Gentian - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

GENTIAN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P ...

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GENTIAN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Gentian: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00454-2 1. Gentian-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on gentian. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GENTIAN ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Gentian ......................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GENTIAN ......................................................................................... 13 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 13 Finding Nutrition Studies on Gentian ........................................................................................ 13 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 14 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GENTIAN ................................................................... 17 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 17 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 17 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 20 General References ....................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON GENTIAN ............................................................................................... 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Patents on Gentian ...................................................................................................................... 25 Patent Applications on Gentian................................................................................................... 36 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GENTIAN ..................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 43 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 44 Academic Periodicals covering Gentian....................................................................................... 45 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 49 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 51 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 53 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 55 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 59 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 59 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 65 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 65 GENTIAN DICTIONARY.............................................................................................................. 67 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 95

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with gentian is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about gentian, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to gentian, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on gentian. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to gentian, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on gentian. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GENTIAN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on gentian.

Federally Funded Research on Gentian The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to gentian. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to gentian. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore gentian.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “gentian” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for gentian in the PubMed Central database: •

A brief note on the use of gentian violet in presumptive tests for B. coli in milk with reference to sporulating anaerobes. by Hall IC, Ellefson LJ.; 1918 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=378764

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An investigation of American gentian violets report of committee on bacteriological technic. by Conn HJ.; 1922 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=378989

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Outer Penetration Barrier of Escherichia coli K-12: Kinetics of the Uptake of Gentian Violet by Wild Type and Envelope Mutants. by Gustafsson P, Nordstrom K, Normark S.; 1973 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=285460

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The elimination of spurious presumptive tests for B. coli in water by the use of gentian violet. by Hall IC, Ellefson LJ.; 1918 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=378763

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The mechanical behavior of dyes, especially gentian violet, in bacteriological media. by Stearn EW, Stearn AE.; 1923 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=379045

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals.

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With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with gentian, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “gentian” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for gentian (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A stainless washable gentian violet specific for candida albicans (monilia) and other vaginal pathogens. One medication for all vaginal infections. Author(s): Karnaky KJ. Source: Southwest Med. 1970 December; 51(12): 271-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5483953

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Activity of gentian violet and brilliant green against some microorganisms associated with skin infections. Author(s): Bakker P, Van Doorne H, Gooskens V, Wieringa NF. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 March; 31(3): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1568820

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Aminoquinolone WR6026 as a feasible substitute for gentian violet in Chagas' disease prophylaxis in preserved blood for transfusional purposes. Author(s): Moraes-Souza H, Pianetti GM, Barretto OC, Nonoyama K, Grolg M, Chiari E. Source: Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical. 2002 NovemberDecember; 35(6): 563-9. Epub 2003 February 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12612735

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Ampliative medicament allergy: concomitant sensitivity to multiple medicaments including yellow soft paraffin, white soft paraffin, gentian violet and Span 20. Author(s): Lawrence CM, Smith AG. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1982 July; 8(4): 240-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7105686

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Anti-irritative effect of methylrosaniline chloride (Gentian violet). Author(s): Gloor M, Wolnicki D. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 203(4): 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11752822

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Biotransformation of gentian violet to leucogentian violet by human, rat, and chicken intestinal microflora. Author(s): McDonald JJ, Cerniglia CE. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 1984 MayJune; 12(3): 330-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6145560

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Chondrolysis of the glenohumeral joint following a color test using gentian violet. Author(s): Shibata Y, Midorikawa K, Koga T, Honjo N, Naito M. Source: International Orthopaedics. 2001; 25(6): 401-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11820452

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Conjunctival staining and corneal and conjunctival abrasions caused by 2% aqueous gentian violet solution. Author(s): Pessah A, Ofosu JR, Klein BL. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1998 August; 14(4): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9733255

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Contact-group sensitization to triphenylmethane dyes. Gentian violet, brilliant green, and malachite green. Author(s): Bielicky T, Novak M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1969 November; 100(5): 540-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5350405

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Corneal vital staining with gentian violet. Author(s): Islam A, Khan A, Rahman ZA. Source: Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 1990 December; 16(2): 70-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1710886

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Effect of gentian violet, corticosteroid and tar preparations in Staphylococcus-aureuscolonized atopic eczema. Author(s): Brockow K, Grabenhorst P, Abeck D, Traupe B, Ring J, Hoppe U, Wolf F. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 199(3): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10592403

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Efficacy of gentian violet in the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from skin lesions. Author(s): Saji M, Taguchi S, Uchiyama K, Osono E, Hayama N, Ohkuni H. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1995 November; 31(3): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8586792

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Evans blue and gentian violet: alternatives to methylene blue as a surgical marker dye. Author(s): Shoemaker K, Rubin J, Zumbro GL, Tackett R. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1996 August; 112(2): 542-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8751527

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Foreign body granuloma at the exit site in patients on CAPD: use of 1% gentian violet as topical treatment. Author(s): Moyses-Neto M, Cherubini A, Batista ME, Raspanti EO, Vieira-Neto OM, Nakagawa B, Conceicao AM, Feres MR, Vannucchi MT. Source: Perit Dial Int. 1997 September-October; 17(5): 509-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9358534

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Gentian violet and thrush. Author(s): Utter AR. Source: Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 1992 March; 8(1): 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1558661

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Gentian violet and wound repair. Author(s): Mobacken H. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 December; 15(6): 1303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3805372

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Gentian violet as a cause of epidemic occupational nosebleeds. Author(s): Quinby GE. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1968 April; 16(4): 485-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5652982

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Gentian violet in the treatment of oral candidiasis. Author(s): Leung AK. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1988 April; 7(4): 304-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3368270

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Gentian violet keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Parker WT, Binder PS. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1979 March; 87(3): 340-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=434094

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Gentian violet solution for staining the anterior capsule. Author(s): Unlu K, Askunger A, Soker S, Kilinc N, Karaca C, Erdinc M. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 August; 26(8): 1228-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11008053

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Gentian violet toxicity. Author(s): Piatt JP, Bergeson PS. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1992 December; 31(12): 756-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1451385

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Gentian violet treatment for thrush: can its use cause breastfeeding problems? Author(s): Utter AR. Source: Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 1990 December; 6(4): 178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2271112

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Gentian violet, ketoconazole and nystatin in oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in Zairian AIDS patients. Author(s): Nyst MJ, Perriens JH, Kimputu L, Lumbila M, Nelson AM, Piot P. Source: Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1992 March; 72(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1567268

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Gentian violet. Author(s): Harris MJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1991 June 3; 154(11): 782. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2046587

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Gentian violet--is it safe? Author(s): Drinkwater P. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1990 February; 30(1): 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2346454

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Haemorrhagic cystitis due to gentian violet. Author(s): Walsh C, Walsh A. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 September 20; 293(6549): 732. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3094630

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Hemorrhagic cystitis due to intravesical instillation of gentian violet completely recovered with conservative therapy. Author(s): Kim SJ, Koh DH, Park JS, Ahn HS, Choi JB, Kim YS. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 2003 February; 44(1): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12619193

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Heterogeneity in chemical mutagen-induced chromosome damage after G2 phase exposure to bleomycin, ara-C and gentian violet in cultured lymphocytes of betathalassaemia traits. Author(s): Krishnaja AP, Sharma NK. Source: Mutation Research. 1995 September; 331(1): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7545265

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Is gentian violet safe? Author(s): Phillips V. Source: Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 1993 March; 9(1): 7-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8489730

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Keratoconjunctivitis sicca following instillation of gentian violet. Author(s): Dhir SP, Sharma SK, Munjal VP, Gupa A. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 1982 January; 30(1): 21-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7141584

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Letter: Oral irritation with gentian violet. Author(s): Horsfield P, Logan FA, Newey JA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 August 28; 2(6034): 528. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=953673

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Metabolism and mode of action of gentian violet. Author(s): Moreno SN. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1988 November; 83 Suppl 1: 308-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3150994

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Metabolism and preservation of fresh and stored erythrocytes in blood treated with gentian violet. Author(s): Moraes-Souza H, Kerbauy J, Barretto OC, Puhler GM, Nonoyama K, Juliano Y. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 1988; 21(2): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3144400

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More on thrush and the use of gentian violet. Author(s): Wilson-Clay B. Source: Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 1991 June; 7(2): 58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1822987

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Mucosal irritation following use of gentian violet. Author(s): Slotkowski EL, Redondo D. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1966 July; 112(1): 40-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4951362

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Mycobacterium chelonae wound infections after plastic surgery employing contaminated gentian violet skin-marking solution. Author(s): Safranek TJ, Jarvis WR, Carson LA, Cusick LB, Bland LA, Swenson JM, Silcox VA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1987 July 23; 317(4): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3600710

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Necrotic skin reactions caused by 1 per cent gentian violet and brilliant green. Author(s): Bjornberg A, Mobacken H. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1972; 52(1): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4111108

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Obstructive laryngotracheitis secondary to gentian violet exposure. Author(s): Baca D, Drexler C, Cullen E. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2001 April; 40(4): 233-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11336425

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Oral irritation with gentian violet. Author(s): Verbov J. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 September 11; 2(6036): 639. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=963476

•

Prevention of Chagas' disease resulting from blood transfusion by treatment of blood: toxicity and mode of action of gentian violet. Author(s): Docampo R, Moreno SN, Gadelha FR, de Souza W, Cruz FS. Source: Biomed Environ Sci. 1988 December; 1(4): 406-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3151757

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Prevention of transfusion-associated Chagas' disease by sterilization of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected blood with gentian violet, ascorbic acid, and light. Author(s): Ramirez LE, Lages-Silva E, Pianetti GM, Rabelo RM, Bordin JO, MoraesSouza H. Source: Transfusion. 1995 March; 35(3): 226-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7878715

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Studies on antibacterial properties of gentian violet impregnated silastic. Author(s): Bhatnagar V, Sundaram KR. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1993 September; 97: 206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8262572

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Surgical pearl: Gentian violet-dyed sutures improve intraoperative visualization. Author(s): Albertini JG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 September; 45(3): 453-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11511846

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The effects of hydrocolloid dressing and gentian violet on radiation-induced moist desquamation wound healing. Author(s): Mak SS, Molassiotis A, Wan WM, Lee IY, Chan ES. Source: Cancer Nursing. 2000 June; 23(3): 220-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10851773

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The metabolism and mode of action of gentian violet. Author(s): Docampo R, Moreno SN. Source: Drug Metabolism Reviews. 1990; 22(2-3): 161-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2272286

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Topical gentian violet for cutaneous infection and nasal carriage with MRSA. Author(s): Okano M, Noguchi S, Tabata K, Matsumoto Y. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 December; 39(12): 942-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11168669

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Two new uses for the gentian violet marker. Author(s): Frank MG. Source: Ophthalmic Surg. 1982 September; 13(9): 766. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6752797

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Use of gentian violet as a guide in bone removal. Author(s): Tashiro H. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1984 May; 42(5): 339. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6585510

13

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GENTIAN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and gentian.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Gentian The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “gentian” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Gentian

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “gentian” (or a synonym): •

Micropropagation and acclimatization of yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea L.). Author(s): Ljubljana Univ. (Slovenia). Biotechnical Fac., Agronomy Dept. Source: Zeleznik, A. Baricevic, D. Vodnik, D. Zbornik-Biotehniske-fakultete-Univerze-vLjubljani (Slovenia). Kmetijstvo (Agronomija). (2002). volume 79(1) page 253-259.

