GENTAMICIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Gentamicin: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00453-4 1. Gentamicin-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on gentamicin. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GENTAMICIN ............................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Gentamicin.................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 21 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 36 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GENTAMICIN................................................................................... 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Finding Nutrition Studies on Gentamicin .................................................................................. 81 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 85 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 85 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GENTAMICIN ............................................................ 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 87 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 100 General References ..................................................................................................................... 101 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON GENTAMICIN ....................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Patents on Gentamicin............................................................................................................... 103 Patent Applications on Gentamicin........................................................................................... 125 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 133 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON GENTAMICIN ........................................................................................... 135 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 135 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 135 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 136 Chapters on Gentamicin ............................................................................................................ 136 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GENTAMICIN ............................................................. 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 139 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 141 Academic Periodicals covering Gentamicin............................................................................... 141 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 143 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 143 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 143 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 144 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 147 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 147 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 147 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 149 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 151 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 153 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 153 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 153 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 155 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 157 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 157 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 157 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 157 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 157
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 163 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 163 GENTAMICIN DICTIONARY ................................................................................................... 165 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 229
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with gentamicin is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about gentamicin, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to gentamicin, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on gentamicin. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to gentamicin, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on gentamicin. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GENTAMICIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on gentamicin.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and gentamicin, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “gentamicin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Chemical Labyrinthectomy: Local Application of Gentamicin for the Treatment of Unilateral Meniere's Disease Source: American Journal of Otology. 13(1): 18-22. January 1992. Summary: This article reports on a prospective study undertaken to examine the efficacy of chemical vestibulectomy as the treatment for vertigo in unilateral, incapacitating Meniere's disease. A standardized drug administration protocol, using gentamicin locally, was utilized, and academy criteria (the American Academy of Otolaryngology) for the assessment of treatment were applied. This report details the first group of patients to complete 2 years of post-treatment follow-up. The authors conclude that chemical vestibulectomy is an efficient alternative to surgery. They propose a standardized regimen of drug administration that can be carried out on an outpatient basis. 2 figures. 4 tables. 13 references. (AA-M).
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Intratympanic Gentamicin for the Treatment of Unilateral Meniere's Disease Source: Laryngoscope. 110(8): 1298-1305. August 2000. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Fax (301) 824-7390. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to determine the effectiveness of intratympanic (through the tympanic membrane, the eardrum) gentamicin instillation as treatment of incapacitating unilateral Meniere's disease, using a predetermined regimen with a fixed dose. The prospective study included 114 patients between 1988 and 1998, in whom gentamicin (26.7 mg per mL) was administered three times daily for 4 consecutive days. Comprehensive data were available for 90 individuals. Of these, complete control of vertigo was achieved in 76 (84.4 percent), substantial control in 8 (9.0 percent), limited control in 2 (2.2 percent), and insignificant control in 4 (4.4 percent) patients. Disability scores at the end of 2 years were as follows: 76 patients (84.4 percent) had no disability, 5 (5.6 percent) had mild disability, 2 (2.2 percent) had moderate disability, and 7 (7.8 percent) had severe disability. Hearing was worse in 22 patients (25.6 percent), unchanged in 41 (47.2 percent), and improved in 22 patients (25.6 percent). The authors conclude that intratympanic gentamicin administration using this particular protocol is an effective treatment option for patients with disabling unilateral Meniere's disease. Gentamicin-induced hearing loss is a distinct possibility, however, and patients should be advised accordingly. 2 figures. 7 tables. 21 references.
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Intratympanic Gentamicin in Bilateral Meniere's Disease Source: Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 110(2): 162-167. February 1994. Summary: This article reports on the treatment of 14 patients with intractable bilateral Meniere's disease with intratympanic gentamicin (Garamycin, 40 mg/ml) administered initially in either 1, 2, 3, or 4 injections. The patients were tested at frequent intervals and followed up for 2 years. The work capacity, severity of vertigo, and gait difficulties were scored before treatment and during each test occasion. Before treatment, moderate or severe reduction of work capacity was experienced by all of the subjects. Two years after treatment, the vertigo attacks were eliminated in 11 subjects and controlled in three subjects. Hearing was not significantly affected by the treatment. The authors conclude that intratympanic gentamicin treatment is a relatively safe and effective way to treat bilateral Meniere's disease when the symptoms can be localized to one ear. 3 figures. 26 references. (AA-M).
