 32.4 37.2 39.4 40.1 40.9 44.4 43.5 44.4 44.9 45.1 46.3 47.5 47.9 48.0 47.8 47.5 47.2 46.9 47.1

15.9 14.9 13.9 14.7 15.7

15.3 15.7 16.3 16.4 16.7

17.4 18.5 20.7 22.4 23.0 23.5 25.0 25.0 26.0 26.6 27.3 28.5 29.6 29.9 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.5 30.3 30.4

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... 26.6 27.7 28.2

... ... ... ... ...

31.3 31.7 32.6 33.3 33.4

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

28.6 30.3 30.2 31.0 31.3

33.6 33.7 33.9 34.2 34.4

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 325 Table 7-2. Producer Price Indexes, by Commodity Group, 1913–2005—Continued (1982 = 100.)

Year

All comFarm modities products

Industrial commodities

Processed foods and feeds

Total

Fuels Hides, Pulp, Machin- Furniture Textile Chemi- Rubber Lumber Metals Nonand leather, paper, ery and products and and and metallic related cals and and and and houseand wood metal mineral products related plastics related allied equiphold apparel products products products products products and products products ment durables power

Transportation equipment

Miscellaneous products

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

32.3 33.3 33.4 34.2 35.6

40.7 43.7 41.3 42.3 45.0

38.0 40.2 39.8 40.6 42.7

30.9 31.5 32.0 32.8 33.9

48.8 48.9 48.9 50.7 51.8

35.9 39.4 38.1 39.3 41.5

13.8 14.1 14.4 14.3 14.6

33.9 34.0 34.2 34.1 34.2

39.7 40.5 41.4 42.8 43.6

33.7 35.2 35.1 39.8 44.0

33.3 34.2 34.6 35.0 36.0

32.0 32.8 33.2 34.0 36.0

33.7 34.7 35.9 37.0 38.2

46.8 47.4 48.3 49.7 50.7

30.4 30.7 31.2 32.4 33.6

... ... ... ... 40.4

34.7 35.3 36.2 37.0 38.1

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

58.4 61.1 64.9 69.9 78.7

77.0 78.8 79.4 87.7 99.6

72.6 70.8 74.0 80.6 88.5

54.9 58.4 62.5 67.0 75.7

67.4 72.4 75.3 78.1 82.5

56.5 63.9 68.3 76.1 96.1

35.4 38.3 43.6 46.5 58.9

62.0 64.0 65.9 68.0 76.0

62.2 66.0 69.4 72.4 80.5

62.1 72.2 83.0 96.9 105.5

59.0 62.1 64.6 67.7 75.9

61.5 65.0 69.3 75.3 86.0

57.9 61.3 65.2 70.3 76.7

67.5 70.3 73.2 77.5 82.8

54.4 58.2 62.6 69.6 77.6

56.7 60.5 64.6 69.5 75.3

53.4 55.6 59.4 66.7 75.5

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

36.9 38.1 39.8 45.0 53.5

45.8 46.6 51.6 72.7 77.4

.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

89.8 98.0 100.0 101.3 103.7

102.9 105.2 100.0 102.4 105.5

.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

116.3 116.5 117.2 118.9 120.4

112.2 105.7 103.6 107.1 106.3

.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

. . . = Not available.

103.2 100.2 102.8 106.9 112.2

124.7 127.7 127.6 124.4 125.5 132.7 134.2 131.1 138.1 146.7 157.4

44.6 45.5 48.0 58.9 68.0

95.9 98.9 100.0 101.8 105.4

35.2 36.5 37.8 40.3 49.2

88.0 97.4 100.0 101.1 103.3

52.4 53.3 55.5 60.5 68.0

89.7 97.6 100.0 100.3 102.7

42.0 43.4 50.0 54.5 55.2

94.7 99.3 100.0 103.2 109.0

82.8 100.2 100.0 95.9 94.8

141.7 138.9 140.4 143.7 148.5

82.3 81.2 80.4 80.0 77.8

95.1 92.9 95.5 104.9 110.9

103.5 105.4 107.9 112.7 117.8

103.7 100.0 102.6 106.3 111.6

102.9 103.2 105.1 109.2 112.3

108.9 113.0 120.4 131.4 136.3

107.4 122.4 112.9 104.6 98.4

127.0 133.3 134.0 131.6 131.1

125.5 127.3 127.7 124.8 126.5

120.8 122.4 122.6 122.9 121.1

153.7 150.5 154.2 148.0 146.0

99.5 103.8 99.0 111.5 123.3 118.5

121.9 121.9 122.1 124.0 125.5

133.1 137.3 136.2 143.4 151.2 153.1

115.8 116.5 117.4 119.0 120.7

134.8 135.7 132.4 139.1 147.6 160.2

115.0 116.3 117.8 118.0 118.3

121.4 121.3 119.9 119.8 121.0 122.8

15.3 16.6 17.1 19.4 30.1

151.5 158.4 157.6 162.3 164.5 165.4

35.0 35.6 35.6 37.6 50.2

89.0 98.4 100.0 100.3 102.9

44.9 45.2 45.3 46.6 56.4

90.1 96.4 100.0 100.8 102.3

39.9 44.7 50.7 62.2 64.5

101.5 102.8 100.0 107.9 108.0

37.5 38.1 39.3 42.3 52.5

86.3 94.8 100.0 103.3 110.3

38.7 39.4 40.9 44.0 57.0

95.0 99.6 100.0 101.8 104.8

40.0 41.4 42.3 43.7 50.0

86.0 94.4 100.0 102.7 105.1

51.9 53.1 53.8 55.7 61.8

90.7 95.9 100.0 103.4 105.7

35.3 38.2 39.4 40.7 47.8

88.4 96.7 100.0 101.6 105.4

41.9 44.2 45.5 46.1 50.3

82.9 94.3 100.0 102.8 105.2

39.8 40.8 41.5 43.3 48.1

93.6 96.1 100.0 104.8 107.0

91.4 69.8 70.2 66.7 72.9

103.7 102.6 106.4 116.3 123.0

101.9 101.9 103.0 109.3 112.6

106.6 107.2 112.8 118.9 126.7

113.3 116.1 121.8 130.4 137.8

104.4 103.2 107.1 118.7 124.1

107.2 108.8 110.4 113.2 117.4

107.1 108.2 109.9 113.1 116.9

108.6 110.0 110.0 111.2 112.6

107.9 110.5 112.5 114.3 117.7

109.4 111.6 114.9 120.2 126.5

78.0 85.8 86.1 75.3 80.5

142.5 142.1 143.6 143.9 144.2

124.3 123.8 123.2 122.6 122.5

178.1 176.1 183.8 179.1 183.6

172.2 168.7 167.9 171.7 174.1

134.5 131.0 131.8 127.8 124.6

126.6 126.5 125.9 124.9 124.3

128.2 130.4 130.8 131.3 131.7

129.0 131.0 133.2 135.4 138.9

139.7 141.7 141.6 141.2 141.8

145.4 147.7 150.9 156.0 166.6

103.5 105.3 93.2 112.9 126.9 156.4

123.6 125.6 125.9 128.2 132.1

151.0 151.8 151.9 161.8 174.4 192.0

113.6 115.1 115.1 116.0 117.6

125.5 127.2 126.8 130.1 133.8 143.8

129.7 132.1 146.6 174.0 180.0

178.2 174.4 173.3 177.4 195.6 196.5

141.2 142.9 145.2 147.3 152.5

183.7 184.8 185.9 190.0 195.7 202.6

122.9 120.2 119.2 119.2 124.8

128.1 125.4 125.9 129.2 149.6 160.8

120.7 123.0 123.4 124.0 125.1

124.0 123.7 122.9 121.9 122.1 123.7

119.2 121.2 122.2 123.7 126.1

132.6 133.2 133.5 133.9 135.1 139.4

114.7 117.2 117.3 120.0 124.2

142.5 144.3 146.2 148.2 153.2 164.2

121.5 126.4 130.4 133.7 137.2

143.8 145.2 144.6 145.7 148.6 151.0

134.2 140.8 145.3 145.4 141.9

170.8 181.3 182.4 179.6 183.2 195.1

326 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-3. Producer Price Indexes for the Net Output of Selected Industries, 1995–2005 (December 2003 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) Industry

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting Logging1 .......................................................................................................

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Mining Oil and gas extraction2 ................................................................................. Mining (except oil and gas) .......................................................................... Coal mining 2 ........................................................................................... Metal ore mining3 ..................................................................................... Iron ore mining3 ................................................................................... Gold ore and silver ore mining3 ........................................................... Copper, nickel, lead, and zinc mining4 ................................................. Other metal ore mining2 ....................................................................... Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying3 ............................................. Stone mining and quarrying3 ............................................................... Sand, gravel, clay, and refractory minerals mining .............................. Other nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying3 ................................ Mining support activities ...........................................................................

194.3

185.7

191.2

188.1

182.7

177.5

167.5

165.0

168.7

175.2

179.0

66.6 ... 91.6 101.4 91.0 77.1 157.1 33.6 123.8 130.7 ... 104.2 ...

84.8 ... 91.4 92.1 95.7 78.6 117.0 31.9 127.1 133.2 ... 108.6 ...

87.5 ... 92.2 85.8 95.3 67.9 110.4 29.9 128.8 135.4 ... 107.6 ...

68.3 ... 89.5 73.2 94.5 61.1 76.8 27.6 132.2 138.8 ... 110.1 ...

78.5 ... 87.3 70.3 94.0 58.2 71.3 25.9 134.0 142.1 ... 108.0 ...

126.8 ... 84.8 73.8 93.9 57.0 88.7 26.4 137.0 147.3 ... 106.8 ...

127.5 ... 91.3 70.8 95.2 55.2 81.7 24.7 141.0 152.2 ... 107.1 ...

107.0 ... 93.9 73.6 94.2 62.6 80.1 28.9 143.5 156.1 ... 107.7 ...

160.1 ... 94.4 81.6 95.0 72.6 90.1 34.9 146.4 160.2 ... 108.4 ...

192.7 109.5 104.1 111.8 97.2 82.6 147.7 80.0 151.2 166.1 102.4 111.4 104.8

262.0 126.6 118.2 146.0 115.7 89.5 195.2 159.1 161.3 176.7 108.8 120.8 133.9

Manufacturing Food3 ........................................................................................................... Animal food ............................................................................................. Grain and oilseed milling .......................................................................... Flour milling and malt .......................................................................... Starch and vegetable fats and oils ...................................................... Breakfast cereal manufacturing ........................................................... Sugar and confectionery product3 ........................................................... Sugar .................................................................................................. Chocolate and confectionery from cacao beans .................................. Confectionery from purchased chocolate ............................................ Nonchocolate confectionery ................................................................ Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food3 ................................. Fruit and vegetable canning, pickling, and drying ................................ Dairy product3 .......................................................................................... Ice cream and frozen dessert ............................................................. Animal slaughtering and processing3 ...................................................... Seafood product preparation and packaging ........................................... Bakery and tortilla ................................................................................... Bread and bakery product ................................................................... Cookie, cracker, and pasta ................................................................. Tortilla ................................................................................................. Other food ................................................................................................ Snack food .......................................................................................... Coffee and tea .................................................................................... Flavoring syrup and concentrate ......................................................... Seasoning and dressing ..................................................................... All other food ....................................................................................... Beverage and tobacco product ................................................................... Beverage3 ................................................................................................ Soft drink and ice ................................................................................ Breweries ............................................................................................. Wineries ............................................................................................... Distilleries ............................................................................................. Tobacco3 .................................................................................................. Tobacco stemming and redrying5 ........................................................ Tobacco product6 ................................................................................. Textile mills .................................................................................................. Fiber, yarn, and thread mills3 ................................................................... Fabric mills ............................................................................................... Broadwoven fabric mills ....................................................................... Narrow fabric mills and schiffli mach embroidery5 ............................... Nonwoven fabric mills .......................................................................... Knit fabric mills ..................................................................................... Textile fabric finishing/fabric coating mills ................................................ Textile and fabric finishing mills ........................................................... Fabric coating mills .............................................................................. Textile product mills ..................................................................................... Textile furnishings mills ............................................................................ Carpet and rug mills3 ........................................................................... Curtain and linen mills .......................................................................... Other textile product mills ........................................................................ Textile bag and canvas mills ................................................................ All other textile product mills ....................................................................

121.7 ... ... ... ... ... 123.3 ... ... ... ... 125.5 ... 115.8 ... 109.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 123.1 ... ... ... ... 193.2 112.2 204.3 ... 112.1 ... ... 119.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 111.6 ... ... ... ...

127.1 ... ... ... ... ... 127.7 ... ... ... ... 129.7 ... 125.0 ... 114.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 125.5 ... ... ... ... 199.1 109.7 210.5 ... 113.6 ... ... 121.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 114.1 ... ... ... ...

127.9 ... ... ... ... ... 129.3 ... ... ... ... 129.9 ... 123.9 ... 116.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 126.3 ... ... ... ... 210.8 106.5 223.3 ... 114.1 ... ... 122.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 115.7 ... ... ... ...

126.3 ... ... ... ... ... 128.8 ... ... ... ... 130.1 ... 133.1 ... 109.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 127.2 ... ... ... ... 243.1 104.2 260.4 ... 112.1 ... ... 123.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 116.3 ... ... ... ...

126.3 ... ... ... ... ... 129.4 ... ... ... ... 131.7 ... 133.8 ... 108.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 129.8 ... ... ... ... 325.7 104.7 356.7 ... 106.9 ... ... 124.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 115.4 ... ... ... ...

128.5 ... ... ... ... ... 127.5 ... ... ... ... 132.1 ... 129.9 ... 115.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 134.4 ... ... ... ... 345.8 109.0 379.3 ... 105.5 ... ... 125.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 117.8 ... ... ... ...

132.8 ... ... ... ... ... 129.3 ... ... ... ... 133.3 ... 141.2 ... 120.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 138.6 ... ... ... ... 386.1 112.3 425.8 ... 103.0 ... ... 126.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 118.9 ... ... ... ...

132.0 ... ... ... ... ... 133.7 ... ... ... ... 135.2 ... 133.3 ... 114.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 140.8 ... ... ... ... 401.9 114.7 442.8 ... 99.8 ... ... 126.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 119.0 ... ... ... ...

137.4 ... ... ... ... ... 139.5 ... ... ... ... 136.6 ... 135.8 ... 125.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 142.7 ... ... ... ... 377.9 117.5 411.7 ... 100.9 ... ... 125.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 121.8 ... ... ... ...

144.3 103.3 103.1 102.6 103.6 101.7 141.4 99.7 100.1 100.1 104.0 139.2 100.5 151.0 103.3 134.2 102.4 100.8 101.1 100.5 100.4 101.1 101.4 101.7 101.0 101.1 100.4 101.0 146.4 102.1 101.3 100.7 100.1 379.7 119.4 412.5 101.1 105.6 101.0 101.1 126.2 101.5 100.4 99.9 99.8 100.2 101.4 101.1 124.6 100.2 102.0 102.7 101.7

146.1 98.2 99.8 100.5 97.9 105.0 147.3 105.6 101.7 102.2 111.0 141.7 104.0 151.3 104.7 135.8 106.2 102.6 103.4 101.3 102.5 105.4 108.4 115.1 103.1 101.3 100.8 104.8 150.4 104.1 105.6 104.2 100.6 401.0 119.9 436.3 103.6 108.8 103.0 103.2 129.3 105.6 100.5 102.8 102.4 104.9 105.3 105.1 132.9 100.3 105.4 104.9 105.6

Utilities ........................................................................................................ Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ............................ Electric power generation ........................................................................ Electric power transmission, control, and distribution .............................. Natural gas distribution ................................................................................

1December 1981 = 2December 1985 = 3December 1984 = 4June 1988 = 100. 5June 1984 = 100. 6December 1982 =

. . . = Not available.

100. 100. 100. 100.

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

104.9 103.3 105.2 102.5 107.3

117.6 111.3 121.6 107.1 126.6

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 327

Table 7-3. Producer Price Indexes for the Net Output of Selected Industries, 1995–2005—Continued (December 2003 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) Industry

Manufacturing—Continued Apparel ......................................................................................................... Apparel knitting mills3 .............................................................................. Hosiery and sock mills3 ........................................................................ Cut and sew apparel ............................................................................... Cut and sew apparel contractors ......................................................... Men's/boys' cut and sew apparel ........................................................ Women's/girls' cut and sew apparel ................................................... Other cut and sew apparel .................................................................. Apparel accessories and other apparel .................................................. Leather and allied product3 .......................................................................... Leather and hide tanning and finishing7 .................................................. Footwear ................................................................................................. Other leather and allied product .............................................................. Wood product ............................................................................................... Sawmills and wood preservation ............................................................. Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood product .................................... Other wood product ................................................................................ Millwork ................................................................................................ Wood container and pallet .................................................................. All other wood product ........................................................................ Paper ........................................................................................................... Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills ........................................................... Pulp mills6 ............................................................................................ Paper mills7 .......................................................................................... Paperboard mills6 ................................................................................ Converted paper product ........................................................................ Paper container3 .................................................................................. Paper bag and coated and treated paper ........................................... Stationery product ............................................................................... Other converted paper product ........................................................... Printing and related support activities .......................................................... Printing ..................................................................................................... Printing support activities ......................................................................... Petroleum and coal product3 ....................................................................... Petroleum refineries8 ............................................................................... Asphalt paving, roofing, and saturated materials3 ................................... Other petroleum and coal product3 .......................................................... Chemical3 .................................................................................................... Basic chemical3 ....................................................................................... Petrochemical ...................................................................................... Industrial gas ....................................................................................... Synthetic dye and pigment .................................................................. Other basic inorganic chemical ........................................................... Resin, synthetic rubber, and artificial and synthetic fiber and filament3 .............................................................................................. Resin and synthetic rubber ................................................................. Artificial and synthetic fiber and filament .............................................. Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical3 ........................... Fertilizer .......................................................................................... Pesticide and other agricultural chemical ....................................... Pharmaceutical and medicine3 ................................................................ Paint, coating, and adhesive ................................................................... Adhesive .............................................................................................. Soap, cleaners, and toilet preparation3 .................................................... Soap and cleaning compound ............................................................ Toilet preparation ................................................................................ Other chemical product and preparation ................................................. Printing ink .......................................................................................... All other chemical product and preparation ........................................ Plastics and rubber product3 ........................................................................ Plastics product9 ...................................................................................... Unsupported plastics film, sheet, and bag ........................................... Plastics pipe, fitting, and unsupported shape ...................................... Laminated plastics plate, sheet, and shape ........................................ Polystyrene foam product ................................................................... Foam product (except polystyrene) .................................................... Plastics bottle ...................................................................................... Other plastics product ......................................................................... Rubber product ....................................................................................... Tire7 ..................................................................................................... Rubber and plastics hose and belting .................................................. Nonmetallic mineral product3 ....................................................................... Clay product and refractory ..................................................................... Pottery, ceramics, and plumbing fixture3 ............................................. Clay building material and refractories ................................................ Glass and glass product ............................................................................. Cement and concrete product ..................................................................... Cement10 ................................................................................................. 3December 1984 = 100. 6December 1982 = 100. 7June 1981 = 100. 8June 1985 = 100. 9June 1993 = 100. 10June 1982 = 100.

. . . = Not available.

1995 ... 115.7 115.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... 134.1 183.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 182.4 164.8 203.1 ... 148.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... 77.2 74.5 98.1 136.3 143.4 158.1 ... ... ... ...

127.8 ... ... 129.7 ... ... 178.7 ... ... 125.0 ... ... ... ... ... 123.3 108.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 108.5 ... 124.3 ... 129.3 ... ... ... 127.2

1996 ... 116.6 116.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... 134.7 172.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 135.5 152.2 169.7 ... 140.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... 87.4 85.3 99.4 140.9 145.8 164.0 ... ... ... ...

123.1 ... ... 133.4 ... ... 181.2 ... ... 126.6 ... ... ... ... ... 123.1 108.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 105.2 ... 125.8 ... 130.0 ... ... ... 132.9

1997 ... 117.0 117.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... 137.1 176.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 131.0 143.2 158.2 ... 132.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... 85.6 83.1 102.2 142.0 147.1 163.9 ... ... ... ...

124.4 ... ... 131.9 ... ... 184.8 ... ... 127.3 ... ... ... ... ... 122.8 107.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 103.4 ... 127.4 ... 131.8 ... ... ... 138.1

1998 ... 116.6 116.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... 137.1 171.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 125.1 144.5 165.1 ... 141.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 66.3 62.3 102.0 142.5 148.7 160.1 ... ... ... ...

115.9 ... ... 128.5 ... ... 203.1 ... ... 128.7 ... ... ... ... ... 122.1 106.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 102.0 ... 129.3 ... 133.5 ... ... ... 144.2

1999 ... 114.0 114.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... 136.5 168.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 122.7 139.7 166.9 ... 144.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 76.8 73.6 102.8 142.1 149.7 161.4 ... ... ... ...

115.4 ... ... 123.2 ... ... 210.1 ... ... 130.3 ... ... ... ... ... 122.2 107.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100.4 ... 132.6 ... 138.1 ... ... ... 149.1

2000 ... 113.9 113.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... 137.9 174.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 143.4 148.8 192.2 ... 157.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 112.8 111.6 113.5 150.3 156.7 177.3 ... ... ... ...

128.0 ... ... 124.9 ... ... 215.7 ... ... 132.5 ... ... ... ... ... 124.6 109.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100.4 ... 134.7 ... 139.7 ... ... ... 148.6

2001 ... 113.7 113.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... 141.3 191.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 122.9 150.5 187.3 ... 158.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... 105.3 103.1 116.9 159.3 158.4 173.5 ... ... ... ...

126.2 ... ... 132.0 ... ... 220.5 ... ... 134.2 ... ... ... ... ... 125.9 111.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 101.5 ... 136.0 ... 150.2 ... ... ... 148.7

2002 ... 112.7 112.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... 141.1 191.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 116.5 144.1 179.5 ... 157.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... 98.8 96.3 119.7 160.5 157.3 170.6 ... ... ... ...

119.7 ... ... 127.0 ... ... 226.3 ... ... 134.2 ... ... ... ... ... 125.5 110.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 102.7 ... 137.1 ... 150.1 ... ... ... 151.1

2003 ... 111.6 111.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... 142.8 200.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 120.9 145.7 180.2 ... 157.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... 122.0 121.2 125.1 165.3 164.6 183.0 ... ... ... ...

131.0 ... ... 135.3 ... ... 235.4 ... ... 134.9 ... ... ... ... ... 128.4 113.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 105.6 ... 138.0 ... 150.6 ... ... ... 150.5

2004 100.0 110.3 111.4 100.2 100.2 100.4 100.1 100.2 100.5 143.6 205.7 100.1 99.8 106.7 110.5 107.0 104.7 104.8 102.8 105.0 102.6 103.8 131.3 151.1 189.9 101.9 161.5 101.7 101.7 97.0 101.1 101.2 100.4 149.9 151.5 127.1 172.0 172.8 197.7 120.7 108.3 104.2 103.1

145.5 115.1 101.2 142.7 107.3 100.6 244.2 101.9 100.5 136.9 102.0 100.0 101.6 100.0 101.8 131.7 116.2 104.2 108.5 101.7 104.6 100.2 103.1 101.3 102.1 110.5 102.3 142.7 101.5 152.1 102.2 100.1 104.2 155.4

2005 100.0 109.6 110.9 100.2 103.0 104.8 102.4 102.3 101.6 144.5 204.8 101.1 100.7 108.6 110.7 105.2 108.3 105.4 107.1 111.3 106.9 109.4 137.4 161.0 196.0 105.5 167.1 105.8 106.8 98.7 103.1 103.3 100.0 200.4 205.3 138.6 197.8 187.3 225.9 151.0 118.3 108.7 120.4

169.4 136.5 107.8 151.3 118.1 102.2 255.2 108.8 106.4 140.5 105.8 101.2 108.6 103.0 109.4 141.2 125.8 116.9 122.6 105.0 117.0 110.0 114.8 107.1 106.7 116.9 107.4 152.0 105.1 154.3 107.8 101.6 114.8 175.2

328 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-3. Producer Price Indexes for the Net Output of Selected Industries, 1995–2005—Continued (December 2003 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) Industry

Manufacturing—Continued Ready-mix concrete ................................................................................ Concrete pipe, brick, and block ............................................................... Other concrete products ......................................................................... Lime and gypsum product ........................................................................... Lime ........................................................................................................ Gypsum product ...................................................................................... Other nonmetallic mineral product3 ......................................................... Abrasive product ..................................................................................... All other nonmetallic mineral product ...................................................... Primary metal3 ............................................................................................. Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy ........................................................... Steel product from purchased steel ......................................................... Iron/steel pipe and tube from purchased steel ......................................... Rolling and drawing of purchased steel ................................................... Nonferrous (except aluminum) production and processing ..................... Copper rolling, drawing, extruding, and alloying ...................................... Other nonferrous rolling, drawing, extruding, and alloying ....................... Ferrous metal foundries3 ......................................................................... Nonferrous metal foundries3 .................................................................... Fabricated metal product3 ............................................................................ Forging and stamping .............................................................................. Architectural and structural metals .............................................................. Plate work and fabricated structural product ........................................... Ornamental and architectural metal product ........................................... Boiler, tank, and shipping container ............................................................ Light gauge metal container3 ................................................................... Hardware .................................................................................................... Spring and wire product .............................................................................. Machine shops; turned product; and screw, nut, and bolt .......................... Machine shops ......................................................................................... Turned product and screw, nut, and bolt3 ................................................ Coating, engraving, heat treating, and other activity .................................... Other fabricated metal product ................................................................... Metal valve .............................................................................................. All other fabricated metal product ........................................................... Machinery ................................................................................................... Agricultural, construction, and mining machinery ................................... Agricultural implement ........................................................................ Construction machinery ...................................................................... Mining and oil and gas field machinery ............................................... Industrial machinery3 ............................................................................... Sawmill and woodworking machinery ................................................. Plastics and rubber industry machinery .............................................. Other industrial machinery3 ................................................................. Commercial and service industry machinery ...................................... HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment .................................. Metalworking machinery ...................................................................... Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment3 ......................... Other general purpose machinery ....................................................... Pump and compressor ......................................................................... Material handling equipment ................................................................ All other general purpose machinery ................................................... Computer and electronic product ................................................................. Computer and peripheral equipment3 ...................................................... Communications equipment2 ....................................................................... Telephone apparatus .............................................................................. Radio/TV broadcast and wireless communication equipment ................ Other communications equipment .......................................................... Audio and video equipment ........................................................................ Semiconductor and other electronic component3 ........................................ Navigation, measuring, medical, and control instruments .......................... Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media ...................... Electrical equipment, appliance and component ........................................ Electric lighting equipment ...................................................................... Electric lamp bulb and part ................................................................. Lighting fixture ..................................................................................... Household appliance3 .............................................................................. Small electrical appliance ................................................................... Major appliance ................................................................................... Electrical equipment ................................................................................ Other electrical equipment and component ............................................ Battery ................................................................................................. Communications and energy wire and cable ...................................... Wiring device ...................................................................................... All other electrical equipment and component .................................... Transportation equipment ........................................................................... Motor vehicle ........................................................................................... Automobile and light duty motor vehicle ............................................. Heavy duty truck ............................................................................. Motor vehicle body and trailer ............................................................. Motor vehicle parts .............................................................................. Motor vehicle steering and suspension parts ...................................... Aerospace product and parts8 ................................................................. 2December 1985 = 3December 1984 = 8June 1985 = 100.

. . . = Not available.

100. 100.

1995 ... ... ... ... ... ... 123.6 ... ... 128.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 124.0 132.8 124.8 ... ... ... ... ... 109.4 ... ... ... ... 120.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 137.3 ... ... 137.3 ... ... ... 130.8 ... ... ... ... ... 70.5 113.9 ... ... ... ... 102.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... 108.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 137.3

1996 ... ... ... ... ... ... 125.6 ... ... 123.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 127.6 131.4 126.2 ... ... ... ... ... 103.9 ... ... ... ... 121.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 140.5 ... ... 140.5 ... ... ... 132.3 ... ... ... ... ... 63.4 115.0 ... ... ... ... 99.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... 109.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 140.8

1997 ... ... ... ... ... ... 126.2 ... ... 124.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 129.2 133.8 127.6 ... ... ... ... ... 102.7 ... ... ... ... 122.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 143.0 ... ... 143.0 ... ... ... 133.6 ... ... ... ... ... 55.9 115.7 ... ... ... ... 95.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 108.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 142.7

1998 ... ... ... ... ... ... 127.4 ... ... 120.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 129.7 132.7 128.7 ... ... ... ... ... 102.3 ... ... ... ... 122.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 145.4 ... ... 145.4 ... ... ... 133.9 ... ... ... ... ... 48.8 115.0 ... ... ... ... 91.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... 107.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 143.4

1999 ... ... ... ... ... ... 131.3 ... ... 115.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 130.4 131.6 129.1 ... ... ... ... ... 100.7 ... ... ... ... 121.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 147.2 ... ... 147.2 ... ... ... 135.7 ... ... ... ... ... 44.0 113.0 ... ... ... ... 90.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 107.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 144.8

2000 ... ... ... ... ... ... 130.9 ... ... 119.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 132.1 133.5 130.3 ... ... ... ... ... 101.0 ... ... ... ... 122.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 148.7 ... ... 148.7 ... ... ... 136.6 ... ... ... ... ... 41.3 110.4 ... ... ... ... 88.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... 106.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 149.9

2001 ... ... ... ... ... ... 132.0 ... ... 116.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 132.7 134.1 131.0 ... ... ... ... ... 100.8 ... ... ... ... 122.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 149.9 ... ... 149.9 ... ... ... 137.7 ... ... ... ... ... 39.0 108.6 ... ... ... ... 86.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... 104.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 154.7

2002 ... ... ... ... ... ... 132.6 ... ... 116.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 133.0 134.4 131.7 ... ... ... ... ... 102.7 ... ... ... ... 123.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 149.6 ... ... 149.6 ... ... ... 138.9 ... ... ... ... ... 35.5 105.0 ... ... ... ... 84.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... 104.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 157.3

2003 ... ... ... ... ... ... 133.4 ... ... 118.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 133.5 135.6 132.9 ... ... ... ... ... 105.4 ... ... ... ... 123.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 150.1 ... ... 150.1 ... ... ... 139.1 ... ... ... ... ... 31.6 101.7 ... ... ... ... 81.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 103.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 162.2

2004 104.5 102.5 104.7 110.0 103.5 111.9 137.2 100.2 103.5 142.8 127.7 133.1 147.9 123.7 113.6 118.2 110.3 140.4 140.0 141.3 107.0 111.2 115.2 108.3 106.8 110.4 103.4 108.9 102.8 102.4 128.4 102.0 103.8 103.0 104.5 101.9 102.4 101.8 102.9 102.7 153.0 101.5 102.8 152.7 101.3 101.9 100.8 140.8 103.0 102.2 104.6 102.5 99.0 29.4 98.4 95.3 99.4 99.8 98.1 78.3 100.6 98.0 103.2 100.8 98.1 101.7 103.1 99.9 100.6 101.9 106.6 102.2 106.8 113.6 101.7 100.9 99.4 99.2 102.2 104.0 101.4 101.8 168.0

2005 117.3 109.2 111.3 124.5 112.4 127.9 142.5 103.1 108.0 156.3 136.7 146.2 160.1 137.5 137.6 138.9 136.2 152.5 145.0 149.5 113.3 118.0 124.2 113.5 115.7 117.5 107.2 114.4 108.4 107.4 136.6 104.2 109.8 109.8 109.9 105.6 107.4 105.8 107.7 110.6 155.9 105.0 106.3 155.3 102.9 108.0 103.3 143.2 107.6 108.4 110.6 105.7 97.5 27.4 97.0 93.2 98.7 99.7 95.6 76.5 101.9 97.0 108.0 103.5 100.2 104.6 106.3 101.8 104.2 107.2 112.5 105.7 115.8 118.9 105.4 102.5 98.7 98.2 106.4 109.7 102.7 105.1 176.0

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 329 Table 7-3. Producer Price Indexes for the Net Output of Selected Industries, 1995–2005—Continued (December 2003 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) Industry

Manufacturing—Continued Railroad rolling stock5 .............................................................................. Ship and boat building3 ............................................................................ Other transportation equipment .............................................................. Furniture and related product3 ..................................................................... Household and institutional furniture and kitchen cabinet3 ...................... Wood kitchen cabinet and countertop ................................................. Household and institutional furniture ................................................... Office furniture (including fixtures) .............................................................. Other furniture-related product .................................................................... Mattress .................................................................................................. Blind and shade ...................................................................................... Miscellaneous ............................................................................................. Medical equipment and supplies ............................................................. Other miscellaneous2 ................................................................................... Jewelry and silverware2 ........................................................................... Sporting and athletic goods .................................................................... Doll, toy, and game ................................................................................. Office supplies (except paper)2 ................................................................ Sign ......................................................................................................... All other miscellaneous ............................................................................ Wholesale Trade Merchant wholesalers, durable goods ......................................................... Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods ...................................................

Retail Trade Motor vehicle and parts dealers ................................................................... Automobile dealers .................................................................................. New car dealers11 ................................................................................ Recreational vehicle dealers12 ............................................................. Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores13 ................................. Automotive parts and accessories stores ........................................ Tire dealers ...................................................................................... Furniture and home furnishings stores ........................................................ Furniture stores ........................................................................................ Floor covering stores ............................................................................... Electronics and appliance stores ................................................................. Appliance, TV, and other electronics stores ............................................ Computer and software stores ................................................................. Camera and photographic supplies stores .............................................. Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers ................... Building material and supplies dealers .................................................... Home centers ....................................................................................... Paint and wallpaper stores ................................................................... Hardware stores ................................................................................... Other building material dealers ............................................................ Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores ............................... Nursery, garden, and farm supply stores ......................................... Food and beverage stores11 ........................................................................ Grocery stores ......................................................................................... Grocery (except convenience) stores .................................................. Specialty food stores ................................................................................ Beer, wine, and liquor stores14 ................................................................ Health and personal care stores .................................................................. Pharmacies and drug stores14 ................................................................. Optical goods stores ................................................................................ Gasoline stations12 ...................................................................................... Gasoline stations with convenience stores .............................................. Other gasoline stations ............................................................................ Clothing and clothing accessories stores ..................................................... Clothing stores ......................................................................................... Men's clothing stores ........................................................................... Women's clothing stores ...................................................................... Family clothing stores .......................................................................... Shoe stores .............................................................................................. Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores ............................................ Jewelry stores ...................................................................................... Luggage and leather goods stores ...................................................... Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores .......................................... Sporting goods, hobby, and musical instrument stores ........................... Sporting goods stores .......................................................................... Hobby, toy, and game stores ............................................................... Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores ...................................... Book, periodical, and music stores ...................................................... Bookstores and news dealers .......................................................... Prerecorded tape, CD, and record stores ........................................ General merchandise stores ........................................................................ Department stores ................................................................................... Other general merchandise stores ........................................................... Florists ..................................................................................................... 2December 1985 = 100. 3December 1984 = 100. 5June 1984 = 100. 11December 1999 = 100. 12June 2001 = 100. 13December 2001 = 100. 14June 2000 = 100.

. . . = Not available.

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

127.6 135.0 ... 133.3 132.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 125.9 126.3 ... ... 127.4 ... ...

129.7 138.2 ... 136.2 134.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 127.8 128.0 ... ... 130.2 ... ...

127.4 142.0 ... 138.2 136.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 129.0 128.0 ... ... 129.8 ... ...

127.6 144.1 ... 139.7 138.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 129.7 127.1 ... ... 130.9 ... ...

128.2 145.6 ... 141.3 140.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 130.3 126.4 ... ... 132.0 ... ...

128.6 149.0 ... 143.3 142.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 130.9 127.1 ... ... 132.0 ... ...

128.3 152.6 ... 145.1 144.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 132.4 128.0 ... ... 131.4 ... ...

127.7 156.8 ... 146.3 146.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 133.3 129.1 ... ... 132.8 ... ...

129.0 163.0 ... 147.4 147.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 133.9 131.0 ... ... 132.9 ... ...

135.8 169.6 101.1 151.5 148.6 101.1 101.1 105.1 104.0 105.6 101.3 101.2 101.3 135.2 134.6 101.3 100.3 133.1 100.9 101.0

150.5 175.0 103.6 157.8 152.6 103.2 104.0 111.5 110.6 115.0 103.9 102.9 102.5 138.4 138.7 102.0 101.7 135.8 104.6 103.7

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

102.0 ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 99.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 103.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 103.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 109.6 ... ... ... 102.9 ... 102.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 108.7 112.2 100.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 113.4 ... ... ... 103.5 ... 112.4 ... 66.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 111.5 109.7 104.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 117.6 ... ... ... 106.9 ... 116.6 ... 54.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

103.5 102.9 113.5 121.4 109.4 106.8 102.0 102.4 100.8 104.6 99.0 101.8 95.2 88.6 108.3 108.7 107.0 99.5 103.1 111.4 105.8 105.8 123.2 103.5 103.5 107.1 110.7 101.7 119.8 99.8 51.3 102.5 132.8 100.5 99.3 100.2 102.9 97.8 103.9 101.8 101.8 101.4 96.6 97.8 95.0 100.5 103.2 94.7 95.0 93.9 103.1 105.4 97.7 100.2

106.9 105.4 116.3 133.6 115.1 110.9 110.7 110.7 108.0 114.4 98.9 103.5 92.4 82.0 109.9 109.9 109.6 104.4 108.2 110.8 110.3 110.3 131.0 110.7 110.7 110.2 111.0 107.6 127.9 100.1 51.0 104.3 118.1 103.3 102.4 102.1 103.3 102.2 105.0 104.9 104.8 106.5 96.6 99.0 96.1 101.7 104.7 92.5 92.0 93.8 103.4 105.1 99.5 100.2

330 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-3. Producer Price Indexes for the Net Output of Selected Industries, 1995–2005—Continued (December 2003 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) Industry

Retail Trade—Continued Office supplies, stationery, and gift stores ............................................... Office supplies and stationery stores ................................................... Gift, novelty, and souvenir stores ............................................................. Manufactured (mobile) home dealers ...................................................... Nonstore retailers ......................................................................................... Vending machine operators ..................................................................... Fuel dealers14 ..........................................................................................

Transportation and Warehousing Air transportation15 ....................................................................................... Scheduled air transportation16 ................................................................. Nonscheduled air transportation17 ........................................................... Rail transportation17 ..................................................................................... Water transportation .................................................................................... Inland water transportation ...................................................................... Truck transportation ..................................................................................... General freight trucking ............................................................................ General freight trucking, local .................................................................. General freight trucking, long distance .................................................... Specialized freight trucking ...................................................................... Used household and office goods moving ........................................... Specialized freight (except used) trucking, local .................................. Specialized freight (except used) trucking, long distance .................... Pipeline transportation of crude oil ........................................................... Other pipeline transportation .................................................................... Pipeline transportation of refined petroleum products ......................... Transportation support activities .................................................................. Air transportation support activities17 ....................................................... Airport operations ................................................................................. Other air transportation support activities ............................................ Water transportation support activities ..................................................... Port and harbor operations .................................................................. Marine cargo handling ......................................................................... Navigational services to shipping ......................................................... Freight transportation arrangement17 ...................................................... Postal service18 ............................................................................................ Couriers and messengers ............................................................................ Couriers ................................................................................................... Local messengers and local delivery ........................................................... Warehousing and storage ............................................................................ Refrigerated warehousing and storage .................................................... Farm product warehousing and storage ..................................................

Information Publishing industries, except Internet .......................................................... Newspaper, periodical, book, and directory publishers ........................... Newspaper publishers19 ...................................................................... Periodical publishers19 ......................................................................... Book publishers3 .................................................................................. Directory and mailing list publishers .................................................... Other publishers ................................................................................... Software publishers ................................................................................. Broadcasting, except Internet ...................................................................... Radio and television broadcasting12 ........................................................ Radio broadcasting .............................................................................. Television broadcasting ....................................................................... Cable networks ........................................................................................ Telecommunications .................................................................................... Wired telecommunications carriers20 ....................................................... Wireless telecommunications carriers ..................................................... Cable and other program distribution ....................................................... Data processing and related services ...................................................... Financial Activities Security, commodity contracts, and like activity ........................................... Security and commodity contracts, intermediation and brokerage14 ....... Investment banking and securities dealing .......................................... Securities brokerage ............................................................................ Portfolio management .......................................................................... Investment advice ................................................................................ Other direct insurance carriers21 .......................................................... Insurance agencies and brokerages .................................................... Lessors of nonresidential building (except miniwarehouse) ................ Lessors of miniwarehouse and self-storage units ................................ Offices of real estate agents and brokers ................................................

3December 1984 = 100. 12June 2001 = 100. 14June 2000 = 100. 15December 1992 = 100. 16December 1989 = 100. 17December 1996 = 100. 18June 1989 = 100. 19December 1979 = 100. 20June 1999 = 100. 21December 1998 = 100.

. . . = Not available.

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... 120.5

... ... ... ... ... ... 113.8

... ... ... ... ... ... 122.7

99.7 100.4 98.7 107.7 107.5 101.5 129.4

101.7 102.9 100.0 116.7 119.8 104.4 147.3

113.7 135.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 132.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...

121.1 145.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 132.3 ... ... ... ... ... ...

125.3 150.8 97.8 100.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 102.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... 99.4 132.3 ... ... ... ... ... ...

124.5 149.3 99.2 101.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 105.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... 97.7 132.3 ... ... ... ... ... ...

130.8 157.3 102.2 101.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 108.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... 97.3 135.3 ... ... ... ... ... ...

147.7 180.1 107.3 102.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 114.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... 98.3 135.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...

157.2 193.0 112.7 104.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 117.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... 98.2 143.4 ... ... ... ... ... ...

157.8 193.3 114.7 106.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 121.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... 97.5 150.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...

162.1 198.5 117.8 108.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 125.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 97.9 155.0 ... ... ... ... ... ...

162.3 198.6 119.9 113.4 101.3 103.2 103.1 103.5 105.2 103.2 102.3 102.6 102.7 101.7 103.9 101.4 101.4 101.1 128.1 101.1 102.0 101.0 102.4 100.5 101.5 98.9 155.0 106.1 106.6 101.1 100.3 100.5 100.2

171.0 209.3 126.7 125.2 106.4 119.3 109.0 110.0 111.5 109.7 107.0 106.0 107.1 107.5 113.3 105.2 105.2 104.1 134.2 104.8 107.5 103.5 105.9 102.2 105.7 99.1 155.0 113.8 115.0 102.7 101.5 101.0 101.5

... ... 286.7 246.3 162.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 306.9 253.1 169.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 317.7 263.2 174.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 328.7 276.9 178.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 339.3 284.9 184.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 351.3 292.6 190.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 96.4 ... ... ...

... ... 367.9 305.9 195.6 ... ... ... ... 98.2 ... ... ... ... 93.6 ... ... ...

... ... 381.9 320.4 201.5 ... ... ... ... 97.1 ... ... ... ... 89.9 ... ... ...

... ... 395.7 332.4 208.2 ... ... ... ... 99.8 ... ... ... ... 88.1 ... ... ...

101.5 102.1 409.7 339.1 215.7 101.3 100.7 99.8 101.2 102.8 102.7 100.5 101.4 99.8 86.3 98.4 102.2 98.8

104.1 105.5 426.2 347.6 224.3 103.3 103.9 99.8 102.1 101.9 106.3 97.3 104.3 98.1 85.8 86.4 106.5 98.8

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... 100.7 ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... 101.9 ... ... ... ...

... 88.1 ... ... ... ... 104.3 ... ... ... ...

... 81.8 ... ... ... ... 108.7 ... ... ... ...

... 82.5 ... ... ... ... 115.0 ... ... ... ...

103.4 84.2 102.6 100.0 108.1 102.0 118.7 100.8 102.3 102.0 101.8

109.4 88.1 109.1 102.2 117.8 104.8 121.0 101.8 105.1 105.6 108.1

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 331 Table 7-3. Producer Price Indexes for the Net Output of Selected Industries, 1995–2005—Continued (December 2003 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) Industry

Financial Activities—Continued Real estate property managers ............................................................ Offices of real estate appraisers .......................................................... Automotive equipment rental and leasing12 ............................................. Passenger car rental and leasing ........................................................ Truck, utility trailer, and RV rental and leasing .................................... Legal services17 ....................................................................................... Offices of lawyers17 .............................................................................. Architectural, engineering, and related services17 ................................... Architectural services ........................................................................... Engineering services ............................................................................ Advertising agencies ............................................................................ Employment services17 ........................................................................ Employment placement agencies .................................................... Temporary help services .................................................................. Employee leasing services .............................................................. Travel agencies .................................................................................... Janitorial services ................................................................................ Waste collection ...................................................................................

Health Care and Social Assistance Offices of physicians17 ................................................................................. Medical and diagnostic laboratories ............................................................. Home health care services17 ....................................................................... Hospitals15 ................................................................................................... General medical and surgical hospitals ................................................... Psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals ............................................. Other specialty hospitals .......................................................................... Nursing care facilities ............................................................................... Residential mental retardation facilities ................................................... Accommodations17 ...................................................................................... Hotels (except casino hotels) and motels ................................................ Casino hotels ........................................................................................... 12June 2001 = 100. 15December 1992 = 100. 17December 1996 = 100.

. . . = Not available.

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... 102.5 102.5 102.2 ... ... ... 101.0 ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... 106.1 106.1 105.1 ... ... ... 103.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... 108.7 108.7 108.5 ... ... ... 105.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... 112.5 112.5 111.8 ... ... ... 107.3 ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... 117.9 117.9 115.9 ... ... ... 108.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 103.9 ... ... 121.7 121.7 121.1 ... ... ... 108.9 ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... 106.6 ... ... 125.6 125.6 124.3 ... ... ... 111.4 ... ... ... ... ... ...

100.9 102.7 107.8 98.2 99.9 131.8 131.8 126.8 99.7 101.5 100.1 113.9 102.2 101.7 101.3 96.9 100.9 101.3

102.2 104.2 109.0 99.9 99.9 138.5 138.5 129.2 102.0 103.4 101.4 116.3 104.4 104.0 102.9 95.9 101.9 102.5

... ... ... 110.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... 112.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

101.0 ... 103.3 113.6 ... ... ... ... ... 104.2 ... ...

103.2 ... 106.2 114.4 ... ... ... ... ... 108.1 ... ...

105.5 ... 107.1 116.4 ... ... ... ... ... 112.7 ... ...

107.3 ... 111.1 119.4 ... ... ... ... ... 116.2 ... ...

110.4 ... 114.0 123.0 ... ... ... ... ... 121.3 ... ...

110.3 ... 116.6 127.5 ... ... ... ... ... 121.3 ... ...

112.1 ... 117.0 134.9 ... ... ... ... ... 122.0 ... ...

114.3 100.0 119.8 141.5 102.9 101.1 103.8 102.6 101.2 125.2 103.5 105.0

116.4 104.1 121.1 146.9 106.7 103.7 109.6 106.4 104.5 131.9 110.0 107.5

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 333

Index (1982–1984 =100)

CONSUMER PRICE INDEX

500

Consumer Price Index, All Items and Medical Care, 1995–2005

400 300 200 100

0 1995

1996

All items

1997

1998

Medical care

1999

2000

Year

2001

Medical care commodities

2002

2003

2004

2005

Hospital and related services

From 2004 to 2005, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for hospital and related services continued to rise at a faster rate (5.3 percent) than other components of medical care prices. The CPI for medical services rose 4.8 percent, the CPI for professional services increased by 3.8 percent, and the CPI for medical care commodities grew by 2.5 percent. (See Table 7-8.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • In 2005, the CPI for all items rose 3.4 percent, but the CPI for all items excluding energy prices only increased 2.2 percent. From 1999 to 2005, prices for nondurables less food and apparel and medical care services grew rapidly (36.4 percent and 31.9 percent, respectively). The CPI for apparel declined 9 percent from 1999 to 2005. (See Tables 7-4 and 7-5.) • Food and beverages, housing, and transportation made up 76.1 percent of the CPI in 2005, rising from 75.8 percent in 2004. (See Table 7-9.) • The CPI Research Series Using Current Methods (CPI-U-RS) rose more slowing than the CPI for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). From 1995 to 2005, the CPI-U-RS grew 27.2 percent, compared to 28.1 percent for the CPI-U. (See Tables 7-4 and 7-11.)

334 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS CONSUMER PRICE INDEX

interest costs, property taxes, property insurance, and maintenance and repair.

Collection and Coverage The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the average change in prices of goods and services purchased by urban consumers for day-to-day living. The weights used in calculating the index, which remain fixed for relatively long periods of time, are based on actual expenditures reported in the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE). The quantities and qualities of the sample items in the market basket remain essentially the same between consecutive pricing periods. The index measures only the effect of price change on the cost of living and does not measure changes in the total amount families spend for living. Geographic area indexes measure price changes in individual areas over time, not relative differences in prices or living costs between areas. Periodic Updating The index for the years 1913–1935 used a study of 1917–1919 spending by households of wage earners and clerical workers as the basis for its weights. Since then, there have been six revisions to bring the market basket of goods and services up to date and to revise the weights and improve the sampling methods used in the survey. Over the past 20 years, several major changes have been introduced into the CPI. The 1978 revision of the CPI updated the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) and introduced a new index for the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), which includes salaried workers, the self-employed, the retired, the unemployed, and wage earners and clerical workers. The CPI-W now represents the spending patterns of 32 percent of the population; the CPI-U represents the spending patterns of 87 percent of the population. Before 1978, changes in the CPI-U were based on changes in the CPI-W. The 1978 revision also instituted sampling for all levels of the index, right down to the selection of individual items within each retail outlet. Beginning with the index for January 1983, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) changed the way the CPI-U measures homeowners’ costs; the CPI-W implemented the same change in January 1985. The change converted the homeownership component from an asset approach, which includes both the investment and consumption aspects of homeownership, to a flow-of-services approach, which only measures the cost of shelter services consumed by homeowners. The new approach uses a rental equivalence method to calculate homeowner shelter costs by estimating the implicit rent owners would have to pay to rent the homes in which they live. The old method calculated homeowners’ costs as home purchase, mortgage

The 1987 major revision of both the CPI-U and the CPIW introduced weights based upon data from the 1982, 1983, and 1984 CE Surveys. The 1998 CPI revision, which went into effect with the index for January 1998, uses expenditure data from the 1993–1995 CE Surveys and population data from the 1990 decennial census. Current Methodology The CPI uses 87 pricing areas in 38 different index areas from around the United States. BLS revises the outlets and items in its sample on a five-year rotating basis. Before rotating the sample, the Census Bureau conducts a Pointof-Purchase Survey for BLS. This survey determines the locations of retail outlets at which consumers buy goods and services in various categories; it also determines how much they spend on each category in each reported outlet. BLS then draws outlet samples from the Point-ofPurchase Survey information. Field agents visit the selected retail outlets and sample the applicable item categories with checklists, which exhaustively define these categories of goods and services. A data collector, who uses the checklists in systematic stages, generally selects the items to be priced in a specific retail store. Information provided by the respondent is taken into account at each stage. Outlets may be located outside of the pricing area to represent out-of-town purchases. After the initial selection, the same item (or a close substitute) is priced from period to period in order to ensure the greatest extent possible that differences in reported prices are measures of price change only. All taxes directly associated with the purchase, or with the continued use of the items priced, are included in the indexes. Foods, fuels, rents, and other items are priced monthly in all areas. Prices of most other commodities and services are obtained monthly in the three largest geographical areas and every other month in the remaining areas, with half obtained in odd-numbered months and half obtained in even-numbered months. Between scheduled survey dates, prices are held at the level of their last pricing. BLS agents also collect data for a sample of rental units drawn from the Decennial Census of Population and Housing. This sample is heavily augmented with renter-occupied housing units in areas where there are many owner-occupied units. This survey is the basis for the rent and owner-equivalent rent components of the CPI. BLS calculates basic indexes (elementary aggregates) for the 211 item strata in each of the 38 index areas. Basic indexes are combined with weights based on the 1993–1995 Consumer Expenditure Surveys and the 1990 decennial census.

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 335

BLS publishes CPI indexes for a variety of commodities and services by region, by size of city, by cross-classifications of regions and population size classes, and for 26 metropolitan areas. The purchasing power of the consumer dollar for any given date is calculated as the reciprocal of the index for that date, expressed in dollars, with the dollar’s value in 1982–1984 equal to $1.00. It shows changes in the value of the dollar resulting from changes in prices of consumer goods and services. Dividing the index for the desired base date by the index for the current date and expressing the result in dollars can calculate the purchasing power of the dollar; this allows for clear comparisons to other base dates. The relative importance figures are percentage distributions of the cost or value weights used in the index calculation. The cost weights represent average expenditures by consumers for specific classes of goods and services. However, in the subsequent pricing periods, the value weights and the corresponding relative importance figures change as prices change differentially. (In other words, the relative importance increases for an item or group having a greater than average price increase and decreases for an item having a less than average price increase.) Historically, the weights in the CPI have been updated about once every 10 years. Since 2002, the CPI expenditure weights have been updated every other year to keep the weights more current with consumer spending habits.

Since the CPI traditionally measured price changes for a fixed market basket of goods and services, it was criticized as overstating inflation, because it did not account for the fact that consumers can substitute (buy more or less) as relative prices change. In 1999, the CPI began using a geometric mean formula to average the prices within most item categories. This formula assumes a modest degree of substitution within CPI item categories as relative prices change. In 2002, BLS created an additional price index using a “superlative” formula to be address consumer substitution across CPI item categories. BLS began publishing this index, called the Chained Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers effective with release of July data in August 2002. Designated the C-CPI-U, the index will supplement—not replace—the CPI-U and the CPI-W. The Consumer Price Index Research Series Using Current Methods (CPI-U-RS) presents an estimate of the CPI for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) from 1978 to the present that incorporates most of the improvements made over that time span into the entire series. Sources of Additional Information An extensive description of the methodology is available in the updated version of Chapter 17 in the BLS Handbook of Methods. Additional detailed data is in the Consumer Price Index Detailed Report (published monthly) and other special reports. All of these resources can be found on the BLS Web site at .

336 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 7-4. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Major Groups, 1967–2005 (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) Year

All items

Food and beverages

Housing

Apparel

Transportation

Medical care

Recreation1

Education and communication1

Other goods and services

1967 ..................................................... 1968 ..................................................... 1969 .....................................................

33.4 34.8 36.7

35.0 36.2 38.1

30.8 32.0 34.0

51.0 53.7 56.8

33.3 34.3 35.7

28.2 29.9 31.9

... ... ...

... ... ...

35.1 36.9 38.7

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

53.8 56.9 60.6 65.2 72.6

60.2 62.1 65.8 72.2 79.9

50.7 53.8 57.4 62.4 70.1

72.5 75.2 78.6 81.4 84.9

50.1 55.1 59.0 61.7 70.5

47.5 52.0 57.0 61.8 67.5

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

53.9 57.0 60.4 64.3 68.9

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................

82.4 90.9 96.5 99.6 103.9

86.7 93.5 97.3 99.5 103.2

81.1 90.4 96.9 99.5 103.6

90.9 95.3 97.8 100.2 102.1

83.1 93.2 97.0 99.3 103.7

74.9 82.9 92.5 100.6 106.8

..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................

130.7 136.2 140.3 144.5 148.2

132.1 136.8 138.7 141.6 144.9

128.5 133.6 137.5 141.2 144.8

124.1 128.7 131.9 133.7 133.4

120.5 123.8 126.5 130.4 134.3

162.8 177.0 190.1 201.4 211.0

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................

..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................

..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................

1December

1997 = 100. . . . = Not available.

38.8 40.5 41.8 44.4 49.3

107.6 109.6 113.6 118.3 124.0

152.4 156.9 160.5 163.0 166.6 172.2 177.1 179.9 184.0 188.9 195.3

40.1 41.4 43.1 48.8 55.5

105.6 109.1 113.5 118.2 124.9

148.9 153.7 157.7 161.1 164.6 168.4 173.6 176.8 180.5 186.6 191.2

36.4 38.0 39.4 41.2 45.8

107.7 110.9 114.2 118.5 123.0

148.5 152.8 156.8 160.4 163.9 169.6 176.4 180.3 184.8 189.5 195.7

59.2 61.1 62.3 64.6 69.4

105.0 105.9 110.6 115.4 118.6

132.0 131.7 132.9 133.0 131.3 129.6 127.3 124.0 120.9 120.4 119.5

37.5 39.5 39.9 41.2 45.8

106.4 102.3 105.4 108.7 114.1

139.1 143.0 144.3 141.6 144.4 153.3 154.3 152.9 157.6 163.1 173.9

34.0 36.1 37.3 38.8 42.4

113.5 122.0 130.1 138.6 149.3

220.5 228.2 234.6 242.1 250.6 260.8 272.8 285.6 297.1 310.1 323.2

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... 90.7 92.7

94.5 97.4 99.6 101.1 102.0 103.3 104.9 106.2 107.5 108.6 109.4

... ... ... ... ...

40.9 42.9 44.7 46.4 49.8

... ... ... ... ...

75.2 82.6 91.1 101.1 107.9

... ... ... 85.5 88.8

159.0 171.6 183.3 192.9 198.5

102.5 105.2 107.9 109.8 111.6 113.7

271.1 282.6 293.2 298.7 304.7 313.4

... ... ... ... ...

92.2 95.3 98.4 100.3 101.2

114.5 121.4 128.5 137.0 147.7

206.9 215.4 224.8 237.7 258.3

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 337 Table 7-5. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Commodity, Service, and Special Groups, 1967–2005 (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) Year

All items less food

All items less shelter

All items less medical care

All items less energy

All items less Commodities food and energy

Commodities less food and beverages

Energy commdities

Commodities Nondurables Nondurables Nondurables less food less food less food and energy and apparel

1967 .................... 1968 .................... 1969 ....................

33.4 34.9 36.8

35.2 36.7 38.4

33.7 35.1 37.0

34.4 35.9 38.0

34.7 36.3 38.4

36.8 38.1 39.9

38.3 39.7 41.4

23.9 24.4 25.2

41.3 42.9 44.7

35.7 37.1 38.9

37.6 39.1 40.9

32.6 33.7 34.9

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

52.5 56.0 59.6 63.9 71.2

56.0 59.3 63.1 67.4 74.2

54.3 57.2 60.8 65.4 72.9

55.1 58.2 61.9 66.7 73.4

53.9 57.4 61.0 65.5 71.9

58.2 60.7 64.2 68.8 76.6

57.3 60.2 63.6 67.3 75.2

43.4 45.4 48.7 51.0 68.7

60.1 63.2 66.5 70.5 76.4

58.3 60.5 64.0 68.6 77.2

57.0 59.5 62.5 65.5 74.6

51.5 54.1 57.2 60.4 71.2

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

81.5 90.4 96.3 99.7 104.0

82.9 91.0 96.2 99.8 103.9

82.8 91.4 96.8 99.6 103.7

81.9 90.1 96.1 99.6 104.3

80.8 89.2 95.8 99.6 104.6

86.0 93.2 97.0 99.8 103.2

85.7 93.1 96.9 100.0 103.1

95.2 107.6 102.9 99.0 98.1

83.5 90.0 95.3 100.2 104.4

87.6 95.2 97.8 99.7 102.5

88.4 96.7 98.3 100.0 101.7

87.1 96.8 98.2 100.0 101.8

.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

130.3 136.1 140.8 145.1 149.0

128.2 133.5 137.3 141.4 144.8

128.8 133.8 137.5 141.2 144.7

134.7 140.9 145.4 150.0 154.1

135.5 142.1 147.3 152.2 156.5

122.8 126.6 129.1 131.5 133.8

117.0 120.4 123.2 125.3 126.9

101.2 99.1 98.3 97.3 97.6

123.6 128.8 132.5 135.2 137.1

126.0 130.3 132.8 135.1 136.8

119.9 124.5 127.6 129.3 129.7

120.9 125.7 128.9 130.7 131.6

137.7 137.2 134.2 134.5 136.7 142.5

129.5 125.2 117.1 136.7 161.2 197.4

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

.................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

.................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ....................

39.0 40.8 42.0 43.7 48.0

108.0 109.8 113.6 118.3 123.7

153.1 157.5 161.1 163.4 167.0 173.0 177.8 180.5 184.7 189.4 196.0

40.3 42.0 43.3 46.2 51.4

107.0 108.0 111.6 115.9 121.6

148.6 152.8 155.9 157.2 160.2 165.7 169.7 170.8 174.6 179.3 186.1

39.2 40.8 42.1 44.8 49.8

107.2 108.8 112.6 117.0 122.4

148.6 152.8 156.3 158.6 162.0 167.3 171.9 174.3 178.1 182.7 188.7

40.3 42.0 43.4 46.1 50.6

108.4 112.6 117.2 122.3 128.1

158.7 163.1 167.1 170.9 174.4 178.6 183.5 187.7 190.6 194.4 198.7

40.8 42.7 44.0 45.6 49.4

109.1 113.5 118.2 123.4 129.0

161.2 165.6 169.5 173.4 177.0 181.3 186.1 190.5 193.2 196.6 200.9

41.7 43.2 44.5 47.8 53.5

105.4 104.4 107.7 111.5 116.7

136.4 139.9 141.8 141.9 144.4 149.2 150.7 149.7 151.2 154.7 160.2

43.1 44.7 45.8 47.3 52.4

105.2 101.4 104.0 107.3 111.6

128.9 131.5 132.2 130.5 132.5

25.6 26.1 26.4 29.1 40.4

98.2 77.2 80.2 80.8 87.9

98.8 105.7 105.7 92.1 100.0

46.7 48.5 49.7 51.1 55.0

107.1 108.6 111.8 115.8 119.6

139.3 141.3 142.3 143.2 144.1 144.9 145.3 143.7 140.9 139.6 140.3

40.8 42.1 43.5 47.5 54.0

104.8 103.5 107.5 111.8 118.2

139.3 143.5 146.4 146.9 151.2 158.2 160.6 161.1 165.3 172.2 180.2

42.5 44.0 45.0 46.9 52.9

104.1 98.5 101.8 105.8 111.7

130.9 134.5 136.3 134.6 139.4 149.1 149.1 147.4 151.9 159.3 170.1

36.3 37.6 38.6 40.3 46.9

104.1 96.9 100.3 104.0 111.3

134.1 139.5 141.8 139.2 147.5 162.9 164.1 163.3 172.1 183.8 201.2

338 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 7-5. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Commodity, Service, and Special Groups, 1967–2005—Continued (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) Total services1

Rent of shelter2

Gas (piped) and electricity

Transportation services

1967 ................................................. 1968 ................................................. 1969 .................................................

28.8 30.3 32.4

... ... ...

23.7 23.9 24.3

32.6 33.9 36.3

26.0 27.9 30.2

36.0 38.1 40.0

29.3 30.8 32.9

23.8 24.2 24.8

29.3 30.9 33.2

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

48.0 52.0 56.0 60.8 67.5

... ... ... ... ...

40.1 44.7 50.5 55.0 61.0

49.8 56.9 61.5 64.4 69.5

46.6 51.3 56.4 61.2 67.2

55.1 58.4 62.1 66.4 71.9

48.3 52.2 55.9 60.7 67.5

42.1 45.1 49.4 52.5 65.7

48.8 52.7 56.5 61.3 68.2

Year

................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. .................................................

77.9 88.1 96.0 99.4 104.6

... ... ... 102.7 107.7

71.4 81.9 93.2 101.5 105.4

79.2 88.6 96.1 99.1 104.8

74.8 82.8 92.6 100.7 106.7

78.7 86.1 93.5 100.0 106.5

78.2 88.7 96.4 99.2 104.4

86.0 97.7 99.2 99.9 100.9

................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. .................................................

139.2 146.3 152.0 157.9 163.1

145.5 152.1 157.3 162.0 167.0

109.3 112.6 114.8 118.5 119.2

144.2 151.2 155.7 162.9 168.6

162.7 177.1 190.5 202.9 213.4

150.2 159.8 168.5 177.0 185.4

136.8 143.3 148.4 153.6 158.4

102.1 102.5 103.0 104.2 104.6

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. .................................................

1Includes tenants, household 2December 1982 = 100.

. . . = Not available.

109.9 115.4 120.2 125.7 131.9

168.7 174.1 179.4 184.2 188.8 195.3 203.4 209.8 216.5 222.8 230.1

113.9 120.2 125.9 132.0 138.0

172.4 178.0 183.4 189.6 195.0 201.3 208.9 216.7 221.9 227.9 233.7

107.1 105.7 103.8 104.6 107.5

119.2 122.1 125.1 121.2 120.9 128.0 142.4 134.4 145.0 150.6 166.5

40.2 43.4 44.4 44.7 46.3

110.0 116.3 121.9 128.0 135.6

175.9 180.5 185.0 187.9 190.7 196.1 201.9 209.1 216.3 220.6 225.7

32.3 34.7 35.9 37.5 41.4

113.2 121.9 130.0 138.3 148.9

224.2 232.4 239.1 246.8 255.1 266.0 278.8 292.9 306.0 321.3 336.7

insurance, water, sewer, trash, and household operations services, not shown separately.

42.2 44.4 45.6 47.7 51.3

113.0 119.4 125.7 132.6 140.9

193.3 201.4 209.6 216.9 223.1 229.9 238.0 246.4 254.4 261.3 268.4

35.6 37.5 38.9 40.6 44.3

Energy

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. .................................................

25.4 27.1 28.5 29.9 34.5

Services less medical care

................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. .................................................

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

... ... ... ... ...

Other services

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. .................................................

35.0 37.0 38.4 40.1 43.8

Medical care services

109.6 114.6 119.1 124.3 130.1

163.5 168.7 173.9 178.4 182.7 188.9 196.6 202.5 208.7 214.5 221.2

25.5 26.5 27.2 29.4 38.1

Services less energy

36.0 38.0 39.4 41.1 44.8

78.5 88.7 96.3 99.2 104.5

101.6 88.2 88.6 89.3 94.3

110.2 116.5 122.0 127.9 134.4

105.2 110.1 111.5 102.9 106.6

173.7 179.4 185.0 190.6 195.7

124.6 129.3 121.7 136.5 151.4 177.1

142.3 149.8 155.9 161.9 167.6

202.1 209.6 217.5 223.8 230.2 236.6

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 339

Table 7-6. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Selected Groups and Purchasing Power of the Consumer Dollar, 1913–2005 (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) Year

All items

Rent of primary residence

Food

Owners' equivalent of primary residence1

Purchasing power of the consumer dollar2

Apparel

1913 .............................................................................. 1914 ..............................................................................

9.9 10.0

10.0 10.2

21.0 21.0

... ...

14.9 15.0

10.08 9.94

1920 1921 1922 1923 1924

20.0 17.9 16.8 17.1 17.1

21.0 15.9 14.9 15.4 15.2

27.4 31.5 32.4 33.2 34.4

... ... ... ... ...

43.1 33.2 27.0 27.1 26.8

4.99 5.59 5.96 5.86 5.85

1915 1916 1917 1918 1919

.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

1925 1926 1927 1928 1929

.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

1December 1982 = 2Purchasing power

. . . = Not available.

100. in 1982–1984 = $1.00.

10.1 10.9 12.8 15.1 17.3

17.5 17.7 17.4 17.1 17.1 16.7 15.2 13.7 13.0 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.4 14.1 13.9 14.0 14.7 16.3 17.3 17.6 18.0 19.5 22.3 24.1 23.8 24.1 26.0 26.5 26.7 26.9 26.8 27.2 28.1 28.9 29.1

10.0 11.3 14.5 16.7 18.6

16.5 17.0 16.4 16.3 16.5 15.6 12.9 10.7 10.4 11.6 12.4 12.6 13.1 12.1 11.8 12.0 13.1 15.4 17.1 16.9 17.3 19.8 24.1 26.1 25.0 25.4 28.2 28.7 28.3 28.2 27.8 28.0 28.9 30.2 29.7

21.1 21.3 21.2 21.5 23.3

34.6 34.2 33.7 32.9 32.1 31.2 29.6 26.5 22.9 21.4 21.4 21.9 22.9 23.7 23.7 23.7 24.2 24.7 24.7 24.8 24.8 25.0 25.8 27.5 28.7 29.7 30.9 32.2 33.9 35.1 35.6 36.3 37.0 37.6 38.2

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

15.3 16.8 20.2 27.3 36.2

26.3 25.9 25.3 25.0 24.7 24.2 22.0 19.5 18.8 20.6 20.8 21.0 22.0 21.9 21.6 21.8 22.8 26.7 27.8 29.8 31.4 34.4 39.9 42.5 40.8 40.3 43.9 43.5 43.1 43.1 42.9 43.7 44.5 44.6 45.0

9.84 9.15 7.79 6.64 5.78

5.70 5.65 5.76 5.83 5.83 5.99 6.56 7.32 7.71 7.46 7.28 7.21 6.96 7.09 7.20 7.13 6.79 6.13 5.78 5.68 5.55 5.12 4.47 4.15 4.19 4.15 3.85 3.77 3.74 3.72 3.73 3.68 3.55 3.46 3.43

340 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-6. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, Selected Groups and Purchasing Power of the Consumer Dollar, 1913–2005—Continued (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) Year

All items

Rent of primary residence

Food

Owners' equivalent of primary residence1

Purchasing power of the consumer dollar2

Apparel

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

29.6 29.9 30.2 30.6 31.0

30.0 30.4 30.6 31.1 31.5

38.7 39.2 39.7 40.1 40.5

... ... ... ... ...

45.7 46.1 46.3 46.9 47.3

3.37 3.34 3.30 3.27 3.22

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

38.8 40.5 41.8 44.4 49.3

39.2 40.4 42.1 48.2 55.1

46.5 48.7 50.4 52.5 55.2

... ... ... ... ...

59.2 61.1 62.3 64.6 69.4

2.57 2.47 2.39 2.25 2.03

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

31.5 32.4 33.4 34.8 36.7

53.8 56.9 60.6 65.2 72.6

32.2 33.8 34.1 35.3 37.1

59.8 61.6 65.5 72.0 79.9

40.9 41.5 42.2 43.3 44.7

58.0 61.1 64.8 69.3 74.3

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

47.8 49.0 51.0 53.7 56.8

72.5 75.2 78.6 81.4 84.9

.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

82.4 90.9 96.5 99.6 103.9

86.8 93.6 97.4 99.4 103.2

80.9 87.9 94.6 100.1 105.3

... ... ... 102.5 107.3

90.9 95.3 97.8 100.2 102.1

.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

130.7 136.2 140.3 144.5 148.2

132.4 136.3 137.9 140.9 144.3

138.4 143.3 146.9 150.3 154.0

144.8 150.4 155.5 160.5 165.8

124.1 128.7 131.9 133.7 133.4

.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

.............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. ..............................................................................

1December 1982 = 100. 2Purchasing power in 1982–1984 = $1.00.

. . . = Not available.

107.6 109.6 113.6 118.3 124.0

152.4 156.9 160.5 163.0 166.6 172.2 177.1 179.9 184.0 188.9 195.3

105.6 109.0 113.5 118.2 125.1

148.4 153.3 157.3 160.7 164.1 167.8 173.1 176.2 180.0 186.2 190.7

111.8 118.3 123.1 127.8 132.8

157.8 162.0 166.7 172.1 177.5 183.9 192.1 199.7 205.5 211.0 217.3

113.2 119.4 124.8 131.1 137.4

171.3 176.8 181.9 187.8 192.9 198.7 206.3 214.7 219.9 224.9 230.2

105.0 105.9 110.6 115.4 118.6

132.0 131.7 132.9 133.0 131.3 129.6 127.3 124.0 120.9 120.4 119.5

3.17 3.08 2.99 2.87 2.73

1.86 1.76 1.65 1.53 1.38

1.22 1.10 1.04 1.00 0.96 0.93 0.91 0.88 0.85 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.51

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 341 Table 7-7. Consumer Price Indexes, Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W): U.S. City Average, Major Groups, 1913–2005 (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) Year

All items

Food and beverages

Housing

Apparel

Transportation

Medical care

Recreation1

Education and communication1

Other goods and services

1913 ............................................. 1914 .............................................

10.0 10.1

... ...

... ...

15.0 15.1

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

... ...

1920 1921 1922 1923 1924

20.1 18.0 16.9 17.2 17.2

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

43.3 33.4 27.2 27.2 26.9

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

1915 1916 1917 1918 1919

............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................

1925 1926 1927 1928 1929

............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................

1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................

............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................

1December 1997 = 100.

. . . = Not available.

10.2 11.0 12.9 15.1 17.4

17.6 17.8 17.5 17.2 17.2 16.8 15.3 13.7 13.0 13.5 13.8 13.9 14.4 14.2 14.0 14.1 14.8 16.4 17.4 17.7 18.1 19.6 22.5 24.2 24.0 24.2 26.1 26.7 26.9 27.0 26.9 27.3 28.3 29.1 29.3

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

15.4 16.9 20.3 27.5 36.4

26.4 26.0 25.5 25.1 24.8 24.3 22.1 19.6 18.9 20.7

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

20.9 21.1 22.1 22.0 21.7

14.1 14.2 14.5 14.6 14.2

10.2 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.4

31.5 34.6 40.1 42.7 41.0

15.8 16.6 18.4 20.4 22.0

11.9 12.6 13.6 14.5 14.9

21.9 23.0 26.8 28.0 30.0

40.5 44.1 43.7 43.3 43.3 43.1 44.0 44.7 44.8 45.2

14.1 14.6 15.9 15.8 15.8

22.6 24.0 25.6 26.3 25.9 25.6 26.1 27.6 28.4 29.6

10.4 10.5 10.8 11.3 11.6

15.2 15.9 16.8 17.4 17.9 18.3 19.0 19.8 20.7 21.6

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

342 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-7. Consumer Price Indexes, Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W): U.S. City Average, Major Groups, 1913–2005—Continued (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) Year

All items

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................

29.8 30.1 30.4 30.8 31.2

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................

39.0 40.7 42.1 44.7 49.6

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................

............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................

Food and beverages ... ... ... ... ...

Housing

Apparel

Medical care

29.6 30.0 30.6 30.8 31.2

22.4 23.0 23.6 24.2 24.7

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

36.7 38.3 39.8 41.5 46.2

59.5 61.4 62.7 65.0 69.8

37.3 39.2 39.7 41.0 45.5

34.1 36.3 37.5 39.0 42.6

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... 35.0 36.2 38.0

... ... 31.1 32.3 34.3

54.1 57.2 60.9 65.6 73.1

60.2 62.0 65.7 72.1 79.9

51.1 54.2 57.9 62.9 70.7

48.0 49.2 51.2 54.0 57.1

72.9 75.6 79.0 81.7 85.2

31.7 32.2 33.1 34.1 35.5

49.8 54.7 58.6 61.5 70.4

25.3 26.4 28.3 30.0 32.1

47.7 52.3 57.3 62.1 68.0

82.9 91.4 96.9 99.8 103.3

86.9 93.6 97.3 99.5 103.2

81.7 91.1 97.7 100.0 102.2

90.9 95.6 97.8 100.2 102.0

82.9 93.0 97.0 99.2 103.8

75.6 83.5 92.5 100.5 106.9

............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................

129.0 134.3 138.2 142.1 145.6

131.8 136.5 138.3 141.2 144.4

126.4 131.2 135.0 138.5 142.0

123.1 127.4 130.7 132.4 132.2

120.1 123.1 125.8 129.4 133.4

162.7 176.5 189.6 200.9 210.4

168.9 173.5 175.9 179.8 184.5 191.0

167.7 173.0 176.1 179.9 186.2 190.5

165.4 172.1 175.7 180.4 185.0 191.2

............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................

1December

1997 = 100. . . . = Not available.

106.9 108.6 112.5 117.0 122.6

149.8 154.1 157.6 159.7 163.2

105.5 108.9 113.3 117.9 124.6

148.3 153.2 157.2 160.4 163.8

Education and communication1

45.9 46.3 46.6 47.1 47.5

............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .............................................

Recreation1

... ... ... ... ...

31.7 32.6 33.6 35.0 36.9

40.1 41.3 43.1 48.8 55.5

Transportation

106.6 109.7 112.8 116.8 121.2

145.4 149.6 153.4 156.7 160.0

105.0 105.8 110.4 114.9 117.9

130.9 130.9 132.1 131.6 130.1 128.3 126.1 123.1 120.0 120.0 119.1

106.4 101.7 105.1 108.3 113.9

138.8 142.8 143.6 140.5 143.4 152.8 153.6 151.8 156.3 161.5 173.0

113.6 122.0 130.2 139.0 149.6

219.8 227.6 234.0 241.4 249.7 259.9 271.8 284.6 296.3 309.5 322.8

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... 91.2 93.0

94.7 97.5 99.7 100.9 101.3 102.4 103.6 104.6 105.5 106.3 106.8

Other goods and services ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... 35.4 37.2 39.1

... ... ... ... ...

54.4 57.6 60.9 64.8 69.4

41.3 43.3 45.1 46.9 50.2

... ... ... ... ...

75.6 82.5 90.9 101.3 107.9

... ... ... 86.0 89.1

158.9 171.7 183.3 192.2 196.4

... ... ... ... ...

92.3 95.4 98.5 100.4 101.5 102.7 105.3 107.6 109.0 110.0 111.4

114.2 120.9 127.8 136.5 147.4

204.2 212.2 221.6 236.1 261.9 276.5 289.5 302.0 307.0 312.6 322.2

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 343 Table 7-8. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, by Expenditure Category, 1990–2005 (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) Expenditure category

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

ALL ITEMS ...................................................................

130.7

136.2

140.3

144.5

148.2

152.4

156.9

160.5

163.0

166.6

172.2

177.1

179.9

184.0

188.9

195.3

114.1 127.3 129.3 131.7 137.1 ... 137.9 ... 142.8

114.3 128.8 133.1 129.8 140.1 ... 140.7 ... 147.3

123.2 135.6 135.2 133.5 147.5 ... 145.7 ... 151.5

131.7 140.8 137.5 137.3 151.1 ... 149.0 ... 153.9

133.4 147.3 147.8 141.7 161.2 ... 157.0 ... 162.8

133.0 150.8 150.2 146.9 165.5 102.6 161.1 101.6 165.7

137.8 155.6 154.0 147.4 172.2 107.5 169.0 109.0 174.7

139.2 159.6 155.7 155.7 176.0 108.9 173.9 113.4 179.3

139.8 162.6 162.0 157.4 178.8 110.3 182.1 121.3 187.2

140.4 164.9 163.2 167.8 179.7 110.4 187.5 125.3 192.1

Food and Beverages .................................................. Food ............................................................................. Food at home ........................................................... Cereals and bakery products ................................ Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ............................... Dairy and related products ................................... Fruits and vegetables ........................................... Nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials ........................................................... Other food at home ............................................... Sugar and sweets ............................................. Fats and oils ..................................................... Other foods ....................................................... Other miscellaneous foods1 .......................... Food away from home .............................................. Other food away from home1 ................................ Alcoholic beverages .....................................................

132.1 132.4 132.3 140.0 130.0 126.5 149.0

136.8 136.3 135.8 145.8 132.6 125.1 155.8

Apparel ........................................................................ Men's and boys' apparel ............................................... Women's and girls' apparel .......................................... Infants' and toddlers' apparel ....................................... Footwear .......................................................................

128.5 140.0 138.4 ... 144.8 ... 111.6 104.5 99.3 109.3 ... 113.3 ...

124.1 120.4 122.6 125.8 117.4

133.6 146.3 143.3 ... 150.4 ... 115.3 106.7 94.6 112.6 ... 116.0 ...

Housing ....................................................................... Shelter .......................................................................... Rent of primary residence ........................................ Lodging away from home1 ........................................ Owners' equivalent rent of primary residence2 ......... Tenants' and household insurance1 ......................... Fuels and utilities .......................................................... Fuels ......................................................................... Fuel oil and other fuels ......................................... Gas (piped) and electricity .................................... Water, sewer, and trash collection services1 ............ Household furnishings and operations ......................... Household operations1 .............................................

Transportation ............................................................ Private transportation ................................................... New and used motor vehicles1 ................................. New vehicles ........................................................ Used cars and trucks ............................................ Motor fuel .................................................................. Gasoline (all types) ............................................... Motor vehicle parts and equipment .......................... Motor vehicle maintenance and repair ..................... Public transportation .....................................................

113.5 123.4 124.7 126.3 131.2 ... 133.4 ... 129.3

120.5 118.8 ... 121.4 117.6 101.2 101.0 100.9 130.1 142.6

128.7 124.2 127.6 128.9 120.9

... ... 171.3 175.7 ... ... ... 93.5 159.0 181.5 130.4 128.2 132.8 158.4

1December 2December 3December

1997 = 100. 1982 = 100. 1988 = 100. . . . = Not available.

141.2 155.7 150.3 ... 160.5 ... 121.3 111.2 90.3 118.5 ... 119.3 ...

144.8 160.5 154.0 ... 165.8 ... 122.8 111.7 88.8 119.2 ... 121.0 ...

131.9 126.5 130.4 129.3 125.0

... ...

Education and Communication1 ............................... Education1 .................................................................... Educational books and supplies ............................... Tuition, other school fees, and childcare .................. Communication1 ........................................................... Information and information processing1 .................. Telephone services1 ................................................. Information technology, hardware, and services3 ..... Personal computers and peripheral equipment1 .......................................................

Other Goods and Services ........................................ Tobacco and smoking products .................................... Personal care ............................................................... Personal care products ............................................. Personal care services ............................................. Miscellaneous personal services ..............................

137.5 151.2 146.9 ... 155.5 ... 117.8 108.1 90.7 114.8 ... 118.0 ...

... ...

177.0 176.8 177.1 165.7 196.1

...

144.9 144.3 144.1 163.0 137.2 131.7 165.0

126.5 124.6 ... 129.2 123.2 99.0 99.0 103.1 141.3 151.4

162.8 163.4 162.7 156.1 178.0

... ...

141.6 140.9 140.1 156.6 135.5 129.4 159.0

123.8 121.9 ... 126.0 118.1 99.4 99.2 102.2 136.0 148.9

Medical Care ............................................................... Medical care commodities ............................................ Medical care services ................................................... Professional services ................................................ Hospital and related services ...................................

Recreation1 .................................................................. Video and audio1 ..........................................................

138.7 137.9 136.8 151.5 130.9 128.5 155.4

114.6 130.5 133.4 130.0 143.7 ... 143.2 ... 149.6

133.7 127.5 132.6 127.1 125.9

130.4 127.5 91.8 132.7 133.9 98.0 97.7 101.6 145.9 167.0

133.4 126.4 130.9 128.1 126.0

152.8 171.0 162.0 ... 176.8 ... 127.5 115.2 99.2 122.1 ... 124.7 ...

156.8 176.3 166.7 ... 181.9 ... 130.8 117.9 99.8 125.1 ... 125.4 ...

132.0 126.2 126.9 127.2 125.4

131.7 127.7 124.7 129.7 126.6

92.7 95.4

94.5 95.1

97.4 96.6

... ... 180.3 191.4 ... ... ... 88.6

... ... 190.3 208.5 ... ... ... 83.7

85.5 78.4 197.6 225.3 96.7 97.7 ... 78.8

88.8 83.3 205.5 239.8 97.6 98.6 ... 72.0

171.6 202.7 134.9 132.8 137.0 168.8

183.3 219.8 138.3 136.5 140.0 177.5

192.9 228.4 141.5 139.0 144.0 186.1

198.5 220.0 144.6 141.5 147.9 195.9

...

148.5 165.7 157.8 ... 171.3 ... 123.7 111.5 88.1 119.2 ... 123.0 ...

128.6 142.9 143.7 140.5 156.2 ... 152.7 ... 158.5

143.0 140.0 101.0 143.7 157.0 106.3 105.9 102.2 158.4 181.9

211.0 200.7 213.4 192.5 245.6

...

157.7 157.3 158.1 177.6 148.5 145.5 187.5

139.1 136.3 99.4 141.0 156.5 100.0 99.8 102.1 154.0 175.9

201.4 195.0 202.9 184.7 231.9

...

153.7 153.3 154.3 174.0 144.8 142.1 183.9

134.3 131.4 95.5 137.6 141.7 98.5 98.2 101.4 150.2 172.0

190.1 188.1 190.5 175.8 214.0

90.7 96.5

148.9 148.4 148.8 167.5 138.8 132.8 177.7

...

220.5 204.5 224.2 201.0 257.8

132.9 130.1 126.1 129.0 127.6

168.4 167.8 167.9 188.3 154.5 160.7 204.6

160.4 182.1 172.1 109.0 187.8 99.8 128.5 113.7 90.0 121.2 101.6 126.6 101.5

163.9 187.3 177.5 112.3 192.9 101.3 128.8 113.5 91.4 120.9 104.0 126.7 104.5

169.6 193.4 183.9 117.5 198.7 103.7 137.9 122.8 129.7 128.0 106.5 128.2 110.5

133.0 131.8 126.0 126.1 128.0

134.3 153.5 152.3 148.3 168.9 104.9 165.1 105.2 169.7

131.3 131.1 123.3 129.0 125.7

141.6 137.9 100.1 143.4 150.6 92.2 91.6 101.1 167.1 190.3

144.4 140.5 100.1 142.9 152.0 100.7 100.1 100.5 171.9 197.7

99.6 99.4

101.1 101.1

102.0 100.7

234.6 215.3 239.1 215.4 278.4

92.2 88.0 214.4 253.8 98.8 98.7 ... 63.8

95.3 92.7 226.9 267.1 99.6 99.5 ... 57.2

98.4 97.3 238.4 280.4 100.3 100.4 ... 50.1

206.9 225.7 147.1 143.1 151.5 205.9

215.4 232.8 150.1 144.3 156.6 215.6

224.8 243.7 152.7 144.2 162.4 226.1

...