•

Response of the alpine gentian Gentiana nivalis L. to protection from grazing by sheep. Author(s): Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Banchory AB31 4BY (United Kingdom) Source: Miller, G.R. Geddes, C. Mardon, D.K. Biological-Conservation (United Kingdom). (1999). volume 87(3) page 311-318.

•

Transformation of prairie gentian (Eustoma grandiflorum) with agrobacterium rhizogenes harboring beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPT II) genes. Author(s): Tsukuba Univ., Ibaraki (Japan). Inst. of Agriculture and Forestry Source: Handa, T. Journal-of-the-Japanese-Society-for-Horticultural-Science (Japan). (March 1996). volume 64(4) page 913-918.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

Chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity studies of gentian violet in Fischer 344 rats: twogeneration exposure. Author(s): Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079. Source: Littlefield, N A Gaylor, D W Blackwell, B N Allen, R R Food-Chem-Toxicol. 1989 April; 27(4): 239-47 0278-6915

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

Nutrition

15

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GENTIAN Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to gentian. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to gentian and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “gentian” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to gentian: •

A flow-cytometric gram-staining technique for milk-associated bacteria. Author(s): Holm C, Jespersen L. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 May; 69(5): 2857-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12732558

•

Altered crystal violet permeability and lytic behavior in antibiotic-resistant and sensitive mutants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Author(s): Guymon LF, Sparling PF. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1975 November; 124(2): 757-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=810481

•

Continuing education: prevention and treatment of acute radiation dermatitis: a literature review. Author(s): Wickline MM.

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Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 2004 March-April; 31(2): 237-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15017440 •

Dermabrasion in dermatology. Author(s): Gold MH. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2003; 4(7): 467-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12814336

•

Effects of Gentiana lutea ssp. symphyandra on the central nervous system in mice. Author(s): Ozturk N, Husnu Can Baser K, Aydin S, Ozturk Y, Calis I. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 November; 16(7): 627-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410542

•

Effects of inhibitors on repair of DNA in normal human and xeroderma pigmentosum cells after exposure to x-rays and ultraviolet irradiation. Author(s): Kleijer WJ, Hoeksema JL, Sluyter ML, Bootsma D. Source: Mutation Research. 1973 March; 17(3): 385-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4631741

•

Ethnopharmacobotany in Tuscany: plants used as antihypertensives. Author(s): Uncini Manganelli RE, Chericoni S, Baragatti B. Source: Fitoterapia. 2000 August; 71 Suppl 1: S95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10930719

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Evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of Gentiana olivieri herbs on subacute administration and isolation of active principle. Author(s): Orhan DD, Aslan M, Aktay G, Ergun E, Yesilada E, Ergun F. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 April 4; 72(20): 2273-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12628447

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Gentian violet as a possible fungal inhibitor in poultry feed: plate assays on its antifungal activity. Author(s): Chen TC, Day EJ. Source: Poultry Science. 1974 September; 53(5): 1791-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4213944

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Microorganisms in unamended soil as observed by various forms of microscopy and staining. Author(s): Casida LE Jr. Source: Appl Microbiol. 1971 June; 21(6): 1040-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4105130

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Non-conventional topical therapies for wound care. Author(s): Rund CR. Source: Ostomy Wound Manage. 1996 June; 42(5): 18-20, 22-4, 26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8717010

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Non-destructive NIR-FT-Raman analyses in practice. Part I. Analyses of plants and historic textiles. Author(s): Andreev GN, Schrader B, Schulz H, Fuchs R, Popov S, Handjieva N. Source: Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2001 December; 371(7): 1009-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11769790

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Polymeric micellar paclitaxel phosphorylates Bcl-2 and induces apoptotic regression of androgen-independent LNCaP prostate tumors. Author(s): Leung SY, Jackson J, Miyake H, Burt H, Gleave ME. Source: The Prostate. 2000 July 1; 44(2): 156-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10881025

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Respiratory and allergic diseases: from upper respiratory tract infections to asthma. Author(s): Jaber R. Source: Primary Care. 2002 June; 29(2): 231-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12391710

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Standardized kinetic microassay to quantify differential chemosensitivity on the basis of proliferative activity. Author(s): Bernhardt G, Reile H, Birnbock H, Spruss T, Schonenberger H. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 1992; 118(1): 35-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1309532

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The action of some triphenylmethane dyes on yeast and erythrocyte membranes. Author(s): Elferink JG, Booij HL. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1975 August; 25(8): 1248-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=241361

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The xanthones gentiacaulein and gentiakochianin are responsible for the vasodilator action of the roots of Gentiana kochiana. Author(s): Chericoni S, Testai L, Calderone V, Flamini G, Nieri P, Morelli I, Martinotti E. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 August; 69(8): 770-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14531031

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Understanding urogenital biofilms and potential impact of probiotics. Author(s): Reid G, Heinemann C, Howard J, Gardiner G, Gan BS.

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Source: Methods Enzymol. 2001; 336: 403-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11398415

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to gentian; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arteriosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coronary Artery Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 21

Sinusitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •

Alternative Therapy Bach Flower Remedies Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,673,00.html

•

Chinese Medicine Ankun Zanyu Wan Alternative names: An Kun Zan Yu Wan Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Danggui Longhui Wan Alternative names: Danggui Longhui Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Longdan Alternative names: Chinese Gentian; Radix Gentianae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Longdan Xiegan Wan Alternative names: Longdan Xiegan Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Qingre Jiedu Koufuye Alternative names: Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Qingyedan Alternative names: Mile Swertia Herb; Herba Swertiae Mileensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qinjiao Alternative names: Largeleaf Gentian Root; Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qufeng Shujin Wan Alternative names: Qufeng Shujin Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Shisanwei Bangga San Alternative names: hisanwei Bangga Powder; Shisanwei Bangga San (Shi San Wei Banq Qa San Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shujin Wan Alternative names: Qufeng Shujin Pills; Qufeng Shujin Wan Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China •

Herbs and Supplements Barberry Alternative names: Berberis vulgaris Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Boldo Alternative names: Peumus boldus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crataegus Alternative names: Hawthorn; Crataegus oxyacantha L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Gentian Alternative names: Gentiana lutea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gentian Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gentian Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Swertia Alternative names: Swertia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Vervain Alternative names: Verbena officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html.

Alternative Medicine 23

This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON GENTIAN Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “gentian” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on gentian, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Gentian By performing a patent search focusing on gentian, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on gentian: •

Analysis of gentian violet residue in tissue Inventor(s): Taylor; Gregg W. (Murrayville, GA) Assignee(s): A.H.P., Inc. (Gainesville, GA) Patent Number: 3,975,158 Date filed: February 17, 1976 Abstract: A process for the analysis of gentian violet in animal or poultry tissue, animal or poultry manure, animal or poultry feed, or eggs. The gentian violet is quantitatively determined. Excerpt(s): This invention further relates to processes for the analysis of residual gentian violet in tissue, eggs, manure or feed. U.S. Pat. No. 3,915,637 involves a process for the analysis of the residual gentian violet in feed, tissue, eggs or manure. The process includes extracting substantially all of the fat in the feed, tissue, eggs or manure using a fat solvent. (The extraction is preferably done at room temperature. The fat solvent is separated from the feed, tissue, eggs or manure, preferably, by means of centrifuging.) The fat-extracted feed or manure is dried. A known amount of acidified ethanol is admixed with the fat-extracted feed, eggs, tissue or manure, and the resultant admixture is left standing (preferably for 48 hours). The acidified alcohol is separated from the resultant admixture. The amount of gentian violet in the acidified alcohol is determined by spectrophotometrical comparison with acidified alcohol standards containing set amounts of gentian violet. The extraction, separation and determination steps are repeated until no gentian violet is found to be present in the acidified alcohol, the total of the gentian violet found from the determination steps being the total amount of gentian violet present in the feed, eggs, tissue or manure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03975158__

•

Composition for use as a fungistat and for the treatment of fungal infections Inventor(s): Peacock; Robert (2996 Millville-Shandon Rd., Hamilton, OH 45013) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,760,052 Date filed: February 6, 1997 Abstract: A composition for use as a fungistat for the treatment and prevention of infections such as sporotrichosis, onychomycosis infections, white line disease, hoof rot, jungle rot, pseudallecheria boydii, scopulariopsis, athletes foot, canker sole and fungal infections generally. The fungistat composition includes acriflavine and gentian violet. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for. use as a fungistat to prevent infections such as sporotrichosis, onychomycosis, white line disease, hoof rot, jungle rot, canker sole, pseudallecheria boydii, scopulariopsis and fungal infections generally. The composition includes acriflavine and gentian violet. Some known uses of acriflavine are set forth below. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,315,001 and 4,603,122 disclose a treatment of genital and labial herpes infections using photodynamic and intercalating agents such as acriflavine or proflavine followed by white visible light. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,547,541 and

Patents 27

5,547,745 disclose that acriflavine is known as an anti-infective and that gentian violet is known as a topical anti-infective. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05760052__ •