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Prevention of Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheter-Related Infections Using CatheterRestricted Filling with Gentamicin and Citrate: A Randomized Controlled Study Source: JASN. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 13 (8): 2133-2139. August 2002. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-6423. Summary: Tunneled catheters are widely used for the provision of hemodialysis. Longterm catheter survival is limited by tunneled catheter-related infections (CRI). This article reports on a study that assessed the efficacy of catheter-restricted filling with gentamicin and citrate in preventing CRI in hemodialysis patients. A total of 112 catheters in 83 patients were included in the study; the primary end point was CRI. Infection rates per 100 catheter days were 0.03 in the gentamicin group versus 0.42 in the heparin group. The incidence of catheter malfunction was not significantly different
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between the gentamicin group and the heparin group. The authors conclude that tunneled hemodialysis catheter-restricted filling with gentamicin and citrate is a highly effective strategy for the prevention of CRI. Although citrate as a catheter lock solution provides adequate anticoagulation for the interdialytic period, gentamicin levels suggest significant risk for chronic aminoglycoside exposure and associated ototoxicity (damage to the ears and hearing). Before this technique is adopted, the authors call for replication in future studies to examine the efficacy and safety of lower doses of gentamicin or alternative agents with a reduced potential for toxicity. 3 figures. 5 tables. 22 references.
Federally Funded Research on Gentamicin The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to gentamicin. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to gentamicin. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore gentamicin. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for gentamicin: •
Project Title: AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS FOR CYSTIC FIBROSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sorscher, Eric J.; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Approximately five to ten percent of patients with cystic fibrosis are believed to have the disease because cells lining their airways are not capable of synthesizing a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) due to premature stop mutations. We have discovered that in some cases it may be possible to stimulate cells to make the normal protein by treating them with the same antibiotics which cystic fibrosis patients routinely receive as part of their therapy. Aminoglycoside antibiotics (Tobramycin, Gentamicin, Amikacin) are routinely given to cystic fibrosis patients for the treatment of lung infections. The purpose of this study is to determine whether these same antibiotics might also help a subgroup of cystic fibrosis patients by allowing their lung cells to produce a normal CFTR protein. To date, 7 patients have completed the study. We intend to study 20 additional patients in the future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Project Title: INFECTIONS
AMINOGLYCOSIDE/RNA
INTERACTIONS
AND
CORNEAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Rando, Robert R.; Gustavus Adolphus Pfeiffer Professor; Biological Chem & Molecular Pharm; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: RNA molecules are able to form precise three-dimensional structures which can be binding-sites for small organic molecules. An understanding of the rules that govern RNA/small molecule recognition processes rules would allow for an approach to our long-term goal of the de novo design of antagonists directed at particular RNA structures, in much the same way that inhibitors are designed for protein-based enzymes and receptors. Specific inhibitors designed to inhibit RNA molecules could be of enormous interest in ophthalmology and generally in medicine, in the design, for example, of small-molecules that can specifically interfere with the expression of mutant proteins that can lead to retinal degeneration, and in the design of small molecules that can antagonize RNA molecules from infectious disease producing organisms. This proposal describes approaches to gaining an understanding of the rules by which certain classes of naturally occurring RNA antagonists, the aminoglycosides, are recognized by specific RNA molecules. Random RNA molecules are selected by column methods to bind to defined aminoglycoside containing antibiotics with high affinity and specificity. New quantitative fluorescence methods are developed to determine the affinities and stoichiometries of antibiotic binding to the selected RNA aptamers. Novel chemical approaches are developed to reveal the regions of the aptamers which define the binding-sites for the specific antibiotic. High field NMR structural studies on the high affinity binding aptamers are planned. Those motifs in the specific RNA aptamers which recognize particular aminoglycosides will be determined and used as a guide for the future design of specific antagonists directed against naturally occurring RNA molecules. Two biologically occurring RNA molecules of particular interest in this context are the procaryotic 16S rRNA decoding region and the HIV-RRE transcriptional activator region. Quantitative structure-activity studies on aminoglycoside binding to the decoding and RRE regions leads to the design of novel aminoglycosidemimetic diversity libraries containing l,3(2)-hydroxylamine moieties. Specific antagonists directed against the decoding and RRE regions of RNA will be prepared and studies quantitatively. These antagonists are expected to be starting points for the design of drugs useful in the treatment of corneal infections. Overall, the studies described herein will serve as the basis for a general program on the design of specific RNA antagonists. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BLADDER GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF UTI Principal Investigator & Institution: Stapleton, Ann E.; Associate Professor; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: Urinary tract infections (UTls) in women begin with the attachment of infecting microorganisms to vaginal and subsequently to bladder epithelium. In our prior studies, we utilized primary bladder epithelial cell (BEC) cultures as a model to define the role and regulation of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) as attachment sites for uropathogenic E.coli, later extending these studies to a new model of primary vaginal epithelial cell (VEC) cultures. GSLs do not occur randomly in cell membranes, but
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7
instead are organized into specialized membrane domains such as cavelolae, characterized by enrichment in cholesterol, sphingomyelin, glycolipids such as ganglioside GM1, lipid-anchored proteins, and caveolin. These domains are involved in a wide variety of key cellular functions, including transport of cholesterol, macromolecular solute transport, tumor suppression, and signal transduction. Recent evidence demonstrates that caveolae are key molecules in the initial host response to attaching uropathogenic E.coli in mast cells, mediating the uptake of organisms. We have preliminary data demonstrating that caveolin-1 is present in primary cultured VEC and BEC monolayers and native vaginal tissue sections, and that native vaginal epithelial cells contain GM1, a key GSL or caveolae in mast cells and other tissues. The central hypothesis of this proposal is that caveolae occur in bladder and vaginal epithelium and participate in the initial epithelial responses to attachment of uropathogenic E. coli. We will pursue the following specific aims: (1) To conclusively demonstrate that caveolae occur in bladder and vaginal epithelium, we will structurally and biochemically characterize these structures in primary cultured BEC and VEC, including defining GSLs localized to caveolae in these cells; (2) To address the hypothesis that caveolae contain key receptor molecules for uropathogenic E.coli, we will determine if caveolin co-localizes with the globoseries GSLs in primary cultured BEC and VEC and/or with mannosylated glycoprotiens that bind Type 1 fimbriated E.coli: (3) To investigate the hypothesis that caveolae mediate uptake of Type 1 fimbriated E.coli into urogenital epithelium, we will investigate invasion of cultured primary human BEC by this organism, testing for co-localization of engulfed bacteria with caveolar markers and investigating if disruption of caveolae prevents bacterial uptake; and (4) Using established neo-organ models of bladder and vaginal epithelium, we will demonstrate key findings from the monolayer systems, such as the presence of caveolae, bacterial invasion, and mediation of this process by caveolae. These studies will advance knowledge of the role of GSLs and caveolae, fundamental cellular components, in the pathogensis of E. coli UTI. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CAN L-CARNITINE PREVENT DRUG-INDUCED HEARING LOSS? Principal Investigator & Institution: Kalinec, Gilda M.; House Ear Institute Los Angeles, Ca 90057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Hearing loss is a prevalent and chronic health condition that affects between 22 and 28 million Americans. Among children, premature neonates have the highest prevalence rate of sensorineural hearing loss, which is strongly associated with perinatal exposure to ototoxic agents. Our long-term goal is to identify safe and simple otoprotective strategies that could prevent sensorineural hearing loss secondary to exposure to ototoxic agents. The primary site of action of most ototoxic agents is the mitochondria, with cochlear damage resulting from cell necrosis and apoptosis. Few protective strategies aimed at decreasing mitochondrial damage have been studied. In preliminary experiments, we found that the natural micronutrient L-carnitine (LCAR), which is required for normal mitochondrial function, prevented perinatal cisplatin-induced sensorineural hearing loss and cochlear damage in guinea pigs. We hypothesize that LCAR, a safe agent in humans, can decrease drug-induced ototoxicity in the guinea pig model. Specific Aims: a) For both adult and newborn guinea pigs, to determine if LCAR supplementation can prevent sensorineural hearing loss and cochlear damage induced by gentamicin or kanamycin administered during the perinatal period. b) To determine if LCAR can decrease the toxic effects of cisplatin,
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Gentamicin
gentarnicin, neomycin, streptomycin or kanamycin on cultured auditory cell lines. Design/Methods: We propose to determine the in-vivo and in-vitro otoprotective effect of LCAR. a) In-vivo studies: Gentamicin and kanamycin will be used as ototoxic agents during the guinea pig perinatal period in order to mimic late gestational exposure, when maximum cochlear development of the guinea pig fetus resembles that of the human premature neonate. Post-treatment sensorineural hearing loss will be evaluated in the adult and newborn guinea pigs by auditory brainstem responses (ABR) to clicks. Morphological cochlear damage will be assessed by confocal and electron microscopy. b) In-vitro studies: a cultured auditory cell line will be exposed to cisplatin, gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin or kanamycin, with and without pre-incubation with different concentrations of LCAR. Fibroblastic NlH3T3 cells will be used as control. Cellular necrosis and apoptosis will be assessed by caspase assay and cellular DNA fragmentation. We are confident that accomplishing these aims will provide critical information for the development of simple intervention strategies aimed at preventing ototoxic drug-induced sensorineural hearing loss that could be used in humans, including newborns. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CELL REGENERATION