164.6 164.1 164.2 185.0 147.9 159.6 203.1

144.3 141.0 100.5 144.3 151.1 106.2 105.8 101.9 162.7 186.7

228.2 210.4 232.4 208.3 269.5

...

161.1 160.7 161.1 181.1 147.3 150.8 198.2

...

242.1 221.8 246.8 222.2 287.5

129.6 129.7 121.5 130.6 123.8

180.5 180.0 179.4 202.8 169.3 167.9 225.9

176.4 200.6 192.1 118.6 206.3 106.2 150.2 135.4 129.3 142.4 109.6 129.1 115.6

180.3 208.1 199.7 118.3 214.7 108.7 143.6 127.2 115.5 134.4 113.0 128.3 119.0

184.8 213.1 205.5 119.3 219.9 114.8 154.5 138.2 139.5 145.0 117.2 126.1 121.8

127.3 125.7 119.3 129.2 123.0

139.2 160.8 159.0 155.4 177.1 109.2 178.3 117.7 183.6

124.0 121.7 115.8 126.4 121.4

154.3 150.0 101.3 142.1 158.7 124.7 124.0 104.8 183.5 210.6

152.9 148.8 99.2 140.0 152.0 116.6 116.0 106.9 190.2 207.4

103.3 101.0

104.9 101.5

106.2 102.8

260.8 238.1 266.0 237.7 317.3

100.3 102.1 250.8 294.2 98.7 98.5 100.7 39.9

101.2 107.0 261.7 308.4 96.0 95.5 100.1 30.5

102.5 112.5 279.9 324.0 93.6 92.8 98.5 25.9

237.7 274.8 156.7 148.3 166.0 234.7

258.3 355.8 161.1 151.8 171.4 243.0

271.1 394.9 165.6 153.7 178.1 252.3

53.5

176.8 176.2 175.6 198.0 162.1 168.1 220.9

153.3 149.1 100.8 142.8 155.8 129.3 128.6 101.5 177.3 209.6

250.6 230.7 255.1 229.2 299.5

78.2

173.6 173.1 173.4 193.8 161.3 167.1 212.2

41.1

272.8 247.6 278.8 246.5 338.3

120.9 118.0 113.1 122.1 119.6

186.6 186.2 186.2 206.0 181.7 180.2 232.7

191.2 190.7 189.8 209.0 184.7 182.4 241.4

189.5 218.8 211.0 125.9 224.9 116.2 161.9 144.4 160.5 150.6 124.0 125.5 125.0

195.7 224.4 217.3 130.3 230.2 117.6 179.0 161.6 208.6 166.5 130.3 126.1 130.3

120.4 117.5 113.0 118.5 119.3

144.4 167.0 165.2 167.7 182.5 111.3 193.4 131.3 195.9

119.5 116.1 110.8 116.7 122.6

157.6 153.6 96.5 137.9 142.9 135.8 135.1 107.8 195.6 209.3

163.1 159.4 94.2 137.1 133.3 160.4 159.7 108.7 200.2 209.1

173.9 170.2 95.6 137.9 139.4 195.7 194.7 111.9 206.9 217.3

107.5 103.6

108.6 104.2

109.4 104.2

285.6 256.4 292.9 253.9 367.8

297.1 262.8 306.0 261.2 394.8

105.2 118.5 295.9 341.1 93.3 92.3 99.3 21.3

107.9 126.0 317.6 362.1 92.3 90.8 99.7 18.3

109.8 134.4 335.4 386.7 89.7 87.8 98.3 16.1

111.6 143.7 351.0 414.3 86.7 84.6 95.8 14.8

113.7 152.7 365.6 440.9 84.7 82.6 94.9 13.6

282.6 425.2 170.5 155.1 184.3 263.1

293.2 461.5 174.7 154.7 188.4 274.4

298.7 469.0 178.0 153.5 193.2 283.5

304.7 478.0 181.7 153.9 197.6 293.9

313.4 502.8 185.6 154.4 203.9 303.0

29.5

22.2

17.6

310.1 269.3 321.3 271.5 417.9

15.3

323.2 276.0 336.7 281.7 439.9

12.8

344 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-9. Relative Importance of Components in the Consumer Price Index: U.S. City Average, Selected Groups, December 1997–December 2005 (Percent distribution.) Index and year

ALL URBAN CONSUMERS (CPI-U)

December 1997 ...................................... December 1998 ...................................... December 1999 ...................................... December 2000 ...................................... December 20011 ....................................

December 20012 .................................... December 2002 ...................................... December 2003 ...................................... December 2004 ...................................... December 2005 ...................................... URBAN WAGE EARNERS AND WORKERS (CPI-W)

December 1997 ...................................... December 1998 ...................................... December 1999 ...................................... December 2000 ...................................... December 20011 .................................... December 20012 .................................... December 2002 ...................................... December 2003 ...................................... December 2004 ...................................... December 2005 ...................................... 11993–1995 weights. 21999–2000 weights.

All items

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Food and beverages

16.3 16.4 16.3 16.2 16.4

Housing

4.9 4.8 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.7

17.1 17.3 16.9 17.4 17.7

5.3 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.6

19.8 19.2 19.7 19.9 18.8

15.7 15.6 15.4 15.3 15.1

40.9 40.9 42.1 42.0 42.2

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

17.9 18.0 17.9 17.8 18.0

36.5 36.7 36.5 36.8 37.3

17.2 17.1 17.2 17.0 16.8

Transportation

39.6 39.8 39.6 40.0 40.5

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Apparel

38.1 38.1 39.1 39.0 39.2

4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0

17.6 17.0 17.5 17.6 16.6

19.4 19.7 19.1 19.8 20.1

Medical care

5.6 5.7 5.8 5.8 6.0

Recreation

Education and communication

Other goods and services

5.8 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.2

6.1 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.9

6.0 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.6

5.5 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.8

4.3 4.4 3.8 3.8 3.7

4.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.9

6.0 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.7

5.4 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.3

4.5 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.4

4.6 4.7 5.0 5.0 5.1

5.6 5.6 5.7 5.5 5.4

5.6 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.4

4.3 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9

4.5 4.6 3.9 3.9 3.9

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 345 Table 7-10. Consumer Price Indexes, All Urban Consumers, All Items: Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Selected Years, 1960–2005 (1982–1984 = 100, unless otherwise indicated.) Area

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

Boston-Brockton-Nashua, MA-NH-ME-CT ................................. New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA ..... Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD ................ Pittsburgh, PA .............................................................................

29.8 30.2 30.6 29.7

32.5 32.6 32.8 31.4

40.2 41.2 40.8 38.1

55.8 57.6 56.8 52.4

82.6 82.1 83.6 81.0

91.8 90.1 92.1 89.3

95.5 95.3 96.6 94.4

99.8 99.8 99.4 101.1

104.7 104.8 104.1 104.5

109.4 108.7 108.8 106.9

112.2 112.3 111.5 108.2

117.1 118.0 116.8 111.4

124.2 123.7 122.4 114.9

131.3 130.6 128.3 120.1

138.9 138.5 135.8 126.2

Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI ............................................... Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN .................................................. Cleveland-Akron, OH .................................................................. Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI .......................................................... Kansas City, MO-KS ................................................................... Milwaukee-Racine, WI ................................................................ Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI ...................................................... St. Louis, MO-IL ..........................................................................

30.4 29.1 28.3 29.7 29.3 29.2 28.3 29.5

31.7 30.5 29.6 31.2 32.2 31.0 30.1 31.7

38.9 37.4 37.2 39.5 39.0 37.5 37.4 38.8

52.8 51.8 50.2 53.9 53.2 50.8 51.2 52.6

82.2 82.1 78.9 85.3 83.6 81.4 78.9 82.5

90.0 87.9 87.2 93.2 90.5 90.7 88.6 90.1

96.2 94.9 94.0 97.0 95.0 95.9 97.4 96.6

100.0 100.8 101.2 99.8 100.5 100.2 99.5 100.1

103.8 104.3 104.8 103.2 104.5 103.8 103.1 103.3

107.7 106.6 107.8 106.8 107.7 107.0 107.0 107.1

110.0 107.6 109.4 108.3 108.7 107.4 108.4 108.6

114.5 111.9 112.7 111.7 113.1 111.5 111.6 112.2

119.0 116.1 116.7 116.1 117.4 115.9 117.2 115.7

125.0 120.9 122.7 122.3 121.6 120.8 122.0 121.8

131.7 126.5 129.0 128.6 126.0 126.2 127.0 128.1

Atlanta, GA ................................................................................. Dallas-Fort Worth, TX ................................................................. Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX ................................................ Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL ......................................................... Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL1 ...................................... Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV2 ....................................

29.6 ... 27.8 ... ... ...

31.2 29.9 29.6 ... ... ...

38.6 37.6 36.4 ... ... ...

53.6 50.4 51.4 ... ... ...

80.3 81.5 82.7 81.1 ... ...

90.2 90.8 91.0 90.5 ... ...

96.0 96.0 97.3 96.7 ... ...

99.9 99.7 100.0 99.9 ... ...

104.1 104.3 102.7 103.5 ... ...

108.9 108.2 104.9 106.5 ... ...

112.2 109.9 103.9 107.9 ... ...

116.5 112.9 106.5 111.8 100.0 ...

120.4 116.1 109.5 116.8 103.7 ...

126.1 119.5 114.1 121.5 107.2 ...

131.7 125.1 120.6 128.0 111.7 ...

Anchorage, AK ............................................................................ Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO ..................................................... Honolulu, HI ................................................................................ Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA ............................... Phoenix-Mesa, AZ ...................................................................... Portland-Salem, OR-WA ............................................................. San Diego, CA ............................................................................ San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA ....................................... Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA .................................................

... ... ... 30.0 ... 29.8 ... 28.6 28.8

35.3 28.8 34.4 32.4 ... 32.3 28.2 30.8 31.0

41.1 34.5 41.5 38.7 ... 38.7 34.1 37.7 37.4

57.1 48.4 56.3 53.3 ... 53.5 47.6 51.8 51.1

85.5 78.4 83.0 83.7 ... 87.2 79.4 80.4 82.7

92.4 87.2 91.7 91.9 ... 95.0 90.1 90.8 91.8

97.4 95.1 97.2 97.3 ... 98.0 96.2 97.6 97.7

99.2 100.5 99.3 99.1 ... 99.1 99.0 98.4 99.3

103.3 104.3 103.5 103.6 ... 102.8 104.8 104.0 103.0

105.8 107.1 106.8 108.4 ... 106.7 110.4 108.4 105.6

107.8 107.9 109.4 111.9 ... 108.2 113.5 111.6 106.7

108.2 110.8 114.9 116.7 ... 110.9 117.5 115.4 109.2

108.6 113.7 121.7 122.1 ... 114.7 123.4 120.5 112.8

111.7 115.8 128.7 128.3 ... 120.4 130.6 126.4 118.1

118.6 120.9 138.1 135.9 ... 127.4 138.4 132.1 126.8

Area

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Boston-Brockton-Nashua, MA-NH-ME-CT ................................. New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA ..... Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD ................ Pittsburgh, PA .............................................................................

145.0 144.8 142.2 131.3

148.6 150.0 146.6 136.0

152.9 154.5 150.2 139.9

154.9 158.2 154.6 144.6

158.6 162.2 158.7 149.2

163.3 166.9 162.8 153.2

167.9 170.8 166.5 157.0

171.7 173.6 168.2 159.2

176.0 177.0 171.9 162.5

183.6 182.5 176.5 168.0

191.5 187.1 181.3 172.5

196.5 191.9 184.9 174.0

203.9 197.8 188.8 177.5

209.5 204.8 196.5 183.0

216.4 212.7 204.2 189.8

Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI ............................................... Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN .................................................. Cleveland-Akron, OH .................................................................. Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI .......................................................... Kansas City, MO-KS ................................................................... Milwaukee-Racine, WI ................................................................ Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI ...................................................... St. Louis, MO-IL ..........................................................................

137.0 131.4 134.2 133.1 131.2 132.2 130.4 132.1

141.1 134.1 136.8 135.9 134.3 137.1 135.0 134.7

145.4 137.8 140.3 139.6 138.1 142.1 139.2 137.5

148.6 142.4 144.4 144.0 141.3 147.0 143.6 141.3

153.3 146.2 147.9 148.6 145.3 151.0 147.0 145.2

157.4 149.6 152.0 152.5 151.6 154.7 151.9 149.6

161.7 152.1 156.1 156.3 155.8 157.7 155.4 152.9

165.0 155.1 159.8 159.8 157.8 160.3 158.3 154.5

168.4 159.2 162.5 163.9 160.1 163.7 163.3 157.6

173.8 164.8 168.0 169.8 166.6 168.6 170.1 163.1

178.3 167.9 172.9 174.4 172.2 171.7 176.5 167.3

181.2 170.0 173.3 178.9 174.0 174.0 179.6 169.1

184.5 173.4 176.2 182.5 177.0 177.7 182.7 173.4

188.6 176.5 181.6 185.4 180.7 180.2 187.9 180.3

194.3 181.6 187.9 190.8 185.3 185.2 193.1 186.2

Atlanta, GA ................................................................................. Dallas-Fort Worth, TX ................................................................. Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX ................................................ Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL ......................................................... Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL1 ...................................... Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV2 ....................................

135.9 130.8 125.1 132.3 116.4 ...

138.5 133.9 129.1 134.5 119.2 ...

143.4 137.3 133.4 139.1 124.0 ...

146.7 141.2 137.9 143.6 126.5 ...

150.9 144.9 139.8 148.9 129.7 ...

156.0 148.8 142.7 153.7 131.6 ...

158.9 151.4 145.4 158.4 134.0 100.8

161.2 153.6 146.8 160.5 137.5 102.1

164.8 158.0 148.7 162.4 140.6 104.2

170.6 164.7 154.2 167.8 145.7 107.6

176.2 170.4 158.8 173.0 148.8 110.4

178.2 172.7 159.2 175.5 153.9 113.0

180.8 176.2 163.7 180.6 158.1 116.2

183.2 178.7 169.5 185.6 162.0 119.5

188.9 184.7 175.6 194.3 168.5 124.3

Anchorage, AK ............................................................................ Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO ..................................................... Honolulu, HI ................................................................................ Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA ............................... Phoenix-Mesa, AZ ...................................................................... Portland-Salem, OR-WA ............................................................. San Diego, CA ............................................................................ San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA ....................................... Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA .................................................

124.0 125.6 148.0 141.4 ... 133.9 143.4 137.9 134.1

128.2 130.3 155.1 146.5 ... 139.8 147.4 142.5 139.0

132.2 135.8 160.1 150.3 ... 144.7 150.6 146.3 142.9

135.0 141.8 164.5 152.3 ... 148.9 154.5 148.7 147.8

138.9 147.9 168.1 154.6 ... 153.2 156.8 151.6 152.3

142.7 153.1 170.7 157.5 ... 158.6 160.9 155.1 157.5

144.8 158.1 171.9 160.0 ... 164.0 163.7 160.4 163.0

146.9 161.9 171.5 162.3 ... 167.1 166.9 165.5 167.7

148.4 166.6 173.3 166.1 ... 172.6 172.8 172.5 172.8

150.9 173.2 176.3 171.6 ... 178.0 182.8 180.2 179.2

155.2 181.3 178.4 177.3 ... 182.4 191.2 189.9 185.7

158.2 184.8 180.3 182.2 101.2 183.8 197.9 193.0 189.3

162.5 186.8 184.5 187.0 103.3 186.3 205.3 196.4 192.3

166.7 187.0 190.6 193.2 105.2 191.1 212.8 198.8 194.7

171.8 190.9 197.8 201.8 108.3 196.0 220.6 202.7 200.2

NORTHEAST

NORTH CENTRAL

SOUTH

WEST

NORTHEAST

NORTH CENTRAL

SOUTH

WEST

11987 = 100. 2November 1996 = 100.

. . . = Not available.

346 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 7-11. Consumer Price Index Research Series, Using Current Methods (CPI-U-RS), by Month and Annual Average, 1977–2005 (December 1977 = 100.) Year

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November December

Annual average

1977 ......................................... 1978 ......................................... 1979 .........................................

... 100.5 108.6

... 101.1 109.6

... 101.8 110.5

... 102.6 111.6

... 103.6 112.8

... 104.5 114.0

... 105.0 114.9

... 105.4 115.8

... 106.0 116.8

... 106.6 117.6

... 107.2 118.2

100.0 107.7 119.2

... 104.3 114.1

1985 ......................................... 1986 ......................................... 1987 ......................................... 1988 ......................................... 1989 .........................................

161.3 167.4 169.5 175.8 183.0

161.9 166.9 170.1 176.1 183.7

162.6 166.1 170.9 176.8 184.7

163.3 165.7 171.7 177.7 185.9

163.9 166.3 172.2 178.3 186.8

164.4 167.1 172.9 178.9 187.3

164.7 167.1 173.2 179.6 187.8

165.0 167.3 174.1 180.4 187.9

165.6 168.2 174.9 181.5 188.6

166.0 168.3 175.3 181.9 189.3

166.5 168.4 175.4 182.1 189.6

166.9 168.5 175.3 182.2 189.9

164.3 167.3 173.0 179.3 187.0

1980 ......................................... 1981 ......................................... 1982 ......................................... 1983 ......................................... 1984 .........................................

1990 ......................................... 1991 ......................................... 1992 ......................................... 1993 ......................................... 1994 ......................................... 1995 ......................................... 1996 ......................................... 1997 ......................................... 1998 ......................................... 1999 ......................................... 2000 ......................................... 2001 ......................................... 2002 ......................................... 2003 ......................................... 2004 ......................................... 2005 ......................................... . . . = Not available.

120.6 133.1 143.5 150.2 156.1

191.7 201.5 205.8 211.1 215.6 220.7 226.0 232.5 235.9 239.4 245.9 255.0 257.9 264.5 269.7 277.6

122.1 134.8 144.0 150.3 156.9

192.6 201.8 206.4 211.9 216.2 221.4 226.8 233.2 236.2 239.7 247.3 256.0 258.9 266.6 271.2 279.3

123.5 135.9 144.2 150.3 157.2

193.6 201.9 207.2 212.5 216.9 222.1 227.9 233.6 236.6 240.4 249.3 256.6 260.3 268.2 272.9 281.4

124.4 136.6 144.3 151.5 157.9

193.9 202.2 207.6 213.1 217.2 222.8 228.7 233.9 237.1 242.1 249.5 257.6 261.8 267.6 273.8 283.3

125.4 137.4 145.4 152.3 158.4

194.2 202.7 207.9 213.5 217.4 223.2 229.2 233.9 237.4 242.0 249.7 258.7 261.7 267.2 275.3 283.1

126.4 138.1 146.8 152.8 158.8

195.2 203.1 208.3 213.7 218.0 223.7 229.4 234.2 237.6 242.2 251.1 259.3 262.0 267.5 276.2 283.2

127.2 139.2 147.7 153.4 159.3

196.0 203.3 208.7 213.8 218.5 223.8 229.8 234.3 237.8 242.8 251.6 258.4 262.3 267.8 275.9 284.5

128.2 140.1 148.0 153.8 159.9

197.6 203.9 209.2 214.3 219.3 224.2 230.0 234.7 238.2 243.5 251.6 258.5 263.1 268.8 275.9 285.9

129.6 141.2 148.7 154.6 160.6

199.3 204.7 209.8 214.6 219.6 224.6 230.8 235.5 238.5 244.6 253.0 259.6 263.5 269.6 276.5 289.4

130.3 141.8 149.4 154.9 161.0

200.4 204.9 210.4 215.3 219.8 225.2 231.4 235.9 239.0 245.1 253.4 258.7 264.0 269.4 278.0 290.1

131.1 142.3 149.6 155.1 160.9

200.6 205.3 210.7 215.5 220.0 225.0 231.8 235.8 238.9 245.2 253.6 258.3 264.0 268.7 278.2 287.8

131.9 142.8 149.8 155.3 161.1

200.7 205.4 210.5 215.3 219.9 224.9 231.8 235.4 238.7 245.2 253.4 257.3 263.4 268.4 277.1 286.5

126.7 138.6 146.8 152.9 159.0

196.3 203.4 208.5 213.7 218.2 223.5 229.5 234.4 237.7 242.7 250.8 257.8 261.9 267.9 275.1 284.3

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 347

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS EXPORT AND IMPORT PRICE INDEXES Collection and Coverage United States Export Price Indexes (XPI) and Import Price Indexes (MPI) cover nonmilitary goods transactions between the United States and the rest of the world. The XPI provides a measure of price change for U.S. products sold to other countries, and the MPI provides a measure of price change for goods purchased by U.S. residents from other countries Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) field representatives use personal visits to initially collect the prices used in constructing the indexes. Thereafter, the prices are generally collected each month by mail questionnaire or telephone. To the greatest extent possible, products are priced at the U.S. border for exports and at both the foreign border and the U.S. border for imports. Only one price basis series is used in constructing the index for each given product. For most products, prices refer to transactions completed during the first week of the month. Indexes published in this volume are based on the Standard Industrial Trade Classification System (SITC), a United Nations product classification system. The SITC is especially useful for international comparisons. The Bureau of Economic Analysis’s End-Use Category and Harmonized System both publish these indexes. Prices are collected according to a specification method. The specifications for each product include detailed descriptions of the product’s physical and functional characteristics. The terms of transaction include information

on the number of units bought or sold, discounts, credit terms, packaging, and class of buyer or seller. When there are changes in either the specifications or terms of transaction for a product, the dollar value of each change is deleted from the total price change in order to obtain the “pure price change.” Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is employed, which allows for the continued repricing of the item. At the elementary level, the price changes for individual items within a given company/classification group cell are generally averaged together using equal weights in order to produce an index at the cell level. These cells are then averaged together using the relative importance of a given company’s trade in the product area to produce an index at the classification group level. These classification group indexes are then averaged together using weights derived from these company weights in order to produce the lowest-level publication strata. Successively higher levels of publication strata are then averaged together using their relative importance based on 2004 U.S. trade values. A limited number of import price indexes based on locality of origin indexes are also produced. BLS also publishes indexes for selected categories of internationally traded services; these indexes are calculated on an international basis. Sources of Additional Information Concepts and methodology are described in Chapter 15 of the BLS Handbook of Methods and in monthly BLS press releases. These resources are available on the BLS Web site at .

348 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-12. U.S. Export Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1990–2005 (2000 = 100.)

Commodity

ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................

Food and Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates, and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Cereals and cereal preparations ............................................ Vegetables and fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ......................... Feeding stuff for animals (not including unmilled cereals) ..... Miscellaneous edible products and preparations ...................

Relative importance

March

100.0

94.8

5.7 0.7

101.1 82.8

June

1990

Septem- December ber

March

95.1

95.8

96.3

96.4

102.4 81.4

96.2 81.8

93.3 84.7

96.4 85.0

June

1991

96.1

99.0 84.2

Septem- December ber 95.6

98.0 85.3

95.7

101.0 87.7

92.6 92.4

93.1 92.9

93.8 93.7

86.8 126.5 93.2 99.5 94.0

88.8 112.4 90.2 101.0 93.8

87.2 104.7 89.5 104.9 95.0

86.7 107.9 104.0 105.6 93.9

83.5 112.7 111.0 101.9 94.5

77.6 112.7 103.4 107.2 93.8

83.2 119.6 95.6 108.0 94.0

5.0 0.7 0.5 0.7 1.4

96.4 115.2 77.1 111.2 102.8

96.7 116.1 76.5 118.2 105.9

97.1 123.5 74.2 116.0 111.9

94.7 123.3 71.9 115.3 103.5

94.6 124.1 73.2 120.3 102.2

91.8 118.7 73.4 123.2 94.5

88.2 116.8 74.3 112.5 92.3

86.2 111.8 74.2 102.6 87.2

Chemicals and Related Products n.e.s. ............................. Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils, polishing, and cleansing preparations ............ Fertilizers ............................................................................... Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products n.e.s. .................................

15.5 3.7 1.0 3.0 1.0 0.4 2.8 1.0 1.9

90.4 97.4 ... 91.4 86.2 ... ... ... 85.8

90.4 93.9 ... 91.7 87.4 ... ... ... 86.4

93.3 99.5 ... 92.0 87.6 ... ... ... 88.0

97.1 105.1 ... 92.5 87.9 ... ... ... 90.0

96.1 100.7 ... 92.2 88.1 ... ... ... 91.7

92.5 93.6 ... 92.4 88.2 ... ... ... 90.5

91.0 88.6 ... 94.0 88.8 ... ... ... 89.6

90.3 88.6 ... 94.0 88.5 ... ... ... 89.5

Machinery and Transport Equipment ................................ Power-generating machinery and equipment ........................ Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and parts n.e.s. ... Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................

46.7 4.7 4.1 0.8 4.8 4.8

97.4 76.3 82.6 81.1 81.8 193.4

97.9 77.0 82.7 82.1 82.5 193.2

98.3 77.2 83.4 82.2 83.0 192.9

98.8 77.8 84.5 84.2 83.4 190.5

100.3 79.8 85.3 85.9 85.3 190.9

11.2 0.6 0.6

89.7 92.3 ...

90.5 93.6 ...

91.8 93.4 ...

93.2 95.2 ...

Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits .............................................. Cork and wood ....................................................................... Textile fibers and their waste ................................................. Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................ Mineral Fuels, Lubricants, and Related Materials ............ Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials ..........

Manufactured Goods, Classified Chiefly by Material ....... Rubber manufactures n.e.s. .................................................. Uncoated paper, paperboard, and linerboard ........................ Textile yarn, fabrics, and made-up articles n.e.s. .................. Nonmetallic mineral manufactures n.e.s. ............................... Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals n.e.s. ................................................

Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus n.e.s. ................................................................. Photographic apparatus, equipment, and supplies, and optical goods n.e.s. ............................................................ Miscellaneous manufactured articles n.e.s. ........................... n.e.s. = Not elsewhere specified. . . . = Not available.

3.6 2.7

10.8 0.7 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.5 2.2

3.3 10.8 8.6

4.5 0.9 4.1

83.4 83.4

68.9 60.1

86.7 81.3 91.1 91.7 86.3 ... 86.1 80.9

95.5 113.1 88.2

80.5 95.0 97.6

84.9 85.0

67.2 57.5

86.8 81.4 90.8 91.2 85.8 ... 87.1 81.2

97.3 112.7 88.7

81.9 94.6 98.1

85.6 85.7

78.3 77.2

87.2 82.2 91.3 91.2 85.8 ... 89.2 81.3

97.8 112.4 89.1

83.8 96.0 98.7

88.0 87.9

80.7 79.2

87.1 84.2 91.5 92.1 86.6 ... 85.0 82.0

89.9 89.9

69.1 59.3

87.3 85.7 91.1 94.1 87.2 ... 81.0 83.1

90.4 90.3

66.3 54.9

87.0 86.4 90.7 95.3 87.2 ... 76.5 83.5

101.0 80.7 86.1 87.7 85.8 189.4

90.9 90.7

66.3 54.9

86.7 86.6 90.0 94.8 87.2 ... 76.0 83.7

101.4 81.4 86.2 87.9 86.4 187.2

67.0 56.1

86.7 87.0 90.2 95.1 88.0 ... 73.9 84.0

80.0 114.2 94.1 105.8 95.1

87.6 113.8 78.9 97.9 91.0

89.9 117.6 82.5 99.1 90.2

90.4 110.1 89.8 94.7 91.0

90.0 110.2 93.7 94.1 87.0

90.2 88.5 ... 95.1 90.0 ... ... ... 90.1

90.4 90.5 ... 95.7 90.5 ... ... ... 90.1

90.1 91.9 ... 95.6 89.6 ... ... ... 90.5

89.0 89.7 87.9 95.8 89.5 ... 78.8 92.9 90.6

61.3 47.4

87.2 86.8 89.9 96.5 88.2 ... 75.4 84.2

63.8 52.9

87.5 86.9 89.7 96.7 89.2 ... 76.3 84.2

94.7 94.5

64.7 54.6

87.8 87.5 89.2 97.0 89.3 ... 76.4 84.8

95.5 95.4

63.6 52.2

87.7 87.7 88.8 97.3 89.4 ... 73.9 85.6

96.6 98.4 ...

97.0 98.2 ...

97.2 97.8 ...

97.3 98.1 ...

86.6

87.8

88.0

88.8

98.4 101.9

84.5 115.3 92.0 107.0 94.9

95.9 97.5 ...

85.6

98.6 101.2

86.5 122.0 91.4 104.1 94.2

102.6 84.6 89.0 89.8 88.6 176.9

105.8 116.3 92.1

98.8 101.1

98.2 88.2

102.6 84.4 88.4 89.9 88.1 180.9

104.9 115.5 91.4

98.4 99.4

98.8 86.4

96.3

102.4 84.5 88.0 89.9 87.8 182.2

103.4 113.4 91.2

95.4 97.7 ...

96.6

102.1 82.9 87.3 89.4 87.6 183.8

100.7 112.8 90.9

95.1 97.6 ...

90.0 127.4 97.0 103.9 93.4

Septem- December ber

101.7 81.8 86.6 88.3 86.4 185.0

98.3 112.7 90.1

94.4 96.9 ...

96.5

104.3 86.6

89.9 122.1 92.6 102.3 93.4

0.6 0.3

96.2

June

100.3 82.8

0.5 1.8 1.2 0.5 0.5

Beverages and Tobacco ..................................................... Tobacco and tobacco manufactures ......................................

March

1992

99.4 101.7

104.5 117.6 92.2

89.7

99.3 102.1

105.3 116.8 92.6

90.1

98.2 103.0

105.7 117.4 92.8

90.0

99.1 103.6

105.8 117.2 93.2

90.1

99.7 103.3

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 349 Table 7-12. U.S. Export Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1990–2005—Continued (2000 = 100.)

Commodity

ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................

March

June

1993

Septem- December ber

Food and Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates, and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Cereals and cereal preparations ............................................ Vegetables and fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ......................... Feeding stuff for animals (not including unmilled cereals) ..... Miscellaneous edible products and preparations ...................

81.5 112.7 94.7 101.9 93.9

85.1 105.8 94.1 102.7 94.4

79.8 111.8 107.8 109.6 94.0

77.8 129.4 104.5 112.0 90.6

83.1 130.4 102.5 108.8 91.9

86.5 118.5 100.1 108.2 92.0

93.4 111.9 100.1 105.9 93.1

97.8 121.0 103.5 101.0 93.1

106.8 120.1 106.8 99.1 92.9

Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits .............................................. Cork and wood ....................................................................... Textile fibers and their waste ................................................. Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................

93.4 114.4 110.0 97.8 87.8

95.8 117.0 121.0 96.1 89.0

94.3 130.0 111.4 93.3 89.0

95.0 133.9 110.0 95.6 90.3

100.7 134.2 114.7 113.3 96.0

104.0 134.9 112.0 120.9 96.7

104.8 115.0 111.8 117.3 106.2

112.4 109.8 113.6 127.3 123.5

Chemicals and Related Products n.e.s. ............................. Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils, polishing, and cleansing preparations ............ Fertilizers ............................................................................... Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products n.e.s. .................................

89.1 89.2 86.0 97.2 90.6 ... 78.7 92.6 91.9

89.2 89.5 85.1 98.3 90.5 ... 80.5 90.0 92.5

88.5 87.8 82.5 98.7 91.0 ... 79.9 90.7 92.6

88.6 86.7 82.5 99.5 91.6 ... 79.2 90.6 92.6

89.5 87.7 79.7 100.0 92.9 ... 80.1 91.3 94.7

91.9 91.8 82.8 99.6 95.3 ... 83.9 92.5 95.2

96.4 97.9 88.2 99.2 95.8 ... 95.8 94.2 95.4

Machinery and Transport Equipment ................................ Power-generating machinery and equipment ........................ Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and parts n.e.s. ... Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................

102.3 85.2 89.6 91.3 89.2 171.0

Beverages and Tobacco ..................................................... Tobacco and tobacco manufactures ......................................

Mineral Fuels, Lubricants, and Related Materials ............ Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials ..........

Manufactured Goods, Classified Chiefly by Material ....... Rubber manufactures n.e.s. .................................................. Uncoated paper, paperboard, and linerboard ........................ Textile yarn, fabrics, and made-up articles n.e.s. .................. Nonmetallic mineral manufactures n.e.s. ............................... Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals n.e.s. ................................................

Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus n.e.s. ................................................................. Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies, and optical goods n.e.s. ............................................................ Miscellaneous manufactured articles n.e.s. ........................... n.e.s. = Not elsewhere specified. . . . = Not available.

96.4 96.3

64.5 53.5

88.4 88.7 87.5 97.3 89.6 ... 74.3 86.1

96.7 96.4

64.9 55.3

87.6 89.3 85.6 97.8 90.8 ... 70.6 85.5

63.2 52.6

88.1 89.6 84.7 97.8 91.9 ... 72.3 86.2

96.5 96.1

60.4 48.2

87.6 89.5 84.9 97.0 91.2 93.4 68.6 86.8

106.7 91.3

96.9 96.6

61.8 50.1

89.5 89.7 85.5 97.7 92.1 95.3 76.3 87.5

102.0 88.7

97.0 96.7

64.5 55.0

90.8 89.9 87.7 97.7 92.4 96.4 80.3 87.3

99.1

100.6 89.0

96.8 96.4

64.6 55.6

101.1

107.1 133.2 107.2 104.9 94.8

105.6 149.6 122.7 107.1 94.0

96.3 167.9 111.2 122.4 95.3

122.6 112.0 117.9 152.6 132.4

125.4 115.6 117.5 154.3 132.2

119.0 123.1 111.4 141.2 125.0

116.0 136.0 112.0 142.2 116.4

101.3 107.4 90.4 98.7 95.5 ... 105.6 97.4 97.1

107.1 117.0 102.4 99.5 96.4 ... 111.8 99.0 99.2

108.4 122.8 100.9 100.4 96.4 ... 110.6 101.8 100.7

104.3 112.6 101.7 100.5 96.8 ... 99.7 102.0 101.4

102.1 105.8 102.2 99.9 97.7 ... 94.4 101.3 101.3

101.7 88.4 91.6 91.1 91.3 150.4

102.2 88.3 93.0 92.0 90.9 148.1

102.8 88.5 94.0 92.3 91.0 147.5

103.0 88.7 94.8 92.8 91.3 144.7

103.2 90.3 95.2 92.8 91.3 142.9

98.6 94.8 104.4

98.8 95.1 102.6

96.9 96.5

65.9 56.7

103.4 115.2 96.0

103.8 117.2 96.1

103.2 117.5 96.2

93.4

93.9

94.3

94.4

97.6 94.3 ...

97.6 94.2 ...

97.6 94.4 102.4

97.5 94.6 102.5

97.8 94.9 103.3

98.1 95.4 103.2

98.1 94.1 103.6

101.8 100.6

102.0 100.9

103.4 100.6

102.8 100.7

90.8

91.3

101.0 102.5

92.0

101.2 101.7

91.9

101.4 101.5

92.4

104.4 116.3 94.7

92.6

93.3

98.3 94.0 103.4

103.3 100.9

100.6 95.7 115.6 102.8 94.3 104.0 98.2 92.3

67.5 57.4

103.4 114.4 95.5

101.7 87.6 91.6 90.5 91.3 151.8

99.0 95.3 108.0 99.0 94.1 101.7 100.1 91.6

68.5 59.6

98.7 98.6

103.8 114.8 94.9

102.1 86.9 91.5 91.2 91.0 156.0

104.6 116.8 94.5

65.6 56.1

98.2 98.1

121.6 99.4

96.4 90.9 101.2 97.2 93.5 99.0 96.7 89.4

102.4 86.8 91.1 91.1 90.9 158.9

105.6 116.6 94.0

97.9 97.5

112.1 95.7

92.6 90.7 92.9 97.0 92.7 97.2 85.7 87.7

102.4 86.2 91.0 91.3 90.6 162.9

105.7 115.9 93.7

106.3 92.9

104.5

Septem- December ber 104.4

104.9 90.1

103.0

June

1995

104.4

102.2 85.7 90.5 91.2 90.1 165.3

106.4 116.7 93.7

98.8 102.8

97.5 97.2

105.9 88.5

98.5

102.5 85.3 90.0 91.4 89.6 168.9

105.0 116.1 93.6 97.5 95.9 ...

100.4 88.4

98.2

March

96.9

96.1 92.2

97.3

June

Septem- December ber

96.6

97.7 89.8

96.9

March

1994

98.6 94.7 102.5

103.5 101.0

100.6 97.1 114.0 102.6 94.4 104.0 98.9 92.7

102.3 100.9

126.5 101.4

98.5 98.3

68.5 59.2

99.4 98.3 109.0 103.7 95.2 104.7 93.7 93.2

102.4 116.8 97.1

94.5

102.1 101.9

350 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-12. U.S. Export Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1990–2005—Continued (2000 = 100.)

Commodity

ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................

March 104.6

June

1996

Septem- December ber

March

105.4

103.9

103.2

103.6

June

1997

103.2

Septem- December ber 102.9

102.0

March 100.7

June

1998

Septem- December ber

99.9

98.5

98.5

Food and Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates, and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Cereals and cereal preparations ............................................ Vegetables and fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ......................... Feeding stuff for animals (not including unmilled cereals) ..... Miscellaneous edible products and preparations ...................

91.2 183.0 114.9 129.5 96.0

92.8 203.3 117.8 130.7 96.6

96.9 152.6 119.0 135.5 96.2

100.5 140.4 112.6 128.0 97.1

92.5 146.4 112.8 133.7 96.7

88.5 128.9 113.3 135.7 96.9

102.9 132.7 108.8 128.9 98.3

96.6 131.9 102.6 121.1 98.2

86.0 126.3 102.3 107.8 98.1

83.8 115.4 109.8 101.3 98.3

99.5 98.0 110.6 94.4 99.5

99.3 110.2 111.1 98.4 100.0

Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits .............................................. Cork and wood ....................................................................... Textile fibers and their waste ................................................. Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................

109.6 143.0 113.0 133.4 114.8

108.7 152.0 109.0 131.6 113.4

109.3 157.6 110.9 125.1 108.6

106.8 137.5 112.3 120.5 108.7

112.2 159.3 110.5 122.9 113.8

112.4 161.1 107.3 120.3 116.4

110.3 143.8 104.7 121.2 119.8

105.6 139.4 98.6 115.5 106.5

101.4 129.7 96.8 112.5 101.2

98.7 122.8 94.5 114.4 97.2

93.8 109.8 94.7 110.2 88.4

91.8 114.4 93.7 101.9 86.1

Chemicals and Related Products n.e.s. ............................. Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils, polishing, and cleansing preparations ............ Fertilizers ............................................................................... Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products n.e.s. .................................

102.5 103.9 105.6 101.9 96.8 ... 96.4 101.5 101.5

102.6 100.9 106.1 101.6 97.6 ... 100.7 100.8 102.6

101.8 97.6 103.3 101.7 98.5 ... 101.3 98.9 103.5

101.5 97.6 103.5 101.7 98.3 133.3 99.0 98.3 103.8

102.3 99.0 100.9 100.8 99.0 128.2 103.1 99.6 104.2

102.0 97.6 101.1 101.4 99.7 128.1 102.4 100.0 104.6

100.9 96.2 100.3 101.0 100.4 126.6 98.8 99.8 104.2

100.3 96.0 100.9 100.7 98.7 125.6 98.2 99.6 102.6

99.0 91.2 103.7 102.2 98.4 122.7 96.7 100.6 101.2

97.9 88.7 105.2 101.4 98.2 128.0 93.7 98.7 101.2

97.0 86.4 104.9 101.5 99.4 130.5 92.4 98.1 100.6

96.2 85.3 105.1 100.4 98.5 127.8 90.2 96.3 101.8

Machinery and Transport Equipment ................................ Power-generating machinery and equipment ........................ Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and parts n.e.s. ... Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................

103.3 91.9 95.9 93.7 94.0 139.7

103.6 92.9 96.5 94.4 94.8 137.2

103.3 92.8 97.0 94.6 95.0 132.3

103.2 93.1 96.8 94.5 95.4 128.7

103.3 94.0 97.6 96.7 96.3 126.9

103.3 94.4 98.0 96.3 97.3 123.9

102.9 94.5 98.3 96.4 97.3 122.5

99.4 96.0 103.8

99.5 96.4 104.2

99.9 96.4 104.4

100.2 97.0 105.0

100.3 97.9 104.9

100.4 97.9 107.1

100.4 98.1 107.2

100.0 98.7 107.4

102.2 101.9

101.4 101.4

102.0 101.8

101.6 101.6

101.0 101.5

98.4 100.6

Beverages and Tobacco ..................................................... Tobacco and tobacco manufactures ......................................

Mineral Fuels, Lubricants, and Related Materials ............ Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials ..........

Manufactured Goods, Classified Chiefly by Material ....... Rubber manufactures n.e.s. .................................................. Uncoated paper, paperboard, and linerboard ........................ Textile yarn, fabrics, and made-up articles n.e.s. .................. Nonmetallic mineral manufactures n.e.s. ............................... Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals n.e.s. ................................................

Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus n.e.s. ................................................................. Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies, and optical goods n.e.s. ............................................................ Miscellaneous manufactured articles n.e.s. ........................... n.e.s. = Not elsewhere specified. . . . = Not available.

131.8 94.0

98.7 98.5

71.8 64.1

98.5 98.0 103.6 104.8 96.1 104.7 91.6 94.4

140.4 97.4

98.8 98.6

73.3 65.4

97.7 98.6 97.7 105.5 95.4 106.0 91.9 93.6

104.6 116.2 97.1

104.6 115.3 97.2

95.4

95.8

99.4 96.7 103.0

102.2 102.0

101.4 101.9

123.4 94.4

98.8 98.6

75.6 69.6

97.0 98.5 97.9 104.8 96.3 104.8 87.3 93.6

103.7 113.9 97.2

96.1

101.7 101.7

117.3 93.7

98.7 98.5

78.4 73.9

96.8 98.7 95.0 104.1 97.9 104.9 86.9 93.7

104.2 113.5 97.6

96.7

119.0 92.4

98.4 98.1

74.8 68.7

113.3 91.3

99.1 98.9

74.5 68.7

97.4 98.5 93.0 103.4 98.0 106.7 90.3 95.1

98.1 99.0 93.4 105.0 98.3 106.0 92.0 96.3

103.4 112.5 98.0

103.0 112.3 98.0

97.8

97.5

114.4 91.3

99.3 99.1

75.1 70.1

111.3 90.7

98.8 98.4

75.8 68.5

106.4 88.3

98.4 98.2

71.3 63.6

104.6 93.7

98.2 97.8

69.3 61.4

99.8 92.3

98.0 97.5

62.8 52.3

98.5 97.7 95.1 105.0 100.0 106.2 91.8 96.2

98.4 97.9 95.2 104.8 100.9 106.3 89.6 96.3

98.2 97.9 94.7 105.3 100.8 103.9 89.8 96.8

97.7 97.7 93.7 104.9 100.6 103.7 86.7 98.6

96.7 98.2 91.0 103.0 100.7 102.9 84.1 98.4

102.6 110.7 97.9

102.1 109.9 98.2

102.0 108.3 98.0

102.1 107.2 98.1

101.6 106.1 98.2

97.7

97.8

97.8

97.4

102.5 94.6 98.7 97.5 97.5 119.5

97.6

102.0 95.1 98.8 99.5 97.9 116.9

101.4 95.3 99.0 100.0 98.1 112.0

99.4 98.4 107.4 96.5 99.3

103.0 86.2

99.0 98.4

63.0 53.0

96.3 101.6 91.0 102.7 101.1 100.0 82.6 98.1

100.9 95.2 99.2 100.1 98.4 109.4

100.9 96.6 98.9 100.5 98.5 108.9

99.2 98.5 106.2

99.2 98.5 104.4

95.2 99.5

100.9 105.4 98.3

98.1

97.3 99.3

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 351

Table 7-12. U.S. Export Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1990–2005—Continued (2000 = 100.)

Commodity

ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................

March 97.9

June

1999

Septem- December ber

March

98.2

98.5

99.0

100.0

June

2000

100.1

Septem- December ber 100.4

100.1

March 100.0

June

2001

99.4

Septem- December ber 99.0

97.6

Food and Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates, and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Cereals and cereal preparations ............................................ Vegetables and fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ......................... Feeding stuff for animals (not including unmilled cereals) ..... Miscellaneous edible products and preparations ...................

109.8 105.9 105.8 96.8 100.0

123.0 106.0 109.9 92.5 100.1

100.8 101.5 105.1 93.6 100.6

102.6 95.7 101.7 97.4 100.7

98.9 103.9 98.8 98.2 99.8

100.6 100.0 97.9 100.4 100.0

100.1 94.7 102.5 99.2 100.0

98.4 105.8 99.1 104.6 100.2

99.0 107.9 97.9 100.7 100.1

90.8 102.6 98.6 101.1 100.1

90.4 106.4 100.8 103.6 100.1

88.6 107.2 100.6 102.4 100.1

Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits .............................................. Cork and wood ....................................................................... Textile fibers and their waste ................................................. Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................

89.1 93.7 93.8 100.7 88.6

90.2 94.8 94.4 99.1 89.7

93.5 101.7 95.4 92.9 93.3

94.9 95.2 97.9 90.2 99.5

100.2 102.9 100.4 99.1 102.6

101.6 103.3 99.8 100.5 99.2

100.7 100.3 100.1 104.3 99.9

99.4 101.8 98.9 105.7 94.8

96.0 94.5 96.1 97.6 92.0

92.6 95.6 92.8 90.9 91.0

89.5 99.0 90.2 87.7 85.1

87.1 90.9 88.0 84.0 81.9

Chemicals and Related Products n.e.s. ............................. Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils, polishing, and cleansing preparations ............ Fertilizers ............................................................................... Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products n.e.s. .................................

95.7 84.7 104.7 100.3 98.3 125.2 89.0 97.3 101.1

96.4 86.4 102.7 100.4 98.7 119.4 93.2 98.1 100.3

97.6 90.6 100.4 99.6 98.9 113.2 97.2 98.4 99.9

98.9 96.3 99.7 100.1 100.1 97.8 100.2 98.9 99.7

99.7 98.8 99.6 100.0 99.8 96.5 100.8 101.0 100.3

100.9 102.1 101.2 99.5 99.6 96.1 103.4 100.2 99.7

99.8 99.9 99.8 100.0 100.1 105.3 97.8 100.2 99.8

98.3 96.0 101.4 100.0 100.0 102.0 94.9 99.2 100.5

98.7 95.9 104.1 99.2 100.2 105.3 97.8 97.6 99.1

99.9 98.0 99.5 100.4 99.5 102.8

99.9 98.8 98.4 100.1 99.8 102.7

99.9 99.5 99.8 100.1 99.9 100.5

100.0 99.7 100.2 99.3 100.1 99.9

100.1 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.0 99.3

100.1 101.2 100.3 99.8 100.3 99.0

100.6 102.0 100.5 101.1 101.0 97.8

99.9 99.5 103.7

99.6 99.4 100.1

99.7 100.1 99.8

100.2 99.8 99.0

100.2 101.1 99.5

100.3 99.5

97.9 99.7

98.0 99.9

101.6 100.0

101.3 99.9

Beverages and Tobacco ..................................................... Tobacco and tobacco manufactures ......................................

Mineral Fuels, Lubricants, and Related Materials ............ Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials ..........

Manufactured Goods, Classified Chiefly by Material ....... Rubber manufactures n.e.s. .................................................. Uncoated paper, paperboard, and linerboard ........................ Textile yarn, fabrics, and made-up articles n.e.s. .................. Nonmetallic mineral manufactures n.e.s. ............................... Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals n.e.s. ................................................ Machinery and Transport Equipment ................................ Power-generating machinery and equipment ........................ Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and parts n.e.s. ... Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................ Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus n.e.s. ................................................................. Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies, and optical goods n.e.s. ............................................................ Miscellaneous manufactured articles n.e.s. ........................... n.e.s. = Not elsewhere specified.

101.1 86.2

99.5 99.3

62.5 52.3

96.3 102.4 90.5 101.3 100.3 98.7 82.7 99.8

102.6 87.6

99.4 99.2

68.5 61.9

99.6 93.4

99.8 99.7

77.5 74.0

98.5 96.7

100.1 100.1

102.2 103.1

98.1 104.0 97.6 100.3 99.7 97.7 90.9 98.8

99.6 99.4 98.9 100.0 100.1 99.9 100.3 98.6

97.3 102.5 96.6 100.3 99.9 97.6 86.6 99.0

100.9 104.0 98.4

100.2 103.1 98.6

100.2 102.0 98.6

100.0 100.9 99.3

99.0

99.2

99.4

99.3

99.6 98.5 104.7 97.9 99.2

100.3 97.6 99.8 100.4 99.2 104.8

99.6 99.0 103.8 97.2 99.5

99.8 99.7 103.9 98.6 99.4

100.2 100.1

85.0 80.6

96.7 101.2 93.3 100.8 100.2 97.5 83.7 100.2

100.6 97.4 99.4 100.6 99.1 106.9

99.9 95.3

99.9 100.5 100.1

99.6

100.6 104.8

100.0 99.9

97.4 96.8

100.2 100.1 100.5 100.2 100.4 101.2 98.5 100.9

100.3 99.8 100.0

99.7

98.8 100.8

99.9 99.9

111.7 117.0

100.9 100.4 100.7 100.1 100.0 100.0 103.4 101.5

100.1 99.9 100.2

100.4

102.1 101.5

99.8 99.9

105.8 105.6

100.3 99.5 99.7 98.4 99.5 99.5 103.3 101.1

99.6 99.3 100.1

100.4

102.5 102.6

98.9 98.9

101.1 106.1

98.4 98.2

103.3 107.8

98.4 98.2

102.4 99.2

103.2 101.8

103.3 103.6

100.2 100.4 98.4 98.8 99.8 96.8 104.9 100.9

99.5 99.8 97.4 98.5 100.8 97.8 98.0 101.5

98.2 101.0 95.6 98.8 101.1 98.3 90.2 101.8

98.3 98.1

82.4 74.6

93.8 84.9 103.2 101.1 99.1 91.8 88.6 97.2 99.0

92.8 83.9 102.8 100.9 98.8 94.0 86.5 95.8 97.6

100.3 102.3 100.3 101.0 101.3 95.9

100.0 103.0 99.5 101.2 101.9 94.8

99.6 103.9 100.5 100.7 101.7 92.9

100.0 101.0 96.9

100.1 101.0 96.6

100.4 101.8 98.1

100.4 101.6 98.2

99.1 100.3

98.2 100.5

98.7 100.6

97.6 101.0

99.8 99.2 100.2

100.8

96.2 90.6 103.3 99.5 99.7 94.9 93.9 97.4 99.1

101.2 97.8

99.8 98.3 100.2

100.9

98.5 97.6 100.2

100.9

96.7 100.9 95.1 97.5 102.1 95.7 83.1 101.7

97.7 95.9 100.3

100.9

352 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 7-12. U.S. Export Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1990–2005—Continued (2000 = 100.)

Commodity ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................

March

June

2002

September

2003

97.9 106.5 99.0 101.2 100.7

98.6 133.4 98.9 106.8 100.7

101.7 126.3 98.3 103.5 100.5

108.2 122.2 95.1 105.5 101.0

108.2 118.5 99.6 108.8 101.5

103.3 124.2 101.4 112.7 101.0

103.1 130.8 103.2 123.2 100.3

Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits .............................................. Cork and wood ....................................................................... Textile fibers and their waste ................................................. Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................

87.7 92.0 87.2 86.2 87.3

95.3 102.9 87.1 88.6 99.8

97.3 114.1 90.0 93.1 93.9

98.5 116.2 90.3 98.3 96.3

102.3 116.6 91.2 105.0 105.8

103.9 122.7 90.4 103.2 109.0

106.2 121.1 91.6 109.6 119.9

116.9 152.5 93.7 121.2 136.6

Chemicals and Related Products n.e.s. ............................. Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils, polishing, and cleansing preparations ............ Fertilizers ............................................................................... Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products n.e.s. .................................

93.2 84.9 101.6 100.5 97.6 98.1 87.6 95.8 98.0

95.3 90.8 102.1 100.4 97.3 95.5 92.5 96.0 97.5

96.8 95.3 101.0 101.4 97.4 100.9 92.9 96.9 98.3

96.6 94.9 96.9 101.2 97.3 104.3 92.9 95.9 98.8

Machinery and Transport Equipment ................................ Power-generating machinery and equipment ........................ Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and parts n.e.s. ... Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................

99.5 104.6 101.1 100.0 102.2 93.1

98.9 104.5 101.8 99.9 102.3 90.4

98.7 104.4 101.8 100.2 102.3 89.4

100.5 101.7 98.3

100.4 101.6 98.8

100.4 101.5 97.8

96.6 100.9

97.5 100.4

97.3 100.5

Beverages and Tobacco ..................................................... Tobacco and tobacco manufactures ......................................

Mineral Fuels, Lubricants, and Related Materials ............ Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials ..........

Manufactured Goods, Classified Chiefly by Material ....... Rubber manufactures n.e.s. .................................................. Uncoated paper, paperboard, and linerboard ........................ Textile yarn, fabrics, and made-up articles n.e.s. .................. Nonmetallic mineral manufactures n.e.s. ............................... Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals n.e.s. ................................................

Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus n.e.s. ................................................................. Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies, and optical goods n.e.s. ............................................................ Miscellaneous manufactured articles n.e.s. ........................... n.e.s. = Not elsewhere specified.

97.4 96.8

89.8 83.6

96.7 100.8 92.5 97.8 102.1 96.6 85.1 101.9

97.5 94.7 100.3

101.2

98.2 97.6

98.8 98.0

93.9 87.9

102.8 98.0

98.1 102.7 94.8 100.0 102.2 101.0 85.3 102.5

99.1 105.6 96.3 100.6 102.2 103.6 84.4 103.4

97.7 93.9 100.3

101.3

96.4 93.5 100.6

101.4

98.7 97.8

105.9 96.4

97.4 95.9

99.5 92.2

130.1 130.2

99.0 105.6 96.8 101.1 101.3 104.3 83.5 103.3

99.4 108.4 96.7 102.0 100.2 104.5 84.3 103.5

107.5 102.9

98.2 96.6

107.6 102.7

99.8

December

94.3 105.4 102.5 99.6 100.7

105.8 90.3

99.5

September

Food and Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates, and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Cereals and cereal preparations ............................................ Vegetables and fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ......................... Feeding stuff for animals (not including unmilled cereals) ..... Miscellaneous edible products and preparations ...................

107.7 89.8

99.7

June

98.0

99.8 90.0

98.6

March

97.6

100.3 93.2

98.8

December

112.1 117.2

97.8 96.2

108.7 104.2

100.8

116.5 123.0

100.6 99.7

110.7 106.2

100.6 103.4 98.1 104.1 96.2 108.2 99.5 97.2 100.7

100.8 103.1 98.6 104.8 97.3 117.2 96.6 98.8 101.6

100.3 100.4 99.1 105.4 98.2 122.8 95.4 98.2 101.9

101.4 103.3 99.1 105.8 100.1 123.1 96.5 97.2 102.6

98.5 105.1 101.7 100.5 101.6 88.6

98.5 106.9 102.2 101.7 102.1 88.6

97.8 107.2 102.6 101.0 102.4 88.1

97.9 107.5 103.1 100.8 102.6 87.8

97.8 108.7 103.4 100.7 102.8 88.6

100.6 101.4 97.2

100.5 101.1 97.5

101.2 101.4 97.0

100.7 102.6 96.8

101.1 102.5 97.1

97.1 100.9

98.9 101.6

94.4 101.2

95.6 101.6

95.8 92.9 101.0

101.7

97.4 101.1

95.0 92.2 100.9

101.5

100.0 110.1 98.3 102.7 100.4 106.8 80.3 104.8

93.8 89.7 101.1

102.2

100.2 109.2 98.3 102.1 99.5 106.1 81.6 104.4

93.3 89.4 101.4

102.2

100.8 109.9 97.6 102.5 99.8 109.6 84.5 104.4

92.0 88.1 101.5

102.3

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 353

Table 7-12. U.S. Export Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1990–2005—Continued (2000 = 100.)

Commodity ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................

March

June

2004

September

December

2005

Food and Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates, and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Cereals and cereal preparations ............................................ Vegetables and fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ......................... Feeding stuff for animals (not including unmilled cereals) ..... Miscellaneous edible products and preparations ...................

107.2 110.1 139.6 133.6 102.0

108.6 111.1 141.2 131.9 101.6

108.8 119.8 122.0 109.8 102.1

110.3 129.9 116.4 107.5 102.6

111.2 121.4 125.1 113.7 107.1

110.1 118.7 133.6 118.1 108.1

114.8 117.0 129.2 120.1 107.5

116.6 121.1 123.9 123.2 107.4

Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits .............................................. Cork and wood ....................................................................... Textile fibers and their waste ................................................. Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................

129.0 181.6 96.5 121.9 171.4

125.7 168.5 98.3 108.7 167.5

119.4 125.1 99.1 102.1 178.5

119.4 111.1 98.8 96.4 195.0

127.5 128.9 98.9 104.1 206.4

130.3 136.5 97.6 103.1 212.9

126.4 121.7 96.9 104.8 206.2

131.3 119.7 97.3 109.2 227.8

Beverages and Tobacco ..................................................... Tobacco and tobacco manufactures ......................................

Mineral Fuels, Lubricants, and Related Materials ............ Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials ..........

102.1 100.5

123.0 120.1

Chemicals and Related Products n.e.s. ............................. Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils, polishing, and cleansing preparations ............ Fertilizers ............................................................................... Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products n.e.s. .................................

104.9 110.8 99.5 105.5 104.3 138.1 102.1 97.4 104.8

Machinery and Transport Equipment ................................ Power-generating machinery and equipment ........................ Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and parts n.e.s. ... Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................

98.2 109.4 104.2 100.9 102.1 88.4

Manufactured Goods, Classified Chiefly by Material ....... Rubber manufactures n.e.s. .................................................. Uncoated paper, paperboard, and linerboard ........................ Textile yarn, fabrics, and made-up articles n.e.s. .................. Nonmetallic mineral manufactures n.e.s. ............................... Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals n.e.s. ................................................

Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus n.e.s. ................................................................. Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies, and optical goods n.e.s. ............................................................ Miscellaneous manufactured articles n.e.s. ........................... n.e.s. = Not elsewhere specified.

101.6 100.0

131.8 129.7

105.8 114.6 98.7 105.8 104.3 137.4 103.2 96.5 104.9

101.7 100.3

169.3 174.9

112.2 112.9 104.2 107.2 101.6 170.6 101.5 113.5

113.7 114.4 103.8 109.1 102.2 164.1 107.2 117.7

109.7 120.5 107.6 108.0 105.6 143.9 109.9 97.4 105.5

110.5 111.4 102.7 105.7 100.4 166.8 99.0 111.6

92.4 88.6 101.9

91.8 88.2 102.4

90.7 88.1 102.4

114.0 128.4 113.7 107.2 109.1 148.3 118.9 99.9 105.8

124.3 140.2

103.3 101.6

181.0 188.7

123.8 142.7

103.6 101.7

231.9 239.3

107.7

122.8 136.9

101.2 101.0

205.5 206.3

117.0 130.6 120.0 107.9 111.3 143.5 128.3 103.2 106.0

115.7 128.6 120.9 107.6 112.4 149.1 122.1 103.3 106.1

118.8 137.0 121.5 107.3 112.6 162.1 126.9 104.9 106.3

119.6 132.8 120.1 107.1 111.8 165.3 135.3 108.0 107.7

98.0 111.2 112.1 103.6 109.4 79.1

98.1 112.4 114.1 103.6 109.9 77.1

113.9 115.5 103.9 111.7 103.5 158.5 106.1 118.3

113.9 116.9 103.7 110.8 104.2 155.2 108.5 118.8

116.0 117.8 102.8 111.1 105.5 160.8 118.2 119.6

98.2 109.0 106.1 101.0 102.6 86.0

98.5 110.4 108.0 101.9 102.8 83.8

98.7 111.5 109.4 102.6 108.3 82.3

98.7 111.3 110.7 103.7 109.3 80.9

102.3 104.4 97.1

102.7 104.2 97.1

102.1 104.2 96.9

102.5 104.5 96.6

102.7 103.5 96.6

96.3 104.3

96.4 102.9

95.8 103.5

95.2 104.4

100.9 102.4 96.8

100.9 102.3 96.9

101.2 102.8 96.9

95.0 101.4

94.5 101.6

95.7 102.3

102.0

102.2 101.4

146.5 144.6

107.0 111.2 99.2 105.4 99.9 145.4 95.4 108.4

102.3

101.5 100.6

120.1 128.5

141.2 138.0

104.1 110.4 97.9 104.1 99.7 124.9 94.1 105.5

98.2 108.7 105.4 100.0 102.4 87.2

118.1 124.6

107.5

December

103.8

117.6 124.8

106.7

September

103.4

123.9 127.3

106.4

June

103.0

122.7 127.1

104.8

March

101.8

90.4 87.9 103.0

102.6

97.0 104.0

90.5 87.7 103.0

103.4

89.7 87.4 103.0

103.1

89.4 84.9 103.5

103.8

89.5 84.6 103.8

103.7

354 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 7-13. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1990–2005 (2000 = 100.)

Commodity

ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................

Food and Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates, and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Vegetables and fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ......................... Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof .......... Beverages and Tobacco ..................................................... Beverages .............................................................................. Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Cork and wood ....................................................................... Wood pulp and recovered paper ........................................... Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................ Crude animal and vegetable materials n.e.s. ........................

Relative importance 100.0 3.3 0.4

. . . = Not available.

93.9 121.7

98.4

95.7 120.5

95.0

93.4

95.6 115.9

84.2 86.6

85.4 87.6

85.3 87.2

86.3 88.2

1.8 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.2

91.3 66.0 118.9 97.5 ...

90.4 66.7 116.6 93.2 ...

88.0 66.2 112.5 90.2 ...

85.0 61.6 105.6 89.1 ...

84.4 62.9 97.1 89.1 ...

8.0 2.6 0.7 2.3 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.6

94.3 98.7 95.4 80.5 90.5 ... ... 97.2

93.7 98.1 95.8 80.6 91.6 ... ... 92.9

94.9 100.0 97.0 81.5 92.1 ... ... 91.6

97.6 104.7 100.7 83.6 94.6 ... ... 90.2

97.4 101.8 101.5 83.2 93.4 ... ... 89.6

95.8 98.6 100.2 81.7 93.2 ... ... 88.1

91.4 88.9 98.2 84.2 93.9

93.4 89.4 97.1 92.6 95.2

94.8 90.3 98.4 83.6 96.0

96.3 91.9 98.1 82.1 96.8

95.4 92.1 97.8 75.9 96.1

64.3 64.6 63.7

76.5 78.9

54.7 54.8 54.9

90.5 102.9 84.7 86.5

91.3 103.3 86.4 89.3

37.8 2.4 1.8 0.4

101.6 ... 86.3 86.9

100.8 ... 87.1 87.8

5.3 6.0 12.3

122.5 113.1 83.2

1.3 2.0 1.8 2.2 2.1

3.1 5.3

15.4

90.6 87.7 100.4 80.9 94.6

77.6 80.0

87.3 89.8 57.7

93.2 103.3 87.8 89.8

93.0 95.1 69.2

92.3 104.6 85.3 90.2

101.8 ... 90.4 89.2

104.2 ... 94.1 92.1

119.3 112.7 82.9

120.1 114.0 85.4

86.5 200.8

87.6 198.5

90.9 196.8

94.5

94.7

96.2

120.9 111.3 82.0

79.6 81.5

94.3

94.6 119.5

79.7 88.3 104.7

74.7 77.3

93.3

95.6 125.0

77.1 90.6 104.5

0.9 0.8

Septem- December ber

95.7 120.9

74.5 83.1 110.6

12.2 0.7 0.8 1.2

n.e.s. = Not elsewhere specified.

92.1 118.4

96.5

June

70.9 87.0 105.4

Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly by Material ........ Rubber manufactures n.e.s. .................................................. Cork and wood manufactures, other than furniture ............... Paper and paperboard, cut to size ......................................... Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles, and related products n.e.s. ................................................................... Nonmetallic mineral manufactures n.e.s. ............................... Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals n.e.s. ................................................

Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Prefabricated buildings; plumbing and heat and lighting fixtures n.e.s. ..................................................................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Travel goods, handbags, and similar containers ................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Footwear ................................................................................ Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus n.e.s. ................................................................. Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies, and optical goods n.e.s. ............................................................ Miscellaneous manufactured articles n.e.s. ...........................

91.9 113.1

90.8

March

1991

70.7 90.7 103.7

20.0 17.6 2.3

Machinery and Transport Equipment ................................ Power-generating machinery and equipment ........................ Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and machine parts n.e.s. ......................................................................... Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................

92.4

June

Septem- December ber

0.8 0.8 0.4

Mineral Fuels, Lubricants, and Related Materials ............ Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials .......... Gas, natural and manufactured .............................................

Chemicals and Related Products n.e.s. ............................. Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils, polishing, and cleansing preps ....................... Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products n.e.s. .................................

March

1990

65.8 66.3 61.5

92.7 104.3 84.1 92.2

105.4 ... 95.6 92.8

78.9 91.4 98.8

85.0 70.1 89.8 86.6 ...

81.8 66.6 80.7 86.8 ...

90.3 103.7 85.9 88.2

103.7 ... 91.0 89.6

103.8 ... 90.7 89.6

118.0 113.4 86.3

117.3 112.8 86.8

94.5 197.3

91.0 193.4

97.5

97.7

96.3

96.8 92.2 96.9 72.9 95.5

87.1 89.0

87.5 89.4

88.3 90.5

87.2 89.1

79.1 89.9 82.0

85.0 76.1 84.4 84.3 ...

90.6 104.8 86.3 87.8

91.0 105.7 90.0 85.1

91.3 105.6 93.0 83.7

105.4 ... 93.4 92.1

105.6 ... 94.2 92.3

105.6 ... 94.3 92.5

106.9 ... 99.0 94.8

117.3 115.1 88.0

117.3 116.3 88.6

98.4 93.0 97.2 70.8 96.9

96.2 97.0 95.5 87.3 97.5 ... ... 94.0

98.9 93.3 96.6 73.7 97.6

98.1 94.0 96.1 75.6 97.8

100.9 94.9 94.8 75.6 99.6

99.3 94.6 94.8 70.0 97.9

94.0 192.2

94.0 190.2

96.5

98.0

99.1

101.0

99.9

95.4

101.2

101.6 98.0 91.1 94.8 98.4

101.4 98.4 91.0 95.4 98.1

102.8 99.0 91.8 95.9 98.8

103.8 99.8 92.9 96.9 99.4

105.2 100.1 96.2 97.7 100.0

0.8 4.3

93.7 95.6

94.0 94.3

97.0 96.6

98.8 98.6

99.1 98.5

96.0 98.0

96.3 98.3

98.6 100.8

99.3 102.6

98.6 102.0

93.4

93.0

95.6

95.7

106.1 ... 95.4 93.7

99.3

101.9 99.6 90.7 95.5 100.2 98.0

90.4 106.8 92.4 84.3

95.0 189.0

105.6 99.1 90.6 95.5 100.0 96.9

92.0 107.0 95.1 84.3

96.8 190.9

104.2 97.2 88.8 96.4 98.2 92.0

60.0 60.2 58.1

97.1 94.4 99.0 89.8 98.8 96.8 109.9 100.1

93.7 191.7

117.4 114.3 88.2

85.9 79.1 83.9 83.7 ...

97.5 96.5 93.7 90.1 98.8 ... ... 101.0

91.1 191.2

117.8 114.5 88.1

65.3 66.2 55.4

78.3 91.7 96.1

96.8 96.8 94.1 87.6 98.6 ... ... 97.1

102.0 96.0 89.8 96.5 96.5 89.1

86.3 77.1 88.2 85.4 ...

64.9 66.0 51.4

102.7 95.1 89.7 95.7 95.2 87.7

80.3 89.6 81.6

56.8 57.4 49.7

95.6 97.1 94.9 86.4 95.2 ... ... 90.1

94.4

93.2 109.5

0.5 1.8 0.4 4.7 1.1 1.8

95.9

92.1 111.5

84.6 75.3 81.2 86.0 ...

91.1 104.1 84.8 89.9

94.8

Septem- December ber

91.4 112.3

81.5 68.0 78.6 86.2 ...

63.3 63.9 57.8

June

97.4 114.8

79.1 107.7 90.0

63.6 64.5 53.4

95.4 96.1 98.1 83.2 96.0 ... ... 88.3

93.9

78.3 95.6 98.5

62.3 63.0 54.1

93.6 199.2

118.7 115.5 87.1

78.2 91.9 98.2

March

1992

117.6 114.6 88.8

106.8 102.6 96.6 97.5 101.5

105.5 100.7 94.5 97.9 98.7

102.1 104.1

100.5 103.1

98.4

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 355 Table 7-13. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1990–2004—Continued (2000 = 100.)

Commodity

ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................

March 94.7

June

1993

95.0

Food and Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates, and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Vegetables and fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ......................... Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof ..........

91.2 113.4

94.4 117.6

Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Cork and wood ....................................................................... Woodpulp and recovered paper ............................................ Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................ Crude animal and vegetable materials n.e.s. ........................

86.8 89.1

92.2 105.9 74.3 82.8 ...

86.8 89.6

Chemicals and Related Products n.e.s. ............................. Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils, polishing, and cleansing preps ....................... Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products n.e.s. .................................

97.1 94.0 99.1 91.0 100.9 97.7 109.0 98.7

Beverages and Tobacco ..................................................... Beverages ..............................................................................

Mineral Fuels, Lubricants, and Related Materials ............ Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials .......... Gas, natural and manufactured .............................................

Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly by Material ........ Rubber manufactures n.e.s. .................................................. Cork and wood manufactures, other than furniture ............... Paper and paperboard, cut to size ......................................... Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles, and related products n.e.s. ................................................................... Nonmetallic mineral manufactures n.e.s. ............................... Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals n.e.s. ................................................ Machinery and Transport Equipment ................................ Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and machine parts n.e.s. ......................................................................... Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................

Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Prefabricated buildings; plumbing and heat and lighting fixtures n.e.s. ..................................................................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Travel goods, handbags, and similar containers ................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Footwear ................................................................................ Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus n.e.s. ................................................................. Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies, and optical goods n.e.s. ............................................................ Miscellaneous manufactured articles n.e.s. ........................... n.e.s. = Not elsewhere specified. . . . = Not available.

78.9 85.4 89.8

Septem- December ber 94.5

95.6 115.9

93.5

95.3 111.3

March 94.0

96.3 114.3

June

1994

96.3

101.8 107.8

Septem- December ber 97.2

110.9 108.8

98.4

110.8 108.5

March 99.9

112.6 104.9

June

1995

101.4

108.6 100.8

Septem- December ber 100.8

101.0

106.7 97.3

104.7 99.6

79.1 96.6 86.1

79.9 93.6 104.2

83.6 89.3 107.8

85.5 88.0 109.3

88.9 90.1 145.4

90.6 88.0 214.4

93.8 99.0 182.7

93.6 100.5 194.8

92.5 97.6 176.3

89.2 101.0 165.7

86.5 106.4 141.9

84.5 84.9 72.2 81.7 ...

85.9 92.4 68.5 80.6 ...

90.7 110.9 66.2 77.0 ...

93.4 108.7 69.8 83.5 ...

94.7 104.1 79.5 82.9 ...

96.2 101.3 90.8 85.4 ...

101.6 97.4 102.9 90.0 ...

107.6 93.4 118.8 98.6 ...

109.5 85.3 131.6 98.4 ...

113.6 94.7 134.8 101.5 ...

111.0 88.5 138.4 100.2 ...

97.8 94.6 97.9 95.9 102.2 95.8 109.3 98.0

97.1 94.3 97.7 94.4 100.2 96.5 108.5 96.1

96.4 92.8 97.5 95.1 101.4 96.5 107.1 94.5

96.3 92.6 96.9 95.8 99.6 97.6 104.7 95.4

97.6 95.2 97.9 95.9 99.9 97.9 108.0 94.5

100.5 100.0 99.9 97.6 101.9 98.4 112.9 97.8

103.5 104.5 104.6 98.3 104.6 99.6 117.7 96.4

105.4 102.5 110.0 99.2 107.7 103.4 126.9 96.5

106.8 100.6 111.1 104.4 113.8 106.1 129.6 98.7

106.6 101.0 110.9 104.1 114.7 105.1 124.5 101.6

106.4 100.3 110.2 105.6 115.5 107.9 117.4 104.2

99.4 95.1 95.1 68.3 98.1

100.0 96.2 96.7 65.4 99.2

98.9 96.0 96.6 64.8 99.0

98.2 96.2 96.4 61.7 98.7

98.8 96.1 97.3 68.5 98.6

100.8 96.7 97.6 72.7 99.3

101.8 97.8 99.7 77.6 100.7

102.0 98.4 101.6 88.0 101.0

103.2 98.7 104.0 90.3 102.9

106.3 99.2 106.9 88.5 105.1

106.4 99.6 110.7 90.5 105.2

106.1 99.9 108.1 87.2 105.9

94.4 186.2

95.9 182.8

100.0 168.5

101.3 167.0

104.5 167.2

104.7 165.9

61.5 62.1 54.9

90.8 107.6 100.5 85.6

106.1 ... 93.5

117.3 115.2 89.1

59.8 60.3 55.4

91.2 107.5 103.8 86.0

86.2 89.0

55.0 55.0 56.3

90.7 106.8 104.8 84.9

86.9 89.3

47.7 47.0 57.7

89.8 106.9 103.9 83.8

86.6 89.2

48.2 47.7 55.6

91.2 105.2 106.1 83.6

107.2 96.2 95.9

107.7 95.8 96.4

108.4 96.0 96.9

108.6 96.9 97.1

118.3 117.2 90.4

119.5 119.4 90.9

118.5 118.9 92.9

117.5 119.1 93.3

95.9 180.1

96.7 178.0

98.9

101.0

100.2

100.9

102.0

100.5 103.1

102.5 104.2

103.5 104.4

104.2 104.3

56.4 56.7 54.2

97.7 105.9 99.4 93.6

110.3 100.6 101.4

117.7 120.2 94.7

118.0 120.1 96.0

101.3

100.6

117.6 119.6 94.0

87.5 90.2

109.7 99.8 100.3

100.9

100.5

105.6 99.7 94.9 97.8 97.6

109.1 98.1 98.0

94.6 105.0 101.7 88.4

98.9 171.1

100.7

105.9 100.2 95.8 98.2 97.8

92.8 106.0 108.8 85.1

55.0 55.2 53.6

97.7 173.2

100.7

105.7 100.8 95.5 98.1 98.7

57.1 57.6 51.4

87.5 90.1

97.2 175.5

99.7

104.4 100.2 94.8 97.5 98.0

87.3 89.6

100.2 106.4 101.4 101.8

110.8 102.0 103.1

117.8 120.5 96.6

61.9 63.0 49.3

102.7 108.7 102.7 111.3

112.4 104.7 108.9

119.1 122.9 97.3

89.4 91.7

57.6 58.5 47.1

105.0 110.0 100.1 120.5

90.6 92.0

59.2 60.2 49.1

104.3 110.4 100.9 121.6

112.1 103.8 108.3

112.0 105.6 108.9

119.0 120.7 97.9

118.0 119.7 98.2

105.5 163.4

102.2

103.2

103.1

103.7

105.1

105.1

107.2

107.5

107.1

103.2 100.6 94.5 98.1 97.7

104.4 100.9 95.7 97.9 98.4

103.3 101.2 96.0 98.2 98.5

104.0 104.4

104.6 104.4

106.2 104.7

106.0 104.8

104.2

59.2 60.1 48.8

88.6 91.2

101.5

104.9 100.2 94.8 97.7 97.1

103.3

88.2 91.0

107.2 101.7 96.4 98.8 98.5 106.4 106.1

107.4 103.1 98.5 99.0 99.3 110.6 106.5

108.3 102.9 100.5 99.0 99.6 109.9 106.1

109.7 103.5 99.3 99.5 100.1 109.9 107.2

356 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 7-13. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1990–2004—Continued (2000 = 100.)

Commodity

ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................

March 101.6

June

1996

Septem- December ber

March

100.7

101.8

102.5

100.0

June

1997

98.8

Septem- December ber 98.4

97.2

March 94.1

June

1998

93.1

Septem- December ber 92.2

91.0

Food and Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates, and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Vegetables and fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ......................... Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof ..........

86.8 102.4 144.3

88.8 98.8 143.7

88.3 107.1 135.8

89.4 102.4 129.0

90.7 111.8 169.7

94.3 102.2 203.7

95.2 104.0 172.1

96.1 103.1 158.5

97.4 96.2 161.8

99.6 104.0 141.3

94.4 107.3 133.1

91.2 111.2 129.2

Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Cork and wood ....................................................................... Woodpulp and recovered paper ............................................ Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................ Crude animal and vegetable materials n.e.s. ........................

105.8 91.3 100.2 100.3 ...

103.4 104.5 79.2 100.1 ...

106.4 115.9 84.9 95.9 ...

105.6 110.9 84.4 96.0 94.2

108.5 116.2 82.7 101.4 99.1

106.8 112.7 83.9 104.1 91.7

106.0 111.5 86.9 102.9 97.1

102.6 104.1 87.6 100.7 100.8

99.9 101.8 81.8 98.8 103.7

96.2 93.1 84.2 97.0 106.6

94.0 98.7 77.5 91.5 99.2

92.2 98.4 73.7 91.3 93.6

Chemicals and Related Products n.e.s. ............................. Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils, polishing, and cleansing preps ....................... Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products n.e.s. .................................

106.5 100.7 111.5 103.9 116.8 108.2 110.8 107.4

104.9 99.9 109.2 102.7 112.8 102.6 108.6 107.1

105.1 100.4 109.9 104.4 112.8 98.8 108.1 107.5

105.1 100.9 113.3 102.0 112.6 100.3 108.2 105.3

103.7 101.3 111.0 98.9 110.5 96.7 107.4 104.1

102.3 97.3 108.4 99.3 109.2 96.7 110.6 103.0

102.1 98.5 109.0 98.7 109.1 97.8 108.5 102.7

101.1 96.7 106.4 99.8 109.7 97.1 103.3 102.6

99.2 93.5 103.7 98.8 106.2 99.6 101.7 101.2

99.3 93.6 107.0 98.3 106.7 99.2 98.7 100.9

97.4 92.7 102.8 97.5 105.6 96.8 92.4 100.1

96.7 91.1 99.5 98.7 107.1 96.4 92.0 99.0

105.9 100.9 105.7 85.4 106.0

105.4 100.8 104.8 84.2 105.0

105.5 101.6 104.8 77.8 105.8

105.8 102.3 104.1 76.0 105.7

105.8 102.5 103.2 81.8 104.0

105.8 101.9 103.3 85.4 103.6

105.2 101.4 103.3 87.1 102.6

104.5 101.0 103.3 82.7 103.1

103.1 100.0 101.9 81.9 101.8

102.3 99.9 99.7 81.6 101.0

101.8 99.4 96.7 77.5 101.0

101.4 100.0 93.5 74.5 101.1

104.9 158.5

104.4 152.8

101.0 128.0

100.3 121.5

100.3 117.2

100.3 114.5

Beverages and Tobacco ..................................................... Beverages ..............................................................................

Mineral Fuels, Lubricants, and Related Materials ............ Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials .......... Gas, natural and manufactured .............................................

Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly by Material ........ Rubber manufactures n.e.s. .................................................. Cork and wood manufactures, other than furniture ............... Paper and paperboard, cut to size ......................................... Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles, and related products n.e.s. ................................................................... Nonmetallic mineral manufactures n.e.s. ............................... Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals n.e.s. ................................................ Machinery and Transport Equipment ................................ Power-generating machinery and equipment ........................ Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and machine parts n.e.s. ......................................................................... Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................

Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Prefabricated buildings; plumbing and heat and lighting fixtures n.e.s. ..................................................................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Travel goods, handbags, and similar containers ................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Footwear ................................................................................ Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus n.e.s. ................................................................. Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies, and optical goods n.e.s. ............................................................ Miscellaneous manufactured articles n.e.s. ........................... n.e.s. = Not elsewhere specified. . . . = Not available.

103.2 93.7

91.2 92.1

66.3 67.4 54.7

103.3 108.7 101.4 118.9

111.2 ... 106.3 108.3

116.5 118.0 97.9

102.7 92.0

92.1 92.5

65.1 66.3 52.7

102.0 108.8 104.4 112.7

104.8 102.6

93.2 93.5

72.6 74.3 56.3

99.8 108.2 103.7 104.0

102.6 100.7

93.4 93.9

79.8 80.0 76.7

98.2 107.0 101.7 96.3

110.4 105.3

95.0 94.3

67.1 67.6 61.3

98.7 105.7 102.2 95.0

61.6 62.2 55.1

99.5 106.0 102.0 97.7

95.8 95.2

63.0 63.0 60.2

99.6 103.2 102.4 99.2

108.0 106.0

96.5 96.1

60.8 59.8 65.0

98.7 103.7 102.1 98.9

110.2 ... 104.9 108.4

109.6 100.2 105.1 108.0

107.8 99.7 103.2 104.4

106.9 99.4 102.8 104.9

105.9 99.0 102.0 103.8

105.0 99.2 102.6 105.3

115.3 115.6 97.8

114.3 114.8 98.3

113.5 112.1 98.1

111.9 109.9 98.1

110.6 109.1 98.1

109.8 107.9 98.6

108.7 104.7 98.8

105.2 149.7

104.6 146.9

102.2 140.6

103.5

103.5

103.2

102.9

107.4

105.9

107.0

106.5

103.9

108.4 107.1

95.5 94.9

109.8 105.7

110.1 ... 104.7 108.1

103.7

108.6 103.2 99.6 99.9 100.7

112.5 103.6

106.5 103.3 99.6 100.4 100.6 106.3 107.2

108.7 103.3 99.6 100.1 100.3 106.7 107.2

106.2 104.3 99.2 99.9 100.2 105.7 106.5

102.1 135.3

103.0

101.0 130.2

102.7

47.3 45.5 55.9

97.3 102.8 95.7 98.2

103.8 100.1 101.6 104.1

107.5 103.4 98.8

97.4 97.0

45.7 43.9 54.5

96.7 103.1 95.6 97.8

102.6 98.1 101.1 103.4

105.9 102.2 98.4

103.5 98.9

97.5 97.1

45.6 44.2 51.8

95.4 102.4 98.6 97.2

103.2 93.4

97.6 97.3

38.0 35.1 53.9

94.3 102.5 98.0 96.2

101.6 97.4 100.2 103.0

102.0 98.1 102.0 104.2

105.3 100.6 98.1

104.6 101.8 98.8

102.1 111.1

102.0

101.4

101.0

101.0

102.8

101.4

101.3

100.8

101.4

103.0 105.4 99.7 101.5 100.3

101.9 104.9 99.5 101.7 100.0

103.1 105.6 98.9 101.7 100.5

104.0 105.9

103.0 105.6

102.1 104.7

101.6 104.2

103.4

97.0 96.6

106.3 100.0

102.5

102.7 104.9 99.9 100.6 100.3

103.6

106.1 103.0

103.5 105.4 98.0 101.5 100.0 100.1 103.5

102.7 102.6 99.6 101.5 100.0 99.3 102.2

102.2 102.6 98.7 101.7 100.2 98.3 101.1

100.9 102.8 99.5 100.9 100.1 99.4 101.4

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 357 Table 7-13. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1990–2005—Continued (2000 = 100.)

Commodity

ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................

March 91.5

June

1999

92.9

Septem- December ber 95.8

97.4

March 99.9

June

2000

100.2

Food and Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates, and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Vegetables and fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ......................... Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof ..........

94.0 102.3 122.1

94.9 103.7 119.4

93.9 102.2 105.7

97.2 104.2 121.4

98.3 101.8 105.0

99.3 96.2 102.3

Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Cork and wood ....................................................................... Woodpulp and recovered paper ............................................ Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................ Crude animal and vegetable materials n.e.s. ........................

94.7 104.2 73.5 88.5 103.1

99.1 112.5 77.3 90.4 95.8

100.5 112.0 84.1 92.8 104.7

101.1 109.3 86.9 97.4 105.5

103.5 109.2 92.3 102.3 105.5

99.4 101.3 102.0 99.1 87.4

Chemicals and Related Products n.e.s. ............................. Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils, polishing, and cleansing preps ....................... Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products n.e.s. .................................

96.4 91.7 97.0 99.7 105.3 97.1 91.3 97.4

96.2 91.6 94.9 99.1 104.1 98.8 94.4 97.0

96.9 93.2 94.8 100.0 103.9 99.1 97.2 97.6

97.6 94.3 96.3 100.3 101.6 99.2 99.5 99.1

98.5 95.9 97.2 100.3 101.0 99.2 100.3 100.2

100.6 100.6 91.2 77.1 100.3

99.7 100.2 92.0 78.8 100.6

99.9 100.4 92.5 81.8 100.2

99.8 100.5 95.5 85.9 100.3

Beverages and Tobacco ..................................................... Beverages ..............................................................................

Mineral Fuels, Lubricants, and Related Materials ............ Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials .......... Gas, natural and manufactured .............................................

Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly by Material ........ Rubber manufactures n.e.s. .................................................. Cork and wood manufactures, other than furniture ............... Paper and paperboard, cut to size ......................................... Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles, and related products n.e.s. ................................................................... Nonmetallic mineral manufactures n.e.s. ............................... Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals n.e.s. ................................................ Machinery and Transport Equipment ................................ Power-generating machinery and equipment ........................ Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and machine parts n.e.s. ......................................................................... Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................

Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Prefabricated buildings; plumbing and heat and lighting fixtures n.e.s. ..................................................................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Travel goods, handbags, and similar containers ................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Footwear ................................................................................ Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus n.e.s. ................................................................. Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies, and optical goods n.e.s. ............................................................ Miscellaneous manufactured articles n.e.s. ........................... n.e.s. = Not elsewhere specified.

101.1 95.7

98.1 97.6

43.1 41.9 47.5

94.5 102.6 103.5 95.8

101.6 98.8 101.8 102.6

102.1 107.3

104.8 101.3 99.2

101.2 96.1

98.1 97.9

54.6 54.6 51.8

94.6 102.4 107.7 93.6

99.3 101.2

99.7 99.6

74.5 75.1 69.2

95.2 103.1 106.8 93.5

102.7 100.1

99.5 99.3

83.2 84.5 73.1

96.6 102.5 102.8 96.3

101.0 100.9

99.2 99.1

99.0 100.8

99.0 100.7

100.4 100.5

100.9 101.0

61.2 59.8 68.6

100.5 102.1 100.1 96.7 98.4 102.1 102.4 99.9

99.5 99.5 97.9 102.7 99.4

99.1 99.9 95.5 104.6 99.3

98.8 99.4 93.5 95.3 100.1

100.4 99.7 99.2 99.6

100.6 99.6 95.8 102.1

100.0 99.7 94.1 103.0

99.8 99.9 99.3 100.3

99.4 100.1 98.7 99.8

99.2 99.2 99.7 100.6

99.6 99.9 99.9

99.0 99.4 100.1

98.1 99.9 100.1

99.2 99.7 99.8 99.9 99.8

99.7 99.8 103.9 99.4 100.1

99.8 100.1 100.7 102.7 99.8

100.6 99.4 99.9

100.2 100.7 100.1

100.9 100.5 100.5 100.4 100.0

99.2 99.6 99.8 99.6 99.6

99.5 100.3 99.9 99.7 100.2

100.1 100.3

99.9 99.8

99.7 99.5

100.7 101.6

100.7

100.7

100.3

101.0

100.4

100.8

101.3

100.1

100.9 100.8

85.8 86.8 77.8

102.4 101.5 107.2 97.5 99.7 101.1 105.3 101.4

101.4 99.3 99.6

99.7 100.9

90.4 89.3 97.4

100.7 102.1 103.0 98.6 96.2 101.2 98.0 100.1

103.2 99.8 99.5

99.6 100.9

103.0 103.1

101.2 102.5 101.2 99.7 100.0 100.6 100.8 100.7

103.8 100.1 99.6

99.4 100.1 100.1 100.8 100.1

102.0 102.4

102.8 122.1 87.1 93.9 92.9

100.1 100.4 99.5 98.8

97.6 100.8 100.9 101.1 100.1

101.7 102.4

94.5 89.8 102.5 96.6 92.0

100.2 99.5 100.7 100.2

99.5 101.1 100.3 100.6 100.0

100.4 100.8

97.0 93.6 106.3 97.3 91.5

100.3 99.3 101.3 101.5 100.7 102.7

94.8 109.8

100.8 100.2 106.3 97.3

100.7 100.1 100.4 103.4 100.6

99.9 99.9

99.7

99.8

99.7 99.5

99.7

99.8

99.0 97.8

90.8 86.5 119.1

100.0 99.7 92.0 103.6

90.0 97.6 85.8

98.0 99.0 96.2 102.7

86.3 98.5 80.1

96.6 112.2 77.3 92.8 83.8

82.9 99.3 78.5

89.9 91.7 77.7 91.2 96.0

98.3 99.3 98.1 97.0 99.7 99.7 99.3 99.0

97.4 96.1 97.6 97.0 100.1 99.8 100.9 98.0

98.1 99.3 94.0 82.2 99.3

97.1 97.4 92.5 73.8 99.0

94.8 98.7 90.4 99.3

92.0 97.9 88.3 96.2

98.5 98.8 99.1 99.4

98.0 98.6 99.1 100.1

97.7 98.5 98.7 99.7

97.2 98.8 99.8

96.8 98.6 100.0

96.3 97.8 100.3

98.8 99.8 100.1 101.1 100.8

99.2 98.5 99.0 100.6 100.1

98.3 98.9 99.3 100.1 100.4

98.4 98.9 98.7 100.2 100.3

99.7 99.7

98.5 99.7

98.2 99.6

98.4 97.8

99.3 95.7

99.7

100.2

99.2

99.1

98.9 99.7

91.4

95.1 113.5

97.5 91.8 104.5 100.0 97.0

106.1 97.9 161.6

95.9

96.0 106.2

93.0 110.1 88.7

100.5 100.9

Septem- December ber

100.9 102.2

111.3 112.1 106.2

99.8 100.4 100.1 99.8 100.8 99.6 100.8 99.2

97.6

99.3 105.1 87.4

100.5 98.6 101.1 100.6 101.1 102.7

100.2 99.1

98.3

June

2001

102.5 98.4 93.9

100.9 98.5 101.1 100.9

101.3 105.1

100.5

101.3 102.2 95.2

100.5

100.1 101.5

101.6

March

97.4 99.5 83.1

101.1

99.9 102.6 99.2 101.1 100.4

Septem- December ber

98.2 93.6

99.8

98.7

98.0 90.0

99.6

98.5

97.8 88.8

99.1

98.5

358 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 7-13. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1990–2005—Continued (2000 = 100.)

Commodity ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................

March 92.8

June

2002

94.1

September 95.5

December 95.2

March 99.1

June

2003

96.2

September 96.2

December 97.5

Food and Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates, and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Vegetables and fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ......................... Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof ..........

80.4 104.0 83.3

79.8 102.2 84.6

84.9 106.7 93.5

82.5 105.6 99.9

81.4 110.7 100.2

81.3 108.9 94.8

82.2 105.0 98.6

79.2 109.4 96.0

Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Cork and wood ....................................................................... Woodpulp and recovered paper ............................................ Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................ Crude animal and vegetable materials n.e.s. ........................

95.8 106.6 74.9 93.7 92.3

96.4 103.1 77.1 95.9 92.8

96.4 98.3 82.3 93.3 104.0

94.5 94.0 78.9 94.7 101.4

98.5 95.0 86.5 99.9 102.6

99.5 94.4 95.3 99.7 104.9

106.1 113.0 90.4 103.7 95.7

107.9 108.0 92.8 115.3 99.6

96.3 96.6 97.8 96.0 99.8 91.5 100.6 93.6

97.0 97.2 98.6 98.0 99.9 91.8 100.3 93.6

98.7 99.7 100.1 99.6 98.4 97.9 99.4 92.4

98.2 98.5 102.5 99.2 99.2 94.8 99.6 91.6

97.3 96.9 90.9 76.9 98.5

96.9 96.9 94.6 79.7 98.3

97.0 97.5 99.9 76.4 98.6

97.8 97.7 101.9 77.3 98.3

98.4 86.4

98.6 84.2

Beverages and Tobacco ..................................................... Beverages ..............................................................................

Mineral Fuels, Lubricants, and Related Materials ............ Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials .......... Gas, natural and manufactured .............................................

Chemicals and Related Products n.e.s. ............................. Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils, polishing, and cleansing preps ....................... Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products n.e.s. .................................

Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly by Material ........ Rubber manufactures n.e.s. .................................................. Cork and wood manufactures, other than furniture ............... Paper and paperboard, cut to size ......................................... Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles, and related products n.e.s. ................................................................... Nonmetallic mineral manufactures n.e.s. ............................... Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals n.e.s. ................................................

Machinery and Transport Equipment ................................ Power-generating machinery and equipment ........................ Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and machine parts n.e.s. ......................................................................... Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................

Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Prefabricated buildings; plumbing and heat and lighting fixtures n.e.s. ..................................................................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Travel goods, handbags, and similar containers ................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Footwear ................................................................................ Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus n.e.s. ................................................................. Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies, and optical goods n.e.s. ............................................................ Miscellaneous manufactured articles n.e.s. ........................... n.e.s. = Not elsewhere specified.

96.4 109.8

102.1 102.5

76.4 77.4 64.8

92.2 97.6 96.2 93.4

94.5 104.0

103.0 102.8

86.1 85.9 83.6

92.8 98.2 93.2 91.7

98.8 103.4

102.6 102.2

96.3 97.8 81.1

93.5 99.3 93.9 93.7

97.1 98.0 98.5 98.4

97.1 98.2 99.0 100.8

96.7 99.4 98.3 102.4

94.8 96.8 100.1

94.4 97.1 100.2

98.9 99.1 99.3 100.1 99.5

97.5 88.1

98.8

97.9

97.2 97.3

98.8 106.8

102.7 102.4

101.2 108.5

104.0 103.0

94.9 94.2 97.0

126.0 118.1 185.9

93.7 99.3 89.8 93.0

94.1 99.0 94.4 93.0

99.4 102.9

103.9 103.7

100.0 112.8

104.0 103.9

101.7 97.6 130.1

101.5 99.4 114.4

94.4 99.2 95.8 93.5

95.7 98.5 113.7 94.5

101.1 99.4 110.8 101.3 98.4 99.3 100.4 97.6

100.1 97.0 106.4 102.5 99.4 106.1 100.8 92.3

100.3 97.6 99.0 80.0 97.9

100.8 97.9 101.2 78.1 98.3

100.6 97.8 99.9 80.7 98.5

101.8 98.1 105.1 87.7 99.5

99.8 82.7

100.8 81.8

100.2 80.5

101.2 78.2

99.5

99.7

99.6

99.9

92.8 96.5 100.3

92.0 95.6 100.5

90.0 95.3 100.6

98.5 98.8 99.0 99.7 99.2

96.5 98.8 100.5 99.5 99.4

95.6 99.4 99.6 100.5 99.6

95.8 99.5 101.5 100.8 99.8

94.8 100.2 101.6 100.6 100.0

95.1 100.4 102.9 100.5 99.9

97.8 97.1

98.4 97.6

98.5 97.5

99.4 98.1

100.0 98.3

99.2 98.3

97.8

98.7

98.2

99.0

98.2

108.2 106.9 113.9

101.1 97.5 114.0 103.4 91.6 105.5 101.8 93.3

95.8 99.1 100.7 104.0

98.6

104.4 104.3

99.2 97.0 105.4 101.9 91.6 102.7 101.4 91.8

96.1 98.7 99.2 101.4

97.8 87.8

101.0 120.4

98.5

95.8 99.9 101.4 105.2

89.3 95.4 100.7

99.5

95.5 99.7 102.2 103.6

88.6 96.0 100.6

99.3

97.8 98.8 112.0 93.7

95.3 100.4 103.6 105.0

86.7 95.3 101.6

93.2 100.1 103.8 100.7 100.1

100.0

99.9 98.8

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 359

Table 7-13. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Standard International Trade Classification, 1990–2005—Continued (2000 = 100.)

Commodity ALL COMMODITIES .............................................................

March

June

2004

September

December

2005

Food and Live Animals ....................................................... Meat and meat preparations .................................................. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates, and preparations thereof ................................................................................ Vegetables and fruit and nuts, fresh or dried ......................... Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof ..........

83.3 111.3 101.7

84.1 105.9 107.0

86.0 109.2 105.6

85.0 112.2 114.4

88.5 121.6 130.2

87.8 109.0 127.8

91.4 106.2 119.1

91.7 120.6 120.3

Crude Materials, Inedible, Except Fuels ............................ Cork and wood ....................................................................... Woodpulp and recovered paper ............................................ Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........................................ Crude animal and vegetable materials n.e.s. ........................

120.0 123.3 95.4 148.0 99.7

125.8 136.1 106.5 140.4 98.0

135.1 151.1 105.5 162.6 98.7

125.5 124.7 100.3 167.3 98.3

135.0 136.9 108.7 176.9 109.9

130.5 127.0 103.6 176.0 111.7

132.0 124.5 102.2 193.3 106.0

133.7 123.6 106.0 195.2 111.3

Beverages and Tobacco ..................................................... Beverages ..............................................................................

Mineral Fuels, Lubricants, and Related Materials ............ Petroleum, petroleum products, and related materials .......... Gas, natural and manufactured .............................................

Chemicals and Related Products n.e.s. ............................. Organic chemicals ................................................................. Inorganic chemicals ............................................................... Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ................................ Essential oils, polishing, and cleansing preps ....................... Plastics in primary forms ........................................................ Plastics in nonprimary forms .................................................. Chemical materials and products n.e.s. .................................

Manufactured Goods Classified Chiefly by Material ........ Rubber manufactures n.e.s. .................................................. Cork and wood manufactures, other than furniture ............... Paper and paperboard, cut to size ......................................... Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up articles, and related products n.e.s. ................................................................... Nonmetallic mineral manufactures n.e.s. ............................... Iron and steel ......................................................................... Nonferrous metals ................................................................. Manufactures of metals n.e.s. ................................................

Machinery and Transport Equipment ................................ Power-generating machinery and equipment ........................ Machinery specialized for particular industries ...................... Metalworking machinery ........................................................ General industrial machinery, equipment, and machine parts n.e.s. ......................................................................... Computer equipment and office machines ............................ Telecommunications and sound recording and reproducing apparatus and equipment .................................................. Electrical machinery and equipment ...................................... Road vehicles ........................................................................

Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles ............................... Prefabricated buildings; plumbing and heat and lighting fixtures n.e.s. ..................................................................... Furniture and parts thereof .................................................... Travel goods, handbags, and similar containers ................... Articles of apparel and clothing accessories .......................... Footwear ................................................................................ Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus n.e.s. ................................................................. Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies, and optical goods n.e.s. ............................................................ Miscellaneous manufactured articles n.e.s. ........................... n.e.s. = Not elsewhere specified.

105.3 105.5

120.8 120.0 122.9

105.3 105.6

131.5 130.0 140.0

106.2 106.7

166.5 169.0 145.8

108.9 100.8 116.6 97.9

110.4 101.9 113.0 99.0

112.8 103.5 123.5 100.3

95.0 101.4 107.4 108.0

95.2 102.5 109.5 112.5

95.1 103.8 110.8 113.9

83.8 94.6 103.1

83.1 94.6 103.7

82.7 94.5 103.7

93.5 103.1 103.6 100.8 100.5

94.8 104.7 105.2 100.7 100.5

96.2 106.5 106.9 100.7 100.3

98.2 97.2

98.6 97.4

99.1 99.3

106.7 106.1 124.1 106.6 93.4 109.6 103.8 94.4

103.7 99.0 119.2 102.6 101.1

103.8 99.4 144.6 101.6 102.4

104.0 100.4 157.4 106.3 103.9

103.3 77.7

103.5 75.5

104.3 73.9

100.1

99.9

100.1

99.6

99.9

95.5 101.3 106.7 107.4

85.1 95.6 102.0

95.1 101.5 106.6 106.2

84.7 94.7 102.4

93.2 100.8 103.6 100.6 100.6

93.5 102.3 103.4 100.7 100.4

100.0 99.0

99.0 97.2

99.6

107.8 108.2

140.6 137.0 163.5

103.8 99.8 119.8 107.1 93.5 104.6 102.3 95.2

106.1 100.5 118.7 95.5

107.1 107.6

117.5 135.9

146.8 149.5 121.9

103.8 98.7 120.5 108.1 93.7 106.9 102.9 95.8

103.6 99.7 127.8 95.0

111.9 133.0

109.6 109.3 126.7 108.9 94.4 116.1 105.7 96.1

104.1 100.7 160.1 111.0 106.7

105.3 72.8

100.5

100.2

113.9 138.5

108.5 109.1

179.0 182.4 148.5

114.4

December

104.1

109.2 134.9

109.2

September

101.7

106.9 128.9

107.8

June

100.2

105.4 120.4

104.0

March

113.5 140.8

108.9 109.5

223.5 225.1 209.1

112.3

117.4 140.4

108.5 109.3

202.3 195.7 245.5

112.2 111.9 130.2 110.2 95.5 125.9 106.4 99.2

112.4 110.2 138.2 110.3 94.5 125.1 107.2 102.4

114.6 113.5 151.7 111.0 95.2 125.5 106.6 101.8

115.0 110.0 162.0 110.2 94.7 138.0 106.9 103.1

104.5 100.9 161.9 116.1 108.7

104.0 101.4 161.9 117.7 108.6

103.9 101.9 152.2 121.1 109.0

105.3 101.8 150.3 133.3 108.4

106.8 71.2

107.2 70.5

107.3 68.3

107.3 67.3

101.0

101.0

101.2

101.3

101.0

101.4

101.5

101.3

112.8 104.5 116.1 102.1

95.0 103.8 110.9 120.2

82.1 94.4 103.8

96.4 106.4 106.4 100.6 100.5 99.0 99.5

112.8 104.4 116.9 103.7

94.4 104.2 111.0 118.2

80.5 94.0 104.1

96.3 106.4 106.3 100.9 100.9 98.1 99.8

114.4 104.6 113.5 104.4

94.1 104.1 111.1 116.9

79.8 94.0 104.1

96.2 106.3 105.8 100.7 100.9 98.0 100.7

360 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-14. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Locality of Origin, 1995–2005 (2000 = 100.)

Category and year INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES ...........................................................................

Total Goods 1995 ....................................................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

Percent of U.S. imports, 2000 46.4

Nonmanufactured Goods .................................................................................... 1995 ....................................................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 .......................................................................................................................

4.0

Manufactured Goods ........................................................................................... 1995 ....................................................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 .......................................................................................................................

41.9

OTHER COUNTRIES ............................................................................................

53.7

Total Goods 1995 ....................................................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

Nonmanufactured Goods .................................................................................... 1995 ....................................................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 .......................................................................................................................

9.3

Manufactured Goods ........................................................................................... 1995 ....................................................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 .......................................................................................................................

44.2

March

June

97.4 99.7 97.4 94.6 94.1

Month

September

December

99.8 98.8 96.5 94.0 94.8

100.0 99.3 96.4 93.3 96.4

100.0 99.4 96.1 93.8 97.5

67.6 72.3 68.9 56.8 65.1

65.2 76.0 69.4 57.2 78.7

66.0 84.3 68.5 55.7 83.2

99.5 100.2 94.3 100.0 103.4 109.7

100.1 99.0 95.7 98.4 104.7 110.0

92.7 103.9 82.9 134.3 122.9 156.7

102.2 97.2 93.8 113.7 133.1 158.0

107.5 85.2 102.4 108.9 138.7 203.0

118.2 69.9 102.7 112.4 147.1 199.2

100.2 99.9 95.6 97.8 102.1 106.3

99.9 99.2 96.3 97.7 102.8 106.6

100.2 97.6 96.9 98.2 104.0 106.7

99.8 96.0 96.7 99.4 104.6 107.7

66.3 71.6 73.3 59.3 56.9

100.0 102.1 99.5 97.8 97.6

97.5 99.8 100.6 92.4 87.7

102.6 101.1 98.9 97.5 97.7

100.9 96.5 96.9 98.6 106.3 113.5

102.9 101.4 98.8 96.7 98.1

101.4 93.7 96.7 100.0 107.5 114.1

102.9 100.7 98.6 97.3 98.9

98.7 99.0 99.4 90.7 90.3

97.4 101.3 98.7 89.5 94.5

97.6 102.7 96.6 86.8 96.9

70.3 72.1 72.6 54.9 63.6

66.1 80.9 72.2 54.5 80.3

67.3 84.5 68.8 46.8 89.2

99.8 97.0 90.9 96.7 96.3 105.0

100.4 96.6 92.2 93.1 97.9 107.0

99.9 88.9 81.3 113.3 118.1 158.0

102.4 89.7 88.2 98.0 123.2 169.5

109.2 86.1 99.6 98.8 141.5 199.8

97.4 65.3 96.4 106.5 130.3 181.3

99.8 99.6 95.6 96.5 95.2 98.4

99.7 98.8 95.9 95.1 96.2 98.7

100.3 97.9 96.2 95.1 97.2 99.3

100.2 96.0 95.8 94.5 97.1 99.6

69.5 73.7 75.8 57.1 53.0

107.3 108.9 108.4 103.5 98.8

108.8 108.4 107.8 102.2 98.9

102.5 95.0 94.3 93.3 101.5 112.1

108.6 107.9 107.0 100.6 99.0

99.5 88.6 93.4 94.1 99.7 109.5

108.4 108.6 105.3 99.6 99.3

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 361 Table 7-14. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Locality of Origin, 1995–2005 —Continued (2000 = 100.)

Category and year CANADA ................................................................................................................

Total Goods 1995 ....................................................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

Percent of U.S. imports, 2000 17.1

Nonmanufactured Goods .................................................................................... 1995 ....................................................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 .......................................................................................................................

3.2

Manufactured Goods ........................................................................................... 1995 ....................................................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 .......................................................................................................................

13.6

EUROPEAN UNION ..............................................................................................

18.7

Total Goods 1995 ....................................................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

Nonmanufactured Goods .................................................................................... 1995 ....................................................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 .......................................................................................................................

0.4

Manufactured Goods ........................................................................................... 1995 ....................................................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 .......................................................................................................................

18.2

March

June

92.1 94.3 93.2 90.1 88.8

Month

93.8 93.5 92.6 89.7 90.6

September

December

94.8 93.8 93.2 89.3 93.5

94.7 95.1 92.0 88.7 94.7

97.2 102.6 96.1 106.6 110.0 120.1

99.8 101.8 97.8 103.1 112.3 119.6

102.4 97.0 99.6 103.9 114.4 128.2

105.6 93.2 99.2 104.4 116.6 129.6

89.3 108.1 83.8 143.1 126.1 157.9

103.6 97.9 96.8 119.0 138.0 159.8

107.6 83.1 104.1 111.5 138.9 210.8

124.4 69.8 104.9 114.0 150.5 207.4

98.8 101.6 99.1 100.9 107.4 113.7

98.9 102.8 98.7 101.1 108.2 112.9

101.3 99.9 99.5 103.2 110.3 113.1

101.8 98.1 98.9 103.3 110.7 115.6

97.7 101.3 100.5 98.9 98.8

99.5 101.0 100.0 98.8 99.1

72.8 78.8 89.3 65.6 53.6

74.5 80.6 82.2 58.7 66.6

61.7 70.3 69.9 58.4 56.5

98.0 99.0 98.0 96.7 95.5

100.8 99.0 97.4 103.2 107.4 113.8

64.4 70.7 66.6 56.6 64.2

99.4 98.0 98.0 96.6 96.1

63.9 74.4 68.1 56.5 76.8

100.7 97.7 98.3 96.3 96.9

64.8 84.3 66.4 56.3 79.9

100.5 97.4 97.3 95.5 97.7

99.7 101.7 99.1 98.7 99.9

100.4 101.9 100.1 99.4 100.3

71.2 85.7 76.5 58.8 81.3

73.0 91.7 78.4 53.4 88.7

100.1 98.8 99.2 102.8 108.5 114.1

100.0 98.2 101.0 102.8 110.0 115.7

100.4 96.0 86.6 118.8 128.4 177.1

102.9 99.5 88.7 106.7 135.1 177.5

107.9 89.1 99.6 111.5 157.9 209.7

106.2 75.7 104.1 118.8 163.1 191.1

100.8 99.2 98.1 103.3 107.4 112.8

99.9 98.8 99.9 103.2 108.4 113.0

99.6 98.7 101.5 103.2 109.3 113.8

98.6 98.4 101.4 104.5 110.9 112.9

98.6 102.3 101.0 100.4 100.9

100.4 101.8 100.8 100.6 100.6

100.9 102.4 100.1 100.5 100.8

98.9 97.4 100.9 104.3 111.6 114.5

101.5 102.3 101.0 101.5 100.8

362 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-14. U.S. Import Price Indexes for Selected Categories of Goods, by Locality of Origin, 1995–2005 —Continued (2000 = 100.)

Category and year LATIN AMERICA ...................................................................................................

Total Goods 1995 ....................................................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

Percent of U.S. imports, 2000 17.4

Nonmanufactured Goods .................................................................................... 1995 ....................................................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 .......................................................................................................................

4.2

Manufactured Goods ........................................................................................... 1995 ....................................................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 .......................................................................................................................

13.2

JAPAN ...................................................................................................................

8.9

Total Goods 1995 ....................................................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

ASIAN NEWLY INDUSTRALIZED COUNTRIES ..................................................

Total Goods 1995 ....................................................................................................................... 1996 ....................................................................................................................... 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 1998 ....................................................................................................................... 1999 ....................................................................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................

. . . = Not available.

7.2

March

June ...

... ... ... 84.3 81.7

Month

...

... ... ... 83.9 85.3

September

December ...

... ... ... 83.0 90.7

...

... ... 89.0 80.4 94.2

98.9 99.5 94.0 104.8 106.3 122.1

100.9 98.9 96.2 99.6 108.6 126.3

103.5 97.2 100.0 99.8 114.7 133.8

99.5 90.6 98.9 102.6 113.1 131.0

100.2 89.3 83.5 111.7 121.1 161.0

103.5 89.0 90.7 103.5 125.9 175.1

107.8 86.0 103.0 100.9 144.6 205.1

93.6 67.3 99.3 109.8 130.1 184.6

98.3 104.2 101.5 108.2 107.5 117.1

99.6 103.5 102.4 103.6 109.1 118.6

101.6 102.5 104.2 104.4 112.0 120.1

102.3 101.4 103.8 105.8 113.9 122.2

108.6 110.1 104.6 99.8 98.2

112.5 108.4 103.2 98.2 98.2

112.0 107.8 102.7 96.8 98.6

111.0 106.5 101.0 98.0 99.6

...

...

...

... ... ... ... 60.8 59.3

... ... ... ... 94.8 92.0

...

... ... ... ... 59.7 67.2

... ... ... ... 95.0 93.6

...

99.6 99.4 95.6 94.4 95.2 95.9

100.0 98.6 95.4 94.2 95.1 95.8

120.9 120.6 116.6 108.7 101.3

121.3 119.6 115.3 105.2 100.8

...

100.6 97.3 93.3 91.2 90.3 90.9

99.9 96.4 92.6 91.5 90.6 90.0

... ... ... ... 59.4 82.1

... ... ... ... 93.8 94.6

...

99.9 97.8 95.0 93.8 95.3 95.8

121.5 118.1 113.8 103.0 100.7

100.0 95.2 92.5 91.7 91.0 89.7

... ... ... 70.8 51.9 90.2

... ... ... 97.2 93.5 96.0

...

99.9 97.0 94.6 94.7 95.9 95.2

120.8 117.3 111.3 102.0 100.8

99.3 93.8 91.3 90.9 90.6 88.5

CHAPTER 7: PRICES 363

Table 7-15. U.S. International Price Indexes for Selected Transportation Services, 1995–2005 (2000 = 100.)

Category and year

March

June

September

December

AIR FREIGHT

Import Air Freight 1995 ................................................................... 1996 ................................................................... 1997 ................................................................... 1998 ................................................................... 1999 ...................................................................

115.8 113.7 104.1 93.0 101.5

118.7 112.2 104.5 94.2 98.7

112.9 112.0 102.5 92.8 100.6

115.1 110.6 100.1 100.2 102.8

Export Air Freight 1995 ................................................................... 1996 ................................................................... 1997 ................................................................... 1998 ................................................................... 1999 ...................................................................

... ... 111.1 107.1 102.1

... ... 110.4 106.6 102.5

100.8 98.4 97.9 95.2 99.1 110.1

... ... 109.0 108.0 100.8

100.8 98.6 98.3 95.1 100.3 110.9

... 112.9 105.4 109.2 99.1

113.6 108.6 101.3 93.9 99.6

116.5 107.7 101.8 94.4 97.6

111.0 108.2 100.3 92.7 99.5

111.7 107.6 97.9 99.0 102.8

108.2 107.3 108.0 105.2 100.3

108.1 107.6 107.3 103.8 100.4

100.3 98.0 98.4 95.4 99.0 107.2

108.6 107.0 107.7 103.7 100.3

100.2 97.6 97.3 95.5 100.7 112.4

107.8 107.3 105.7 103.0 99.2

100.2 97.8 95.4 94.9 104.7 112.0

80.2 82.0 84.7 87.1 87.5

88.1 88.1 95.5 94.9 98.9

86.4 86.8 94.0 95.1 99.5

82.6 84.3 88.0 88.6 89.7

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

Inbound Air Freight 1995 ................................................................... 1996 ................................................................... 1997 ................................................................... 1998 ................................................................... 1999 ................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

Outbound Air Freight 1995 ................................................................... 1996 ................................................................... 1997 ................................................................... 1998 ................................................................... 1999 ................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

AIR PASSENGER FARES

Import Air Passenger Fares 1995 ................................................................... 1996 ................................................................... 1997 ................................................................... 1998 ................................................................... 1999 ................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

. . . = Not available.

100.7 98.9 96.7 110.2 117.1 128.6

99.1 99.7 95.5 96.3 97.1 106.4

100.7 97.9 93.9 108.8 116.2 126.3

99.2 100.1 95.9 97.2 96.1 103.8

92.5 101.1 103.1 108.6 103.6 110.0

100.1 96.0 99.7 111.5 117.5 128.4

100.1 95.1 98.3 109.4 116.6 125.6

103.5 112.8 119.1 122.3 123.1 128.1

100.2 95.9 101.2 116.8 120.0 129.7

100.2 94.9 100.3 112.5 118.7 127.5

105.1 116.4 125.2 125.9 121.0 124.0

99.0 95.6 106.9 114.9 126.8 128.9

99.4 97.9 95.2 95.4 106.1 112.0

99.0 95.1 105.9 112.9 125.1 124.6

98.9 105.7 107.2 107.0 111.7 116.3

364 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 7-15. U.S. International Price Indexes for Selected Transportation Services, 1995–2005—Continued (2000 = 100.)

Category and year

Export Air Passenger Fares 1995 ................................................................... 1996 ................................................................... 1997 ................................................................... 1998 ................................................................... 1999 ................................................................... 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

March

June 92.4 93.0 85.3 89.5 95.5

September 99.4 94.4 97.7 90.2 96.8

96.4 97.7 95.0 90.6 100.6

102.6 102.5 108.1 118.0 130.1 139.5

97.7 98.4 103.2 118.4 134.0 128.3

70.8 68.8 72.7 61.5 53.0

81.4 74.4 76.7 61.4 57.7

................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

98.1 99.6 97.5 108.4 123.2 136.3

101.5 100.4 103.2 117.0 123.8 136.2

Inbound Crude Oil Tanker Freight 1995 ................................................................... 1996 ................................................................... 1997 ................................................................... 1998 ................................................................... 1999 ...................................................................

71.2 78.8 79.7 76.9 55.4

73.7 77.3 80.3 64.9 53.0

CRUDE OIL TANKER FREIGHT

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

December 91.6 94.7 87.4 93.1 98.6

................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

73.2 119.3 60.2 133.2 133.4 130.7

86.3 96.7 59.9 101.9 104.3 116.8

107.5 74.3 58.5 73.7 119.1 99.8

133.0 72.4 77.2 90.2 186.9 154.8

Inbound Ocean Liner Freight 1995 ................................................................... 1996 ................................................................... 1997 ................................................................... 1998 ................................................................... 1999 ...................................................................

68.7 71.9 69.1 65.9 72.7

71.1 70.5 68.5 73.1 94.7

71.9 69.4 67.2 74.4 104.8

71.6 69.7 65.8 73.8 98.7

OCEAN LINER FREIGHT

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ................................................................... ...................................................................

96.6 102.8 91.7 94.0 119.1 121.3

101.3 100.8 90.3 116.1 121.1 128.5

101.1 98.1 93.5 116.2 120.3 127.9

101.0 92.8 93.3 117.8 122.7 126.8

CHAPTER EIGHT CONSUMER EXPENDITURES

CONSUMER EXPENDITURES HIGHLIGHTS The principal objective of the Consumer Expenditure Survey is to collect information about the buying habits of American households. This survey breaks down expenditures for different demographic categories, such as income, age, family size, and geographic location. These data are used in a variety of government, business, and academic research projects and provide important weights for the periodic revisions of the Consumer Price Index.

Percent Distribution of Major Consumer Expenditures, by Selected Age Groups, 2004 40

Percent

30 20 10 0

Food at home

Housing

Transportation

Health care

Major consumer expenditure 25 to 34 years 55 to 64 years

35 to 44 years 65 to 74 years

45 to 54 years 75 years and over

The most notable differences in expenditure spending among different age groups can be found when comparing the 75 years old and over age group to younger age groups. As expected, the 75 years old and over age group expended a much higher percentage on health care in 2004, spending twice the share of the 55- to 64-year-old age group and more than three times the share of the 45-to 54-year-old age group. (See Table 8-10.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • Much of the difference in expenditure shares can be associated with income and with changing needs. For instance, the spending shares of the 65 years old and over age group in 2004 reflected the fact that the income of that group was about one-third less than the income of the 55- to 64-yearold age group. (See Table 8-10.) • While the proportion of all households without a mortgage was 25 percent in 2004, this number rose to 62 percent for the 65 years old and over age group. (See Tables 8-2 and 8-10.) • From 2003 to 2004, the proportion of all households with incomes over $100,000 increased from 11.8 percent to 12.8 percent, and the share of aggregate expenditures of these households rose from 25.9 percent to 27.9 percent. In 2004, 4.4 percent of all households had incomes of $150,000 or more and accounted for 11.9 percent of total spending. (See Table 8-4.) • Single women spent 8.1 percent of their income on health care and single men spent 5.1 percent of their income on health care in 2004. Typically, single women were older and had lower incomes than single men. However, single men spent more on transportation and entertainment than single women. Even in the same income bracket ($30,000–$39,999), single men spent a greater percentage of their total income on transportation (20.2 percent) than single women (16.4 percent). (See Tables 8-21 and 8-22.)

367

368 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Purpose, Collection, and Coverage The buying habits of American consumers change over time because of changes in relative prices, real income, family size and composition, and other determinants of tastes and preferences. The introduction of new products into the marketplace and the emergence of new concepts in retailing also have influence on consumer buying habits. Data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE), the only national survey that relates family expenditures to demographic characteristics, are of great importance to researchers. The survey data are also used to revise the Consumer Price Index market baskets and item samples. Until the 1970s, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) conducted surveys of consumer expenditures roughly once every 10 years. The last such survey was conducted in 1972–1973. In late 1979, in a significant departure from previous methodology, BLS initiated a survey to be conducted on a continuous basis with rotating panels of respondents. The current CE is similar to its 1972–1973 predecessor in that it consists of two separate components. Each component has its own questionnaire and sample: (1) the Interview Survey, in which an interviewer visits each consumer unit every three months for a 12-month period; and (2) the Diary Survey, a record-keeping survey completed by other consumer units for two consecutive one-week periods. The Census Bureau, under contract to BLS, collects the data for both components of the survey. Beginning in 1999, the sample was increased from 5,000 to 7,500 households. In 2003, the survey modified the questions on race and Hispanic origin to comply with the new standards for maintaining, collecting, and presenting federal data on race and ethnicity for federal statistical agencies. Beginning with the 2003 data, the CE tables have used data collected from the new race and ethnicity questions. A number of new classifications were made with publication of the 2003 data. Beginning with the publication of the 2004 tables, the CE has been implementing multiple imputations of income data. Prior to 2004, the CE only published income data collected from complete income reporters. The introduction of multiply imputed income data affects the CE published tables in several ways, because income data are now published for all consumer units (instead of complete reporters only). The most obvious result of this change is seen on the tables showing expenditures categorized by income before taxes, including income by quintile. Starting in 2004, columns describing income, expenditures, and characteristics for “Total complete reporting” and “Incomplete reporting of income” no longer appear in these tables, and the column entitled, “All consumer units” appears on the income tables. Due to the implementation

of income imputation, data for 2004 are not strictly comparable to those of prior years, especially for the income tables. Averages for demographic characteristics and annual expenditures will change, due to differences between the incomplete and complete income reporters in these categories. Furthermore, certain expenditures (such as personal insurance and pensions) are computed using income data. As a result of imputation, average annual values for these expenditures may be substantially different in the 2004 CE tables than in tables for previous years. The regular flow of data resulting from this design substantially enhances the usefulness of the survey by providing more timely information on consumption patterns within different kinds of consumer units. The Interview Survey is designed to collect data on the types of expenditures that respondents can be expected to recall after a period of three months or longer. These include relatively large expenditures (such as those for property, travel, automobiles, and major appliances) and expenditures that occur on a regular basis (such as those for rent, utilities, insurance premiums, and clothing). The interview also obtains “global estimates” of food expenditures for both food at home and food away from home. For food-at-home expenditures, respondents are asked to estimate their typical weekly spending at the grocery store and to determine how much was spent on nonfood items. Nonfood items are then subtracted from the total. Convenience and specialty stores are also included in the food-at-home estimates. The survey also collects data for approximately 95 percent of total expenditures. Excluded from the Interview Survey are nonprescription drugs, household supplies, and personal care products. The Diary Survey is designed to collect data on expenditures for frequently purchased items that are more difficult to recall over longer periods of time. Respondents keep detailed records of expenses for food and beverages at home and meals in eating places away from home. Expenditures for tobacco, drugs (including nonprescription drugs), and personal care supplies and services are also collected in the Diary Survey. Participants in both surveys record dollar amounts for goods and services purchased during the reporting period, regardless of whether payment was made at the time of purchase. Excluded from both surveys are business-related expenditures and expenditures for which the family is reimbursed. Information is collected on demographic and family characteristics at the initial interview for each survey. The tables in this chapter present integrated data from the Diary and Interview Surveys and provide a complete accounting of consumer expenditures and income, which neither survey component is designed to do alone. Data for some expenditure items are only collected in either the

CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 369

Diary Survey or Interview Survey. For example, the Diary Survey does not collect data for expenditures on overnight travel or information on reimbursements, while the Interview Survey records these purchases. Examples of expenditures for which reimbursements are netted out include those for medical care, auto repair, and construction, repairs, alterations, and maintenance of property. For items unique to one survey or the other, the choice of which survey to use as the source of data is obvious. However, there is considerable overlap in coverage between the two surveys. Integrating the data thus presents the problem of determining the appropriate survey component. When data are available from both survey sources, the more reliable of the two (as determined by statistical methods) is selected. As a result, some items are selected from the Interview Survey and others are selected from the Diary Survey. Research is underway to evaluate survey methodology; this research is described in Consumer Expenditure Survey Anthology, 2005, which can be found on the BLS Web site at .

earners in consumer unit, housing tenure, race, type of area (urban or rural), and occupation. Concepts and Definitions A consumer unit comprises either (1) all members of a particular household related by blood, marriage, adoption, or other legal arrangements; (2) a person living alone, sharing a household with others, living as a roomer in a private home or lodging house or in permanent living quarters in a hotel or motel, but who is financially independent; or (3) two or more persons living together who pool their income to make joint expenditure decisions. Financial independence is determined by the three major expense categories: housing, food, and other living expenses. To be considered financially independent, at least two of the three major expense categories have to be provided by the respondent. The terms “family,” “household,” and “consumer unit” are used interchangeably in descriptions of the CE. The householder or reference person is the first member of the consumer unit mentioned by the respondent as owner or renter of the premises at the time of the initial interview.

Data Included in This Book Data for single characteristics are for calendar year 2004, and data for two cross-classified characteristics are for an average of calendar years 2003–2004. Income values from the survey are derived from “complete income reporters” only. Complete income reporters are defined as consumer units that provide values for at least one of the major sources of their income: wages and salaries, self-employment income, retirement income, dividends and interest, and welfare benefits. Some consumer units are defined as complete income reporters, even though they may not have provided a full accounting of all income from all sources. Consumer units are classified by quintiles of income before taxes, age of reference person, size of consumer unit, region, composition of consumer unit, number of

Total expenditures include the transaction costs, including excise and sales taxes of goods and services acquired during the interview period. Estimates include expenditures for gifts and contributions and payments for pensions and personal insurance. An earner is a consumer unit member, 14 years of age or older, who reported having worked at least 1 week during the 12 months prior to the interview date. Sources of Additional Information More extensive descriptions and tables are contained in BLS Report 992, “Consumer Expenditures in 2004”; in an updated version of Chapter 16 in the BLS Handbook of Methods; and in an anthology of articles relating to consumer expenditures. All of these resources can be found on the BLS Web site at .

370 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 8-1. Consumer Expenditures, Annual Average of All Consumer Units, 1994–2004 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .........

102 210

103 123

104 212

105 576

107 182

108 465

109 367

110 339

112 108

115 356

116 282

Income Before Taxes .......................................................

36 181

36 918

38 014

39 926

41 622

43 951

44 649

47 507

49 430

51 128

54 453

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons .............................................................................. Children under 18 years .................................................... Persons 65 years and over ................................................ Earners .............................................................................. Vehicles .............................................................................

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 2.0

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 2.0

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.9

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.9

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.0

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9

AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ............................

31 731

32 264

33 797

34 819

35 535

36 995

38 045

39 518

40 677

40 817

43 395

Alcoholic Beverages .......................................................

278

277

309

309

309

318

372

349

376

391

459

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Age of Reference Person ................................................

Percent Homeowner ........................................................ With mortgage ................................................................... Without mortgage ..............................................................

Food .................................................................................. Food at home ..................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ......................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ........................................ Dairy products ................................................................ Fruits and vegetables .................................................... Other food at home ........................................................ Food away from home .......................................................

47.6

63 37 26

4 411 2 712 429 429 289 437 825 1 698

48.0

64 38 26

4 505 2 803 441 441 297 457 856 1 702

47.7

64 38 26

4 698 2 876 447 447 312 490 889 1 823

47.7

64 38 26

4 801 2 880 453 453 314 476 895 1 921

47.6

64 39 26

4 810 2 780 425 425 301 472 858 2 030

47.9

65 38 27

5 031 2 915 448 448 322 500 896 2 116

48.2

66 39 27

5 158 3 021 453 453 325 521 927 2 137

48.1

66 40 26

5 321 3 086 452 452 332 522 952 2 235

48.1

66 41 26

5 375 3 099 450 798 328 552 970 2 276

48.0

67 41 26

5 340 3 129 442 825 328 535 999 2 211

48.5

68 42 25

5 781 3 347 461 880 371 561 1 075 2 434

Housing ............................................................................ Shelter ............................................................................... Owned dwellings ............................................................ Rented dwellings ........................................................... Other lodging ................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ..................................... Household operations ........................................................ Housekeeping supplies ...................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ..............................

10 106 5 686 3 492 1 799 395 2 189 490 393 1 348

10 458 5 928 3 749 1 788 391 2 191 509 430 1 401

10 747 6 064 3 783 1 864 417 2 347 522 464 1 350

11 272 6 344 3 935 1 983 426 2 412 548 455 1 512

11 713 6 680 4 245 1 978 458 2 405 546 482 1 601

12 057 7 016 4 525 2 027 465 2 377 666 498 1 499

12 319 7 114 4 602 2 034 478 2 489 684 482 1 549

13 011 7 602 4 979 2 134 489 2 767 676 509 1 458

13 283 7 829 5 165 2 160 505 2 684 706 545 1 518

13 432 7 887 5 263 2 179 445 2 811 707 529 1 497

13 918 7 998 5 324 2 201 473 2 927 753 594 1 646

Transportation ................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .......................................... Gasoline and motor oil ....................................................... Other vehicle expenses ..................................................... Public transportation ..........................................................

6 044 2 725 986 1 953 381

6 014 2 638 1 006 2 015 355

6 382 2 815 1 082 2 058 427

6 457 2 736 1 098 2 230 393

6 616 2 964 1 017 2 206 429

7 011 3 305 1 055 2 254 397

7 417 3 418 1 291 2 281 427

7 633 3 579 1 279 2 375 400

7 759 3 665 1 235 2 471 389

7 781 3 732 1 333 2 331 385

7 801 3 397 1 598 2 365 441

1 567

1 612

1 746

1 891

1 863

1 953

2 079

2 060

2 218

Reading .............................................................................

165

159

146

141

139

127

130

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ....................

259

Cash Contributions .........................................................

960

Apparel and Services ......................................................

Health Care ....................................................................... Health insurance ................................................................ Medical services ................................................................ Drugs ................................................................................. Medical supplies ................................................................ Entertainment ................................................................... Personal Care Products and Services ...........................

Education ......................................................................... Miscellaneous .................................................................. Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................. Life and other personal insurance ..................................... Pensions and Social Security ............................................

1 644

1 755 815 571 286 83 397

460

749

2 938 398 2 540

1 704

1 732 860 512 280 80

1 752

1 770 827 543 303 97

1 729

1 841 881 531 320 108

1 674

1 903 913 542 346 102

1 743

1 959 923 558 370 109

1 834

1 813

162

159

164

161

269

255

264

273

300

925

940

1 001

1 109

1 181

403

471 766

2 964 373 2 591

513

524

855

3 060 353 2 707

528

571

847

3 223 379 2 844

401

580

860

3 381 398 2 982

408

635

867

3 436 394 3 042

1 856

2 066 983 568 416 99 564

632

1 743

2 182 1 061 573 449 100 465

648

319

308

1 192

1 258

776

3 365 399 2 966

750

3 737 410 3 326

1 749

1 640

2 350 1 168 590 487 105

2 416 1 252 591 467 107

526

527

752

783

320

290

1 277

1 370

792

3 899 406 3 493

606

4 055 397 3 658

1 816

2 574 1 332 648 480 114 581

905

288

690

1 408

4 823 390 4 433

CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 371 Table 8-2. Shares of Annual Average Consumer Expenditures and Characteristics of All Consumer Units, 1994–2004 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .........

102 210

103 123

104 212

105 576

107 182

108 465

109 367

110 339

112 108

115 356

116 282

Income Before Taxes .......................................................

36 181

36 918

38 014

39 926

41 622

43 951

44 649

47 507

49 430

51 128

54 453

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons .............................................................................. Children under 18 years .................................................... Persons 65 years and over ................................................ Earners .............................................................................. Vehicles .............................................................................

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 2.0

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 2.0

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.9

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.9

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.9

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.0

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9

31 731

32 264

33 797

34 819

35 535

36 995

38 045

39 518

40 677

40 817

43 395

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Age of Reference Person ................................................

Percent Homeowner ........................................................ With mortgage ................................................................... Without mortgage .............................................................. AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ............................

Food .................................................................................. Food at home ..................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ......................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ........................................ Dairy products ................................................................ Fruits and vegetables .................................................... Other food at home ........................................................ Food away from home ....................................................... Alcoholic Beverages .......................................................

47.6

63 37 26

13.9 8.5 1.4 2.3 0.9 1.4 2.6 5.4 0.9

48.0

64 38 26

14.0 8.7 1.4 2.3 0.9 1.4 2.7 5.3 0.9

47.7

64 38 26

13.9 8.5 1.3 2.2 0.9 1.4 2.6 5.4 0.9

47.7

64 38 26

13.8 8.3 1.3 2.1 0.9 1.4 2.6 5.5 0.9

47.6

64 39 26

13.5 7.8 1.2 2.0 0.8 1.3 2.4 5.7 0.9

47.9

65 38 27

13.6 7.9 1.2 2.0 0.9 1.4 2.4 5.7 0.9

48.2

66 39 27

13.6 7.9 1.2 2.1 0.9 1.4 2.4 5.6 1.0

48.1

66 40 26

13.5 7.8 1.1 2.1 0.8 1.3 2.4 5.7 0.9

48.1

66 41 26

13.2 7.6 1.1 2.0 0.8 1.4 2.4 5.6 0.9

48.4

67 41 26

13.1 7.7 1.1 2.0 0.8 1.3 2.4 5.4 1.0

48.5

68 42 25

13.3 7.7 1.1 2.0 0.9 1.3 2.5 5.6 1.1

Housing ............................................................................ Shelter ............................................................................... Owned dwellings ............................................................ Rented dwellings ........................................................... Other lodging ................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ..................................... Household operations ........................................................ Housekeeping supplies ...................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ..............................

31.8 17.9 11.0 5.7 1.2 6.9 1.5 1.2 4.2

32.4 18.4 11.6 5.5 1.2 6.8 1.6 1.3 4.3

31.8 17.9 11.2 5.5 1.2 6.9 1.5 1.4 4.0

32.4 18.2 11.3 5.7 1.2 6.9 1.6 1.3 4.3

33.0 18.8 11.9 5.6 1.3 6.8 1.5 1.4 4.5

32.6 19.0 12.2 5.5 1.3 6.4 1.8 1.3 4.1

32.4 18.7 12.1 5.3 1.3 6.5 1.8 1.3 4.1

32.9 19.2 12.6 5.4 1.2 7.0 1.7 1.3 3.7

32.7 19.2 12.7 5.3 1.2 6.6 1.7 1.3 3.7

32.9 19.3 12.9 5.3 1.1 6.9 1.7 1.3 3.7

32.1 18.4 12.3 5.1 1.1 6.7 1.7 1.4 3.8

Transportation ................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .......................................... Gasoline and motor oil ....................................................... Other vehicle expenses ..................................................... Public transportation ..........................................................

19.0 8.6 3.1 6.2 1.2

18.6 8.2 3.1 6.2 1.1

18.9 8.3 3.2 6.1 1.3

18.5 7.9 3.2 6.4 1.1

18.6 8.3 2.9 6.2 1.2

19.0 8.9 2.9 6.1 1.1

19.5 9.0 3.4 6.0 1.1

19.3 9.1 3.2 6.0 1.0

19.1 9.0 3.0 6.1 1.0

19.1 9.1 3.3 5.7 0.9

18.0 7.8 3.7 5.5 1.0

5.0

5.4

5.2

4.9

5.1

4.9

Apparel and Services ......................................................

Health Care ....................................................................... Health insurance ................................................................ Medical services ................................................................ Drugs ................................................................................. Medical supplies ................................................................ Entertainment ................................................................... Personal Care Products and Services ...........................

Reading .............................................................................

5.2

5.5 2.6 1.8 0.9 0.3

4.9

1.3

1.2

0.5

0.8

3.0

1.4

Miscellaneous ..................................................................

2.4

Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................. Life and other personal insurance ..................................... Pensions and Social Security ............................................

9.3 1.3 8.0

Cash Contributions .........................................................

5.4 2.7 1.6 0.9 0.2

0.5

Education ......................................................................... Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ....................

5.3

5.2

5.2 2.4 1.6 0.9 0.3 1.5

5.0

5.3 2.5 1.5 0.9 0.3 1.5

4.7

5.4 2.6 1.5 1.0 0.3 1.1

0.5

0.5

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

2.9

2.8

2.9

3.1

1.5 2.4

9.2 1.2 8.0

1.6 2.5

9.1 1.0 8.0

1.6 2.4

9.3 1.1 8.2

0.5

4.7

5.3 2.5 1.5 1.0 0.3 1.1

0.4

1.6

1.7

2.4

2.3

9.5 1.1 8.4

9.3 1.1 8.2

4.9

5.4 2.6 1.5 1.1 0.3 1.5

0.4

4.4

5.5 2.7 1.4 1.1 0.3

4.9

1.2

0.8

0.8

3.2

3.1

2.0

1.9

8.8 1.0 7.8

9.5 1.0 8.4

3.2

3.1

5.1

1.3

0.3

1.6

0.8

5.8 2.9 1.5 1.2 0.3

0.4

1.7

0.8

4.3

4.0

5.9 3.1 1.4 1.1 0.3

5.0

1.3

4.2

5.9 3.1 1.5 1.1 0.3 5.1

1.3

0.3

0.3

0.7

0.7

3.4

3.2

1.8

1.9

1.9

1.5

9.6 1.0 8.6

9.9 1.0 9.0

2.1 1.6

11.1 0.9 10.2

372 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 8-3. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Income Before Taxes, 2004 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ........... CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income Before Taxes .........................................................

All consumer units

4 553

7 218

54 453

1 097

7 812

48.5

38.9

51.6

52 287

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ................................................................................ Children under 18 years ....................................................... Persons 65 years and over .................................................. Earners ................................................................................ Vehicles ...............................................................................

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9

Percent Distribution Male ..................................................................................... Female ................................................................................. Percent Homeowner .......................................................... With mortgage ...................................................................... Without mortgage ................................................................. AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ..............................

Food .................................................................................... Food at home ....................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ........................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs .......................................... Dairy products .................................................................. Fruits and vegetables ....................................................... Other food at home .......................................................... Food away from home ......................................................... Alcoholic Beverages ..........................................................

$5,000 to $9,999

116 282

Income After Taxes ............................................................ Age of Reference Person ..................................................

Less than $5,000

8 950 12 499

$15,000 to $19,999

13 125

17 417

24 767

34 739

53.9

50.5

47.5

17 480

1.6 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.8

1.6 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.8

1.8 0.4 0.5 0.5 1.1

2.0 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.3

48 52

39 61

34 66

32 68

43 395

17 029

14 596

19 444

5 781 3 347 461 880 371 561 1 075 2 434 459

26 10 15

3 173 2 030 300 558 229 346 597 1 143 219

36 9 27

2 409 1 695 259 476 177 272 512 714 156

51 14 37

2 981 2 105 294 562 230 385 633 876 207

$30,000 to $39,999

14 172

12 619 56.2

$20,000 to $29,999

8 177

7 800

68 42 25

1 177

$10,000 to $14,999

11 374 44 645

$50,000 to $69,999

$70,000 and over

18 069

30 644

59 259

118 482

45.8

47.0

34 199

43 689

57 122

2.2 0.5 0.4 1.0 1.5

2.4 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.8

2.6 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.1

2.8 0.7 0.2 1.7 2.4

3.1 0.8 0.2 2.0 2.8

43 57

44 56

49 51

50 50

54 46

56 44

23 023

27 741

33 273

38 204

47 750

76 954

54 16 38

3 567 2 435 351 640 268 419 757 1 132 193

24 298

$40,000 to $49,999

57 23 35

4 076 2 591 359 698 289 425 819 1 485 262

63 36 27

4 986 3 056 430 827 349 519 930 1 930 323

47.3

70 45 25

5 452 3 263 456 900 361 549 997 2 189 449

78 57 20

6 312 3 640 506 936 403 592 1 202 2 672 484

112 266

90 72 18

9 042 4 734 628 1 209 521 794 1 582 4 308 824

Housing ............................................................................... Shelter .................................................................................. Owned dwellings .............................................................. Rented dwellings .............................................................. Other lodging ................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ....................................... Household operations .......................................................... Housekeeping supplies ........................................................ Household furnishings and equipment .................................

13 918 7 998 5 324 2 201 473 2 927 753 594 1 646

6 300 3 952 1 354 2 409 189 1 340 180 325 505

5 645 3 379 971 2 272 136 1 506 151 223 386

7 513 4 245 1 577 2 550 118 1 988 420 316 544

8 370 4 783 2 052 2 599 132 2 148 318 398 724

9 639 5 538 2 479 2 893 166 2 425 452 381 843

11 143 6 371 3 406 2 753 212 2 645 453 513 1 161

12 383 7 074 4 363 2 457 255 2 935 487 542 1 345

14 699 8 421 5 917 2 085 419 3 270 690 645 1 672

23 547 13 571 11 053 1 362 1 156 4 125 1 597 948 3 306

Transportation .................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ............................................. Gasoline and motor oil ......................................................... Other vehicle expenses ....................................................... Public transportation ............................................................

7 801 3 397 1 598 2 365 441

2 270 712 690 690 178

2 052 700 620 648 86

3 000 1 209 782 872 137

3 758 1 328 964 1 301 165

5 114 2 186 1 190 1 525 212

6 288 2 671 1 432 1 942 243

7 031 2 867 1 621 2 259 283

9 700 4 539 1 953 2 795 413

13 513 6 017 2 411 4 092 992

2 218

853

582

852

901

1 512

1 525

2 587

4 119

76

83

Apparel and Services ........................................................

Health Care ......................................................................... Health insurance .................................................................. Medical services .................................................................. Drugs ................................................................................... Medical supplies .................................................................. Entertainment ..................................................................... Personal Care Products and Services .............................

1 816

2 574 1 332 648 480 114

279

905

1 023

130

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ......................

288

Miscellaneous .................................................................... Cash Contributions ............................................................ Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................... Life and other personal insurance ........................................ Pensions and Social Security ..............................................

886 383 254 211 39

581

Reading ............................................................................... Education ............................................................................

915

690

1 408

4 823 390 4 433

48

722

1 171 651 181 288 52 207 52

637

178

189

276

213

347

261 89 172

278

282 78 205

809

915

1 806 953 328 466 59

2 010 1 081 379 471 79

282

333

59

494

239

383

274

1 047

2 157 1 147 466 476 68 410

451

2 552 1 440 519 484 110 1 756 550

1 774

2 874 1 521 728 488 138 600

118

137

291

320

329

339

738

844

316

463

502

533 141 392

951 156 795

1 594 183 1 411

828

2 383 1 223 558 495 107

1 490

95

255

414

1 384

316 522

2 692 270 2 422

417

735

1 284

3 656 316 3 340

706

748

1 360

5 430 417 5 013

3 349

3 630 1 791 1 107 557 175 985

234

2 031 285

1 128

2 929

11 338 804 10 535

CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 373

Table 8-4. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Higher Income Before Taxes, 2004 (Number, dollar, percent.)

Item

All consumer units

Less than $70,000

$70,000 to $79,000

$80,000 to $99,999

$100,000 and over

$100,000 to $119,000

$120,000 to $149,999

$150,000 and over

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ....................................................

116 282

85 638

6 461

9 246

14 937

5 625

4 245

5 067

Income Before Taxes ..................................................................................................

54 453

31 541

74 437

88 811

155 901

108 751

132 292

228 021

Age of Reference Person ...........................................................................................

48.5

49.0

45.8

46.6

47.7

47.2

47.6

48.4

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income After Taxes .....................................................................................................

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ......................................................................................................................... Children under 18 years ................................................................................................ Persons 65 years and over ........................................................................................... Earners ......................................................................................................................... Vehicles ........................................................................................................................

Percent Distribution Male .............................................................................................................................. Female .......................................................................................................................... Percent Homeowner ................................................................................................... With mortgage ............................................................................................................... Without mortgage .......................................................................................................... AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES .......................................................................

Food ............................................................................................................................. Food at home ................................................................................................................ Cereals and bakery products .................................................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................................................... Dairy products ........................................................................................................... Fruits and vegetables ................................................................................................ Other food at home ................................................................................................... Food away from home .................................................................................................. Alcoholic Beverages ...................................................................................................

52 287

30 825

72 236

84 884

146 530

103 801

124 273

212 610

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9

2.3 0.6 0.3 1.1 1.6

3.0 0.8 0.2 1.8 2.6

3.1 0.9 0.2 2.0 2.7

3.2 0.8 0.2 2.1 2.9

3.1 0.8 0.2 2.1 2.8

3.3 0.9 0.1 2.2 2.9

3.2 0.8 0.2 2.1 2.9

48 52

45 55

55 45

56 44

57 43

57 43

60 40

54 46

75 213

87 299

119 449

68 42 25

43 395 5 781 3 347 461 880 371 561 1 075 2 434 459

60 32 28

31 280 4 562 2 825 398 756 314 473 884 1 737 323

85 66 19

55 012 7 337 4 079 522 1 097 426 645 1 389 3 259 617

90 73 16

65 446 7 467 4 043 545 1 033 451 659 1 355 3 424 702

93 74 19

93 526

10 733 5 435 724 1 363 604 941 1 803 5 299 987

90 72 18

9 444 5 014 672 1 271 560 860 1 651 4 429 724

93 76 17

10 419 5 542 741 1 396 620 932 1 853 4 877 887

95 74 21

12 555 5 840 772 1 442 641 1 049 1 935 6 715 1 405

Housing ........................................................................................................................ Shelter ........................................................................................................................... Owned dwellings ....................................................................................................... Rented dwellings ....................................................................................................... Other lodging ............................................................................................................ Utilities, fuels, and public services ................................................................................ Household operations ................................................................................................... Housekeeping supplies ................................................................................................. Household furnishings and equipment ..........................................................................

13 918 7 998 5 324 2 201 473 2 927 753 594 1 646

10 456 6 004 3 275 2 501 229 2 498 451 461 1 042

17 422 10 213 8 051 1 638 524 3 552 895 677 2 085

20 397 11 761 9 604 1 325 833 3 903 1 332 862 2 539

28 140 16 143 13 249 1 266 1 628 4 511 2 064 1 118 4 304

22 273 12 871 10 421 1 496 954 3 977 1 407 893 3 125

26 339 14 869 12 527 1 019 1 323 4 446 1 799 1 051 4 174

36 246 20 843 16 992 1 219 2 633 5 159 3 016 1 461 5 767

Transportation ............................................................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ...................................................................................... Gasoline and motor oil .................................................................................................. Other vehicle expenses ................................................................................................ Public transportation .....................................................................................................

7 801 3 397 1 598 2 365 441

5 756 2 459 1 307 1 747 244

9 965 4 218 2 131 3 184 432

12 446 5 516 2 366 3 812 752

15 707 7 106 2 559 4 659 1 383

13 520 6 013 2 452 4 162 894

15 515 7 028 2 686 4 582 1 219

18 308 8 384 2 573 5 278 2 073

2 870

3 677

4 932

3 613

4 716

6 570

Apparel and Services .................................................................................................

Health Care .................................................................................................................. Health insurance ........................................................................................................... Medical services ........................................................................................................... Drugs ............................................................................................................................ Medical supplies ........................................................................................................... Entertainment .............................................................................................................. Personal Care Products and Services ......................................................................

1 816

2 574 1 332 648 480 114

2 195 1 167 484 452 92

581

433

2 218

Reading ........................................................................................................................

130

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ...............................................................

288

Education ..................................................................................................................... Miscellaneous ............................................................................................................. Cash Contributions ..................................................................................................... Personal Insurance and Pensions ............................................................................ Life and other personal insurance ................................................................................. Pensions and Social Security .......................................................................................

1 248

905

1 534

3 029 1 532 867 511 119 658

93

159

289

337

502

690

532

4 823 390 4 433

2 492 242 2 249

1 408

2 219

864

940

809

1 551

7 099 430 6 670

2 666

3 384 1 766 945 528 145

4 253

4 042 1 918 1 311 596 217

3 644

3 732 1 778 1 163 569 222

3 675

3 812 1 799 1 221 594 197

5 502

4 581 2 173 1 551 629 228

852

1 207

1 030

1 191

1 427

1 540

2 806

1 865

2 166

4 382

894

1 411

1 132

1 140

1 968

8 871 645 8 225

14 699 1 063 13 636

11 284 785 10 498

14 178 904 13 274

18 927 1 505 17 422

197

303

2 052

290

252

4 067

227

279

2 445

298

290

2 672

353

189

7 037

374 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 8-5. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Quintiles of Income Before Taxes, 2004 (Number, dollar, percent.)

Item

All consumer units

Lowest 20 percent

Second 20 percent

Third 20 percent

Fourth 20 percent

Highest 20 percent

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ......................................................

116 282

23 223

23 266

23 252

23 263

23 277

Income Before Taxes ....................................................................................................

54 453

9 168

24 102

41 614

65 100

132 158

48.5

51.1

47.2

45.7

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income After Taxes .......................................................................................................

52 287

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ........................................................................................................................... Children under 18 years ................................................................................................. Persons 65 years and over ............................................................................................. Earners ........................................................................................................................... Vehicles ..........................................................................................................................

9 220

23 751

40 802

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9

1.7 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.9

2.2 0.5 0.4 0.9 1.5

48 52

35 65

45 55

AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES .........................................................................

43 395

17 837

Alcoholic Beverages ....................................................................................................

459

194

Age of Reference Person .............................................................................................

Percent Distribution Male ................................................................................................................................ Female ............................................................................................................................ Percent Homeowner ..................................................................................................... With mortgage ................................................................................................................ Without mortgage ...........................................................................................................

Food ............................................................................................................................... Food at home .................................................................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ...................................................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ..................................................................................... Dairy products ............................................................................................................. Fruits and vegetables ................................................................................................. Other food at home ..................................................................................................... Food away from home ....................................................................................................

68 42 25

5 781 3 347 461 880 371 561 1 075 2 434

41 12 30

2 967 2 044 296 548 222 354 624 923

62 847

124 698

2.6 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.0

2.9 0.8 0.2 1.7 2.4

3.2 0.8 0.2 2.1 2.8

50 50

55 45

56 44

27 410

36 980

50 974

83 710

264

408

554

876

50.9

57 23 35

4 139 2 659 371 731 299 438 820 1 480

68 42 25

5 378 3 209 451 863 361 546 989 2 169

80 61 20

6 762 3 836 522 1 004 416 614 1 280 2 926

47.4

91 73 18

9 653 4 984 664 1 252 555 853 1 660 4 669

Housing ......................................................................................................................... Shelter ............................................................................................................................ Owned dwellings ......................................................................................................... Rented dwellings ........................................................................................................ Other lodging .............................................................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services .................................................................................. Household operations ..................................................................................................... Housekeeping supplies ................................................................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ...........................................................................

13 918 7 998 5 324 2 201 473 2 927 753 594 1 646

6 760 3 941 1 358 2 448 135 1 720 278 314 507

9 505 5 478 2 517 2 802 159 2 371 406 407 843

12 144 6 902 4 091 2 555 255 2 868 493 530 1 351

15 741 9 031 6 659 1 906 466 3 370 771 712 1 856

25 424 14 629 11 986 1 295 1 348 4 301 1 814 1 009 3 670

Transportation .............................................................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ....................................................................................... Gasoline and motor oil .................................................................................................... Other vehicle expenses .................................................................................................. Public transportation .......................................................................................................

7 801 3 397 1 598 2 365 441

2 629 951 730 821 126

5 005 2 130 1 157 1 499 218

6 827 2 797 1 579 2 180 271

9 954 4 546 2 020 2 951 437

14 580 6 555 2 500 4 372 1 153

Entertainment ................................................................................................................

2 218

1 377

1 728

2 735

4 484

Reading ..........................................................................................................................

130

82

112

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies .................................................................

288

214

287

340

327

1 408

343

1 106

1 422

Apparel and Services ...................................................................................................

Health Care .................................................................................................................... Health insurance ............................................................................................................. Medical services ............................................................................................................. Drugs .............................................................................................................................. Medical supplies ............................................................................................................. Personal Care Products and Services ........................................................................

Education ...................................................................................................................... Miscellaneous ............................................................................................................... Cash Contributions ......................................................................................................

Personal Insurance and Pensions .............................................................................. Life and other personal insurance .................................................................................. Pensions and Social Security .........................................................................................

1 816

2 574 1 332 648 480 114

837

1 421 745 265 357 53 764

1 058

2 139 1 146 439 477 77

581

271

905

641

314

312

482

429 110 318

1 568 182 1 386

690

4 823 390 4 433

55

400

790

1 477

2 529 1 346 578 493 113 507

396 646

3 379 310 3 069

2 052

2 969 1 556 778 499 136 641

145

3 654

3 810 1 864 1 181 575 190

1 086 256

811

2 363

766

1 243

6 095 426 5 669

12 632 922 11 710

272

3 376

CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 375 Table 8-6. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Occupation of Reference Person, 2004 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ........... CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income Before Taxes .........................................................

Selfemployed workers

Total wage and salary earners

Managers and professional workers

5 262

76 790

28 960

71 241

62 679

50.3

42.3

Income After Taxes ............................................................

68 573

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ................................................................................ Children under 18 years ....................................................... Persons 65 years and over .................................................. Earners ................................................................................ Vehicles ...............................................................................

Age of Reference Person ..................................................

Percent Distribution Male ..................................................................................... Female ................................................................................. Percent Homeowner .......................................................... With mortgage ...................................................................... Without mortgage ................................................................. AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ..............................

Food .................................................................................... Food at home ....................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ........................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs .......................................... Dairy products .................................................................. Fruits and vegetables ....................................................... Other food at home .......................................................... Food away from home ......................................................... Alcoholic Beverages ..........................................................

86 705

Wage and salary earners Technical sales and clerical workers

21 461 53 033

Service workers 11 309

4 443

40 433

51 542

41.2

39.9

59 963

81 935

51 075

39 719

2.6 0.7 0.3 1.7 2.3

2.6 0.7 0.1 1.7 2.1

2.6 0.7 0.1 1.7 2.2

2.5 0.7 0.1 1.7 2.0

2.7 0.8 0.1 1.7 1.7

59 41

52 48

51 49

40 60

55 464

47 576

61 111

43 271

82 51 31

6 922 3 853 508 1 032 450 670 1 194 3 069 602

66 50 16

6 173 3 437 469 901 377 564 1 127 2 736 530

43.8

76 61 15

7 255 3 733 495 943 418 638 1 240 3 522 678

41.6

62 47 15

5 701 3 218 459 797 357 517 1 088 2 483 510

Construction Operators, workers and fabricators, mechanics and laborers 10 616 44 997

Retired

20 060 30 399

All others, including those not reporting 14 170 37 693

49 599

43 895

29 706

36 610

2.7 0.8

1.8 2.4

2.8 0.9 0.1 1.8 2.1

1.7 0.1 1.2 0.2 1.6

2.8 0.9 0.2 0.7 1.6

44 56

95 5

72 28

45 55

26 74

34 695

42 722

35 253

30 450

34 684

50 33 17

5 215 3 143 451 902 325 504 959 2 072 357

(1)

66 50 17

5 813 3 506 456 957 391 532 1 171 2 307 556

41.7

59 41 18

5 404 3 378 444 974 357 539 1 063 2 027 347

73.8

80 19 61

4 200 2 711 386 688 310 502 825 1 489 299

45.5

56 32 24

5 530 3 598 510 990 395 588 1 114 1 931 257

Housing ............................................................................... Shelter .................................................................................. Owned dwellings .............................................................. Rented dwellings .............................................................. Other lodging ................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ....................................... Household operations .......................................................... Housekeeping supplies ........................................................ Household furnishings and equipment .................................

16 060 9 229 6 879 1 483 867 3 362 863 736 1 869

15 098 8 840 5 933 2 413 493 3 030 822 612 1 795

19 338 11 393 8 489 2 085 820 3 452 1 250 789 2 454

13 984 8 237 5 258 2 596 383 2 860 681 566 1 640

11 375 6 643 3 389 3 000 254 2 623 457 433 1 219

12 477 7 136 4 543 2 317 277 2 862 580 461 1 438

10 871 6 143 3 619 2 354 171 2 729 427 484 1 087

10 363 5 329 3 526 1 398 406 2 559 668 536 1 270

11 770 6 762 3 996 2 455 311 2 723 460 529 1 296

Transportation .................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ............................................. Gasoline and motor oil ......................................................... Other vehicle expenses ....................................................... Public transportation ............................................................

9 530 4 167 1 825 2 950 587

8 799 3 852 1 791 2 671 485

10 556 4 477 1 952 3 299 828

8 343 3 791 1 688 2 524 340

6 481 2 721 1 523 1 963 274

9 704 5 025 2 023 2 432 224

7 021 2 984 1 751 2 109 177

4 976 2 050 998 1 571 357

5 751 2 554 1 312 1 616 269

Entertainment .....................................................................

2 850

2 410

3 366

2 000

1 686

1 722

1 651

Apparel and Services ........................................................

Health Care ......................................................................... Health insurance .................................................................. Medical services .................................................................. Drugs ................................................................................... Medical supplies .................................................................. Personal Care Products and Services .............................

Reading ...............................................................................

2 106

3 679 1 928 966 629 155 681

170

2 043

2 265 1 156 631 373 105 627

132

2 618

2 855 1 435 832 446 142 796

197

Education ............................................................................

1 099

1 101

1 692

Miscellaneous ....................................................................

930

718

917

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ......................

Cash Contributions ............................................................ Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................... Life and other personal insurance ........................................ Pensions and Social Security .............................................. 1Value less than 0.05.

336

2 140

8 359 688 7 671

304

1 419

5 957 411 5 546

211

2 116

8 516 593 7 923

1 848

2 115 1 079 586 354 96 599

115

1 612

1 797

1 460

1 658 849 431 312 66

1 917 1 052 528 257 80

1 753 917 432 325 79

3 868 2 096 738 879 155

498

450

436

483

73

1 763 81

1 679

74

945

703

646

422

653

518

788

496

3 448 211 3 237

5 223 377 4 846

3 971 255 3 716

297

1 202

4 961 354 4 607

970

325

746

557 949

445 874

143

167

168

583

1 476

1 031 339 692

1 706

2 003 982 498 438 85 439 90

821

353

601

978

2 734 241 2 492

376 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-7. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Number of Earners, 2004 (Number, dollar, percent.)

Item NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ................................... CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income Before Taxes ................................................................................

Single consumer

No earner

One earner

12 607 15 219

Consumer units of two or more persons

No earner

21 079 35 873

One earner

10 012 26 878

Two earners

23 873 50 684

39 198 76 821

Three or more earners 9 513 93 931

Income After Taxes ...................................................................................

15 077

33 748

25 812

49 228

73 516

90 744

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ....................................................................................................... Children under 18 years .............................................................................. Persons 65 years and over ......................................................................... Earners ........................................................................................................ Vehicles .......................................................................................................

1.0 X 0.7 X 0.8

1.0 X 0.1 1.0 1.2

2.3 0.3 1.2 X 1.8

3.0 1.1 0.3 1.0 2.0

3.0 0.9 0.1 2.0 2.5

4.3 1.1 0.1 3.3 3.2

32 68

52 48

53 47

42 58

52 48

55 45

18 398

29 640

32 404

43 955

55 718

66 606

Age of Reference Person ..........................................................................

Percent Distribution Male ............................................................................................................. Female ........................................................................................................ Percent Homeowner .................................................................................. With mortgage ............................................................................................. Without mortgage ........................................................................................ AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES .....................................................

Food ............................................................................................................ Food at home .............................................................................................. Cereals and bakery products .................................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................................. Dairy products ......................................................................................... Fruits and vegetables .............................................................................. Other food at home ................................................................................. Food away from home ................................................................................. Alcoholic Beverages .................................................................................

68.9

59 10 49

2 539 1 708 250 421 192 321 524 831 167

41.7

47 30 17

3 433 1 664 215 405 178 284 582 1 769 475

65.9

77 19 58

5 180 3 537 494 987 394 625 1 036 1 643 349

46.7

68 43 25

6 096 3 742 541 979 418 629 1 175 2 354 368

42.7

76 59 17

7 182 3 977 531 1 035 444 648 1 320 3 205 600

46.4

81 67 15

9 454 5 475 756 1 542 591 897 1 690 3 979 601

Housing ...................................................................................................... Shelter ......................................................................................................... Owned dwellings ..................................................................................... Rented dwellings ..................................................................................... Other lodging ........................................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ............................................................... Household operations ................................................................................. Housekeeping supplies ............................................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ........................................................

7 569 4 350 2 041 2 141 168 1 774 619 316 510

10 247 6 732 3 440 2 969 323 1 863 337 314 1 000

10 584 5 277 3 359 1 486 432 2 780 454 626 1 447

14 837 8 440 5 591 2 334 515 3 181 761 648 1 808

17 152 9 739 7 152 2 008 580 3 437 1 101 744 2 130

18 365 10 221 7 721 1 794 706 4 224 711 803 2 407

Transportation ........................................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .................................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ................................................................................ Other vehicle expenses ............................................................................... Public transportation ....................................................................................

2 133 727 477 768 161

5 022 2 122 1 003 1 587 310

5 431 2 344 1 115 1 623 348

7 676 3 314 1 607 2 282 472

10 337 4 543 2 103 3 139 552

13 838 6 355 2 800 4 009 673

3 096

Apparel and Services ................................................................................

562

Health Care ................................................................................................ Health insurance ......................................................................................... Medical services .......................................................................................... Drugs ........................................................................................................... Medical supplies ..........................................................................................

2 390 1 218 485 594 92

Personal Care Products and Services ....................................................

285

Education ...................................................................................................

376

Miscellaneous ............................................................................................

435

Entertainment ............................................................................................

Reading ...................................................................................................... Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies .............................................

Cash Contributions ...................................................................................

Personal Insurance and Pensions ........................................................... Life and other personal insurance ............................................................... Pensions and Social Security ...................................................................... 1Data are likely to have large sampling errors. X = Not applicable.

1 184

1 282 630 334 256 62

1 135

3 973 2 194 674 936 169

1 945

2 682 1 380 684 505 113

2 437

2 771 1 431 785 427 129

746

1 411

2 196

2 222

2 920

91

102

133

124

157

135

186

822

148 132 116

398

781

566

1 150

3 403 154 3 249

491

146

221

658

1 436 471 379 92

592

709

2 760

3 127 1 602 880 503 142 929

151

820

1 083

2 166

725

777

891

327

1 322

4 219 412 3 808

354

1 718

7 522 520 7 002

419

1 664

9 143 681 8 462

CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 377

Table 8-8. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Size of Consumer Unit, 2004 (Number, dollar, percent.)

Item

Two or more persons

One person

Two persons

Three persons

Four persons

Five or more persons

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ................................

33 686

82 596

37 542

17 806

16 388

10 859

Income Before Taxes ..............................................................................

28 143

65 183

58 307

66 762

74 970

71 600

47.1

52.9

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income After Taxes .................................................................................

26 761

62 698

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ..................................................................................................... Children under 18 years ............................................................................ Persons 65 years and over ....................................................................... Earners ...................................................................................................... Vehicles .....................................................................................................

1.0 X 0.3 0.6 1.0 45 55

Age of Reference Person .......................................................................

Percent Distribution Male .......................................................................................................... Female ...................................................................................................... Percent Homeowner ............................................................................... With mortgage ........................................................................................... Without mortgage ......................................................................................

51.9

51 23 29

55 393

64 220

72 627

70 473

3.1 0.9 0.3 1.6 2.3

2.0 0.1 0.5 1.3 2.2

3.0 0.8 0.2 1.8 2.4

4.0 1.6 0.1 1.9 2.5

5.6 2.8 0.1 2.2 2.5

50 50

53 47

47 53

49 51

44 56

74 50 24

75 40 35

44.0

71 54 17

41.1

77 65 12

41.1

74 58 16

AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ...................................................

25 423

50 706

45 855

51 503

57 866

55 468

Alcoholic Beverages ...............................................................................

359

500

569

468

478

345

Food ......................................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................................ Cereals and bakery products ................................................................ Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ............................................................... Dairy products ....................................................................................... Fruits and vegetables ............................................................................ Other food at home ............................................................................... Food away from home ..............................................................................

3 095 1 681 229 411 183 298 560 1 414

6 866 4 019 555 1 069 446 667 1 282 2 847

5 808 3 288 435 864 358 576 1 055 2 520

6 930 4 007 556 1 097 442 643 1 269 2 924

8 171 4 809 673 1 252 548 745 1 590 3 362

8 516 5 416 791 1 464 608 908 1 644 3 100

Housing .................................................................................................... Shelter ....................................................................................................... Owned dwellings ................................................................................... Rented dwellings ................................................................................... Other lodging ......................................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ............................................................ Household operations ............................................................................... Housekeeping supplies ............................................................................. Household furnishings and equipment ......................................................

9 244 5 841 2 916 2 659 265 1 830 443 315 816

15 822 8 878 6 307 2 014 558 3 374 879 707 1 983

14 036 7 866 5 311 1 930 625 3 004 595 661 1 909

16 177 9 036 6 263 2 213 561 3 470 980 713 1 977

18 360 10 382 7 977 1 921 484 3 757 1 346 802 2 073

17 593 9 849 7 299 2 121 429 3 917 993 720 2 114

Transportation ......................................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .................................................................. Gasoline and motor oil .............................................................................. Other vehicle expenses ............................................................................. Public transportation .................................................................................

3 941 1 600 806 1 281 254

9 376 4 130 1 920 2 808 518

8 151 3 412 1 634 2 543 561

9 790 4 297 1 994 2 976 523

11 148 5 298 2 250 3 136 464

10 258 4 575 2 293 2 951 439

Entertainment ..........................................................................................

1 162

2 649

2 618

2 417

2 910

2 743

Apparel and Services ..............................................................................

Health Care .............................................................................................. Health insurance ....................................................................................... Medical services ........................................................................................ Drugs ......................................................................................................... Medical supplies ........................................................................................ Personal Care Products and Services ..................................................

Reading .................................................................................................... Education ................................................................................................. Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ...........................................

Miscellaneous .......................................................................................... Cash Contributions .................................................................................

Personal Insurance and Pensions ......................................................... Life and other personal insurance ............................................................. Pensions and Social Security .................................................................... X = Not applicable.

949

1 697 850 391 383 73 355 97

629

167

517

1 027

2 184 146 2 039

2 167

2 932 1 528 753 520 130 673

144

1 018

1 758

3 212 1 648 768 651 146 631

161

793

338

309

1 563

1 888

761

5 899 490 5 409

780

5 141 486 4 655

2 266

2 865 1 476 804 472 114 650

129

1 019 374

763

1 393

6 263 479 5 783

2 601

2 635 1 443 686 384 123 740

138

1 417 346

745

1 162

7 014 496 6 518

2 784

2 520 1 328 723 352 116 753

118

1 190 365

714

1 327

6 242 513 5 729

378 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-9. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Composition of Consumer Unit, 2004 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item

Husband and wife consumer units Husband and wife only

Total

Husband and wife with children

Total

Oldest child under 6 years

Oldest child 6 to 17 years

Oldest child 18 years or over

Other husband and wife consumer units

One parent, Single person at least one and other child under consumer 18 years units

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .........

59 797

25 585

29 279

5 604

15 376

8 300

4 933

6 892

49 592

Income Before Taxes .......................................................

73 001

64 434

79 764

75 293

78 508

85 109

77 287

31 055

35 341

37.9

49.6

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income After Taxes ..........................................................

70 047

61 108

76 883

72 403

75 771

81 967

75 837

30 951

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons .............................................................................. Children under 18 years .................................................... Persons 65 years and over ................................................ Earners .............................................................................. Vehicles .............................................................................

3.2 0.9 0.3 1.7 2.6

2.0 X 0.6 1.2 2.4

3.9 1.6 0.1 2.0 2.7

3.5 1.5

1.7 2.2

4.1 2.1

1.8 2.6

3.9 0.7 0.2 2.5 3.3

4.9 1.5 0.5 2.3 2.6

2.9 1.8

1.0 1.2

1.6 0.2 0.3 1.0 1.3

57 43

61 39

54 46

52 48

52 48

59 41

53 47

15 85

42 58

AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ............................

55 607

49 690

60 661

55 981

60 578

64 162

56 290

32 824

30 085

Alcoholic Beverages .......................................................

493

567

443

330

455

506

410

219

452

Age of Reference Person ................................................

Percent Distribution Male ................................................................................... Female ............................................................................... Percent Homeowner ........................................................ With mortgage ................................................................... Without mortgage ..............................................................

Food .................................................................................. Food at home ..................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ......................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ........................................ Dairy products ................................................................ Fruits and vegetables .................................................... Other food at home ........................................................ Food away from home .......................................................

48.8

83 57 26

7 379 4 303 593 1 121 480 726 1 383 3 076

56.7

85 44 41

6 268 3 574 472 923 390 644 1 145 2 694

42.0

82 68 13

8 089 4 711 668 1 210 542 756 1 535 3 378

32.6

(1)

73 67 6

6 300 3 765 492 875 437 634 1 327 2 535

40.3

(1)

81 70 12

8 484 4 887 718 1 216 580 771 1 602 3 597

51.5

88 67 21

8 682 5 104 705 1 465 549 823 1 561 3 578

47.8

79 57 22

8 950 5 692 778 1 641 579 980 1 714 3 258

(1)

43 32 11

4 873 3 015 443 835 317 456 964 1 858

33 838

53 26 27

3 946 2 218 301 589 243 373 712 1 729

Housing ............................................................................ Shelter ............................................................................... Owned dwellings ............................................................ Rented dwellings ........................................................... Other lodging ................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ..................................... Household operations ........................................................ Housekeeping supplies ...................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ..............................

17 005 9 427 7 291 1 463 673 3 572 996 771 2 238

14 706 8 031 5 947 1 308 776 3 176 638 729 2 133

18 912 10 658 8 473 1 558 628 3 839 1 299 815 2 301

21 045 11 944 9 254 2 334 357 3 325 2 699 820 2 257

18 900 10 838 8 644 1 545 650 3 809 1 167 824 2 262

17 503 9 455 7 628 1 058 769 4 240 599 794 2 415

17 595 9 365 7 253 1 708 404 4 041 1 058 724 2 407

12 030 7 043 3 314 3 510 219 2 755 759 453 1 020

10 451 6 408 3 232 2 909 267 2 173 458 397 1 015

Transportation ................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .......................................... Gasoline and motor oil ....................................................... Other vehicle expenses ..................................................... Public transportation ..........................................................

10 486 4 724 2 087 3 080 595

8 975 3 806 1 752 2 753 664

11 884 5 579 2 362 3 381 561

10 599 5 142 1 991 3 015 451

11 377 5 370 2 277 3 188 542

13 694 6 263 2 770 3 986 674

10 021 4 402 2 192 2 985 442

5 446 2 304 1 216 1 716 209

4 892 1 949 1 061 1 594 288

Entertainment ...................................................................

2 945

2 919

3 051

2 442

3 320

2 975

2 449

1 573

166

186

153

139

158

154

135

68

Apparel and Services ......................................................

Health Care ....................................................................... Health insurance ................................................................ Medical services ................................................................ Drugs ................................................................................. Medical supplies ................................................................ Personal Care Products and Services ...........................

Reading .............................................................................