Disinfectant plastic sponge material Inventor(s): Shanbrom; Edward (Santa Ana, CA) Assignee(s): Shanbrom Technologies LLC (Ojai, CA) Patent Number: 5,811,471 Date filed: September 15, 1997 Abstract: A germicidal absorptive material for use in surgical packings, sanitary tampons and similar uses is provided by a sponge-like matrix of polyvinyl alcoholacetal copolymer to which is tightly bound a germicidal disinfectant dye. Polyvinyl alcohol-acetal polymer shows exceptional avidity for a number of disinfectant dyes, both acidic and basic, such as methylene blue and gentian violet. Consequently, sponges of this material containing disinfectant dye release no dye to an aqueous solution The material is generally a porous matrix that releases no particles or fines into wounds or body orifices. Presence of bound disinfectant dye allows the sponge to inhibit bacterial growth in a number of different situations. Several common bacteria are killed by being incubated in the present of an embodiment of the invention which contains both methylene blue and gentian violet. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to the medical products and personal care products and especially to germicidal bandage and sanitary napkin and tampon materials. The importance of sterile techniques and especially sterile bandage material to modern medicine can hardly be overestimated. Almost every student of biology has heard the tales of how medical practitioners of not too long ago thought that pus and other signs of what is now known to be infection were essential to wound healing. These practitioners would reopen a wound that was not showing the expected pus and inflammation. This was changed by Lister's; discoveries regarding disinfection and the subsequent adoption of sterile bandage material for wound dressings. A continuing problem has been the propensity for microorganisms to grow in once sterile bandage material. A major function of surgical bandages and packing materials is the absorption of various excreted fluids. These fluids are frequently rich in nutrients and are capable of supporting abundant bacterial growth. Since the surgical opening or skin surface is rarely absolutely free of bacteria, the bandage material soon supports a burgeoning bacterial population. These bacteria can easily cause serious infection and may also release a variety of harmful toxins. The obvious solution to such a problem is to change the bandage material often so that bacterial buildup does not occur. An additional answer is to treat the bandage material with some type of disinfectant to limit bacterial growth. Unfortunately, it has proven difficult to produce an effective disinfectant that does not readily wash out of the material, thereby greatly reducing its effectiveness and possibly causing irritation or damage to body tissues. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05811471__

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Medical waste decontamination Inventor(s): Kralovic; Raymond C. (Ashtabula, OH) Assignee(s): Steris Corporation (Mentor, OH) Patent Number: 5,374,394 Date filed: February 25, 1993 Abstract: A bag (86) of medical wastes is inserted into a chamber (12) that contains a grinder (20). A package (48) is placed unopened in the chamber with the medical wastes. A selected volume of a dilutant such as water is added to the chamber (40, 42). The chamber is closed and the grinder operated for a selected duration. The grinder grinds the packaging, disposing of the packaging and permitting contained dry reagents (56, 58) such as acetylsalicylic acid and perborate to react with the dilutant, forming a peracetic acid solution or permitting a sterilant concentrate (70) to form an antimicrobial solution with the dilutant. The grinder continues to grind the packaging and the medical wastes into fine particulates forming a slurry with the peracetic acid solution. The continued operation of the grinder assures that the anti-microbial solution contacts all surfaces of the waste. In this manner, the medical wastes are microbially decontaminated. A color indicator (60, 78) is included with the packaging to provide a color indication as to whether the anti-microbial reaction is complete. For example, a Gentian Violet may be provided which fades to white to indicate completion of the decontamination process. Once decontaminated, the slurry is removed from the chamber and disposed of as non-contaminated waste materials. Optionally, fragrances and deodorants may be included in the package. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the decontamination arts. It finds particular application in conjunction with the sterilizing or disinfecting of medical wastes and will be described with particular reference thereto. However, it is to be appreciated that the present invention will also find application in connection with the disposal of any products having potentially harmful microorganisms. Microbial decontamination connotes the removal of hazardous or unwanted bacteria, mold spores, and other pathogenic life forms. Disinfection connotes the absence of pathogenic life forms. Sterilization connotes the absence of all life forms, whether pathogenic or not. Heretofore, medical waste such as used syringes, petri dishes and culture media, vials, and other equipment which has come in contact with substances which might potentially carry pathogenic organisms have been subject to elaborate and expensive waste disposal procedures. Traditionally, these wastes were incinerated at sufficiently high temperatures that the pathogenic organisms were killed. However, incinerators tend to be a source of air pollution and are being closed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05374394__

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Method for determining the concentration of selected ingredients in animal feeds Inventor(s): Jackson; Dennis E. (Springfield, MO) Assignee(s): Cambridge Products, Ltd. (Springfield, MO) Patent Number: 4,421,858 Date filed: July 10, 1981 Abstract: The present invention describes a method where, by using gentian violet as a tracer substance, the concentration of one or more selected components or factors of a

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complete animal feedstuff may be monitored throughout the life of the feed whether at the mill, in transit or at the place of its end use. In one embodiment, the method may be used to determine quickly whether any separation of components has occurred thereby destroying the homogeneity of the feedstuff and potentially endangering the animals to which the feedstuff is provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed generally to a method for determining the concentration of a selected ingredient in complete animal feeds and is more particularly concerned with a novel method for performing such analyses utilizing gentian violet as a tracer substance. The animals, cattle, swine and poultry, that are used most commonly today for production of meat and dairy products are specially bred and raised descendants from animals that once lived naturally in the environment. In recent years, the methods by which such livestock are raised particularly for meat production, have advanced very rapidly. The methods and the associated equipment utilized today have achieved a considerable level of sophistication and have, concomitantly, caused the removal of the animals from their natural environment. In particular, the animals are confined generally to very small areas throughout their growth periods. This forced confinement has both benefits and drawbacks. The benefits are that the animals are prevented from using their muscles in such a way to cause the meat produced to be stringy and tough. On the other side, the animals, by being out of their natural environments, must be fed a fortified diet to compensate for the absence of many feed elements formerly provided within their natural environments. The general intent of the animal production methods now used is to cause the animals to grow to a marketable size as rapidly as possible. Or, the case of those producing dairy products, to mature rapidly and provide a maximum yield for as long a period as possible. As a result, the industries that raise the livestock and those that provide support to them have become highly specialized. Within the livestock industry, this is achieved through careful breeding and adjustment of the artifical environment. The breeding process has tended to create specialized strains of animals that develop rapidly and put on weight appropriate to quality meats. In the support area, careful balancing of the nutrients furnished to the grower for the animal, particularly those nutrients that do not occur in sufficient supply in naturally grown feeds. As a result, the growth periods for the animals to be ready for market, have been reduced significantly. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04421858__ •

Method for testing gasoline for water and alcohol in the presence or absence of the other Inventor(s): Travis; Basil B. (P.O. Box 287, Lodi, CA 95241) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,229,295 Date filed: April 2, 1992 Abstract: An environmentally compatible method for field testing gasoline, and other liquid hydrocarbons, for the presence of water and/or alcohol in the presence or absence of the other utilizing colorimetric reagents comprising methylene blue dye, anhydrous sodium borate and gentian violet dye in suspension with mineral oil. When alcohol is present a volumetric test using dilute nitric acid is further described to measure its percentage in the fuel.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention generally concerns both colorimetric detection of water and alcohol in gasoline, but also includes a volumetric determination of alcohol if present in fuels commonly known as "gasohols." Additionally, the tests are also applicable to a variety of liquid hydrocarbons for detection of water and/or alcohol therein. Moreover, they are believed environmentally safe. Alcohol is fastly becoming a familiar component of gasolines known as gasohols wherein the alcohol content is often found to be as much as 10%, and in some specialty fuels it can approach nearly 100%. Although ethanol is most often the alcohol of choice, other alcohols such as methanol or tertiary butanol are sometimes added to gasoline or even used as fuels themselves for various reasons. In this regard the propensity of alcohols to absorb water from the environment has long been known where it is theoretically possible to find as much as 10% disbursed water in alcohol which would translate into about 1% water disbursed in gasohols containing 10% alcohol. The adverse effects of excessive water in a fuel system cannot be overstated as ranging from corrosion to poor engine performance, and accordingly over the past 30 years of prior art in the field there have been various methods described for detecting water and/or alcohol in engine fuels. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,968,940 (1961), Feldman, et. al., describes a method to detect 30 parts per million disbursed water in jet aircraft fuels (the "go-no go" limit) by adding one-half gram of a mixture of sodium o-cresolsulfonphthalien and barium carbonate to 100 cc's of jet fuel, shaking it, allowing the powder to settle and noting its color. Although several common additives were found not to interfere, none of these included alcohols in the concentration normally found in gasohols. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05229295__ •

Method of forming a membrane, especially a latex or polymer membrane, including a deactivating barrier and indicating layer Inventor(s): Lester; David J. (Littleton, CO), Shlenker; Robin R. T. (Denver, CO), Solomons; Clive C. (Denver, CO) Assignee(s): Shlenker; Robin Renee Thill (Malibu, CA) Patent Number: 5,549,924 Date filed: August 15, 1994 Abstract: Single and multiple layer membranes such as gloves and condoms include one or more deactivating barrier layers and/or indicating layers to indicate to a user membrane breach or the presence of a harmful substance in blood or body fluids. A membrane may include one or more permeable or semipermeable layers to disperse contained substances such as lubricants, biocides, spermicides, or indicators outwardly, and may also include permeable or semipermeable layers to allow transmission of body fluids or other environmental fluids inwardly into contact with an indicating or treating substance. An intermediate layer of a multi-layer membrane may include a substance to wipe, cleanse, sterilize, or otherwise treat a piercing needle. A membrane may include a sealing or coating to entrap indicators or other agents such as biocides therein. A method of making membranes such as gloves results in a double glove having discrete inner or outer layers joined only in a cuff region. Admixing of gentian violet with latex prior to membrane formation provides biocidal properties, anti-aging effects prolonging shelf-life and tear resistance, and reduces allergic reactions in latex-allergic users. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to membranes formed from materials including latex, polyurethane, polyethylene, rubber, and other polymers and elastomers. Known applications of such membranes include surgical and examination gloves, condoms,

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diaphragms, dressings, sheaths, slippers, overshoes, sterile bands, catheters, tubing, drapes, gut openings, mouth pieces, baby nipples, intra gastric nasal tubes, nasal gastric tubes, kidney shunts, eye and brain shunts, dental dams, dental braces, sub-clavian vein and artery shunts, and colostomy bags. Typically, such membranes in use contact a person's or animal's skin or other tissues. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in improving such membranes to provide increased protection against the transmission of viruses such as hepatitis and HIV, as well as other pathogens and harmful agents. The present invention discloses several embodiments which provide membranes with an improved resistance to transmission of viruses and other harmful agents, and capabilities to disinfect needles and other membrane piercing objects, and also discloses the provision of one or more indicating layers to detect and indicate membrane breach and the presence of viruses, and other pathogens, as well as harmful chemicals. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05549924__ •