FORM
AND
GENE
EXPRESSION
IN
HAIR
CELL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Cotanche, Douglas A.; Director of Research, Associate Professo; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1992; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objectives of this research are to understand the mechanisms that regulate hair cell regeneration in the avian inner ear and to apply this knowledge to induce regeneration in the mammnalian cochlea. Ultimately, the goal of this research is to utilize hair cell regeneration to ameliorate deafness in humans. Studies from the previous two funding periods of this grant have shown that the auditory epithelium in the postembryonic avian cochlea is mitotically quiescent. However, in response to sound exposure or aminoglycoside administration, the nonsensory supporting cells emerge from quiescence and divide to produce new hair cells that contribute to the structural and functional recovery of the cochlea. In this proposal, we will examine how the proliferative state of supporting cells in the avian cochlea is regulated by activating signals from dying hair cells competing with inhibitory influences generated by connexin expression in gap junctions of differentiated supporting cells. Our hypothesis is that signals released during apoptosis in hair cells induce the supporting cells to exit quiescence and begin proliferating and that connexin43 expression suppresses proliferation in supporting cells of the normal cochlea. The specific aims of this proposal will examine: 1) the role of apoptosis in regulating hair cell death and supporting cell proliferation in the regenerating cochlea; and 2) the role of connexin gene expression in suppressing proliferation of supporting cells in the normal and 'regenerating cochlea. In the first aim we will identify key proteins in the apoptotic pathway, block apoptosis by surgically implanting miniosmotic pumps in birds that will deliver inhibitors of apoptosis directly to the inner ear, and determine how apoptosis regulates hair cell survival and supporting cell proliferation. In the second aim we will define the expression of connexin isoforms in the regenerating cochlea and we will disrupt the regulatory function of connexin43 in normal and regenerating cochlleae by surgically implanting miniosmotic pumps that will deliver inhibitors of gap junction connectivity to the inner ear. These specific aims will be addressed utilizing in situ hybridization and northern blot analysis for mRNA
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localization and quantification, immunoblots of cochlear protein expression, miniosmotic pump delivery of chemicals directly to the inner ear, and confocal microscopy for immunocytochemical localization of proteins in sectioned and wholemount cochleae. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CELLULAR PROCESSES OF CENTRAL AUDITORY NEURONAL DEATH Principal Investigator & Institution: Durham, Dianne; Professor; Otorhinolaryngology; University of Kansas Medical Center Msn 1039 Kansas City, Ks 66160 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1995; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Damage to the inner ear can occur from a variety of causes, including diseases, noise and ototoxic drugs. Prolonged damage to the cochlea can have lasting and often detrimental effects on auditory neurons in the CNS because these neurons rely on continuous afferent input for normal function. Interactions between the periphery; and the CNS have been studied extensively in the avian auditory system. Auditory neurons in the cochlear nucleus (n. magnocellularis, NM) receive their only excitatory input from the cochlea via the eighth nerve. Destruction of the cochlea in hatchling chickens sets in motion a series of rapid metabolic changes in postsynaptic NM neurons, including upregulation of oxidative function. Within several days, 30% of NM neurons will die and the remainder show long-lasting decreases in metabolic activity. When the cochlea is damaged in an adult chicken, the extent of the response in NM varies with the breed of animal. In mammals damage to the cochlea is permanent. However, birds have the remarkable capacity to replace damaged cochlear hair cells. Repair begins within several days of damage, and anatomical recovery s followed by the return of substantial auditory function. Although the mechanisms of cochlear recovery have been examined extensively, much less is known about how the CNS responds to hair cells loss and regeneration. In hatchling birds we will examine how NM neurons respond to reversible loss of cochlear function caused by gentamicin. We will evaluate how the number of NM neurons changes following gentamicin damage to the cochlea, and determine whether a reversible oxidative upregulation occurs. We will determine whether new neurons are generated in NM similar to the replacement of cochlear hair cells. In adult birds we will test the hypothesis that differences in cochlear function underlie the different CNS responses to cochlear