2 263

3 345 1 750 863 581 151 711

1 745

3 761 1 945 880 762 175 656

2 680

3 009 1 589 859 427 134 748

2 583

2 369 1 275 690 305 99 604

2 757

2 948 1 579 872 372 125 732

2 617

3 554 1 820 947 611 176 891

Education .........................................................................

1 154

828

1 485

414

1 439

2 294

Miscellaneous ..................................................................

800

790

757

687

650

7 524 543 6 981

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ....................

Cash Contributions ......................................................... Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................. Life and other personal insurance ..................................... Pensions and Social Security ............................................ 1Value less than 0.05.

X = Not applicable.

301

1 836

6 722 594 6 128

249

2 316

5 723 604 5 119

324

1 481

7 645 570 7 075

211

1 189

7 069 389 6 680

318

1 517

2 463

3 191 1 693 802 565 132 773

1 859

1 384 705 415 213 51

1 809 914 422 395 77

517

432

880

700

1 011

1 101

643

8 257 742 7 516

6 434 688 5 745

2 648 204 2 444

413

1 610

429

1 459

1 263

1 430 97

633

277

274

587

1 006

564

2 836 170 2 665

CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 379 Table 8-10. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Age of Reference Person, 2004 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item

Under 25 years 25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

65 to 74 years

75 years and over

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .........

8 817

19 439

24 070

23 712

17 479

22 765

11 230

11 536

Income Before Taxes ......................................................

22 840

52 484

65 515

70 434

61 031

34 988

42 137

28 028

Age of Reference Person ................................................

21.4

29.7

75.3

69.3

81.2

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income After Taxes ......................................................... Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ............................................................................. Children under 18 years .................................................... Persons 65 years and over ............................................... Earners .............................................................................. Vehicles ............................................................................. Percent Distribution Male ................................................................................... Female .............................................................................. Percent Homeowner ........................................................ With mortgage ................................................................... Without mortgage .............................................................. AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ...........................

Food .................................................................................. Food at home .................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ........................................ Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ....................................... Dairy products ............................................................... Fruits and vegetables .................................................... Other food at home ....................................................... Food away from home ....................................................... Alcoholic Beverages .......................................................

22 507 1.9 0.4

50 819

63 202

66 761

58 043

34 040

2.9 1.1

3.2 1.3

2.7 0.6

1.7 0.1 1.4 0.5 1.5

1.9 0.1 1.4 0.7 1.9

1.3 0.2 1.2

42 58

39.7

49.3

59.1

41 126

1.3 1.2

1.5 1.8

1.7 2.1

1.7 2.4

2.1 0.2 0.1 1.3 2.2

46 54

49 51

48 52

50 50

50 50

46 54

50 50

50 402

52 764

47 299

31 104

36 512

(1)

15 9 5

24 535 3 715 1 853 265 480 205 285 618 1 862 503

(1)

49 42 7

42 701

5 705 3 155 432 812 346 521 1 043 2 550 522

(1)

69 59 11

6 752 3 897 552 1 019 440 615 1 271 2 855 535

(1)

77 58 19

7 038 4 083 547 1 111 436 673 1 316 2 955 502

83 46 37

5 898 3 374 437 894 371 588 1 083 2 524 457

80 18 62

4 206 2 722 394 694 313 510 812 1 484 261

83 27 56

4 871 3 049 422 799 353 548 927 1 822 329

27 142 1.5 (1)

78 10 68

25 763 3 518 2 380 364 584 271 470 692 1 138 190

Housing ............................................................................ Shelter ............................................................................... Owned dwellings ........................................................... Rented dwellings ........................................................... Other lodging ................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ..................................... Household operations ....................................................... Housekeeping supplies ..................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ..............................

7 649 4 901 1 009 3 647 244 1 413 270 253 812

14 379 8 729 4 700 3 802 227 2 687 915 499 1 548

16 794 9 856 7 025 2 450 381 3 309 992 677 1 960

16 164 9 313 6 968 1 636 710 3 413 693 756 1 989

14 339 7 883 5 970 1 169 743 3 222 645 657 1 932

10 259 5 329 3 523 1 393 414 2 580 694 509 1 147

11 152 5 784 4 134 1 123 527 2 881 522 569 1 395

9 381 4 886 2 928 1 655 303 2 287 861 445 901

Transportation ................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .......................................... Gasoline and motor oil ...................................................... Other vehicle expenses ..................................................... Public transportation ..........................................................

4 704 2 035 1 130 1 326 214

8 485 4 033 1 679 2 407 366

9 183 4 190 1 877 2 681 435

9 343 3 790 1 980 3 061 512

8 421 3 616 1 666 2 532 606

4 875 1 966 963 1 546 400

6 506 2 822 1 259 1 902 524

3 286 1 132 675 1 200 280

Entertainment ..................................................................

1 166

2 122

2 504

2 711

2 823

1 429

1 879

Apparel and Services ......................................................

Health Care ...................................................................... Health insurance ............................................................... Medical services ................................................................ Drugs ................................................................................. Medical supplies ................................................................ Personal Care Products and Services ..........................

Reading ............................................................................

1 371

654 321 184 118 31

334

51

Education .........................................................................

1 821

Miscellaneous ..................................................................

297

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ...................

Cash Contributions .........................................................

Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................. Life and other personal insurance ..................................... Pensions and Social Security ............................................ 1Value less than 0.05.

236

310

1 726 31 1 695

2 134

1 519 842 403 212 62 552

2 142

2 263 1 199 654 318 92 660

94

123

283

350

815

1 265

726 600

4 765 235 4 529

2 217

2 695 1 291 809 461 133 690

149

786

1 567

773

774

6 273 391 5 881

375

1 625

6 915 505 6 410

1 863

907

3 262 1 567 892 642 161

3 899 2 142 678 920 158

628

468

177

730

301

825

1 752

5 825 612 5 214

146

274

147

641

2 000

1 592 372 1 220

1 200

3 799 2 171 631 854 144

604

3 995 2 115 723 985 172 990

514

421

352

198

735

547

158

197

2 471

2 348 472 1 875

135 98

1 542 856 275 582

380 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 8-11. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Race of Reference Person, 2004 (Number, dollar, percent.)

Item

White, Asian, and other races

Total

White and other races

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .....................................

102 509

Income Before Taxes ..................................................................................

56 596

Age of Reference Person ............................................................................

48.7

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income After Taxes ..................................................................................... Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ......................................................................................................... Children under 18 years ................................................................................ Persons 65 years and over ........................................................................... Earners .......................................................................................................... Vehicles .........................................................................................................

Percent Distribution Male ............................................................................................................... Female .......................................................................................................... Percent Homeowner .................................................................................... With mortgage ............................................................................................... Without mortgage .......................................................................................... AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES .......................................................

Food .............................................................................................................. Food at home ................................................................................................ Cereals and bakery products .................................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................................... Dairy products ........................................................................................... Fruits and vegetables ................................................................................ Other food at home ................................................................................... Food away from home ................................................................................... Alcoholic Beverages ...................................................................................

98 552 56 150

Black

Asian 3 957

13 773

67 705

38 503

41.7

46.6

54 207

53 751

65 574

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 2.0

2.4 0.6 0.3 1.3 2.0

2.8 0.7 0.2 1.5 1.7

2.6 0.8 0.2 1.2 1.3

50 50

50 50

58 42

36 64

45 135

44 962

70 44 26

5 987 3 428 471 877 387 577 1 116 2 559 499

49.0

71 44 27

5 958 3 418 469 872 391 566 1 121 2 539 505

58 47 12

49 459 6 742 3 689 527 1 021 286 870 985 3 053 325

37 996

49 32 18

30 481 4 265 2 749 388 898 249 442 772 1 516 171

Housing ........................................................................................................ Shelter ........................................................................................................... Owned dwellings ....................................................................................... Rented dwellings ....................................................................................... Other lodging ............................................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ................................................................. Household operations ................................................................................... Housekeeping supplies ................................................................................. Household furnishings and equipment ..........................................................

14 306 8 212 5 615 2 081 516 2 932 791 625 1 746

14 181 8 071 5 530 2 022 519 2 938 788 630 1 754

17 418 11 728 7 734 3 537 458 2 781 885 472 1 552

11 043 6 411 3 165 3 097 149 2 884 466 374 907

Transportation ............................................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ...................................................................... Gasoline and motor oil .................................................................................. Other vehicle expenses ................................................................................. Public transportation ......................................................................................

8 181 3 617 1 647 2 455 462

8 166 3 615 1 647 2 460 443

8 556 3 676 1 637 2 330 913

4 976 1 759 1 231 1 696 290

2 377

2 401

1 789

141

142

112

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ...............................................

300

308

Cash Contributions .....................................................................................

1 485

Apparel and Services ..................................................................................

Health Care .................................................................................................. Health insurance ........................................................................................... Medical services ............................................................................................ Drugs ............................................................................................................. Medical supplies ............................................................................................ Entertainment .............................................................................................. Personal Care Products and Services ......................................................

Reading ........................................................................................................ Education ..................................................................................................... Miscellaneous .............................................................................................. Personal Insurance and Pensions ............................................................. Life and other personal insurance ................................................................. Pensions and Social Security ........................................................................

1 823

2 736 1 397 706 510 124 592

950

721

5 037 404 4 634

1 821

2 762 1 406 714 518 124 595

904

728

1 501

4 991 408 4 584

1 885

2 101 1 177 502 294 127 506

2 087 103

569

1 089

6 176 306 5 871

1 765

1 368 846 220 263 39 1 040 503

53

573

200

457 835

3 230 292 2 938

CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 381

Table 8-12. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Hispanic Origin1 of Reference Person, 2004 (Number, dollar, percent.)

Item

Hispanic1 12 298

Income Before Taxes ..................................................................................

43 693

Age of Reference Person ............................................................................

42.2

Income After Taxes .....................................................................................

White, Asian, and other races

Total

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................................... CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Not Hispanic or Latino

103 984 55 726

Black

90 424

13 559

58 314

38 464

49.6

46.6

42 798

53 410

55 728

3.3 1.2 0.2 1.6 1.7

2.4 0.6 0.3 1.3 2.0

2.3 0.5 0.3 1.3 2.1

2.6 0.8 0.2 1.2 1.3

52 48

48 52

50 50

36 64

AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES .......................................................

37 578

44 084

46 163

30 286

Alcoholic Beverages ...................................................................................

320

476

523

172

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ......................................................................................................... Children under 18 years ................................................................................ Persons 65 years and over ........................................................................... Earners .......................................................................................................... Vehicles .........................................................................................................

Percent Distribution Male ............................................................................................................... Female .......................................................................................................... Percent Homeowner .................................................................................... With mortgage ............................................................................................... Without mortgage ..........................................................................................

Food .............................................................................................................. Food at home ................................................................................................ Cereals and bakery products .................................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................................... Dairy products ........................................................................................... Fruits and vegetables ................................................................................ Other food at home ................................................................................... Food away from home ...................................................................................

50 36 14

5 911 3 883 517 1 175 425 712 1 054 2 027

49.2

70 43 27

5 764 3 281 454 844 364 542 1 077 2 483

73 45 28

5 999 3 367 464 836 382 559 1 125 2 633

37 950

50 32 18

4 230 2 725 387 893 245 435 766 1 505

Housing ........................................................................................................ Shelter ........................................................................................................... Owned dwellings ....................................................................................... Rented dwellings ....................................................................................... Other lodging ............................................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ................................................................. Household operations ................................................................................... Housekeeping supplies ................................................................................. Household furnishings and equipment ..........................................................

12 884 7 833 4 107 3 501 226 2 671 574 503 1 303

14 042 8 018 5 469 2 047 502 2 957 774 606 1 687

14 503 8 266 5 817 1 894 555 2 966 820 641 1 809

10 977 6 362 3 145 3 068 150 2 894 467 372 881

Transportation ............................................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ...................................................................... Gasoline and motor oil .................................................................................. Other vehicle expenses ................................................................................. Public transportation ......................................................................................

7 497 3 445 1 650 2 048 355

7 837 3 391 1 591 2 403 452

8 273 3 639 1 646 2 511 477

4 936 1 741 1 229 1 684 282

Entertainment ..............................................................................................

1 443

2 311

2 503

1 035

Apparel and Services ..................................................................................

Health Care .................................................................................................. Health insurance ........................................................................................... Medical services ............................................................................................ Drugs ............................................................................................................. Medical supplies ............................................................................................ Personal Care Products and Services ......................................................

Reading ........................................................................................................

1 817

1 588 850 402 252 85 519

1 816

2 691 1 389 678 507 117

2 891 1 471 746 544 129

588

602

53

140

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ...............................................

155

304

Cash Contributions .....................................................................................

710

Education ..................................................................................................... Miscellaneous .............................................................................................. Personal Insurance and Pensions ............................................................. Life and other personal insurance ................................................................. Pensions and Social Security ........................................................................

1May

be of any race.

438

477

3 765 155 3 610

1 830

961

715

1 491

4 948 418 4 530

152

1 019 319

754

1 589

5 207 437 4 770

1 724

1 362 838 221 263 40 501

54

573

201

459

836

3 226 293 2 933

382 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 8-13. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Education of Reference Person, 2004 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item

Less than a college graduate

Less than a high school graduate

Total

High school graduate

High school graduate with some college

College graduate or more Associate degree

Bachelor's degree

Total

Master's, professional, or doctorate degree

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .........

83 830

16 829

31 005

25 317

10 678

32 452

20 684

11 768

Income Before Taxes .......................................................

43 083

29 094

42 334

46 756

58 593

83 825

75 647

98 201

54.8

50.6

44.9

45.2

49.8

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income After Taxes ..........................................................

41 818

28 951

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons .............................................................................. Children under 18 years .................................................... Persons 65 years and over ................................................ Earners .............................................................................. Vehicles .............................................................................

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9

2.7 0.8 0.5 1.0 1.4

46 54

44 56

Age of Reference Person ................................................

Percent Distribution Male ................................................................................... Female ............................................................................... Percent Homeowner ........................................................ With mortgage ................................................................... Without mortgage .............................................................. AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ............................

Food .................................................................................. Food at home ..................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ......................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ........................................ Dairy products ................................................................ Fruits and vegetables .................................................... Other food at home ........................................................ Food away from home ....................................................... Alcoholic Beverages .......................................................

49.1

64 37 28

36 654 5 213 3 174 443 867 344 512 1 006 2 039 359

57 24 33

25 421

4 260 2 991 413 889 325 507 856 1 269

202

41 131

45 118

56 268

79 332

71 857

2.5 0.6 0.4 1.3 1.9

2.3 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9

2.6 0.7 0.2 1.5 2.2

2.5 0.6 0.2 1.5 2.1

2.4 0.6 0.2 1.5 2.1

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.5 2.1

48 52

47 53

44 56

54 46

51 49

58 42

35 439

40 878

48 177

60 712

68 36 32

5 182 3 229 466 890 346 510 1 017 1 952

345

60 39 21

5 505 3 098 425 808 335 502 1 028 2 407 452

45.6

74 53 21

6 218 3 482 465 898 394 551 1 173 2 736 448

46.9

76 56 20

7 206 3 779 504 911 436 682 1 246 3 428 711

73 55 18

56 728 6 848 3 626 494 872 415 640 1 204 3 222 693

92 470

82 58 23

67 801 7 877 4 071 524 985 474 761 1 326 3 806 746

Housing ............................................................................ Shelter ............................................................................... Owned dwellings ............................................................ Rented dwellings ........................................................... Other lodging ................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ..................................... Household operations ........................................................ Housekeeping supplies ...................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ..............................

11 682 6 563 4 083 2 184 296 2 759 546 518 1 297

8 724 4 913 2 412 2 425 76 2 414 318 394 685

11 208 6 177 3 869 2 066 242 2 837 475 507 1 212

12 915 7 364 4 623 2 303 438 2 717 657 557 1 621

14 855 8 389 6 062 1 863 464 3 172 847 670 1 777

19 676 11 706 8 530 2 246 930 3 361 1 288 786 2 536

18 305 10 956 7 689 2 462 804 3 232 1 125 715 2 277

22 110 13 024 10 009 1 866 1 150 3 586 1 573 921 3 004

Transportation ................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .......................................... Gasoline and motor oil ....................................................... Other vehicle expenses ..................................................... Public transportation ..........................................................

7 040 3 205 1 509 2 065 260

4 472 1 922 1 142 1 259 149

6 819 3 046 1 537 2 027 209

7 829 3 590 1 574 2 324 341

9 872 4 776 1 852 2 851 393

9 766 3 893 1 826 3 140 908

9 720 4 072 1 817 3 052 780

9 848 3 580 1 841 3 293 1 134

Entertainment ...................................................................

1 814

953

1 685

2 465

3 259

3 045

3 639

Apparel and Services ......................................................

Health Care ....................................................................... Health insurance ................................................................ Medical services ................................................................ Drugs ................................................................................. Medical supplies ................................................................ Personal Care Products and Services ...........................

Reading .............................................................................

1 535

2 328 1 219 549 466 94 503 92

Education .........................................................................

560

Miscellaneous ..................................................................

602

Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................. Life and other personal insurance ..................................... Pensions and Social Security ............................................

3 615 299 3 316

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ....................

Cash Contributions .........................................................

1 150

1 874 994 383 433 64 361 45

133

1 405

2 325 1 183 600 440 102

2 703 1 405 708 467 124

481

554

684

2 276

85

116

308

364

347

380

968

544

949

1 974 210 1 764

1 948

2 450 1 308 542 507 93

343

382

1 806

607

3 480 302 3 178

981 674

1 094

4 042 311 3 731

130

808

312

760

1 390

5 584 406 5 177

2 526

3 208 1 622 906 515 165 779

229

1 797 147

918

2 546

7 943 625 7 318

2 436

3 031 1 585 821 485 140 754

193

2 690

3 522 1 686 1 054 571 210 825

292

1 497

2 326

827

1 084

7 169 551 6 618

9 305 756 8 549

166

2 046

113

3 425

CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 383

Table 8-14. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Housing Tenure and Type of Area, 2004 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ........... CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income Before Taxes .........................................................

Housing tenure

Homeowner Homeowner with mortgage

Total 78 698 65 436

Type of area

Homeowner without mortgage

37 584

101 336

76 571

46 967

31 455

55 769

46.3

62.3

40.4

48.0

73 104

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ................................................................................ Children under 18 years ....................................................... Persons 65 years and over .................................................. Earners ................................................................................ Vehicles ...............................................................................

2.6 0.7 0.4 1.4 2.3

2.9 0.9 0.2 1.7 2.5

2.1 0.3 0.7 0.9 2.0

50 50

52 48

Percent Distribution Male ..................................................................................... Female ................................................................................. Percent Homeowner .......................................................... With mortgage ...................................................................... Without mortgage .................................................................

100 62 38

Central city

29 600

62 574

52.3

Total

49 098

Income After Taxes ............................................................ Age of Reference Person ..................................................

Urban

Renter

100 100 X

45 107

46 596

67 001 60 470

Rural

14 945 45 530

53 542

44 668

58 090

43 779

2.2 0.6 0.1 1.2 1.2

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9

2.4 0.6 0.3 1.2 1.5

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.0

2.5 0.6 0.4 1.3 2.5

46 54

45 55

48 52

46 54

49 51

47 53

100 X 100

30 748

34 336

Other urban

X X X

65 43 23

46.7

53 34 19

48.7

72 47 25

51.6

83 39 43

AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ..............................

50 195

57 978

36 936

29 170

44 172

38 428

47 107

38 088

Alcoholic Beverages ..........................................................

492

547

386

391

484

473

489

287

Food .................................................................................... Food at home ....................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ........................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs .......................................... Dairy products .................................................................. Fruits and vegetables ....................................................... Other food at home .......................................................... Food away from home .........................................................

6 451 3 711 511 963 413 619 1 206 2 740

7 095 3 975 542 1 033 437 651 1 311 3 121

5 197 3 188 449 822 366 554 997 2 009

4 383 2 587 358 707 281 440 802 1 796

5 854 3 370 463 882 373 575 1 077 2 484

5 325 3 053 410 845 324 523 951 2 271

6 122 3 529 490 901 397 601 1 141 2 592

5 263 3 181 444 861 356 464 1 057 2 081

Housing ............................................................................... Shelter .................................................................................. Owned dwellings .............................................................. Rented dwellings .............................................................. Other lodging ................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ....................................... Household operations .......................................................... Housekeeping supplies ........................................................ Household furnishings and equipment .................................

15 653 8 503 7 837 57 609 3 442 930 712 2 066

19 169 11 272 10 550 55 666 3 722 1 081 747 2 347

9 786 3 912 3 336 60 515 2 979 679 641 1 575

10 290 6 941 64 6 690 187 1 847 382 351 770

14 487 8 488 5 587 2 411 490 2 940 793 597 1 669

12 866 7 683 4 077 3 225 382 2 632 679 511 1 361

15 316 8 901 6 360 1 994 546 3 098 851 640 1 826

10 059 4 678 3 547 777 353 2 834 482 578 1 488

Transportation .................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ............................................. Gasoline and motor oil ......................................................... Other vehicle expenses ....................................................... Public transportation ............................................................

9 151 4 057 1 826 2 758 510

10 703 4 849 2 075 3 216 563

6 575 2 744 1 413 1 997 422

4 975 2 014 1 120 1 544 297

7 702 3 290 1 549 2 389 474

6 363 2 535 1 270 2 055 504

8 388 3 677 1 692 2 560 459

8 474 4 125 1 926 2 206 217

Entertainment .....................................................................

2 700

3 029

2 136

1 210

2 236

1 786

Reading ...............................................................................

156

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ......................

274

Apparel and Services ........................................................

Health Care ......................................................................... Health insurance .................................................................. Medical services .................................................................. Drugs ................................................................................... Medical supplies .................................................................. Personal Care Products and Services .............................

Education ............................................................................ Miscellaneous .................................................................... Cash Contributions ............................................................ Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................... Life and other personal insurance ........................................ Pensions and Social Security ..............................................

X = Not applicable.

2 007

3 196 1 653 818 582 144 659

965

783

1 788

5 918 514 5 404

2 346

1 373

2 966 1 524 825 486 131

3 582 1 866 806 744 166

730

528

1 416

1 272 660 294 268 51 418

2 498 1 303 618 463 114 598

2 102 1 089 508 406 99 555

147

293

242

319

279

275

2 052

612

1 438

1 183

791

1 629

7 352 579 6 772

623

770

3 540 406 3 134

781

495

2 531 131 2 400

134

1 770

162

1 167

76

1 867

972

692

4 930 383 4 547

124

877

578

4 149 282 3 867

1 915

2 701 1 413 675 492 121 2 466 620

1 464

3 090 1 526 852 599 113 2 102 461

139

108

281

348

1 021 750

1 568

5 330 435 4 895

450

677

1 206

4 099 437 3 662

384 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 8-15. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Population Size of Area of Residence, 2004 (Number, dollar, percent.)

Item

Outside urbanized area

All urbanized area consumer units

Less than 100,000

100,000 to 249,000

Urbanized area consumer units 250,000 to 999,999

1,000,000 to 2,499,000

2,500,000 to 4,999,999

5,000,000 and over

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .....................................

44 925

71 357

8 850

12 565

10 739

16 815

10 047

12 340

Income Before Taxes ..................................................................................

50 233

57 110

45 225

48 826

52 581

56 991

70 799

67 029

49.6

47.8

44.9

48.3

46.8

49.8

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income After Taxes .....................................................................................

48 250

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ......................................................................................................... Children under 18 years ................................................................................ Persons 65 years and over ........................................................................... Earners .......................................................................................................... Vehicles .........................................................................................................

Age of Reference Person ............................................................................

Percent Distribution Male ............................................................................................................... Female .......................................................................................................... Percent Homeowner .................................................................................... With mortgage ............................................................................................... Without mortgage ..........................................................................................

54 829

43 912

46 441

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 2.3

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.7

2.3 0.6 0.3 1.2 1.8

48 52

48 52

76 43 34

62 42 20

50 111

54 595

67 251

2.4 0.6 0.2 1.3 1.8

2.4 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.8

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.8

2.6 0.7 0.2 1.4 1.7

2.7 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.5

46 54

51 49

49 51

48 52

49 51

46 54

48.5

63 38 24

60 41 18

64 42 22

48.5

65 45 20

64 45 19

65 510

57 39 19

AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES .......................................................

40 895

44 951

37 010

41 010

41 389

44 865

51 629

52 351

Alcoholic Beverages ...................................................................................

384

504

465

420

392

550

586

584

Food .............................................................................................................. Food at home ................................................................................................ Cereals and bakery products .................................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................................... Dairy products ........................................................................................... Fruits and vegetables ................................................................................ Other food at home ................................................................................... Food away from home ...................................................................................

5 477 3 247 452 837 367 507 1 084 2 230

5 962 3 406 466 905 373 593 1 069 2 556

5 220 3 002 398 821 325 463 996 2 218

5 422 3 158 445 764 351 512 1 086 2 264

5 626 3 250 430 862 356 544 1 058 2 376

5 971 3 538 473 907 401 624 1 133 2 433

6 338 3 414 474 912 356 630 1 043 2 924

6 962 3 875 549 1 129 418 730 1 050 3 087

Housing ........................................................................................................ Shelter ........................................................................................................... Owned dwellings ....................................................................................... Rented dwellings ....................................................................................... Other lodging ............................................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ................................................................. Household operations ................................................................................... Housekeeping supplies ................................................................................. Household furnishings and equipment ..........................................................

12 036 6 270 4 699 1 149 422 2 910 617 608 1 631

15 105 9 086 5 718 2 863 505 2 937 838 587 1 657

11 438 6 012 3 789 1 879 344 2 668 561 655 1 542

12 820 7 465 4 693 2 367 406 2 642 718 517 1 478

13 520 7 613 4 800 2 448 366 3 048 729 614 1 515

15 155 9 055 5 756 2 794 505 2 942 829 611 1 717

17 735 11 069 7 201 3 184 684 3 243 1 024 568 1 832

19 232 12 653 7 688 4 270 695 3 080 1 116 567 1 817

Transportation ............................................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ...................................................................... Gasoline and motor oil .................................................................................. Other vehicle expenses ................................................................................. Public transportation ......................................................................................

8 140 3 766 1 797 2 277 300

7 587 3 165 1 472 2 421 529

6 830 3 268 1 389 1 948 225

7 249 3 204 1 436 2 202 407

7 413 3 183 1 498 2 353 379

7 410 3 022 1 481 2 415 493

8 346 3 316 1 514 2 816 700

8 240 3 107 1 498 2 723 911

Entertainment ..............................................................................................

2 431

1 933

2 034

2 170

2 255

Apparel and Services ..................................................................................

Health Care .................................................................................................. Health insurance ........................................................................................... Medical services ............................................................................................ Drugs ............................................................................................................. Medical supplies ............................................................................................ Personal Care Products and Services ......................................................

Reading ........................................................................................................ Education ..................................................................................................... Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ...............................................

Miscellaneous .............................................................................................. Cash Contributions .....................................................................................

Personal Insurance and Pensions ............................................................. Life and other personal insurance ................................................................. Pensions and Social Security ........................................................................

1 570

2 800 1 445 691 542 121 507

117

1 965

1 705

2 432 1 260 621 441 110

2 189 1 217 413 474 85

627

615

2 087 139

117

332

261

347

1 240

1 514

1 265

776

661

4 425 424 4 001

987

708

5 074 369 4 705

605 469

3 811 337 3 475

1 783

2 504 1 227 705 441 131 545

134

911

1 552

2 471 1 238 592 533 108

2 448 1 294 591 449 113

595

598

1 898 136

2 614 1 341 737 429 109 723

157

1 006

1 358

632

771

738

297

1 544

1 337

4 708 332 4 376

140

2 412

745

256

681

1 824

4 774 359 4 415

246

1 518

5 060 382 4 678

212

1 591

6 563 490 6 073

2 505

2 330 1 232 659 337 102

2 169 705

146

1 216 231

863

1 747

5 421 324 5 096

CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 385

Table 8-16. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Region of Residence, 2004 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ........... CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income Before Taxes .........................................................

Northeast

Midwest

South

22 051

26 539

61 050

53 567

50.3

49.1

Income After Taxes ............................................................

58 673

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ................................................................................ Children under 18 years ....................................................... Persons 65 years and over .................................................. Earners ................................................................................ Vehicles ...............................................................................

West 41 801 50 775

25 891 55 682

51 122

49 079

53 222

2.4 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.7

2.4 0.6 0.3 1.4 2.2

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9

2.6 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.0

48 52

50 50

45 55

50 50

AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ..............................

46 115

43 371

39 174

47 922

Alcoholic Beverages ..........................................................

625

427

348

532

Age of Reference Person ..................................................

Percent Distribution Males ................................................................................... Females ............................................................................... Percent Homeowner .......................................................... With mortgage ...................................................................... Without mortgage .................................................................

Food .................................................................................... Food at home ....................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ........................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs .......................................... Dairy products .................................................................. Fruits and vegetables ....................................................... Other food at home .......................................................... Food away from home .........................................................

65 39 26

6 368 3 634 521 1 008 417 638 1 050 2 733

73 46 27

5 592 3 189 446 781 358 510 1 094 2 403

48.2

69 41 28

5 318 3 119 427 849 329 501 1 013 2 199

46.7

62 43 19

6 224 3 634 480 922 411 645 1 177 2 590

Housing ............................................................................... Shelter .................................................................................. Owned dwellings .............................................................. Rented dwellings .............................................................. Other lodging ................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ....................................... Household operations .......................................................... Housekeeping supplies ........................................................ Household furnishings and equipment .................................

15 734 9 626 6 387 2 674 565 3 098 793 586 1 630

13 438 7 339 5 260 1 556 523 2 957 707 661 1 775

12 250 6 621 4 456 1 826 339 2 975 673 549 1 432

15 557 9 513 5 887 3 066 560 2 672 894 606 1 871

Transportation .................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ............................................. Gasoline and motor oil ......................................................... Other vehicle expenses ....................................................... Public transportation ............................................................

7 622 3 196 1 386 2 396 644

7 710 3 315 1 620 2 413 363

7 233 3 195 1 598 2 160 280

8 966 3 979 1 755 2 622 609

Entertainment .....................................................................

2 017

2 134

2 538

Apparel and Services ........................................................

Health Care ......................................................................... Health insurance .................................................................. Medical services .................................................................. Drugs ................................................................................... Medical supplies .................................................................. Personal Care Products and Services .............................

Reading ...............................................................................

2 176

2 371 1 307 597 375 92

2 861 1 492 714 526 128

631

563

145

Education ............................................................................

1 152

Miscellaneous ....................................................................

760

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ......................

Cash Contributions ............................................................ Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................... Life and other personal insurance ........................................ Pensions and Social Security ..............................................

1 672

296

1 108

5 110 364 4 746

2 208 150

928

340

797

1 790

4 895 439 4 456

1 643

2 508 1 287 583 533 106 542

98

1 936

2 560 1 261 731 438 131 620

150

631

1 115

512

809

291

1 252

4 414 394 4 020

223

1 525

5 167 357 4 809

386 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 8-17. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas: Northeast Region, 2003–2004 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item

All consumer units in the Northeast

New York

Philadelphia

Boston

Pittsburgh

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................

22 116

7 503

2 441

2 636

1 117

Income Before Taxes1 ..............................................................

59 187

71 247

62 647

61 778

52 703

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ...................................................................................... Children under 18 years ............................................................. Persons 65 years and over ........................................................ Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................

2.4 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.7

2.6 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.4

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.6

2.4 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.6

2.3 0.5 0.4 1.3 1.9

AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................

44 202

51 979

44 484

46 444

40 604

Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................

526

563

608

802

440

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Age of Reference Person .........................................................

Percent Homeowner .................................................................

Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................

50.1

65

6 049 3 470 503 948 385 612 1 022 2 579

50.2

57

7 054 3 879 573 1 102 433 735 1 036 3 174

50.3

71

5 622 3 051 451 875 327 511 887 2 572

49.7

62

6 578 3 791 555 1 054 378 641 1 163 2 787

52.5

72

5 527 3 146 455 847 359 527 958 2 381

Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................

15 271 9 379 6 159 2 669 551 2 993 803 555 1 541

19 708 13 047 8 146 4 190 710 3 248 1 067 547 1 799

15 200 9 015 6 240 2 248 526 3 312 674 535 1 664

16 337 10 556 6 882 3 198 477 2 822 903 653 1 403

12 021 6 322 4 314 1 573 435 2 964 559 528 1 649

Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................

7 332 3 118 1 271 2 351 591

7 599 2 672 1 198 2 722 1 007

7 678 3 623 1 243 2 347 465

7 400 3 443 1 299 2 128 529

6 488 2 483 1 266 2 360 379

Entertainment ...........................................................................

2 067

2 283

1 822

1 922

2 159

172

166

Apparel and Services ...............................................................

Health Care ............................................................................... Personal Care Products and Services ...................................

Reading .....................................................................................

2 018

2 248 582

149

2 682

2 224 668

151

2 310

2 126 674

124

2 103

2 274 576

Education ..................................................................................

1 096

1 347

1 166

1 410

Miscellaneous ...........................................................................

654

808

671

519

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ............................

Cash Contributions .................................................................. Personal Insurance and Pensions .......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security ..................................................... 1Components

301

1 135

4 776 409 4 367

256

990

5 647 496 5 151

234

987

5 263 377 4 886

1 850

2 527 526

881

280

1 184

4 887 301 4 586

478

560

3 064

3 916 444 3 472

of income and taxes are derived from "complete income" reporters only through 2003. Beginning in 2004, income imputation was implemented. As a result, all consumer units are considered to be complete income reporters.

CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 387 Table 8-18. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas: South Region, 2003–2004 (Number, dollar, percent.)

All consumer units in the South

Washington, D.C.

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................

41 563

2 283

1 238

1 847

1 855

900

2 166

1 760

Income Before Taxes1 ..............................................................

49 110

81 531

58 545

56 094

51 521

50 958

63 098

63 981

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ...................................................................................... Children under 18 years ............................................................. Persons 65 years and over ........................................................ Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.9

2.6 0.7 0.2 1.6 1.8

2.3 0.6 0.4 1.2 1.6

2.5 0.7 0.2 1.4 1.7

2.6 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.5

2.4 0.5 0.4 1.2 1.8

2.7 0.7 0.2 1.5 1.9

3.0 1.0 0.2 1.5 1.9

38 454

53 251

37 681

37 130

39 875

35 911

50 304

48 063

Item

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Age of Reference Person .........................................................

Percent Homeowner ................................................................. AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................

Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................ Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................

48.2

69

5 142 3 058 420 842 314 495 987 2 083 346

46.4

70

6 049 3 137 415 840 299 609 974 2 912 630

Baltimore

51.9

69

4 688 2 757 396 734 287 485 855 1 931 370

Atlanta

Miami

45.8

73

5 241 2 809 386 825 290 523 785 2 432 353

DallasFort Worth

Tampa

48.7

65

5 758 4 056 550 1 142 484 798 1 082 1 702 389

52.8

75

4 750 3 020 411 774 343 487 1 006 1 730 519

45.6

68

6 111 3 554 470 897 378 582 1 227 2 557 507

Houston

44.7

64

5 737 3 107 429 813 343 535 987 2 630 297

Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................

12 130 6 640 4 492 1 814 334 2 933 670 523 1 364

19 461 12 685 8 830 3 293 562 3 361 1 099 581 1 735

13 640 8 584 5 996 2 247 341 2 846 586 459 1 165

13 711 8 233 5 865 2 106 262 3 372 605 453 1 049

15 907 10 086 6 709 3 017 360 3 109 954 550 1 208

13 123 7 512 5 462 1 820 230 3 008 710 533 1 360

15 891 9 050 6 264 2 307 479 3 604 828 624 1 785

15 512 8 706 5 838 2 466 402 3 594 923 640 1 650

Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................

7 426 3 542 1 460 2 157 267

8 086 3 280 1 496 2 570 739

5 970 2 290 1 257 2 055 369

5 794 2 320 1 295 1 975 204

6 791 2 386 1 397 2 562 446

6 855 3 078 1 191 2 369 217

9 574 4 624 1 640 2 906 403

9 126 4 250 1 686 2 838 352

Entertainment ...........................................................................

1 974

2 469

1 542

1 794

1 479

1 592

2 064

2 212

Reading .....................................................................................

96

157

89

54

41

Apparel and Services ...............................................................

Health Care ............................................................................... Personal Care Products and Services ...................................

Education ..................................................................................

1 548

2 453 519

606

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ............................

283

Cash Contributions ..................................................................

1 298

Miscellaneous ........................................................................... Personal Insurance and Pensions .......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................

534

4 101 388 3 713

2 158

2 419 628

1 509

1 564

2 077 570

654

1 520

1 760 432

693

1 096

1 924 523

558

1 143

2 241 459 107

292

2 051

3 063 727

2 100

2 642 697

128

117

902

937

175

227

127

194

257

235

258

1 553

1 203

844

672

585

2 312

2 003

787

7 169 611 6 558

464

4 623 308 4 315

240

4 566 418 4 148

884

3 659 196 3 463

436

3 555 324 3 231

724

6 016 455 5 561

638

5 787 431 5 356

1Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income" reporters only through 2003. Beginning in 2004, income imputation was implemented. As a result, all consumer units

are considered to be complete income reporters.

388 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-19. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas: Midwest Region, 2003–2004 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item

All consumer units in the Midwest

Chicago

Detroit

Milwaukee

MinneapolisSt. Paul

Cleveland

Cincinnati

St. Louis

Kansas City

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................

26 489

3 165

2 013

763

1 259

1 281

1 007

1 026

813

Income Before Taxes1 ..............................................................

53 149

65 545

62 728

51 958

69 717

51 796

54 627

61 082

55 719

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ...................................................................................... Children under 18 years ............................................................. Persons 65 years and over ........................................................ Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................

2.4 0.6 0.3 1.4 2.1

2.7 0.7 0.3 1.5 1.8

2.7 0.8 0.3 1.4 2.1

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 2.1

2.4 0.6 0.2 1.5 2.6

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.4 1.8

2.3 0.5 0.3 1.3 2.0

2.5 0.6 0.3 1.4 2.1

2.6 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.1

41 881

50 627

46 731

42 111

55 951

37 070

40 594

47 793

46 308

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Age of Reference Person .........................................................

Percent Homeowner ................................................................. AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................

Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................ Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................

48.9

72

5 338 3 045 428 758 341 491 1 028 2 293 415

49.2

71

6 023 3 427 472 855 366 606 1 128 2 597 493

49.0

78

5 726 3 287 470 863 339 542 1 073 2 439 380

49.3

65

5 189 3 062 460 837 309 506 950 2 126

531

47.1

73

6 549 3 566 509 779 431 610 1 236 2 983 761

49.1

73

4 589 2 824 388 854 310 449 822 1 765 337

49.4

61

5 333 3 025 413 773 315 462 1 062 2 308 426

49.5

74

5 976 3 397 463 920 365 548 1 101 2 579 636

48.1

71

6 092 3 615 513 923 395 570 1 214 2 477 411

Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................

13 036 7 212 5 084 1 638 490 2 906 661 618 1 639

18 114 10 737 7 840 2 225 672 3 383 1 066 731 2 198

15 011 8 930 6 588 1 622 720 3 070 823 552 1 635

14 575 8 993 6 228 2 287 477 2 790 497 664 1 632

18 282 10 697 7 552 2 188 957 2 928 950 748 2 960

12 616 7 237 5 271 1 581 385 3 287 384 460 1 248

13 573 8 046 4 654 2 877 515 2 685 563 513 1 766

14 330 7 904 5 621 1 652 631 3 178 937 485 1 826

15 129 7 626 5 236 2 001 388 3 419 713 853 2 518

Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................

7 763 3 545 1 489 2 363 367

8 179 3 618 1 449 2 445 667

8 974 3 473 1 639 3 403 460

7 145 3 261 1 444 2 028 412

9 202 3 878 1 610 2 972 742

6 753 2 744 1 244 2 515 250

7 268 3 317 1 400 2 242 309

8 978 4 737 1 450 2 391 400

8 518 3 996 1 689 2 599 234

Entertainment ...........................................................................

2 093

2 329

2 343

2 002

3 407

1 695

2 077

2 266

Reading .....................................................................................

146

152

143

146

192

128

173

157

169

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ............................

352

411

314

322

346

278

354

292

Apparel and Services ...............................................................

Health Care ............................................................................... Personal Care Products and Services ...................................

Education .................................................................................. Miscellaneous ........................................................................... Cash Contributions .................................................................. Personal Insurance and Pensions .......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................

1 617

2 724 531

862

722

1 630

4 653 431 4 222

1 938

2 704 611

1 505 323

727

2 860

4 669 317 4 352

2 170

2 005 603

1 075 775

1 317

5 797 475 5 322

1 720

2 643 582

748

935

1 103

4 478 450 4 028

2 240

2 928 706

1 218 1 184

1 563

7 398 470 6 928

1 180

2 161 428

719

713

980

4 426 295 4 131

1 624

2 341 572

781

556

1 536

4 056 322 3 734

2 260

2 837 580

2 007

2 813

2 095 638

1 117 578

2 484

5 239 632 4 607

814

653

1 811

4 866 394 4 472

1Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income" reporters only through 2003. Beginning in 2004, income imputation was implemented. As a result, all consumer units

are considered to be complete income reporters.

CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 389

Table 8-20. Consumer Expenditures, Averages by Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas: West Region, 2003–2004 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item

All consumer units in the West

Los Angeles

San Francisco

San Diego

Portland

Seattle

Honolulu

Anchorage

Phoenix

Denver

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .........

25 651

5 086

2 632

910

1 030

1 650

273

98

1 341

1 253

Income Before Taxes1 .....................................................

54 416

59 557

75 390

62 122

54 137

61 564

64 082

66 399

53 531

62 990

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons .............................................................................. Children under 18 years .................................................... Persons 65 years and over ................................................ Earners .............................................................................. Vehicles .............................................................................

2.6 0.7 0.3 1.4 2.0

2.9 0.8 0.3 1.5 1.9

2.6 0.6 0.3 1.4 1.9

2.6 0.6 0.4 1.4 2.0

2.4 0.6 0.3 1.3 2.1

2.3 0.5 0.3 1.4 2.4

2.7 0.5 0.4 1.5 1.7

2.7 0.9 0.1 1.5 2.4

2.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 1.8

2.5 0.7 0.2 1.5 2.1

46 717

52 652

56 162

53 949

47 762

52 843

48 339

53 520

46 628

48 719

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Age of Reference Person ................................................

Percent Homeowner ........................................................ AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ............................

Food .................................................................................. Food at home ..................................................................... Cereals and bakery products ......................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ........................................ Dairy products ................................................................ Fruits and vegetables .................................................... Other food at home ........................................................ Food away from home ....................................................... Alcoholic Beverages .......................................................

46.9

62

6 051 3 531 481 886 385 639 1 141 2 520 477

47.4

57

7 194 4 064 536 1 076 426 799 1 227 3 131 563

47.5

61

7 108 3 896 518 975 390 789 1 225 3 212 643

49.2

62

6 545 3 472 463 818 357 709 1 126 3 073 445

49.0

63

6 276 3 724 491 878 432 684 1 238 2 552 526

48.6

65

6 854 3 977 526 958 457 683 1 352 2 877 615

52.1

57

6 666 3 592 499 860 317 693 1 223 3 075 367

44.2

68

6 585 3 969 494 954 472 711 1 338 2 615 543

46.5

66

5 698 3 296 450 823 366 575 1 081 2 403 469

44.7

66

6 263 3 805 514 948 416 645 1 281 2 458 748

Housing ............................................................................ Shelter ............................................................................... Owned dwellings ............................................................ Rented dwellings ........................................................... Other lodging ................................................................. Utilities, fuels, and public services ..................................... Household operations ........................................................ Housekeeping supplies ...................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ..............................

15 465 9 571 6 064 2 958 549 2 621 837 572 1 865

18 714 12 054 7 378 4 114 562 2 713 1 124 652 2 172

21 075 14 527 9 229 4 552 746 2 670 1 321 645 1 912

19 365 13 041 7 575 4 690 777 2 633 1 100 723 1 868

15 655 9 363 6 038 2 597 728 2 794 913 573 2 012

16 703 10 381 7 011 2 638 732 2 631 760 681 2 249

15 874 10 324 5 629 4 160 535 2 606 770 593 1 582

17 438 10 811 7 329 2 977 505 2 824 868 740 2 196

14 524 8 374 5 743 2 265 366 2 851 983 474 1 843

15 762 9 790 6 314 3 001 475 2 878 836 587 1 670

Transportation ................................................................. Vehicle purchases (net outlay) .......................................... Gasoline and motor oil ....................................................... Other vehicle expenses ..................................................... Public transportation ..........................................................

8 807 4 004 1 618 2 640 545

9 733 4 096 1 938 3 116 583

8 878 3 441 1 590 3 018 830

9 871 4 532 1 733 2 831 775

7 276 2 845 1 433 2 537 461

9 345 4 204 1 528 2 806 807

8 778 4 356 1 277 2 218 927

10 493 5 129 1 622 2 897 845

10 529 5 612 1 455 3 093 369

8 610 3 583 1 447 2 963 617

Entertainment ...................................................................

2 516

2 373

2 496

2 412

2 443

2 992

2 941

3 182

2 226

3 048

Reading .............................................................................

148

151

197

158

210

208

149

213

144

122

Apparel and Services ......................................................

Health Care ....................................................................... Personal Care Products and Services ...........................

Education ......................................................................... Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ....................

Miscellaneous .................................................................. Cash Contributions ......................................................... Personal Insurance and Pensions ................................. Life and other personal insurance ..................................... Pensions and Social Security ............................................ 1Components

1 885

2 543 613

996

224

752

1 508

4 733 352 4 381

2 514

2 309 810

896

190

754

1 329

5 121 313 4 808

2 321

2 775 643

1 072 179

755

1 554

6 467 471 5 996

2 114

2 605 760

1 929

2 972 629

1 271

1 048

763

1 432

5 377 323 5 054

5 228 542 4 685

191

2 072

293

1 846

2 098

2 992 677

1 110 255

862

2 123

6 008 413 5 595

1 467

2 668 649

1 645

2 858 680

1 020

775

825

1 027

5 447 554 4 893

6 125 531 5 594

270

1 218

403

1 553

1 797

2 609 626

542

306

839

1 415

4 902 444 4 458

1 656

2 647 613

1 015 308

929

1 353

5 645 333 5 312

of income and taxes are derived from "complete income" reporters only through 2003. Beginning in 2004, income imputation was implemented. As a result, all consumer units are considered to be complete income reporters.

390 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 8-21. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Single Men by Income Before Taxes, 2003–2004 (Number, dollar, percent.)

Item

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ....................... CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income Before Taxes1 ...................................................................

All single males 15 226 31 801

Less than $5,000

Total 14 294 31 801

1 309 1 449

$5,000 to $9,999 1 783 7 537

Complete reporting of income $10,000 to $14,999

1 682 12 359

$15,000 to $19,999

1 473 17 114

$20,000 to $29,999 2 219 24 639

$30,000 to $39,999 1 827 34 175

$40,000 and over 4 002 68 991

Income After Taxes1 ......................................................................

29 961

29 961

1 411

7 506

12 271

16 840

23 647

32 571

63 867

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ........................................................................................... Children under 18 years .................................................................. Persons 65 years and over .............................................................. Earners ............................................................................................ Vehicles ...........................................................................................

1.0 X 0.2 0.7 1.2

1.0 X 0.2 0.8 1.2

1.0 X 0.1 0.7 0.7

1.0 X 0.3 0.5 0.8

1.0 X 0.4 0.5 1.0

1.0 X 0.3 0.7 1.1

1.0 X 0.2 0.8 1.2

1.0 X 0.1 0.9 1.4

1.0 X 0.1 0.9 1.6

Age of Reference Person ..............................................................

Percent Homeowner ...................................................................... With mortgage ................................................................................. Without mortgage ............................................................................ AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ..........................................

Food ................................................................................................ Food at home .................................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ....................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ...................................................... Dairy products ............................................................................. Fruits and vegetables .................................................................. Other food at home ...................................................................... Food away from home ..................................................................... Alcoholic Beverages .....................................................................

45.4

45 23 22

26 325 3 299 1 513 202 390 158 258 505 1 786 482

45.4

45 23 22

26 948 3 400 1 542 208 391 164 263 516 1 858 514

33.4

17 5 12

13 673 2 377 1 099 151 253 126 193 376 1 279

312

46.1

29 5 24

13 407 2 007 1 062 154 279 104 167 357 944 255

52.7

41 8 32

16 760 2 749 1 604 265 422 177 261 479 1 145 406

49.0

40 12 28

18 925

2 696 1 351 191 348 134 232 446 1 345

361

46.4

43 16 27

23 627

3 121 1 514 189 408 172 260 485 1 607 440

43.9

50 28 22

28 433

3 446 1 615 222 422 171 271 530 1 831 468

44.9

64 49 15

45 077 4 688 1 824 227 439 190 319 648 2 865 791

Housing .......................................................................................... Shelter ............................................................................................. Owned dwellings ......................................................................... Rented dwellings ......................................................................... Other lodging ............................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ................................................... Household operations ...................................................................... Housekeeping supplies ................................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ............................................

8 934 6 017 2 791 2 927 300 1 699 274 230 713

8 994 6 038 2 809 2 922 308 1 699 279 245 732

4 330 3 008 639 2 093 276 839 112 139 233

4 855 3 309 861 2 246 201 1 020 100 140 285

5 914 3 713 1 192 2 344 177 1 385 234 263 319

6 758 4 484 1 448 2 959 78 1 537 156 222 359

8 057 5 350 1 819 3 379 151 1 746 240 166 555

9 797 6 524 2 808 3 572 144 1 944 337 284 708

14 559 9 954 6 114 3 173 667 2 338 472 326 1 469

Transportation ............................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ........................................................ Gasoline and motor oil ..................................................................... Other vehicle expenses ................................................................... Public transportation ........................................................................

4 622 2 007 906 1 451 258

4 728 2 069 911 1 487 262

2 056 686 563 676 132

2 325 974 574 660 117

2 763 1 215 640 767 142

3 388 976 821 1 469 122

4 626 2 151 937 1 365 173

5 743 2 748 1 099 1 673 223

7 579 3 415 1 221 2 407 537

Entertainment ................................................................................

1 317

1 339

769

524

816

806

1 468

1 346

Apparel and Services ....................................................................

Health Care ..................................................................................... Health insurance .............................................................................. Medical services .............................................................................. Drugs ............................................................................................... Medical supplies .............................................................................. Personal Care Products and Services .........................................

Reading ..........................................................................................

749

1 333 656 387 237 53 206

87

Education .......................................................................................

728

Miscellaneous ................................................................................

561

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ..................................

Cash Contributions ....................................................................... Personal Insurance and Pensions ............................................... Life and other personal insurance ................................................... Pensions and Social Security .......................................................... 1Components

775

1 356 661 397 242 56

618 228 229 115 45

521

759 408 153 142 56

215

128

750

1 773

1 028

591

204

206

261 34 227

285 37 248

90

242

248

1 233

1 259

2 533 135 2 399

352

2 690 137 2 553

50

163

279

95

62

422

436

622

1 283 715 214 310 43

1 298 614 359 292 32

199

150

877

595

322

499

588

995 112 883

1 660 93 1 567

63

69

262

238

266

223

330

609

209

492 73 419

1 294 647 331 281 35 186 89

776

1 530 795 451 224 59 244

1 314

1 861 856 662 259 84 2 208 313

78

140

369

289

227

866

1 205

698

253

453

1 113

2 751 124 2 627

6 647 282 6 364

2 913

of income and taxes are derived from "complete income" reporters only through 2003. Beginning in 2004, income imputation was implemented. As a result, all consumer units are considered to be complete income reporters. X = Not applicable.

CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 391

Table 8-22. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Single Women by Income Before Taxes, 2003–2004 (Number, dollar, percent.)

Item

All single females

Less than $5,000

Total

$5,000 to $9,999

Complete reporting of income $10,000 to $14,999

$15,000 to $19,999

$20,000 to $29,999

$30,000 to $39,999

$40,000 and over

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .......................

18 581

17 338

1 689

3 136

3 289

1 965

2 619

1 639

3 000

Income Before Taxes1 ...................................................................

24 256

24 256

2 352

7 895

12 357

17 311

24 475

34 222

65 650

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income After

Taxes1

......................................................................

23 107

23 107

2 380

7 850

12 296

17 035

23 775

32 584

60 794

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ........................................................................................... Children under 18 years .................................................................. Persons 65 years and over .............................................................. Earners ............................................................................................ Vehicles ...........................................................................................

1.0 X 0.4 0.5 0.9

1.0 X 0.4 0.5 0.9

1.0 X 0.2 0.5 0.5

1.0 X 0.5 0.3 0.5

1.0 X 0.7 0.3 0.8

1.0 X 0.6 0.5 0.9

1.0 X 0.4 0.7 1.0

1.0 X 0.2 0.8 1.1

1.0 X 0.2 0.9 1.2

23 117

23 684

12 657

12 295

17 219

21 919

25 210

29 799

44 721

Age of Reference Person ..............................................................

Percent Homeowner ...................................................................... With mortgage ................................................................................. Without mortgage ............................................................................ AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ..........................................

Food ................................................................................................ Food at home .................................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ....................................................... Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ...................................................... Dairy products ............................................................................. Fruits and vegetables .................................................................. Other food at home ...................................................................... Food away from home ..................................................................... Alcoholic Beverages .....................................................................

56.8

55 21 34

2 709 1 670 239 382 183 312 555 1 039 198

Housing .......................................................................................... Shelter ............................................................................................. Owned dwellings ......................................................................... Rented dwellings ......................................................................... Other lodging ............................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services ................................................... Household operations ...................................................................... Housekeeping supplies ................................................................... Household furnishings and equipment ............................................

9 051 5 489 2 815 2 458 216 1 872 490 351 849

Transportation ............................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ........................................................ Gasoline and motor oil ..................................................................... Other vehicle expenses ................................................................... Public transportation ........................................................................

3 292 1 350 603 1 086 253

Entertainment ................................................................................

928

Apparel and Services ....................................................................

Health Care ..................................................................................... Health insurance .............................................................................. Medical services .............................................................................. Drugs ............................................................................................... Medical supplies .............................................................................. Personal Care Products and Services .........................................

Reading ..........................................................................................

211

124

2 680 1 724 276 376 194 331 546 956

163

61 22 39

2 867 1 788 258 398 204 326 601 1 078 126

51.5

59 35 25

3 320 1 992 253 430 210 380 719 1 329 248

51.1

72 50 22

4 297 2 226 264 499 243 418 801 2 071 527

9 776 5 621 2 784 2 671 166 2 142 663 392 958

11 668 7 170 3 851 3 130 189 2 237 484 470 1 307

16 183 10 237 6 824 2 802 611 2 602 875 543 1 925

3 338 1 362 609 1 107 260

1 383 393 448 386 155

1 212 342 340 442 88

2 036 795 423 710 108

2 969 1 142 601 1 019 207

4 287 2 036 701 1 300 250

4 882 2 037 861 1 682 302

6 648 2 784 972 2 211 681

953

540

476

690

795

1 061

669

801 376 201 196 29

548

1 361 720 168 420 52

455

257

434

1 010

535

416

207

179

161 57 104

207 86 120

132

863

99

2 158 1 542 235 350 175 313 469 616

64 15 49

56.4

8 696 5 064 2 590 2 290 184 1 996 487 426 723

129

1 717 166 1 551

122

1 940 1 433 228 353 152 257 443 507

57 10 48

62.5

7 142 4 030 1 643 2 287 100 1 756 543 288 525

104

Personal Insurance and Pensions ............................................... Life and other personal insurance ................................................... Pensions and Social Security ..........................................................

1 991 1 178 179 281 132 197 390 813

37 7 30

66.8

5 106 3 158 869 2 181 107 1 298 145 225 280

102

400

23 7 17

59.6

5 101 3 342 1 041 2 159 141 988 92 249 429

1 905 950 375 496 84

437

41.4

9 163 5 533 2 829 2 483 222 1 876 491 373 890

1 866 944 366 477 79

Miscellaneous ................................................................................

1Components

2 794 1 726 245 391 191 324 575 1 068

1 045

429

Cash Contributions .......................................................................

54 21 34

997

Education ....................................................................................... Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ..................................

56.8

898

1 835 173 1 662

42

110

263

235 44

127

227

550

892

2 356 1 235 398 655 68

2 275 1 254 320 600 100

316

426

83

294

104

2 118 942 588 467 120

124

124

196

154

144

146

506

527

879 183 696

1 520 173 1 348

1 143

1 856 856 399 451 150

2 265

1 776

392

702

1 272

1 298

219

131

388 136 252

2 198 1 074 490 553 80

377

113

266

915

929

519

858

204 505

907

2 851 228 2 623

503 813

1 980

6 412 330 6 082

of income and taxes are derived from "complete income" reporters only through 2003. Beginning in 2004, income imputation was implemented. As a result, all consumer units are considered to be complete income reporters. X = Not applicable.

392 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-23. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person Under 25 Years of Age, 2003–2004 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item

Less than $5,000

Total

Complete reporting of income

$5,000 to $9,999

$10,000 to $14,999

$15,000 to $19,999

$20,000 to $29,999

$30,000 to $39,999

$40,000 and over

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................

8 175

1 736

1 425

978

791

1 153

739

1 353

Income Before Taxes1 ..............................................................

21 855

2 613

7 169

12 082

17 262

24 510

34 700

62 488

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income After Taxes1 .................................................................

Age of Reference Person .........................................................

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ...................................................................................... Children under 18 years ............................................................. Persons 65 years and over ........................................................ Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................

Percent Distribution Male ............................................................................................ Female ....................................................................................... Percent Homeowner ................................................................. With mortgage ............................................................................ Without mortgage ....................................................................... AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................

Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................ Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................

21 488

2 619

7 179

12 203

17 347

24 301

33 927

60 716

1.9 0.4

(2)

1.2 0.1 (2)

1.3 0.2 (2)

1.6 0.4

(2)

1.9 0.5 (2)

2.3 0.7 (2)

2.4 0.6 (2)

2.7 0.5

48 52

45 55

49 51

44 56

49 51

47 53

47 53

51 49

21.4

1.3 1.1

15 9 6

24 051 3 632 1 826 262 456 201 282 626 1 806 528

20.3

0.9 0.5

3 1 2

11 642

2 226 1 094 165 257 118 179 374 1 132 288

20.8

0.9 0.7

6 2 5

14 838 2 431 1 152 169 243 118 177 444 1 280 305

Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................

7 477 4 778 905 3 643 231 1 395 253 242 809

3 277 2 231 103 1 870 257 490 41 140 375

4 781 3 298 199 2 724 375 740 83 136 524

Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................

4 832 2 229 1 059 1 338 207

1 535 492 534 368 141

2 108 610 745 643 110

Entertainment ...........................................................................

1 098

611

Reading .....................................................................................

53

37

Apparel and Services ...............................................................

Health Care ............................................................................... Health insurance ........................................................................ Medical services ......................................................................... Drugs .......................................................................................... Medical supplies .........................................................................

Personal Care Products and Services ...................................

1 292

611 304 159 114 34

333

752

172 65 31 60 16

21.5

1.1 1.1

7 1 6

20 368 2 794 1 481 190 366 170 209 546 1 314 490

17 9 8

22 709

3 280 1 582 210 396 163 227 584 1 699 463

1 335

1 588

48

46

64

54

217

369

1 578

Miscellaneous ...........................................................................

276

155

252

195

215

Personal Insurance and Pensions .......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................

1 670 36 1 634

149 33 146

154

403 311 391

228

222

732 326 706

5 959 2 909 409 792 325 439 944 3 050 1 049

6 612 2 823 1 451 2 062 276

9 935 4 816 1 789 2 885 445

305

920

1 664

784 452 182 112 38

341

1 840 603 81

275

557

342

177

362

431

1 823 41 1 782

1 627 835 466 262 64

1 318

319

279

2 411

816

306

1 183 29 1 154

45 598

5 958 2 959 1 240 1 610 148 713 402 145 123 42

294

39 30 8

13 690 8 292 3 232 4 834 226 2 645 552 433 1 769

447 255 90 64 338

2 339

86

583

(2)

10 715 6 748 1 381 5 261 106 2 077 461 328 1 101

1 314

2 188

342

4 863 2 371 356 634 257 369 755 2 492

2.0 2.0

8 728 5 611 666 4 840 105 1 717 353 249 798

949

2 038

Cash Contributions ..................................................................

460

31 822

1 007

409 148 151 76 34

141

3 716 2 080 311 482 236 344 707 1 635

804

223 70 65 71 16

204

111

26 294

24 17 7

5 248 2 532 1 080 1 437 199

1 668 238

17 9 7

22.4

1.6 1.6

4 584 2 535 911 978 159

Education .................................................................................. Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ............................

1.4 1.4

22.2

7 514 4 958 788 4 004 166 1 564 247 169 576

1 027

45

1.2 1.2

21.8

6 128 3 982 153 3 554 274 1 192 190 219 546

850

741

21.8

2 755 57 2 698

342

1Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income" reporters only through 2003. Beginning in 2004, income imputation was implemented. As a result, all consumer units

are considered to be complete income reporters.

2Value less than 0.05. 3Data are likely to have large sampling errors.

987

5 199 102 5 098

CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 393 Table 8-24. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 25 to 34 Years of Age, 2003–2004 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item

Less than $5,000

Total

$5,000 to $9,999

$10,000 to $14,999

Complete reporting of income $15,000 to $19,999

$20,000 to $29,999

$30,000 to $39,999

$40,000 to $49,999

$50,000 to $69,999

$70,000 and over

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................

18 396

488

748

1 039

1 223

2 599

2 541

2 064

3 364

4 330

Income Before Taxes1 ..............................................................

51 650

910

7 680

12 605

17 409

24 978

34 418

44 316

59 018

107 895

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income After Taxes1 .................................................................

Age of Reference Person .........................................................

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ...................................................................................... Children under 18 years ............................................................. Persons 65 years and over ........................................................ Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................

Percent Distribution Male ............................................................................................ Female ....................................................................................... Percent Homeowner ................................................................. With mortgage ............................................................................ Without mortgage ....................................................................... AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................

Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................ Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................

49 863

1 327

7 947

13 107

17 919

25 057

33 443

43 052

56 826

102 775

2.9 1.1

(2)

2.4 1.0 (2)

2.5 1.2 (2)

2.8 1.4 (2)

2.8 1.2 (2)

2.7 1.1 (2)

2.7 1.0 (2)

2.9 1.1 (2)

3.0 1.0 (2)

3.1 1.0

50 50

35 65

30 70

34 66

44 56

47 53

53 47

58 42

52 48

56 44

29.7

1.5 1.8

49 42 7

42 520 5 627 3 103 426 791 337 514 1 035 2 524 517

Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................

14 511 8 833 4 782 3 809 241 2 638 919 498 1 624

Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................

8 400 4 031 1 551 2 456 363

Entertainment ...........................................................................

2 086

Reading .....................................................................................

98

Apparel and Services ...............................................................

Health Care ............................................................................... Health insurance ........................................................................ Medical services ......................................................................... Drugs .......................................................................................... Medical supplies .........................................................................

Personal Care Products and Services ...................................

Education ..................................................................................

2 073

1 514 829 408 215 63 542

691

29.5

0.8 1.0

21 14 7

20 145 3 846 2 400 362 598 258 410 771 1 447 189

7 900 5 260 1 300 3 861 399 1 665 197 345 432

1 036

3 320 3933 965 1 138 284

483 245 109 102 328

801

3 635 2 595 361 843 236 346 809 1 040 163

6 697 4 214 784 3 310 3120 1 629 202 262 390

1 137

3 537 1 571 737 999 230 431 185 111 98 338

736

1 027

284

242

Cash Contributions ..................................................................

804

545

4 773 219 4 554

18 785

890

57

169

Personal Insurance and Pensions .......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................

18 8 11

241

290

592

0.8 0.9

364

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ............................

Miscellaneous ...........................................................................

28.7

259 378 181

41

29.1

1.0 1.1

21 8 13

21 768

4 018 2 677 382 765 251 478 802 1 340 212

7 928 4 845 703 4 091 351 1 882 347 271 583

28.7

1.2 1.2

18 10 7

24 013 4 262 2 890 396 699 341 494 960 1 372 285

29.3

1.3 1.3

31 22 8

27 543

4 009 2 521 352 672 269 426 801 1 488 292

29.3

1.4 1.6

40 33 7

34 479 5 160 3 130 431 832 344 521 1 003 2 030 439

29.8

1.6 1.9

51 46 5

39 155

5 330 2 976 432 767 340 485 952 2 353 494

29.9

30.5

1.8 2.2

62 57 5

48 363 5 945 3 038 412 705 339 493 1 089 2 908 584

1.9 2.3 (2)

76 72 5

69 666 7 867 3 786 504 939 404 633 1 306 4 082 859

8 867 5 376 881 4 431 64 1 936 345 479 732

10 216 6 355 1 855 4 425 74 2 184 478 286 913

11 838 7 373 2 785 4 459 129 2 335 596 417 1 117

13 369 8 025 3 843 4 004 177 2 656 738 441 1 509

15 563 9 315 5 623 3 437 255 2 987 993 587 1 680

23 578 14 320 10 671 3 090 560 3 472 1 905 724 3 159

3 922 1 794 905 1 048 176

3 619 1 006 1 053 1 325 235

5 364 2 403 1 227 1 533 201

7 182 3 555 1 346 2 043 238

7 536 3 270 1 635 2 364 267

11 140 5 815 1 878 3 097 349

13 054 6 427 2 072 3 854 702

889

1 084

1 312

1 411

1 734

2 287

3 888

52

40

56

79

88

106

176

1 484

517 192 157 140 28

350

751

1 253

612 336 122 126 28

338

831

1 362

919 480 266 138 35

376

363

1 855

1 297 698 343 209 47 449

428

1 908

1 654 908 443 257 47 522

596

1 984

1 974 1 093 553 250 78 559

3 340

2 366 1 341 627 289 108 856

755

900

233

331

401

333

287

394

284

205

228

206

614

476

657

827

878

1 346

437 369 368

300

807 63 744

459

1 347 61 1 286

439

2 025 100 1 925

445

2 952 98 2 854

706

3 997 201 3 796

728

5 578 244 5 334

818

10 411 473 9 939

1Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income" reporters only through 2003. Beginning in 2004, income imputation was implemented. As a result, all consumer units

are considered to be complete income reporters.

2Value less than 0.05. 3Data are likely to have large sampling errors.

394 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-25. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 35 to 44 Years of Age, 2003–2004 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item

Less than $5,000

Total

$5,000 to $9,999

$10,000 to $14,999

Complete reporting of income $15,000 to $19,999

$20,000 to $29,999

$30,000 to $39,999

$40,000 to $49,999

$50,000 to $69,999

$70,000 and over

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ................

22 669

631

760

923

884

2 347

2 628

2 448

4 320

7 729

Income Before Taxes1 ............................................................

63 597

-1 579

7 880

12 623

17 517

24 777

34 485

44 499

59 500

115 779

Age of Reference Person .......................................................

39.7

40.0

39.6

40.0

39.8

39.7

39.5

39.7

39.5

39.8

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income After Taxes1 ...............................................................

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ..................................................................................... Children under 18 years ........................................................... Persons 65 years and over ....................................................... Earners ..................................................................................... Vehicles .................................................................................... Percent Distribution Male .......................................................................................... Female ......................................................................................

Percent Homeowner ............................................................... With mortgage .......................................................................... Without mortgage .....................................................................

61 086 3.2 1.3

-1 269 2.6 1.1

8 211 2.5 1.1

13 027 2.6 1.1

17 764 3.0 1.3

25 003 2.8 1.2

33 889 3.0 1.2

43 754 3.2 1.3

57 636

109 693

3.3 1.3

3.6 1.5

1.6 2.1

0.9 1.0

0.7 0.9

1.0 1.1

1.1 1.2

1.3 1.5

1.5 1.8

1.7 2.2

1.8 2.4

2.0 2.7

69 58 11

36 21 15

30 15 15

33 18 15

34 22 11

44 30 14

60 49 11

69 57 12

77 66 11

89 81 8

(2)

50 50

(2)

37 63

(2)

36 64

(2)

39 61

(2)

45 55

(2)

42 58

(2)

46 54

(2)

53 47

(2)

(2)

56 44

54 46

AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ...................................

49 826

23 357

17 320

21 899

22 415

28 181

33 901

40 466

49 589

76 493

Alcoholic Beverages ..............................................................

516

338

112

211

184

204

288

529

578

762

Food ......................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................ Cereals and bakery products ................................................ Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ............................................... Dairy products ....................................................................... Fruits and vegetables ........................................................... Other food at home ............................................................... Food away from home ..............................................................

6 711 3 844 552 991 429 616 1 256 2 867

Housing ................................................................................... Shelter ...................................................................................... Owned dwellings ................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................. Other lodging ........................................................................ Utilities, fuels, and public services ............................................ Household operations ............................................................... Housekeeping supplies ............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .....................................

16 561 9 781 6 978 2 405 399 3 230 977 678 1 896

Transportation ........................................................................ Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................. Gasoline and motor oil .............................................................. Other vehicle expenses ............................................................ Public transportation .................................................................

9 097 4 239 1 739 2 691 428

Entertainment ..........................................................................

2 547

Apparel and Services .............................................................

Health Care .............................................................................. Health insurance ....................................................................... Medical services ....................................................................... Drugs ........................................................................................ Medical supplies ....................................................................... Personal Care Products and Services ..................................

2 157

2 212 1 163 631 321 97

4 495 3 165 481 883 377 504 921 1 330

9 144 5 755 2 434 3 219 3102 2 154 190 257 788

1 690

3 815

3 191 2 035 305 601 201 306 621 1 156

7 137 4 355 1 166 3 156 333 1 918 194 291 379

1 091

9 124 4 852 692 1 165 547 787 1 660 4 272

8 865 5 553 1 549 3 918 386 2 192 271 303 548

10 175 6 324 2 469 3 787 67 2 448 286 394 723

11 611 7 113 3 972 3 015 126 2 715 370 496 918

13 519 8 015 5 256 2 532 227 3 071 487 510 1 436

15 451 8 955 6 458 2 159 337 3 326 759 669 1 743

25 116 14 682 12 447 1 421 814 4 096 1 982 1 014 3 342

1 510

1 250

1 651

1 271

1 938

3 299

6 431 2 818 1 455 1 936 223

7 848 3 465 1 708 2 426 249

10 358 5 208 1 902 2 900 347

13 281 6 236 2 274 3 984 787

720

633

771

869

1 258

1 484

2 005

2 469

4 244

757 266 259 207 326

577 239 154 146 338

242

242

Miscellaneous .........................................................................

715

45

50

862 364 235 209 355

337

47

316

879 415 245 195 325

322 34

91

410

640

1 308 136 1 171

2 075 127 1 948

3 110 196 2 914

326

237

241

452

784 62 722

558

505

1 286

450 70 380

69

379

350

465 153 312

460

350

397

339

54

2 142 1 207 484 359 93

262

409

383

355

1 672 913 447 248 64

232

317

729

1 337 662 404 228 43

139

342

6 155 386 5 770

6 681 3 707 530 952 419 559 1 247 2 975

5 208 2 334 1 182 1 500 193

750

Personal Insurance and Pensions ........................................ Life and other personal insurance ............................................ Pensions and Social Security ...................................................

5 862 3 604 516 997 394 593 1 103 2 258

3 417 1 071 1 032 1 187 126

Education ................................................................................

Cash Contributions ................................................................

5 308 3 166 458 820 359 553 975 2 142

3 415 1 398 930 926 161

311

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ...........................

1 283

4 603 3 053 430 878 318 487 940 1 549

2 499 3931 718 695 156

274

120

8 296 4 948 1 290 3 576 381 2 206 228 405 509

3 706 2 549 411 730 292 384 733 1 156

866 1 074 158

31 717

658

Reading ....................................................................................

4 601 3 413 468 1 058 367 498 1 022 1 188

355

571

381

764

2 415 1 379 605 319 112 615

1 002

566

1 512

115

436

369

1 072

1 283

4 144 279 3 865

3 160 1 612 994 413 141

830

5 921 360 5 562

203

267

954

2 151

11 419 694 10 725

1Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income" reporters only through 2003. Beginning in 2004, income imputation was implemented. As a result, all consumer units

are considered to be complete income reporters.

2Value less than 0.05. 3Data are likely to have large sampling errors.

CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 395 Table 8-26. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 45 to 54 Years of Age, 2003–2004 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .................. CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income Before Taxes1 ..............................................................

Income After Taxes1 .................................................................

Age of Reference Person .........................................................

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ...................................................................................... Children under 18 years ............................................................. Persons 65 years and over ........................................................ Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................

Percent Distribution Males .......................................................................................... Females ...................................................................................... Percent Homeowner ................................................................. With mortgage ............................................................................ Without mortgage .......................................................................

Less than $5,000

Total 21 880 69 489

478 -1 636

$5,000 to $9,999 724 7 817

$10,000 to $14,999

Complete reporting of income

990 12 622

$15,000 to $19,999

1 091 17 251

$20,000 to $29,999

2 040 24 772

$30,000 to $39,999 2 147 34 860

$40,000 to $49,999 2 175 44 555

$50,000 to $69,999 3 782 59 259

$70,000 and over 8 451 122 796

65 744

-1 892

7 834

12 945

17 282

24 266

33 953

42 894

56 106

115 263

2.7 0.6 (2)

1.8 0.4 (2)

1.8 0.4 (2)

2.2 0.6 (2)

2.2 0.5 (2)

2.2 0.5

2.5 0.5 (2)

2.7 0.6 (2)

3.1 0.7

51 49

43 57

38 62

40 60

45 55

1.3 1.6 42 58

2.3 0.5 0.1 1.5 2.0

57 34 23

65 45 20

46 54

54 46

56 44

49.4

49.2

1.7 2.4

76 57 19

0.8 1.2

46 25 21

49.5

0.5 0.8

38 19 19

49.3

0.9 1.1

45 23 22

49.4

1.1 1.5

52 28 24

49.3

(2)

49.5

49 51

49.2

1.6 2.3

74 51 23

49.4

49.4

1.8 2.6

84 65 19

2.2 3.2 (2)

93 77 17

AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................

52 775

26 583

16 125

19 819

24 444

28 159

33 396

37 743

49 027

81 407

Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................

509

194

134

169

177

211

278

378

421

848

Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................

6 907 3 981 540 1 078 420 663 1 279 2 926

Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................

16 070 9 311 6 936 1 669 706 3 389 669 721 1 981

Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................

9 676 4 240 1 839 3 091 505

Entertainment ...........................................................................

Apparel and Services ...............................................................

Health Care ............................................................................... Health insurance ........................................................................ Medical services ......................................................................... Drugs .......................................................................................... Medical supplies ......................................................................... Personal Care Products and Services ...................................

Reading .....................................................................................

6 591 3 741 1 352 2 355 334 1 946 138 249 517

4 630 393 802 1 132 302

2 377 3951 645 643 139

2 651

1 865

555

153

74

2 171

2 631 1 250 770 475 136 676

1 479

Miscellaneous ...........................................................................

820

Cash Contributions .................................................................. Personal Insurance and Pensions .......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security ..................................................... 1Components

2 877 2 236 306 622 238 422 649 641

9 869 5 949 3 108 2 509 3333 2 220 299 559 841

Education .................................................................................. Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ............................

4 720 3 046 442 844 318 487 954 1 674

1 520

32

1 172 430 262 429 50

3 432 2 632 418 690 242 432 850 800

7 663 4 610 1 851 2 728 332 2 209 147 286 411

4 761 3 347 465 988 357 537 1 000 1 414

8 756 4 817 2 219 2 523 76 2 221 198 439 1 080

4 410 3 069 409 953 297 464 946 1 341

14 725 8 376 6 491 1 440 444 3 416 478 648 1 807

23 592 13 794 11 510 833 1 450 4 304 1 219 1 061 3 214

5 795 2 456 1 250 1 889 200

6 130 2 290 1 451 2 170 219

6 971 2 669 1 574 2 515 212

9 638 4 332 1 945 2 988 374

14 631 6 640 2 467 4 603 921

1 680

2 470

4 273

110

140

1 112

979 361 276 238 103

1 232 602 360 228 42

1 498 664 405 369 59

1 592 787 342 416 47

962

370

294

243

310

265

123

163

173

31

31

68

1 260

2 014 985 515 417 97

1 259

1 494

67

80

414

279

460

359

1 466

2 316 1 148 603 437 128 520

416

1 940

2 695 1 379 723 461 133 617

6 111 454 5 657

12 533 975 11 558

432

410

403

373

394

1 686

575

263

181

446

699

756

944

1 351

6 960 563 6 397

578 221 357

381 86 294

843 114 729

1 355 229 1 126

365

2 046 204 1 842

570

3 262 316 2 946

700

4 237 338 3 899

250

1 184

463

452

1 010

881

357

216

3 628 1 672 1 168 587 200

3 125

286

295

3 354

835

385

465

9 590 5 048 676 1 314 538 859 1 662 4 542

12 065 6 881 4 513 2 126 243 3 038 362 533 1 250

1 140

768

6 811 4 068 556 1 112 428 668 1 303 2 743

11 403 6 458 3 667 2 591 199 2 771 309 587 1 278

1 130

3 914 1 373 1 104 1 281 156

5 567 3 252 458 881 361 514 1 038 2 315

9 499 5 518 2 704 2 684 131 2 553 234 379 814

870

3 284 1 223 900 1 057 104

4 927 3 098 397 882 330 538 951 1 829

367

3 023

of income and taxes are derived from "complete income" reporters only through 2003. Beginning in 2004, income imputation was implemented. As a result, all consumer units are considered to be complete income reporters.

2Value less than 0.05. 3Data are likely to have

large sampling errors.

396 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 8-27. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 55 to 64 Years of Age, 2003–2004 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) .................. CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income Before Taxes1 ..............................................................

Less than $5,000

Total 15 878 60 312

Income After Taxes1 .................................................................

57 438

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ...................................................................................... Children under 18 years ............................................................. Persons 65 years and over ........................................................ Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................

2.1 0.2 0.1 1.3 2.2

Age of Reference Person .........................................................

Percent Distribution Males .......................................................................................... Females ...................................................................................... Percent Homeowner ................................................................. With mortgage ............................................................................ Without mortgage .......................................................................

59.1

51 49

82 45 37

$5,000 to $9,999

496 1 525

1 496

59.4

959 8 012

Complete reporting of income

973 12 537

$15,000 to $19,999

983 17 379

$20,000 to $29,999

1 879 24 745

$30,000 to $39,999 1 734 34 623

$40,000 to $49,999 1 622 44 565

$50,000 to $69,999 2 486 58 689

$70,000 and over 4 746 125 407

7 940

12 543

17 316

24 390

33 576

43 149

56 333

118 063

1.4

0.3 1.0

1.7 0.2 0.1 0.5 1.5

1.8 0.2 0.1 0.8 1.5

1.9 0.2 0.1 1.0 1.8

2.0 0.2 0.1 1.2 2.2

2.1 0.2 0.1 1.4 2.2

2.3 0.2 0.1 1.5 2.5

2.5 0.2 0.1 1.9 2.9

47 15 32

64 22 41

59.9

1.5

20.1

20.1 20.1

40 60

40 60

0.5 1.3

(3)

56 22 34

$10,000 to $14,999

59.9

35 65

59.7

42 58

65 25 40

59.7

39 61

78 33 45

59.3

47 53

83 40 42

59.2

51 49

85 48 37

58.8

58.5

57 43

90 55 35

63 37

95 62 33

AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................

46 869

20 703

16 172

22 832

23 083

30 266

34 211

38 298

47 573

79 616

Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................

445

226

149

290

150

252

229

298

429

852

Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................

5 848 3 404 441 914 361 601 1 088 2 444

3 015 2 047 321 428 207 387 704 968

Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................

14 121 7 752 5 869 1 192 691 3 168 639 667 1 894

8 512 4 870 2 864 1 885 121 2 010 444 325 863

Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................

8 665 4 004 1 563 2 536 561

2 946 2856 735 1 200 155

Entertainment ...........................................................................

2 686

Apparel and Services ...............................................................

Health Care ............................................................................... Health insurance ........................................................................ Medical services ......................................................................... Drugs .......................................................................................... Medical supplies .........................................................................

1 797

654

2 528 1 730 265 457 192 284 532 797

14 100 7 878 6 358 965 554 3 354 503 612 1 754

22 676 12 437 10 246 608 1 583 4 191 1 332 1 025 3 691

2 876 355 588 818 115

4 167 2 022 892 1 113 139

4 406 1 807 961 1 441 198

5 644 2 520 1 163 1 696 265

7 112 3 341 1 476 2 032 263

7 773 3 675 1 498 2 245 355

8 724 3 742 1 771 2 700 512

14 280 6 808 2 213 4 077 1 182

709

1 266

941

2 550

1 585

1 513

3 047

4 610

21

512

Education ..................................................................................

755

2318

224

Miscellaneous ...........................................................................

792

541

Cash Contributions .................................................................. Personal Insurance and Pensions .......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................

1Components

326

1 710

5 746 601 5 145

64

838

1 934 973 348 521 91

939

2 119 1 013 498 550 58

279

95

202

379

580

77

315

335

827

225

504

525

307 141 166

2 551 1 324 515 586 126

281

63

307

283

890

335

221

265 176 89

8 838 4 528 555 1 143 481 825 1 525 4 310

11 396 6 240 4 615 1 270 355 2 983 458 571 1 143

198

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ............................

6 019 3 797 493 1 125 382 636 1 160 2 222

10 387 5 467 3 967 1 225 275 2 867 310 539 1 205

277

66

5 181 3 140 414 886 313 568 959 2 041

9 582 5 114 3 386 1 483 245 2 553 289 578 1 047

607

174

4 902 3 140 429 847 341 540 982 1 762

8 393 4 713 2 547 1 912 254 2 369 193 489 629

1 512 783 234 430 64

Reading .....................................................................................

4 667 2 969 395 844 342 494 894 1 698

8 734 4 818 2 645 2 018 155 2 379 226 404 906

2 053 904 757 310 281

Personal Care Products and Services ...................................

3 467 2 262 288 580 239 436 719 1 205

6 479 3 688 1 598 1 977 113 1 904 124 284 480

3 198 1 556 835 659 149

782

3 364 2 291 307 609 247 407 721 1 074

328

614 272 342

976 208 768

431 94

1 106

3 257 1 533 851 737 137

398

121

178

1 543

3 396 1 698 855 734 109

586

164

258

369

339

371

690

777

1 087

1 764 312 1 452

651

3 169 378 2 791

762

3 971 440 3 531

1 614

3 547 1 660 1 007 703 177

609

171

3 387

4 131 2 008 1 158 747 218

1 008 308

428

1 996

853

1 220

6 030 641 5 389

12 435 1 118 11 317

383

1 619

275

3 600

of income and taxes are derived from "complete income" reporters only through 2003. Beginning in 2004, income imputation was implemented. As a result, all consumer units are considered to be complete income reporters. large sampling errors.

2Data are likely to have 3Value less than 0.05.

CHAPTER 8: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES 397 Table 8-28. Consumer Expenditures, Averages for Age Groups by Income Before Taxes: Reference Person 65 Years of Age and Over, 2003–2004 (Number, dollar, percent.) Item

Less than $5,000

Total

$5,000 to $9,999

$10,000 to $14,999

Complete reporting of income $15,000 to $19,999

$20,000 to $29,999

$30,000 to $39,999

$40,000 to $49,999

$50,000 to $69,999

$70,000 and over

NUMBER OF CONSUMER UNITS (THOUSANDS) ..................

21 375

689

2 618

3 701

2 866

3 819

2 351

1 573

1 751

2 007

Income Before Taxes1 ..............................................................

33 076

1 955

8 087

12 460

17 520

24 536

34 777

44 601

58 930

119 223

CONSUMER UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

Income After Taxes1 .................................................................

31 714

1 889

Average Number in Consumer Unit Persons ...................................................................................... Children under 18 years ............................................................. Persons 65 years and over ........................................................ Earners ....................................................................................... Vehicles ......................................................................................

1.7 0.1 1.4 0.5 1.5

1.2 0.1 0.8

1.1 0.1 0.7

1.1 0.1 0.9

1.3 0.2 1.3

61 12 49

57 7 50

70 9 60

82 13 68

Age of Reference Person .........................................................

Percent Distribution Males .......................................................................................... Females ...................................................................................... Percent Homeowner ................................................................. With mortgage ............................................................................ Without mortgage ....................................................................... AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURES ....................................

Food ........................................................................................... Food at home ............................................................................. Cereals and bakery products ................................................. Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs ................................................ Dairy products ........................................................................ Fruits and vegetables ............................................................. Other food at home ................................................................ Food away from home ................................................................ Alcoholic Beverages ................................................................

75.2

46 54

80 18 62

30 893 4 115 2 683 394 682 301 507 799 1 432 238

76.0 1.4 (2)

32 68

18 369 3 039 2 056 295 557 229 398 577 983 145

8 013 77.0

1.2 (2)

26 74

13 096 2 081 1 615 266 424 164 311 450 465 87

12 365 77.3 1.3 (2)

28 72

17 466

2 649 1 998 304 485 226 414 569 651 105

17 327 76.1

1.6 (2)

42 58

22 998 3 170 2 291 353 568 245 452 674 879 116

21 488

34 304

43 937

57 671

113 260

1.5 0.4 1.6

1.7

1.9 0.1 1.5 0.6 2.0

2.0 0.1 1.5 0.7 2.1

2.2 0.1 1.5 0.9 2.3

2.5 0.2 1.5 1.4 2.5

85 17 68

89 20 69

75.5

(2)

50 50

28 496

3 925 2 560 370 655 298 481 757 1 365 214

74.1

57 43

33 876 4 598 2 980 422 748 342 567 901 1 618 218

73.4

58 42

91 26 65

39 366

5 418 3 411 495 880 409 585 1 043 2 008 247

72.6

71.8

64 36

93 35 57

47 378 6 290 3 825 576 997 417 631 1 204 2 465 427

68 32

95 38 57

74 885 8 282 4 502 601 1 158 496 890 1 358 3 781 867

Housing ..................................................................................... Shelter ........................................................................................ Owned dwellings .................................................................... Rented dwellings .................................................................... Other lodging .......................................................................... Utilities, fuels, and public services .............................................. Household operations ................................................................ Housekeeping supplies .............................................................. Household furnishings and equipment .......................................