Method of treating candida and cryptococcus fungal infections by administering gentian Inventor(s): Chen; Yu (1520 Taylor Ave., Baltimore, MD 21234) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,837,254 Date filed: November 14, 1996 Abstract: A method and preparations for the treatment of vaginal yeast and other yeast infections is provided for the treatment of infections caused by candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans. The method and preparations of the invention can also be used for other yeast and fungal infections including systemic, mucosal and cutaneous caused by candida and cryptococcus. The vaginal antiyeast and antifungal preparations include, in addition to suppositories and mouth washes, troches, lotions, creams, tablets and capsules containing gentian preparations as an active ingredient obtained from the, plant Radix gentianae Longdancao other active ingredients which may also be present are American Radix Ginseng, Radix Scutellariae Basica Lensis and Fructus Gardeniae Jasminoidis. For systemic fungal infections gentian preparations from the plant Radix gentianae Longdancao are taken orally in the form of lozenges, tablets, capsules or in solution form for gargling or swallowing. The novel gentian preparations also can be applied topically for cutaneous yeast infections and are administered in the form of suppositories, lozenges and creams to treat mucosal yeast infections. The gentian oral preparations of the invention are capable of passing through the blood brain barrier as demonstrated by the cure of meningitis caused by cryptococcus in AIDS patients. The treatment and novel compositions of the invention are effective in controlling fungal and yeast infections in two days to two weeks and provide a non-toxic treatment of vaginal yeast and other fungal infections caused by cryptococcus and candida. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to a method and novel compositions containing gentian from the gentianaceae family of plants for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections and other fungal infections caused by various fungal and yeast forms such as candida and cryptococcus. More particularly, the invention pertains to novel compositions and preparations obtained from the root of the plant having the pharmaceutical name of Radix gentianae Longdancao for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections and other fungus and yeast infections caused by candida albicans and cryptococcus. The plant Radix gentianae Longdancao is also known by the botanical

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names Gentiana scabra Bge, Gentiana triflora Pall, Gentiana manshurica Kitag, Gentiana algida Pall, Gentiana regescens Fransh and Gentiana lutea which will be referred to collectively as Radix gentianae Longdancao. Radix gentianae Longdancao may be used to prepare novel antifungal preparations and novel medicaments in the form of topical creams, liquids, lotions, capsules, lozenges and suppositories. The novel preparations from Radix gentianae Longdancao may be applied topically or transmucosally to treat cutaneous and mucosal syndromes caused by candida infection or taken internally in the form of lotions, liquids, tablets and capsules for the treatment of systemic candida and cryptococcus infections. The novel method of treatment of candida and cryptococcus infection with novel preparations from Radix gentianae Longdancao is effective in treating not only cutaneous and mucosal candidiasis but also systemic candidiasis involving the bloodstream and metastatic invasion of the meninges, bones, joints, peritonium and myocardium. The novel Radix gentianae Longdancao preparations, when taken internally, pass through the digestive system and enter the blood stream for the treatment of systemic candida infections and pass the blood brain barrier to treat meningeal candidiasis and cryptococcus meningitis in AIDS patients. The novel preparations of the invention do not require injection or IV application for the treatment of fungal infections of candida albicans, candida tropicalis and other candida species referred to collectively as candida and cryptococcus neoformans and other cryptococcus species collectively referred to as cryptococcus. The novel Radix gentianae Longdancao preparations are advantageous over the prior art since they are nontoxic to the patient and may be utilized in patients having weak or compromised immune systems such as in the case of AIDS patients, leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, neutropenia, hematologic diseases and endocrinopathies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05837254__ •

Microbicide treated polymeric materials Inventor(s): Shanbrom; Edward (Santa Ana, CA) Assignee(s): Shanbrom Technologies (Ojai, CA) Patent Number: 6,183,764 Date filed: September 22, 1998 Abstract: A microbicidal organic polymer material for use in manufacturing of contact lenses, condoms, surgical sutures and gloves, medical examination devices and similar uses is provided by polymers to which is tightly adsorbed a disinfectant organic dye. Many polymers such as polyvinyl chloride and acrylic polymers show exceptional avidity for a number of microbicides, of acidic, basic, aromatic and/or hydrophobic character such as methylene blue and gentian violet. Consequently, devices constructed of these polymeric materials release no free dye to an aqueous solution. The material is generally a natural or synthetic polymer that releases no particles or fines into wounds or body orifices. Presence of adsorbed disinfectant organic dye allows the polymer to inhibit microbial growth in a number of different situations. Several common microbes are killed by being incubated in the present of an embodiment of the invention which contains a combination of methylene blue and gentian violet. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to the medical products and personal care products and especially to natural and synthetic polymers used to manufacture contact lenses, polymeric medical sutures, surgical gloves, and other similar medical items. The importance of sterile techniques to modem medicine can hardly be overestimated. Almost every medical student is aware of infections introduced during surgery or

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during post surgical care and all users of contact lenses are familiar with the importance of clean contact lenses to the health of their eyes. A continuing problem with the use of polymeric materials has been the propensity for microorganisms to adhere to surfaces of these initially sterile polymeric materials which subsequently can lead to irritation and/or infection. The principal uses of sterile grade polymers puts them in contact with various mucosal and other surfaces of the human and mammalian body. These surfaces are key in the body's early line of defense. When mucosal surfaces are abraded, penetrated incorrectly or exposed to conditions conducive to microbial growth, infection can occur more easily. In order to inhibit infection, the polymeric materials coming in contact with mucosal surfaces could be treated with some type of microbicide to inhibit microbial adhesion and subsequent infection. Unfortunately, it has proven difficult to produce an effective microbicide that does not readily wash out of the material, thereby greatly reducing its effectiveness and possibly causing irritation or damage to body tissues. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06183764__ •

Pharmaceutical compositions and methods for protecting and treating sun damaged skin Inventor(s): Murad; Howard (4316 Marina City Dr., Marina del Rey, CA 90292) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,804,168 Date filed: January 29, 1997 Abstract: This invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the protection and prevention of skin damage to a patient resulting from exposure to sunlight having at least one antioxidant component in an amount sufficient to inhibit the formation of free radicals; at least one anti-inflammatory component in an amount sufficient to substantially inhibit the inflammation associated with exposure to sunlight; and at least one immunity boosting component to enhance the patient's immune response. In a preferred form, the composition also includes a cysteine component, a magnesium component, a manganese component, a copper component, a selenium component, and a carotenoid component. In a more preferred form the invention also includes wild yam root, wild yam extract, yellow dock, bupleurum, poria cocos, gentian root, myrrh gum, hawthorn berry extract, and rosemary extract. The invention also relates to a method for protecting skin from damage caused by exposure to sunlight by administering the pharmaceutical composition in an amount therapeutically effective in increasing the sun protection factor of the skin. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions, as well as methods, to protect skin from the armful effects of sunlight. The skin is the most environmentallystressed organ in mammals, particularly in humans. Not only is the skin subjected to toxic chemicals and hostile environments, but it also is the only organ directly exposed to Ultraviolet ("UV") light in the presence of oxygen. ›See, e.g., P. Mayer, et al., Cosmetic & Toiletries, 108:99-109 (February 1993)!. Lengthy exposure of the skin to UV light typically damages the skin, resulting, in sunburn, photoaging and carcinogenesis. Topical applications are one such effort well known in the art that shields the skin from the sun's harmful effects. These sun-screens often are water- or oil-based lotions or ointments that incorporate photo-protectant materials such as titanium and zinc oxide. ›J. Weiss, Skin, 16-23 (March/April 1996)!. Although the most widely used form of protection against exposure to sunlight, these topical applications suffer from several

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drawbacks. First, large amounts of photo-protective materials are incorporated into the topical applications, some of which have recently become suspect of having toxicity under these conditions or otherwise being harmful. Furthermore, the effectiveness of such topical applications is dependent upon a constant and uniform coverage of the skin, which is often difficult to obtain. Many individuals fail to use these topical sunscreens on a regular or continuing basis, as is required under prolonged UV exposure. Finally, sunscreens do not provide good protection for all types of UV light. ›Id.!. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05804168__ •

Process of sparing poultry from the effect of toxins Inventor(s): Taylor; Gregg W. (Murrayville, GA) Assignee(s): A.H.P., Inc. (Gainesville, GA) Patent Number: 4,126,701 Date filed: July 8, 1977 Abstract: A process of feeding animals and poultry a complete feed consisting only of (i) between 0.00077 and 0.005 percent by weight, based on the weight of the feed, of gentian violet and (ii) the remainder medically inert ingredients, such inert ingredients not having a sparing effect for poultry and animals from the toxic and/or lethal effects of aflatoxin. The gentian violet has the effect of sparing animals and poultry from the toxic effects of aflatoxins in feeds. The inert ingredients include all of the inert ingredients normally in a complete or basal animal or poultry feed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to animal and poultry feed which contains a medicinal agent that is a selective fungicidal mold inhibitor of Candida albicans. This invention also relates to the use of such feed to spare animals and poultry from the toxic effects of aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in feed. It is known that a given strain of mold may gain or lose its ability to produce toxins without known reason. Several reasons for this phenomenon have been advanced, namely, change of substrate, genetics, stage of growth, accumulation and metabolism of the toxin, and actual stability of the toxin. Facial eczema of sheep in New Zealand has been caused by Pithomyces chartarus -- the toxin caused liver damage and skin disorders. A malady in horses, cattle, and poultry has been caused by a toxin from a mold called Stachybotrys atra. A field outbreak in Georgia of mold toxicosis in swine resulted from corn left in the field -- the toxic molds were Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium rubrum. A massive outbreak of toxicity from moldy ground nut meal (peanut) occurred in England -- the toxin producing mold was a strain of Aspergillus flavus. The common name applied to the disease is "Turkey X" disease, and the poisonous material has been designated as "Aflatoxin." Aflatoxin has carcinogenic properties. Hemorrhagic disease in chicks occurred -- toxins from certain molds will cause lesions indistinguishable from field hemorrhagic disease. Bovine hyperkeratosis has been caused by Aspergillus clavatus. A toxicosis from moldy feed at Texas Agricultural Experimental Station was caused by unidentified molds. The mold brought on acute lysine deficiency. Arginine was similarly affected. These amino acids alleviated most of the problem in poults. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04126701__