10 117 5 308 3 542 1 369 396 2 536 667 518 1 089

7 556 4 597 2 344 2 114 139 1 812 313 348 486

5 413 3 098 1 390 1 656 51 1 614 181 259 261

7 075 3 714 1 857 1 743 114 1 945 577 352 487

8 292 4 415 2 921 1 343 152 2 307 521 435 613

9 565 4 852 3 250 1 334 268 2 572 682 461 999

10 677 5 340 3 843 1 137 360 2 811 600 588 1 339

11 990 5 907 4 489 910 507 3 017 578 787 1 702

13 975 7 345 5 538 963 844 3 234 921 741 1 734

20 928 11 226 8 473 1 139 1 614 4 028 1 695 970 3 008

Transportation .......................................................................... Vehicle purchases (net outlay) ................................................... Gasoline and motor oil ............................................................... Other vehicle expenses .............................................................. Public transportation ...................................................................

4 954 2 158 890 1 545 361

2 085 3704 438 772 170

1 409 3437 361 535 76

1 941 625 465 739 112

3 454 1 275 737 1 294 148

4 731 2 051 872 1 474 333

5 724 2 421 1 107 1 906 290

6 871 3 104 1 269 2 087 412

10 032 5 218 1 507 2 664 643

11 857 5 475 1 680 3 282 1 420

Entertainment ...........................................................................

1 494

811

1 443

2 309

2 207

3 783

213

224

312

Apparel and Services ...............................................................

Health Care ............................................................................... Health insurance ........................................................................ Medical services ......................................................................... Drugs .......................................................................................... Medical supplies ......................................................................... Personal Care Products and Services ...................................

Reading ..................................................................................... Education ..................................................................................

931

3 890 2 094 702 934 160

571

2 083 1 227 226 567 62 435

273

195

212

3230

318

611

260

147

158

Cash Contributions ..................................................................

2 042

Personal Insurance and Pensions .......................................... Life and other personal insurance .............................................. Pensions and Social Security .....................................................

2 377 1 301 461 509 107

488

461

Tobacco Products and Smoking Supplies ............................

Miscellaneous ...........................................................................

535

1 521 393 1 129

55

53

485

2 865 1 614 422 754 75 632

279

653

3 530 1 961 504 920 146 406

85

114

25

639

138

747

329

700

1 167

380 161

151 133 18

260 182 78

147

528

110

3220

449

109

112

254

4 211 2 270 754 1 022 165

42

117

241

784

579 321 258

1 034

4 687 2 450 929 1 072 236 2 156 521

170

133

1 306

4 448 2 611 707 945 184 573

906

1 145

827

791

1 477

187

1 434

1 769

2 932

1 251 493 758

757

6 016 2 845 1 583 1 296 292

511

191

678 302 376

5 233 2 741 989 1 262 240

2 382

130

166

747

1 431

1 915 518 1 397

208

2 249

3 045 611 2 434

231

9 045

7 653 1 067 6 586

1Components of income and taxes are derived from "complete income" reporters only through 2003. Beginning in 2004, income imputation was implemented. As a result, all consumer units

are considered to be complete income reporters.

2Value less than 0.05. 3Data are likely to have large sampling errors.

CHAPTER NINE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH HIGHLIGHTS This chapter includes data on work-related injuries, illnesses, and fatalies from the annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses and the Census of Fatal Occupations. Data are classified by industry and selected worker characteristics.

Incidence Rates of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, by Major Industry, 2004 Transportation and warehousing Manufacturing Construction Education and health services

Industry

Retail trade Natural resources and mining Utilities Leisure and hospitality

Total cases Days away from work

Wholesale trade Other services Professional and business services Information Financial activities 0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Incidence rate per 100 full-time workers

Transportation and warehousing continued to have the highest incidence rate of non-fatal occupational injuries and illnesses among all major industries, with 7.3 per 100 full-time workers in 2004. Financial activities had the lowest rate at 1.6 injuries and illnesses per 100 full-time workers. Most industries had injury and illness rates that were equal to or lower than their rates in 2003. Rates for injuries and illnesses requiring days away from work were much lower, ranging from 0.5 injuries and illnesses per 100 full-time workers for financial services to 3.1 injuries and illnesses per 100 full-time workers for transportation and warehousing. (See Table 9-1.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • In 2004, manufacturing had a higher injury incidence rate than construction, but construction had a higher rate of injuries and illnesses requiring days away from work. This indicates an occurance of more serious injuries and illnesses in that industry. (See Table 9-1.) • Truck drivers had the highest number of days away from work as a result of occupational injuries and illnesses. They also had the highest percentage of being away from work for 31 days or more. (See Table 9-3.) • Men suffered 93 percent of all fatal injuries and 66 percent of all non-fatal injuries in 2004. (See Tables 9-2 and 9-4.) • In 2005, there was just 1 less fatal occupational injury than in 2004. The age distribution of workers suffering from fatal occupational injuries remained about the same in 2005, with those in the 45- to 54-year-old age group again suffering the highest number of fatalities. (See Table 9-4.)

401

402 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Collection and Coverage

Concepts and Definitions

Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses

Recordable occupational injuries and illnesses include: (1) nonfatal occupational injuries that involve one or more of the following: loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment (other than first aid). The annual survey measures only nonfatal injuries and illnesses. To better address fatalities, BLS implemented the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (described below); and (2) nonfatal occupational illnesses.

The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses is a federal/state program that collected employer reports from about 173,800 private industry establishments in 2004. The survey estimates are based on a probability sample and are then processed by state agencies in cooperation with the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The survey measures nonfatal injuries and illnesses only and excludes the self-employed, farms with fewer than 11 employees, private households, federal government agencies, and, for national estimates, employees in state and local government agencies

Occupational injury is any injury—such as a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation—that results from a work accident or from exposure to an incident in the work environment.

BLS has reported annually on the number and rate of days away from work injuries and illnesses in private industry since the early 1970s. The 2004 national survey marks the 13th year that BLS has collected additional detailed information concerning worker and case characteristics data, including data on lost work time. On January 19, 2001, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) promulgated revisions to its requirements for recording occupational injuries and illnesses. These revisions became effective January 1, 2002, and were reflected in the 2002 survey.

Occupational illness is an abnormal condition or disorder (other than one resulting from an occupational injury) caused by exposure to environmental factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses and diseases that may have been caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or direct contact. Long-term latent illnesses can be difficult to relate to the workplace and are believed to be understated in this survey.

The term “lost workdays” was eliminated under these revisions, which instead require companies to record days away from work and days of restricted work or transfer to another job. In addition, the new rules for counting rely on calendar days instead of workdays. Employers are no longer required to count days away from work or days of job transfer or restriction beyond 180 days. These changes have affected the calculation of median days away from work from 2002 onward, making data from those years noncomparable to data from previous years.

The data are presented in the form of incidence rates, defined as the number of injuries and illnesses or cases of days away from work per 100 full-time employees. The formula is (N/EH) x 200,000, where N = number of injuries and illnesses or days away from work, EH = total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year, and 200,000 = the base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year).

The number and frequency (incidence rates) of days away from work cases are based on logs and other records kept by private industry employers throughout the year. These records reflect the year’s overall injury and illness experience and the employers’ understanding of which cases are work related under the current record-keeping guidelines of the U. S. Department of Labor. The number of injuries and illnesses reported in a given year can be influenced by changes in the level of economic activity, working conditions and work practices, worker experience and training, and the number of hours worked. The Mine Safety and Health Administration and the Federal Railroad Administration furnish mining and railroad data to BLS. These data are therefore not comparable to data from other industries. Industry data are classified according to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).

Days away from work are cases that involve days away from work, days of restricted work activity, or both.

Comparable data for individual states are available from the BLS Office of Safety, Health, and Working Conditions. Collection and Coverage Fatal Occupational Injuries Since 1992, BLS has been collected a comprehensive count of work-related deaths in the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI). The CFOI covers private workers in family businesses, and public sector workers. The CFOI program is a cooperative venture between the state and federal governments. The program collects and cross checks fatality information from multiple sources, including death certificates, state and federal workers’ compensation reports, Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Mine Safety and Health Administration records, medical examiner and autopsy reports, media accounts, state motor vehicle fatality records, and follow-up questionnaires to employers.

CHAPTER 9: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 403

Fatality counts from the CFOI are combined with average annual employment from the Current Population Survey to produce a fatal work injury rate. Data for 2005 are preliminary. CFOI data include deaths that resulted from traumatic occupational injuries.

Industries are classified according to NAICS and occupations according to the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system.

For a fatality to be included in the CFOI, the decedent must have been employed at the time of the event and present at the site of the incident as a job requirement. Due to the latency period of many occupational illnesses and the resulting difficulty associated with linking illnesses to work, it is difficult to compile a complete count of all fatal illnesses in a given year. Thus, information on illnessrelated deaths are excluded from the basic fatality count.

For more extensive definitions and a description of collection methods see BLS news release USDL 05-2195, “Workplace Injuries and Illnesses in 2004,” for injuries and illnesses; USDL 06-1364, “National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries for Fatalities,” for more information on the CFOI; and occasional articles in Compensation and Working Conditions. All of these resources are available on the BLS Web site at .

Sources of Additional Information

404 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 9-1. Incidence Rates Per 100 Full-Time Workers1 of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, by Selected Industries and Case Types, 2004 (Number, rate.)

Industry2

NAICS code3

PRIVATE INDUSTRY6 ...........................................................

Goods-Producing6 ................................................................ Natural resources and mining6,7 ............................................. Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting6 ........................... Crop production6 ............................................................ Animal production6 ......................................................... Support activities for agriculture and forestry ................. Mining7 ............................................................................... Oil and gas extraction ..................................................... Mining (except oil and gas)8 ........................................... Support activities for mining ........................................... Construction ....................................................................... Construction of buildings ................................................ Heavy and civil engineering construction ....................... Specialty trade contractors ............................................. Manufacturing ..................................................................... Food ............................................................................... Beverage and tobacco product ....................................... Textile mills ..................................................................... Textile product mills ........................................................ Apparel ........................................................................... Leather and allied product .............................................. Wood product ................................................................. Paper .............................................................................. Printing and related support activities ............................. Petroleum and coal product ............................................ Chemical ......................................................................... Plastics and rubber product ............................................ Nonmetallic mineral product ........................................... Primary metal ................................................................. Fabricated metal product ................................................ Machinery ....................................................................... Computer and electronic product ................................... Electrical equipment, appliance, and component ........... Transportation equipment ............................................... Furniture and related product ......................................... Miscellaneous .................................................................

Service-Providing ................................................................. Trade, transportation, and utilities9 ......................................... Wholesale trade .................................................................. Merchant wholesalers, durable goods ............................ Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods ...................... Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers .. Retail trade ......................................................................... Motor vehicle and parts dealers ..................................... Furniture and home furnishings stores ........................... Electronics and appliance stores .................................... Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers ....................................................................... Food and beverage stores .............................................. Health and personal care stores ..................................... Gasoline stations ............................................................ Clothing and clothing accessories stores ....................... Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores ............. General merchandise stores .......................................... Miscellaneous store retailers .......................................... Nonstore retailers ........................................................... Transportation and warehousing9 ...................................... Air transportation ............................................................ Rail transportation9 ......................................................... Water transportation .......................................................

2004 average annual employment4 107 551.8

11 111 112 115 21 211 212 213 23 236 237 238 31 311 312 313 314 315 316 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 339 42 423 424 425 44 441 442 443

444 445 446 447 448 451 452 453 454 48 481 482 483

Total recordable cases

Cases with days away from work5

Total

Cases with job transfer or restriction

4.8

2.5

1.4

1.1

4.2 5.5 4.5 4.1 5.6 2.8 5.3 5.1 5.7 3.1

2.2 3.1 2.7 2.2 3.9 1.6 2.7 2.2 3.2 1.5

1.3 1.8 1.5 1.3 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.4 1.9 0.9

0.9 1.3 1.2 0.9 1.9 0.6 1.2 0.7 1.3 ...

22 655.5 1 481.7 961.8 429.8 141.1 309.2 519.9 121.3 204.2 194.4 6 916.4 1 618.5 895.0 4 402.9 14 257.4 1 490.4 193.7 237.8 176.2 284.7 42.5 548.0 493.3 658.5 112.3 881.8 803.7 498.5 466.0 1 488.7 1 136.8 1 314.9 443.8 1 763.4 568.5 653.6

6.5 5.3 6.4 5.6 8.5 5.9 3.8 2.6 4.3 3.8 6.4 5.6 5.9 6.8 6.6 8.2 8.7 4.0 5.4 3.5 6.9 10.0 4.9 4.5 2.5 3.5 7.7 8.0 10.0 8.0 6.7 2.3 5.5 8.5 8.3 4.5

1 234.1 2 818.3 940.7 872.9 1 367.6 646.1 2 851.3 918.5 424.4 4 006.2 513.2 ... 55.0

8.1 6.4 2.3 3.4 2.6 3.9 7.0 3.2 4.8 7.3 10.1 2.7 4.4

84 896.3 25 273.3 5 642.5 2 942.2 2 000.0 700.4 15 060.7 1 901.3 563.8 521.8

Cases with days away from work, job transfer, or restriction

3.5 3.1 3.7 3.3 4.7 3.3 2.3 1.2 2.9 2.2 3.4 2.9 3.2 3.6 3.6 5.3 5.8 2.3 2.9 1.8 4.4 5.4 2.9 2.4 1.2 2.0 4.7 4.8 5.2 3.9 3.1 1.2 2.9 4.6 4.7 2.5

4.3 3.3 1.1 1.5 0.9 1.3 4.3 1.6 2.8 4.9 7.7 2.0 2.6

1.9 2.0 2.3 1.7 2.9 2.2 1.6 0.9 2.2 1.5 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.6 1.6 1.9 2.9 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.7 1.4 1.2 0.7 0.9 2.0 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.5 0.6 1.2 1.6 2.3 1.2

2.3 1.9 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.8 1.9 0.9 1.6 3.1 5.3 1.8 1.8

Other recordable cases

2.3

1.7 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.9 1.2 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.7 1.0 1.0 2.1 3.4 2.9 1.5 1.9 0.8 2.9 2.7 1.5 1.2 0.5 1.0 2.7 2.5 3.0 2.0 1.6 0.6 1.7 3.0 2.5 1.3

2.9 2.2 2.7 2.3 3.8 2.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.7 3.0 2.7 2.8 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.8 1.7 2.5 1.7 2.4 4.6 2.1 2.0 1.2 1.5 3.0 3.1 4.8 4.1 3.6 1.1 2.6 3.9 3.6 2.0

2.0 1.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 2.4 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.5 0.2 0.8

3.8 3.0 1.2 1.9 1.6 2.6 2.7 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.4 0.7 1.8

2.1 2.3 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.3 2.6 3.0 2.5 1.6

Note: Due to rounding, components may not add to totals. 1The

incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as: (N/EH) x 200,000, where N = number of injuries and illnesses; EH = total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year; 200,000 = base for 100 equivalent full-time workers working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year.

2Totals include data for industries not shown separately. 3North American Industry Classification System–United States, 2002. 4Employment is expressed as an annual average and is derived primarily from the Bureau of Labor Statistics's (BLS) Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) program. 5Days-away-from-work cases include those that result in days away from work with or without job transfer or restriction. 6Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees. 7Data for mining include establishments not governed by the Department of Labor's Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) rules and reporting, such as those in oil and gas extraction

and related support inches activities. Data for mining operators in coal, metal, and nonmetal mining are provided to BLS by MSHA. Independent mining contractors are excluded from the coal, metal, and nonmetal mining industries. These data do not reflect the changes the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) made to its record keeping requirements effective January 1, 2002; thus, estimates for these industries are not comparable to estimates in other industries. 8Data for mining operators in this industry are provided to BLS by MSHA. Independent mining contractors are excluded. These data do not reflect the changes the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) made to its record keeping requirements effective January 1, 2002; thus, estimates for these industries are not comparable to estimates in other industries. 9Data for employers in railroad transportation are provided to BLS by the Department of Transportation's Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). . . . = Not available.

CHAPTER 9: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 405 Table 9-1. Incidence Rates Per 100 Full-Time Workers1 of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, by Selected Industries and Case Types, 2004—Continued (Number, rate.)

Industry2

Service-Providing—Continued Truck transportation ........................................................ Transit and ground passenger transportation ................. Pipeline transportation .................................................... Scenic and sightseeing transportation ............................ Support activities for transportation ................................ Couriers and messengers .............................................. Warehousing and storage .............................................. Utilities ................................................................................ Information .............................................................................. Publishing industries (except Internet) ............................... Motion picture and sound recording industries ................... Broadcasting (except Internet) ........................................... Internet publishing and broadcasting .................................. Telecommunications ........................................................... Internet service providers, Web search portals, and data processing ................................................................. Other information services .................................................. Financial activities .................................................................. Finance and insurance ....................................................... Monetary authorities—central bank ................................ Credit intermediation and related activities ..................... Securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investments and related activities .......................... Insurance carriers and related activities ......................... Funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles ..................... Real estate and rental and leasing ..................................... Real estate ..................................................................... Rental and leasing services ............................................ Professional and business services ....................................... Professional, scientific, and technical services ................... Management of companies and enterprises ...................... Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services ................................................... Administrative and support services ............................... Waste management and remediation services .............. Education and health services ................................................ Educational services ........................................................... Health care and social assistance ...................................... Ambulatory health care services .................................... Hospitals ......................................................................... Nursing and residential care facilities ............................. Social assistance ............................................................ Leisure and hospitality ............................................................ Arts, entertainment, and recreation .................................... Performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries ............................................................... Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions .......... Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries .......... Accommodation and food services ..................................... Accommodation .............................................................. Food services and drinking places ................................. Other services ........................................................................ Other services, except public administration ...................... Repair and maintenance ................................................ Personal and laundry services ....................................... Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations ..............................................

2004 average annual employment4

NAICS code3

484 485 486 487 488 492 493 22 51 511 512 515 516 517 518 519

52 521 522

523 524 525 53 531 532

54 55

56 561 562 61 62 621 622 623 624

71

711 712 713 72 721 722

81 811 812

813

Total recordable cases

Cases with days away from work, job transfer, or restriction Cases with days away from work5

Total

Cases with job transfer or restriction

Other recordable cases

1 350.8 378.4 37.6 27.0 530.6 557.5 555.8 563.9 3 099.6 907.5 380.3 323.6 29.3 1 027.0

6.1 6.1 2.5 4.7 5.3 12.4 9.3 5.2 2.0 2.1 ... 2.3 2.4 2.2

3.9 3.6 1.4 2.8 3.5 8.8 5.8 2.5 1.1 1.1 ... 1.2 0.7 1.4

2.9 2.8 1.0 2.4 2.2 4.1 2.8 1.4 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 1.0

1.0 0.8 0.4 0.5 1.3 4.7 3.0 1.1 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 ... 0.4

2.3 2.5 1.1 1.9 1.9 3.7 3.4 2.7 0.9 1.0 ... 1.1 1.7 0.8

765.2 2 127.9 85.5 2 077.5 1 410.4 641.0 16 294.8 6 768.9 1 696.5

0.3 1.1 0.6 3.7 3.3 4.7 2.4 1.3 2.7

0.1 0.4 0.3 1.9 1.7 2.5 1.3 0.5 1.5

0.1 0.3 0.2 1.3 1.2 1.5 0.8 0.3 0.7

... 0.1 ... 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.2 ...

0.2 0.7 0.3 1.8 1.6 2.2 1.1 0.8 1.2

380.5 116.9 1 355.4 10 614.7 1 785.0 8 829.6 3 785.2 3 785.2 1 222.0 1 266.1

5.8 5.2 6.0 4.5 5.8 4.2 3.2 3.2 3.9 2.8

2.5 2.5 3.3 1.7 3.1 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.6

0.7 1.0 1.8 0.6 1.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7

3.3 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 1.6 1.6 2.0 1.2

382.5 49.4 7 890.8 5 813.3 21.6 2 813.1

7 829.4 7 503.5 325.8 16 085.0 2 079.2 14 005.7 4 937.5 4 246.7 2 810.2 2 011.3 12 467.6 1 852.9

1 297.2

0.8 1.6 1.6 0.9 1.9 1.0

3.7 3.4 7.6 5.8 2.5 6.2 3.3 8.3 9.7 3.9 4.7 5.9

2.7

0.3 1.0 0.7 0.3 1.2 0.4

2.2 2.0 5.3 2.7 1.0 2.9 1.2 3.4 5.8 2.1 1.9 3.1

1.2

0.2 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.3

1.4 1.3 2.9 1.5 0.7 1.6 0.8 1.9 2.9 1.2 1.1 1.5

1.8 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.0 0.8

0.1 ... 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.1

0.8 0.7 2.4 1.2 0.3 1.3 0.4 1.5 2.8 0.8 0.8 1.5

0.4

Note: Due to rounding, components may not add to totals. 1The

0.5 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.6

1.5 1.4 2.4 3.1 1.5 3.3 2.0 4.9 3.9 1.8 2.8 2.9

1.6

incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as: (N/EH) x 200,000, where N = number of injuries and illnesses; EH = total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year; 200,000 = base for 100 equivalent full-time workers working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year.

2Totals include data for industries not shown separately. 3North American Industry Classification System–United States, 2002. 4Employment is expressed as an annual average and is derived primarily from 5Days-away-from-work cases include those that result in days away from work

. . . = Not available.

the Bureau of Labor Statistics's (BLS) Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) program. with or without job transfer or restriction.

406 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 9-2. Number of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Involving Days Away from Work,1 by Selected Worker Characteristics and Industry Division, Private Industry, 2004 (Number in thousands.)

Characteristc

Total

cases2

TOTAL CASES ...................................................................

Goods-producing2

Total goods-producing

Natural resources and mining3

Construction

Manufacturing

1 259 320

408 400

29 100

153 200

226 090

829 300 425 470

348 220 60 030

25 410 3 700

149 430 3 670

173 380 52 660

...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ......................................................................

200 38 230 141 730 303 880 331 610

... 9 540 46 950 101 750 114 690

... 830 3 890 7 330 7 000

... 3 720 21 530 45 700 44 030

Length of Service With Employer Fewer than 3 months ........................................................... 3 to 11 months ..................................................................... 1 to 5 years .......................................................................... More than 5 years ................................................................

26 010 9 250 840

... 5 000 21 530 48 710 63 660

55 870 25 600 2 550

162 410 258 500 446 820 383 050

64 300 81 210 130 130 131 200

6 750 6 070 8 690 7 350

30 000 37 040 51 230 34 390

27 550 38 110 70 210 89 450

591 570 103 820 164 390 16 040 4 650

224 270 25 190 71 070 3 960 1 220

9 810 580 9 560 170 70

90 020 7 160 27 990 590 470

124 430 17 450 33 520 3 210 680

Sex Men ...................................................................................... Women ................................................................................ Age4 14 to 15 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years ...................................................................... 55 to 64 years ...................................................................... 65 years and over ................................................................

Race and Hispanic Origin White only ............................................................................ Black only ............................................................................ Hispanic only5 ...................................................................... Asian only ............................................................................ Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander only ............................. American Indian or Alaskan Native only .............................. Hispanic and other race5 ..................................................... Multi-race ............................................................................. Not reported .........................................................................

272 250 128 810 23 950

5 140 530 1 260 371 920

88 330 37 600 3 810

2 090 240 300 80 060

6 460 2 750 420

120 20 ... 8 760

960 ... 110 25 850

1 010 160 190 45 450

Note: Due to rounding and nonclassifiable responses, components may not add to totals. 1Days-away-from-work cases include those that result in days away from 2Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees. 3Data for Mining include establishments not governed by the Department

work with or without restricted work activity.

of Labor's Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) rules and reporting, such as those in oil and gas extraction and related support activities. Data for mining operators in coal, metal, and nonmetal mining are provided to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by MSHA. Independent mining contractors are excluded from the coal, metal, and nonmetal mining industries. These data do not reflect the changes the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) made to its record keeping requirements effective January 1, 2002; thus, estimates for these industries are not comparable to estimates in other industries. 4Information is not shown separately for injured workers under 14 years of age; these workers accounted for fewer than 50 cases. 5May be of any race. . . . = Not available.

CHAPTER 9: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 407

Table 9-2. Number of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Involving Days Away from Work,1 by Selected Worker Characteristics and Industry Division, Private Industry, 2004—Continued (Number in thousands.)

Characteristc

Service-providing

Total serviceproviding

Trade, transportation, and utilities6

850 930

387 650

21 150

34 930

90 500

189 980

95 380

31 350

481 090 365 440

278 290 105 050

14 890 6 260

19 580 15 350

60 100 30 390

39 410 150 550

47 040 48 270

21 790 9 560

...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ...................................................................... ......................................................................

180 28 690 94 780 202 130 216 920

80 12 450 43 480 91 250 102 810

... 500 1 230 5 020 5 390

8 090 4 390 1 470

... 1 930 9 820 26 690 24 520

... 3 190 16 360 43 450 48 150

80 8 790 17 490 20 820 19 150

... 1 280 3 470 7 070 7 740

Length of Service With Employer Fewer than 3 months ........................................................... 3 to 11 months ..................................................................... 1 to 5 years .......................................................................... More than 5 years ................................................................

6 150 2 320 410

... 550 2 930 7 830 9 160

98 100 177 290 316 690 251 850

42 600 76 670 140 220 122 670

850 2 600 6 680 10 950

3 000 7 290 13 800 10 810

13 890 20 970 35 700 19 800

16 590 38 100 77 610 57 020

17 640 25 180 30 870 21 300

3 540 6 480 11 800 9 290

367 300 78 630 93 320 12 080 3 440

165 230 24 950 34 770 3 260 1 310

8 010 920 1 000 170 40

15 110 3 190 4 450 510 170

38 360 9 090 18 830 1 620 290

85 560 30 940 15 590 3 080 770

37 260 7 170 14 650 3 050 670

17 770 2 370 4 020 390 200

TOTAL CASES ...................................................................

Sex Men ...................................................................................... Women ................................................................................ Age4 14 to 15 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years ...................................................................... 55 to 64 years ...................................................................... 65 years and over ................................................................

Race and Hispanic Origin White only ............................................................................ Black only ............................................................................ Hispanic only5 ...................................................................... Asian only ............................................................................ Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander only .............................

American Indian or Alaskan Native only .............................. Hispanic and other race5 ..................................................... Multi-race ............................................................................. Not reported .........................................................................

183 920 91 210 20 140

3 050 290 960 291 860

82 350 40 970 8 960

1 400 110 320 156 290

Information

70 ... ... 10 920

Financial activities

90 ... ... 11 410

Professional and business services

17 060 6 970 1 830

230 ... ... 22 000

Note: Due to rounding and nonclassifiable responses, components may not add to totals.

1Days-away-from-work cases include those that result in days away from work with or without restricted work activity. 4Information is not shown separately for injured workers under 14 years of age; these workers accounted for fewer than 50 cases. 5May be of any race. 6Data for employers in railroad transportation are provided to BLS by the Department of Transportation's Federal Railroad Administration

. . . = Not available.

(FRA).

Educational and health services

47 740 23 640 4 460

670 40 200 53 140

Leisure and hospitality

15 190 9 560 2 110

360 70 370 31 780

Other services

7 340 3 360 890

230 ... ... 6 320

408 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 9-3. Number and Percent Distribution of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Involving Days Away from Work, 1 by Selected Occupation and Number of Days Away from Work, Private Industry, 2004 (Number, percent.)

Occupation

Total cases

TOTAL .................................................................................................................

1 259 320

Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners ....................... Retail salespersons .............................................................................................. Carpenters ............................................................................................................ Stock clerks and order fillers ................................................................................ Maintenance and repair workers, general ............................................................

First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales work ............................................ Landscaping and groundskeeping workers .......................................................... Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers .............................................................. Electricians ........................................................................................................... Waiters and waitresses ........................................................................................

Labor and freight, stock, and material movers, hand ........................................... Truck drivers, heavy and tractor trailer ................................................................. Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants .............................................................. Construction laborers ........................................................................................... Truck drivers, light or delivery services ................................................................

Registered nurses ................................................................................................ Maids and housekeeping cleaners ....................................................................... Cashiers ............................................................................................................... Automotive service technicians and mechanics ................................................... Combined food preparation and service workers, including fast food ..................

Customer service representatives ........................................................................ Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters ................................................................. Driver/sales workers ............................................................................................. Cooks, restaurant ................................................................................................. Food preparation workers .................................................................................... Industrial truck and tractor operators .................................................................... Industrial machinery mechanics ...........................................................................

Note: Due to rounding and nonclassifiable responses, percentages may not sum to 100. 1Days-away-from-work

Total percent of cases

Percent of days-away-from-work-cases involving: 1 day

2 days

100.0

14.3

11.5

33 580 33 160 30 450 24 250 21 050

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

13.2 14.8 13.6 13.7 14.1

14 150 14 000 13 490 11 310 11 060

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

13.8 15.4 20.2 10.8 16.9

89 250 63 570 51 940 37 930 37 160

20 500 17 980 17 640 15 550 14 180

10 830 10 340 10 270 10 000 9 950 9 890 9 460

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0

14.3 8.4 15.0 14.1 11.3

13.9 14.8 12.8 16.8 12.8

19.0 13.1 10.6 19.1 19.0

13.4 12.1

cases include those that result in days away from work with or without restricted work activity.

3 to 5 days

6 to 10 days

11 to 20 days

21 to 30 days

31 days and over

6.8

25.0

Median days away from work

18.4

12.6

11.4

12.2 12.1 10.2 12.1 11.7

19.8 16.9 18.0 20.0 20.8

11.6 12.6 11.7 13.8 13.7

10.6 9.6 11.3 12.6 11.0

8.6 7.5 7.2 6.3 5.9

24.0 26.7 28.0 21.6 22.9

14.9 14.6 13.8 13.4 16.9

20.7 22.6 15.5 15.7 20.0

13.2 12.0 14.8 11.1 10.4

9.0 9.7 9.9 12.5 6.4

7.2 4.2 6.3 6.6 5.2

21.2 21.5 19.5 29.9 24.2

6 5 6 10 5

27.1 28.4

9 11

11.8 8.7 14.3 10.2 7.0

11.3 14.2 12.1 13.2 14.0

11.4 9.5 10.5 17.6 10.9

7.0 10.0

18.0 16.9 21.7 16.4 17.1

20.9 19.1 19.6 21.6 22.4

15.4 20.0 23.1 20.5 22.3

22.6 16.2

13.6 13.4 13.8 12.5 13.6

13.1 11.5 11.2 11.9 11.3

15.1 14.3 11.3 9.5 14.0 9.2 11.5

11.7 12.0 11.4 12.3 10.4

10.6 11.3 10.9 10.5 11.0

9.7 12.2 10.8 9.3 7.1

11.8 13.8

6.2 6.8 5.4 7.1 6.8

6.5 5.6 6.3 6.1 5.1

4.3 6.2 6.5 8.1 6.4

8.7 8.0

7

24.3 33.7 18.5 27.3 33.8

7 12 5 10 12

23.8 23.5 27.0 19.8 23.3

7 6 8 5 6

24.9 24.8 27.2 16.0 20.5

7 8 9 7 7

7 8 7 4 5

CHAPTER 9: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 409

Table 9-4. Fatal Occupational Injuries, by Selected Worker Characteristics and Selected Event or Exposure, 2005 (Number, percent.)

Characteristic TOTAL ...........................................................

Number

Fatalities

Selected event or exposure1 (percent of total for characteristic category)

Percent

Highway2

Homicides

Falls

Struck by object

5 702

100

25

10

13

11

4 568 1 134

80 20

28 13

9 14

14 12

10 15

Age5 Under 16 years .............................................. 16 to 17 years ................................................ 18 to 19 years ................................................ 20 to 24 years ................................................ 25 to 34 years ................................................

5 300 402

93 7

24 33

9 24

14 9

11 4

24 30 112 403 1 005

1 2 7 18

... 13 21 26 24

... 13 10 10 12

... 10 16 10 11

12 20 11 9 10

Race and Hispanic Origin White .............................................................. Black .............................................................. Hispanic7 ........................................................ American Indian or Alaskan Native ................ Asian ..............................................................

3 940 577 917 49 153

69 10 16 1 3

26 29 19 31 12

7 20 10 ... 46

13 8 20 8 9

11 8 12 10 6

Employee Status Wage and salary workers3 ............................. Self-employed4 ..............................................

Sex and Age Men ................................................................ Women ...........................................................

35 to 44 years ................................................ 45 to 54 years ................................................ 55 to 64 years ................................................ 65 years and over ..........................................

Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander ............... Other or not reported .....................................

1 239 1 383 924 575

9 55

(6)

22 24 16 10

1

(6)

26 26 28 20

... 15

12 9 8 6

... 25

12 14 16 17

... 11

Note: Totals for 2005 are preliminary. Totals for major categories may include subcategories not shown separately. Due to rounding, components may not add to totals. 1The figure shown is the percentage of the total fatalities for that demographic group. 2"Highway" includes deaths to vehicle occupants resulting from traffic incidents that occur

on the public roadway, shoulder, or surrounding area. It excludes incidents occurring entirely off the roadway, such as in parking lots and on farms; incidents involving trains; and deaths of pedestrians or other non-passengers. and other workers receiving compensation. workers, owners of unincorporated businesses and farms, paid and unpaid family workers, members of partnerships, and may include owners of incorporated businesses. 5There were seven fatalities for which there was insufficient information to determine the age of the decedent. 6Less than or equal to 0.5 percent. 7May be of any race. . . . = Not available. 3May include volunteers 4Includes self-employed

11 10 10 15

... 7

410 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 9-5. Fatal Occupational Injuries, by Occupation and Selected Event or Exposure, 2005 (Number, percent.)

Occupation1

TOTAL .........................................................................................................................................

Management ................................................................................................................................ Top executives ......................................................................................................................... Advertising, marketing, promotions, public relations, and sales managers ............................. Operations specialties managers ............................................................................................ Other management .................................................................................................................. Business and financial operations ............................................................................................... Business operations specialists ............................................................................................... Financial specialists ................................................................................................................. Computer and mathematical ........................................................................................................ Computer specialists ............................................................................................................... Architecture and engineering ....................................................................................................... Architects, surveyors, and cartographers ................................................................................ Engineers ................................................................................................................................. Drafters, engineering, and mapping techicians ....................................................................... Life, physical, and social science ................................................................................................. Life scientists ........................................................................................................................... Physical scientists .................................................................................................................... Social scientists and related workers ....................................................................................... Life, physical, and social science technicians .......................................................................... Community and social services ................................................................................................... Counselors, social workers, and other community and social service specialists ................... Religious workers .................................................................................................................... Legal ............................................................................................................................................ Lawyers, judges, and related workers ..................................................................................... Education, training, and library .................................................................................................... Postsecondary teachers .......................................................................................................... Primary, secondary, and special education teachers .............................................................. Other teachers and instructors ................................................................................................ Librarians, curators, and archivists .......................................................................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ........................................................................... Art and design workers ............................................................................................................ Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers ........................................................ Media and communication workers ......................................................................................... Media and communication equipment workers ....................................................................... Health care practitioners and technical operations ...................................................................... Health diagnosing and treating practitioners ........................................................................... Health technologists and technicians ...................................................................................... Health care support ..................................................................................................................... Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides ........................................................................... Protective service ........................................................................................................................ First-line supervisors and managers of protective service workers ......................................... Fire fighting and prevention workers ........................................................................................ Law enforcement workers ........................................................................................................ Other protective service workers ............................................................................................. Food preparation and serving related .......................................................................................... Supervisors of food preparation and serving workers ............................................................. Cooks and food preparation workers ....................................................................................... Food and beverage serving workers ....................................................................................... Other food preparation and serving related workers ............................................................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ........................................................................ Supervisors of building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers ............................... Building cleaning and pest control workers ............................................................................. Grounds maintenance workers ................................................................................................ Personal care and service ........................................................................................................... Supervisors of personal care and service workers .................................................................. Animal care and service workers ............................................................................................. Entertainment attendants and related workers ........................................................................ Personal appearance workers ................................................................................................. Transportation, tourism, and lodging attendants ..................................................................... Other personal care and service workers ................................................................................ Sales and related ......................................................................................................................... Supervisors of sales workers ................................................................................................... Retail sales workers ................................................................................................................. Sales representatives, services ............................................................................................... Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing ............................................................. Other sales and related workers .............................................................................................. Office and administrative support ................................................................................................ Supervisors of office and administrative support workers ....................................................... Financial clerks ........................................................................................................................ Information and record clerks .................................................................................................. Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers ..................................... Secretaries and administrative asistants ................................................................................. Other office and administrative support workers ..................................................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ...................................................................................................... Supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers ..............................................................

Fatalities Number 5 702 567 30 7 34 496 36 23 13 6 6 53 9 29 15 17 4 4 3 6 25 14 11 17 15 25 11 6 3 3 52 10 29 4 9 42 23 19 18 17 256 15 28 141 72 58 26 15 13 4 264 36 58 170 61 6 5 7 11 12 19 320 132 112 17 26 33 106 8 7 22 54 9 6 324 12

Selected event or exposure2 (percent of total for characteristic category)

Percent

Highway3

100

10 1 1 9 1

(4)

(4) (4) (4) (4)

1

1

(4)

(4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4)

1

1

(4) (4) (4)

1

(4) (4) (4) (4)

4 (4) (4)

2 1 1

(4) (4) (4) (4)

5 1 1 3 1

(4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4)

6 2 2

(4) (4)

1 2

(4) (4) (4)

1

(4) (4)

6

(4)

25

15 37 57 15 14 33 30 38 ... ... 21 ... 24 20 41 ... ... ... 50 36 29 45 41 40 24 27 ... ... ... 17 ... 14 ... ... 26 22 32 39 41 29 47 43 32 15 5 ... ... ... ... 12 25 9 10 13 ... ... ... ... 25 21 22 14 6 59 85 42 26 ... ... 14 41 ... ... 11 25

Homicide

Struck by object

Falls

10

7 ... ... 15 7 8 17 ... ... ... 6 ... ... ... 18 ... ... ... ... 16 21 ... 29 27 20 ... ... ... ... 10 ... ... ... ... 12 13 ... 22 18 35 ... ... 40 43 62 65 53 77 ... 4 ... 10 2 33 67 ... ... 100 ... 26 54 58 75 ... ... 33 28 62 57 41 17 ... ... 2 ...

Note: Totals for 2005 are preliminary. Totals for major categories may include subcategories not shown separately. Due to rounding, components may not sum to totals.

13

9 ... ... 12 9 19 ... 23 ... ... 15 ... 14 27 ... ... ... ... ... 12 ... ... ... ... 12 ... ... ... ... 21 30 21 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 ... ... 4 7 12 ... 20 ... ... 23 31 36 17 7 ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 5 8 ... ... ... 13 ... ... 18 11 ... ... 4 ...

1Based on the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System. 2The figure shown is the percentage of total fatalities for that occupation group. 3"Highway" includes deaths to vehicle occupants resulting from traffic incidents that occur on the public roadway, shoulder, or surrounding area. It excludes incidents occurring entirely off the

roadway, such as in parking lots and on farms; incidents involving trains; and deaths of pedestrians or other non-passengers. 4Less than or equal to 0.5 percent. . . . = Not available.

11

13 ... ... ... 14 ... ... ... ... ... 6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 10 ... 17 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 ... 14 4 6 ... ... ... ... ... 12 11 ... 17 7 ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 5 4 ... ... ... 4 ... ... ... 6 ... ... 25 33

CHAPTER 9: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 411

Table 9-5. Fatal Occupational Injuries, by Occupation and Selected Event or Exposure, 2005—Continued (Number, percent.)

Occupation1 Agricultural workers ................................................................................................................. Fishing and hunting workers .................................................................................................... Forest, conservation, and logging workers .............................................................................. Construction and extraction ......................................................................................................... Supervisors of construction and extraction workers ................................................................ Construction trades workers .................................................................................................... Helpers—construction trades .................................................................................................. Other construction and related workers ................................................................................... Extraction workers ................................................................................................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ........................................................................................... Supervisors of installation, maintenance, and repair workers ................................................. Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers ............................... Vehicle and mobile equipment, mechanics, installers, and repairers ...................................... Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers ............................................................... Production .................................................................................................................................... Supervisors of production workers .......................................................................................... Assemblers and fabricators ..................................................................................................... Food processing workers ......................................................................................................... Metal workers and plastics workers ......................................................................................... Printing workers ....................................................................................................................... Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers ................................................................................ Woodworkers ........................................................................................................................... Plant and system operators ..................................................................................................... Other production workers ........................................................................................................ Transportation and material moving ............................................................................................ Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers .................................................... Air transportation workers ........................................................................................................ Motor vehicle operators ........................................................................................................... Rail transportation workers ...................................................................................................... Water transportation workers ................................................................................................... Other transportation workers ................................................................................................... Material moving workers .......................................................................................................... Military .........................................................................................................................................

Fatalities Number 178 48 86 1 180 122 890 23 64 81 396 19 17 138 222 274 39 26 9 84 8 5 7 15 81 1 543 23 81 1 095 23 35 15 271 47

Selected event or exposure2 (percent of total for characteristic category)

Percent

Highway3 3 1 2 21 2 16 1 1 7

(4)

(4) (4)

2 4 5 1

(4) (4)

1

(4) (4) (4) (4)

1 27

1 19

(4)

1

(4)

5 1

(4)

17 ... 5 11 15 9 13 20 14 17 16 24 17 17 8 8 ... ... 6 ... ... ... 33 5 50 13 ... 67 ... ... ... 15 17

Homicide

Falls

2 ... ... 2 5 1 ... 5 ... 3 ... ... 2 3 8 18 ... 33 ... ... ... ... ... 9 4 13 ... 5 ... ... 27 2 ...

6 ... ... 33 20 38 35 11 14 13 16 29 5 17 12 ... 15 ... 19 ... ... ... ... 11 4 ... ... 3 ... ... ... 10 ...

Struck by object

Note: Totals for 2005 are preliminary. Totals for major categories may include subcategories not shown separately. Due to rounding, components may not sum to totals. 1Based on the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System. 2The figure shown is the percentage of total fatalities for that occupation group. 3"Highway" includes deaths to vehicle occupants resulting from traffic incidents that

occur on the public roadway, shoulder, or surrounding area. It excludes incidents occurring entirely off the roadway, such as in parking lots and on farms; incidents involving trains; and deaths of pedestrians or other non-passengers. than or equal to 0.5 percent. . . . = Not available. 4Less

8 ... 74 12 11 11 ... ... 21 16 ... ... 29 9 21 21 31 ... 26 ... ... 71 ... 15 7 13 ... 6 ... ... ... 17 ...

CHAPTER TEN LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS

LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS HIGHLIGHTS This chapter contains information on historical trends in union membership, earnings, and work stoppages.

Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Union Affiliation, Sector, and Occupation, 2005 1,000 Member of union

Dollars

800

Not member of union

600 400 200 0 Private sector

Public sector

Management, professional, and related

Production, Natural transportation, resources, and material construction, moving and maintenance

Sales and office

Service

Occupation

Sector

In both the public and private sectors, median weekly earnings of union members were about 23 percent higher than those of non-union workers in 2005. Union members in natural resources, construction, and manufacturing earned over 55 percent more than non-union members in the same occupational group. However, in management, professional, and related occupations, there was virtually no difference in median weekly earnings according to union status. (See Table 10-4.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • In 2005, the proportion of employed workers who were union members remained constant at 12.5 percent, making this the first year since 1999 that this percentage did not decline from the previous year. The decrease in the number of men belonging to unions was offset by an increase in the number of women belonging to unions. (See Tables 10-2 and 10-5.) • The public sector, which typically has the highest percentage of union members, experienced increases in union membership at the state and local levels but suffered a decline at the federal level from 2004 to 2005. Local government employment, including teachers, librarians, and social service workers, made up more than half of all public sector employment. Nearly 42 percent of local government employees were union members in 2005. (See Table 10-3.) • In five states, at least 20 percent of workers belonged to unions in 2005: New York (26.1 percent), Hawaii (25.8 percent), Alaska (22.8 percent), Michigan (20.5 percent), and New Jersey (20.5 percent). Of the five states, only Michigan experienced a decline in union membership from 2004 to 2005. (See Table 10-6.) • Work stoppages were very rare in 2005, with days idle constituting only 0.01 percent of total working time. (See Table 10-1.)

415

416 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS WORK STOPPAGES Collection and Coverage Data on work stoppages measure the number and duration of major strikes or lockouts (involving 1,000 workers or more) during the year, the number of workers involved in these stoppages, and the amount of time lost due to these stoppages. Information on work stoppages is obtained from reports issued by the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, state labor market information offices, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Strike Reports from the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, and media sources such as the Daily Labor Report and the Wall Street Journal. One or both parties involved in the work stoppage (employer and/or union) is contacted to verify the duration of the stoppage and number of workers idled by the stoppage. The current series is not comparable with series terminated in 1981. The former series covered strikes involving six workers or more.

or secondary effect of stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle from material shortages or lack of services. Days of idleness is calculated by taking the number of workers involved in the strike or lockout and multiplying it by the number of days workers are off the job. Sources of Additional Information Additional information is available in BLS news release USDL 06-363, “Major Work Stoppages in 2005.” UNION MEMBERSHIP Collection, Coverage, and Definitions The estimates of union membership are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The union membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers. Union members are members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

Concepts and Definitions Major work stoppage includes both worker-initiated strikes and employer-initiated lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more. BLS does not distinguish between lockouts and strikes in its statistics. Workers involved consists of workers directly involved in the stoppage. This category does not measure the indirect

Represented by unions refers to union members, as well as to workers who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union contract. Sources of Additional Information Additional information is available in BLS news release USDL 06-99, “Union Members in 2005.”

CHAPTER 10: LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS 417 Table 10-1. Work Stoppages Involving 1,000 Workers or More, 1947–2005 (Number, percent.)

Year

Stoppages beginning during the year

Number

Workers involved (thousands)2

Days idle during the year1

Percent of estimated total working time3

Number (thousands)

1947 .......................................................................... 1948 .......................................................................... 1949 ..........................................................................

270 245 262

1 629 1 435 2 537

25 720 26 127 43 420

... 0.22 0.38

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

363 287 279 332 245

2 055 1 370 887 1 587 1 381

21 180 26 840 10 340 17 900 60 850

0.16 0.20 0.07 0.13 0.43

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

.......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

.......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 1Days

.......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................

.......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................

.......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... ..........................................................................

424 415 470 437 265

222 195 211 181 246 268 321 381 392 412 381 298 250 317 424 235 231 298 219 235 187 145 96 81 62 54 69 46 40 51 44 40 35 35 45 31 37 29 34 17

39 29 19 14 17 22

1 698 1 462 2 746 1 623 1 075

896 1 031 793 512 1 183 999 1 300 2 192 1 855 1 576 2 468 2 516 975 1 400 1 796 965 1 519 1 212 1 006 1 021 795 729 656 909 376 324 533 174 118 452 185 392 364 182 322

192 273 339 387 73

394 99 46 129 171 100

30 390 15 070 48 820 18 130 16 630

13 260 10 140 11 760 10 020 16 220 15 140 16 000 31 320 35 367 29 397 52 761 35 538 16 764 16 260 31 809 17 563 23 962 21 258 23 774 20 409 20 844 16 908 9 061 17 461 8 499 7 079 11 861 4 481 4 381 16 996 5 926 4 584 3 989 3 981 5 021 5 771 4 889 4 497 5 116 1 996

20 419 1 151 660 4 091 3 344 1 736

idle include all stoppages in effect during the reference period. For work stoppages that are still ongoing at the end of the calendar year, only those days of idleness during the calendar year are counted. are counted more than once if involved in more than one stoppage during the reference period. 3Agricultural and government workers are included in the calculation of estimated working time; private household, forestry, and fishery employees are excluded. 4Less than 0.005 percent. . . . = Not available. 2Workers

0.26 0.12 0.38 0.14 0.13

0.09 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.18 0.20 0.16 0.29 0.19 0.09 0.08 0.16 0.09 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01

0.06 (4) (4)

0.01 0.01 0.01

418 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 10-2. Union Affiliation of Employed Wage and Salary Workers, by Selected Characteristics, 2000–2005 (Numbers in thousands, percent.)

Characteristic

2000

Total employed

SEX AND AGE

Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over ........ 120 786 16 to 24 years ...................................... 20 166 25 years and over ................................ 100 620 25 to 34 years .................................. 28 406 35 to 44 years .................................. 32 470 45 to 54 years .................................. 25 651 55 to 64 years .................................. 11 204 65 years and over ............................ 2 889 Men, 16 Years and Over .................... 16 to 24 years ...................................... 25 years and over ................................ 25 to 34 years .................................. 35 to 44 years .................................. 45 to 54 years .................................. 55 to 64 years .................................. 65 years and over ............................ Women, 16 Years and Over .............. 16 to 24 years ...................................... 25 years and over ................................ 25 to 34 years .................................. 35 to 44 years .................................. 45 to 54 years .................................. 55 to 64 years .................................. 65 years and over ............................ RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX

62 853 10 440 52 412 15 197 17 028 12 898 5 770 1 519

57 933 9 726 48 207 13 209 15 441 12 752 5 434 1 370

White, 16 Years and Over3 ................ 100 455 Men ...................................................... 53 105 Women ................................................ 47 350

Member of union1 Total

Percent employed

Represented by union2 Total

16 258 1 010 15 248 3 369 4 822 4 815 1 998 243

13.5 5.0 15.2 11.9 14.9 18.8 17.8 8.4

17 944 1 152 16 792 3 720 5 293 5 305 2 193 281

6 680 392 6 288 1 340 1 951 2 077 807 114

11.5 4.0 13.0 10.1 12.6 16.3 14.9 8.3

7 590 455 7 135 1 513 2 215 2 348 925 133

13 094 7 911 5 183

13.0 14.9 10.9

14 453 8 541 5 912

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ...

9 578 618 8 960 2 030 2 871 2 739 1 191 129

15.2 5.9 17.1 13.4 16.9 21.2 20.6 8.5

10 355 697 9 657 2 207 3 077 2 956 1 268 148

Black, 16 Years and Over3 ................ Men ...................................................... Women ................................................

14 544 6 701 7 843

Hispanic, 16 Years and Over4 ........... Men ...................................................... Women ................................................

13 609 7 884 5 725

1 554 972 582

11.4 12.3 10.2

1 740 1 063 677

Full-time workers ................................. Part-time workers .................................

99 917 20 619

14 822 1 395

14.8 6.8

16 306 1 593

Asian, 16 Years and Over3 ................ Men ...................................................... Women ................................................

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS5

... ... ...

2 489 1 282 1 208

17.1 19.1 15.4

2 744 1 388 1 356

Percent employed

2001

Total employed

14.9 122 482 5.7 19 698 16.7 102 784 13.1 28 809 16.3 31 962 20.7 26 909 19.6 12 032 9.7 3 072

Member of union1 Total

Percent employed

Represented by union2 Total

16 387 1 015 15 372 3 264 4 733 5 068 2 063 243

13.4 5.2 15.0 11.3 14.8 18.8 17.1 7.9

18 114 1 184 16 930 3 659 5 191 5 543 2 265 272

58 726 9 561 49 166 13 181 15 305 13 349 5 864 1 467

6 809 409 6 400 1 281 1 912 2 227 868 113

11.6 4.3 13.0 9.7 12.5 16.7 14.8 7.7

7 704 480 7 224 1 490 2 163 2 474 973 124

14.4 101 546 16.1 53 731 12.5 47 815

13 209 7 909 5 300

16.5 6.7 18.4 14.5 18.1 22.9 22.0 9.8

13.1 4.7 14.8 11.5 14.3 18.4 17.0 9.7

63 756 10 137 53 619 15 627 16 657 13 561 6 168 1 605

18.9 20.7 17.3

14 261 6 488 7 773

12.8 13.5 11.8

9 578 607 8 971 1 983 2 821 2 840 1 195 131

15.0 6.0 16.7 12.7 16.9 20.9 19.4 8.1

13.0 14.7 11.1

14 574 8 585 5 989

14.4 100 923 16.0 53 198 12.5 47 725

... ... ...

... ... ...

15 174 8 997 6 177

1 679 1 032 647

16.3 101 187 7.7 21 057

14 921 1 437

... ... ...

14.8 121 826 6.0 19 216 16.5 102 610 12.7 28 232 16.2 31 253 20.6 27 040 18.8 12 952 8.9 3 133

16.3 6.9 18.1 13.9 18.2 22.6 20.9 9.2

16.9 18.8 15.3

... ... ...

Total employed

10 410 704 9 706 2 169 3 028 3 070 1 292 148

2 409 1 221 1 188

... ... ...

Percent employed

2002

13.1 5.0 14.7 11.3 14.1 18.5 16.6 8.5

63 272 9 857 53 415 15 284 16 355 13 578 6 570 1 627 58 555 9 359 49 196 12 948 14 898 13 462 6 383 1 506

2 668 1 330 1 338

18.7 20.5 17.2

14 108 6 493 7 615

11.1 11.5 10.5

1 876 1 136 740

12.4 12.6 12.0

14.7 6.8

16 445 1 637

Member of union1 Total

16 145 995 15 151 3 172 4 455 5 016 2 256 251 9 325 616 8 709 1 877 2 631 2 784 1 281 136

Percent employed

13.3 5.2 14.8 11.2 14.3 18.6 17.4 8.0

17 695 1 126 16 569 3 522 4 859 5 446 2 456 285

14.5 5.9 16.1 12.5 15.5 20.1 19.0 9.1

6 820 378 6 441 1 295 1 825 2 232 975 115

11.6 4.0 13.1 10.0 12.2 16.6 15.3 7.6

7 629 439 7 190 1 461 2 055 2 464 1 080 130

13.0 4.7 14.6 11.3 13.8 18.3 16.9 8.6

12 958 7 689 5 269

12.8 14.5 11.0

14 178 8 284 5 894

14.0 15.6 12.3

... ... ...

... ... ...

15 486 9 098 6 387

1 639 1 006 633

16.3 100 081 7.8 21 513

14 622 1 492

... ... ...

15.9 7.0 17.6 13.5 17.1 22.0 21.0 9.5

2 624 1 281 1 343

18.6 19.7 17.6

10.6 11.1 9.9

1 810 1 100 710

11.7 12.1 11.1

14.6 6.9

16 005 1 654

16.0 7.7

Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. 1Data 2Data

Percent employed

10 066 687 9 379 2 061 2 805 2 982 1 376 155

16.9 18.2 15.8

... ... ...

Total

14.7 6.3 16.3 12.3 16.1 20.5 19.5 8.4

2 386 1 183 1 204

... ... ...

Represented by union2

refer to members of a labor union or to an employee association similar to a union. refer to members of a labor union or to an employee association similar to a union, as well as to workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. Additionally, estimates for the above race groups (White, Black, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 4May be of any race. 5The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. Data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. . . . = Not available.

... ... ...

CHAPTER 10: LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS 419

Table 10-2. Union Affiliation of Employed Wage and Salary Workers, by Selected Characteristics, 2000–2005—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.)

Characteristic

Total employed

SEX AND AGE

Both Sexes, 16 Years and Over ........ 122 358 16 to 24 years ...................................... 18 904 25 years and over ................................ 103 454 25 to 34 years .................................. 28 179 35 to 44 years .................................. 30 714 45 to 54 years .................................. 27 567 55 to 64 years .................................. 13 633 65 years and over ............................ 3 361 Men, 16 Years and Over .................... 16 to 24 years ...................................... 25 years and over ................................ 25 to 34 years .................................. 35 to 44 years .................................. 45 to 54 years .................................. 55 to 64 years .................................. 65 years and over ............................

Women, 16 Years and Over .............. 16 to 24 years ...................................... 25 years and over ................................ 25 to 34 years .................................. 35 to 44 years .................................. 45 to 54 years .................................. 55 to 64 years .................................. 65 years and over ............................ RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX

63 236 9 683 53 553 15 263 16 080 13 723 6 776 1 710

59 122 9 221 49 901 12 916 14 634 13 844 6 857 1 651

White, 16 Years and Over3 ................ 100 589 Men ...................................................... 52 827 Women ................................................ 47 762

2003

Member of union1 Total

12.9 5.1 14.3 11.0 14.0 17.6 16.9 7.7

17 448 1 124 16 324 3 455 4 717 5 307 2 547 297

6 732 371 6 360 1 270 1 773 2 163 1 029 125

11.4 4.0 12.7 9.8 12.1 15.6 15.0 7.6

7 601 439 7 161 1 451 1 982 2 416 1 170 142

9 044 595 8 450 1 826 2 535 2 684 1 271 133

9 848 685 9 163 2 005 2 735 2 891 1 377 155

12.5 14.0 10.8

13 849 8 016 5 834

581 296 285

11.4 11.0 11.9

659 346 313

Hispanic, 16 Years and Over4 ........... Men ...................................................... Women ................................................

16 068 9 567 6 501

1 712 1 050 662

Full-time workers ................................. 100 302 Part-time workers ................................. 21 809

14 263 1 479

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS5

14.3 6.1 15.8 12.0 15.8 19.6 18.8 7.8

12 535 7 378 5 157

13 928 6 302 7 626 5 096 2 699 2 397

Total

15 776 966 14 810 3 097 4 308 4 848 2 300 258

Black, 16 Years and Over3 ................ Men ...................................................... Women ................................................ Asian, 16 Years and Over3 ................ Men ...................................................... Women ................................................

Percent employed

Represented by union2

2 298 1 153 1 145

16.5 18.3 15.0

2 540 1 249 1 291

10.7 11.0 10.2

1 913 1 160 753

14.2 6.8

15 732 1 679

Percent employed

2004

Total employed

14.3 123 554 5.9 19 109 15.8 104 444 12.3 28 202 15.4 30 470 19.3 28 039 18.7 14 239 8.8 3 495 15.6 7.1 17.1 13.1 17.0 21.1 20.3 9.0

12.9 4.8 14.4 11.2 13.5 17.5 17.1 8.6

64 145 9 835 54 310 15 391 16 035 14 026 7 117 1 741

59 408 9 274 50 134 12 811 14 435 14 014 7 122 1 753

13.8 101 340 15.2 53 432 12.2 47 908 18.2 19.8 16.9

14 090 6 409 7 681

11.9 12.1 11.6

Member of union1 Total

Percent employed

12.5 4.7 14.0 10.6 13.7 17.0 16.8 7.5

17 087 1 019 16 069 3 316 4 590 5 233 2 617 314

6 593 333 6 260 1 261 1 725 2 072 1 081 121

11.1 3.6 12.5 9.8 11.9 14.8 15.2 6.9

7 450 391 7 058 1 443 1 931 2 330 1 203 151

8 878 557 8 321 1 722 2 449 2 699 1 309 142

12 381 7 260 5 121

13.8 5.7 15.3 11.2 15.3 19.2 18.4 8.2

13 657 7 854 5 803

11.4 11.7 11.1

670 371 299

16 533 9 857 6 676

1 676 1 016 661

15.7 101 224 7.7 22 047

14 029 1 406

603 328 275

9 638 627 9 010 1 873 2 658 2 903 1 414 163

12.2 13.6 10.7

15.1 16.9 13.6

5 280 2 815 2 465

Total

15 472 890 14 581 2 982 4 173 4 771 2 390 264

2 130 1 085 1 045

12.9 12.8 13.1

Represented by union2

Percent employed

2005

Total employed

13.8 125 889 5.3 19 283 15.4 106 606 11.8 28 450 15.1 30 654 18.7 28 714 18.4 15 158 9.0 3 631

15.0 6.4 16.6 12.2 16.6 20.7 19.9 9.4

12.5 4.2 14.1 11.3 13.4 16.6 16.9 8.6

65 466 9 860 55 606 15 559 16 196 14 421 7 606 1 824

60 423 9 423 51 000 12 891 14 457 14 293 7 552 1 806

13.5 102 967 14.7 54 462 12.1 48 505

2 355 1 185 1 170

16.7 18.5 15.2

14 459 6 603 7 857

10.1 10.3 9.9

1 888 1 130 758

11.4 11.5 11.4

13.9 6.4

15 463 1 587

Member of union1 Total

15 685 878 14 808 3 044 4 211 4 731 2 496 325

Percent employed

13.7 5.3 15.2 11.8 14.9 18.0 18.0 10.1

11.3 3.8 12.7 10.0 12.4 14.5 15.2 8.8

7 626 417 7 210 1 454 1 997 2 309 1 274 176

12.6 4.4 14.1 11.3 13.8 16.2 16.9 9.8

8 870 523 8 347 1 754 2 422 2 658 1 346 167

13.5 5.3 15.0 11.3 15.0 18.4 17.7 9.1

12 520 7 275 5 245

12.2 13.4 10.8

13 755 7 858 5 897

11.2 10.9 11.5

666 337 329

6 815 354 6 461 1 290 1 790 2 073 1 150 158

17 191 10 324 6 866

1 793 1 093 700

15.3 103 560 7.2 22 052

14 207 1 441

614 314 299

9 597 603 8 994 1 915 2 582 2 849 1 458 190

13.4 14.4 12.2

16.5 17.7 15.6

10.4 10.6 10.2

1 981 1 185 796

11.5 11.5 11.6

13.7 6.5

15 551 1 630

refer to members of a labor union or to an employee association similar to a union. refer to members of a labor union or to an employee association similar to a union, as well as to workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. Additionally, estimates for the above race groups (White, Black, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 4May be of any race. 5The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. Data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. 2Data

14.7 6.1 16.2 12.3 15.9 19.8 19.2 10.4

2 391 1 166 1 225

Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. 1Data

Percent employed

17 223 1 019 16 204 3 368 4 579 5 158 2 732 366

15.1 16.1 14.2

5 479 2 881 2 598

Total

12.5 4.6 13.9 10.7 13.7 16.5 16.5 8.9

2 178 1 062 1 115

12.7 13.2 12.1

Represented by union2

12.2 11.7 12.7

15.0 7.4

420 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 10-3. Union Affiliation of Wage and Salary Workers, by Occupation and Industry, 2004–2005 (Thousands of people, percent.) Characteristic

OCCUPATION

2004

Total employed

Member of union1

Total

Percent of employed

Represented by union2

Total

Percent of employed

2005

Total employed

Member of union1

Total

Percent of employed

Represented by union2

Total

Percent of employed

Management, professional, and related .................................. Management, business, and financial operations ................ Management .................................................................... Business and financial operations ................................... Professional and related ...................................................... Computer and mathematical ............................................ Architecture and engineering ........................................... Life, physical, and social science ..................................... Community and social service ......................................... Legal ................................................................................ Education, training, and library ........................................ Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ............... Health care practitioner and technical ............................. Service ..................................................................................... Health care support ............................................................. Protective service ................................................................ Food preparation and serving related .................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ................ Personal care and service ................................................... Sales and office ....................................................................... Sales and related ................................................................. Office and administrative support ........................................ Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ................. Farming, fishing, and forestry .............................................. Construction and extraction ................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ..................... Production ............................................................................ Transportation and material moving ....................................

41 451 15 758 10 796 4 962 25 693 2 962 2 597 1 204 2 132 1 216 7 636 1 894 6 052 20 724 2 791 2 840 7 164 4 597 3 331 32 322 13 527 18 795 12 081 862 6 680 4 540 16 976 9 085 7 891

5 418 732 441 291 4 686 128 209 106 370 75 2 874 162 762 2 371 290 1 059 294 490 238 2 493 488 2 005 2 222 27 1 312 883 2 968 1 485 1 483

13.1 4.6 4.1 5.9 18.2 4.3 8.0 8.8 17.4 6.2 37.6 8.6 12.6 11.4 10.4 37.3 4.1 10.7 7.1 7.7 3.6 10.7 18.4 3.1 19.6 19.4 17.5 16.3 18.8

6 256 895 553 342 5 361 171 246 129 422 92 3 235 184 882 2 552 315 1 118 337 529 254 2 780 548 2 232 2 343 34 1 370 939 3 156 1 582 1 574

15.1 5.7 5.1 6.9 20.9 5.8 9.5 10.7 19.8 7.6 42.4 9.7 14.6 12.3 11.3 39.4 4.7 11.5 7.6 8.6 4.1 11.9 19.4 3.9 20.5 20.7 18.6 17.4 20.0

42 226 15 955 10 921 5 034 26 271 3 067 2 593 1 305 2 100 1 261 7 813 1 957 6 175 21 074 2 971 2 843 7 361 4 525 3 373 32 541 13 630 18 911 12 907 898 7 296 4 713 17 142 9 007 8 135

5 639 793 485 308 4 845 142 221 125 346 71 3 006 152 782 2 446 286 1 051 316 504 288 2 385 451 1 934 2 129 35 1 283 811 3 086 1 539 1 547

13.4 5.0 4.4 6.1 18.4 4.6 8.5 9.6 16.5 5.6 38.5 7.8 12.7 11.6 9.6 37.0 4.3 11.1 8.5 7.3 3.3 10.2 16.5 3.9 17.6 17.2 18.0 17.1 19.0

6 385 939 585 354 5 447 172 259 140 376 83 3 354 171 892 2 659 317 1 109 362 553 317 2 671 519 2 152 2 238 38 1 348 851 3 271 1 617 1 655

15.1 5.9 5.4 7.0 20.7 5.6 10.0 10.7 17.9 6.6 42.9 8.8 14.4 12.6 10.7 39.0 4.9 12.2 9.4 8.2 3.8 11.4 17.3 4.3 18.5 18.1 19.1 17.9 20.3

Private sector ........................................................................... Agriculture and related industries ........................................ Nonagricultural industries .................................................... Mining .............................................................................. Construction ..................................................................... Manufacturing .................................................................. Durable goods ............................................................. Nondurable goods ....................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ............................................... Wholesale trade ........................................................... Retail trade .................................................................. Transportation and utilities ............................................... Transportation and warehousing ................................. Utilities ......................................................................... Information3 ..................................................................... Publishing, except Internet .......................................... Motion pictures and sound recording ........................... Broadcasting, except Internet ...................................... Telecommunications .................................................... Financial activities ............................................................ Finance and insurance ................................................ Finance .................................................................... Insurance ................................................................. Real estate and rental and leasing .............................. Professional and business services ................................. Professional and technical services ............................. Management, administrative, and waste services ....... Education and health services ..................................... Educational services .................................................... Health care and social assistance ............................... Leisure and hospitality ..................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................. Accommodation and food services .............................. Accommodation ....................................................... Food services and drinking places .......................... Other services3 ................................................................ Other services, except private households .................. Public sector ........................................................................ Federal government ......................................................... State government ............................................................ Local government ............................................................

103 584 1 023 102 560 496 7 550 15 754 9 885 5 869 18 754 4 083 14 671 4 893 4 043 850 3 058 778 329 502 1 218 8 490 6 301 4 111 2 191 2 188 10 815 6 263 4 552 16 870 3 243 13 627 10 326 1 777 8 548 1 431 7 117 5 556 4 782 19 970 3 298 5 712 10 961

8 205 23 8 182 57 1 110 2 036 1 316 720 1 028 189 839 1 218 976 241 433 52 52 47 273 171 96 56 40 76 246 70 177 1 405 421 984 319 114 205 117 88 158 148 7 267 985 1 751 4 532

7.9 2.2 8.0 11.4 14.7 12.9 13.3 12.3 5.5 4.6 5.7 24.9 24.2 28.4 14.2 6.7 15.7 9.3 22.4 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.8 3.5 2.3 1.1 3.9 8.3 13.0 7.2 3.1 6.4 2.4 8.2 1.2 2.8 3.1 36.4 29.9 30.7 41.3

8 956 30 8 926 58 1 162 2 183 1 407 776 1 107 214 893 1 287 1 031 256 470 59 54 53 292 209 124 73 51 85 306 102 204 1 593 475 1 119 368 123 245 132 112 183 172 8 131 1 153 1 961 5 017

8.6 2.9 8.7 11.7 15.4 13.9 14.2 13.2 5.9 5.2 6.1 26.3 25.5 30.1 15.4 7.6 16.4 10.5 24.0 2.5 2.0 1.8 2.3 3.9 2.8 1.6 4.5 9.4 14.6 8.2 3.6 6.9 2.9 9.2 1.6 3.3 3.6 40.7 35.0 34.3 45.8

105 508 1 021 104 487 600 8 053 15 518 9 845 5 673 18 989 4 017 14 973 5 212 4 379 833 2 934 765 277 534 1 096 8 619 6 304 4 114 2 190 2 315 10 951 6 468 4 483 17 357 3 312 14 045 10 658 1 869 8 790 1 459 7 331 5 596 4 799 20 381 3 427 5 874 11 080

8 255 28 8 227 48 1 057 2 017 1 310 707 1 021 236 785 1 252 1 024 228 398 68 42 46 234 195 102 59 44 92 292 98 194 1 434 435 999 333 118 215 122 93 181 175 7 430 954 1 838 4 638

7.8 2.7 7.9 8.0 13.1 13.0 13.3 12.5 5.4 5.9 5.2 24.0 23.4 27.4 13.6 8.8 15.0 8.6 21.4 2.3 1.6 1.4 2.0 4.0 2.7 1.5 4.3 8.3 13.1 7.1 3.1 6.3 2.4 8.3 1.3 3.2 3.7 36.5 27.8 31.3 41.9

8 962 30 8 931 57 1 111 2 127 1 382 746 1 122 259 864 1 309 1 071 239 422 74 43 48 248 238 132 77 54 107 341 120 221 1 632 511 1 121 377 134 243 130 113 194 188 8 262 1 134 2 056 5 071

8.5 3.0 8.5 9.5 13.8 13.7 14.0 13.1 5.9 6.4 5.8 25.1 24.4 28.6 14.4 9.7 15.5 9.0 22.6 2.8 2.1 1.9 2.5 4.6 3.1 1.9 4.9 9.4 15.4 8.0 3.5 7.2 2.8 8.9 1.5 3.5 3.9 40.5 33.1 35.0 45.8

INDUSTRY

Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

1Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as to workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an

employee association contract.

3Includes other industries, not shown separately.

CHAPTER 10: LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS 421 Table 10-4. Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers, by Union Affiliation, Occupation, and Industry, 2004–2005 (Dollars.)

Characteristic OCCUPATION

Member of union1

Total

2004

Management, professional, and related .................................. Management, business, and financial operations ................ Management .................................................................... Business and financial operations ................................... Professional and related ...................................................... Computer and mathematical ............................................ Architecture and engineering ........................................... Life, physical, and social science ..................................... Community and social service ......................................... Legal ................................................................................ Education, training, and library ........................................ Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media ............... Health care practitioner and technical ............................. Service ..................................................................................... Health care support ............................................................. Protective service ................................................................ Food preparation and serving related .................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance ................ Personal care and service ................................................... Sales and office ....................................................................... Sales and related ................................................................. Office and administrative support ........................................ Natural resources, construction, and maintenance ................. Farming, fishing, and forestry .............................................. Construction and extraction ................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................... Production, transportation, and material moving ..................... Production ............................................................................ Transportation and material moving ....................................

918 965 1 052 847 883 1 114 1 098 957 707 1 070 781 768 852 411 407 700 360 385 402 558 604 535 621 356 604 704 523 526 520

921 963 1 065 880 915 1 000 1 080 949 827 1 174 899 953 938 655 458 907 445 515 522 662 576 676 867

Private sector ........................................................................... Agriculture and related industries ........................................ Nonagricultural industries .................................................... Mining .............................................................................. Construction ..................................................................... Manufacturing .................................................................. Durable goods ............................................................. Nondurable goods ....................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ............................................... Wholesale trade ........................................................... Retail trade .................................................................. Transportation and utilities ............................................... Transportation and warehousing ................................. Utilities ......................................................................... Information4 ..................................................................... Publishing, except Internet .......................................... Motion pictures and sound recording ........................... Broadcasting, except Internet ...................................... Telecommunications .................................................... Financial activities ............................................................ Finance and insurance ................................................ Finance .................................................................... Insurance ................................................................. Real estate and rental and leasing .............................. Professional and business services ................................. Professional and technical services ............................. Management, administrative, and waste services ....... Education and health services ..................................... Educational services .................................................... Health care and social assistance ............................... Leisure and hospitality ..................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................. Accommodation and food services .............................. Accommodation ....................................................... Food services and drinking places .......................... Other services4 ................................................................ Other services, except private households .................. Public sector ........................................................................ Federal government ......................................................... State government ............................................................ Local government ............................................................

615 403 617 874 618 662 691 611 550 677 509 711 668 957 828 720 805 763 918 706 738 735 743 615 709 927 478 613 716 595 407 523 391 432 378 528 560 751 856 725 731

739

INDUSTRY

861 886 687 681 695 (3)

Represented by union2

918 965 1 050 844 875 1 124 1 100 955 666 1 058 687 754 841 389 401 567 355 368 394 545 606 519 581 352 555 662 498 503 491

937 997 1 083 871 902 1 132 1 105 965 725 1 052 798 819 878 413 410 678 356 394 409 575 622 550 623 372 604 705 540 538 543

734

604 402 606 865 588 654 687 602 547 674 507 662 619 948 808 710 762 749 929 708 740 737 744 613 710 927 470 603 679 588 402 513 387 422 377 521 551 683 869 681 627

625 402 629 885 619 676 704 624 566 692 515 726 688 941 832 755 751 749 927 741 765 765 764 653 739 961 488 627 737 607 409 521 388 455 372 535 579 758 882 733 738

852 880 681 674 689 (3)

735 911 884 692 706 662 590 709 560 850 814 978 887 829

910 657 636 606

897 649 629 616

(3) (3)

677 679 940 607 717 828 656 518 677 477 481 467 749 764 832 840 788 844 (3)

Total

916 972 1 074 881 907 983 1 090 977 817 1 155 886 972 933 647 462 897 435 513 518 658 577 671 858

740 905 893 694 707 670 596 722 567 854 819 979 893 844 (3)

Non-union

Member of union1

(3)

(3) (3)

670 694 937 606 728 831 671 508 662 473 490 422 750 764 827 848 781 834 (3)

2005

942 1 015 1 137 854 932 1 009 1 133 978 880 1 147 913 983 932 643 466 896 439 528 558 681 623 689 910 913 915 709 698 721 (3)

757

758

Represented by union2

937 1 029 1 146 866 924 1 029 1 133 1 011 865 1 155 898 925 932 629 462 886 442 518 549 675 625 682 903

937 995 1 076 872 894 1 141 1 101 959 693 1 042 710 808 867 392 405 568 350 378 397 562 622 528 585 369 554 666 510 511 508

752

615 402 617 870 590 667 695 618 562 694 513 676 640 931 810 740 691 738 923 743 767 768 766 649 743 963 485 617 718 601 405 515 384 438 372 524 572 692 887 684 633

903 913 704 693 717 (3)

933 722 751 676 615 678 590 864 829 960 931 860

753 989 926 719 747 672 610 676 585 860 827 954 925 867

937 698 692 650

935 696 696 667

(3) (3)

(3) (3)

711 663 770 586 731 818 684 513 652 487 515 400 694 698 850 873 802 858 (3)

(3)

(3) (3)

696 673 858 578 736 809 692 510 618 486 510 406 698 701 842 879 798 844 (3)

Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. 1Data 2Data

Non-union

refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as to workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. 4Includes other industries, not shown separately.

422 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 10-5. Union or Employee Association Members Among Wage and Salary Employees, 1977–2005 (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Year

Total wage and salary employment

Union or employee association member

Union or association member as a percentage of wage and salary employment

1977 ............................................................................... 1978 ............................................................................... 1979 ...............................................................................

81 334 84 968 87 117

19 335 19 548 20 986

23.8 23.0 24.1

1985 ............................................................................... 1986 ............................................................................... 1987 ............................................................................... 1988 ............................................................................... 1989 ...............................................................................

94 521 96 903 99 303 101 407 103 480

16 996 16 975 16 913 17 002 16 980

18.0 17.5 17.0 16.8 16.4

1995 ............................................................................... 1996 ............................................................................... 1997 ............................................................................... 1998 ............................................................................... 1999 ...............................................................................

110 038 111 960 114 533 116 730 118 963

1980 ............................................................................... 1981 ............................................................................... 1982 ............................................................................... 19831 ............................................................................. 1984 ...............................................................................

1990 ............................................................................... 1991 ............................................................................... 1992 ............................................................................... 1993 ............................................................................... 19942 .............................................................................

2000 ............................................................................... 2001 ............................................................................... 2002 ............................................................................... 2003 ............................................................................... 2004 ............................................................................... 2005 ............................................................................... 1Annual

87 480 ... ... 88 290 92 194

103 905 102 786 103 688 105 087 107 989

120 786 122 482 121 826 122 358 123 554 125 889

20 095 ... ... 17 717 17 340

16 740 16 568 16 390 16 598 16 748 16 360 16 269 16 110 16 211 16 477 16 258 16 387 16 145 15 776 15 472 15 685

average data beginning in 1983 are not directly comparable with the May data for 1977–1980. beginning in 1994 are not strictly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey questionnaire and collection methodology and the introduction of 1990 census-based population controls. . . . = Not available.

2Data

23.0 ... ... 20.1 18.8

16.1 16.1 15.8 15.8 15.5 14.9 14.5 14.1 13.9 13.9 13.5 13.4 13.3 12.9 12.5 12.5

CHAPTER 10: LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS 423

Table 10-6. Union Affiliation of Employed Wage and Salary Workers, by State, 2004–2005 (Numbers in thousands, percent.) State

2004

Total employed

Member of union1

Total

UNITED STATES .........................................

123 554

15 472

Colorado ....................................................... Connecticut ................................................... Delaware ...................................................... District of Columbia ...................................... Florida ...........................................................

2 050 1 539 373 258 6 943

172 235 46 33 414

Alabama ....................................................... Alaska ........................................................... Arizona ......................................................... Arkansas ....................................................... California ......................................................

1 861 268 2 323 1 058 14 414

Maryland ....................................................... Massachusetts .............................................. Michigan ....................................................... Minnesota ..................................................... Mississippi ....................................................

2 502 2 920 4 305 2 429 1 108

272 393 930 424 53

Missouri ........................................................ Montana ........................................................ Nebraska ...................................................... Nevada ......................................................... New Hampshire ............................................

2 546 366 831 1 006 618

Ohio .............................................................. Oklahoma ..................................................... Oregon .......................................................... Pennsylvania ................................................ Rhode Island ................................................

4 998 1 402 1 471 5 298 487

Vermont ........................................................ Virginia .......................................................... Washington ................................................... West Virginia ................................................ Wisconsin ..................................................... Wyoming .......................................................

291 3 308 2 645 700 2 597 222

New Jersey ................................................... New Mexico .................................................. New York ...................................................... North Carolina .............................................. North Dakota ................................................

South Carolina .............................................. South Dakota ................................................ Tennessee .................................................... Texas ............................................................ Utah ..............................................................

8.4 15.3 12.4 12.7 6.0

191 256 49 38 533

6.4 23.7 5.8 16.8 11.4

242 126 33 908 311

1 345 1 223 1 699 1 697 564

17 087

9.7 20.1 6.3 4.8 16.5

3 773 533 561 5 410 2 717

141 103 164 129 64

315 43 69 126 61

3 769 734 7 901 3 549 292

745 49 1 996 97 22

1 765 347 2 465 9 072 1 001

54 21 164 457 58

Total

12.5

181 54 145 51 2 385

Georgia ......................................................... Hawaii ........................................................... Idaho ............................................................. Illinois ............................................................ Indiana .......................................................... Iowa .............................................................. Kansas .......................................................... Kentucky ....................................................... Louisiana ...................................................... Maine ............................................................

Percent of employed

Represented by union2

10.5 8.4 9.6 7.6 11.3 10.9 13.5 21.6 17.5 4.8 12.4 11.7 8.3 12.5 9.9

29 176 510 99 414 18

9.8 5.3 19.3 14.2 16.0 8.0

Total

13.7

9.3 16.6 13.2 14.5 7.7

2 052 1 550 386 259 7 389

170 247 46 29 401

8.3 15.9 11.8 11.3 5.4

193 263 50 33 532

9.4 17.0 12.9 12.8 7.2

12.7 10.8 11.6 9.3 13.2

357 46 83 144 68

14.0 12.6 10.0 14.3 11.0

820 100 243 842 83

16.4 7.1 16.5 15.9 17.0

33 218 536 110 439 22

11.4 6.6 20.3 15.7 16.9 9.8

1 909 275 2 366 1 138 14 687

3 765 545 606 5 473 2 789 1 369 1 210 1 696 1 778 582

195 63 145 54 2 424

190 141 31 927 346

6.0 26.7 6.3 17.6 13.2

185 115 184 132 79

13.5 9.5 10.8 7.4 13.6

290 42 69 145 65

11.5 10.7 8.3 13.8 10.4

319 48 79 158 72

12.6 12.2 9.5 15.1 11.5

804 77 213 753 79

16.0 5.4 14.5 13.8 15.9

866 91 231 818 83

17.2 6.4 15.7 15.0 16.8

31 165 523 99 410 18

10.8 4.8 19.1 14.4 16.1 7.9

37 211 559 107 438 22

13.0 6.2 20.4 15.5 17.2 9.5

21.6 8.9 26.4 3.6 9.0

3 868 777 8 008 3 631 289

791 63 2 090 107 21

4.2 7.7 7.7 6.3 6.7

1 739 350 2 368 9 485 1 035

40 21 128 506 51

287 3 406 2 746 688 2 551 228

226 145 38 965 368

11.7 24.1 7.7 6.0 17.8

11.5 7.0 9.7 6.4 11.9

2 530 2 886 4 288 2 494 1 089

5 039 1 432 1 470 5 456 494

5.0 25.8 5.2 16.9 12.4

223 66 181 68 2 610

157 85 164 114 69

12.5 14.7 22.4 18.3 6.3

2 532 391 830 1 051 627

10.2 22.8 6.1 4.8 16.5

337 402 880 392 77

13.3 13.9 20.5 15.7 7.1

379 431 916 410 105

20.5 8.1 26.1 2.9 7.3

838 83 2 201 143 26

2.3 5.9 5.4 5.3 4.9

58 29 156 590 63

Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. 1Data 2Data

Percent of employed

17 223

171 132 197 157 74

74 27 191 573 67

Percent of employed 12.5

7.5 24.8 7.9 17.9 12.4

3.0 6.0 6.7 5.0 5.8

15.2 6.1 15.2 15.0 16.3

Total

Represented by union2

15 685

282 132 44 971 338

813 65 2 085 127 26

Member of union1

125 889

11.5 22.4 7.9 6.2 18.0

313 430 966 443 70

Total employed

13.8

213 60 183 65 2 588

19.8 6.7 25.3 2.7 7.7

759 86 224 793 79

Percent of employed

2005

refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, as well as to workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

15.0 14.9 21.4 16.4 9.7

21.7 10.7 27.5 3.9 9.2

3.3 8.2 6.6 6.2 6.1

CHAPTER ELEVEN FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS

FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS HIGHLIGHTS This chapter compares several summary statistics of labor force status, manufacturing productivity, and consumer prices for the United States with similar statistics for other countries. Different concepts and methodologies can make intercountry comparisons difficult, but the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) makes adjustments to reconcile as much of the data as possible. There are lags in the receipt of data from other countries; thus, comparisons are based on the latest data available.

Unemployment rate (percent)

Unemployment Rate, 8 Countries, 2005 (Approximating U.S. concepts)

10 8 6 4 2 0

France

Germany

Canada

United States

Australia

United Netherlands Japan Kingdom

Country

In 2005, unemployment rates declined or remained the same in 7 out of the 8 countries measured in Table 11-1. Unemployment data were not available for Italy or Sweden. Although unemployment rates dropped in several countries, Western Europe continued to struggle with relatively high unemployment. The unemployment rates in France and Germany in 2005 were both 9.7 percent in 2005, compared to 5.1 percent in the United States. (See Table 11-1.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • The decline in unemployment rates accompanied a rise in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in all countries except Italy. However, even though GDP per capita increased in most countries, it generally grew at a much slower rate than in previous years. (See Table 11-9.) • Stated in 2002 U.S. dollars, the United States had the highest real GDP per capita at $39,103 in 2005, followed closely by Norway at $38,338 (data adjusted to accommodate price differences and reflect purchasing power parity). The Republic of Korea had the lowest real GDP per capita at $20,422, but had the largest percentage increase from the previous year at 3.5 percent. (See Table 11-6.) • Inflation appeared to be under control in the 16 countries from which data were collected; prices increased a small amount in most of these countries in 2005. (See Table 11-5.)