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Silastic and polymer-based catheters with improved antimicrobial/antifungal properties Inventor(s): Illner; Hana (Lubbock, TX) Assignee(s): Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (Lubbock, TX) Patent Number: 5,709,672 Date filed: November 1, 1995 Abstract: Disclosed are devices having improved anti-microbial resistance to bacteria and fungus. Indwelling devices, such as catheters and the like, include low amounts of gentian violet, or a combination of gentian violet and silver nitrate. Methods for preparing the treated devices using alcohol and similar solvents are also detailed. The devices may be made of polyurethane, silicone, or other similarly absorptive material. Methods of inhibiting infection and long-term catheter management with the described devices are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of indwelling medical articles, such as catheters. These articles are coated or otherwise treated with gentian violet, a combination of gentian violet and silver nitrate, or like combination of bacteriostatic and antifungal chemical derivatives at relatively low concentrations, that imparts effective microbial resistance to the device. The devices of the invention have at least one surface that is of a silastic, polyurethane, or like absorptive and/or semiabsorptive material. The invention also relates to highly efficient methods or preparing these articles. Methods of using the treated articles for inhibiting infection, especially during long-term catheterization, are also related to the present invention. Catheters pre-treated with antibiotics have been used experimentally in the past for prophylaxis of septic complications. At present, their use remains controversial because of their short-term potency and because of the risks associated with overgrowth of resistant bacterial strains and fungal superinfection. The introduction of plastic catheters in 1945 allowed prolonged administration of intravenous fluids through single sites. The subsequent use of central venous catheters for long term intravenous therapy and for continuous cardiovascular monitoring has also been described. However, these and other common catheter uses have been associated with a number of serious complications, including formation of thrombus, bacterial and fungal colonization, bacteremia, systemic sepsis and shock. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05709672__

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Thrush treatment composition and method Inventor(s): Stadtmueller; Ludwig A. (1232 Cambridge Ave., Plainfield, NJ 07062) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,000,954 Date filed: October 27, 1989 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a composition of matter for and method of treating thrush and other equine infections. The composition includes the following: a. about 20% to about 35% by weight of formaldehyde and/or an active derivative thereof; b. about 5% to about 20% by weight of turpentine; c. about 10% to about 25% by weight of gentian violet; d. balance being an oily diluent. The preferred diluent is mineral oil.

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The method involves applying an effective amount of the composition to the diseased area. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a composition for the treatment of thrush, such as equine thrush, and a method of treating thrush. The composition includes three critical elements including formaldehyde or its derivative, turpentine and gentian violet, along with a diluent. The method of the present invention involves using an effective amount of the composition, either topically or otherwise, on the affected area. Thrush is a well known and long recognized suppurative disease which spreads over time on affected areas of an animal such as a horse or donkey, destroying the frog and leaving open sores which eventually create significant pain and tenderness to the animal. Many treatments have been developed over the years and some utilize formalin or formaldehyde while others use metalo-organic compounds such as copper niacyanate. While these compositions treat some of the symptoms of thrush effectively, they do not always eliminate the thrush and frequently require multiple treatments before being effective. The present invention composition and method have been found to frequently totally eliminate thrush with a single application. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05000954__

Patent Applications on Gentian As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to gentian: •

Antimicrobial polymer Inventor(s): Huang, Zhi-Heng; (San Ramon, CA), McDonald, William F.; (Utica, OH), Wright, Stacy C.; (Columbus, GA) Correspondence: Quarles & Brady Llp; 411 E. Wisconsin Avenue; Suite 2040; Milwaukee; WI; 53202-4497; US Patent Application Number: 20030157193 Date filed: February 5, 2002 Abstract: A polymeric composition having antimicrobial properties and a process for rendering the surface of a substrate antimicrobial are disclosed. The composition comprises a crosslinked chemical combination of (i) a polymer having amino groupcontaining side chains along a backbone forming the polymer, (ii) an antimicrobial agent selected from quaternary ammonium compounds, gentian violet compounds, substituted or unsubstituted phenols, biguanide compounds, iodine compounds, and mixtures thereof, and (iii) a crosslinking agent containing functional groups capable of reacting with the amino groups. In one embodiment, the polymer is a polyamide formed from a maleic anhydride or maleic acid ester monomer and alkylamines thereby producing a polyamide having amino substituted alkyl chains on one side of the polyamide backbone; the crosslinking agent is a phosphine having the general formula (A).sub.3P wherein A is hydroxyalkyl; and the antimicrobial agent is chlorhexidine,

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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dimethylchlorophenol, cetyl pyridinium chloride, gentian violet, triclosan, thymol, iodine, and mixtures thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a polymeric composition having antimicrobial properties and a process for rendering the surface of a substrate antimicrobial. The polymeric composition is a crosslinked chemical combination of (i) a polymer having amino group-containing side chains along a backbone forming the polymer, (ii) an antimicrobial agent selected from quaternary ammonium compounds, gentian violet compounds, substituted or unsubstituted phenols, biguanide compounds, iodine compounds, and mixtures thereof, and (iii) a crosslinking agent containing functional groups capable of reacting with the amino groups on the polymer. Many medical procedures involve the placement of medical devices, such as catheters, endotracheal tubes, prostheses, grafts, sutures, dressings and implants, in the human body. Infection is a common complication associated with the use of such medical devices. Accordingly, many research efforts have concentrated on finding means to prevent infection associated with these implantable medical devices. It has been particularly desirable to use a coating for implantable medical devices that is bacteriostatic, i.e., inhibits bacterial growth, such that the device can be implanted for longer periods without compromising the subject through a secondary bacterial infection. Various compounds have been incorporated into polymeric materials or polymeric coatings to provide for an implantable medical device that is bacteriostatic. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,224,579 B1 discloses polymeric medical articles comprising triclosan and/or other chlorinated phenols and silver containing compounds. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,707,366, 4,999,210 and 4,675,347 disclose medical articles having a chlorhexidine coating. U.S. Pat. No. 5,709,672 discloses polymeric medical articles comprising gentian violet and/or silver containing compounds. U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,698 discloses polymeric medical articles comprising quaternary ammonium compounds. U.S. Pat. No. 5,069,907 discloses medical articles comprising triclosan. U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,487 discloses polymeric medical articles comprising chlorhexidine, methylisothiazolone, terpineol, thymol, chloroxylenol, and/or cetylpyridinium chloride. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,323,557, 4,310,509 and 4,128,633 disclose medical articles having iodine compound coatings. U.S. Pat. No. 4,605,564 discloses polymeric medical articles comprising chlorinated phenols. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Automated staining and decolorization of biological material Inventor(s): Gibbs, Jeffrey Dwight; (Iowa Park, TX), Gibbs, Walden Lewis; (Wichita Falls, TX) Correspondence: The Zisman Law Firm; A Professional Corporation; Twenty Third Floor; 1412 Main Street; Dallas; TX; 75202; US Patent Application Number: 20030138877 Date filed: October 21, 2002 Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for staining samples of biological material for accurate analysis of the sample. Biological material is applied to a substrate, such as a microscope slide. The biological specimen then is then stained with a selected staining composition, which may be gentian violet for a Gram's Stain analysis. The stained biological material is at least partially decolorized and the level of decolorization is analyzed optically. If necessary, the decolorizing step and the optical analysis steps are repeated until a selected level of decolorization is obtained.

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Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/116,485, filed Jan. 20, 1999, entitled AUTOMATED STAINING AND DECOLORIZATION OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL. The present invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for the diagnostic staining of biological material. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods and apparatus for staining biological material on microscope slides in an automated fashion. Biological material, whether viruses, bacteria, or various smears or samples of blood, mucus, and the like, have been analyzed for centuries, since Van Leeuvenhoek invented the microscope. Typically the sample of material is applied to a microscope slide, stained or otherwise rendered into an analyzable state, and analyzed by a human technician or scientist. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Composition for treating hemorrhoids Inventor(s): Carroll, L. Gaye; (Magnolia, AR) Correspondence: R. Keith Harrison; 2139 E. Bert Kouns; Shreveport; LA; 71105; US Patent Application Number: 20040072911 Date filed: October 10, 2002 Abstract: A composition and method for the treatment of hemorrhoids. More particularly the present invention relates to a hemorrhoid-treating composition which includes a mixture of the antiseptic and bactericide gentian violet (methylrosaniline) and a lubricant such as petroleum jelly, also known as petrolatum or mineral jelly. The composition imparts a soothing and healing effect on swollen hemorrhoids, and particularly, on bleeding hemorrhoids. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition which is particularly useful in the treatment of hemorrhoids. More particularly, the present invention relates to a hemorrhoid-treating composition which includes a mixture of the antiseptic and bactericide gentian violet (methylrosaniline) and a lubricant such as petroleum jelly, also known as petrolatum or mineral jelly. The composition imparts a soothing and healing effect on swollen hemorrhoids, and particularly, on bleeding hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids are swollen blood vessels in the rectum. There are two basic types of hemorrhoids: internal and external. Internal hemorrhoids are swollen and inflamed veins far up in the rectum. Internal hemorrhoids cannot be seen or felt and usually are not painful due to the paucity in nerve endings in the upper portion of the rectum. While internal hemorrhoids are most commonly manifested by anal bleeding, they may prolapse, or protrude outside the anal sphincter. Usually, prolapsed internal hemorrhoids may be gently pushed back into place in the rectum. External hemorrhoids are swollen blood vessels in the anus and are usually manifested by pain as well as bleeding. When external hemorrhoids prolapse, or protrude from the anal sphincter, blood clots sometimes form, causing an extremely painful condition known as thrombosis. While they usually disappear by themselves within about a week, thrombosed hemorrhoids may be removed by a physician or may be treated with a pain-reducing medication to reduce the pain. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 39