427

428 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Collection and Coverage From its inception, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has conducted a program of research and statistical analysis that compares labor conditions in the United States with those in selected foreign countries. The principal comparative measures cover the labor force, employment, and unemployment; trends in labor productivity and unit labor costs in manufacturing; and hourly compensation costs for manufacturing production workers. All of the measures are based upon statistical data and other source materials from (a) the statistical agencies of the foreign countries studied; (b) international and supranational bodies such as the United Nations, the International Labour Office (ILO), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the Statistical Office of the European Communities (EUROSTAT), which attempt to obtain comparable country data; and (c) other secondary sources. International statistical comparisons should be made with caution, as the statistical concepts and methods in each country are primarily fashioned to meet domestic (rather than international) needs. Wherever possible, BLS adjusts the data to improve comparability. The first table in this chapter provides BLS comparative measures of the civilian labor force participation rate, employment, and unemployment, approximating U.S. concepts. The second table provides trend indexes of manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour), hourly compensation, unit labor costs (labor compensation per unit of output), and related measures for the United States and 14 other countries. The third table is limited to production workers in manufacturing and shows hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars for the United States and 31 other countries. The fourth and fifth tables provide Consumer Price Indexes for selected countries. No adjustments for compa-

rability are made in the total indexes except to convert them to a uniform base year (1982–1984 = 100). The final tables present comparative levels and trends in real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and per employed person for 15 countries. All GDP series are converted to U.S. dollars through the use of purchasing power parities. U.S. data in this chapter have been revised from 1998 forward and are based on the 1997 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Output, a value-added measure, is based on a new methodology that balances and reconciles industry production with commodity usage. Canadian data are also on a NAICS basis for 1997 onward. Labor productivity is defined as real output per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measure presented in this release relates output to the hours worked of persons employed in manufacturing, it does not measure the specific contributions of labor as a single factor of production. It instead reflects the joint effects of many influences, including new technology, capital investment, capacity utilization, energy use, managerial skills, and the skills and efforts of the workforce. Unit labor costs are defined as the cost of labor input required to produce one unit of output. They are computed as compensation in nominal terms divided by real output. Sources of Additional Information An extensive description of the methodology can be found in Chapter 12 in the BLS Handbook of Methods. For more information on manufacturing productivity, see BLS news release USDL 06-1655, “International Comparisons of Manufacturing Productivity and Unit Labor Costs Trends, 2005.” Special reports on the BLS Web site at describe the adjustments made to each country to conform the country’s data to U.S. definitions.

CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS 429 Table 11-1. Employment Status of the Working-Age Population, Approximating U.S. Concepts, 10 Countries, 1970–2005 (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Category and year

Employed 1970 ....................................................................................... 1971 ....................................................................................... 1972 ....................................................................................... 1973 ....................................................................................... 1974 ....................................................................................... 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

Unemployed 1970 ....................................................................................... 1971 ....................................................................................... 1972 ....................................................................................... 1973 ....................................................................................... 1974 ....................................................................................... 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

United States 78 678 79 367

282 153

85 064 86 794

85 846 88 752 92 017 296 048 98 824

99 303 100 397 99 526 100 834 105 005 107 150

2109 597

112 440 114 968 117 342

2118 793

117 718 118 492 120 259 2123 060 124 900 126 708

Canada 7 919 8 104 8 344 8 761 9 125 9 284

29 652

9 825 10 124 10 561

10 872 11 192 10 847 10 936 11 211 11 526 11 873 12 221 12 591 12 876

12 964 12 754 12 643 12 705 12 975

2129 558 2131 463 2133 488

13 210 13 338 13 637 13 973 14 331

4 093 5 016 4 882 4 365 5 156

476 535 553 515 514

2136 891

136 933 136 485 2137 736 2139 252 141 730

7 929 7 406 6 991 6 202 6 137

7 637 8 273 10 678 10 717 8 539 8 312 8 237 7 425 6 701 6 528

27 047

8 628 9 613 8 940 27 996 7 404 7 236

26 739 26 210 25 880 25 692

6 801 8 378 28 774 28 149 7 591

14 681 14 866 15 223 15 579 15 861 16 080

690

2716

836 898 831

854 887 1 298 1 437 1 377 1 309 1 216 1 123 999 982 1 083 1 386 1 507 1 533 1 372 1 246 1 285 1 248 1 162 1 072

956 1 026 1 143 1 150 1 093 1 028

Australia 5 388 5 517 5 601 5 765 5 891

5 866 5 946 6 000 6 038 6 111

6 284 6 416 6 415 6 300 6 494 6 697

26 984

7 142 7 413 7 734

7 877 7 698 7 660 7 699 7 942 8 256 8 364 8 444 8 618 8 762 8 989 9 091 9 271 9 481 9 677 9 987 91 107 150 136 162 302 298 358 405 408

409 394 495 697 641 603

2601

612 558 490 563 788 897 914 829 739 751 759 721 652 602

2661

636 611 567 537

1Unified Germany for 1991 and onward. Data for previous years relate to the former West Germany. 2Break in series.

. . . = Not available.

Japan 50 140 50 470 50 590 51 920 51 710

51 530 52 030 52 720 53 370 54 040

54 600 55 060 55 620 56 550 56 870 57 260 57 740 58 320 59 310 60 500

France 20 270 20 420 20 540 20 840 21 030

20 860 21 030 21 220 21 320 21 390 21 440 21 330

221 390

21 380 21 200

21 150 21 240 21 320 21 520 21 850

Germany1 26 100 26 220 26 280 26 590 26 240

25 540 25 400 25 430 25 650 26 080

26 490 26 450 26 150 225 770 25 830 26 010 26 380 26 590 26 800 27 200

19 080 19 020 18 710 18 870 19 280

19 400 19 500 19 670 19 720 19 930

20 200 20 280 20 250 20 320 20 390 20 490

220 610

20 590 20 870 20 770

... ... ... 5 050 5 100

5 070 5 100 5 210 5 260 5 350

5 520 5 550 5 520 25 420 5 490

Sweden 3 850 3 854 3 856 3 873 3 956

4 056 4 082 4 093 4 109 4 174

4 226 4 219 4 213 4 218 4 249

63 790 63 460 62 650 62 510 62 640 62 910

21 955 22 036 22 176 22 597 23 056 23 698 24 142 24 314 24 288 24 259 ...

35 780 35 637 35 508 36 059 236 042

6 730 6 858 7 163 7 321 7 595

4 056 4 019 3 973 4 034 4 117

530 580 610 590 630

36 236 36 350 36 018 35 615 35 876 ...

20 030 20 120 20 165 20 366 20 613

140 160 190 190 420

640 640 740 720 620

... ... ... 160 190

59 101 107 98 80

1 000 1 080 1 100 1 240 1 170

1 140 1 260 1 360 1 560 1 610

1 560 1 670 1 730 1 550 1 420

910 1 020 1 160 1 220 1 390 1 490 1 760

21 930

2 020 2 360

2 470 2 520 2 570 2 460 2 320

890 890 900 870 780

770 1 090 1 560 21 900 1 970

2 010 1 860 1 800 1 810 1 640

920 1 040 1 160 1 270 1 280

67 66 75 94 88

1 680 22 227 2 421

390 373 373 442 489

81 144 255 416 426

2 388 2 164 2 062 2 048 1 960 ...

230 183 232 311 387 405

1 310

21 680

1 760 1 790 1 760

2 210 2 443 2 776 2 926

22 204

21 580

3 200 3 400 3 590 3 500 3 130 2 940

2 385 2 226 2 393 2 577 2 641 ...

3 200 3 505 3 907 3 693 23 333

3 065 3 110 3 396 3 661 3 920 ...

2 544 2 555 2 584 2 634 2 559

2 787 2 946 2 940 2 837 2 711

270 290 270 280 290

4 229 4 303 4 310 4 303 4 276 ...

86 108 137 151 136

22 084

2 615 3 113 3 318

7 907 7 947 8 076 8 080 8 118 8 036

4 513 4 447 4 265 4 028 3 992

350 540 630 2700 710

1 340 1 360 1 420 1 660 1 920 2 100 2 250 2 300 2 790 3 170

1 460

690 790 840 850 920

1 590

24 917 24 256 23 781 23 607 24 115

25 691 25 941 26 413 26 686 27 051

221 360

590 640 730 680 730

24 758 24 611 24 638 24 774 25 031

4 410 4 480

236 871

20 969 21 356 21 665 21 973 22 105 ...

24 385 24 777 24 849

24 422 24 578 25 072 25 905 26 588

22 113 22 000 21 715 21 746

21 230 220 543 20 171

24 330

224 315

24 340

6 267 6 383 6 549 6 572 6 664

4 293 4 326

United Kingdom

5 650 5 740 5 850 25 884 5 989

222 075

36 390 35 989 35 756

21 080

Netherlands

61 700 62 920 63 620 63 820 63 860 63 900 64 200 64 900 64 450 63 920

27 950

Italy

600 640 650 2458 427

478 443 374 296 253

26 713 26 007 25 384 25 158 25 685

27 368 27 599 27 812 28 073 28 358 28 637 770

21 059

1 116 946 949

1 174 1 414 1 470 1 453 1 432

1 833 2 609 2 875 3 081 3 241

125 117 297 84 72

3 151 3 161 2 940 2 445 2 082

404 440 445 368 313

2 439 2 298 1 987 1 788 1 726

260 227 234 264 300 ...

2 053 2 530 2 823 2 930 2 433

1 584 1 486 1 524 1 484 1 417 1 458

430 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 11-1. Employment Status of the Working-Age Population, Approximating U.S. Concepts, 10 Countries, 1970–2005—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Category and year

Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate 1970 ....................................................................................... 1971 ....................................................................................... 1972 ....................................................................................... 1973 ....................................................................................... 1974 ....................................................................................... 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

60.4 60.2 60.4 60.8 61.2 61.2 61.6 62.3 63.2 63.7 63.8 63.9 64.0 64.0 64.4

64.8 65.3 65.6 65.9 66.5

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

266.5

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

67.1 66.8 66.6 66.2 66.0 66.0

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

Unemployment Rate 1970 ....................................................................................... 1971 ....................................................................................... 1972 ....................................................................................... 1973 ....................................................................................... 1974 ....................................................................................... 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

United States

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

66.2 66.4 66.3 266.6

66.6 66.8 67.1 67.1 67.1

4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6

8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8 7.1 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5

7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

25.6

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

4.0 4.7 5.8 6.0 5.5 5.1

....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................

6.8 7.5 6.9 26.1

5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2

Canada 57.8 58.1 58.6 59.7 60.5 61.1

262.5

62.8 63.7 64.5

65.0 65.6 64.9 65.2 65.5

65.9 66.4 66.7 67.1 67.4

67.3 66.7 65.9 65.5 65.2

64.8 64.7 65.0 65.3 65.8

65.8 65.9 66.7 67.3 67.3 67.0 5.7 6.2 6.2 5.5 5.3 6.9

26.9

7.8 8.1 7.3

7.3 7.3 10.7 11.6 10.9 10.2 9.3 8.4 7.4 7.1

7.7 9.8 10.6 10.8 9.6

8.6 8.8 8.4 7.7 7.0

6.1 6.5 7.0 6.9 6.4 6.0

Australia

France

Germany1

Netherlands

Italy

Sweden

62.1 62.2 62.3 62.6 63.0

64.5 64.3 63.8 64.0 63.1

57.5 57.4 57.2 57.3 57.4

56.9 56.5 56.2 56.3 55.7

49.0 48.7 47.7 47.6 47.7

... ... ... 53.4 53.5

64.0 64.2 64.1 64.1 64.8

62.1 61.9 61.7 61.4 61.5

62.6 62.6 62.7 63.1 62.7

257.5

57.5 57.5

54.7 54.7 54.6 254.3 54.4

48.2 48.3 47.7 47.5 47.3

55.4 56.7 56.6 255.7 55.7

66.9 66.8 66.8 66.7 66.6

63.2 62.7 62.7 61.9 61.6

61.7

262.8

62.9 63.3 64.1

64.7 64.2 63.9 63.5 63.9

64.5 64.6 64.3 64.3 64.0

64.4 64.4 64.4 64.6 64.7 65.4 1.6 1.9 2.6 2.3 2.7

4.9 4.8 5.6 6.3 6.3

6.1 5.8 7.2 10.0 9.0 8.3

27.9

7.9 7.0 6.0

6.7 9.3 10.5 10.6 9.4

8.2 8.2 8.3 7.7 6.9

6.3

26.8

6.4 6.1 5.5 5.1

1Unified Germany for 1991 and onward. Data for previous years relate to the former West Germany. 2Break in series.

. . . = Not available.

Japan

62.4 62.4 62.5 62.8 62.7

62.3 62.1 61.9 61.9 62.2

57.2 57.5 57.8 57.7 57.8 57.2 57.2

56.8 56.7 56.5 56.2 56.1

55.0 54.6 54.4 54.4 54.5

54.7 54.9 55.0 55.1 55.2

47.2

247.8

47.6 47.4 47.3

62.6 63.2 63.4 63.3 63.1

255.7

55.7 55.7 55.4 55.6

258.8

247.7

62.0 61.6 60.8 60.3 60.0 60.0

55.4 55.7 55.6 55.9 56.3

56.5 56.8 57.1 57.0 56.9 ...

57.1 57.1 57.3 57.7 256.9

2.5 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9

56.7 56.7 56.4 56.0 56.5 ...

47.3 47.3 47.3 47.6 47.9

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.6

62.9 63.0 63.2 62.8 62.4

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4

1.9 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.8

2.7 2.8 2.9 2.5 2.3

2.1 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.9

3.2 3.4 3.4 4.1 4.7

4.8 5.1 5.4 5.3 4.8 4.5

4.2 4.6 5.2 5.4 6.1 6.5 7.6

28.3

8.6 10.0

10.5 10.6 10.8 10.3 9.6

28.6 9.1 10.0 11.3 11.9

11.3 11.8 11.7 11.2 10.5 9.1 8.4 9.0 9.6 9.8 9.7

55.3

47.7 48.0 48.2 47.8 48.0

58.1 57.8 57.4

3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 2.9

2.8 4.0 5.6 26.9 7.1

7.2 6.6 6.3 6.3 5.7 5.0

25.6

6.7 8.0 8.5

8.2 9.0 9.9 9.3 28.5 7.8 7.9 8.6 9.3 9.9 9.7

47.2

47.5 248.3 47.6

48.1 48.2 48.5 49.1 49.1 ... 3.2 3.3 3.8 3.7 3.1

3.4 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.9 5.4 5.9 5.9 6.0

27.5

7.9 7.9 7.8 7.0

54.5 54.1 54.2 54.0 54.2

63.1 63.0 62.7 62.6 62.7 62.8 62.7 61.9 61.6 62.7

66.9 67.3

62.9 62.9 63.2 63.8 64.3

58.8 59.2 60.8 61.1 62.6

64.1 64.0 63.3 62.8 62.8

62.4 62.4 62.5 62.5 62.8

... ... ... 3.1 3.6

1.5 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.0

64.4 63.9 64.9 65.2 65.7 65.2

5.1 5.4 4.9 5.1 5.1

6.0 8.9 10.2 211.4 11.5

67.3 67.0 65.7 64.5 63.7

63.8 63.7 64.0 64.0 63.7 ...

1.6 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.5 3.1 3.5 3.1

62.9 62.7 62.9 63.0 63.0 63.1

3.1

24.2

4.4 3.7 3.7

4.5 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.4

6.9 9.7 10.8 11.5 11.8

22.2

1.9 1.6

11.4 11.4 10.5 8.6 7.3

6.6 6.1 5.0 3.9 3.2

9.1 9.9 10.1 8.4 7.1

8.7 8.1 7.0 6.3 6.0

10.2 9.2 8.7 8.5 8.1 ...

2.8 2.2 2.8 3.7 4.6 4.8

2.8 2.6

64.3 63.7 62.9 62.6 62.4

9.6 10.0 10.0 27.2 6.7

5.9 5.5 5.4 6.3 6.8

11.3 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.0

62.9 63.1 63.1

266.4

56.2 56.6 57.5 57.9 58.6

66.9 67.0

61.1

262.8

55.5 56.0 56.3 254.4 54.6

7.3 29.8 10.7

26.9

65.9 66.0 65.9 66.1 66.6

United Kingdom

1.8 3.1 5.6 9.4 9.6

5.8 5.0 5.1 5.8 6.6 ...

7.1 8.9 10.0 10.4 8.7

5.5 5.1 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.8

CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS 431

Table 11-2. Indexes of Manufacturing Productivity and Related Measures, 15 Countries, 1970 and 1990–2005 (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Category and year

Output per Hour 1970 ..............................................

United States

Canada

52.4

55.9

Japan 37.7

Korea ...

Taiwan ...

Belgium Denmark 32.9

47.8

France

Germany1

38.5

52.0

Italy 40.1

Netherlands 38.5

Norway Sweden 59.1

52.2

United Kingdom 45.4

Australia ...

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

93.5 96.3 100.0 102.7 108.1

93.4 95.3 100.0 105.8 110.8

94.4 99.0 100.0 101.7 103.3

82.7 92.7 100.0 108.3 118.1

89.8 96.8 100.0 101.3 105.2

96.8 99.1 100.0 102.5 108.4

98.5 99.7 100.0 100.3 112.7

92.7 96.4 100.0 101.2 109.4

99.0 98.3 100.0 101.0 108.5

97.7 97.0 100.0 102.8 107.6

98.7 99.0 100.0 102.0 113.1

98.1 98.2 100.0 99.6 99.6

94.6 95.5 100.0 107.3 118.2

90.1 94.3 100.0 102.8 105.4

91.6 96.6 100.0 105.8 104.9

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

147.7 149.2 165.0 176.8 186.3 195.7

129.8 127.4 129.8 130.6 135.9 143.7

131.7 128.9 133.1 142.3 150.4 154.1

216.4 214.8 235.8 252.2 281.2 305.1

148.4 155.1 166.7 171.7 179.9 191.4

129.3 130.7 136.9 141.0 145.5 149.7

123.2 123.4 124.2 124.7 125.8 125.8

148.2 150.7 157.4 164.2 170.0 176.7

132.0 135.4 137.0 142.4 149.0 156.9

116.0 116.2 114.2 111.3 112.4 112.4

138.5 139.2 143.4 146.4 153.7 160.0

106.6 109.8 112.8 122.6 128.8 132.5

176.8 172.6 190.7 204.5 224.6 235.4

117.9 121.8 125.1 130.6 137.9 141.4

127.1 130.7 135.2 140.7 139.7 142.4

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

Output 1970 ..............................................

112.1 116.8 121.7 130.2 136.7

54.5

112.4 109.7 117.0 120.7 124.5

59.9

111.0 116.1 120.7 120.4 124.9

39.4

129.7 142.6 160.8 179.3 199.4

6.4

112.9 121.5 126.5 132.7 140.9

12.9

113.2 116.0 125.7 126.9 124.6

57.6

112.7 109.0 117.7 117.1 119.0

74.0

116.0 116.7 125.8 132.6 138.7

56.9

110.2 113.3 120.0 120.4 123.4

70.9

111.1 112.5 113.3 112.5 112.5

41.7

117.3 120.5 121.2 124.5 129.3

59.8

100.7 102.5 102.0 99.9 103.6

91.0

125.1 130.2 142.0 150.7 164.1

80.7

103.7 102.8 104.1 105.6 110.9

90.3

105.5 112.8 114.7 117.6 118.9

...

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

98.2 96.8 100.0 104.2 112.2

106.0 99.0 100.0 105.9 114.1

97.1 102.0 100.0 96.3 94.9

88.1 96.0 100.0 105.1 117.1

91.0 96.4 100.0 100.9 106.9

101.0 100.7 100.0 97.0 101.4

101.7 100.3 100.0 97.0 107.5

97.7 99.2 100.0 95.9 100.6

99.1 102.4 100.0 92.0 94.9

100.5 100.2 100.0 97.6 104.1

99.0 99.8 100.0 97.7 104.5

101.4 99.0 100.0 101.7 104.6

110.1 104.1 100.0 101.9 117.5

105.3 100.1 100.0 101.4 106.2

104.1 100.9 100.0 103.5 109.0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

152.7 144.2 148.2 151.0 158.2 164.5

159.6 153.2 154.5 154.4 161.6 165.1

105.1 99.3 97.5 102.7 107.5 108.7

191.5 195.7 210.5 222.2 246.8 264.1

149.2 138.1 148.3 155.9 170.6 180.5

118.3 118.3 119.1 118.1 120.8 120.3

122.5 122.5 119.0 114.6 111.7 111.7

128.7 130.0 129.9 132.3 134.5 136.5

104.8 106.6 104.6 105.7 110.6 113.9

112.9 111.8 110.4 107.8 108.6 106.3

127.4 127.2 127.2 125.8 127.8 128.1

112.8 112.3 112.2 115.6 121.0 124.1

189.7 185.6 196.4 203.6 223.6 229.3

115.0 113.5 110.5 110.7 113.0 111.7

122.9 122.2 127.7 130.2 130.0 129.9

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

Total Hours 1970 .............................................. 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

Compensation Per Hour, National Currency Basis 1970 ..............................................

117.3 121.6 129.0 137.7 143.7

104.0 105.0 100.5 100.0 101.4 103.8 104.6 104.2 106.0 105.7 105.1

119.6 119.6 127.7 134.0 145.5

107.1 113.5 103.9 100.0 100.1 103.0 106.4 109.0 109.1 111.0 116.9

98.9 103.0 106.1 99.2 99.9

104.3

102.9 103.1 100.0 94.7 91.9 89.1 88.8 87.9 82.4 79.9

103.4 96.6 89.8 85.4 84.9 84.0

122.9 120.2 119.0 118.2 118.9 114.8

79.8 77.1 73.3 72.2 71.5 70.5

24.0

17.2

16.4

130.8 139.2 146.0 134.5 163.7

...

112.7 118.7 125.5 129.5 139.0

106.2 106.3 113.3 119.0 123.1

94.0 92.0 96.1 97.2 98.2

109.1 107.8 109.6 109.9 109.6

108.2 109.8 111.3 115.1 119.4

107.3 110.3 114.2 113.7 113.6

132.5 137.1 147.6 159.5 173.9

107.9 108.6 110.6 111.3 112.3

174.7

154.9

147.5

136.3

104.0

155.5

153.9

154.7

198.7

99.8 97.7 99.2 97.6 98.7

92.0 91.1 89.6 89.9 90.9

100.0 98.6 98.8 100.1 99.4

91.6 91.0 90.1 89.7 88.7

85.3 81.2 80.1 80.7 79.6

98.2 95.8 96.7 97.7 97.4

92.3 91.1 91.8 92.4 92.3

106.6 107.6 112.0 113.7 109.6

105.9 105.3 103.9 105.9 106.0

104.0 105.7 106.3 105.4 101.2

13.7

10.8

19.4

11.8

10.7

101.4 99.6 100.0 99.6 101.7

88.5 91.1 89.3 88.1 87.8 86.5

100.5 89.0 89.0 90.8 94.9 94.3

...

112.7 107.5 116.3 117.2 118.2

...

106.4 103.6 100.0 97.1 99.2

100.9 97.6 90.8 75.0 82.1

104.2 105.6 112.5 114.1 113.3

...

104.3 101.5 100.0 94.7 93.6

91.4 90.5 87.0 83.8 83.0 80.4

103.3 100.6 100.0 96.8 95.4

99.4 99.3 95.8 91.9 88.8 88.8

105.5 102.9 100.0 94.8 91.9

86.8 86.3 82.5 80.6 79.1 77.2 9.3

100.1 104.1 100.0 91.1 87.5

79.4 78.7 76.4 74.3 74.2 72.6

20.7

102.9 103.3 100.0 95.0 96.8

97.3 96.2 96.7 96.8 96.6 94.5 5.3

100.3 100.8 100.0 95.8 92.4

91.9 91.4 88.7 85.9 83.2 80.0

103.4 100.8 100.0 102.1 105.0

105.9 102.3 99.4 94.3 94.0 93.7

116.4 109.0 100.0 94.9 99.4

107.3 107.5 103.0 99.6 99.6 97.4

116.9 106.2 100.0 98.7 100.8

97.5 93.2 88.3 84.8 81.9 79.0 6.8

108.4 111.7 114.7 117.7 117.3

...

113.6 104.4 100.0 97.8 103.9

102.8 99.1 100.0 100.1 98.7 96.7 93.5 94.5 92.5 93.0 91.2 ...

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

90.5 95.6 100.0 102.0 105.3

88.5 95.0 100.0 102.0 103.9

90.6 96.5 100.0 102.7 104.7

68.0 85.5 100.0 115.9 133.1

85.2 93.5 100.0 105.9 111.1

90.1 97.3 100.0 104.8 106.1

93.6 97.8 100.0 102.4 106.0

88.5 93.9 100.0 104.3 108.0

89.4 91.4 100.0 106.2 111.0

87.6 94.2 100.0 105.7 107.3

89.8 94.8 100.0 104.5 109.0

92.3 97.5 100.0 101.5 104.4

87.8 95.5 100.0 97.4 99.8

88.8 99.8 100.0 103.2 104.7

86.3 94.0 100.0 105.9 103.9

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

134.7 137.9 147.8 158.2 161.4 168.8

118.9 122.7 126.2 130.5 131.6 138.2

114.9 116.4 117.2 114.6 115.1 117.0

239.1 246.7 271.6 285.0 325.5 345.6

142.3 151.4 145.0 147.3 144.0 149.5

120.9 127.3 132.8 136.7 138.9 144.8

125.0 130.9 136.5 142.5 146.7 150.1

127.0 130.6 137.4 141.4 144.7 148.7

136.3 140.6 144.1 147.2 148.0 150.6

128.7 133.5 136.9 140.6 145.1 149.5

132.8 138.9 146.8 152.8 158.0 163.2

140.5 148.9 156.7 163.3 167.6 173.4

136.8 143.8 151.7 159.2 162.6 169.2

134.4 140.0 148.1 154.9 162.2 169.1

138.9 147.7 154.7 164.5 167.8 177.6

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

1Unified

107.3 109.3 112.2 118.7 123.4

106.5 107.4 111.7 115.8 116.6

108.3 109.1 112.7 115.6 115.5

161.6 188.1 204.5 222.7 223.9

120.2 128.2 132.1 137.1 139.6

109.2 111.1 115.5 117.3 118.8

Germany for 1991 and onward. Data for previous years relate to the former West Germany. . . . = Not available.

108.2 112.6 116.5 119.6 122.6

110.7 112.5 116.3 117.2 121.0

117.0 122.5 124.9 126.7 129.6

112.0 120.0 124.1 123.3 125.6

112.1 114.6 117.6 122.4 126.5

109.2 113.6 118.7 125.7 133.0

106.8 115.2 121.0 125.6 130.3

106.5 107.0 110.9 120.0 127.3

112.7 122.3 124.0 127.7 132.2

432 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 11-2. Indexes of Manufacturing Productivity and Related Measures, 15 Countries, 1970 and 1990–2005—Continued (Numbers in thousands, percent.) Category and year

Compensation Per Hour, U.S. Currency Basis 1970 ..............................................

United States

Canada

24.0

19.9

Japan

5.8

Korea

...

Taiwan

...

Belgium Denmark

8.9

8.7

France

8.9

Germany1

8.9

Italy

10.3

Netherlands

9.4

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

90.5 95.6 100.0 102.0 105.3

91.6 100.2 100.0 95.6 91.9

79.2 90.9 100.0 117.2 129.9

75.0 91.1 100.0 112.9 129.5

79.6 87.9 100.0 100.9 105.6

86.6 91.5 100.0 97.4 102.1

91.2 92.2 100.0 95.3 100.7

86.0 88.0 100.0 97.5 103.1

86.4 86.0 100.0 100.2 106.9

90.1 93.5 100.0 82.8 82.1

86.7 89.1 100.0 98.9 105.4

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

134.7 137.9 147.8 158.2 161.4 168.8

96.8 95.7 97.1 112.6 122.2 137.9

135.1 121.4 118.6 125.3 135.0 134.7

165.9 149.8 170.4 187.6 223.0 264.9

114.6 112.6 105.6 107.7 108.6 117.1

88.9 90.8 100.1 123.3 137.7 143.7

93.2 94.9 104.5 130.8 147.9 151.1

94.6 94.4 104.8 129.2 145.3 149.3

100.5 100.5 108.8 133.1 147.0 149.7

75.6 76.0 82.3 101.3 114.9 118.5

97.9 99.2 110.8 138.0 156.9 162.1

45.8

30.8

39.8

13.1

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

Unit Labor Costs, National Currency Basis 1970 ..............................................

107.3 109.3 112.2 118.7 123.4

93.7 95.2 97.5 94.3 94.9

146.1 127.2 118.1 111.9 128.8

43.6

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

96.8 99.2 100.0 99.3 97.4

94.8 99.7 100.0 96.5 93.8

95.9 97.4 100.0 101.0 101.4

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

91.2 92.4 89.6 89.5 86.7 86.3

91.6 96.3 97.2 99.9 96.8 96.2

87.3 90.3 88.0 80.5 76.5 75.9

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

Unit Labor Costs, U.S. Currency Basis 1970 ..............................................

95.7 93.6 92.2 91.2 90.3

45.8

94.7 97.9 95.5 95.9 93.7

35.7

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

96.8 99.2 100.0 99.3 97.4

98.1 105.2 100.0 90.4 83.0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

91.2 92.4 89.6 89.5 86.7 86.3

74.5 75.1 74.8 86.2 89.9 95.9

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

95.7 93.6 92.2 91.2 90.3

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1Unified Germany for 1991 and onward. Data for 2Index of value of foreign currency relative to the

. . . = Not available.

88.7 90.8 100.0 99.6 100.4

76.7 69.7 72.3 74.4 79.3 86.8

77.2 72.6 63.4 62.7 60.4 61.2

101.5 97.5 82.8 56.0 65.9

88.1 88.6 87.3 81.5 81.3

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

14.6

134.9 116.5 104.7 96.8 111.5

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

81.4 78.0 77.0 86.3 92.8 99.8

93.5 97.4 97.0 97.0 95.4 96.8

90.7 98.2 100.0 104.2 109.6

252.7

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

95.9 97.6 87.0 85.8 80.1 78.1

21.7

83.9 91.8 100.0 115.3 125.8

102.6 94.2 89.1 88.1 89.7 87.4

87.4 94.2 100.0 114.1 124.1

117.6 104.3 101.2 109.3 117.2 115.1

41.7

93.0 98.1 100.0 102.3 97.9

15.4

110.5 114.8 115.2 113.0 115.8 113.3

119.1 115.3 103.7 103.8 100.9

94.9 96.5 100.0 104.6 105.6

106.5 105.5 104.5 103.4 99.1

35.4

103.6 105.5 100.0 93.7 88.4

23.3

124.6 131.9 127.1 124.2 112.3

126.5 128.6 105.3 69.6 74.0

115.8

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

114.2 117.4 115.5 102.8 108.7

97.6 94.0 93.4 96.1 92.5

131.7 109.6 97.8 93.0 103.1

100.0

.............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..............................................

8.6

82.1 92.2 100.0 107.0 112.7

83.4 86.7 83.3 78.1 76.2

Exchange Rates2 1970 .............................................. 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

164.1 183.4 169.3 124.8 147.6

116.6 117.2 106.4 107.7 105.9

22.7

24.1

95.0 98.1 100.0 102.2 94.1

95.5 97.4 100.0 103.1 98.7

101.4 106.1 109.9 114.3 116.6 119.3

85.7 86.7 87.3 86.1 85.1 84.1

96.4 95.8 91.9 92.4 95.4

96.0 103.3 98.9 102.1 103.0

27.0

18.3

89.5 92.3 100.0 95.1 94.2

117.5 116.4 105.4 105.1 104.0

92.7 92.5 100.0 95.1 89.4

127.6 127.2 112.5 112.5 110.3

90.3 93.0 100.0 105.2 102.4

100.8 106.6 109.5 109.6 111.7

23.1

17.1

92.8 91.3 100.0 96.3 94.2

103.3 103.8 105.1 103.4 99.3 96.0

115.8 112.2 93.8 93.4 89.4

62.9

64.7

80.5

95.7

110.4 106.5 100.0 97.4 97.2

93.5 94.0 100.0 95.2 95.1

69.4 60.7 62.8 65.8 68.5 76.6

80.5 74.4 72.9 73.1 75.4 78.3

95.0 91.6 87.4 75.0 77.8

96.2 94.0 100.0 93.0 96.2

109.1 103.8 89.8 88.5 84.9 73.6 71.3 75.3 90.2 99.1 99.2

previous years relate to the former West Germany. U.S. dollar.

75.6 76.9 84.2 104.9 117.5 120.1 97.5 94.3 100.0 93.1 95.0

107.8 104.1 91.3 90.1 86.4 74.6 72.5 76.6 91.8 100.8 100.7

63.8 62.6 66.6 78.7 85.5 84.5

97.2 93.7 100.0 93.4 95.4

106.2 103.5 90.7 89.7 86.0 74.5 72.2 76.3 91.4 100.4 100.5

109.9 103.8 114.4 146.0 168.1 184.2

20.0

20.6

14.9

94.1 99.2 100.0 101.9 104.8

92.9 100.0 100.0 90.8 84.4

131.9 135.6 138.8 133.3 130.2 130.9

77.4 83.3 79.5 77.9 72.4 71.9

25.8

24.5

17.4

65.1 65.5 72.1 91.0 102.2 105.4

101.3 99.7 83.8 79.3 75.0

91.7 99.6 100.0 98.0 103.4

50.4

95.9 99.8 102.4 104.3 102.8 102.0

87.9 90.0 100.0 96.9 93.2

23.1

20.2

109.3 113.0 114.4 116.9 120.1 124.7 ...

100.1 103.1 100.0 92.6 98.6

93.0 93.7 108.1 117.0 120.0 126.3

49.1 46.9 47.6 56.2 57.4 56.0

97.8 93.7 100.7 109.7 122.0 123.3

86.4 79.5 84.6 103.7 120.3 129.3

48.6

86.9

112.3

109.1 103.8 90.0 88.8 85.1

75.6 79.9 72.3 70.9 67.8

98.1 96.2 87.7 82.3 79.6

81.6 86.8 76.2 73.3 70.4

58.7 57.0 60.2 72.0 79.2 79.2

106.8 108.4 108.1 108.5 111.1

99.5 106.0 100.0 85.3 86.2

196.5

73.7 71.5 75.5 90.4 99.3 99.4

...

94.2 97.3 100.0 100.1 99.1

91.3 96.3 100.0 67.8 63.7

42.8

96.6 93.9 100.0 94.6 96.7

99.4 95.7 100.0 87.5 88.1

73.7 71.4 75.4 90.3 99.3 99.4

70.5 69.1 77.8 87.8 92.2 96.5

109.6 104.3 90.1 88.7 85.0

114.0 115.0 118.4 118.6 117.6 119.6

113.5 130.2 125.5 109.2 116.0

93.5 95.0 100.0 89.1 92.3

106.4 106.6 102.1 103.5 102.2

102.8 99.3 100.0 78.3 76.5

98.5 105.9 100.0 100.4 99.4

102.7 104.1 106.5 113.6 114.8

104.8 99.2 87.4 87.2 83.2

96.6 94.0 100.0 94.4 96.3

95.2 94.5 102.8 112.6 116.6

85.3 88.5 85.2 83.3 79.4

76.2 85.2 79.2 77.7 75.7

70.7 71.3 77.3 94.3 102.1 101.3

...

89.6 99.9 100.0 87.7 90.8

115.4 114.1 126.0 143.3 168.3 174.3

110.9 114.9 119.8 126.3 129.2 133.0

76.2 74.2 79.4 93.5 98.6 95.4

103.5 107.6 90.4 92.0 89.0

9.2

Australia

86.4 91.9 100.0 72.8 75.3

86.9 81.0 90.9 114.8 128.9 131.9

99.1 102.9 121.9 143.4 154.6 167.2

108.4 110.8 116.4 125.7 128.3

92.2 96.4 100.0 80.6 76.3

12.0

87.1 100.1 92.2 92.0 91.7

95.6 95.1 97.1 98.3 97.8

87.3 87.5 100.0 99.3 98.6

105.2 99.4 82.5 81.8 81.0

91.7 93.3 100.0 88.8 91.9

107.1 109.3 104.1 103.4 105.9

91.1 95.7 100.0 102.4 96.4

106.2 108.2 104.1 105.2 105.1

10.3

United Kingdom

122.8 119.6 105.9 108.5 107.5

89.7 97.1 100.0 102.9 99.8

95.4 96.4 92.4 88.3 87.3

101.1 96.7 91.3 77.5 77.2

68.8 69.5 73.1 87.5 94.6 96.0

84.7 95.8 89.8 87.5 85.1

Norway Sweden

69.6 76.9 64.9 61.1 55.9

98.4 96.3 100.0 74.7 75.5

63.5 56.3 59.9 72.1 79.3 78.0

91.8 92.0 98.8 106.6 105.1

135.6

101.0 100.1 100.0 85.0 86.7 89.4 88.4 92.7 93.8 91.6

85.8 81.5 85.1 92.5 103.8 103.1

107.6 115.4 109.3 92.9 97.5

152.3 106.3 106.0 100.0 92.5 99.5 100.7 106.5 101.1 85.6 87.8 79.1 70.3 73.9 88.7 100.2 103.7

CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS 433 Table 11-3. Hourly Compensation Costs in U.S. Dollars for Production Workers in Manufacturing, 32 Countries and Selected Areas, Selected Years, 1975–2004 (Dollars.)

Region and country

Americas United States ........................................ Brazil .................................................... Canada ................................................. Mexico ..................................................

Asia and Oceania Australia ............................................... Hong Kong SAR1 .................................. Israel ..................................................... Japan .................................................... Korea .................................................... New Zealand ........................................ Singapore ............................................. Sri Lanka .............................................. Taiwan ..................................................

Europe Austria .................................................. Belgium ................................................ Czech Republic .................................... Denmark ............................................... Finland ..................................................

1975

1990

1995

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

9.63 ... 8.87 2.19

12.71 ... 11.20 1.58

14.84 ... 16.33 1.56

17.21 ... 16.50 1.47

19.70 3.51 16.48 2.20

20.58 2.95 16.23 2.54

21.40 2.56 16.66 2.60

22.27 2.74 19.37 2.49

23.17 3.03 21.42 2.50

5.60 0.75 2.03 2.97 0.32

8.44 1.50 3.41 5.46 0.95

8.18 1.73 3.66 6.27 1.23

13.09 3.22 7.71 12.54 3.70

15.36 4.80 9.50 23.55 7.28

14.39 5.45 11.49 22.02 8.24

13.30 5.74 12.25 19.43 7.72

15.41 5.66 11.03 18.65 8.77

19.78 5.54 11.66 20.32 10.03

23.09 5.51 12.18 21.90 11.52

4.50 5.77 ... 6.24 4.63

8.87 11.74 ... 10.77 8.30

7.57 8.29 ... 8.10 8.20

17.91 17.84 ... 18.35 21.15

25.26 25.64 2.53 25.28 24.31

19.17 20.09 2.83 21.87 19.44

19.08 19.80 3.13 22.02 19.85

20.69 21.74 3.83 24.25 21.78

25.32 26.52 4.72 30.15 27.10

28.29 29.98 5.43 33.75 30.67

3.10 0.83 0.28 0.37

4.50 6.26 1.69 ... 3.06

Spain .................................................... Sweden ................................................ Switzerland ........................................... United Kingdom ....................................

2.52 7.14 6.03 3.35

Trade-Weighted Measures3,4 All 31 foreign economies ....................... All 31 foreign economies less Brazil, the Czech Republic, and Hungary .... OECD5,6 ................................................ Europe6 ................................................. European Union-157 .............................. Asian NIEs8 ...........................................

1985

6.16 ... 6.11 1.45

France .................................................. Germany2 .............................................. Greece .................................................. Hungary ................................................. Ireland .................................................. Italy ....................................................... Luxembourg ......................................... Netherlands .......................................... Norway ................................................. Portugal ................................................

1980

4.64 6.22 6.58 6.90 1.52

3.85

3.85 4.16 4.99 4.92 0.49

5.14 1.53 0.22 0.99

8.90 12.16 3.73 ... 6.02

4.30 2.53 0.28 1.49

7.48 9.46 3.67 ... 6.00

8.09 11.51 12.05 11.80 1.98

7.56 7.48 8.73 10.47 1.46

6.54

6.65

5.86 12.44 10.96 7.52

6.54 7.05 9.67 9.59 1.14

4.64 9.61 9.55 6.22

6.65 7.12 7.85 7.74 1.61

8.01 3.75 0.35 3.85

15.36 21.71 6.82 ... 11.77

9.78 7.58 0.48 5.87

19.26 30.09 9.07 2.69 13.75

17.28 16.00 17.98 21.76 3.59

15.69 23.36 24.03 24.84 5.09

11.90

15.05

11.30 20.81 20.63 12.61

11.90 12.69 17.05 16.84 3.69

12.70 21.68 28.99 13.79

15.11 15.93 21.50 21.40 6.59

7.91 7.19 0.48 6.19

15.46 22.67 ... 2.79 12.72

7.53 6.97 0.45 6.05

15.65 22.48 ... 3.16 13.60

13.84 17.51 19.33 22.66 4.49

13.61 17.21 19.85 23.29 4.59

13.78

13.43

10.65 20.18 21.02 16.73

14.06 14.73 18.08 18.13 7.07

10.76 18.39 21.60 16.75

13.71 14.34 18.11 18.12 6.82

8.60 6.71 0.49 5.64

11.04 7.18 0.51 5.69

12.89 7.45 ... 5.97

17.12 24.20 ... 3.92 15.26

21.14 29.63 ... 4.80 19.09

23.89 32.53 ... 5.72 21.94

11.92 20.23 23.81 18.25

14.97 25.19 27.83 21.20

17.10 28.42 30.26 24.71

14.75 18.71 22.12 27.29 5.07

14.00

14.29 15.03 19.80 19.78 7.05

18.11 23.12 27.47 31.56 6.24

16.28

16.63 17.58 24.10 24.14 7.62

20.48 26.57 30.76 34.64 7.02

18.02

18.41 19.51 27.08 27.17 8.32

1Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. 2Unified Germany for 1995 onward. Data for previous years relate to the former West Germany. 3Since data for Germany are not available before 1993, data for the former West Germany are only included in the trade-weighted measures. 4The trade weights used to compute the average compensation cost measures for selected economic groups are new weights based on the relative dollar value of U.S. trade in manufactured

commodities (exports plus imports) with each country or region in 2004. The trade data are compiled by the U.S. Census Bureau.

5Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 6Data for the Czech Republic and Hungary are not included for 1975–1990. 7European Union-15 refers to European Union member countries prior to the European Union's expansion to 25 countries on May 1, 2004. 8The Asian Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs) are Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan.

. . . = Not available.

434 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 11-4. Consumer Price Indexes, 16 Countries, 1950–2005 (1982–1984 = 100.) Year

United States2

Canada3

Japan

Australia4

Austria ... ... ... ... ...

24.0 26.3 26.5 26.4 26.9

32.6 33.8 35.3 36.2 37.6

29.1 29.3 29.8 30.4 31.7

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

24.1 26.0 26.5 26.7 26.9

21.6 23.9 24.5 24.2 24.4

14.8 17.2 18.0 19.2 20.5

12.6 15.1 17.7 18.4 18.5

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

29.6 29.9 30.2 30.6 31.0

26.9 27.1 27.4 27.9 28.4

21.8 23.0 24.6 26.4 27.4

22.1 22.6 22.6 22.7 23.2

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

26.8 27.2 28.1 28.9 29.1

31.5 32.4 33.4 34.8 36.7 38.8 40.5 41.8 44.4 49.3 53.8 56.9 60.6 65.2 72.6

24.4 24.8 25.6 26.3 26.6

29.1 30.2 31.3 32.5 34.0 35.1 36.2 37.9 40.7 45.2 50.1 53.8 58.1 63.3 69.1

20.2 20.3 20.9 20.8 21.1

29.5 31.0 32.3 34.0 35.8 38.5 40.9 42.9 47.9 59.1 66.0 72.2 78.1 81.4 84.4

Belgium5

18.9 20.1 20.6 20.9 21.3

... ... ... 31.6 32.0

24.1 24.9 25.7 26.3 27.1

39.5 40.3 41.9 43.1 44.4

28.2 29.9 31.6 34.6 39.9 45.9 52.1 58.5 63.1 68.8

46.4 48.5 51.6 55.5 60.8 65.9 70.8 74.6 77.3 80.2

26.8 27.4 28.2 28.6 29.0

32.9 34.3 35.3 36.3 37.6 39.1 40.8 43.0 46.0 51.9 58.5 63.8 68.4 71.4 74.6

Consumer Price Index1

Denmark6

France7

Germany8

12.3 13.5 14.0 14.1 14.2

11.1 13.0 14.6 14.4 14.3

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... 10.3 10.6

... ... ... ... ...

13.6 15.7 17.1 17.5 18.2

5.5 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.1

13.4 15.5 16.7 16.9 17.1

33.2 34.8 35.7 35.4 35.7

9.8 10.7 11.7 12.1 12.3

16.7 17.4 18.8 19.8 20.5

19.4 20.0 21.0 22.0 22.7

... ... 43.1 44.4 45.4

11.9 12.2 12.7 13.7 14.5

... ... ... ... ...

21.1 21.6 22.8 23.4 24.7

9.1 9.2 9.7 10.6 11.3

21.0 21.5 22.5 23.2 23.9

38.2 38.9 40.6 42.0 43.3

14.6 15.1 15.8 16.1 16.6

28.8 30.3 32.2 34.6 39.3

52.8 55.6 58.7 62.8 67.2

15.0 15.8 16.1 16.3 16.5

21.8 23.3 25.0 27.0 27.9 29.8 31.5 33.6 36.7 42.3 46.4 50.5 56.1 61.8 67.7

14.5 14.8 15.3 17.6 18.7

23.3 23.9 24.6 25.7 27.3

43.9 48.2 52.7 57.5 63.6

... ... ... ... ...

46.9 48.6 49.4 50.2 51.1

71.2 74.2 77.0 79.0 82.3

Italy

10.9 11.2 11.4 11.7 11.7

NetherSwitzer- United Norway10 Spain11 Sweden lands 9 land12 Kingdom

... ... ... ... ...

15.2 15.5 16.1 16.3 16.7

... ... ... ... 40.6

30.0 35.1 41.0 46.0 52.8

63.8 69.6 74.1 77.2 80.5

17.5 18.4 19.4 21.6 25.7

42.1 45.3 48.9 52.9 58.1

18.4 19.1 19.6 20.6 21.0

6.3 6.7 7.4 8.4 9.0

25.7 26.6 27.8 28.7 29.6

12.8 13.6 14.5 15.2 15.5

49.0 53.5 58.3 63.1 66.1

29.0 34.1 42.4 50.8 58.8

32.8 34.8 37.3 40.1 43.8

16.4 17.7 19.2 21.4 24.8

17.5 18.4 19.2 20.0 20.2

25.1 26.8 27.9 28.4 29.2 31.3 33.6 35.6 38.0 41.7 45.8 50.5 56.3 61.9 66.4

36.0 36.5 37.3 37.9 37.7

44.8 46.9 48.8 50.0 51.3 53.1 56.6 60.4 65.7 72.1 76.9 78.2 79.2 80.1 83.0

12.9 13.5 14.0 14.4 14.5

17.4 18.1 18.5 19.4 20.5 21.8 23.8 25.5 27.9 32.3 40.1 46.8 54.2 58.7 66.6

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

82.4 90.9 96.5 99.6 103.9

76.1 85.6 94.9 100.4 104.7

90.9 95.4 98.0 99.8 102.1

75.8 83.2 92.4 101.8 105.8

85.3 91.1 96.0 99.2 104.8

79.6 85.6 93.1 100.3 106.6

76.1 85.0 93.6 100.0 106.4

72.3 82.0 91.6 100.5 107.9

86.7 92.2 97.1 100.3 102.7

64.0 75.4 87.8 100.7 111.5

86.1 91.9 97.2 99.8 103.0

73.3 83.3 92.7 100.5 106.8

67.9 77.8 89.0 99.9 111.1

75.5 84.6 91.9 100.0 108.1

86.3 91.9 97.1 100.0 102.9

78.5 87.9 95.4 99.8 104.8

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

130.7 136.2 140.3 144.5 148.2

135.5 143.1 145.3 147.9 148.2

111.4 115.1 117.0 118.5 119.3

165.3 170.7 172.4 175.5 178.8

120.5 124.4 129.5 134.1 138.2

124.1 128.1 131.2 134.8 138.0

135.0 138.2 141.1 142.9 145.8

133.0 137.2 140.6 143.5 145.9

112.1 81.9 86.1 89.9 92.3

160.5 170.6 179.4 187.5 195.0

109.9 113.3 116.9 120.0 123.3

152.8 158.0 161.7 165.4 167.7

165.4 175.2 185.6 194.1 203.3

156.7 171.5 175.6 183.9 187.8

120.5 127.5 132.7 137.0 138.3

148.2 156.9 162.7 165.3 169.3

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

107.6 109.6 113.6 118.3 124.0

152.4 156.9 160.5 163.0 166.6 172.2 177.1 179.9 184.0 188.9 195.3

108.9 113.4 118.4 123.2 129.3

151.4 153.8 156.2 157.7 160.5 164.8 169.0 172.8 177.6 180.9 184.9

104.2 104.8 104.9 105.7 108.1

119.2 119.3 121.5 122.2 121.8 121.0 120.1 119.1 118.7 118.7 118.3

112.9 123.2 133.7 142.9 154.1

187.1 192.0 192.5 194.1 197.0 205.8 214.8 221.2 227.4 232.7 238.9

108.2 110.0 111.6 113.8 116.6

141.3 143.9 145.8 147.1 147.9 151.4 155.5 158.2 160.3 163.7 167.4

111.8 113.3 115.0 116.4 120.0

140.1 142.9 145.3 146.7 148.3 152.1 155.8 158.4 160.9 164.3 164.3

111.4 115.4 120.0 125.5 131.5

148.8 151.9 155.3 158.2 162.0 166.8 170.8 174.8 178.5 180.7 183.9

114.2 117.2 120.9 124.2 128.6

148.4 151.3 153.2 154.3 155.0 157.7 160.3 163.4 166.8 170.3 173.3

104.8 104.7 104.9 106.3 109.2

93.9 95.3 97.1 98.0 98.6

100.0 102.0 103.4 104.5 106.2 108.3

1The figures may differ from official percentage changes published by national statistical agencies due to rounding. 2Urban worker households prior to 1978. 3All households from January 1995, all urban households from September 1978 to December 1994, and middle-income 4Urban worker households prior to September 1998. 5Excluding rent and several other services prior to 1976. 6Excluding rent prior to 1964. 7Urban worker households prior to 1991. Worker households in Paris only prior to 1962. 8Unified Germany for 1991 onward. Data for previous years relate to the former West Germany. 9Employee households from 2001, low-income employee households prior to 2001. 10Urban worker households prior to 1960. 11All family households from 1993, middle-income family households prior to 1963. 12Urban worker households prior to May 1993.

. . . = Not available.

121.8 129.0 135.1 141.9 150.8

205.1 213.4 217.7 222.0 225.7 231.4 237.8 243.7 250.3 255.8 260.8

105.3 105.6 105.1 106.1 107.1

125.7 128.2 131.0 133.6 136.5 140.0 145.9 150.7 153.9 155.7 158.4

112.9 121.0 131.6 140.4 146.8

171.8 174.0 178.5 182.5 186.7 192.5 198.4 200.9 205.9 206.8 210.1

120.9 131.5 138.5 145.1 155.0

212.8 220.3 224.8 228.8 234.2 242.1 250.8 259.6 267.6 275.7 285.0

116.0 121.0 126.1 133.4 142.0

192.4 193.5 194.8 194.2 195.1 196.9 201.6 206.0 209.9 210.7 211.7

urban households prior to September 1978.

106.4 107.2 108.8 110.8 114.3

140.8 141.9 142.5 142.7 143.8 146.0 147.4 148.4 149.3 150.5 152.2

111.1 114.9 119.7 125.6 135.4

175.2 179.4 185.1 191.4 194.3 200.1 203.6 207.0 213.0 219.4 225.6

CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS 435 Table 11-5. Consumer Price Indexes, Percent Change from Previous Year, 16 Countries, 1955–2005 (Percent.)

Year

United States2

Canada3

Japan

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................

-0.4 1.5 3.3 2.8 0.7

0.0 1.5 3.2 2.6 1.1

-1.5 0.4 3.1 -0.5 1.1

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................

1.6 2.9 3.1 4.2 5.5

2.4 3.7 3.5 4.1 4.5

7.6 5.1 4.0 5.3 5.2

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................

1.7 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3

1.2 0.9 1.2 1.8 1.8

Austria

2.2 6.3 2.7 1.1 1.9

... ... ... ... ...

-0.4 2.9 3.1 1.3 1.2

4.0 3.0 3.2 2.7 2.9

5.0 2.2 4.0 2.8 3.1

4.1 4.2 2.9 2.8 3.7

3.7 5.3 6.8 7.6 3.8

4.0 2.6 -0.3 0.5 2.4

5.7 4.4 3.2 6.2 11.0

3.3 2.9 4.8 7.5 10.9

7.7 6.3 4.9 11.7 23.2

3.9 6.1 5.9 9.5 15.1

............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................

13.5 10.3 6.2 3.2 4.3

10.1 12.5 10.8 5.8 4.4

7.7 4.9 2.8 1.9 2.3

10.2 9.7 11.2 10.1 4.0

............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................

9.1 5.8 6.5 7.6 11.3

3.6 1.9 3.6 4.1 4.8 5.4 4.2 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.3 1.6 2.2 3.4 2.8 1.6 2.3 2.7 3.4

10.8 7.5 8.0 9.0 9.1

4.0 4.1 4.4 4.1 5.0 4.8 5.6 1.5 1.8 0.2 2.1 1.6 1.6 0.9 1.7 2.7 2.6 2.2 2.8 1.9 2.2

11.7 9.4 8.1 4.2 3.7

2.0 0.6 0.1 0.7 2.3 3.1 3.3 1.6 1.3 0.7

-0.1 0.1 1.8 0.6 -0.3 -0.7 -0.7 -0.9 -0.3 0.0 -0.3

Percent change in Consumer Price Index1

Australia4

............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................

Belgium5

15.1 13.5 12.3 7.9 9.1

6.7 9.1 8.5 6.9 7.9 7.3 3.2 1.0 1.8 1.9 4.6 2.6 0.3 0.9 1.5 4.5 4.4 3.0 2.8 2.3 2.7

... 3.6 4.4 2.7 3.8

Denmark6

France7

Germany8

5.6 5.3 2.2 0.7 1.8

1.4 1.9 3.5 15.1 6.1

... ... ... ... ...

2.8 3.4 1.3 2.8 -0.4

6.5 6.7 7.5 8.0 3.5

2.5 2.7 2.7 4.5 6.4

3.1 3.7 1.7 1.5 1.9

4.6 2.3 3.7 1.4 2.7

0.3 1.0 1.4 2.1 4.2

1.2 4.2 7.5 5.3 3.6

4.4 4.7 6.3 7.6 9.5

3.9 4.3 5.5 7.0 12.7

6.4 6.8 5.4 3.3 5.6

6.6 7.6 8.7 7.7 6.3

8.4 7.3 5.5 3.6 3.7

3.2 1.7 1.4 2.0 2.5 3.3 3.3 4.1 3.6 3.0 2.2 1.9 1.3 0.9 0.6 2.3 2.7 1.8 1.3 2.1 2.3

12.8 9.2 7.1 4.4 4.5

4.9 1.3 1.6 1.2 3.1 3.5 3.2 2.4 2.8 2.4 1.5 2.1 1.6 1.0 1.1 2.5 2.5 1.6 1.6 2.1 0.0

3.6 3.3 4.8 4.8 3.4

... ... ... 2.9 2.4

6.5 5.8 6.6 9.3 15.2

5.2 5.5 6.2 7.3 13.7

12.3 11.7 10.1 6.9 6.3

13.6 13.4 11.8 9.6 7.4

9.6 9.0 11.1 10.1 9.6

4.7 3.6 4.0 4.6 4.8 2.6 2.4 2.1 1.2 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.5 3.0 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.2 1.8

11.8 9.6 9.4 9.1 10.8

1.1 3.7 2.7 4.8 2.2

3.3 5.9 10.8 13.4 7.3

2.3 5.0 4.3 4.4 0.8

0.8 1.5 1.9 1.8 -0.7

4.9 4.9 3.7 3.0 0.6

4.3 3.2 4.4 3.5 3.1

13.2 6.2 6.4 4.9 2.2

5.0 6.4 4.2 1.9 2.7

3.4 4.7 4.0 2.4 2.5

4.8 3.9 2.5 4.7 5.4

11.7 9.1 9.1 8.1 4.8

17.0 17.6 24.5 19.8 15.7

9.8 10.3 11.4 10.0 7.2

6.7 1.7 1.3 1.1 3.6

24.2 16.5 15.8 8.3 13.4

5.7 7.2 8.7 6.7 4.6

8.8 8.8 5.3 4.8 6.8

7.3 4.3 4.2 5.8 6.5

3.4 0.7 1.5 1.8 3.2

6.1 3.4 4.2 4.9 7.8

0.3 2.6 5.3 2.5 5.7

3.4 5.3 5.5 6.9 7.0

4.9 4.8 5.7 10.8 19.1

3.7 7.6 8.0 8.1 9.8

10.6 6.2 7.2 7.5 9.4

5.4 6.3 5.3 3.3 2.4

21.2 17.8 16.5 14.7 10.8

7.0 6.7 5.7 2.7 3.2

10.9 13.6 11.3 8.4 6.2

2.6 3.1 3.2 2.6 2.7

4.1 3.4 2.3 2.3 1.4

6.0 4.3 3.7 2.7 4.1

1.7 2.0 1.2 0.7 0.5

1.7 1.5 1.9 0.9 0.6

2.7 3.7 5.1 4.4 2.7

1.4 2.0 1.4 1.1 1.6 2.0

1The figures may differ from official percentage changes published by national statistical agencies due to rounding. 2Urban worker households prior to 1978. 3All households from January 1995, all urban households from September 1978 to December 1994, and middle-income 4Urban worker households prior to September 1998. 5Excluding rent and several other services prior to 1976. 6Excluding rent prior to 1964. 7Urban worker households prior to 1991. Worker households in Paris only prior to 1962. 8Unified Germany for 1991 onward. Data for previous years relate to the former West Germany. 9Employee households from 2001, low-income employee households prior to 2001. 10Urban worker households prior to 1960. 11All family households from 1993, middle-income family households prior to 1963. 12Urban worker households prior to May 1993.

. . . = Not available.

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

2.1 -0.1 0.2 1.3 2.8

1.7 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.1 1.8

NetherSwitzer- United Norway10 Spain11 Sweden lands 9 land12 Kingdom

2.3 2.1 4.7 7.5 5.9

5.8 2.7 3.1 2.7 3.6 3.4 3.2 2.4 2.1 1.7

Italy

17.0 16.8 17.0 12.1 14.8

... ... ... ... ...

9.9 9.0 6.4 4.2 4.3

9.2 5.9 4.7 5.0 6.3

2.3 0.2 -0.4 0.9 1.0

5.2 4.0 2.0 2.0 1.7

2.0 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.2

6.5 6.3 5.2 4.5 4.0

2.5 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.2 2.0

2.6 4.5 3.5 2.1 1.2 1.7

2.4 1.3 2.6 2.3 2.3 3.1 3.0 1.3 2.5 0.4 1.6

1.2 1.1 5.7 8.8 7.0

5.7 8.2 8.3 11.5 15.7

15.5 14.6 14.5 12.2 11.3

4.1 2.1 4.8 2.9 3.4

7.0 7.4 6.0 6.8 9.9

13.7 12.1 8.6 8.9 8.1

6.7 6.0 5.9 4.6 4.8

10.4 9.4 2.4 4.7 2.1

3.4 3.6 3.5 3.1 3.0 3.4

0.9 2.4 2.2 1.9 0.4 0.5

4.6 3.6 2.0 1.8 2.3

urban households prior to September 1978.

2.5 0.5 0.7 -0.3 0.5

1.4 1.9 4.3 3.4 3.1

3.6 6.6 6.7 8.7 9.8

4.0 6.5 5.6 2.9 3.0

5.4 5.8 4.0 3.3 0.9 1.8 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.8 1.5 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.2

1.0 3.4 4.3 2.0 3.3

6.4 9.4 7.1 9.2 16.0

18.0 11.9 8.6 4.6 5.0

9.5 5.9 3.7 1.6 2.4 3.5 2.4 3.1 3.4 1.5 3.0 1.8 1.7 2.9 3.0 2.8

436 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 11-6. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Capita, 15 Countries, 1960–2005 (2002 U.S. dollars.) Year

United States

Canada

Australia

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................

14 420 14 516 15 161 15 598 16 278

11 448 11 573 12 136 12 520 13 090

11 747 11 783 11 687 12 186 12 813

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................

19 162 19 557 20 374 21 342 21 040

15 782 16 123 16 789 17 778 18 258

15 968 16 078 16 204 16 401 16 844

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................

.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................

1Unified

17 107 18 014 18 267 18 958 19 351

20 797 21 694 22 468 23 470 23 944 23 615 23 970 23 282 24 115 25 623 26 445 27 114 27 780 28 667 29 402 29 620 29 179 29 752 30 152 30 987 31 389 32 174 33 221 34 208 35 324 36 215 36 110 36 321 36 937 38 125 39 103

13 686 14 314 14 479 15 020 15 595

18 392 19 148 19 580 20 177 20 818 20 836 21 212 20 362 20 709 21 707 22 538 22 856 23 514 24 365 24 557 24 235 23 446 23 371 23 655 24 520 24 948 25 088 25 889 26 726 27 976 29 166 29 369 29 937 30 255 30 845 31 459

Japan

27 332 27 510 28 191 28 768 29 576 29 923

France

Germany1

Italy

9 451 9 888 10 361 10 732 11 371

11 464 12 056 12 626 12 583 13 603

9 483 9 901 10 374 10 733 11 316

11 346 11 715 12 119 12 340 13 029

12 701 13 079 13 983 14 897 14 519

2 928 3 107 3 186 3 506 3 694

13 884 14 529 15 341 16 002 16 605

14 492 14 990 15 723 16 601 17 228

16 489 16 881 17 541 18 179 18 011

14 667 15 225 15 761 16 486 16 888

16 003 16 323 16 909 17 628 17 640

14 785 15 216 15 735 16 417 17 173

23 429 24 089 24 734 25 563 26 595

Denmark

9 285 9 724 9 897 10 234 10 780

16 802 17 075 17 475 17 451 17 972

22 110 21 682 21 438 22 002 22 682

Belgium

1 684 1 730 1 718 1 823 1 948

7 919 8 746 9 602 10 626 11 756

19 606 20 190 20 346 21 124 21 613

Austria

5 366 6 003 6 458 6 954 7 650

13 343 13 405 14 017 14 489 15 203

18 330 18 692 18 971 18 237 18 847

Korea, Republic of

17 521 17 906 18 273 18 442 18 895 19 734 20 216 20 883 22 204 23 292

2 008 2 196 2 272 2 472 2 751

3 849 4 188 4 536 4 882 5 135 4 980 5 206 5 501 6 005 6 412 6 781 7 427 8 170 8 952 9 461

11 017 11 557 11 816 12 280 13 006

16 589 17 379 18 208 18 197 19 226 19 569 19 490 19 855 20 497 20 494 21 008 21 458 21 775 22 497 23 187

11 669 11 957 12 351 12 820 13 632

16 925 17 840 17 904 18 379 18 758 19 547 19 481 19 591 19 654 20 139 20 465 20 830 21 293 22 184 22 914

14 145 14 358 14 811 15 335 16 255

17 658 18 689 19 034 19 341 19 985 19 959 19 783 20 432 20 917 21 808 22 686 23 731 23 734 23 638 23 816

11 757 12 268 12 743 13 188 13 997

16 764 17 407 17 887 18 406 18 973 19 216 19 386 19 825 20 150 20 372 20 677 21 074 21 448 22 316 23 059

Netherlands

Norway

Sweden

United Kingdom

7 240 7 782 8 209 8 606 8 774

11 757 11 938 12 278 12 510 13 406

10 237 10 775 10 976 11 306 11 783

11 484 12 073 12 518 13 111 13 901

11 700 11 888 11 918 12 451 13 055

11 765 11 922 12 289 13 086 13 774

17 133 17 676 18 038 18 797 19 407

14 214 14 839 15 476 16 046 16 616

16 811 16 853 17 188 17 838 18 355

14 744 14 966 15 459 16 526 16 300

13 575 13 829 13 755 14 453 15 384

8 985 9 449 10 055 10 645 11 231

17 483 18 503 19 070 19 665 20 485

13 415 14 300 14 629 15 058 15 936

20 616 20 598 20 419 20 851 21 524 22 016 22 516 22 845 23 552 24 164

16 493 16 611 16 681 16 884 17 439 17 934 18 425 19 018 19 810 20 478

13 923 14 127 14 708 15 534 16 401

19 270 20 022 20 367 20 749 20 987 21 168 20 913 20 551 20 831 21 399 21 868 22 429 22 693 23 218 24 188

12 310 12 674 13 355 13 542 14 038

17 388 18 322 19 023 19 611 20 420 21 362 21 495 21 461 22 156 23 398 24 541 25 334 25 734 25 585 25 723

24 423 25 141 25 291 25 278 25 491

10 226 11 077 11 606 12 194 13 102

24 070 24 689 24 995 24 872 25 436

23 563 23 906 24 174 23 848 24 541

24 245 24 495 24 897 24 787 26 074

23 554 23 733 24 038 23 672 24 066

25 062 23 576 23 919 23 556 24 110

20 866 21 152 21 290 21 150 21 625

25 001 25 396 25 581 25 566 26 143

26 169 26 987 27 717 28 303 29 622

27 332 27 309 27 196 27 511 28 129 28 865

16 828 17 346 18 453 18 931 19 731 20 422

29 677 29 807 29 943 30 236 30 758 31 156

28 824 29 026 29 331 29 476 30 108 30 434

30 166 30 272 30 310 30 441 30 932 31 786

27 538 27 863 27 961 28 082 28 552 28 717

26 879 27 162 27 132 27 068 27 516 27 772

24 240 24 666 24 718 24 459 24 536 24 376

31 259 31 466 31 288 31 100 31 536 31 720

35 624 36 411 36 615 36 812 37 721 38 338

25 940 26 769 27 179 26 827 26 750

14 160 15 008 15 559 14 388 15 642

25 882 26 524 26 982 27 912 28 783

25 555 25 801 26 598 27 050 27 818

Germany for 1991 and onward. Data for previous years relate to the former West Germany.

26 747 27 337 28 091 28 599 29 236

24 510 24 689 25 148 25 928 26 639

24 493 24 666 25 063 25 579 26 075

22 220 22 355 22 722 23 019 23 417

26 798 27 495 28 402 29 456 30 428

30 752 32 205 33 692 34 373 34 867

14 297 14 458 14 830 15 284 15 937

18 750 18 880 18 512 18 782 19 461 19 746 19 689 19 908 20 273 21 126 21 550 22 090 22 753 23 234 23 700

13 270 13 458 13 713 14 226 14 462

16 211 16 650 17 065 17 632 18 087 17 685 17 422 17 776 18 396 18 839 19 458 20 181 21 054 22 058 22 470

23 775 23 352 22 811 22 262 22 967

22 570 22 184 22 189 22 677 23 616

27 690 27 911 28 375 28 748 29 708 30 389

27 989 28 502 28 969 29 583 30 419 30 887

23 739 24 019 24 565 25 451 26 582

24 223 24 823 25 541 26 296 26 997

CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS 437

Table 11-7. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Employed Person, 15 Countries, 1960–2005 (2002 U.S. dollars.) Year

United States

Canada

Australia

... ... ... ... ...

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................

38 168 39 041 40 687 41 883 43 365

32 583 33 089 34 409 35 346 36 388

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................

48 003 49 425 50 553 51 760 50 554

41 132 42 446 43 465 44 404 44 421

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................

.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................

45 044 46 587 46 654 47 898 48 190

51 027 52 049 52 570 53 227 53 413 53 033 53 768 53 160 54 846 56 490 57 661 58 350 58 818 59 945 60 843 61 263 61 733 63 456 64 289 65 426 66 140 67 655 69 184 71 053 73 117 73 944 74 472 75 895 77 237 79 625 81 024

Japan

10 745 11 861 12 734 13 736 15 049

55 048 55 430 56 523 57 435 59 105 60 733 61 066 61 476 61 286 61 962 62 916

47 304 47 329 48 221 50 100 51 210 51 511 52 239 53 835 55 492 57 237 58 307 58 260 59 737 60 198 61 475 61 080

Netherlands

Norway

Sweden

United Kingdom

17 410 18 719 19 939 21 413 22 088

29 293 29 709 30 378 30 959 33 041

24 221 25 300 25 835 26 694 27 942

23 646 24 789 25 705 26 940 28 370

25 381 25 734 25 912 27 180 28 314

24 420 25 313 27 301 28 842 28 609

9 815 10 272 10 283 10 928 11 222

29 338 30 503 32 159 33 266 34 134

37 284 38 383 40 496 42 512 43 599

33 015 34 102 34 988 36 058 36 195

36 163 37 723 39 163 40 730 41 634

36 545 37 510 38 949 40 365 40 940

31 844 32 412 33 687 35 610 37 151

43 144 44 798 46 592 48 923 50 417

33 788 35 213 36 581 37 904 38 966

34 392 34 785 35 465 36 734 37 172

33 183 33 887 35 006 36 939 36 360

34 963 35 717 36 406 36 442 37 451

13 877 14 375 15 046 16 522 17 955

38 924 39 021 40 331 41 845 41 875

50 639 51 445 52 436 53 141 54 558

40 345 40 632 41 841 42 774 43 923

47 699 48 578 49 907 51 151 52 081

47 045 47 142 47 261 48 787 50 080

43 652 44 053 44 180 44 590 46 070

53 223 52 659 52 252 54 171 55 172

44 931 44 777 44 866 46 594 48 986

38 573 38 447 38 970 39 613 40 975

39 446 39 904 41 486 43 268 43 452

39 142 40 095 41 452 43 749 45 394 46 972 47 578 47 504 47 442 47 913 48 809 50 276 50 643 50 445 50 807 52 081 52 493 53 074 53 939 55 067 56 313

7 105 7 766 7 939 8 413 9 347

11 615 12 097 12 890 13 458 14 170

18 483 19 740 20 794 22 304 22 872 24 241 25 716 26 711 28 018 29 469 31 279 32 763 33 704 33 403 35 935 37 391 38 077 39 634 40 917 42 058 43 152

21 826 23 251 24 347 25 774 27 442

34 263 35 712 36 979 36 745 38 591

42 820 43 635 44 334 45 475 46 517 47 742 48 848 49 717 50 115 51 433 52 512 53 694 54 196 55 427 56 344 57 678 57 817 58 443 59 208 60 667 61 455

29 907 30 743 32 075 33 459 35 082

43 581 46 257 46 664 47 902 48 481

55 151 55 785 56 775 58 605 59 703 60 689 61 735 62 966 62 832 65 105 67 478 68 046 69 684 69 676 70 890 72 208 71 945 73 132 73 855 75 331 75 563

1Unified Germany for 1991 and onward. Data for previous years relate to the former West Germany.

. . . = Not available.

Italy

24 133 24 903 25 974 26 641 28 392

29 566 30 492 31 453 32 792 34 238

51 465 51 217 52 124 53 088 54 496

Germany1

22 278 23 508 25 082 26 213 27 617

39 143 40 074 40 919 40 965 42 374

46 228 46 339 46 072 47 209 47 212

France

24 416 25 479 26 478 26 277 28 048

44 639 46 167 46 930 47 408 47 376

50 198 49 921 50 563 51 532 51 715

Denmark

24 574 25 606 26 530 27 491 28 990

15 659 16 900 18 393 20 200 22 396

42 711 43 041 43 838 43 565 45 198

Belgium

17 573 18 406 18 936 19 844 21 077

32 559 32 108 33 053 33 926 35 399

46 671 46 732 46 826 47 706 49 253

Austria

... ... ... 6 571 7 080

37 372 38 240 38 293 39 628 40 497

36 736 37 042 37 773 38 004 38 867

Korea, Republic of

28 866 29 050 30 221 31 257 32 710

36 059 37 644 38 546 39 011 40 044

44 686 45 737 45 670 45 820 46 491 47 770 48 677 50 233 50 984 53 998 54 696 55 513 56 433 56 758 57 585 59 277 59 135 59 400 60 588 61 676 63 097

28 848 30 127 31 459 32 896 34 668

41 883 43 320 44 345 45 606 46 975

53 544 54 643 55 488 57 541 58 820 59 929 60 617 62 057 62 175 63 347 64 173 64 621 65 764 67 029 67 828 68 715 68 767 69 043 69 703 71 286 71 942

29 743 30 667 31 602 33 297 35 233

41 543 43 988 45 175 46 153 47 306

50 718 51 199 51 583 53 089 54 224 55 662 48 826 50 650 50 918 52 326 53 194 53 871 54 894 55 347 55 706 56 436 56 886 57 240 57 685 58 406 59 052

23 380 25 191 26 667 28 427 30 379

36 371 38 574 39 510 40 678 42 700

46 948 47 905 49 339 50 873 52 270 52 471 52 249 52 883 54 020 56 170 57 832 57 870 58 667 58 870 59 258 60 201 60 082 59 379 58 343 58 905 58 813

34 499 35 191 37 171 39 296 41 281

50 884 53 021 53 146 53 938 53 983

55 081 55 918 56 013 57 287 59 071 58 802 59 228 58 596 58 800 59 792 61 115 61 850 61 506 62 873 63 004 62 653 63 197 62 271 62 157 62 927 64 290

29 176 30 147 31 814 32 491 33 660

40 326 41 302 41 890 42 592 43 876

50 166 50 334 50 336 50 534 52 498 54 034 56 502 58 493 59 790 62 081 63 431 65 433 66 871 66 932 67 808 69 445 71 146 71 859 73 438 75 445 76 635

29 252 29 822 31 158 31 953 32 934

37 383 37 649 36 973 37 480 38 361

41 440 42 316 43 385 43 904 44 435 44 511 44 689 45 954 47 600 49 908 51 072 52 198 54 120 55 248 56 557 57 610 57 144 58 195 59 381 61 933 63 401

28 687 29 186 30 259 31 687 32 358

36 302 37 496 38 387 39 453 40 114

44 439 45 915 47 075 47 853 47 658 47 793 48 417 49 742 51 440 52 664 54 202 55 168 55 922 57 151 58 098 59 749 60 577 61 319 62 263 63 581 64 134

438 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 11-8. Employment-Population Ratios, 15 Countries, 1960–2005 (Percent.)

Year

United States

... ... ... 27.7 27.5

52.8 52.8 52.3 51.6 51.1

38.5 38.6 39.1 39.0 39.2

47.0 47.3 47.7 47.9 48.5

42.6 42.1 41.4 40.9 41.0

47.0 47.0 46.7 46.3 45.9

43.5 43.4 42.9 43.2 43.3

52.0 51.7 51.2 51.6 50.7

29.8 30.2 31.0 32.1 32.9

47.3 47.6 47.7 48.1 48.6

38.9 39.1 38.8 39.0 39.5

49.9 49.5 50.1 50.4 49.8

40.6 40.4 40.2 40.5 40.6

43.8 43.5 43.4 43.7 43.1

35.1 35.0 35.3 35.4 36.0

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................

39.9 39.6 40.3 41.2 41.6

38.4 38.0 38.6 40.0 41.1

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................

.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................

38.0 38.7 39.2 39.6 40.2

40.8 41.7 42.7 44.1 44.8 44.5 44.6 43.8 44.0 45.4 45.9 46.5 47.2 47.8 48.3 48.3 47.3 46.9 46.9 47.4 47.5 47.6 48.0 48.1 48.3 49.0 48.5 47.9 47.8 47.9 48.3

36.6 37.4 37.8 37.9 38.5

41.0 41.7 42.4 42.7 42.9

41.2 41.5 41.7 42.6 43.9

42.9 42.6 42.7 42.6 42.4

44.6 45.4 43.5 43.4 44.1 44.9 45.8 46.5 47.3 47.5 47.1 45.8 44.8 44.6 45.0 45.3 45.3 45.8 46.5 47.3 48.0 48.1 48.7 49.4 49.8 50.0

42.9 43.4 43.3 41.9 41.7 42.4 43.6 44.2 44.7 45.8 46.7 45.8 44.5 43.9 44.3 45.5 46.1 45.9 46.1 46.5 46.9 47.2 47.2 47.8 48.1 49.0

50.6 51.7 52.2 52.6 52.5

50.0 49.9 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.1 50.1 50.2 50.6 50.5 50.4 50.4 50.4 50.8 51.3 52.0 52.8 53.2 53.3 53.2 53.1 53.2 53.7 53.2 52.6 52.5 52.0 51.2 51.0 51.1 51.3

28.3 28.3 28.6 29.4 29.4

33.1 34.6 35.2 36.3 36.2 35.9 36.2 36.6 36.3 35.7 36.7 37.6 39.3 40.1 41.4 42.2 43.1 43.5 43.5 44.5 45.3 45.8 46.2 43.1 43.5 45.0 45.6 46.6 46.3 46.9 47.3

50.5 49.7 48.5 47.6 47.4

48.4 48.7 49.2 49.5 49.8 50.3 49.9 49.2 49.0 48.9 49.1 49.2 49.1 49.5 49.8 50.4 50.5 50.3 49.6 49.5 49.3 49.4 49.8 50.4 51.1 51.5 51.6 51.2 51.1 50.7 50.7

1Unified Germany for 1991 and onward. Data for previous years relate to the former West Germany.

. . . = Not available.

39.0 38.9 38.5 38.3 38.9

38.8 38.6 38.4 38.4 38.7 38.6 37.9 37.4 37.0 36.9 37.1 37.3 37.5 37.9 38.4 38.8 38.7 38.4 38.0 37.7 37.9 37.9 38.2 38.8 39.2 39.9 40.3 40.1 39.9 40.0 40.3

49.0 49.4 49.0 49.1 49.7

49.0 49.6 49.4 49.6 49.9 49.5 48.7 48.8 48.9 49.7 50.8 51.9 52.0 51.6 51.2 50.8 50.3 49.6 48.6 48.3 48.9 49.2 49.8 50.4 50.8 50.9 51.2 51.0 50.2 50.2 50.4

France

Germany1

49.9 50.6 50.7 50.6 50.8

37.8 37.2 37.3 37.2 37.5

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

Denmark

... ... ... ... ...

.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................

Austria

Belgium

Australia

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

Japan

Korea, Republic of

Canada

40.8 40.7 40.5 40.1 40.4

40.0 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.4 40.3 39.9 39.7 39.4 39.1 38.6 38.6 38.7 38.8 39.2 39.3 39.2 38.7 38.1 38.0 38.2 38.2 38.2 38.7 39.3 40.1 40.5 40.5 40.3 40.1 39.9

45.6 45.1 43.5 43.4 43.7

42.1 42.1 42.2 42.6 43.3 43.8 43.7 43.2 42.7 43.0 43.4 44.0 44.3 44.4 44.6 45.0 48.3 47.2 46.3 46.1 46.0 45.8 45.7 46.2 46.8 47.6 47.7 47.4 46.9 47.1 47.0

Netherlands

Norway

Sweden

United Kingdom

41.6 41.6 41.2 40.2 39.7

40.1 40.2 40.4 40.4 40.6

42.3 42.6 42.5 42.4 42.2

48.6 48.7 48.7 48.7 49.0

46.1 46.2 46.0 45.8 46.1

36.9 36.8 36.5 36.7 37.1

39.7 39.5 38.7 38.4 38.5

42.1 42.1 42.3 42.3 42.6

48.9 48.4 48.5 48.6 49.4

44.4 44.2 44.2 44.7 44.8

Italy

38.4 37.5 37.7 37.4 37.0

36.9 37.1 37.0 37.0 37.3 37.8 37.7 37.8 37.9 37.9 38.2 38.5 38.5 38.9 39.2 39.8 40.5 40.3 39.2 38.5 38.4 38.6 38.7 39.1 39.5 40.3 41.1 41.6 41.9 41.7 41.4

40.4 40.1 39.6 39.5 39.7

37.9 37.8 38.3 38.5 38.9 39.8 39.7 39.3 38.5 38.8 39.7 40.1 40.5 40.5 40.9 42.5 42.9 43.7 43.5 43.7 43.8 44.5 46.2 46.9 48.3 49.9 49.8 50.2 50.0 50.1 49.3

42.2 42.0 42.0 41.7 41.7

43.1 44.4 45.4 46.0 46.5 47.5 48.0 47.8 47.6 47.8 48.9 50.3 51.1 50.6 49.0 48.4 47.8 47.4 47.3 47.7 48.5 49.2 50.4 51.4 51.4 51.3 51.2 51.0 50.1 50.0 50.0

48.9 48.5 47.6 47.8 48.4

50.2 50.1 50.1 50.1 50.7 51.2 51.2 51.1 51.2 51.6 52.0 52.2 52.4 52.9 53.3 53.4 52.3 49.6 46.8 46.0 46.5 46.0 45.4 46.1 47.0 48.1 48.8 48.8 48.4 48.0 47.9

46.3 46.1 45.3 44.9 44.7

44.7 44.4 44.5 44.7 45.1 44.8 43.7 42.8 42.5 43.4 43.8 44.0 44.7 46.1 47.1 47.2 45.8 44.6 44.1 44.8 44.7 45.0 45.7 46.0 46.5 46.8 47.1 47.2 47.5 47.8 48.2

CHAPTER 11: FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS 439 Table 11-9. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Per Capita and Per Employed Person, 15 Countries, Selected Years, 1980–2005 (Average annual percent change.) Category and country

1980–2005 1980–1990 1990–1995 1995–2000

2000

2001

2002

Real GDP Per Capita United States ................................................................................ Canada ......................................................................................... Australia ....................................................................................... Japan ........................................................................................... Korea, Republic of .......................................................................

2.0 1.7 2.0 2.0 5.8

2.3 1.5 1.9 3.4 7.5

1.2 0.6 1.2 1.2 6.7

2.9 3.2 3.1 1.1 3.5

2.5 4.3 2.8 2.2 7.6

-0.3 0.7 0.7 -0.1 3.1

0.6 1.9 2.5 -0.4 6.4

Italy ............................................................................................... Netherlands .................................................................................. Norway ......................................................................................... Sweden ........................................................................................ United Kingdom ............................................................................

1.6 1.6 2.4 1.7 2.3

2.4 1.7 2.1 1.9 2.5

1.3 1.4 3.3 0.0 1.4

1.8 3.1 3.0 3.1 2.9

3.5 2.7 2.2 4.2 3.7

1.8 0.7 2.2 0.8 1.8

1.1 2.8 1.9 2.5 4.1

1.6 -0.6 2.4 1.9 2.8

Austria .......................................................................................... Belgium ........................................................................................ Denmark ....................................................................................... France .......................................................................................... Germany1 .....................................................................................

Real GDP Per Employed Person United States ................................................................................ Canada ......................................................................................... Australia ....................................................................................... Japan ........................................................................................... Korea, Republic of ........................................................................ Austria .......................................................................................... Belgium ........................................................................................ Denmark ....................................................................................... France .......................................................................................... Germany1 .....................................................................................

Italy ............................................................................................... Netherlands .................................................................................. Norway ......................................................................................... Sweden ........................................................................................ United Kingdom ............................................................................ 1Unified

1.9 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.6

2.1 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.0

1.7 1.2 1.4 1.9 4.6

1.5 1.0 1.0 3.0 5.7

1.2 0.8 2.2 2.0 2.0

1.9 1.0 1.9 1.4 1.9

1.8 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.5

2.1 1.8 1.7 2.3 1.7

1.5 1.6 2.0 0.8 1.5

2.8 2.4 2.4 2.4 1.9

1.5 1.4 1.7 0.8 5.2

2.3 2.0 2.5 1.3 3.6

2.0 0.8 3.3 2.8 2.5

0.8 0.5 1.8 2.4 2.0

1.9 2.1 2.7 1.4 2.2

Germany for 1995–2000 and onward. Data for previous years relate to the former West Germany.

1.9 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.2

3.1 3.6 3.2 3.4 3.1

2.4 1.9 2.9 1.3 1.3

2003

2004

2005

1.7 1.1 2.0 1.2 2.6

3.2 2.0 2.8 2.2 4.2

2.6 2.0 1.2 2.6 3.5

0.2 -0.6 0.6 1.7 1.6

-1.0 -0.6 0.5 1.3 2.1

0.3 1.4 2.5 3.3 2.8

-0.7 0.6 1.6 2.3 1.5

0.7 0.5 -0.1 0.8 1.8

1.9 0.7 2.5 1.1 4.1

1.8 -0.3 0.8 1.6 3.2

3.1 1.1 2.1 2.1 2.8

1.8 1.5 -0.6 2.3 2.6

-0.2 0.9 2.5 -0.8 1.4

-1.2 -1.5 1.0 1.8 1.2

-1.7 -0.2 2.2 2.0 1.5

1.0 1.2 2.7 4.3 2.1

-0.2 2.2 1.6 2.4 0.9

0.4 0.7 0.4 1.2 1.1

0.2 -0.4 -0.2 0.1 0.8

0.5 1.1 0.1 0.4 -0.1

1.1 1.6 0.4 0.4 0.6

1.0 0.5 0.4 0.4 -0.2

1.3 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.8

1.7 2.1 1.6 1.7 1.7

2.5 2.0 1.8 2.3 1.3

1.3 1.1 2.8 0.6 0.9

1.3 0.3 2.3 0.9 1.1

440 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 11-10. Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs), Exchange Rates, and Relative Prices, 15 Countries, 2002 (United States = 1.0.)