•

Method of forming a membrant, especially a latex or polymer membrane, including multiple discrete layers Inventor(s): Lester, David J.; (Littleton, CO), Plamthottam, Sebastian S.; (Upland, CA), Shlenker, Robin Renee Thill; (Malibu, CA), Solomons, Clive C.; (Denver, CO) Correspondence: Lyon & Lyon Llp; Suite 4700; 633 West Fifth Street; Los Angeles; CA; 90071-2066; US Patent Application Number: 20010018095 Date filed: March 16, 2001 Abstract: Single and multiple layer membranes such as gloves and condoms include one or more deactivating barrier layers and/or indicating layers to indicate to a user membrane breach or the presence of a harmful substance in blood or body fluids. A membrane may include one or more permeable or semipermeable layers to disperse contained substances such as lubricants, biocides, spermicides, or indicators outwardly, and may also include permeable or semipermeable layers to allow transmission of body fluids or other environmental fluids inwardly into contact with an indicating or treating substance. An intermediate layer of a multi-layer membrane may include a substance to wipe, cleanse, sterilize, or otherwise treat a piercing needle. A membrane may include a sealing or coating to entrap indicators or other agents such as biocides therein. A method of making membranes such as gloves results in a double glove having discrete inner or outer layers joined only in a cuff region. Admixing of gentian violet with latex prior to membrane formation provides biocidal properties, anti-aging effects prolonging shelf-life and tear resistance, and reduces allergic reactions in latex-allergic users. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/291,002, filed Aug. 15, 1994, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/976,881, filed Nov. 16, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,338,565, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/825,546 filed Jan. 24, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,165,953, which is a continuation-in-part of both U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/536,772 filed Jun. 12, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,159 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/536,773 filed Jun. 12, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,128,168, both of which are continuations-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/482,978 filed Feb. 22, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,045,341, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/246,337 filed Sep. 19, 1988, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,260, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/143,184, filed Jan. 13, 1988, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,919,966, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/074,629, filed Jul. 17, 1987, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,771,482. All of these applications and patents are owned by the same Applicant. The entire disclosures of each of the foregoing patent applications and patents are hereby incorporated by reference herein. The present invention relates to membranes formed from materials including latex, polyurethane, polyethylene, rubber, and other polymers and elastomers. Known applications of such membranes include surgical and examination gloves, condoms, diaphragms, dressings, sheaths, slippers, overshoes, sterile bands, catheters, tubing, drapes, gut openings, mouth pieces, baby nipples, intra gastric nasal tubes, nasal gastric tubes, kidney shunts, eye and brain shunts, dental dams, dental braces, subclavian vein and artery shunts, and colostomy bags. Typically, such membranes in use contact a person's or animal's skin or other tissues. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in improving such membranes to provide increased protection against the transmission of viruses such as hepatitis and HIV, as well as other pathogens and harmful agents.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Topical agent for dermatological use Inventor(s): Kuriki, Takashi; (Osaka, JP), Nakae, Takashi; (Hyogo, JP), Nakayama, Hiroki; (Tokyo, JP), Nishimura, Takahisa; (Nara, JP) Correspondence: Pennie And Edmonds; 1155 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 100362711 Patent Application Number: 20030198610 Date filed: June 4, 2003 Abstract: The objetive of the present invention was to enhance the skin whitening effects and blackening prevention effects and supply safe and stable topical agents for dermatological use. For that purpose 4-Hydroxyphenyl-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside was combined with auxiliary agents such as ascorbic acid and its derivatives, crude drugs and its extracts, hydroxycarboxylic acid and its salts, oil soluble glycyrrhiza extract, gentian extract, phenol derivatives and their salts, placenta extract, kojic acid and its derivative, glucosamine and its derivatives, azelaic acid and its derivatives, retinol and its derivatives, pyridoxin and its derivatives, tocopherol and its derivatives, chitosan and its decomposition products, caffeic acid derivatives, hydroxycinnamate and its derivatives, Umbelliferae plant extracts, mycelial cultures and their extracts, plant leaves and their extracts. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to topical agents for dermatological use which whiten the skin color or prevent its blackening and prevent or relieve liver spots, freckles, etc. and which show generally desirable formulation properties in terms of the safety and stability. Various melanin formation preventing agents have been used to whiten the skin color or prevent its blackening and prevent or relieve skin troubles such as liver spots and freckles caused due to excessive exposure to UV rays. These agents include 1,4-dihydroxybenzene,.beta.-arbutin, vitamin C and its derivatives, and kojic acid. However, vitamin C, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene and kojic acid are extremely unstable with respect to heat and oxidation in water. When added to topical agents for dermatological use, therefore, these compounds decompose over time and cause coloration. Their derivatives, such as phosphate-ascorbyl magnesium and.beta.-arbutin, which is obtained as a result of the.beta.-binding of glucose to one of the hydroxy groups of 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, are not necessa-rily satisfactory in terms of efficacy although they are more stable than their parent compounds with respect to heat and oxidation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with gentian, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “gentian” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on gentian.

Patents 41

You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning gentian. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

43

CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GENTIAN Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover gentian.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on gentian is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “gentian” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to gentian. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “gentian” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date

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at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “gentian” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “gentian” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to gentian, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “gentian” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “gentian” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on gentian:

Periodicals and News

•

45

Dietary Recommendations for IBD and IBS Source: Intestinal Fortitude. 8(4): 8. 1998. Contact: Available from Intestinal Disease Foundation. 1323 Forbes Avenue, Suite 200, Pittsburgh, PA 15219. (412) 261-5888. Summary: Each individual with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis (UC), or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) will vary in his or her response to dietary management. This newsletter article outlines some basic dietary recommendations for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and IBS. The author notes that not all changes have the same effect in everyone, and recommends that readers experiment with dietary manipulations to see whether they affect symptoms. The author emphasizes that it is desirable to keep the diet as varied as possible to ensure nutritional adequacy. Some people find that they are more comfortable consuming 6 smaller meals instead of 3 larger meals. In Crohn's disease and UC, a low fiber diet may be helpful, especially during flare-ups. For IBS, a high fiber diet is recommended (ideally 25 to 30 grams of fiber per day). A lactose restricted diet may be necessary for people with lactose intolerance. Specific strategies for each of the diseases under discussion are provided. The article concludes with a brief discussion of alternative treatments for IBS and IBD, including the use of enteric coated peppermint oil, anostura bitters (which contain Gentian root), carob powder, and chamomile tea.

Academic Periodicals covering Gentian Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to gentian. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering gentian that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

47

APPENDICES

49

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “gentian” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1333 12 2 22 7 1376

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “gentian” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on gentian can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to gentian. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to gentian. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “gentian”:

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AIDS and Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aidsandinfections.html Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Herbal Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbalmedicine.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to gentian. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

57

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to gentian. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with gentian. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about gentian. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “gentian” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “gentian”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “gentian” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “gentian” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

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Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

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Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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GENTIAN DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acclimatization: Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old. [NIH] Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Aflatoxins: A group of closely related toxic metabolites that are designated mycotoxins. They are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Members of the group include aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin M1, and aflatoxin M2. [NIH]

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Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agrobacterium: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, plants, and marine mud. With the exception of Agrobacterium radiobacter, members of this genus invade the crown, roots, and stems of plants, via wounds, causing the transformation of the plant cells into proliferating tumor cells (plant tumors). [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Ammonium Compounds: Inorganic and organic compounds that contain the hypothetical radical NH4. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anhydrous: Deprived or destitute of water. [EU] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier

Dictionary 69

for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atopic Eczema: Generic term for acute or chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin, typically erythematous, edematous, papular, vesicular, and crusting; often accompanied by sensations of itching and burning. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Avidity: The strength of the interaction of an antiserum with a multivalent antigen. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of

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cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bactericide: An agent that destroys bacteria. [EU] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bleomycin: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It

Dictionary 71

uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Candida albicans: A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing candidiasis (moniliasis). [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogenicity: The ability to cause cancer. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange

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materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Codons: Any triplet of nucleotides (coding unit) in DNA or RNA (if RNA is the carrier of primary genetic information as in some viruses) that codes for particular amino acid or signals the beginning or end of the message. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all

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consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colostomy: An opening into the colon from the outside of the body. A colostomy provides a new path for waste material to leave the body after part of the colon has been removed. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent

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pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpuscle: A small mass or body; a sensory nerve end bulb; a cell, especially that of the blood or the lymph. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] Cryptococcus: A mitosporic Tremellales fungal genus whose species usually have a capsule and do not form pseudomycellium. Teleomorphs include Filobasidiella and Fidobasidium. [NIH]

Cryptococcus neoformans: A species of the fungus Cryptococcus, which causes cryptococcosis. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella neoformans. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or

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transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decontamination: The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or chemical warfare agents, from a person or object. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate

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objects. [EU] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastomers: A generic term for all substances having the properties of natural, reclaimed, vulcanized, or synthetic rubber, in that they stretch under tension, have a high tensile strength, retract rapidly, and recover their original dimensions fully. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Erythrocyte Membrane: The semipermeable outer portion of the red corpuscle. It is known as a 'ghost' after hemolysis. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH]

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Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Excisional: The surgical procedure of removing a tumor by cutting it out. The biopsy is then examined under a microscope. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to

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those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH]

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Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycyrrhetinic Acid: 3-beta-Hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid. A product from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Leguminosae with some antiallergic, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. It is used topically for allergic or infectious skin inflammation and orally for its aldosterone effects in electrolyte regulation. [NIH] Glycyrrhiza: A genus of leguminous herbs or shrubs whose roots yield glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives, carbenoxolone for example. Licorice toxicity is manifested as hypokalemia, low blood potassium. Licorice is used as flavoring and aromatic in pharmaceuticals and as candy. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Hematologic Diseases: Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemorrhoid: An enlarged or swollen blood vessel, usually located near the anus or the rectum. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH]

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Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperkeratosis: 1. Hypertrophy of the corneous layer of the skin. 2a. Any of various conditions marked by hyperkeratosis. 2b. A disease of cattle marked by thickening and wringling of the hide and formation of papillary outgrowths on the buccal mucous membranes, often accompanied by watery discharge from eyes and nose, diarrhoea, loss of condition, and abortion of pregnant animals, and now believed to result from ingestion of the chlorinated naphthalene of various lubricating oils. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue

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(thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Instillation: . [EU] Intercalating Agents: Agents that are capable of inserting themselves between the successive bases in DNA, thus kinking, uncoiling or otherwise deforming it and therefore preventing its proper functioning. They are used in the study of DNA. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH]

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Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intravesical: Within the bladder. [NIH] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Iodine Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain iodine as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with xerostomia and polyarthritis, it is called Sjogren's syndrome. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large

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intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lenses: Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Medical Waste: Blood, mucus, tissue removed at surgery or autopsy, soiled surgical dressings, and other materials requiring special disposal procedures. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meningeal: Refers to the meninges, the tissue covering the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called

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leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits Guanylate cyclase, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of methemoglobin. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbicide: Any substance (gels, creams, suppositories, etc.) that can reduce transmission of sexually transmitted infections. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Mineral Oil: A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known

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carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mycotoxins: Toxins derived from bacteria or fungi. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neomycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroeffector Junction: The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nipples: The conic organs which usually give outlet to milk from the mammary glands. [NIH]

Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH]

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Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Onychomycosis: Mycosis of the nails, possibly due to some extent to humidity. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH]

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Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorylates: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyvinyl Alcohol: A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic

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lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products. [NIH] Polyvinyl Chloride: A polyvinyl resin used extensively in the manufacture of plastics, including medical devices, tubing, and other packaging. It is also used as a rubber substitute. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Proflavine: 3,6-Diaminoacridine. Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings. [NIH] Prolapse: The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice. [NIH]

Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to

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macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different

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chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Sicca: Failure of lacrimal secretion, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, failure of secretion of the salivary glands and mucous glands of the upper respiratory tract and polyarthritis. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of

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dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sporotrichosis: The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU]

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Sun protection factor: SPF. A scale for rating the level of sunburn protection in sunscreen products. The higher the SPF, the more sunburn protection it provides. Sunscreens with an SPF value of 2 through 11 provide minimal protection against sunburns. Sunscreens with an SPF of 12 through 29 provide moderate protection, which is adequate for most people. Those with an SPF of 30 or higher provide high protection against sunburn and are sometimes recommended for people who are highly sensitive to the sun. [NIH] Superinfection: A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombosed: A localized clot that either forms in the vein of a hemorrhoid or arises from a ruptured hemorrhoidal blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and

Dictionary 93

pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triclosan: A diphenyl ether derivative used in cosmetics and toilet soaps as an antiseptic. It has some bacteriostatic and fungistatic action. [NIH] Turpentine: The concrete oleoresin obtained from Pinus palustris Mill. (Pinaceae) and other species of Pinus. It contains a volatile oil, to which its properties are due, and to which form it is generally used. (Dorland, 28th ed) Turpentine is used as a solvent and an experimental irritant in biomedical research. Turpentine toxicity is of medical interest. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU]

94

Gentian

Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] Xeroderma Pigmentosum: A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease affecting all races. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ultraviolet light as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock. [NIH]

95

INDEX A Abdominal, 67, 82, 86, 93 Abdominal Pain, 67, 82, 93 Abortion, 67, 80 Acceptor, 67, 86 Acclimatization, 14, 67 Acriflavine, 26, 67 Acrylonitrile, 67, 90 Adjustment, 29, 67 Adrenal Cortex, 67, 74 Adverse Effect, 30, 67, 90 Aerobic, 67, 68 Affinity, 67, 90 Aflatoxins, 34, 67 Agar, 68, 75, 87 Agrobacterium, 14, 68 Algorithms, 68, 70 Alkaline, 68, 70 Allergen, 68, 90 Alpha Particles, 68, 89 Alternative medicine, 44, 68 Amino acid, 34, 68, 72, 75, 79, 83, 86, 87, 88, 93 Ammonium Compounds, 36, 37, 68 Anal, 38, 68, 77 Androgens, 67, 68, 74 Anhydrous, 29, 68 Antiallergic, 68, 74, 79 Antibacterial, 10, 68, 76, 79, 91 Antibiotic, 17, 68, 85, 86, 91 Antibody, 67, 68, 69, 73, 80, 81, 82, 84, 89, 90, 94 Antifungal, 18, 31, 32, 35, 69, 82, 86 Antigen, 67, 68, 69, 73, 80, 81, 90 Anti-infective, 27, 69, 72, 82, 90 Anti-inflammatory, 33, 69, 74, 78, 86, 90 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 69, 74 Antimicrobial, 35, 36, 37, 69 Antineoplastic, 69, 70, 74, 86 Antioxidant, 33, 69 Antiseptic, 38, 67, 69, 72, 88, 93, 94 Antiserum, 69 Anus, 38, 68, 69, 70, 73, 79, 81 Aqueous, 6, 27, 32, 69, 75 Arteries, 69, 70, 74, 84 Arterioles, 69, 70 Artery, 20, 31, 39, 69, 70, 74 Ascorbic Acid, 10, 40, 69, 80

Astringent, 69, 94 Atopic, 6, 69 Atopic Eczema, 6, 69 Autopsy, 69, 83 Avidity, 27, 32, 69 B Bacteremia, 35, 69 Bacteria, 17, 27, 28, 35, 38, 68, 69, 70, 79, 84, 85, 90, 91, 93 Bactericidal, 70, 72, 77 Bactericide, 38, 70 Bacteriostatic, 35, 37, 70, 93 Barium, 30, 70 Bile, 70, 78, 83 Biofilms, 19, 70 Biotechnology, 3, 4, 44, 51, 70 Bladder, 70, 75, 82, 88, 93 Blastocyst, 70, 87 Bleomycin, 8, 70 Bloating, 70, 81, 82 Blood pressure, 70, 78, 90 Blood transfusion, 10, 70 Blood vessel, 38, 70, 71, 79, 92, 93 Body Fluids, 30, 39, 70, 76, 90 Bowel, 68, 70, 75, 81, 83, 91, 93 Bowel Movement, 70, 75, 91 Brachytherapy, 70, 81, 82, 89, 94 Breeding, 29, 71 Buccal, 71, 80 C Candida albicans, 5, 31, 34, 71 Candidiasis, 7, 8, 32, 71 Candidosis, 71 Capsules, 31, 32, 71, 78 Carbenoxolone, 71, 79 Carbohydrate, 71, 74, 78 Carbon Dioxide, 71, 77, 87 Carcinogenesis, 33, 71 Carcinogenic, 34, 71 Carcinogenicity, 14, 71 Carcinoma, 71 Cardiac, 71, 76, 85 Cardiovascular, 6, 35, 71 Catheter, 35, 71, 82 Catheterization, 35, 71, 82 Cell, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 94 Cell Division, 70, 71, 87

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Cellulose, 71, 78, 87 Central Nervous System, 18, 72, 78 Cetylpyridinium, 37, 72 Chamomile, 45, 72 Character, 32, 72, 75 Chemical Warfare, 72, 75 Chemical Warfare Agents, 72, 75 Chlorhexidine, 36, 37, 72 Chlorophyll, 72, 78 Choline, 72 Chromatin, 72, 83, 85 Chromosome, 8, 72, 79 Chronic, 14, 69, 72, 81, 91, 93, 94 Clinical trial, 3, 51, 72, 89 Cloning, 70, 72 Codons, 72 Coenzyme, 69, 72 Colitis, 72, 82 Collagen, 68, 72, 78 Colloidal, 73, 86 Colon, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 93 Colostomy, 31, 39, 73 Complement, 73, 90 Complementary and alternative medicine, 17, 22, 73 Complementary medicine, 17, 73 Computational Biology, 51, 73 Concomitant, 5, 73 Condoms, 30, 32, 39, 73 Cone, 74, 92 Conjunctiva, 74, 82 Connective Tissue, 69, 72, 74, 78 Constipation, 74, 82 Contamination, 74, 80 Contraindications, ii, 74 Cornea, 74, 82 Coronary, 20, 74, 84 Coronary Thrombosis, 74, 84 Corpuscle, 74, 76 Corrosion, 30, 74 Corticosteroid, 6, 74 Coumarins, 72, 74 Cryptococcosis, 74 Cryptococcus, 31, 74 Cryptococcus neoformans, 31, 32, 74 Culture Media, 28, 68, 74 Curative, 75, 92 Cutaneous, 11, 31, 32, 71, 75, 87, 91 Cyanide, 75, 84 Cysteine, 33, 75 Cystine, 75 Cystitis, 8, 75

Cytoplasm, 75, 83, 85 D Dairy Products, 29, 75 Decidua, 75, 87 Decontamination, 28, 75 Degenerative, 75, 79 Density, 75, 87 Dermatitis, 5, 17, 75, 76 Dermatology, 5, 6, 7, 11, 18, 75 Diagnostic procedure, 25, 44, 75 Diarrhea, 75, 82 Diarrhoea, 75, 80 Digestion, 70, 75, 81, 83, 91 Digestive system, 32, 75 Diploid, 75, 87 Direct, iii, 75, 89 Discrete, 30, 39, 75 Disinfectant, 27, 32, 72, 75, 77, 86 Disinfection, 27, 28, 76 Drug Interactions, 76 Duct, 71, 76, 90 Dura mater, 76, 83, 86 Dyes, 6, 19, 27, 76, 85 E Eczema, 34, 76 Efficacy, 6, 40, 76 Elastomers, 30, 39, 76 Electrolyte, 74, 76, 79, 84, 88, 90 Electrons, 69, 76, 86, 89 Emollient, 76, 84, 86 Endocarditis, 71, 76 Endogenous, 76 Environmental Health, 7, 50, 52, 76 Enzymatic, 68, 73, 76 Enzyme, 72, 76, 79, 82, 91, 94 Epidemic, 7, 76 Erythrocyte Membrane, 19, 76 Erythrocytes, 9, 76, 79, 90 Esophageal, 8, 77 Esophagus, 75, 77, 91 Ethanol, 26, 30, 77 Ether, 77, 93 Excisional, 77, 94 Exogenous, 76, 77 External-beam radiation, 77, 82, 89, 94 Extracellular, 70, 74, 77, 90 Extraction, 26, 77 F Family Planning, 51, 77 Fat, 26, 74, 77, 78, 92 Fertilizers, 77, 85 Fetus, 67, 77, 87

97

Fixation, 77, 90 Free Radicals, 33, 69, 77 Fungi, 69, 77, 78, 84, 85, 91, 92, 94 Fungus, 31, 35, 71, 74, 78 G Gallbladder, 67, 75, 78 Gamma Rays, 78, 85, 89 Gas, 71, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84 Gasoline, 29, 30, 78 Gastric, 31, 39, 78 Gastrointestinal, 77, 78, 82 Gastrointestinal tract, 77, 78, 82 Gelatin, 75, 78, 79, 92 Gels, 78, 84 Gene, 70, 78, 82 Genetics, 34, 78 Genital, 26, 78, 93 Gestation, 78, 87 Gland, 67, 78, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92 Glucocorticoids, 67, 74, 78 Glucose, 40, 69, 71, 78, 79 Glutathione Peroxidase, 79, 90 Glycine, 68, 79, 85 Glycyrrhetinic Acid, 79 Glycyrrhiza, 40, 79 Goats, 75, 79 Governing Board, 79, 88 Grade, 33, 79 Gram-negative, 68, 79 Granuloma, 7, 79 H Habitual, 72, 79 Hair follicles, 79, 94 Haploid, 79, 87 Hematologic Diseases, 32, 79 Hemoglobin, 76, 79 Hemolysis, 76, 79 Hemorrhoid, 38, 79, 92 Hepatitis, 31, 39, 79, 80 Hepatitis A, 31, 39, 80 Hepatocytes, 79, 80 Hepatovirus, 80 Heredity, 78, 80 Herpes, 26, 80 Herpes Zoster, 80 Histology, 80, 86 Homologous, 80, 84, 90 Hormonal, 74, 80 Hormone, 74, 80, 82, 92 Hydrogen, 67, 71, 79, 80, 84, 85, 86, 88 Hydrophobic, 32, 80 Hydroxyproline, 68, 73, 80

Hyperkeratosis, 34, 80 Hypersensitivity, 68, 80, 90 I Imaging procedures, 80, 93 Immune response, 33, 69, 74, 80, 81, 90 Immune system, 32, 80, 94 Immunization, 80, 90 Immunosuppression, 81, 92 Implant radiation, 81, 82, 89, 94 In vitro, 81, 92 Incubated, 27, 32, 81 Indigestion, 81, 82 Infarction, 74, 81, 84 Infection, 6, 11, 27, 32, 33, 35, 37, 71, 74, 81, 83, 91, 92, 94 Inflammation, 27, 33, 69, 72, 75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 87, 91, 93, 94 Inflammatory bowel disease, 45, 81 Infusion, 81, 93 Ingestion, 80, 81, 84, 87 Inhalation, 81, 87, 91 Inorganic, 68, 81, 82, 84 Instillation, 8, 9, 81 Intercalating Agents, 26, 81 Internal radiation, 81, 82, 89, 94 Interstitial, 70, 81, 82, 94 Intestinal, 5, 45, 81 Intestines, 67, 78, 81 Intracellular, 81, 82, 88, 90 Intravenous, 35, 81, 82 Intravesical, 8, 82 Introns, 82 Intubation, 71, 82 Involuntary, 82, 85 Iodine, 36, 37, 82 Iodine Compounds, 36, 37, 82 Irradiation, 18, 82, 94 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 45, 82 K Kb, 50, 82 Keratoconjunctivitis, 7, 9, 82, 90 Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, 82, 90 Ketoconazole, 8, 82 Kinetic, 19, 82 L Lacrimal, 82, 90 Lactose Intolerance, 45, 82 Large Intestine, 75, 81, 82, 89 Laxative, 68, 83, 84 Lenses, 32, 83 Lesion, 79, 83 Lethal, 34, 70, 75, 83, 84

98

Gentian

Leukemia, 32, 83 Ligament, 83, 88 Liver, 34, 40, 67, 70, 75, 78, 79, 80, 83 Localized, 77, 81, 83, 87, 92 Locomotion, 83, 87 Lubricants, 30, 39, 83, 87 Lymphatic, 81, 83, 90 Lymphocytes, 8, 69, 78, 80, 83, 94 Lymphoid, 83 Lysine, 34, 83 Lytic, 17, 83 M Mammary, 83, 85 Mannans, 78, 83 Meat, 29, 83 Medical Waste, 28, 83 Medicament, 5, 83, 92 MEDLINE, 51, 83 Melanin, 40, 83 Membrane, 30, 31, 39, 73, 74, 79, 83, 87 Meningeal, 32, 83 Meninges, 32, 72, 76, 83 Meningitis, 31, 32, 83 Metastasis, 84 Metastatic, 32, 84 Methanol, 30, 84 Methylene Blue, 6, 27, 29, 32, 84 MI, 65, 84 Microbe, 84, 92 Microbicide, 32, 33, 84 Microtubules, 84, 86 Mineral Oil, 29, 35, 84 Mineralocorticoids, 67, 74, 84 Modification, 68, 84 Molecular, 51, 53, 70, 73, 84, 89, 93 Molecule, 69, 72, 73, 82, 84, 86, 89 Monoclonal, 82, 84, 89, 94 Mononuclear, 79, 84 Morphological, 78, 84 Mucus, 38, 83, 84, 93 Multivalent, 69, 84 Mustard Gas, 84, 85 Mutagen, 8, 85 Mycotoxins, 34, 67, 85 Myocardium, 32, 84, 85 N Necrosis, 81, 84, 85 Neomycin, 14, 85 Nerve, 38, 74, 85, 86 Nerve Endings, 38, 85 Nervous System, 72, 85, 88 Neuroeffector Junction, 85

Neurons, 85 Neurotransmitter, 68, 79, 85 Neutrons, 68, 82, 85, 89 Neutropenia, 32, 85 Neutrophils, 85 Nipples, 31, 39, 85 Nitric acid, 29, 85 Nucleic acid, 67, 86 Nucleus, 72, 75, 78, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88 Nystatin, 8, 86 O Ointments, 33, 72, 86, 90, 94 Onychomycosis, 26, 86 Ophthalmic, 11, 86, 87 Oxidation, 40, 67, 69, 75, 79, 86 P Pachymeningitis, 83, 86 Paclitaxel, 19, 86 Palliative, 86, 92 Pancreas, 67, 75, 86 Papillary, 80, 86 Paraffin, 5, 86 Pathogen, 86, 92 Pelvic, 86, 88 Penis, 73, 86 Peptide, 68, 86, 87, 88 Peracetic Acid, 28, 86 Petrolatum, 38, 86 Petroleum, 38, 78, 84, 86, 87 Pharmacologic, 87, 93 Phospholipids, 77, 87 Phosphorylates, 19, 87 Photosensitivity, 87, 94 Physiology, 87, 92 Pituitary Gland, 74, 87 Placenta, 40, 87 Plant Oils, 86, 87 Plants, 18, 19, 31, 68, 71, 72, 78, 87, 91, 93 Plaque, 72, 87 Platelets, 87, 92 Pneumonia, 74, 87 Poisoning, 84, 87 Polyarthritis, 82, 87, 90 Polyethylene, 30, 39, 87 Polymers, 30, 32, 39, 70, 87, 88, 91 Polypeptide, 68, 72, 87 Polyvinyl Alcohol, 27, 87 Polyvinyl Chloride, 32, 88 Posterior, 68, 86, 88 Potassium, 79, 84, 88, 90 Practice Guidelines, 52, 88 Presynaptic, 85, 88

99

Presynaptic Terminals, 85, 88 Proflavine, 26, 88 Prolapse, 38, 88 Prophylaxis, 5, 35, 88, 89 Prostate, 19, 88 Protein S, 70, 85, 88 Proteins, 68, 69, 72, 73, 84, 86, 87, 88 Protons, 68, 80, 88, 89 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 86, 88 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 86, 88 Protozoa, 88, 91 Pruritic, 76, 89 Public Policy, 51, 89 Publishing, 4, 89 Q Quaternary, 36, 37, 89 R Radiation, 11, 17, 77, 78, 81, 82, 89, 94 Radiation therapy, 77, 81, 82, 89, 94 Radioactive, 75, 80, 81, 82, 89, 94 Radioisotope, 89, 93 Radiolabeled, 82, 89, 94 Radiotherapy, 70, 82, 89, 94 Randomized, 76, 89 Rectum, 38, 69, 70, 73, 75, 78, 79, 81, 82, 88, 89, 92 Refer, 1, 71, 73, 77, 80, 83, 85, 89, 93 Regimen, 76, 89 Retinoids, 89 Retinol, 40, 89 Rod, 68, 89 Rubber, 30, 39, 67, 76, 88, 89 S Salicylate, 72, 90 Salivary, 75, 90 Salivary glands, 75, 90 Sanitary, 27, 90 Screening, 72, 90 Sebaceous, 90, 94 Secretion, 74, 78, 82, 84, 90 Selenium, 33, 90 Semen, 88, 90 Sensitization, 6, 90 Sepsis, 35, 90 Septic, 35, 90 Shock, 35, 90, 93 Sicca, 9, 90 Side effect, 67, 71, 90, 92 Soaps, 90, 93 Sodium, 29, 30, 84, 90 Solid tumor, 70, 90 Solvent, 26, 77, 84, 90, 93

Spastic, 82, 91 Specialist, 57, 91 Species, 32, 71, 72, 74, 84, 86, 91, 92, 93, 94 Spectrum, 82, 91 Sperm, 30, 39, 68, 72, 91 Sphincter, 38, 91 Spinal cord, 72, 76, 83, 85, 86, 91 Spores, 28, 91 Sporotrichosis, 26, 91 Sterile, 27, 31, 32, 39, 91 Sterilization, 10, 28, 91 Steroids, 74, 91 Stomach, 67, 71, 75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 91 Stool, 73, 82, 91 Stress, 82, 89, 91 Styrene, 90, 91 Subacute, 18, 81, 91 Subclinical, 81, 91 Subcutaneous, 91 Subspecies, 91 Substrate, 34, 36, 37, 91 Sun protection factor, 33, 92 Superinfection, 35, 92 Suppositories, 31, 32, 78, 84, 92 Suppression, 74, 92 Suppurative, 36, 92 Surfactant, 72, 92 Symphysis, 88, 92 Systemic, 31, 32, 35, 70, 71, 81, 82, 89, 92, 94 T Tachycardia, 69, 92 Tachypnea, 69, 92 Therapeutics, 92 Thrombosed, 38, 92 Thrombosis, 38, 88, 92 Thrombus, 35, 74, 81, 92 Thrush, 7, 8, 9, 35, 36, 71, 92 Thyroid, 82, 92 Tissue, 26, 69, 74, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 87, 90, 92, 94 Topical, 7, 11, 19, 27, 32, 33, 40, 69, 72, 77, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94 Toxic, iv, 31, 33, 34, 67, 75, 84, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93 Toxicity, 7, 10, 14, 34, 71, 76, 79, 92, 93 Toxicology, 52, 92 Toxin, 34, 93 Tracer, 28, 29, 93 Transfection, 70, 93 Transfusion, 10, 93 Translation, 68, 85, 93

100

Gentian

Trauma, 85, 93, 94 Trees, 89, 93 Triclosan, 37, 93 Turpentine, 35, 36, 93 U Ulcerative colitis, 45, 81, 93 Urethra, 86, 88, 93 Urinary, 75, 93 Urogenital, 19, 93 V Vagina, 71, 93 Vaginal, 5, 31, 93 Vaginitis, 71, 93 Vascular, 81, 87, 92, 93 Vasodilator, 19, 93 Vein, 31, 39, 82, 92, 93 Venous, 35, 88, 93 Venules, 70, 93 Vesicular, 69, 80, 93

Veterinary Medicine, 51, 94 Viral, 67, 94 Virulence, 92, 94 Viruses, 31, 38, 39, 72, 94 Visual Acuity, 83, 94 Vulgaris, 22, 94 W White blood cell, 68, 81, 83, 84, 85, 94 Wound Healing, 11, 27, 94 Wound Infection, 10, 94 X Xeroderma Pigmentosum, 18, 94 X-ray, 18, 78, 82, 85, 89, 94 X-ray therapy, 82, 94 Y Yeasts, 71, 77, 78, 94 Z Zinc Oxide, 33, 94

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