Country

PPPs for gross domestic product (GDP)

Exchange rates

Relative prices1

United States .............................................................. Canada ....................................................................... Australia ...................................................................... Japan .......................................................................... Korea, Republic of ......................................................

1.000 1.229 1.337 143.7 778.8

1.000 1.570 1.839 125.2 1 250.3

1.00 0.78 0.73 1.15 0.62

Italy ............................................................................. Netherlands ................................................................. Norway ........................................................................ Sweden ....................................................................... United Kingdom ..........................................................

0.825 0.921 9.142 9.365 0.610

1.058 1.058 7.984 9.723 0.666

0.78 0.87 1.15 0.96 0.92

Austria ......................................................................... Belgium ....................................................................... Denmark ..................................................................... France ......................................................................... Germany .....................................................................

0.912 0.883 8.425 0.900 0.959

1.058 1.058 7.886 1.058 1.058

0.86 0.83 1.07 0.85 0.91

1A number below 1 indicates that prices are lower in the specified country than in the United States, and a number greater than 1 indicates that prices are higher in the specified country than in

the United States.

CHAPTER TWELVE AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY

AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY HIGHLIGHTS This chapter presents data from the new American Time Use Survey (ATUS). The survey was introduced in the sixth edition of the Handbook of Labor Statistics. Its purpose is to collect data on the activities people do during the day and the amount of time they spend on each one.

Average Hours Spent Per Day in Primary Activities for Persons Reporting the Activity on the Diary Day, 2005 10

Hours

8 6 4 2 0

Working and workrelated activities

Leisure and sports

Household activities

Caring for and helping household children

Activity Both sexes

Men

Women

The results from the ATUS were similar in 2004 and 2005. Among those who reported having worked on the diary day, men worked 7.89 hours and women worked 7.07 hours per day in 2005. In 2004, men reported working 7.99 hours per day and women reported working 7.13 hours per day. Women were more likely to hold part-time jobs. Men spent more hours per day on leisure activities and sports, while women spent more time doing household activities and caring for children in both 2004 and 2005. (See Table 12-1.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • Persons with a bachelor’s degree or higher spent less time on leisure activities and more time working in 2005 than those with lower levels of educational attainment. (See Table 12-2.) • Management, business, and financial operations workers spent fewer hours at work on weekends and holidays than production or transportion and material moving workers. However, a greater percentage of management, business, and financial operations workers (31.5 percent) spent time working on weekends and holidays than transportation and material moving workers (25.6 percent) or production workers (20.8 percent). (See Table 12-4.) • In 2005, men spent more time watching television than women. This disparity was the greater on the weekends, when men spent approximately 3.5 hours per day watching television and women spent approximately 2.7 hours per day watching television. (See Table 12-9.) • In 2004 and 2005, women spent more time caring for children than men, regardless of their employment status. (See Table 12-8.)

443

444 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Survey Methodology While the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has long produced statistics about the labor market, including information about employment, hours, and earnings, the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) marks the first time that a federal statistical agency has produced estimates on how Americans spend another critical resource—their time. Data collection for the ATUS began in January 2003. Sample cases for the survey are selected monthly, and interviews are conducted continuously throughout the year. In 2005, approximately 13,000 individuals were interviewed. ATUS sample households are chosen from the households that have completed their eighth (final) interview for the Current Population Survey (CPS), the nation’s monthly household labor force survey. (See Chapter 1 of this Handbook for a description of the CPS.) ATUS sample households are selected to ensure that estimates will be representative of the nation. An individual age 15 years or over is randomly chosen from each sample household. This “designated person” takes part in a one-time telephone interview about his or her activities on the previous day (the “diary day”). Concepts and Definitions Average hours per day. The average number of hours spent in a 24-hour day (between 4 a.m. on the diary day and 4 a.m. on the interview day) doing a specified activity. Average hours per day, population. The average number of hours per day spent on a particular activity is computed using all responses from the sample population, including those from respondents who did not do the particular activity on their diary day. These estimates reflect the total number of respondents engaged in an activity and the total amount of time they spent on the activity. Average hours per day, persons reporting the activity on the diary day. The average number of hours per day spent on a particular activity is computed using responses only from those engaged in the particular activity on the diary day. Diary day. The diary day is the day about which the designated person reports. For example, the diary day of a designated person interviewed on Tuesday would be Monday. Employment Status Employed. All persons who, at any time during the seven days prior to the interview: 1) did any work at all as paid employees, worked in their own business profession, or on their own farm, or usually worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family-operated enterprise; and 2) all those who were not working but had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent due to illness,

bad weather, vacation, childcare problems, labor-management dispute, maternity or paternity leave, job training, or other family or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs. Employed full time. Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs combined. Employed part time. Part-time workers are those who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at all jobs combined. Not employed. Persons are not employed if they do not meet the conditions for employment. Not employed workers include those classified as unemployed as well as those classified as not in the labor force (using CPS definitions). The numbers of employed and not employed persons in this report do not correspond to published totals from the CPS. While the information on employment from the ATUS is useful for assessing work in the context of other daily activities, the employment data are not intended for analysis of current employment trends. Compared to the CPS and other estimates of employment, the ATUS estimates are based on a much smaller sample and are only available with a substantial lag. Household children. Household children are children under 18 years of age residing in the household of the ATUS respondent. The children may be related to the respondent (such as their own children, grandchildren, nieces, nephews, brothers, or sisters) or not related (such as foster children or children of roommates). For secondary childcare calculations, respondents are asked about care of household children under 13 years of age. Primary activity. A primary activity is the main activity of a respondent at a specified time. Major Activity Category Definitions Personal care activities. Personal care activities include sleeping, bathing, dressing, health-related self-care, and personal or private activities. Receiving unpaid personal care from others (for example, “my sister put polish on my nails”) is also classified in this category. Eating and drinking. All time spent eating or drinking (except when identified by the respondent as part of a work or volunteer activity), whether alone, with others, at home, at a place of purchase, in transit, or somewhere else, in this category. Household activities. Household activities are those done by respondents to maintain their households. These include housework, cooking, yard care, pet care, vehicle maintenance and repair, and home maintenance, repair, decoration, and renovation. Food preparation is always classified as a household activity. Household management

CHAPTER 12: AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY 445

and organizational activities—such as filling out paperwork, balancing a checkbook, and planning a party—are also included in this category. Purchasing goods and services. This category includes the purchase of consumer goods as well as the purchase or use of professional and personal care services, household services, and government services. Most purchases and rentals of consumer goods, regardless of mode or place of purchase or rental (in person, via telephone, over the Internet, at home, or in a store), are classified in this category. Time spent obtaining, receiving, and purchasing professional and personal care services provided by someone else is also classified in this category. Time spent arranging for and purchasing household services provided by someone else is also classified in this category. Caring for and helping household members. Time spent doing activities that involve caring for or helping to care for or that help any child or adult in the respondent’s household, regardless of the relationship to the respondent or the physical or mental health status of the person being helped, are classified in this category. Household members are considered children if they are under 18 years of age. Caring for and helping household members also includes a range of activities done to benefit adult members of households, such as providing physical and medical care or obtaining medical services. Caring for and helping non-household members. Time spent caring for and helping any child or adult who is not part of the respondent’s household, regardless of the relationship to the respondent or the physical or mental health status of the person being helped, is classified in this category. Working and work-related activities. This category includes time spent working, doing activities as part of one’s job, engaging in income-generating activities (not as part of one’s job), and job search activities. “Working” includes hours spent doing the specific tasks required of one’s main or other job, regardless of location or time of day. Travel

time related to working and work-related activities includes time spent commuting to and from one’s job, as well as time spent traveling for work-related activities, generating income, and job searching. Educational activities. Educational activities include taking classes (including Internet and other distance-learning courses), doing research and homework, and taking care of administrative tasks, such as registering for classes or obtaining a school ID. For high school students, beforeand after-school extracurricular activities (except sports) also are classified as educational activities. Organizational, civic, and religious activities. This category captures time spent volunteering for or through an organization, performing civic obligations, and participating in religious and spiritual activities. Leisure and sports. The leisure and sports category includes sports, exercise, and recreation; socializing and communicating; and other leisure activities, such as watching television, reading or attending entertainment events. Telephone calls, mail, and email. This category captures telephone communication and handling household or personal mail and email. Telephone and Internet purchases are classified in purchasing goods and services. Other activities, not elsewhere classified. This residual category includes security procedures related to traveling, traveling not associated with a specific activity category, ambiguous activities that could not be coded, or missing activities that were considered too private to report. Sources of Additional Information Additional information, including expanded definitions and estimation methodology, is available from BLS news release USDL 06-1276, “American Time Use Survey, 2005”; the June 2005 edition of the Monthly Labor Review; and the ATUS User’s Guide, July 2006 (all available on the BLS Web site at ).

446 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 12-1. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Primary Activities1 for the Total Population and for Persons Reporting the Activity on the Diary Day, by Activity Category and Sex, 2005 Annual Averages (Number, percent.)

Activity

Total

All Activities2 .................................................................. Personal care activities .................................................... Sleeping ....................................................................... Eating and drinking ........................................................... Household activities ......................................................... Housework ................................................................... Food preparation and cleanup ..................................... Lawn and garden care .................................................. Household management .............................................. Purchasing goods and services ....................................... Consumer goods purchases ........................................ Professional and personal care services ...................... Caring for and helping household members .................... Caring for and helping household children ................... Caring for and helping non-household members ............. Caring for and helping non-household adults ............... Working and work-related activities .................................. Working ........................................................................ Educational activities ........................................................ Attending class ............................................................. Homework and research .............................................. Organizational, civic, and religious activities .................... Religious and spiritual activities ................................... Volunteering (organizational and civic activities) .......... Leisure and sports ............................................................ Socializing and communicating .................................... Watching television ...................................................... Participating in sports, exercise, and recreation ........... Telephone calls, mail, and email ...................................... Other activities n.e.c. ........................................................

24.00 9.43 8.63 1.24 1.82 0.61 0.51 0.20 0.15 0.80 0.41 0.08 0.54 0.42 0.23 0.08 3.69 3.35 0.45 0.27 0.14 0.31 0.12 0.14 5.14 0.75 2.58 0.29 0.18 0.17

Hours per day, total population Men

24.00 9.22 8.54 1.30 1.35 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.12 0.63 0.31 0.06 0.34 0.25 0.21 0.08 4.44 4.02 0.47 0.28 0.15 0.27 0.10 0.14 5.50 0.71 2.80 0.39 0.12 0.16

Women 24.00 9.62 8.70 1.19 2.27 0.96 0.75 0.14 0.17 0.96 0.50 0.11 0.72 0.57 0.25 0.08 3.00 2.73 0.43 0.25 0.14 0.35 0.15 0.15 4.80 0.78 2.37 0.20 0.23 0.18

Percent of population reporting the activity on the diary day Total

X 100.0 99.9 97.1 74.6 36.9 52.0 10.4 18.0 45.8 41.4 8.9 26.2 22.2 13.7 9.0 46.1 44.5 8.6 6.0 5.3 13.3 7.4 7.3 96.4 40.4 79.8 17.5 24.3 12.3

Men

X 100.0 99.9 97.4 64.5 19.4 37.1 11.8 15.1 40.0 36.0 6.7 20.5 16.4 12.1 8.6 52.6 50.9 8.3 6.1 5.1 11.7 5.6 7.0 96.7 37.6 80.7 19.4 18.0 11.4

Note: Data refer to respondents age 15 years and over. n.e.c. = Not elsewhere classified.

1A primary activity is designated by a respondent as his 2All major activity categories include related travel time.

X = Not applicable.

or her main activity. Other activities done simultaneously are not included.

Women

X 100.0 100.0 96.8 84.0 53.3 66.0 9.0 20.7 51.2 46.5 10.9 31.5 27.7 15.2 9.4 40.1 38.6 8.9 5.9 5.5 14.9 9.1 7.7 96.1 43.0 78.9 15.7 30.2 13.3

Hours per day, persons reporting the activity on the diary day Total

X 9.43 8.63 1.28 2.45 1.66 0.98 1.95 0.81 1.74 0.98 0.93 2.04 1.88 1.70 0.87 8.01 7.52 5.22 4.45 2.70 2.31 1.67 1.97 5.33 1.86 3.23 1.67 0.73 1.37

Men

X 9.22 8.55 1.33 2.09 1.22 0.70 2.28 0.83 1.57 0.85 0.83 1.63 1.51 1.78 0.92 8.45 7.89 5.62 4.61 2.86 2.30 1.71 1.98 5.69 1.89 3.47 1.98 0.69 1.39

Women X 9.62 8.71 1.23 2.70 1.81 1.13 1.56 0.80 1.87 1.07 0.99 2.29 2.08 1.65 0.83 7.47 7.07 4.87 4.29 2.56 2.33 1.65 1.96 5.00 1.82 3.00 1.30 0.76 1.35

CHAPTER 12: AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY 447 Table 12-2. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Primary Activities1 for the Total Population, by Age, Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Educational Attainment, 2005 Annual Averages (Number.)

Hours per day spent in primary activities2

Characteristic

Total, 15 Years and Over ......................................... 15 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 to 34 years ............................................................ 35 to 44 years ............................................................ 45 to 54 years ............................................................ 55 to 64 years ............................................................ 65 years and over ...................................................... Men, 15 Years and Over .......................................... 15 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 to 34 years ............................................................ 35 to 44 years ............................................................ 45 to 54 years ............................................................ 55 to 64 years ............................................................ 65 years and over ......................................................

Caring for Caring for Working Organizaand Personal Purchasing Eduand and tional, Eating and Household helping care goods and cational civic, and helping workdrinking activities nonactivities services household related activities religious household members activities activities members 9.43 10.08 9.34 9.16 9.02 9.13 9.83 9.22 9.92 9.07 9.06 8.71 8.95 9.63

Women, 15 Years and Over .................................... 15 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 to 34 years ............................................................ 35 to 44 years ............................................................ 45 to 54 years ............................................................ 55 to 64 years ............................................................ 65 years and over ......................................................

9.62 10.24 9.62 9.26 9.32 9.31 9.97

Black, 15 Years and Over ........................................ Men ............................................................................ Women ......................................................................

10.09 9.87 10.27

White, 15 Years and Over ........................................ Men ............................................................................ Women ......................................................................

15 Years and Over ................................. Men ............................................................................ Women ......................................................................

Hispanic,4

Marital Status and Sex Married, spouse present ............................................ Men ........................................................................ Women .................................................................. Other marital status ................................................... Men ........................................................................ Women ..................................................................

Educational Attainment, 25 Years and Over Less than a high school diploma ............................... High school graduate, no college5 ............................. Less than a bachelor's degree ................................... Bachelor's degree or higher6 .....................................

9.32 9.11 9.52

9.78 9.59 9.99

1.24 1.04 1.20 1.19 1.24 1.40 1.47

1.30 1.00 1.28 1.26 1.32 1.55 1.53 1.19 1.07 1.12 1.11 1.17 1.27 1.43

1.29 1.34 1.23

0.88 0.93 0.84

1.18 1.18 1.18

1.82 0.91 1.54 1.90 2.12 2.24 2.40 1.35 0.75 1.07 1.34 1.57 1.80 1.80

0.80 0.64 0.83 0.83 0.76 0.84 0.91

0.63 0.48 0.61 0.66 0.57 0.70 0.83

2.27 1.08 2.01 2.44 2.64 2.65 2.84

0.96 0.81 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.97 0.97

1.29 0.92 1.60

0.73 0.56 0.87

1.91 1.42 2.37

1.75 0.97 2.57

0.81 0.64 0.97

0.79 0.69 0.90

0.54 0.35 1.08 1.01 0.38 0.15 0.09

0.34 0.14 0.60 0.64 0.30 0.12 0.09 0.72 0.56 1.57 1.36 0.46 0.18 0.09

0.54 0.34 0.72

0.45 0.24 0.63

0.65 0.35 0.95

0.23 0.22 0.20 0.17 0.23 0.36 0.26 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.16 0.18 0.28 0.25 0.25 0.22 0.17 0.18 0.27 0.43 0.27

0.24 0.22 0.26

0.23 0.24 0.22

0.17 0.16 0.18

4.44 2.60 5.69 5.90 6.19 4.43 0.88

0.45 1.92 0.34 0.11 0.08

5.14 5.55 4.29 4.19 4.50 5.40 7.31

0.18 0.23 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.19 0.26

0.17 0.17 0.13 0.16 0.13 0.18 0.27

4.80 4.85 3.92 3.92 4.36 5.21 6.70

0.23 0.25 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.27 0.36

0.18 0.19 0.15 0.18 0.14 0.18 0.25

0.47 0.43 0.50

0.21 0.20 0.22

0.15 0.15 0.15

0.47

0.28 0.25 0.31

5.69 6.46 5.06

0.04

(3)

0.47 1.96

(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)

3.00 2.58 3.74 3.88 4.04 3.07 0.55

0.43 1.88 0.27 0.16 0.11

3.30 3.57 3.09

0.50

3.74 4.54 2.99

3.89 5.04 2.67

(3) (3)

0.43 0.46 0.40

0.55

(3)

0.44 (3)

0.31 0.30 0.21 0.28 0.29 0.32 0.47

Telephone Other calls, mail, activities and email n.e.c.

0.27 0.34 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.25 0.41

5.50 6.23 4.66 4.47 4.64 5.60 8.15

0.29 0.25 0.33

5.08 5.39 4.79

0.35 0.27 0.22 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.51

4.80 5.12 4.46

0.12 0.21 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.12 0.13

0.17 0.11 0.23

0.10 0.07 0.13

0.16 0.15 0.10 0.14 0.13 0.18 0.29

0.17 0.16 0.18

0.18 0.17 0.19

9.14 8.93 9.36 9.77 9.60 9.92

1.34 1.40 1.28 1.13 1.16 1.09

2.14 1.54 2.73 1.44 1.09 1.74

0.88 0.70 1.06 0.70 0.53 0.84

0.75 0.51 0.98 0.28 0.10 0.42

0.22 0.19 0.26 0.24 0.25 0.24

4.01 5.06 2.97 3.30 3.62 3.03

0.12 0.10 0.15 0.85 0.96 0.75

0.33 0.29 0.37 0.28 0.24 0.32

4.75 5.04 4.46 5.61 6.11 5.19

0.14 0.08 0.20 0.23 0.18 0.27

0.17 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.18

9.91 9.48 9.05 9.00

1.17 1.23 1.26 1.43

2.12 2.11 2.03 1.87

0.75 0.81 0.88 0.85

0.44 0.44 0.63 0.74

0.17 0.27 0.29 0.18

2.62 3.55 4.12 4.78

0.06 0.21 0.18

0.31 0.25 0.32 0.37

6.16 5.50 4.87 4.22

0.11 0.15 0.17 0.21

0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16

Note: Unless otherwise specified, data refer to persons age 15 years and over. n.e.c. = Not elsewhere classified.

3.69 2.59 4.71 4.88 5.09 3.72 0.69

Leisure activities

1A primary activity is designated by a respondent as his or her main activity. Other 2All major activity categories include related travel time. 3Data not shown where base is less than 800,000. 4May be of any race. 5Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 6Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

activities done simultaneously are not included.

(3)

448 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 12-3. Average Hours Worked Per Day by Employed Persons on Weekdays and Weekends, by Selected Characteristics, 2005 Annual Averages (Number, percent.)

Characteristic

Total employed (thousands)

Worked on an average day

Number (thousands)

Percent

Hours per day2

Worked on an average weekday

Number3 (thousands)

Percent

Hours per day2

Worked on an average Saturday, Sunday, or holiday1 Number4 (thousands)

Percent

Hours per day2

Total, 15 Years and Over5 .......................... Full-time worker ............................................ Part-time worker ...........................................

150 748 117 521 33 227

102 146 84 285 17 861

67.8 71.7 53.8

7.53 8.04 5.13

124 653 103 716 20 926

82.7 88.3 63.0

7.86 8.39 5.20

47 788 37 291 10 497

31.7 31.7 31.6

5.48 5.67 4.81

Women5 ....................................................... Full-time worker ............................................ Part-time worker ...........................................

70 760 48 923 21 837

45 844 34 117 11 727

64.8 69.7 53.7

7.08 7.69 5.28

56 181 42 337 13 832

79.4 86.5 63.3

7.37 8.02 5.38

20 620 13 985 6 633

29.1 28.6 30.4

5.13 5.29 4.78

135 474 15 274

90 399 11 746

66.7 76.9

7.53 7.57

111 479 13 201

82.3 86.4

7.83 8.13

38 647 8 696

28.5 56.9

5.40 5.78

10 635 38 739 33 489 44 026

7 244 25 726 23 158 32 495

68.1 66.4 69.2 73.8

7.90 7.84 7.59 7.37

9 244 32 291 28 265 39 121

86.9 83.4 84.4 88.9

8.03 8.01 7.84 7.97

3 009 9 584 11 079 16 014

28.3 24.7 33.1 36.4

7.08 6.46 6.09 3.74

Men5 ............................................................. Full-time worker ............................................ Part-time worker ...........................................

Multiple Job Holding Status Single jobholder ............................................ Multiple jobholder .........................................

Educational Attainment, 25 Years and Over Less than high school ................................... High school graduate, no college6 ................ Less than a bachelor's degree ..................... Bachelor's degree or higher7 ........................

79 988 68 598 11 390

56 302 50 167 6 135

Note: Unless otherwise specified, data refer to persons age 15 years and over.

70.4 73.1 53.9

7.90 8.27 4.85

68 486 61 384 7 093

85.6 89.5 62.3

8.26 8.65 4.85

27 144 23 283 3 861

33.9 33.9 33.9

1Holidays are New Year's Day, Easter, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. In 2005, data were not collected for Thanksgiving Day. 2Includes work at main and other job(s) and excludes travel related to work. 3Number was derived by multiplying the "total employed" by the percent of employed persons who worked on an average weekday. 4Number was derived by multiplying the "total employed" by the percent of employed persons who worked on an average Saturday, Sunday, or holiday. 5Includes workers whose hours vary. 6Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 7Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

5.74 5.89 4.86

CHAPTER 12: AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY 449 Table 12-4. Average Hours Worked Per Day at Main Job Only by Employed Persons on Weekdays and Weekend Days, by Selected Characteristics, 2005 Annual Averages (Number, percent.)

Characteristic

Class of Worker Wage and salary workers .................................................. Self-employed workers ......................................................

Occupation Management, business, and financial operations .............. Professional and related .................................................... Services ............................................................................. Sales and related ............................................................... Office and administrative support ...................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................ Construction and extraction ............................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................. Production .......................................................................... Transportation and material moving .................................. Earnings of Full-time Wage and Salary Earners6 $0 to $450 .......................................................................... $451 to $675 ...................................................................... $676 to $1,050 ................................................................... $1,051 and higher .............................................................. Note: Data refer to respondents age 15 years and over.

Total employed (thousands)

Worked on an average day

Number (thousands)

Percent

Worked on an average weekday

Hours per day2

Number3 (thousands)

Percent

Hours per day2

Worked on an average Saturday, Sunday, or holiday1

Number4 (thousands)

Percent

Hours per day2

138 354 12 154

91 574 8 640

66.2 71.1

7.55 6.74

113 696 9 950

82.2 81.9

7.85 7.10

38 623 5 176

27.9 42.6

5.39 4.89

22 156 31 532 23 699 17 502 20 721 1 578 9 073 5 197 10 878 8 413

16 437 21 365 14 177 12 117 12 977

74.2 67.8 59.8 69.2 62.6

7.66 7.23 6.94 7.40 7.20

20 223 26 375 16 735 13 935 17 032

91.3 83.6 70.6 79.6 82.2

8.14 7.78 7.01 7.70 7.37

6 968 9 801 8 584 6 919 3 321

31.5 31.1 36.2 39.5 16.0

4.20 3.79 6.64 5.72 5.16

2 265 2 150

20.8 25.6

7.17 6.70

27 781 27 279 23 863 26 594

18 149 19 173 16 201 19 563

7 598 5 903 5 863 8 927

27.3 21.6 24.6 33.6

6.57 6.53 4.91 4.10

6 120 3 583 7 208 5 236 (5)

67.5 68.9 66.3 62.2 (5)

65.3 70.3 67.9 73.6

8.13 8.44 7.89 8.01 (5)

7.81 7.93 7.99 7.99

7 877 4 412 9 324 6 550 (5)

22 860 24 617 20 366 24 039

86.8 84.9 85.7 77.9 (5)

82.3 90.2 85.3 90.4

8.36 8.62 7.97 8.19 (5)

7.99 8.07 8.35 8.59

(5) (5) (5)

(5) (5) (5)

1Holidays are New Year's Day, Easter, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. In 2005, data were not collected for Thanksgiving Day. 2Includes work at main job only and excludes travel related to work. 3Number was derived by multiplying the "total employed" by the percent of employed persons who worked on an average weekday. 4Number was derived by multiplying the "total employed" by the percent of employed persons who worked on an average Saturday, Sunday, or holiday. 5Data not shown where base is less than 800,000. 6These values represent usual weekly earnings. Each earnings range covers approximately 25 percent of full-time wage and salary workers.

(5) (5) (5)

450 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 12-5. Average Hours Worked Per Day at All Jobs by Employed Persons at Workplace or at Home, by Selected Characteristics, 2005 Annual Averages (Number, percent.)

Characteristic

Full and Part-time Status and Sex Total, 15 years and over4 .......................................... Full-time worker ..................................................... Part-time worker .................................................... Men4 .......................................................................... Full-time worker ..................................................... Part-time worker .................................................... Women4 ..................................................................... Full-time worker ..................................................... Part-time worker .................................................... Multiple Jobholding Status Single jobholder ......................................................... Multiple jobholder ......................................................

Educational Attainment, 25 Years and Over Less than a high school diploma ............................... High school graduate, no college6 ............................. Some college or associate degree ............................ Bachelor's degree or higher7 .....................................

Employed persons who reported working on the diary day1 Total employed (thousands)

Location of work2

Number (thousands)

Percent

Hours of work

Persons who reported working at the workplace on the diary day

Number (thousands)

Percent

Hours of work at workplace

Persons who reported working at home on the diary day3

Number (thousands)

Percent

Hours of work at home

150 748 117 521 33 227 79 988 68 598 11 390 70 760 48 923 21 837

102 146 84 285 17 861 56 302 50 167 6 135 45 844 34 117 11 727

67.8 71.7 53.8 70.4 73.1 53.9 64.8 69.7 53.7

7.53 8.04 5.13 7.90 8.27 4.85 7.08 7.69 5.28

89 154 74 904 14 251 49 417 44 759 4 658 39 737 30 145 9 593

87.3 88.9 79.8 87.8 89.2 75.9 86.7 88.4 81.8

7.81 8.23 5.61 8.13 8.42 5.31 7.41 7.93 5.76

20 048 16 142 3 906 11 781 10 308 1 472 8 267 5 834 2 434

19.6 19.2 21.9 20.9 20.5 24.0 18.0 17.1 20.8

2.58 2.70 2.10 2.57 2.60 2.38 2.59 2.86 1.94

135 474 15 274

90 399 11 746

66.7 76.9

7.53 7.57

79 492 9 663

87.9 82.3

7.80 7.90

16 376 3 672

18.1 31.3

2.57 2.62

10 635 38 739 33 489 44 026

7 244 25 726 23 158 32 495

68.1 66.4 69.2 73.8

7.90 7.84 7.59 7.37

6 798 23 694 19 877 26 196

93.9 92.1 85.8 80.6

7.95 7.95 7.90 7.88

2 907 4 676 11 120

11.3 20.2 34.2

2.71 3.02 2.31

(5)

(5)

Note: Unless otherwise specified, data refer to persons age 15 years and over.

1Includes work at main and other job(s) and at locations other than home or the workplace. Excludes travel related to work. 2Respondents can report working at more than one location during the diary day. 3"Working at home" includes any time the respondent reported doing activities that were identified as "part of one's job"; this

their home. 4Includes workers whose hours vary. 5Data not shown where base is less than 800,000. 6Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 7Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

category is not restricted to persons whose usual workplace is

(5)

CHAPTER 12: AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY 451 Table 12-6. Average Hours Worked Per Day at Main Job Only by Employed Persons at Workplace or at Home, by Selected Characteristics, 2005 Annual Averages (Number, percent.)

Characteristic

Class of Worker Wage and salary worker .................................................... Self-employed worker ........................................................

Occupation Management, business, and financial operations .............. Professional and related .................................................... Services ............................................................................. Sales and related ............................................................... Office and administrative support ...................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry ............................................ Construction and extraction ............................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair ................................. Production .......................................................................... Transportation and material moving .................................. Earnings of Full-time Wage and Salary Earners5 $0 to $450 .......................................................................... $451 to $675 ...................................................................... $676 to $1,050 ................................................................... $1,051 and higher ..............................................................

Employed persons who reported working on the diary day1 Total employed (thousands)

Location of work2

Number (thousands)

Percent

Hours of work

Persons who reported working at the workplace on the diary day

Persons who reported working at home on the diary day3

Percent

Percent

Number (thousands)

Hours of work at workplace

Number (thousands)

Hours of work at home

138 354 12 154

91 574 8 640

66.2 71.1

7.55 6.74

82 519 5 229

90.1 60.5

7.81 7.24

14 118 4 245

15.4 49.1

2.19 3.92

22 156 31 532 23 699 17 502 20 721 1 578 9 073 5 197 10 878 8 413

16 437 21 365 14 177 12 117 12 977 6 120 3 583 7 208 5 236

74.2 67.8 59.8 69.2 62.6

67.5 68.9 66.3 62.2

7.66 7.23 6.94 7.40 7.20

8.13 8.44 7.89 8.01 (4)

12 968 17 618 12 628 10 654 12 168 5 743 3 411 6 827 4 915

78.9 82.5 89.1 87.9 93.8

93.8 95.2 94.7 93.9

8.20 7.82 7.14 7.57 7.44

8.09 8.49 7.81 8.20 (4)

5 031 5 999 1 634 2 400 1 224

30.6 28.1 11.5 19.8 9.4

3.02 2.24 3.16 2.57 1.57

27 781 27 279 23 863 26 594

18 149 19 173 16 201 19 563

65.3 70.3 67.9 73.6

7.81 7.93 7.99 7.99

16 976 17 990 14 845 16 729

93.5 93.8 91.6 85.5

7.90 8.14 8.29 8.45

1 230 1 823 2 435 5 236

6.8 9.5 15.0 26.8

3.59 2.23 1.64 1.83

(4)

(4)

(4)

(4)

Note: Unless otherwise specified, data refer to persons age 15 years and over.

(4) (4) (4) (4) (4)

(4) (4) (4) (4) (4)

(4) (4) (4) (4) (4)

1Includes work at main and other job(s) and at locations other than home or the workplace. Excludes travel related to work. 2Respondents can report working at more than one location during the diary day. 3"Working at home" includes any time the respondent reported doing activities that were identified as "part of one's job", this category is not restricted to persons whose usual workplace is their

home.

4Data not shown where base is less than 800,000. 5These values represent usual weekly earnings. Each earnings range covers approximately 25 percent of full-time wage and salary workers.

452 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 12-7. Average Hours Per Day Spent by Persons Age 18 Years and Over Caring for Household Children Under 18 Years, by Sex of Respondent and Age of Youngest Household Child, 2005 Annual Averages (Number.)

Activity Persons in Households with Children Under 18 Years Caring for household children as a primary activity ........................................................................ Physical care .............................................................................................................................. Education-related activities ........................................................................................................ Reading to/with children ............................................................................................................. Talking to/with children ............................................................................................................... Playing/doing hobbies with children ........................................................................................... Looking after children ................................................................................................................. Attending children's events ........................................................................................................ Travel related to care of household children .............................................................................. Other childcare activities ............................................................................................................ Persons in Households with Youngest Child 6 to 17 Years Caring for household children as a primary activity ........................................................................ Physical care .............................................................................................................................. Education-related activities ........................................................................................................ Reading to/with children ............................................................................................................. Talking to/with children ............................................................................................................... Playing/doing hobbies with children ........................................................................................... Looking after children ................................................................................................................. Attending children's events ........................................................................................................ Travel related to care of household children .............................................................................. Other childcare activities ............................................................................................................

Persons in Households with Youngest Child Under 6 Years Caring for household children as a primary activity ........................................................................ Physical care .............................................................................................................................. Education-related activities ........................................................................................................ Reading to/with children ............................................................................................................. Talking to/with children ............................................................................................................... Playing/doing hobbies with children ........................................................................................... Looking after children ................................................................................................................. Attending children's events ........................................................................................................ Travel related to care of household children .............................................................................. Other childcare activities ............................................................................................................

Total

Hours per day caring for household children Men

1.32 0.44 0.10 0.04 0.05 0.24 0.08 0.06 0.18 0.12

0.82 0.23 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.21 0.07 0.06 0.10 0.05

1.73 0.61 0.14 0.06 0.08 0.27 0.10 0.07 0.24 0.18

0.80 0.14 0.13 0.02 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.08 0.17 0.09

0.46 0.06 0.07

1.09 0.21 0.17 0.03 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.09 0.24 0.15

1.94 0.79 0.07 0.06 0.03 0.47 0.14 0.04 0.19 0.15

0.03 0.05 (1)

0.07 0.10 0.04

(1)

1.28 0.45

0.04 (1)

0.41 0.12 (1)

0.11 0.06

(1)

Note: Universe includes respondents age 18 years and over living in households with children under 18 years old, even if they did not report doing childcare on the diary day. 1Data

not shown where base is less than 800,000.

Women

2.46 1.06 0.10 0.09 0.05 0.51 0.15 0.04 0.25 0.21

CHAPTER 12: AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY 453 Table 12-8. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Primary Activities1 by the Total Population Age 18 Years and Over, by Activity Category, Employment Status, Presence and Age of Household Children, and Sex, 2005 Annual Averages (Number.)

Activity

TOTAL

Household with children under 6 years old

Total

Men

Women

All Activities2 .................................................................................. Personal care activities .................................................................... Sleeping ....................................................................................... Eating and drinking .......................................................................... Household activities ......................................................................... Housework ................................................................................... Food preparation and cleanup ..................................................... Lawn and garden care ................................................................. Household management .............................................................. Purchasing goods and services ....................................................... Consumer goods purchases ........................................................ Professional and personal care services ..................................... Caring for and helping household members .................................... Caring for and helping household children .................................. Caring for and helping non-household members ............................. Caring for and helping non-household adults .............................. Working and work-related activities ................................................. Working ........................................................................................ Educational activities ....................................................................... Attending class ............................................................................. Homework and research .............................................................. Organizational, civic, and religious activities .................................... Religious and spiritual activities ................................................... Volunteering (organizational and civic activities) ......................... Leisure and sports ........................................................................... Socializing and communicating .................................................... Watching television ...................................................................... Participating in sports, exercise, and recreation .......................... Telephone calls, mail, and email ...................................................... Other activities n.e.c. .......................................................................

24.00 9.28 8.59 1.17 1.89 0.76 0.67 0.12 0.11 0.85 0.47 0.07 1.98 1.75 0.14 0.06 3.98 3.60 0.23 0.11 0.10 0.25 0.11 0.11 3.99 0.83 2.04 0.20 0.09 0.15

24.00 9.01 8.41 1.26 1.17 0.26 0.28 0.18 0.09 0.70 0.38 0.06 1.31 1.17 0.13 0.06 5.58 5.01

All Activities2 .................................................................................. Personal care activities .................................................................... Sleeping ....................................................................................... Eating and drinking .......................................................................... Household activities ......................................................................... Housework ................................................................................... Food preparation and cleanup ..................................................... Lawn and garden care ................................................................. Household management .............................................................. Purchasing goods and services ....................................................... Consumer goods purchases ........................................................ Professional and personal care services ..................................... Caring for and helping household members .................................... Caring for and helping household children .................................. Caring for and helping non-household members ............................. Caring for and helping non-household adults .............................. Working and work-related activities ................................................. Working ........................................................................................ Educational activities ....................................................................... Attending class ............................................................................. Homework and research .............................................................. Organizational, civic, and religious activities .................................... Religious and spiritual activities ................................................... Volunteering (organizational and civic activities) ......................... Leisure and sports ........................................................................... Socializing and communicating .................................................... Watching television ...................................................................... Participating in sports, exercise, and recreation .......................... Telephone calls, mail, and email ...................................................... Other activities n.e.c. .......................................................................

EMPLOYED

n.e.c. = Not elsewhere classified.

Hours spent per day in primary activities Household with children 6–17 years old

Total

Men

(3) (3) (3)

24.00 9.50 8.73 1.10 2.46 1.15 0.97 0.08 0.12 0.96 0.54 0.09 2.50 2.22 0.15 0.06 2.72 2.48 0.27 0.13

24.00 9.23 8.47 1.19 1.92 0.70 0.57 0.18 0.16 0.83 0.42 0.07 0.84 0.62 0.19 0.07 4.48 4.04 0.33 0.19 0.11 0.33 0.12 0.17 4.39 0.71 2.16 0.26 0.13 0.14

24.00 9.02 8.38 1.28 1.32 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.13 0.62 0.29 0.06 0.52 0.36 0.18 0.08 5.60 5.01 0.32

24.00 9.11 8.40 1.19 1.52 0.54 0.51 0.14 0.10 0.80 0.44 0.07 1.70 1.49 0.11 0.05 5.33 4.84 0.11

24.00 8.90 8.29 1.28 1.11 0.24 0.27 0.18 0.08 0.67 0.36 0.06 1.31 1.16 0.11 0.06 6.12 5.51

24.00 9.37 8.53 1.09 2.01 0.89 0.79 0.09 0.12 0.95 0.53 0.09 2.17 1.88 0.11 0.04 4.41 4.06

0.24 0.10 0.10 3.69 0.73 1.88 0.21 0.07 0.12

0.24 0.08 0.12 4.02 0.73 2.05 0.25 0.04 0.11

0.24 0.14 0.07 3.30 0.72 1.67 0.16 0.10 0.13

24.00 8.97 8.24 1.20 1.70 0.58 0.48 0.18 0.15 0.77 0.38 0.07 0.74 0.54 0.18 0.07 5.67 5.17 0.27 0.15 0.10 0.33 0.11 0.18 3.92 0.63 1.91 0.25 0.12 0.13

(3) (3)

0.24 0.07 0.13 4.27 0.80 2.19 0.26 0.03 0.13

(3) (3) (3)

0.26 0.13 0.09 3.77 0.86 1.92 0.16 0.13 0.18

(3)

(3) (3) (3)

1A primary activity is designated by a respondent as his or her main activity. Other activities done simultaneously are not included. 2All major activity categories include related travel time. 3Data not shown where base is less than 800,000.

. . . = Not available.

Women

Household with no children under 18 years old

Total

Men

Women

24.00 9.41 8.56 1.11 2.45 1.07 0.84 0.12 0.19 1.03 0.55 0.08 1.13 0.85 0.19 0.06 3.50 3.18 0.33 0.18 0.12 0.39 0.15 0.19 4.13 0.70 2.04 0.19 0.17 0.17

24.00 9.44 8.59 1.31 1.90 0.58 0.49 0.25 0.16 0.80 0.39 0.09 0.06 ... 0.28 0.09 3.62 3.30 0.23 0.09 0.12 0.31 0.13 0.13 5.66 0.73 2.90 0.29 0.20 0.19

24.00 9.24 8.54 1.35 1.49 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.14 0.64 0.31 0.06 0.05 ... 0.26 0.09 4.15 3.78 0.26 0.10 0.14 0.26 0.10 0.12 5.98 0.67 3.15 0.37 0.14 0.18

24.00 9.63 8.65 1.27 2.30 0.93 0.70 0.18 0.18 0.95 0.47 0.13 0.07 ... 0.31 0.09 3.11 2.83 0.20 0.09 0.10 0.35 0.16 0.15 5.35 0.78 2.65 0.20 0.26 0.19

24.00 8.76 8.16 1.32 1.29 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.12 0.58 0.27 0.05 0.50 0.36 0.18 0.08 6.46 5.85

24.00 9.19 8.33 1.07 2.13 0.93 0.72 0.09 0.18 0.96 0.50 0.08 0.99 0.74 0.19 0.07 4.84 4.46 0.26

24.00 8.99 8.28 1.35 1.27 0.21 0.23 0.27 0.11 0.58 0.28 0.05 0.05 ... 0.22 0.08 6.17 5.65 0.20

0.27 0.08 0.16 4.19 0.64 2.05 0.32 0.08 0.10

0.39 0.14 0.20 3.64 0.63 1.76 0.18 0.17 0.17

24.00 9.14 8.32 1.29 1.52 0.44 0.35 0.20 0.12 0.72 0.35 0.08 0.04 ... 0.25 0.08 5.79 5.32 0.21 0.07 0.12 0.23 0.10 0.09 4.52 0.66 2.27 0.27 0.17 0.14

24.00 9.31 8.35 1.22 1.80 0.70 0.50 0.13 0.13 0.88 0.43 0.11 0.04 ... 0.28 0.08 5.37 4.94 0.21 0.08 0.11 0.25 0.13 0.09 4.27 0.73 2.06 0.19 0.21 0.16

(3) (3)

0.26 0.08 0.15 4.70 0.73 2.30 0.33 0.08 0.11

(3) (3) (3)

(3) (3)

(3) (3)

0.21 0.08 0.10 4.73 0.60 2.46 0.34 0.13 0.12

454 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 12-8. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Primary Activities1 by the Total Population Age 18 Years and Over, by Activity Category, Employment Status, Presence and Age of Household Children, and Sex, 2005 Annual Averages—Continued (Number.)

Household with children under 6 years old

Activity

NOT EMPLOYED

Total

All Activities2 .................................................................................. Personal care activities .................................................................... Sleeping ....................................................................................... Eating and drinking .......................................................................... Household activities ......................................................................... Housework ................................................................................... Food preparation and cleanup ..................................................... Lawn and garden care ................................................................. Household management .............................................................. Purchasing goods and services ....................................................... Consumer goods purchases ........................................................ Professional and personal care services ..................................... Caring for and helping household members .................................... Caring for and helping household children .................................. Caring for and helping non-household members ............................. Caring for and helping non-household adults .............................. Working and work-related activities ................................................. Working ........................................................................................ Educational activities ....................................................................... Attending class ............................................................................. Homework and research .............................................................. Organizational, civic, and religious activities .................................... Religious and spiritual activities ................................................... Volunteering (organizational and civic activities) ......................... Leisure and sports ........................................................................... Socializing and communicating .................................................... Watching television ...................................................................... Participating in sports, exercise, and recreation .......................... Telephone calls, mail, and email ...................................................... Other activities n.e.c. ....................................................................... n.e.c. = Not elsewhere classified.

1A primary activity is designated by a respondent as his 2All major activity categories include related travel time. 3Data not shown where base is less than 800,000.

. . . = Not available.

Hours spent per day in primary activities

Men

24.00 9.76 9.13 1.10 2.94 1.38 1.13 0.08 0.13 0.98 0.56 0.08 2.75 2.51 0.22 (3) (3) (3)

0.56 (3) (3)

0.29 0.12 0.14 4.85 1.12 2.52 0.18 0.16 0.26

Women

24.00 10.05 9.62 1.03 1.80 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3)

1.38 1.27

(3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3)

6.75

3.57

(3) (3) (3)

0.26

24.00 9.71 9.04 1.11 3.16 1.56 1.26 0.12 0.98 0.55

(3)

3.00 2.74 0.20

(3)

(3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3)

0.29 0.13 0.13 4.50 1.07 2.32 0.14 0.19 0.26

Household with children 6–17 years old

Total

Men

24.00 10.12 9.29 1.15 2.68 1.09 0.88 0.21 0.21 1.07 0.58 1.19 0.90 0.20 0.06 (3)

(3) (3)

0.53

(3) (3)

0.33 0.15 0.15 6.06 1.00 3.06 0.27 0.16 0.17

or her main activity. Other activities done simultaneously are not included.

Women

24.00 10.47 9.60 1.06 1.49 0.29 (3) (3) (3)

0.82 0.39

0.61 0.39

(3)

(3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3)

7.59 1.24 3.71 (3) (3)

0.19

24.00 9.96 9.15 1.20 3.23 1.45 1.15 0.18 0.23 1.19 0.67 1.46 1.14 0.20

(3)

(3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3)

0.39 0.17 0.18 5.35 0.89 2.76 0.22 0.19 0.16

Household with no children under 18 years old

Total

Men

Women

24.00 9.93 9.04 1.35 2.53 0.82 0.70 0.32 0.23 0.93 0.45 0.12 0.09 ... 0.34 0.11 0.09

24.00 9.75 9.05 1.36 1.94 0.26 0.36 0.42 0.21 0.77 0.35 0.08 0.06 ... 0.33 0.11

0.43 0.17 0.20 7.53 0.84 3.91 0.30 0.26 0.26

0.37 0.14 0.18 8.47 0.81 4.52 0.43 0.17 0.31

0.26 0.12

(3)

(3)

(3) (3) (3) (3) (3)

24.00 10.06 9.04 1.35 2.98 1.24 0.96 0.25 0.24 1.06 0.52 0.16 0.10 ... 0.35 0.11 (3) (3)

0.17 0.09

0.48 0.20 0.22 6.81 0.85 3.45 0.21 0.34 0.23 (3)

CHAPTER 12: AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY 455 Table 12-9. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Leisure and Sports Activities for the Total Population, by Selected Characteristics, 2005 Annual Averages (Number.)

Characteristic

Sex Men .............................................................................................. Women ......................................................................................... Age Total, 15 years and over .............................................................. 15 to 24 years .......................................................................... 25 to 34 years .......................................................................... 35 to 44 years .......................................................................... 45 to 54 years .......................................................................... 55 to 64 years .......................................................................... 65 years and over ....................................................................

Race and Hispanic Origin White ............................................................................................ Black ............................................................................................ Hispanic2 ......................................................................................

Employment Status Employed ..................................................................................... Full-time workers ...................................................................... Part-time workers ..................................................................... Not employed ...............................................................................

Earnings of Full-time Wage and Salary Earners3 $0 to $450 .................................................................................... $451 to $675 ................................................................................ $676 to $1,050 ............................................................................. $1,051 and higher ........................................................................ Presence and Age of Children No household children under 18 years ........................................ Household children under 18 years ............................................. Children 13 to 17 years, none younger .................................... Children 6 to 12 years, none younger ...................................... Youngest child under 6 years ...................................................

Marital Status and Sex Married, spouse present .............................................................. Men .......................................................................................... Women ..................................................................................... Other marital status ...................................................................... Men .......................................................................................... Women .....................................................................................

Educational Attainment, 25 Years and Over Less than a high school diploma .................................................. High school graduates, no college4 ............................................. Some college or associate degree ............................................... Bachelor's degree or higher5 .......................................................

Total, all leisure and sports activities Weekdays

Weekends and holidays1

5.50 4.80

4.83 4.39

5.14 5.55 4.29 4.19 4.50 5.40 7.31

Total, all days

Participating in sports, exercise, and recreation

Socializing and communicating

Watching TV

Weekends and holidays1

Weekdays

Weekends and holidays1

Weekdays

Weekends and holidays1

7.10 5.80

0.34 0.21

0.49 0.18

0.55 0.60

1.09 1.22

2.51 2.24

3.47 2.68

4.60 5.03 3.55 3.59 3.84 4.87 7.11

6.43 6.82 5.91 5.59 6.15 6.66 7.81

0.27 0.51 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.22 0.25

0.33 0.57 0.29 0.29 0.35 0.27 0.19

0.58 0.77 0.53 0.50 0.47 0.56 0.65

1.16 1.51 1.21 1.15 1.03 1.09 0.91

2.37 2.18 1.94 1.91 2.12 2.59 3.73

3.07 2.66 2.89 2.72 3.17 3.27 3.89

5.08 5.69 4.80

4.53 5.29 4.18

6.42 6.63 6.16

0.28 0.21 0.20

0.35 0.25 0.30

0.58 0.67 0.58

1.18 1.04 1.53

2.30 2.92 2.50

2.98 3.82 2.96

4.23 4.06 4.84 6.86

3.55 3.31 4.41 6.60

5.87 5.86 5.89 7.47

0.23 0.21 0.31 0.36

0.36 0.38 0.27 0.28

0.47 0.43 0.62 0.78

1.15 1.13 1.23 1.17

1.84 1.75 2.14 3.40

2.72 2.77 2.56 3.70

4.34 4.24 4.10 3.72

3.68 3.52 3.38 2.85

5.82 6.01 5.88 5.79

0.17 0.23 0.21 0.25

0.30 0.28 0.43 0.54

0.51 0.41 0.50 0.30

1.26 1.15 1.17 0.90

1.95 1.90 1.76 1.51

2.85 3.02 2.64 2.63

5.66 4.37 4.90 4.37 4.07

5.13 3.80 4.44 3.74 3.48

6.91 5.72 6.14 5.81 5.43

0.29 0.26 0.35 0.27 0.19

0.32 0.34 0.32 0.42 0.30

0.57 0.59 0.60 0.53 0.64

1.12 1.22 1.19 1.10 1.33

2.68 1.92 2.13 1.83 1.87

3.34 2.66 2.95 2.64 2.53

4.75 5.04 4.46 5.61 6.11 5.19

4.18 4.37 3.99 5.11 5.45 4.83

6.13 6.71 5.57 6.79 7.57 6.06

0.23 0.25 0.20 0.33 0.46 0.22

0.29 0.43 0.16 0.38 0.56 0.21

0.54 0.48 0.60 0.63 0.65 0.61

1.17 1.07 1.26 1.15 1.12 1.18

2.20 2.36 2.04 2.58 2.72 2.47

2.91 3.34 2.49 3.25 3.64 2.90

6.16 5.50 4.87 4.22

5.82 4.95 4.35 3.58

6.90 6.83 6.08 5.78

0.21 0.17 0.23 0.29

0.16 0.26 0.24 0.40

0.56 0.58 0.57 0.45

1.17 1.09 1.12 1.00

3.36 2.79 2.32 1.68

3.92 3.67 2.96 2.36

Note: Unless otherwise specified, data refer to respondents age 15 years and over.

1Holidays are New Year's Day, Easter, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. In 2005, data were 2May be of any race. 3These values represent usual weekly earnings. Each earnings range covers approximately 25 percent of full-time wage and salary workers. 4Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 5Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Weekdays

not collected for Thanksgiving Day.

456 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 12-9. Average Hours Per Day Spent in Leisure and Sports Activities for the Total Population, by Selected Characteristics, 2005 Annual Averages—Continued (Number.)

Characteristic

Sex Men .............................................................................................. Women ......................................................................................... Age Total, 15 years and over .............................................................. 15 to 24 years .......................................................................... 25 to 34 years .......................................................................... 35 to 44 years .......................................................................... 45 to 54 years .......................................................................... 55 to 64 years .......................................................................... 65 years and over ....................................................................

Race and Hispanic Origin White ............................................................................................ Black ............................................................................................ Hispanic2 ......................................................................................

Employment Status Employed ..................................................................................... Full-time workers ...................................................................... Part-time workers ..................................................................... Not employed ...............................................................................

Earnings of Full-time Wage and Salary Earners3 $0 to $450 .................................................................................... $451 to $675 ................................................................................ $676 to $1,050 ............................................................................. $1,051 and higher ........................................................................ Presence and Age of Children No household children under 18 years ........................................ Household children under 18 years ............................................. Children 13 to 17 years, none younger .................................... Children 6 to 12 years, none younger ...................................... Youngest child under 6 years ...................................................

Marital Status and Sex Married, spouse present .............................................................. Men .......................................................................................... Women ..................................................................................... Other marital status ...................................................................... Men .......................................................................................... Women .....................................................................................

Educational Attainment, 25 Years and Over Less than a high school diploma .................................................. High school graduates, no college4 ............................................. Some college or associate degree ............................................... Bachelor's degree or higher5 .......................................................

Reading Weekdays

Relaxing/thinking

Weekends and holidays1

Weekdays

Weekends and holidays1

Playing games and computer use for leisure

Weekends and holidays1

Weekdays

Other leisure and sports activities, including travel6 Weekdays

Weekends and holidays1

0.29 0.39

0.38 0.52

0.34 0.30

0.40 0.29

0.35 0.27

0.50 0.28

0.44 0.37

0.76 0.62

0.34 0.14 0.13 0.21 0.30 0.43 0.92

0.45 0.16 0.20 0.30 0.37 0.68 1.18

0.32 0.19 0.17 0.20 0.25 0.41 0.77

0.35 0.21 0.25 0.21 0.31 0.39 0.80

0.31 0.57 0.24 0.22 0.15 0.32 0.36

0.39 0.71 0.41 0.29 0.29 0.31 0.31

0.41 0.68 0.30 0.32 0.36 0.33 0.43

0.69 1.00 0.65 0.63 0.63 0.64 0.53

0.36 0.24 0.12

0.49 0.15 0.20

0.28 0.59 0.25

0.33 0.52 0.29

0.31 0.30 0.15

0.39 0.29 0.22

0.42 0.37 0.37

0.70 0.56 0.64

0.22 0.21 0.27 0.57

0.34 0.33 0.38 0.66

0.23 0.22 0.24 0.50

0.27 0.27 0.25 0.49

0.23 0.20 0.32 0.46

0.36 0.34 0.43 0.45

0.34 0.29 0.51 0.54

0.67 0.64 0.78 0.72

0.18 0.19 0.20 0.25

0.19 0.27 0.38 0.46

0.30 0.27 0.16 0.15

0.23 0.37 0.24 0.23

0.28 0.18 0.24 0.14

0.39 0.31 0.40 0.34

0.28 0.34 0.32 0.26

0.60 0.60 0.63 0.69

0.44 0.19 0.26 0.20 0.14

0.59 0.25 0.30 0.29 0.18

0.38 0.22 0.23 0.25 0.20

0.43 0.22 0.21 0.26 0.20

0.34 0.26 0.35 0.29 0.19

0.41 0.36 0.39 0.40 0.32

0.44 0.36 0.53 0.38 0.26

0.70 0.66 0.78 0.70 0.57

0.33 0.31 0.35 0.35 0.25 0.44

0.52 0.47 0.56 0.37 0.27 0.47

0.30 0.37 0.23 0.34 0.31 0.37

0.35 0.43 0.27 0.34 0.37 0.32

0.26 0.26 0.26 0.37 0.48 0.27

0.31 0.34 0.27 0.49 0.70 0.30

0.33 0.35 0.31 0.50 0.57 0.45

0.60 0.63 0.56 0.79 0.91 0.69

0.33 0.35 0.37 0.45

0.23 0.43 0.49 0.76

0.84 0.42 0.24 0.15

0.68 0.48 0.26 0.21

0.18 0.31 0.24 0.22

0.28 0.43 0.37

0.34 0.33 0.38 0.34

0.60 0.61 0.57 0.69

Note: Unless otherwise specified, data refer to respondents age 15 years and over.

1Holidays are New Year's Day, Easter, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. In 2005, data were 2May be of any race. 3These values represent usual weekly earnings. Each earnings range covers approximately 25 percent of full-time wage and salary workers. 4Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 5Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. 6Includes other leisure and sports activities, not elsewhere classified, and travel related to leisure and sports activities.

(6)

not collected for Thanksgiving Day.

CHAPTER THIRTEEN INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES (CENSUS BUREAU)

INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES (CENSUS BUREAU) HIGHLIGHTS This chapter presents data on income collected by the Census Bureau. Total income consists of wages and income from pensions, investments, and other sources. Income is shown for various population groups and is measured as real income in 2005 dollars.

Real Median Household Income, 1967–2005

2005 dollars

60,000

40,000

20,000

0 1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2005

Year

In 2005, real median income increased for the first time since 1999. It grew 1.1 percent, rising from $45,817 in 2004 to $46,326 in 2005. (See Table 13-1.) OTHER HIGHLIGHTS • Although real median income increased, earnings (as distinguished from income) of full-time workers decreased somewhat between 2004 and 2005. (See Table 13-1.) • In 2005, Black households had the lowest real median income at $30,858 and Asian households had the highest real median income at $61,094. (See Table 13-1.) • Also in 2005, households in the Northeast had the highest household income at $50,882, while households in the South had the lowest household income at $42,138. (See Table 13-1.) • The Asian alone group had the highest percentage of households with incomes over $100,000 at 27.5 percent, compared with 19.7 percent of White alone, non-Hispanic households and 7.8 percent of Black alone households. (See Table 13-2.)

459

460 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Collection and Coverage Data on income in the United States in this chapter are based on information collected in the 2006 and earlier Annual Social and Economic Supplements (ASEC) to the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is also the basis for the employment and unemployment data shown in Chapter 1 of this Handbook, which are collected by the Census Bureau for BLS. The basic CPS is described in the notes and definitions for Chapter 1. The sample universe for the CPS ASEC is slightly larger than the basic CPS, as it includes military personnel who live in a household with at least one other civilian adult, regardless of whether they live off post or on post. For each person age 15 years and over in the sample, the ASEC asks questions about the amount of income received from all sources during the preceding calendar year from all sources. In addition to wage and salary earnings, which represent the largest component of income, other sources of income include Social Security, pensions, interest, dividends, and other money income. Excluded are certain money receipts, such as capital gains.

Although the income statistics refer to receipts during the previous calendar year, the demographic characteristics, such as age and household composition, are as of the survey date. Data on income cover money income received before payments for personal income taxes, Social Security, Medicare, union dues, and the like. Therefore money income does not reflect the fact that some families receive noncash benefits, such as food stamps, health benefits, subsidized housing, and the like. In addition, money income does not reflect noncash benefits such payments by business for retirement programs, medical expenses, or other benefits. The Census Bureau uses the research series of the BLS Consumer Price Index (CPI-U-RS) to adjust for changes in the cost of living. These indexes are shown in Table 7-11 of this Handbook. Additional Information Additional information is available in the Census publication “Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2005,” which can be found on the Census Bureau Web site at .

CHAPTER 13: INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES (CENSUS BUREAU) 461 Table 13-1. Income and Earnings Summary Measures, by Selected Characteristics, 2004 and 2005 (Number in thousands, dollars, percent; income in 2005 dollars.) Characteristic

Households All households .............................................................................. Type of household Family households ....................................................................... Married-couple ......................................................................... Female householder, no husband present ............................... Male householder, no wife present .......................................... Nonfamily households .................................................................. Female householder ................................................................ Male householder .....................................................................

Race3 and Hispanic Origin of Householder White ............................................................................................ White, not Hispanic .................................................................. Black ............................................................................................ Asian ............................................................................................ Hispanic4 ...................................................................................... Age of Householder Under 65 years ............................................................................. 15 to 24 years .......................................................................... 25 to 34 years .......................................................................... 35 to 44 years .......................................................................... 45 to 54 years .......................................................................... 55 to 64 years .......................................................................... 65 years and older .......................................................................

Nativity of Householder Native ........................................................................................... Foreign-born ................................................................................. Naturalized citizen .................................................................... Not a citizen ............................................................................. Region Northeast ...................................................................................... Midwest ........................................................................................ South ............................................................................................ West ............................................................................................. Residence Inside metropolitan statistical areas ............................................. Inside principal cities ................................................................ Outside principal cities ............................................................. Outside metropolitan statistical areas5 .........................................

Shares of Household Income, Quintiles, and Gini Index6 Lowest quintile ............................................................................. Second quintile ............................................................................. Third quintile ................................................................................. Fourth quintile .............................................................................. Highest quintile ............................................................................. Gini index of income inequality ....................................................

Earnings of Full-Time Year-Round Workers Men with earnings ........................................................................ Women with earnings ...................................................................

Per Capita Income7 Total3 ............................................................................................ White ............................................................................................ White, not Hispanic .................................................................. Black ............................................................................................ Asian ............................................................................................ Hispanic4 ......................................................................................

Number (thousands)

20041

Median income (dollars) Estimate

90 percent confidence interval2 (+/-)

2005

Number (thousands)

Median income (dollars) Estimate

90 percent confidence interval2 (+/-)

Percent change in real median income (2005 less 2004) 90 percent confidence interval2 (+/-)

Estimate

113 343

45 817

333

114 384

46 326

255

1.1

0.75

76 858 57 975 13 981 4 901 36 485 19 942 16 543

57 179 65 946 30 823 46 526 27 129 22 594 33 083

338 490 530 1 151 262 321 386

77 402 58 179 14 093 5 130 36 982 20 230 16 753

57 278 66 067 30 650 46 756 27 326 22 688 34 048

332 401 431 1 031 266 413 706

0.2 0.2 -0.6 0.5 0.7 0.4 2.9

0.67 0.78 1.79 2.71 1.12 1.90 2.05

92 880 81 628 13 809 4 123 12 178

48 218 50 546 31 101 59 427 35 417

311 381 532 2 077 816

93 588 82 003 14 002 4 273 12 519

48 554 50 784 30 858 61 094 35 967

349 283 495 1 171 587

0.7 0.5 -0.8 2.8 1.6

0.78 0.76 1.84 3.42 1.99

90 192 6 733 19 314 23 248 23 393 17 503 23 151

52 562 28 497 46 985 58 578 63 068 52 077 25 336

253 782 525 551 559 597 296

90 926 6 795 19 120 23 016 23 731 18 264 23 459

52 287 28 770 47 379 58 084 62 424 52 260 26 036

242 776 571 885 724 683 288

-0.5 1.0 0.8 -0.8 -1.0 0.4 2.8

0.53 3.14 1.34 1.47 1.17 1.41 1.33

98 842 14 502 6 741 7 761

46 786 40 692 47 642 35 749

304 976 1 448 1 282

99 579 14 806 6 990 7 815

46 897 42 040 50 030 36 740

271 678 1 341 778

0.2 3.3 5.0 2.8

0.70 2.46 3.43 3.68

21 187 25 939 41 224 24 993

49 462 46 134 42 108 49 245

819 661 374 668

21 054 26 351 41 805 25 174

50 882 45 950 42 138 50 002

610 579 349 609

2.9 -0.4 0.1 1.5

1.72 1.54 0.98 1.50

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

95 107 38 008 57 098 19 278

48 474 41 166 53 544 37 564

360 354 531 683

X X X X

X X X X

22 669 22 669 22 669 22 669 22 669

3.4 8.7 14.7 23.2 50.1

0.04 0.10 0.16 0.26 0.56

22 877 22 877 22 877 22 877 22 877

3.4 8.6 14.6 23.0 50.4

0.04 0.10 0.16 0.25 0.56

-0.8 -0.7 -1.0 -1.6 1.2

1.30 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.27

113 343

0.466

0.0047

114 384

0.469

0.0047

0.6

60 088 42 380

42 160 32 285

153 134

61 500 43 351

41 386 31 858

148 133

-1.8 -1.3

0.42 0.47

291 166 234 116 195 347 36 548 12 241 41 840

24 655 26 067 28 357 16 561 27 040 14 577

156 182 209 298 918 304

293 834 235 903 195 893 36 965 12 599 43 168

25 036 26 496 28 946 16 874 27 331 14 483

160 188 219 303 832 253

1.5 1.6 2.1 1.9 1.1 -0.6

0.77 0.85 0.91 2.16 3.87 2.03

1The 2004 data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 Annual Social and Economic Supplements (ASEC). 2A 90-percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. 3Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be

1.17

defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). This table shows data using the race-alone concept. The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000. 4May be of any race. 5The "outside metropolitan statistical areas" category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. 6The data shown in this section are shares of aggregate household income, the Gini index, and their respective confidence intervals. See the article by Paul Allison entitled "Measures of Inequality" from American Sociological Review 43 (December 1977), pp. 865–880, for an explanation of inequality measures. 7The data shown in this section are per capita incomes and their respective confidence intervals. Per capita income is the mean income computed for every man, woman, and child in a particular group. It is derived by dividing the total income of a particular group by the total population in that group (excluding patients or inmates in institutional quarters). X = Not applicable. . . . = Not available.

462 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 13-2. Households, by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 1967–2005 (Number in thousands, percent, dollars; income in 2005 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars.) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year All Races 19671 ......................................................... 1968 ........................................................... 1969 ...........................................................

Number (thousands)

60 813 62 214 63 401

Total

100.0 100.0 100.0

Under $5,000 4.9 4.1 3.9

Percent distribution

$5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $25,000 $35,000 $50,000 $75,000 $100,000 to to to to to to to and $9,999 $14,999 $24,999 $34,999 $49,999 $74,999 $99,000 over 8.2 7.8 7.7

7.4 7.0 6.8

14.0 13.9 13.1

15.7 14.8 14.1

21.8 21.6 20.8

18.3 20.2 21.3

1970 ........................................................... 19712 ......................................................... 19723 ......................................................... 1973 ........................................................... 19744,5 .......................................................

64 778 66 676 68 251 69 859 71 163

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.8 3.6 3.3 3.0 2.5

7.9 7.9 7.4 7.0 7.3

6.9 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.7

13.4 13.7 13.6 13.6 14.0

14.0 14.1 13.2 12.8 13.8

20.5 19.9 19.4 19.1 18.8

20.7 20.6 21.0 21.1 21.1

1980 ........................................................... 1981 ........................................................... 1982 ........................................................... 19838 ......................................................... 1984 ...........................................................

82 368 83 527 83 918 85 290 86 789

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.6 2.9 3.1 3.1 2.9

7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 6.8

7.7 7.8 7.8 7.5 7.7

14.0 14.6 14.1 14.3 13.6

13.0 13.1 13.2 13.1 13.1

17.6 17.0 17.6 17.2 16.9

20.6 20.4 19.5 19.5 19.6

19755 ......................................................... 19766 ......................................................... 1977 ........................................................... 1978 ........................................................... 19797 .........................................................

72 867 74 142 76 030 77 330 80 776

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.6

7.7 7.7 7.6 7.0 7.0

8.1 7.5 8.0 7.5 7.2

14.6 14.8 14.2 13.7 13.4

13.6 13.3 13.4 12.7 12.9

19.0 18.4 18.0 17.5 17.2

5.7 6.4 7.4

4.1 4.1 4.9

Median income (dollars)

Value

35 379 36 873 38 282

Standard error 129 133 141

Mean income (dollars)

Value

39 569 41 716 43 553

Standard error 129 133 137

7.6 7.7 8.5 9.4 8.5

5.2 5.2 6.4 6.7 6.2

38 026 37 634 39 216 40 008 38 774

139 146 150 152 149

43 542 43 283 45 642 46 268 45 343

139 138 142 141 142

9.7 9.4 9.6 9.6 10.2

7.7 7.7 8.0 8.4 9.2

39 739 39 125 39 064 39 081 40 079

204 205 176 177 182

47 263 46 741 47 078 47 617 49 107

173 170 174 177 181

20.5 21.0 20.9 21.4 21.5

8.5 8.9 8.9 10.1 9.9

5.5 6.0 6.5 7.8 8.3

37 736 38 368 38 585 41 061 41 015

154 142 145 166 194

44 065 45 131 45 772 48 328 48 722

138 139 139 185 184

19859 ......................................................... 1986 ........................................................... 198710 ........................................................ 1988 ........................................................... 1989 ...........................................................

88 458 89 479 91 124 92 830 93 347

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.9 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.6

6.8 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.1

7.5 7.0 6.9 6.6 6.8

13.3 12.9 13.0 13.0 13.0

13.0 12.5 12.2 12.1 11.8

16.4 16.0 16.0 16.1 16.1

19.9 20.3 19.9 19.8 19.7

10.5 10.8 11.1 11.2 11.4

9.7 10.8 11.4 11.8 12.6

40 868 42 309 42 827 43 168 43 946

221 219 204 211 242

50 295 52 270 53 261 53 938 55 522

199 212 219 241 242

199514 ........................................................ 1996 ........................................................... 1997 ........................................................... 1998 ........................................................... 199915 ........................................................

99 627 101 018 102 528 103 874 106 434

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.5

5.9 5.9 5.7 5.4 4.9

6.8 6.9 6.6 6.3 6.2

13.5 13.3 12.9 12.3 12.4

12.0 12.0 11.4 11.4 11.2

15.8 15.2 15.5 15.2 15.1

18.9 19.0 18.7 19.0 18.7

11.2 11.4 11.5 11.7 11.9

13.2 13.6 14.9 15.9 17.0

43 346 43 967 44 883 46 508 47 671

251 222 207 275 223

57 163 58 375 60 271 62 021 64 119

313 327 337 335 333

White Alone18 2002 ........................................................... 2003 ........................................................... 200417 ........................................................ 2005 ...........................................................

91 645 91 962 92 880 93 588

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.4 2.6 2.8 2.6

1990 ........................................................... 1991 ........................................................... 199211 ........................................................ 199312 ........................................................ 199413 ........................................................

200016 ........................................................ 2001 ........................................................... 2002 ........................................................... 2003 ........................................................... 200417 ........................................................ 2005 ...........................................................

94 312 95 669 96 426 97 107 98 990

108 209 109 297 111 278 112 000 113 343 114 384

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.7 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.0

2.6 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.3

6.4 6.6 6.7 6.5 6.2

4.8 5.1 5.2 5.0 4.9 5.0

4.6 4.3 4.2 4.1

6.8 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3

6.3 6.3 6.4 6.8 6.6 6.4

6.1 6.4 6.3 6.1

12.8 13.0 13.6 13.3 13.6

12.0 12.2 12.4 12.3 12.7 12.4

12.0 11.9 12.3 12.0

12.2 12.6 12.2 12.6 12.2

11.6 11.7 11.8 11.5 11.6 11.4

11.6 11.4 11.4 11.4

16.4 16.1 15.9 15.7 15.6

14.9 15.0 14.7 14.7 14.6 14.9

14.6 14.8 14.6 14.9

19.7 19.4 19.2 18.6 18.3

18.7 18.1 17.9 18.0 18.3 18.4

18.5 18.4 18.7 18.9

10.9 10.7 10.8 10.5 11.0

11.9 11.9 11.9 11.4 11.2 11.1

12.6 11.9 11.7 11.6

12.0 11.6 11.5 12.3 12.7

17.2 16.9 16.6 17.0 16.7 17.2

17.6 18.1 17.8 18.3

1Implementation of a new Curent Population Survey (CPS) Annual Social and Economic Supplements (ASEC) processing system. 2Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls. 3Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design. 4Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 5Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data that were derived using linear interpolation. 6First-year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 7Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income. 8Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design. 9Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design. 10Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 11Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 12Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding

43 366 42 108 41 774 41 562 42 038

47 599 46 569 46 036 45 970 45 817 46 326

48 942 48 424 48 218 48 554

222 203 198 194 192

150 142 151 200 203 155

199 190 189 212

54 171 53 005 52 960 55 115 56 199

64 767 64 191 62 800 62 683 62 488 63 344

65 312 65 357 65 013 65 962

229 218 222 298 302

255 256 236 229 236 239

266 262 268 273

of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999, Social Security limits increased to $49,999, Supplemental Security Income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999, veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999, and child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 13Introduction of 1990 census sample design. 14Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race. 15Implementation of the 2000 census-based population controls. 16Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. 17Data revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 18Beginning with the 2003 CPS, respondents were allowed to choose one or more races. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing the data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000.

CHAPTER 13: INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES (CENSUS BUREAU) 463 Table 13-2. Households, by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 1967–2005 —Continued (Number in thousands, percent, dollars; income in 2005 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars.) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year White19 19671 ......................................................... 1968 ........................................................... 1969 ...........................................................

Number (thousands)

54 188 55 394 56 248

Total

100.0 100.0 100.0

Under $5,000 4.4 3.7 3.4

Percent distribution

$5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $25,000 $35,000 $50,000 $75,000 $100,000 to to to to to to to and $9,999 $14,999 $24,999 $34,999 $49,999 $74,999 $99,000 over 7.6 7.2 7.1

6.7 6.4 6.3

13.3 13.1 12.3

15.7 14.8 13.8

22.6 22.3 21.5

19.3 21.3 22.4

6.1 6.8 7.9

4.4 4.5 5.3

Median income (dollars)

Value

36 895 38 392 39 953

Standard error 134 143 146

Mean income (dollars)

Value

Standard error

41 015 43 216 45 169

139 143 151

1970 ........................................................... 19712 ......................................................... 19723 ......................................................... 1973 ........................................................... 19744,5 .......................................................

57 575 59 463 60 618 61 965 62 984

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

3.3 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.2

7.3 7.2 6.7 6.4 6.5

6.4 6.8 6.6 6.8 7.1

12.8 13.1 12.9 13.0 13.4

13.8 13.9 13.0 12.5 13.7

21.1 20.5 19.9 19.4 19.2

21.7 21.6 21.9 22.0 22.1

8.0 8.2 9.1 10.1 9.0

5.6 5.6 6.9 7.2 6.7

39 606 39 364 41 141 41 929 40 550

152 150 158 160 152

45 066 44 850 47 417 48 057 47 022

148 146 154 152 152

1980 ........................................................... 1981 ........................................................... 1982 ........................................................... 19838 ......................................................... 1984 ...........................................................

71 872 72 845 73 182 74 170 75 328

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.2 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.4

6.2 6.2 6.3 6.1 5.8

7.1 7.2 7.2 7.0 7.1

13.5 14.0 13.5 13.8 13.1

13.0 13.1 13.3 13.1 13.0

17.8 17.4 17.9 17.8 17.3

21.6 21.3 20.3 20.4 20.6

10.2 9.9 10.2 10.2 10.8

8.3 8.4 8.6 9.1 9.9

41 925 41 338 40 896 40 972 42 282

215 191 186 184 213

49 170 48 700 49 019 49 607 51 133

188 185 192 192 198

19755 ......................................................... 19766 ......................................................... 1977 ........................................................... 1978 ........................................................... 19797 .........................................................

64 392 65 353 66 934 68 028 70 766

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.4 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.2

6.8 6.8 6.6 6.1 6.1

7.5 6.8 7.5 7.0 6.7

14.2 14.2 13.6 13.2 12.9

13.5 13.2 13.2 12.6 12.8

19.4 18.7 18.4 17.7 17.6

21.4 22.0 21.9 22.4 22.4

9.0 9.5 9.5 10.6 10.4

5.9 6.5 7.1 8.4 8.9

39 463 40 192 40 575 42 686 43 004

144 166 171 188 204

45 693 46 867 47 561 50 119 50 643

150 151 154 202 202

19859 ......................................................... 1986 ........................................................... 198710 ........................................................ 1988 ........................................................... 1989 ...........................................................

76 576 77 284 78 519 79 734 80 163

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.0

5.8 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.0

7.0 6.5 6.4 6.1 6.3

12.9 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.6

12.8 12.4 12.1 12.0 11.8

16.7 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.4

20.7 21.0 20.8 20.7 20.5

11.0 11.5 11.8 11.8 11.9

10.5 11.6 12.1 12.7 13.5

43 100 44 480 45 123 45 635 46 227

230 216 228 270 225

52 359 54 447 55 537 56 238 57 835

220 233 240 265 268

199514 ........................................................ 1996 ........................................................... 1997 ........................................................... 1998 ........................................................... 199915 ........................................................

84 511 85 059 86 106 87 212 88 893

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.1 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.0

5.1 5.1 4.9 4.5 4.2

6.4 6.5 6.3 6.0 5.9

13.2 12.9 12.6 11.8 12.0

11.9 11.9 11.3 11.3 11.2

16.0 15.3 15.6 15.3 15.1

19.5 19.7 19.1 19.6 19.2

11.7 12.0 12.0 12.3 12.6

14.2 14.5 15.9 16.9 17.8

45 496 46 034 47 269 48 933 49 580

238 238 300 245 251

59 441 60 693 62 951 64 834 66 449

345 359 383 382 376

1990 ........................................................... 1991 ........................................................... 199211 ........................................................ 199312 ........................................................ 199413 ........................................................

200016 ........................................................ 2001 ...........................................................

White Alone, Not Hispanic18 2002 ........................................................... 2003 ........................................................... 200417 ........................................................ 2005 ...........................................................

80 968 81 675 81 795 82 387 83 737

90 030 90 682

81 166 81 148 81 628 82 003

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.1 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.4

2.2 2.3

2.2 2.4 2.6 2.5

5.4 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.2

4.2 4.4

4.4 4.1 4.0 3.9

6.3 6.6 6.8 6.7 6.9

6.1 6.1

6.0 6.2 6.1 5.9

12.5 12.7 13.2 13.0 13.2

11.6 11.8

11.4 11.3 11.7 11.3

12.2 12.6 12.2 12.5 12.1

11.4 11.5

11.1 10.9 10.9 10.9

16.8 16.4 16.2 16.0 16.0

14.9 15.0

14.4 14.5 14.3 14.6

20.3 20.2 19.9 19.4 18.9

19.1 18.5

18.7 18.7 19.0 19.1

11.6 11.3 11.5 11.1 11.6

12.4 12.4

13.1 12.4 12.2 12.1

12.8 12.5 12.4 13.2 13.7

18.2 18.0

18.8 19.4 19.1 19.7

45 232 44 125 43 919 43 849 44 336

49 782 49 093

50 911 50 702 50 546 50 784

207 214 213 255 249

220 230

200 245 231 172

56 356 55 243 55 352 57 585 58 676

67 169 66 732

67 428 67 798 67 440 68 603

1Implementation of a new Curent Population Survey (CPS) Annual Social and Economic Supplements (ASEC) processing system. 2Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls. 3Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design. 4Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 5Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data that were derived using linear interpolation. 6First-year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 7Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income. 8Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design. 9Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design. 10Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 11Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 12Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on

252 240 247 333 341

288 287

287 288 293 303

selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999, Social Security limits increased to $49,999, Supplemental Security Income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999, veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999, and child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999.

13Introduction of 1990 census sample design. 14Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race. 15Implementation of the 2000 census-based population controls. 16Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. 17Data revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 18Beginning with the 2003 CPS, respondents were allowed to choose one or more races. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The

use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing the data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2000 through American FactFinder. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2000. 19For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group.

464 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS) Table 13-2. Households, by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 1967–2005 —Continued (Number in thousands, percent, dollars; income in 2005 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars.) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year

Number (thousands)

Total

Under $5,000

Percent distribution

$5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $25,000 $35,000 $50,000 $75,000 $100,000 to to to to to to to and $9,999 $14,999 $24,999 $34,999 $49,999 $74,999 $99,000 over

Median income (dollars)

Value

Standard error

Mean income (dollars)

Value

Standard error

White, Not Hispanic19 19723 ......................................................... 1973 ........................................................... 19744,5 .......................................................

58 005 59 236 60 164

100.0 100.0 100.0

2.9 2.5 2.2

6.7 6.4 6.4

6.5 6.7 7.0

12.6 12.7 13.1

12.8 12.3 13.5

19.8 19.4 19.2

22.3 22.3 22.4

9.3 10.3 9.2

7.1 7.4 6.9

41 727 42 299 40 896

198 198 201

47 967 48 594 47 545

214 206 208

1980 ........................................................... 1981 ........................................................... 1982 ........................................................... 19838 ......................................................... 1984 ...........................................................

68 106 68 996 69 214 ... 70 586

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.1 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.2

6.0 6.1 6.1 5.9 5.5

7.0 7.0 7.0 6.7 6.9

13.2 13.8 13.3 13.6 12.8

12.8 13.0 13.2 12.9 13.0

17.9 17.4 18.0 17.8 17.3

21.9 21.6 20.6 20.7 20.8

10.5 10.1 10.4 10.4 11.1

8.6 8.7 8.9 9.4 10.3

42 667 41 935 41 582 ... 43 160

108 213 209 ... 240

49 814 49 311 49 733 ... 52 014

224 205 213 ... 232

19755 ......................................................... 19766 ......................................................... 1977 ........................................................... 1978 ........................................................... 19797 .........................................................

61 533 62 365 63 721 64 836 67 203

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.3 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.1

6.7 6.7 6.5 6.0 6.0

7.3 6.7 7.3 6.9 6.6

13.9 14.0 13.4 13.0 12.7

13.3 13.1 13.0 12.4 12.6

19.4 18.7 18.4 17.7 17.5

21.7 22.2 22.3 22.6 22.7

9.3 9.7 9.7 10.9 10.6

6.1 6.7 7.3 8.6 9.2

39 760 41 012 41 380 43 490 43 609

211 239 233 229 242

46 243 47 484 48 160 50 700 51 229

224 212 227 218 224

19859 ......................................................... 1986 ........................................................... 198710 ........................................................ 1988 ........................................................... 1989 ...........................................................

71 540 72 067 73 120 74 067 74 495

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.3 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.8

5.6 5.5 5.3 5.3 4.8

6.8 6.3 6.2 5.9 6.2

12.5 12.1 12.2 12.2 12.3

12.7 12.2 11.9 11.8 11.5

16.7 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.4

21.1 21.4 21.2 20.9 20.7

11.3 11.8 12.2 12.2 12.2

11.0 12.1 12.6 13.2 14.0

44 069 45 491 46 364 46 893 47 221

225 235 270 263 231

53 382 55 535 56 630 57 383 58 988

242 255 263 270 289

199514 ........................................................ 1996 ........................................................... 1997 ........................................................... 1998 ........................................................... 199915 ........................................................

76 932 77 240 77 936 78 577 79 819

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1.9 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.9

4.6 4.7 4.5 4.1 3.9

6.0 6.2 6.0 5.7 5.7

12.6 12.4 12.1 11.3 11.5

11.6 11.6 11.0 10.9 10.8

16.0 15.2 15.4 15.1 14.9

20.0 20.1 19.5 20.0 19.5

12.2 12.5 12.6 12.8 13.0

15.1 15.4 16.9 18.0 19.0

47 292 48 049 49 215 50 759 51 726

247 330 257 292 327

61 380 62 529 64 968 66 910 68 628

368 ... ... 409 406

1990 ........................................................... 1991 ........................................................... 199211 ........................................................ 199312 ........................................................ 199413 ........................................................

200016 ........................................................ 2001 ........................................................... Black Alone or in Combination 2002 ........................................................... 2003 ........................................................... 200417 ........................................................ 2005 ...........................................................

Black Alone20 2002 ........................................................... 2003 ........................................................... 200417 ........................................................ 2005 ...........................................................

75 035 75 625 75 107 75 697 77 004

80 527 80 818 13 778 13 969 14 151 14 399

13 465 13 629 13 809 14 002

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1.9 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.3

2.1 2.1 6.4 6.6 7.6 6.8

6.5 6.7 7.6 6.8

5.2 5.3 5.2 5.2 4.8

4.0 4.2

10.0 9.9 9.6 10.3

10.1 10.0 9.7 10.3

6.0 6.3 6.5 6.4 6.6

6.0 5.9 8.9 9.6 8.8 8.9

9.0 9.5 8.9 8.9

12.2 12.4 12.8 12.6 12.8

11.0 11.3 15.6 15.3 15.8 16.1

15.6 15.3 15.9 16.1

12.0 12.4 12.0 12.3 11.9

11.1 11.1 13.8 13.4 13.8 12.5

13.8 13.4 13.8 12.6

16.8 16.4 16.1 15.9 16.0

14.6 14.7 15.5 14.7 14.8 15.0

15.5 14.7 14.7 15.1

20.6 20.5 20.3 19.9 19.3

19.2 18.7 14.0 15.3 14.9 15.2

14.0 15.2 14.8 15.1

11.9 11.7 11.9 11.5 12.0

12.8 12.8 7.7 7.5 7.5 7.4

7.7 7.5 7.4 7.3

13.3 13.1 13.0 13.9 14.3

19.3 19.1

8.1 7.8 7.2 7.9

8.0 7.7 7.2 7.8

46 266 45 179 45 393 45 463 45 767

51 717 51 065

31 672 31 506 31 246 30 954

31 509 31 460 31 101 30 858

216 222 281 266 242

207 212

417 396 286 295

424 410 323 301

57 599 56 427 56 758 59 103 60 171

69 213 68 863

43 784 42 784 42 122 42 727

43 433 42 588 41 992 42 454

3Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design. 4Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 5Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data that were derived using linear interpolation. 6First-year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 7Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income. 8Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design. 9Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design. 10Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 11Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 12Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on

261 252 262 353 357

311 312 510 453 447 465

502 456 455 461

selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999, Social Security limits increased to $49,999, Supplemental Security Income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999, veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999, and child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999.

13Introduction of 1990 census sample design. 14Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race. 15Implementation of the 2000 census-based population controls. 16Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. 17Data revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 19For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. 20Black alone refers to persons who reported Black and did not report any other race category.

. . . = Not available.

CHAPTER 13: INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES (CENSUS BUREAU) 465 Table 13-2. Households, by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 1967–2005 —Continued (Number in thousands, percent, dollars; income in 2005 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars.) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year Black19 19671 ......................................................... 1968 ........................................................... 1969 ...........................................................

Number (thousands)

5 728 5 870 6 053

Total

100.0 100.0 100.0

Under $5,000 9.4 7.9 7.8

Percent distribution

$5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $25,000 $35,000 $50,000 $75,000 $100,000 to to to to to to to and $9,999 $14,999 $24,999 $34,999 $49,999 $74,999 $99,000 over 14.3 13.8 13.6

13.5 12.1 11.3

20.6 21.7 20.3

16.3 15.2 16.6

13.7 15.2 15.0

8.7 10.5 11.4

2.0 2.7 3.1

1.4 0.9 0.9

Median income (dollars)

Value

Standard error

21 422 22 639 24 150

357 329 356

Mean income (dollars)

Value

Standard error

25 741 27 573 28 749

287 290 306

1970 ........................................................... 19712 ......................................................... 19723 ......................................................... 1973 ........................................................... 19744,5 .......................................................

6 180 6 578 6 809 7 040 7 263

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

7.8 7.0 6.9 6.1 5.3

13.6 14.3 13.3 12.8 14.6

11.7 12.3 12.7 12.3 12.5

18.9 19.5 19.3 19.1 19.7

16.0 15.8 14.4 15.1 15.2

15.5 15.2 15.3 16.0 15.5

11.9 11.3 12.8 12.8 12.2

3.4 3.4 3.5 3.8 3.7

1.3 1.1 1.7 2.0 1.4

24 107 23 253 24 014 24 681 24 115

331 346 360 384 291

29 436 28 814 30 335 30 649 29 992

318 296 324 304 267

1980 ........................................................... 1981 ........................................................... 1982 ........................................................... 19838 ......................................................... 1984 ...........................................................

8 847 8 961 8 916 9 243 9 480

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

6.0 6.7 7.2 7.3 6.4

15.5 15.6 15.5 15.9 15.2

12.1 12.7 12.0 12.0 12.2

18.6 18.7 18.6 17.7 18.1

13.0 12.9 12.7 13.8 13.7

15.3 13.8 15.1 13.6 14.1

12.6 12.7 12.8 12.7 11.7

4.7 4.9 4.1 4.8 5.4

2.3 2.0 2.0 2.4 3.2

24 153 23 197 23 178 23 192 24 087

456 390 372 433 463

31 347 30 473 30 496 30 892 32 124

386 369 382 379 395

19755 ......................................................... 19766 ......................................................... 1977 ........................................................... 1978 ........................................................... 19797 .........................................................

7 489 7 776 7 977 8 066 8 586

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5.5 4.9 4.7 4.6 5.5

15.4 15.1 15.6 15.1 14.7

13.4 12.7 12.3 12.5 11.9

18.0 19.8 19.5 17.3 18.1

14.7 13.4 15.1 13.5 14.1

15.6 15.6 14.1 15.9 14.2

12.4 13.0 12.7 13.0 14.0

3.5 4.0 4.3 5.7 5.1

1.4 1.6 1.8 2.4 2.4

23 691 23 899 23 944 25 652 25 248

349 296 321 542 461

29 572 30 535 30 679 32 783 32 397

262 272 273 428 399

19859 ......................................................... 1986 ........................................................... 198710 ........................................................ 1988 ........................................................... 1989 ...........................................................

9 797 9 922 10 192 10 561 10 486

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

6.3 7.6 6.9 6.1 6.7

15.0 14.6 15.5 15.8 14.2

11.0 10.5 10.8 10.5 10.1

17.1 16.5 16.2 16.3 16.2

14.3 13.1 13.3 13.1 12.9

13.8 13.7 14.0 13.4 14.2

13.3 14.5 13.3 13.6 14.1

6.0 5.3 5.5 6.5 6.7

3.1 4.1 4.6 4.6 5.0

25 642 25 626 25 755 26 015 27 492

498 503 496 542 559

33 457 34 381 34 775 35 640 36 480

434 467 478 520 496

199514 ........................................................ 1996 ........................................................... 1997 ........................................................... 1998 ........................................................... 199915 ........................................................

11 577 12 109 12 474 12 579 12 838

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

6.2 6.3 5.9 6.3 5.4

12.3 11.6 11.8 11.8 10.3

9.6 10.1 9.1 8.9 8.7

16.4 17.0 16.1 16.2 15.3

13.5 13.0 13.3 12.7 12.8

14.8 14.6 15.1 14.7 15.1

14.7 15.1 15.4 14.9 15.6

7.0 6.4 7.2 7.1 7.5

5.3 6.0 6.0 7.3 9.3

28 485 29 089 30 383 30 321 32 694

486 572 523 475 609

38 670 40 211 39 980 40 832 45 055

661 785 574 545 647

3.5 4.7 3.9 4.5

10.1 9.3 8.9 8.5

9.8 6.9 8.5 7.2

13.3 12.9 12.9 12.5

17.7 17.9 19.6 19.0

13.4 13.1 12.6 13.3

24.6 25.3 26.0 27.3

56 757 58 645 59 370 61 048

859 1 307 1 197 729

75 418 73 661 78 677 79 997

1990 ........................................................... 1991 ........................................................... 199211 ........................................................ 199312 ........................................................ 199413 ........................................................

200016 ........................................................ 2001 ........................................................... Asian Alone or in Combination 2002 ........................................................... 2003 ........................................................... 200417 ........................................................ 2005 ...........................................................

Asian Alone21 2002 ........................................................... 2003 ........................................................... 200417 ........................................................ 2005 ...........................................................

10 671 11 083 11 269 11 281 11 655

13 174 13 315 4 079 4 235 4 346 4 500

3 917 4 040 4 123 4 273

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

6.9 7.4 7.7 7.6 6.5

5.5 6.2 4.1 4.8 3.7 4.3

4.1 4.9 3.7 4.3

14.4 14.7 15.1 13.8 13.6

9.4 9.9 3.5 4.9 3.7 3.5

3.4 5.0 3.7 3.5

10.9 10.9 10.5 11.4 10.1

8.2 8.2

3.5 4.7 4.0 4.6

15.3 15.2 16.3 16.2 16.9

15.8 15.5

10.1 9.3 8.9 8.5

12.9 13.0 12.9 13.6 12.9

13.3 13.5

9.8 6.7 8.5 7.1

14.0 14.2 13.8 13.7 13.0

15.5 15.5

13.1 12.9 12.7 12.2

14.9 14.2 13.6 12.6 14.2

16.2 15.5

17.6 17.9 19.5 19.2

5.6 6.0 5.5 5.9 7.0

7.8 8.1

13.5 13.1 12.6 13.1

5.1 4.3 4.6 5.1 5.9

8.2 7.6

24.9 25.6 26.4 27.5

27 048 26 287 25 573 25 986 27 397

33 630 32 499

57 127 59 109 59 427 61 094

617 552 522 514 509

445 383

1 000 1 161 1 263 712

35 938 35 004 34 702 36 225 38 123

44 411 43 282

76 038 74 257 79 076 80 096

1Implementation of a new Curent Population Survey (CPS) Annual Social and Economic Supplements (ASEC) processing system. 2Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls. 3Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design. 4Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 5Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data that were derived using linear interpolation. 6First-year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 7Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income. 8Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design. 9Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design. 10Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 11Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 12Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on

485 457 470 601 547

450 457

1 434 1 267 1 485 1 396

1 483 1 315 1 529 1 413

selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999, Social Security limits increased to $49,999, Supplemental Security Income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999, veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999, and child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999.

13Introduction of 1990 census sample design. 14Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race. 15Implementation of the 2000 census-based population controls. 16Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. 17Data revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 19For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. 21Asian alone refers to persons who reported Asian and did not report any other race category.

466 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Table 13-2. Households, by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 1967–2005 —Continued (Number in thousands, percent, dollars; income in 2005 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars.) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year

Number (thousands)

Total

Under $5,000

Percent distribution

$5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $25,000 $35,000 $50,000 $75,000 $100,000 to to to to to to to and $9,999 $14,999 $24,999 $34,999 $49,999 $74,999 $99,000 over

Asian and Pacific Islander19 198710 ........................................................ 1988 ........................................................... 1989 ...........................................................

... 1 913 1 988

100.0 100.0 100.0

4.3 3.0 2.9

4.1 4.2 2.9

5.4 4.6 5.7

12.9 12.3 9.8

199514 ........................................................ 1996 ........................................................... 1997 ........................................................... 1998 ........................................................... 199915 ........................................................

2 777 2 998 3 125 3 308 3 742

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

4.5 3.7 4.1 4.2 3.9

3.7 4.9 3.8 3.7 3.6

6.6 4.6 5.6 4.3 4.2

10.0 9.8 9.1 9.5 8.6

1990 ........................................................... 1991 ........................................................... 199211 ........................................................ 199312 ........................................................ 199413 ........................................................

200016 ........................................................ 2001 ...........................................................

1 958 2 094 2 262 2 233 2 040

3 963 4 071

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0

3.8 3.4 4.1 4.5 4.3

3.5 4.1

Hispanic22 19723 ......................................................... 1973 ........................................................... 19744,5 .......................................................

2 655 2 722 2 897

100.0 100.0 100.0

3.3 2.7 2.7

1980 ........................................................... 1981 ........................................................... 1982 ........................................................... 19838 ......................................................... 1984 ...........................................................

3 906 3 980 4 085 4 666 4 883

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

4.2 3.7 4.6 4.5 4.7

19755 ......................................................... 19766 ......................................................... 1977 ........................................................... 1978 ........................................................... 19797 .........................................................

2 948 3 081 3 304 3 291 3 684

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

4.1 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.3

199514 ........................................................ 1996 ........................................................... 1997 ........................................................... 1998 ........................................................... 199915 ........................................................

7 939 8 225 8 590 9 060 9 579

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

4.5 4.0 4.3 4.2 3.5

200016 ........................................................ 2001 ........................................................... 2002 ........................................................... 2003 ........................................................... 200417 ........................................................ 2005 ...........................................................

10 034 10 499 11 339 11 693 12 178 12 519

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

4.1 3.6

19.5 19.0 19.5

52 959 51 163 54 887

1 969 2 103 1 484

... 63 965 68 232

... 1 911 1 986

8.7 9.2 8.4 9.0 8.2

14.8 15.2 14.8 14.4 15.1

19.7 17.4 19.5 18.0 16.9

13.5 14.2 12.6 14.2 13.5

18.5 20.9 22.0 22.9 26.0

51 662 53 609 54 882 55 780 59 695

1 296 1 921 1 526 1 552 2 104

70 252 70 049 71 427 72 012 78 937

2 834 2 512 2 214 2 080 2 001

8.3 11.8 8.7 10.1 9.0

8.0 9.3

9.1 9.4

13.6 14.6 13.9 12.7 14.7

13.2 13.3

23.1 18.7 20.7 17.8 18.8

18.0 18.1

17.3 17.2 17.2

20.2 19.5 19.5

16.5 15.6 15.6

8.9 8.1 9.4 10.1 9.8

9.3 10.6 11.3 11.6 10.4

18.8 17.9 18.2 16.9 16.6

15.6 14.9 15.1 15.6 13.9

17.4 18.6 17.2 17.1 17.9

16.7 16.2 14.9 14.9 16.5

19.0 17.9 18.6 18.3 18.9

14.2 15.9 15.3 18.1 16.8

14.6 12.9

4.6 4.7 4.7

3.7 4.0 4.9 5.7 6.4 5.7 6.4 6.3 5.9 6.2

20.0 18.8 18.2 19.4 19.0

26.6 25.8

55 687 50 946 51 544 51 016 52 745

63 205 59 148

2.1 2.3 2.3

31 047 30 995 30 840

3.3 3.5 3.0 3.4 4.1

30 631 31 384 29 394 29 367 30 383

1.9 2.3 2.6 3.2 4.1

28 350 28 941 30 269 32 173 32 496

1 650 1 644 1 488 2 509 1 999

1 078 1 412

67 218 64 685 63 882 66 843 68 485

82 521 80 679

607 704 675

35 685 36 011 35 726

830 859 777 749 762

37 415 37 687 36 277 35 972 37 780

627 617 532 780 937

33 655 34 201 35 722 38 003 39 319

17.9 17.7 17.4 17.4 16.4

14.5 14.6 14.3 13.8 15.0

16.7 16.1 16.0 17.0 16.1

15.6 16.3 16.2 17.0 17.1

6.5 6.8 7.0 6.5 8.0

4.4 5.2 5.4 5.8 6.3

30 221 31 186 31 776 32 281 33 327

706 812 697 796 646

37 762 39 379 40 732 41 215 42 557

9.9 9.4 9.1 8.7 7.9

18.8 18.5 16.9 16.3 16.5

14.9 14.5 14.1 14.6 14.6

15.8 15.9 17.0 16.5 17.4

14.1 15.2 15.8 16.5 17.0

6.5 7.0 7.1 7.6 8.8

5.4 6.1 6.8 7.6 8.2

29 079 30 853 32 297 33 884 36 016

633 598 576 653 524

39 689 42 125 43 522 45 785 47 313

8.8 9.0 9.4 9.3 10.1

9.9 10.1 10.1 10.4 10.4

3.2 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.4 3.9

5.9 5.9 6.1 5.7 6.0 6.1

7.4 7.3 6.9 7.9 7.7 7.4

10.1 9.5 9.0 8.0 6.2

16.7 16.3 17.8 16.7 15.9

13.1 13.3 13.0 13.6 14.6

10.8 9.6 9.5 8.5 8.2

3.8 3.9 4.2 4.1 4.2

16.9 16.7 17.7 17.6 17.4

16.2 16.1 16.6 16.4 17.1 16.2

Standard error

12.6 12.2 14.4

9.8 10.0 12.0 10.4 10.2

20.5 19.6 18.9 17.5 17.5

Value

20.2 19.8 20.7

19.7 19.8 19.8

10.2 10.5 10.2 9.5 8.8

Standard error

11.9 15.6 14.8

9.2 10.1 10.1

9.7 9.2 9.7 9.4 8.6

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5.0 4.5 5.5 6.1 5.4

Value

Mean income (dollars)

9.0 9.3 9.4

7.1 8.0 8.0

10.0 10.3 8.6 8.1 8.3

5 213 5 418 5 642 5 910 5 933 6 220 6 379 7 153 7 362 7 735

2.9 3.5

3.8 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.1

19859 ......................................................... 1986 ........................................................... 198710 ........................................................ 1988 ........................................................... 1989 ........................................................... 1990 ........................................................... 1991 ........................................................... 199211 ........................................................ 199312 ........................................................ 199413 ........................................................

3.2 4.9 3.9 5.4 4.1

Median income (dollars)

14.6 15.2 14.7 15.5 14.4

14.1 14.4 15.5 15.6 14.4 15.0

17.3 16.5 16.8 17.0 16.1

17.6 17.6 16.4 17.1 17.0 17.1

16.4 16.2 15.5 14.0 14.5

18.1 16.8 17.1 15.9 16.7 17.2

6.7 6.7 6.6 6.9 7.0

9.2 9.2 8.7 8.5 8.0 8.2

5.6 5.8 5.1 5.3 6.0

8.3 8.9 8.7 8.6 8.8 8.8

3Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design. 4Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 5Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data that were derived using linear interpolation. 6First-year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 7Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income. 8Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design. 9Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design. 10Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 11Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 12Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding

32 340 31 716 30 812 30 447 30 516

37 598 37 015 35 934 35 017 35 417 35 967

663 660 637 612 567

542 470 523 487 496 357

1 903 1 907 1 756 2 691 2 440

1 713 1 905

607 586 582

598 557 552 769 790 745 720 736 692 737

614 647 754 874 731

40 512 40 356 39 300 40 298 41 149

668 646 618 847 1 027

49 852 48 945 48 726 47 190 47 411 47 138

718 619 651 522 580 474

890 975 878 974 840

of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999, Social Security limits increased to $49,999, Supplemental Security Income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999, veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999, and child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 13Introduction of 1990 census sample design. 14Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race. 15Implementation of the 2000 census-based population controls. 16Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. 17Data revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC. 19For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. 22Because Hispanics may be of any race, data in this report for Hispanics overlap with data for racial groups. Hispanic origin was reported by 12.1 percent of White householders who reported only one race, 2.9 percent of Black householders who reported only one race, 27.7 percent of Amerian Indian and Alaska Native householders who reported only one race, and 9.5 percent of Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander householders who reported only one race. Data users should exercise caution when interpreting aggregate results for the Hispanic population and for race groups, because these populations consist of many distinct groups that differ in socioeconomic characteristics, culture, and recentness of immigration. Data were first collected for Hispanics in 1972. . . . = Not available.

INDEX

INDEX

A ABSENCES Defined, 6 Full-time workers, 118 ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES AND SUPPORT Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271, 293 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 410 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 years by education, 144 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101 AGE Absences from work full-time workers by age, 118 American Time Use Survey (ATUS) average hours per day spent in primary activities, 447 Children employment status of women by presence and age of children, 123 number and age of children in families, 127 Children under 3 years of age employment status of mothers, 79 Children under 18 years of age employment status of population, 77 Civilian labor force employment status, 30 participation rates, 39 Civilian noninstitutional population employment status, 11, 21 Consumer expenditures averages by age of reference person, 379 averages by income before taxes, age 25 years and under, 392 averages by income before taxes, age 25 to 34 years, 393 averages by income before taxes, age 35 to 44 years, 394 averages by income before taxes, age 45 to 54 years, 395 averages by income before taxes, age 55 to 64 years, 396 averages by income before taxes,age 65 and over, 397 Days away from work due to injury or illness, 406 Educational attainment number of employed persons age 25 years and over, 69 Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers employment status, 48 Employed civilians, 54 Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations by age of child, 131

Flexible schedules workers by selected characteristics, 154 Labor management relations union membership, 418 Median annual earnings of full-time workers, 146 Multiple jobholder statistics, 72 Number of and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 113 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 409 Occupation of longest job held, workers age 25 to 64 years, 142 Participation rates of persons age 25 to 64 years, 138 Percent distribution of employed civilians, 53 Percent distribution of the labor force age 25 to 64 years, 136 Percent of the population with work experience, 107 Persons not in the labor force, 51 Population ratios, 63 Projections of labor force and employment civilian labor force by age, 224 Shifts usually worked workers by selected characteristics, 157 Tenure of full-time workers by age, 119 Unemployed persons, 105 Unemployment rates, 82, 83, 92 AGRICULTURE Civilians employed by, 68 Class of workers, 68 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 410 nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 years by education, 144 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Salaried workers, 68 Self-employed workers, 68 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101 Unpaid family workers, 68 Wage earners, 68 AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURING Benefits, 297 Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 AIR FREIGHT Export Price Indexes, 363 Import Price Indexes, 363 AIR PASSENGER FARES Export Price Indexes, 363 Import Price Indexes, 363 AIR TRANSPORTATION Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167

469

470 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Producer Price Indexes, 326 ALTERNATIVE WORK ARRANGEMENTS Employed workers by health insurance and pension plans, 151 Employed workers by work arrangements, 150 Median weekly earnings, 152 AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY (ATUS) Age average hours per day spent in primary activities, 447 Average hours per day spent in primary activities caring for household children under age 18 years, 452 leisure and sports activities, 455 persons reporting activity on the diary day, 443 persons reporting on the diary day, 446 population age 18 years and over, 453 population by age, sex, race, and ethnicity, 447 total population, 446, 447 Average hours worked on weekdays and weekends, 448, 449 Average hours worked per day at all jobs, 450 Average hours worked per day at main job, 449, 451 Defined, 444, 445 Educational attainment average hours per day spent in primary activities, 447 Hispanic origin average hours per day spent in primary activities, 447 Race average hours per day spent in primary activities, 447 Sex average hours per day spent in primary activities, 447 Survey methodology, 444 AMERICAS Hourly compensation costs, 433 ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND VEGETABLE OILS Export Price Indexes, 348 Import Price Indexes, 354 APPAREL PRODUCTS Consumer Price Indexes, 343 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export Price Indexes, 348 Import Price Indexes, 354 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Productivity and costs, 263 ARMED FORCES Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 410 Occupation of longest job held, 142 ASIAN Consumer expenditures averages by race of reference person, 380 Defined, 5

Income households by total money income, 462 Labor management relations union membership, 418 ASIAN NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES Hourly compensation costs, 433 Import Price Indexes, 360 AT WORK PART-TIME FOR ECONOMIC REASONS Defined, 5 AT WORK PART-TIME FOR NONECONOMIC REASONS Defined, 5 AUSTRALIA Consumer Price Indexes, 434, 435 Employment-population ratios, 438 Employment status of the working-age population, 429 Gross domestic product per capita, 436 Gross domestic product per employed person, 437 Hourly compensation costs, 433 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 431 AUSTRIA Consumer Price Indexes, 434, 435 Employment-population ratios, 438 Gross domestic product per capita, 436 Gross domestic product per employed person, 437 Hourly compensation costs, 433 AVAILABILITY FOR WORK Persons not in the labor force employment statistics, 51 AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS Defined, 163 Manufacturing payrolls, 185, 188 Nonfarm payrolls, 184 Production workers by state, 188 AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS Average weekly overtime hours of production workers, 173 Defined, 163 AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS Defined, 164 Nonfarm payrolls, 186 Production workers, 187 AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS Defined, 163 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of nonfarm workers, 174 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 175 Production workers by state or territory, 181 manufacturing payrolls, 172 private nonfarm payrolls, 171

INDEX 471

B BANKING Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 BELGIUM Consumer Price Indexes, 434, 435 Employment-population ratios, 438 Gross domestic product per capita, 436 Gross domestic product per employed person, 437 Hourly compensation costs, 433 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 431 BENEFITS Collection of statistics, 310 Compensation of employees compensation costs per hour worked, 302, 304 Employment Cost Index, 271 Defined, 270 Employee Benefits Survey, 310 Employment Cost Index, 297 Medical care benefits percent of participants required to contribute, 312 Occupations, 297 Percent of workers participating in selected benefits, 311 State and local government workers, 297 BLACK Defined, 5 Race, generally see RACE BLUE COLLAR WORKERS Benefits, 297 Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271, 293 BONUSES Defined, 270 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS (BLS) Collection of data, 4 BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS (BED) Concepts, 194 Defined, 194 Highlights, 193 Private sector gross job gains and job losses, 195, 196, 197 Sources of additional information, 194 BUSINESS SECTOR Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Indexes of productivity and related data, 254 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Output defined, 252

C CABLE AND PAY TELEVISION SERVICES Producer Price Indexes, 326 CANADA Consumer Price Indexes, 434, 435 Employment-population ratios, 438 Employment status of the working-age population, 429 Gross domestic product per capita, 436 Gross domestic product per employed person, 437 Hourly compensation costs, 433 Import Price Indexes, 360 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 431 CAPITAL SERVICES Defined, 253 CENSUS BUREAU see INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export Price Indexes, 348 Import Price Indexes, 354 Occupational safety and health nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Productivity and costs, 263 CHILDREN Age employment status of women by presence and age of children, 123 number and age of children in families, 127 Average hours per day spent caring for household children, 452 Defined, 6 Number and age of children in families, 127 Status of all women by the presence and age of children, 123 Status of women who maintain families, 125 CHILDREN UNDER 3 YEARS OF AGE Employment status of mothers, 79 CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE Employment status of population, 77 CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Age employed civilians, 54 employment status by, 30 participation rates, 39 percent distribution of employed civilians, 53 population ratios, 63 Benefits, 297 Defined, 4 Employed civilians by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and occupation, 66, 67

472 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Employment statistics, 53 Foreign labor and price statistics employment status of the working-age population, 429 Hispanic origin employed civilians, 54 employment status, 30 occupational statistics, 66, 67 participation rates, 39 percent distribution of labor force, 3 population ratios, 63 Marital status employment status, 17 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Occupations with the largest job growth, 229 Participation rates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 39 Percent distribution of employed civilians by age, 53 Percent distribution of labor force by race, sex, and Hispanic origin, 3 Percent distribution of the labor force age 25 to 64 years, 136 Population ratios, 63 Projections of labor force and employment by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, 224 Race employed civilians, 54 employment status, 17, 30 occupational statistics, 66, 67 participation rates, 39 percent distribution of labor force, 3 population ratios, 63 Sex employed civilians, 54 employment status, 17, 30 occupational statistics, 66, 67 participation rates, 39 percent distribution of labor force, 3 population ratios, 63 Unemployment rates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 82, 83, 92 Unemployment rates by selected characteristics, 82, 83, 92 CIVILIAN NONINSTITUTIONAL POPULATION Age, employment status by, 11, 21 Defined, 4 Division employment status by, 20 Employment status, 9, 10, 11 Hispanic origin employment status by, 11, 21 Marital status employment status by, 17 Race employment status, 11, 17, 21

Region employment status, 20 Sex employment status, 10, 11, 17, 21, 30 States employment status, 20 Unemployment in families, 74, 76 CLASS OF WORKER Jobs held the longest by industry and class of worker, 108 Unemployed persons by class and industry, 102 CLERICAL SERVICES Consumer Price Indexes, 341 COAL MINING Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Producer Price Indexes, 326 COLLEGES Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271, 293 Total job openings by education cluster, 231 COMMODITIES Consumer Price Indexes, 337 Export Price Indexes, 348 Producer Price Indexes, 324 COMMUNICATIONS Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES Benefits collection of statistics, 310 compensation costs per hour worked, 302, 304, 308, 309 Employee Benefits Survey, 310 Employment Cost Index, 297 percent of workers participating in selected benefits, 311 Collection of statistics, 270 Concepts, 270 Defined, 301, 313 Employment Cost Index benefits, 297 compensation costs per hour worked, 302, 304, 308, 309 private industry workers, 271 state and local government workers, 293 union workers, 288 Foreign labor and price statistics hourly compensation costs, 433 Highlights, 269

INDEX 473

Hours state and local government, 308, 309 Local government workers Employment Cost Index, 293 Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours full-time and part-time workers, 317 metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, 316 private industry, 315 state and local government, 315 Private industry workers Employment Cost Index, 271 Sources of additional information, 301 State and local government workers costs per hour worked, 308, 309 Employment Cost Index, 293 Unions Employment Cost Index, 288 Union workers, 288 COMPUTER EQUIPMENT Export Price Indexes, 348 Import Price Indexes, 354 CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 410 nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101 Workers defined, 163 CONSUMER EXPENDITURES Age of reference person, 379 Annual average of all consumer units, 370 Averages by age of reference person, 379 Averages by composition of consumer unit, 378 Averages by education of reference person, 382 Averages by higher income before taxes, 373 Averages by Hispanic origin of reference person, 381 Averages by housing tenure and type of area, 383 Averages by income before taxes, 372 Averages by income before taxes, age 25 years and under, 392 Averages by income before taxes, age 25 to 34 years, 393 Averages by income before taxes, age 35 to 44 years, 394 Averages by income before taxes, age 45 to 54 years, 395 Averages by income before taxes, age 55 to 64 years, 396

Averages by income before taxes, age 65 years and over, 397 Averages by number of earners, 376 Averages by occupation of reference person, 375 Averages by occupation of reference person, 375 Averages by population size of area of residence, 384 Averages by quintiles of income before taxes, 374 Averages by race of reference person, 380 Averages by region of residence, 385 Averages by selected metropolitan statistical areas Midwest region, 388 Northeast region, 386 South region, 387 West region, 389 Averages by size of consumer unit, 377 Averages for age groups by income before taxes reference person under age 25 years, 392 reference person age 25 to 34 years, 393 reference person age 35 to 44 years, 394 reference person age 45 to 54 years, 395 reference person age 55 to 64 years, 396 reference person age 65 years and over, 397 Averages for single men by income before taxes, 390 Averages for single women by income before taxes, 391 Collection of data, 368 Composition of consumer unit, 378 Data included, 369 Defined, 368 Diary Survey, 368 Educational attainment averages by education of reference person, 382 Higher income before taxes, 373 Hispanic origin of reference person, 381 Housing tenure and type of area, 383 Income before taxes, 372 Interview Survey, 368 Midwest region, 388 Northeast region, 386 Occupation of reference person, 375 Population size of area of residence, 384 Purpose of the Consumer Expenditure Survey, 368 Quintiles of income before taxes, 374 Race of reference person, 380 Region of residence, 385 Shares of average annual expenditures of all consumer units, 371 Single men by income before taxes, 390 Single women by income before taxes, 391 Size of consumer unit, 377 Sources of additional information, 369 South region, 387 West region, 389 CONSUMER EXPENDITURE SURVEY Purpose of the survey, 368

474 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

CONSUMER PRICE INDEXES (CPI) All items and medical care, 333 Clerical services, 341 Collection of data, 334 Coverage of the CPI, 334 Current methodology, 334 Defined, 334 Expenditure categories, 343 Foreign countries, 434, 435 Medical care, 333 Percent change in prices of fuel products, 321 Periodic updating, 334 Purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 339 Regional indexes, 345 Relative importance of components in the CPI, 344 Research series, using current methods, 346 Sources of additional information, 335 Urban consumers commodity, service, and special groups, 337 major groups, 336 purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 339 selected groups, 339 U.S. city average, 336, 343 Urban wage earners, 341 CONSUMER UNITS Consumer expenditures annual average of all consumer units, 370 averages by composition of consumer unit, 378 averages by size of consumer unit, 377 shares of annual average expenditures of all consumer units, 371 Defined, 369 CONTINGENT WORKERS Collection of data, 147 Defined, 147 Employed workers by health insurance and pension plans, 151 Employed workers by occupation and industry, 149 Employed workers by selected characteristics, 148 Employed workers by work arrangements, 150 Median weekly earnings, 152 Sources of additional information, 147 CONTRACTORS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 404 COSTS Productivity and related costs see PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS COVERED WORKERS Employment and average annual pay for covered workers, 191, 192

CRUDE MATERIALS Export Price Indexes, 348 Import Price Indexes, 354 D DAYS AWAY FROM WORK Defined, 402 Occupational safety and health number of injuries and illnesses involving days away from work, 406, 408 DAYS OF IDLENESS Defined, 416 DECLINES Industries with the largest output growth and declines, 230 DEFINITIONS Absences, 6 American Time Use Survey (ATUS), 444 Asian, 5 At work part-time for economic reasons, 5 At work part-time for noneconomic reasons, 5 Average hourly earnings, 163 Average hours per day, 444 Average overtime hours, 163 Average weekly earnings, 164 Average weekly hours, 163 Benefits, 270 Black, 5 Bonuses, 270 Business Employment Dynamics (BED), 194 Business sector output, 252 Capital services, 253 Caring for and helping household members, 445 Caring for and helping non-household members, 445 Children, 6 Civilian labor force, 4 Civilian noninstitutional population, 4 Compensation of employees, 301 Construction workers, 163 Consumer Expenditure Survey, 368 Consumer Price Index, 334 Consumer unit, 369 Contingent workers, 147 Days away from work, 402 Days of idleness, 416 Diary day, 444 Discouraged workers, 5 Duration of unemployment, 4 Earner, 369 Earnings, 6, 313 Eating and drinking, 444 Educational activities, 445 Educational attainment, 6

INDEX 475

Employed, 444 Employed full-time, 444 Employed part-time, 444 Employed persons, 4 Employment Cost Index, 270 Employment-population ratio, 4 Establishments, 202 Expenditures, 369 Export Price Indexes, 347 Extent of unemployment, 6 Family, 6 Fatal occupational injuries, 402 Foreign labor and price statistics, 428 Full-time worker, 313 Hispanic origin, 6 Household, 6 Household activities, 444 Household children, 444 Householder, 369 Implicit deflator, 252 Import Price Indexes, 347 Incentive worker, 313 Incidence, 310 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls, 163 Indexes of hourly compensation, 252 Indexes of labor input, 253 Indexes of total compensation, 253 Indexes of unit labor, 252 Indexes of unit labor costs, 253 Industry classification, 162 Industry employment, 162 Industry hours and earnings, 163 Labor input, 253 Labor input measures, 252 Leisure, 445 Major work stoppages, 416 Manufacturing multifactor productivity index, 253 Marital status, 6 Mean wages, 202 Minimum wage, 6 Multifactor productivity growth, 253 Multifactor productivity measures, 253 Multiple jobholders, 5 Net output values, 322 Nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses, 402 Nonlabor payments, 252 Nonsupervisory workers, 163 Nonunion worker, 313 Not employed, 444 Occupation, industry, and class of worker, 5 Occupational illness, 402 Occupational injury, 402 Occupational safety and health, 402 Occupational statistics, 202

Occupations, 202 Organizational, civic, and religious activities, 445 Output index, 253 Output per hour, 252 Overtime hours, 163 Participation, 310 Participation rate, 4 Part-time worker, 313 Payroll, 163 Personal care activities, 444 Persons not in the labor force, 5 Persons with work experience, 6 Population, labor force, and employment status, 4 Primary activity, 444 Producer Price Index, 322 Production and related workers, 162 Productivity, 252 Purchasing goods and services, 445 Reasons for unemployment, 4 Recordable occupational injuries and illnesses, 402 Reference person, 369 Represented by unions, 416 Salaries, 270 Single, never married, 6 Spell of unemployment, 6 Sports, 445 Spouse present, 6 Telephone calls, mail, and e-mail, 445 Tenure, 6 Time-based worker, 313 Total compensation costs, 270 Total expenditures, 369 Total hours, 163 Unemployed persons, 4 Unemployment rate, 4 Union members, 416 Union worker, 313 Usual full- or part-time status, 5 Wages, 202 White, 5 Workers involved, 416 Working and work-related activities, 445 Year-round full-time workers, 6 DENMARK Consumer Price Indexes, 434, 435 Employment-population ratios, 438 Gross domestic product per capita, 436 Gross domestic product per employed person, 437 Hourly compensation costs, 433 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 431 DESIRE FOR WORK Persons not in the labor force employment statistics, 51

476 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

DIARY SURVEY Consumer expenditures, 368 DISCOURAGED WORKERS Defined, 5 DIVORCED PERSONS Employment status, 77 DRINKING PLACES Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 261 DURABLE GOODS Manufacturing see MANUFACTURING—DURABLE GOODS Wholesale trade see WHOLESALE TRADE—DURABLE GOODS DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT Defined, 4 Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 103 E EARNERS Consumer expenditures averages by number of earners, 376 Defined, 369 EARNINGS Aggregate weekly hours of nonfarm workers, 174 Aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 175 Average hourly earnings by state, 188 manufacturing payrolls, 185, 188 nonfarm payrolls, 184 Average weekly earnings by state and territory, 189 nonfarm payrolls, 186 production workers, 187 Covered workers employment and average annual pay for covered workers, 191, 192 Defined, 6 Distribution of employment by wage range and occupational group, 204 Education median annual earnings by educational attainment, 146 Employees on government payrolls by state, 180 Employees on manufacturing payrolls by state, 179 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Foreign labor and price statistics hourly compensation costs, 433 Highlights, 183 Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours, 315, 316, 317 Median family income by type of family, 128 Median weekly earnings of full-time workers, 135

Minimum wage workers paid hourly rates at or below minimum wage, 117 Nonsupervisory workers average hourly earnings of workers on manufacturing payrolls, 185, 188 average hourly earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls, 184 Number and annual earnings of job held longest, 114 Number of and median annual earnings of workers, 113 Production workers average hourly earnings of workers on manufacturing payrolls, 185, 188 average hourly earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls, 184 average weekly earnings, 187 States employment and average annual pay for covered workers, 191, 192 Union membership median weekly earnings of workers, 421 United States employment and average annual pay for covered workers, 192 EDUCATION Consumer Price Indexes, 343 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Age number of employed persons age 25 years and over, 69 American Time Use Survey (ATUS) average hours per day spent in primary activities, 447 Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Consumer expenditures averages by education of reference person, 382 Defined, 6 Earnings median annual earnings, 146 Employed persons age 25 years and over, 69 Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations, 133 Hispanic origin number of employed persons age 25 years and over, 69 Median annual earnings by education, 146 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Participation rates of persons age 25 to 64 years, 138 Percent distribution of the labor force age 25 to 64 years, 136 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 years, 144 Race number of employed persons age 25 years and over, 69

INDEX 477

Sex number of employed persons age 25 years and over, 69 Total job openings by education cluster, 231 Unemployment rates of persons age 25 to 64 years of age, 140 EDUCATION OCCUPATIONS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export Price Indexes, 348 Import Price Indexes, 354 Occupational safety and health nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Productivity and costs, 263 ELECTRIC, GAS, AND SANITARY SERVICES Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 EMPLOYED PERSONS Civilians by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 54 Compensation of employees see COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES Defined, 4 Full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race, 48 EMPLOYEE ASSOCIATIONS Wage and salary employees who were association members, 422 EMPLOYEE BENEFITS SURVEY Collection of data, 310 Sources of additional data, 310 EMPLOYMENT Covered workers employment and average annual pay for covered workers, 191, 192 Defined, 202 Distribution of employment by wage range and occupational group, 204 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and output by industry, 232 Employment and wages by major occupational group, 203 Employment by occupation and projections, 236 Occupational statistics see OCCUPATIONAL STATISTICS Private sector gross job gains and losses, 195, 196, 197

Sources of additional information, 164 Total job openings by education cluster, 231 Workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 184 EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION Distribution of employment by wage range and occupational group, 204 Wages by major occupational group, 203 EMPLOYMENT COST INDEX (ECI) Compensation of employees benefits, 297 compensation costs per hour worked, 302, 304, 308, 309 private industry workers, 271 state and local government workers, 293 union workers, 288 Defined, 270 Employee Benefits Survey, 310 Regions, 288 EMPLOYMENT-POPULATION RATIO Defined, 4 Foreign countries, 438 EMPLOYMENT STATUS Age status, 30 Agricultural labor statistics, 68 Children under 3 years of age parental statistics, 79 Children under 18 years of age population statistics, 77 Civilian labor force employment statistics, 30, 53 percent distribution of employed civilians, by age, 53 Civilian noninstitutional population employment statistics, 9, 10, 11 status by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, 10, 11, 21 Comparability of labor force levels, 7 Defined, 4 Divorced persons, 77 Educational attainment statistics, 69 Employed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race, 48 Families employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 74 presence and relationship of employed members, 75 unemployment by presence and relationship of employed members, 76 Flexible schedules workers by formal flextime program status, 156 workers by selected characteristics, 154 workers by sex, occupation, and industry, 155 Foreign-born population educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin, 133 median weekly earnings, 135 occupation and sex, 134

478 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

presence and age of youngest child and sex, 131 selected characteristics, 129 Full-time workers by age, sex, and race statistics, 48 Highlights, 53 Hispanic origin status by Hispanic origin, 30 Historical comparability of statistics, 7 Long-term unemployment by industry and occupation, 104 Marital status population by sex and marital status, 121 Married and ever-married women, 124 Married couples, 75, 76 Men population by sex and marital status, 121 Multiple jobholders industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 rates of employment, by selected characteristics, 71 sex, age, marital status, race, and Hispanic origin, 72 Native-born population educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin, 133 median weekly earnings, 135 occupation and sex, 134 presence and age of youngest child and sex, 131 selected characteristics, 129 Occupational and Industrial Classification System changes in, 8 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Participation rate for the labor force, 4 Participation rates of persons age 25 to 64 years, 138 Part-time workers by age, sex, and race statistics, 48 Percent distribution of the labor force age 25 to 64 years, 136 Percent of the population with experience by sex and age, 107 Persons not in the labor force desire and availability for work, 51 Population ratios, 63 Race status by race, 30 Sex status by sex, 10, 11, 17, 21, 30 Shifts usually worked workers by occupation and industry, 158 workers by selected characteristics, 157 Status of the population by sex and marital status, 121 Unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race statistics, 48 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101 Unemployed persons by class and industry, 102 Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 103 Unemployed persons by race, Hispanic origin, sex, and age, 82, 83, 92

Women employment status by presenceand age of children, 123 population by sex and marital status, 121 Work experience see WORK EXPERIENCE ESTABLISHMENTS Defined, 202 EUROPEAN UNION Hourly compensation costs, 433 Import price indexes, 360 EXCHANGE RATES Foreign labor and price statistics purchasing power parities, exchange rates, and relative prices, 440 EXECUTIVE OCCUPATIONS Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271, 293 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 years by education, 144 Unemployment rates by occupation, 101 EXPENDITURES Defined, 369 EXPORT PRICE INDEXES Air freight, 363 Air passenger fares, 363 Collection of data, 347 Coverage of the indexes, 347 Defined, 347 Percent changes for selected categories, 363 Selected categories of goods, 348 Sources of additional information, 347 EXTENT OF EMPLOYMENT Defined, 6 Number of persons with work experience during the year, 109 Percent distribution of the population with work experience, 110 Percent of population with work experience during the year, 107 EXTENT OF UNEMPLOYMENT Defined, 6 Percent distribution of unemployed persons during the year, 112 Unemployment during the year by sex, 111 F FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS Productivity and costs, 263 FABRICATORS see OPERATORS, FABRICATORS, AND LABORERS

INDEX 479

FAMILIES Defined, 6 Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 74 Median family income by type of family, 128 Medical care benefits percent of participants required to contribute, 312 Number and age of children in families, 127 Number of families and median family income, 128 Presence and relationship of employed members, 75 Status of all women by the presence and age of children, 123 Status of ever-married women and married women, 124 Status of the population by sex and marital status, 121 Status of women who maintain families, 125 Unemployed workers presence and relationship of employed family members, 76 FARMING see AGRICULTURE FASTEST-GROWING OCCUPATIONS Projections of labor force and employment, 228 FATAL OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES Defined, 402 FINANCE AND FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Occupational safety and health nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 FINLAND Hourly compensation costs, 433 FISHING see FORESTRY AND FISHING FLEXIBLE SCHEDULES Full-time workers by formal flextime program, 156 Full-time workers by selected characteristics, 154 Full-time workers by sex, occupation, and industry, 155 FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Consumer Price Indexes, 343 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export Price Indexes, 348 Import Price Indexes, 354

Occupational safety and health nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Productivity and costs, 263 FOOD SERVICES Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 261 FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION Employment status educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin, 133 median weekly earnings, 135 occupation and sex, 134 presence and age of youngest child and sex, 131 selected characteristics, 129 FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS Civilian labor force employment status of the working-age population, 429 Collection of data, 428 Compensation of employees hourly compensation costs, 433 Consumer Price Indexes, 434, 435 Defined, 428 Employment-population ratios, 438 Exchange rates purchasing power parities, exchange rates, and relative prices, 440 Gross domestic product real gross domestic product per capita, 436 real gross domestic product per capita and per employed person, 437, 439 Highlights, 427 Hourly compensation costs, 433 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 431 Prices purchasing power parities, exchange rates, and relative prices, 440 Purchasing power parities, exchange rates, and relative prices, 440 Purchasing power parities, exchange rates, and relative prices, 440 Status of the working-age population, 429 Unemployment rates, 427, 429 FORESTRY AND FISHING Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 410 nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 years by education, 144 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101

480 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

FRANCE Consumer Price Indexes, 434, 435 Employment-population ratios, 438 Employment status of the working-age population, 429 Gross domestic product per capita, 436 Gross domestic product per employed person, 437 Hourly compensation costs, 433 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 431 FUEL OIL AND OTHER FUELS Consumer Price Indexes, 343 FULL-TIME WORKERS Absences from work, 118 Benefits percent of workers participating in selected benefits, 311 Earnings median usual weekly earnings of workers, 135 Education median annual earnings by educational attainment, 146 Employment status by age, sex, and race, 48 Occupation of longest job held, 114 Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours, 317 Minimum wage workers paid hourly rates below minimum wage, 117 Number of and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 113 Tenure wage and salary workers by industry, 120 wage and salary workers by sex and age, 119 Usual full-time status defined, 5 FURNITURE AND FIXTURES Consumer Price Indexes, 343 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export Price Indexes, 348 Import Price Indexes, 354 Occupational safety and health nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Productivity and costs, 263 G GASOLINE Consumer Price Indexes, 343 Percent change in prices of fuel products, 321 GENDER see SEX GERMANY, FORMER WEST Hourly compensation costs, 433 GERMANY, UNIFIED Consumer Price Indexes, 434, 435 Employment-population ratios, 438

Employment status of the working-age population, 429 Gross domestic product per capita, 436 Gross domestic product per employed person, 437 Hourly compensation costs, 433 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 431 GOVERNMENT WORKERS Benefits, 297 Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 293 Employees on government payrolls by state, 180 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours, 315 Nonagricultural industries, 68 GREECE Hourly compensation costs, 433 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) Foreign labor and price statistics purchasing power parities, exchange rates, and relative prices, 440 real GDP per capita, 436 real GDP per capita and per employed person, 439 real GDP per employed person, 437 GROWTH Industries with the largest output growth and declines, 230 H HEALTH Occupational safety and health see OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH HEALTH CARE SUPPORT Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Producer Price Indexes, 326 HEALTH EXPENDITURES Consumer Price Indexes, 333 HEALTH INSURANCE Employed workers by health insurance, 151 Employer compensation costs per hour worked, 302, 304 Medical care benefits percent of participants required to contribute, 312 percent of workers participating in benefits, 311 HEALTH SERVICES Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 HISPANIC ORIGIN American Time Use Survey (ATUS) average hours per day spent in primary activities, 447

INDEX 481

Civilian labor force employment status by Hispanic origin, 30 participation rates, 39 percent distribution of labor force, 3 Civilian noninstitutional population 11, 21 Consumer expenditures averages by Hispanic origin of reference person, 381 Days away from work due to injury or illness, 406 Defined, 6 Educational attainment statistics, 69 Employed civilians, 54 Employment status, 11, 21, 133 Families employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 74 Flexible schedules workers by selected characteristics, 154 Income in the United States households by total money income, 462 Labor management relations union membership by Hispanic origin, 418 Median weekly earnings by Hispanic origin, 152 Multiple jobholder statistics, 72 Number of employed persons age 25 years and over, 69 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 409 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Percent distribution of labor force by race, sex, and Hispanic origin, 3 Population ratios, 63 Projections of labor force and employment civilian labor force, 224 Shifts usually worked workers by selected characteristics, 157 Unemployment rates, 82, 83, 92 HONG KONG Hourly compensation costs, 433 HOSPITALS Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Producer Price Indexes, 326 HOURS Aggregate weekly hours of nonfarm workers, 174 Aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 175 American Time Use Survey (ATUS) average hours per day spent by population age 18 years and over, 453 average hours per day spent caring for household children, 452 average hours per day spent in leisure and sports activities, 455 average hours per day spent in primary activities, 446, 447

average hours worked on weekdays and weekends, 448, 449 average hours worked per day at all jobs, 450 average hours worked per day at main job, 449, 451 Average weekly hours of private nonfarm employees, 171 Average weekly hours of production workers by state or territory, 181 Average weekly hours of production workers on manufacturing payrolls, 172 Compensation of employees employer compensation costs per hour worked, 302, 304, 308, 309 state and local government workers, 308, 309 Defined, 163 Employees on manufacturing payrolls by state, 179 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours full-time and part-time workers, 317 metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, 316 private industry, 315 state and local government, 315 Nonsupervisory workers indexes of aggregate weekly hours of nonfarm workers, 174 indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 175 Production workers average weekly hours of production workers by state or territory, 181 indexes of aggregate weekly hours of nonfarm workers, 174 indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 175 overtime hours, 173 State and local government workers, costs per hour worked, 308, 309 HOUSEHOLDER Defined, 369 HOUSEHOLDS Defined, 6 Income households by total money income, 462 HOUSING Consumer expenditures averages by housing tenure and type of area, 383 Consumer Price Indexes, 343 I IMPLICIT DEFLATOR Defined, 252 IMPORT PRICE INDEXES Air freight, 363

482 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Air passenger fares, 363 Asian newly industrialized countries, 360 Canada, 360 Collection of data, 347 Coverage of the indexes, 347 Defined, 347 European Union, 360 Industrialized countries, 360 Japan, 360 Latin America, 360 Percent changes for selected categories, 363 Selected categories of goods, 354 INCOME Consumer expenditures averages by higher income before taxes, 373 averages by income before taxes, 372 averages by quintiles of income before taxes, 374 Education median annual earnings by educational attainment, 146 Family income by type of family, 128 Households by total money income race and Hispanic origin of householder, 462 INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES Additional source of information, 460 Collection of data, 460 Coverage of data, 460 Hispanic origin households by total money income, 462 Households by total money income race and Hispanic origin of householder, 462 Income and earnings summary measures selected characteristics, 461 Race households by total money income, 462 Real median household income, 459 INDEXES OF AGGREGATE WEEKLY HOURS AND PAYROLLS Defined, 163 Workers on manufacturing payrolls, 175 Workers on nonfarm payrolls, 174 INDEXES OF HOURLY COMPENSATION Defined, 252 INDEXES OF LABOR Defined, 252 INDEXES OF MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY Manufacturing, 262, 263 Private business, 262 Private nonfarm business, 262 INDEXES OF OUTPUT PER HOUR Defined, 252 INDEXES OF PRODUCTIVITY AND RELATED DATA Business sector, 254 Foreign countries, 431

Manufacturing sector, 254 Nonfarm sector, 254 Nonfinancial corporations, 254 INDEXES OF TOTAL COMPENSATION Defined, 253 INDEXES OF UNIT LABOR COSTS Defined, 253 INDEX OF EMPLOYMENT COSTS Compensation of employees benefits, 297 compensation costs per hour worked, 302, 304, 308, 309 private industry workers, 271 state and local government workers, 293 unions, 288 INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL MACHINERY Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 404 Productivity and costs, 263 INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES Import price indexes, 360 INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION MANAGERS Employment and wages by occupation, 205 INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION Defined, 162 INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENT Average weekly earnings of production workers, 186 Defined, 162 Employed contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and output by industry, 232 Flexible schedules full-time wage and salary workers, 155 workers by formal flextime program status, 169 Largest output growth and declines, 275 Multiple jobholders industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Occupational safety and health see OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Shifts usually worked workers by occupation and industry, 172 Shifts usually worked by full-time workers, 158 Tenure of workers by industry, 132 Unemployed persons by class and industry, 110, 111 INDUSTRY HOURS AND EARNINGS Defined, 163 INFORMATION SERVICES Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and wages by occupation, 205

INDEX 483

Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS Productivity and costs, 263 INSURANCE CARRIERS Civilians employed by, 67 Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 75 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326 INTERVIEW SURVEY Consumer expenditures, 368 IRELAND Hourly compensation costs, 433 ISRAEL Hourly compensation costs, 433 ITALY Consumer price indexes, 434, 435 Employment-population ratios, 438 Employment status of the working-age population, 429 Gross domestic product per capita, 436 Gross domestic product per employed person, 437 Hourly compensation costs, 433 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 431 J JAPAN Consumer Price Indexes, 434, 435 Employment-population ratios, 438 Employment status of the working-age population, 429 Gross domestic product per capita, 436 Gross domestic product per employed person, 437 Hourly compensation costs, 433 Import Price Indexes, 360 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 431 JOB GROWTH Occupations with the largest job growth, 229 Percent distribution of labor force by race, sex, and Hispanic origin, 3 Private sector job gains, 195, 196, 197 Total job openings by education cluster, 231 JOB LOSSES Private sector job losses, 195, 196, 197 JOB STATUS Multiple jobholder statistics, 71, 72, 73

K KOREA Employment-population ratios, 438 Gross domestic product per capita, 436 Gross domestic product per employed person, 437 Hourly compensation costs, 433 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 431 L LABORERS see OPERATORS, FABRICATORS, AND LABORERS LABOR FORCE Age percent distribution of employed civilians, 53 Agricultural labor statistics, 68 Civilian labor force employment statistics, 30, 53 percent distribution of employed civilians, by age, 53 Civilian noninstitutional population employment status, 9, 10, 11 Comparability of levels of labor force, 7 Concepts, 4 Contingent and noncontingent workers, 148 Defined, 4 Educational attainment statistics, 69 Employed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 48 Extent of employment number of persons with work experience during the year, 109 Families children under 3 years of age, 79 children under 18 years of age, 77 employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 74 presence and relationship of employed members, 75 unemployment by presence and relationship of employed members, 76 Foreign labor and price statistics see FOREIGN LABOR AND PRICE STATISTICS Full-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 48 Historic comparability of statistics, 7 Jobs held the longest, 108 Long-term unemployment by industry and occupation, 104 Multiple jobholders industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 rates of employment, by selected characteristics, 71

484 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

sex, age, marital status, race, and Hispanic origin, 72 Nonagricultural labor statistics, 68 Occupational and Industrial Classification System changes in, 8 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Participation rate for the labor force, 4 Participation rates of persons age 25 to 64 years, 138 Part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 48 Percent distribution of labor force by race, sex, and Hispanic origin, 3 Percent distribution of population with work experience during the year, 110 Percent distribution of the labor force age 25 to 64 years, 136 Percent of the population with experience by sex and age, 107 Persons not in the labor force desire and availability for work, 51 Population ratios, 63 Shifts usually worked by full-time workers, 157, 158 Tenure of workers by age and sex, 119 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 Unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 48 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101 Unemployed persons by class and industry, 102 Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 103 Unemployment by race, Hispanic origin, sex, and age, 82, 83, 92 Work experience see WORK EXPERIENCE LABOR INPUT Defined, 253 LABOR INPUT MEASURES Defined, 252 LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS Affiliation of employed workers by state, 423 Affiliation of wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 420 Age union membership, 418 Asian race union membership by Asian race, 418 Collection of data, 416 Defined, 416 Hispanic origin union membership, 418 Men union membership, 418 Race union membership, 418

Sex union membership, 418 Sources of additional information, 416 Union membership affiliation of wage and salary workers, 418, 420 association members among employees, 422 median weekly earnings of workers, 421 Women union membership, 418 Work stoppages stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 417 LABOR UNIONS Affiliation of members by state, 423 Affiliation of workers, 418, 420 Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 297 median weekly earnings of workers by affiliation, 421 salaries and wages, 288 Wage and salary employees who were union members, 422 LATIN AMERICA Import price indexes, 360 LATINO ETHNICITY see HISPANIC ORIGIN LEASING Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Productivity and costs, 263 LEISURE AND HOSPITALITY Average hours per day spent in leisure and sports activities, 455 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 LIFE, PHYSICAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 LOCAL GOVERNMENT WORKERS Benefits, 297 Compensation of employees costs per hour worked, 308, 309 Employment Cost Index, 293 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours, 315 LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167

INDEX 485

Occupational safety and health nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Productivity and costs, 263 LUXEMBOURG Hourly compensation costs, 433 M MACHINE OPERATORS Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 years by education, 144 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101 MACHINERY Export Price Indexes, 348 Import Price Indexes, 354 MANAGERIAL AND PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTIES Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271, 293 Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 410 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 years by education, 144 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101 MANUFACTURING—DURABLE GOODS Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export Price Indexes, 348 Import Price Indexes, 360 Indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, 263 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Occupational safety and health nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Production workers payrolls by industry, 169 Productivity and costs indexes of multifactor productivity, 263 MANUFACTURING—NONDURABLE GOODS Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Import Price Indexes, 360

Indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, 263 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Occupational safety and health nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Production workers payrolls by industry, 170 Productivity and costs indexes of multifactor productivity, 263 MANUFACTURING PAYROLLS Aggregate weekly hours of workers on manufacturing payrolls, 175 Aggregate weekly hours of workers on nonfarm payrolls, 174 Average hourly earnings of production workers, 185, 188 Average weekly earnings of production workers, 187 Average weekly hours of production workers on manufacturing payrolls, 172 Average weekly hours of production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 171 Average weekly overtime hours of production workers, 173 Employees on manufacturing payrolls by state, 179 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of nonfarm payrolls, 174 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 175 Overtime hours, 173 Production workers on durable goods manufacturing payrolls, 169 Production workers on nondurable goods manufacturing payrolls, 170 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY Foreign labor and price statistics, 431 MARITAL STATUS Civilian noninstitutional status employment status, 17 Defined, 6 Employment status mothers with children under 3 years of age, 79 population by sex and marital status, 121 Families by presence of employed members, 75, 76 Flexible schedules workers by selected characteristics, 154 Multiple jobholder statistics, 72 Presence of children under 18 years of age, 77 Shifts usually worked workers by selected characteristics, 157 Status of ever-married women and married women, 124

486 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Status of the population by marital status, 121 Status of women who maintain families, 125 Unemployment rates by selected characteristics, 82 MARRIED COUPLES Employment status, 75, 76 Families presence and relationship of employed members, 75 unemployment by presence and relationship of employed members, 76 MEAN WAGES Defined, 202 MECHANICS Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 410 Unemployment rates, 101 MEDICAL CARE Consumer Price Indexes, 333, 343 MEDICAL CARE BENEFITS Percent of participants required to contribute, 312 MEN Consumer expenditures averages for single men by income before taxes, 390 Education median annual earnings by educational attainment, 146 Employment status population by sex and marital status, 121 Families presence and relationship of employed members, 75 unemployment by presence and relationship of employed members, 76 Labor management relations union membership, 418 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 409 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Projections of labor force and employment civilian labor force, 224 Unemployment rates selected characteristics, 82, 83, 92 METAL INDUSTRIES Productivity and costs, 263 METAL MINING Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 MEXICO Hourly compensation costs, 433 MIDWEST Consumer expenditures averages by region of residence, 385 averages by selected areas, 388 Employment Cost Index, 288 Employment status, 20

MILITARY Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 410 Occupation of longest job held, 142 MINIMUM WAGE Defined, 6 Workers paid hourly rates below minimum wage, 117 MINING Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Occupational safety and health nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 MOTHERS Children under 3 years of age employment status of mothers, 79 Children under 18 years of age employment status of population, 77 Employment status of all women by presence and age of children, 123 Families see FAMILIES Number and age of children in families and status of mothers, 127 Status of ever-married women and married women, 124 MOTOR VEHICLES Consumer Price Indexes, 343 Export Price Indexes, 348 Import Price Indexes, 354 MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY MEASURES Defined, 253 MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS Defined, 5 Industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Jobholders and rates by selected characteristics, 71 Sex, age, marital status, race, and Hispanic origin, 72 N NATIONAL COMPENSATION SURVEY Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours full-time workers, 317 metropolitan areas, 316 nonmetropolitan areas, 316 part-time workers, 317 private industry, 315 state and local government, 315

INDEX 487

NATIVE-BORN POPULATION Employment status educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin, 133 median weekly earnings, 135 occupation and sex, 134 presence and age of youngest child and sex, 131 selected characteristics, 129 NATURAL RESOURCES Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 NETHERLANDS Consumer Price Indexes, 434, 435 Employment-population ratios, 438 Employment status of the working-age population, 429 Gross domestic product per capita, 436 Gross domestic product per employed person, 437 Hourly compensation costs, 433 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 431 NET OUTPUT VALUES Defined, 322 NEW ZEALAND Hourly compensation costs, 433 NONAGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES Class of workers, 68 Wage and salary workers, 68 NONCONTINGENT WORKERS Employed workers by health insurance and pension plans, 151 Employed workers by occupation and industry, 149 Employed workers by selected characteristics, 148 Employed workers by work arrangements, 150 NONDURABLE GOODS Manufacturing see MANUFACTURING—NONDURABLE GOODS Wholesale trade see WHOLESALE TRADE— NONDURABLE GOODS NONFARM SECTOR Aggregate weekly hours of workers, 174 Average hourly earnings of workers, 184 Average weekly earnings of workers, 186 Average weekly hours of production workers, 171 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employees on total nonfarm payrolls by state, 176 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours, 174 Indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, 262 Indexes of productivity and related data, 254 Percent change in nonfarm payroll employment, 161 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168

States employees by state, 176 Weekly hours of workers, 171 Women employees by super sector and groups, 167 NONSUPERVISORY WORKERS Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Defined, 163 Earnings average hourly earnings of workers on manufacturing payrolls, 185, 188 average hourly earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls, 184 average weekly earnings of production workers, 186 Employment and wages by major occupational group, 203 indexes of aggregate weekly hours of nonfarm workers, 174 indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 175 Workers on private nonfarm payrolls by super sector, 168 NORTH CENTRAL Consumer Price Indexes, 345 NORTHEAST Consumer expenditures averages by region of residence, 385 averages by selected areas, 386 Consumer Price Indexes, 345 Employment Cost Index, 288 Employment status, 20 NORWAY Consumer Price Indexes, 434, 435 Employment-population ratios, 438 Gross domestic product per capita, 436 Gross domestic product per employed person, 437 Hourly compensation costs, 433 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 431 NURSING HOMES Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Producer Price Indexes, 326 O OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM Changes in, 8 OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT STATISTICS SURVEY Collection of data, 202 Defined, 202 Highlights, 201

488 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Administrative services and support fatal injuries, 410 Age fatal injuries, 409 Agriculture fatal injuries, 410 nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Apparel products nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Armed forces fatal injuries, 410 Chemicals and allied products nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Collection of data, 402 Construction fatal injuries, 410 nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Contractors nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Days away from work number of injuries and illnesses involving days away from work, 406, 408 Defined, 402 Electrical and electronic equipment nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Fatal injuries and selected worker characteristics, 409 Fatal occupational injuries, 410 Finance nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Food and kindred products nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Food preparation fatal injuries, 410 Forestry and fishing fatal injuries, 410 nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Furniture and fixtures nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Hispanic origin fatal injuries, 409 Industrial machinery and equipment nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Insurance carriers nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Leather and leather products nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Lumber and wood products nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Managerial and professional specialties fatal injuries, 410 Manufacturing—durable goods nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Manufacturing—nondurable goods nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404

Mechanics fatal injuries, 410 Men fatal injuries, 409 Military fatal injuries, 410 Mining nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Nonfatal injury and illness rates by industry, 404 Operators, fabricators, and laborers fatal injuries, 410 Petroleum and coal products nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Precision production, craft, and repair fatal injuries, 410 Printing and publishing nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Private industry workers nonfatal injury/illness, 406, 408 Professional services fatal injuries, 410 Public utilities nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Race fatal injuries, 409 Real estate nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Retail trade nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Rubber and plastic products nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Salaried workers fatal injuries, 409 Sales occupations fatal injuries, 410 Service occupations fatal injuries, 410 nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Sex fatal injuries, 409 Sources of additional information, 403 Stone, clay, and glass product nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Technical, sales, and administrative support fatal injuries, 410 Textile mill products nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Tobacco products nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Transportation nonfatal rates, 404 Transportation equipment nonfatal rates injury/illness, 404 Trucking and warehousing fatal injuries, 410

INDEX 489

Wage earners fatal injuries, 409 Wholesale trade nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Women fatal injuries by sex, 409 OCCUPATIONAL STATISTICS Days away from work number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses, 406, 408 Defined, 202 Distribution of employment by wage range and occupational group, 204 Employment and wages by major occupational group, 203 Employment by occupation and projections, 236 Employment statistics by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 64 Fastest-growing occupations, 228 Foreign-born and native born status by occupation, 134 Number and earnings of full-time workers by occupation, 114 Occupation of longest job held, 108 Percent of total employment and mean hourly wages, 201 Total employment by occupation and projections, 236 Unemployment rates by occupation, 101 OCCUPATIONS Defined, 5, 202 Employed contingent and noncontingent workers, 149 Flexible schedules, 154, 155 Shifts usually worked by full-time workers, 158 OCEANIA Hourly compensation costs, 433 OFFICE AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT Employment and wages by occupation, 205 OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION Producer Price Indexes, 326 OPERATORS, FABRICATORS, AND LABORERS Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 410 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 years by education, 144 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101 OUTPUT Employment and output by industry, 232 OUTPUT GROWTH Industries with the largest output growth, 230 OUTPUT INDEX Defined, 253

OUTPUT PER HOUR INDEXES Average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Defined, 252 OVERTIME HOURS Average overtime hours defined, 163 Production workers average weekly overtime hours, 173 P PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export Price Indexes, 348 Import Price Indexes, 354 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Productivity and costs, 263 PARENTS Children under 3 years of age employment status of parents, 79 Children under 18 years of age employment status of population, 77 Families see FAMILIES PARTICIPATION Defined, 310 PARTICIPATION RATES Civilian labor force rates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 39 Defined, 4 PART-TIME WORKERS At work part-time for economic reasons defined, 5 At work part-time for noneconomic reasons defined, 5 Employment status by age, sex, and race, 48 Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours, 317 PAYROLLS Defined, 163 Employees on total nonfarm payrolls by state, 176 Government employees on payrolls by state and territory, 180 Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls, 163 Manufacturing payrolls see MANUFACTURING PAYROLLS Percent change in nonfarm payroll employment, 161 Production workers on durable goods manufacturing payrolls, 169 Production workers on nondurable goods manufacturing payrolls, 170 PENSION PLANS Employed workers by pension plans, 151

490 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

PERSONAL CARE AND SERVICES Consumer Price Indexes, 343 Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 78 Projections of labor force and employment, 217 PERSONNEL, TRAINING, AND LABOR RELATIONS Producer Price Indexes, 326 PERSONS NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Defined, 5 PERSONS WITH WORK EXPERIENCE Defined, 6 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export Price Indexes, 348 Import Price Indexes, 354 Percent change in prices of fuel products, 321 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Productivity and costs, 263 PIPELINES Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Producer Price Indexes, 326 POPULATION, LABOR FORCE, AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS Agricultural labor statistics, 68 Civilian labor force employment statistics, 30, 53 percent distribution of employed civilians by age, 53 Civilian noninstitutional population employment status, 9, 10, 11 population by age, race, sex, and Hispanic origin, 21 Collection and coverage, 4 Comparability of labor force levels, 7 Contingent and noncontingent workers, 148 Defined, 4 Educational attainment statistics, 69 Employed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race, 48 Extent of employment number of persons with work experience during the year, 109 Families children under 3 years of age, 79 children under 18 years of age, 77 employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 74 presence and relationship of employed members, 75 status of women who maintain families, 125 unemployment by presence and relationship of employed members, 76

Full-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 48 Historical comparability, 7 Long-term unemployment by industry and occupation, 104 Multiple jobholders industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 rates of employment by selected characteristics, 71 sex, age, marital status, race, and Hispanic origin, 72 Nonagricultural labor statistics, 68 Occupational and Industrial Classification System changes in, 8 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Occupation of longest held job, 108 Participation rates for the labor force, 4 Part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 48 Percent distribution of labor force by race, sex, and Hispanic origin, 3 Percent distribution of population with work experience during the year, 110 Percent of the population with experience by sex and age, 107 Persons not in the labor force desire and availability for work, 51 Population ratios, 63 Shifts usually worked by full-time workers, 157, 158 Tenure of workers by age and sex, 119 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 Unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race employment status, 48 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101 Unemployed persons by class and industry, 102 Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 103 Unemployment by race, Hispanic origin, sex, and age, 82, 83, 92 Unemployment rates of civilian workers, 82, 83, 92 Work experience see WORK EXPERIENCE POPULATION RATIOS Civilian labor force, 63 PORTUGAL Hourly compensation costs, 433 PRECISION PRODUCTION, CRAFT, AND REPAIR Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 410 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 years by education, 144 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101

INDEX 491

PRICES Consumer Expenditure Survey see CONSUMER EXPENDITURE SURVEY Consumer Price Indexes see CONSUMER PRICE INDEXES Export Price Indexes see EXPORT PRICE INDEXES Foreign labor and price statistics purchasing power parities, exchange rates, and relative prices, 440 Import Price Indexes see IMPORT PRICE INDEXES Producer Price Indexes see PRODUCER PRICE INDEXES PRIMARY METAL INDUSTRIES Productivity and costs, 263 PRINTING AND PUBLISHING Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Productivity and costs, 263 PRIVATE BUSINESS Indexes of multifactor productivity, 262 PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD WORKERS Nonagricultural industries, 68 PRIVATE INDUSTRY WORKERS Benefits, 297 Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours, 315 Occupational safety and health number of nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 406, 408 PRIVATE NONFARM BUSINESS Indexes of multifactor productivity, 262 PRIVATE SECTOR Business Employment Dynamics gross job gains and losses, 195, 196, 197 Indexes of multifactor productivity, 262 PRIVATE SERVICE-PROVIDING Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Production workers on private nonfarm payrolls, 168 PRODUCER PRICE INDEXES (PPI) Collection of data, 322 Commodity groups, 324 Coverage of the PPI, 322 Net output of selected industries, 326 Percent change in prices of fuel products, 321 Sources of additional information, 322 Stages of processing, 323

PRODUCTION WORKERS Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Earnings aggregate weekly hours of nonfarm workers, 174 aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 175 average hourly earnings of workers on manufacturing payrolls, 185, 188 average hourly earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls, 184 average weekly earnings by industry, 187 average weekly earnings by state and territory, 189 Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Employment Cost Index, 271 Hours average weekly hours of production workers by state or territory, 181 indexes of aggregate weekly hours of nonfarm workers, 174 indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production workers, 175 overtime hours, 173 Manufacturing—durable goods payrolls by industry, 169 Manufacturing—nondurable goods payrolls by industry, 170 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Overtime average weekly overtime hours, 173 States average weekly earnings by state and territory, 189 average weekly hours of production workers by state, 181 Territories Workers on private nonfarm payrolls by super sector, 168 PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS Apparel and related products, 263 Average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Chemical and allied products, 263 Communications average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Defined, 252 Drinking places average annual percent change in output per hour, 261 Electrical and electronic equipment, 263 Fabricated metal products, 263 Finance average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Food and kindred products, 263

492 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

Food services average annual percent change in output per hour, 261 Furniture and fixtures, 263 Indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures manufacturing industries, 263 Indexes of productivity and related data, 254 Industrial equipment and machinery, 263 Instruments and related products, 263 Leasing average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Leather and leather products, 263 Lumber and wood products, 263 Manufacturing average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 indexes of multifactor productivity, 262, 263 Metal industries, 263 Mining average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Multifactor productivity, 253 Nondurable goods, 263 Output per hour and related series in selected industries, 258 Paper and allied products, 263 Petroleum and coal products, 263 Primary metal industries, 263 Printing and publishing, 263 Real estate average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Rental services average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Retail trade average annual percent change in output per hour, 261 Rubber and plastic products, 263 Service occupations—generally average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Sources of additional information, 253 Stone, clay, and glass products, 263 Textile mill products, 263 Transportation average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Transportation equipment, 263 Utilities Average annual percent change in output per hour, 258

Wholesale trade average annual percent change in output per hour, 261 PROFESSIONAL SERVICES Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271, 293 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 410 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Unemployment rates by occupation, 101 PROJECTIONS OF LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT Civilian labor force sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin, 224 Defined, 222 Employment and output by industry, 232 Employment by occupation and projections, 236 Fastest-growing occupations, 228 Hispanic origin civilian labor force, 224 Industries with the largest output growth and declines, 230 Men civilian labor force, 224 Occupations with the largest job growth, 229 Race civilian labor force, 224 Sex civilian labor force, 224 Sources of additional information, 223 Total employment by occupation and projections, 236 Total job openings by education cluster, 231 Women civilian labor force, 224 PROPERTY AND CASUALTY INSURANCE Producer Price Indexes, 326 PROTECTIVE SERVICES Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Unemployment rates by occupation, 101 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Compensation of state and local government workers employment cost index, 293 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION Consumer Price Indexes, 343

INDEX 493

PUBLIC UTILITIES Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Occupational safety and health nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 PURCHASING AGENTS Employment and wages by occupation, 205 PURCHASING POWER Consumer dollar, 339 Foreign labor and price statistics parities, exchange rates, and relative prices, 440 Q QUINTILES OF INCOME Consumer expenditures averages by quintiles of income before taxes, 374 R RACE American Time Use Survey (ATUS) average hours per day spent in primary activities, 447 Civilian labor force employment status by race, 30 participation rates, 39 percent distribution, 3 Civilian noninstitutional population employment status, 11, 17, 21 Consumer expenditures averages by race of reference person, 380 Days away from work due to injury or illness, 406 Defined, 5 Educational attainment number of employed persons age 25 years and over, 69 Educational attainment statistics, 69 Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers employment status by race, 48 Employed civilians, 54 Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations, 133 Families employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 74 Flexible schedules workers by selected characteristics, 154 Income in the United States households by total money income, 462

Labor management relations union membership, 418 Median weekly earnings, 152 Multiple jobholder statistics, 72 Number of and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 113 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 409 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Participation rates of persons age 25 to 64 years, 138 Percent distribution of labor force by race, sex, and Hispanic origin, 3 Percent distribution of the labor force 25 to 64 years of age, 136 Population ratios, 63 Projections of labor force and employment civilian labor force, 224 Shifts usually worked workers by selected characteristics, 157 Unemployment rates, 82, 83, 92 Unemployment rates of persons age 25 to 64 years, 140 RAILROADS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Producer Price Indexes, 326 REAL ESTATE Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Occupational safety and health nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 REASONS FOR UNEMPLOYMENT Defined, 4 Unemployed persons, 105 RECREATION AND SERVICES Consumer Price Indexes, 343 REFERENCE PERSONS Consumer expenditures averages by age of reference person, 379 averages by occupation of reference person, 375 Defined, 369 REGIONS Civilian noninstitutional population employment status by, 20 Consumer expenditures averages by region of residence, 385 Midwest region, 388 Northeast region, 386

494 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

South region, 387 West region, 389 Consumer Price Indexes indexes by region, 345 Employment Cost Index, 288 RETAIL TRADE Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 404 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 261 RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export Price Indexes, 348 Import Price Indexes, 354 Occupational safety and health nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Productivity and costs, 263 S SAFETY AND HEALTH see OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH SALARIED WORKERS Absences from work, 118 Affiliation by occupation and industry, 420 Agriculture, 68 Compensation of employees compensation costs per hour worked, 302, 304 Employment Cost Index, 271 Consumer Price Indexes relative importance of components, 344 Covered workers employment and average annual pay for covered workers, 191, 192 Distribution of employment by wage range and occupational group, 204 Education median annual earnings by educational attainment, 146 Employment and wages by major occupational group, 203 Flexible schedules, 154, 155 Households by total money income, 462 Median annual earnings by education, 146 Median family income by type of family, 128 Median weekly earnings, 135, 152

Minimum wage workers paid hourly rates below minimum wage, 117 Nonagricultural industries, 68 Number of and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 113 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 409 Occupation of longest job held, 114 Percent change in nonfarm payroll employment, 161 Shifts usually worked by full-time workers, 157, 158 State and local government workers total compensation and wages, 293 Tenure of workers by age and sex, 119 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 Union workers, 288, 422 SALES OCCUPATIONS Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 410 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101 SELF-EMPLOYED WORKERS Agriculture, 68 Nonagricultural industries, 68 SERVICE OCCUPATIONS Benefits, 297 Civilians employed by, 67 Compensation of employees benefits, 297 Employment Cost Index, 271, 293 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 410 nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 by education, 144 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101 SERVICES—NOT PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 years by education, 144

INDEX 495

SERVICES—PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 years by education, 144 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101 SERVICES—PROFESSIONAL Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101 SEX Absences from work, 118 American Time Use Survey (ATUS) average hours per day spent in primary activities, 447 Civilian labor force employment status, 10, 11, 17, 21, 30 participation rates, 39 percent distribution of labor force, 3 Civilian noninstitutional population employment status, 10, 11, 17, 21, 30 Days away from work number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses, 406 Earnings median annual earnings by educational attainment, 146 Educational attainment number of employed persons age 25 years and over, by sex, 69 Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers employment status, 48 Employed civilians, 54 Employment status women on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 167 Extent of unemployment during the year, 111 Flexible schedules, 155 Foreign-born and native-born status by sex, 134 Labor management relations union membership, 418 Median weekly earnings, 152 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Multiple jobholder statistics, 71, 72 Number of and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 113 Number of persons with experience and extent of employment, 109 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 409 Occupational statistics, 66, 67 Occupation of longest job held, 114, 142 Participation rates of persons age 25 to 64 years, 138 Percent distribution of labor force by race, sex, and Hispanic origin, 3

Percent distribution of the labor force 25 to 64 years, 136 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 years by education, 144 Percent of persons with experience, 107 Percent of persons with unemployment during the year, 112 Percent of population with experience by extent of employment, 110 Persons not in the labor force, 51 Population ratios, 63 Projections of labor force and employment civilian labor force, 224 Shifts usually worked workers by selected characteristics, 157 Status of the population, 121 Tenure of full-time workers, 119 Unemployed persons, 105 Unemployment rates by selected characteristics, 82, 83, 92 Unemployment rates of persons age 25 to 64 years, 140 SHIFTS Employment status workers by occupation and industry, 158 workers by selected characteristics, 157 SINGAPORE Hourly compensation costs, 433 SOCIAL SERVICES Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 SOUTH Consumer expenditures averages by region of residence, 385 averages by selected areas, 387 Consumer Price Indexes, 345 Employment Cost Index, 288 Employment status by region, 20 SPAIN Consumer Price Indexes, 434, 435 Hourly compensation costs, 433 SPELL OF UNEMPLOYMENT Defined, 6 SPORTS Average hours per day spent in leisure and sports activities, 455 Employment and wages by occupation, 227 SRI LANKA Hourly compensation costs, 433 STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT WORKERS Benefits, 297 Compensation of employees costs per hour worked, 308, 309 Employment Cost Index, 293

496 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

total compensation and wages, 293 Mean hourly earnings and weekly hours, 315 STATES Average hourly earnings of production workers by state, 188 Average weekly earnings of production workers by state and territory, 189 Average weekly hours of production workers by state, 181 Civilian noninstitutional population employment status by, 20 Covered workers employment and average annual pay for covered workers, 191, 192 Earnings employment and average annual pay for covered workers, 191, 192 Employees on government payrolls by state, 180 Employees on manufacturing payrolls by state, 179 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employees on total nonfarm payrolls by state, 176 Employment status by state, 20 Union membership affiliation of employed workers by state, 423 STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Occupational safety and health nonfatal rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Productivity and costs, 263 STOPPAGES Defined, 416 Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 417 SURVEYORS AND SERVICES Producer Price Indexes, 326 SWEDEN Consumer Price Indexes, 434, 435 Employment-population ratios, 438 Employment status of the working-age population, 429 Gross domestic product per capita, 436 Gross domestic product per employed person, 437 Hourly compensation costs, 433 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 431 SWITZERLAND Consumer Price Indexes, 434, 435 Hourly compensation costs, 433 T TAIWAN Hourly compensation costs, 433

Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 431 TECHNICAL, SALES, AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 410 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Percent distribution of workers age 25 to 64 years by education, 144 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101 TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 TELEPHONE SERVICE AND EQUIPMENT Consumer Price Indexes, 343 Export Price Indexes, 348 Import Price Indexes, 354 TENURE Defined, 6 Full-time workers wage and salary workers by industry, 120 wage and salary workers by sex and age, 119 TERRITORIES Average hourly earnings of production workers, 188 Average weekly earnings of production workers, 189 Average weekly hours of production workers, 181 Employees on government payrolls by territory, 180 Employees on manufacturing payrolls by territory, 179 Employees on total nonfarm payrolls by territory, 176 Employment and annual average pay for covered workers, 192 TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Occupational safety and health nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Productivity and costs, 263 TIME USE SURVEY see AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY (ATUS) TOBACCO PRODUCTS Consumer Price Indexes, 343 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export Price Indexes, 348 Import Price Indexes, 354 Occupational safety and health nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326

INDEX 497

TOTAL COMPENSATION COSTS Defined, 270 TOTAL EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION Employment projections, 236 TOTAL EXPENDITURES Defined, 369 TOTAL HOURS Defined, 163 TRADE Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 TRADITIONAL WORK ARRANGEMENTS Employed workers by health insurance and pension plans, 151 Employed workers by work arrangements, 150 TRAINING Employment and wages by occupation, 205 TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT Consumer Price Indexes, 343 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Export Price Indexes, 348 Import Price Indexes, 354 Occupational safety and health nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Producer Price Indexes, 326 Productivity and costs, 263 TRANSPORTATION OCCUPATIONS Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Employment Cost Index, 271 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Occupational safety and health nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101 TRUCKING AND WAREHOUSING Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 410 U UNEMPLOYED WORKERS Age status, 48 unemployed persons, 82, 83, 92 Civilian noninstitutional population, 74, 76 Defined, 4

Duration unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 103 Employment status by age, sex, and race, 48 Extent of unemployment during the year by sex, 111 Families employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic origin, 74 presence and relationship of employed family members, 76 Hispanic origin unemployed persons, 74 Long-term unemployment by industry and occupation, 104 Married couples, 76 Percent of persons with unemployment during the year by sex, 112 Race status, 48 unemployed persons, 82, 83, 92 Reason for unemployment unemployment rates, 105 Sex status, 48 unemployed persons, 82, 83, 92 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101 Unemployed persons by class and industry, 102 Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 103 UNEMPLOYMENT RATES Age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, unemployment rates of civilian workers, 82, 83, 92 Defined, 4 Duration unemployed persons, 103 Educational attainment unemployment rates of persons age 25 to 64 years, 140 Extent of unemployment during the year by sex, 111 Foreign labor and price statistics, 427, 429 Highlights, 81 Long-term unemployment by industry and occupation, 104 Percent distribution of persons with unemployment by sex, 112 Reason for unemployment unemployment rates by reason of unemployment, 105 Selected characteristics, 82, 83, 92 Unemployed persons and rates by occupation, 101 Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, 103 UNION WORKERS Affiliation of members by state, 465 Affiliation of workers, 418, 420 Compensation of employees 288

498 HANDBOOK OF U.S. LABOR STATISTICS (BERNAN PRESS)

median weekly earnings of workers by affiliation, 462 Defined, 456 Earnings median weekly earnings, 421 Labor management relations see LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS Median weekly earnings by union affiliation, 421 Members among wage and salary employees, 288, 422 States affiliation of employed workers, 384 Wage and salary employees who were union members, 464 Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 417 UNITED KINGDOM Consumer Price Indexes, 434, 435 Employment-population ratios, 438 Employment status of the working-age population, 429 Gross domestic product per capita, 436 Gross domestic product per employed person, 437 Hourly compensation costs, 433 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 431 UNITED STATES Consumer Price Indexes, 434, 435 Covered workers employment and average annual pay for covered workers, 192 Employment-population ratios, 438 Employment status of the working-age population, 429 Gross domestic product per capita, 436 Gross domestic product per employed person, 437 Hourly compensation costs, 433 Indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 431 UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE Producer Price Indexes, 326 UNIT LABOR COSTS Defined, 252 UNIVERSITIES Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271, 293 UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS Agriculture, 68 Nonagricultural industries, 68 URBAN CONSUMERS Consumer Price Indexes, commodity, service, and special groups, 337 major groups, 336 purchasing power of the consumer dollar, 339 relative importance of components, 344

selected groups, 339 U.S. city average, 343 URBAN WAGE EARNERS Consumer Price Indexes, 341 USUAL FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS Defined, 5 UTILITIES see PUBLIC UTILITIES W WAGE EARNERS Absences from work, 118 Affiliation of wage workers by occupation and industry, 420 Agriculture, 68 Compensation of employees see COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES Consumer Price Indexes, 341, 344 Flexible schedules, 154, 155 Minimum wage workers paid hourly rates below minimum wage, 117 Nonagricultural industries, 68 Number of and median annual earnings of full-time workers, 113 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 409 Occupation of longest job held, 114 Percent change in nonfarm payroll employment, 161 Shifts usually worked by full-time workers, 157, 158 Tenure of workers by age and sex, 119 Tenure of workers by industry, 120 Union members, 288, 422 WAGES Compensation of employees compensation costs per hour worked, 302, 304 Employment Cost Index, 271 Covered workers employment and average annual pay for covered workers, 191, 192 Defined, 202, 301 Distribution of employment by wage range and occupational group, 204 Education median annual earnings by educational attainment, 146 Employment and wages by major occupational group, 203 Households by total money income, 462 Mean wages, 202 Median annual earnings by education, 146 Median family income by type of family, 128 Median weekly earnings of contingent workers, 135, 152 Nonfarm workers average weekly earnings, 186

INDEX 499

Number of and median annual earnings of workers, 113 Occupation of longest job held, 114 Percent of total employment and mean hourly wages, 201 Production workers average hourly earnings of workers on manufacturing payrolls, 185, 188 average hourly earnings of workers on nonfarm pay rolls, 184 average weekly earnings, 187 State and local government workers total compensation and wages, 293 Unions, 288 WAREHOUSING Employment and wages by occupation, 205 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 258 WATER TRANSPORTATION Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Producer Price Indexes, 326 WEEKENDS Average hours worked on weekends, 448, 449 WEST Consumer expenditures averages by region of residence, 385 averages by selected areas, 389 Consumer Price Indexes, 345 Employment Cost Index, 288 Employment status by region, 20 WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS Benefits, 297 Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271, 293 WHITE Defined, 5 Race, generally see RACE WHOLESALE TRADE Compensation of employees Employment Cost Index, 271 Multiple jobholders by industry of principal secondary job and sex, 73 Occupational safety and health nonfatal injury/illness rates, 404 Productivity and costs average annual percent change in output per hour, 261 WHOLESALE TRADE—DURABLE GOODS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Production workers on durable goods manufacturing payrolls, 169

WHOLESALE TRADE—NONDURABLE GOODS Employees on nonfarm payrolls by super sector and groups, 165, 167 Production workers on nondurable goods manufacturing payrolls, 170 WOMEN Consumer expenditures averages for single women by income before taxes, 391 Education median annual earnings by educational attainment, 146 Employment status nonfarm payrolls by super sector and selected groups, 167 population by sex and marital status, 121 Families presence and relationship of employed members, 75 status of women who maintain families, 125 unemployment by presence and relationship of employed members, 76 Labor management relations union membership, 418 Nonfarm payrolls employees by super sector and groups, 167 Occupational safety and health fatal injuries, 409 Occupation of longest job held, 142 Projections of labor force and employment civilian labor force, 224 Status of all women by presence and age of children, 123 Status of ever-married women and married women, 124 Unemployment rates by selected characteristics, 82, 83, 92 WORKERS Defined, 416 WORK EXPERIENCE Extent of unemployment during the year by sex, 111 Industry and class of worker of job held the longest, 108 Number of persons with experience by sex and extent of employment, 109 Occupation of longest job held, 114 Percent distribution of population with work experience during the year, 110 Percent of persons with experience by sex and age, 107 WORK STOPPAGES Defined, 416 Labor management relations stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more, 417 Y YEAR-ROUND FULL-TIME WORKERS Defined, 6

Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics 2007: Employment, Earnings, Prices, Productivity, and Other Labor Data