ablation in birds of different breeds. We will evaluate whether adult birds differ in their response to environmental noise, and whether CNS responses can be predicted by cochlear integrity. Finally, we will evaluate the capacity for hair cell regeneration in adult birds. Our ability to repair damage to the cochlea is continuously improving, with advances in cochlear implant technology and the possibility for regeneration of mammalian cochlear hair cells. These advances in peripheral repair make it all the more crucial to assess the functional capacity of the auditory CNS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: E COLI TRANSLOCATION ACROSS INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Pietzak, Michelle M.; Children's Hospital Los Angeles 4650 Sunset Blvd Los Angeles, Ca 900276062 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: This application for a Mentored Clinician Scientist Development Award (K08) seeks support for Michelle Pietzak, M.D., who has recently completed her
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fellowship in Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition and joined the faculty as an Instructor of Pediatrics at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (Assistant Professor pending). Under the mentorship of Kwang Sik Kim M.D., Dr. Pietzak will continue to pursue her basic investigations into the mechanisms by which Escherichia coli (E. coli) is able to translocate across intestinal epithelium and cause sepsis. E. coli is a leading cause of severe bacterial infections in premature infants, neonates, immunocompromised hosts, and children with central lines and primary intestinal diseases. Dr. Kim is a prominent researcher in the field of the pathogenesis of E. coli meningitis, having (a) established the virulence roles for the K1 capsular polysaccharide, outer membrane protein A, and S fimbriae using in vitro and in vivo models of the blood brain barrier developed in his lab and (b) identified several novel genes thought to be responsible for invasion of E. coli strain RS218 across the blood brain barrier, using these same models. E. coli strain RS218 is a clinical isolate from the cerebrospinal fluid of a human neonate with E. coli meningitis. Dr. Pietzak's project is focused on investigating the mechanisms by which E. coli strain RS218 is able to penetrate the intestinal epithelial barrier, both in vitro and in vivo. In earlier studies, Dr. Pietzak has used strain E44, a spontaneous rifampin resistant mutant of E. coli strain RS218, to demonstrate that this bacterium is able to invade two intestinal epithelial cell lines, Caco-2 and C2BBe-1. The specific aims of this proposal are to further characterize the invasive phenotype of E-44 in vitro, using both gentamicin invasion assays and a trans-well system. An in vivo model, using neonatal rats, will also be used to test the invasive phenotype of E-44. Environmental factors, which mimic the intraluminal gastrointestinal milieu, will be employed to examine their effects on E. coli invasion and translocation in vitro. The virulence of TnphoA transposon mutants, created in our lab and already shown to be noninvasive to the blood brain barrier in vitro and in vivo, will be determined for the intestinal epithelial barrier both in vitro and in vivo. The precise contribution of these genes to the intestinal translocation of E. coli strain RS218 will then be examined using additional molecular techniques. Under Dr. Kim's mentorship, and with Institutional support, Dr. Pietzak will be able to perfect her techniques in cell tissue culture and animal models of bacterial infection, as well as acquire new knowledge and skills in the sciences of bacterial genetics and molecular pathogenesis. Nurturing these ambitions in a collaborative environment will help Dr. Pietzak achieve her goal of becoming an independent investigator, who hopefully will be able to bring the results of her investigations from the benches of the lab to the bedsides of chronically ill children with gastrointestinal and other diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FUNCTION
ELECTRICAL
STIMULATION
TO
RESTORE
VESTIBULAR
Principal Investigator & Institution: Della Santina, Charles C.; Otolaryn & Head & Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Vestibular dysfunction due to ototoxic hair cell injury is a common cause of significant disability due to disequilibrium and inability to stabilize gaze during head movements. Although some patients with bilateral vestibular dysfunction are able to compensate through physical rehabilitation and reliance on other senses, those who fail to compensate currently have no good therapeutic options. Because the vestibular nerve should be intact in these patients, selectively applied electrical currents should be able to drive the nerve and elicit eye movements that can stabilize gaze. The central goal of this project is to further development toward an implantable neuroelectronic prosthesis capable of restoring vestibular function to people
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with symptomatic bilateral vestibular dysfunction. Although vestibular prosthesis development has lagged that of cochlear implants, one group has recently described a first prototype vestibular prosthesis. However, the eye movements it evoked were insufficient to stabilize gaze during natural head movements, and the experiments were performed on animals with normal vestibular function. It is unclear whether their results generalize to the case of a labyrinth damaged by ototoxicity or Meniere's disease. The proposed project will establish a physiologic and morphologic basis for vestibular prosthesis development, by refining a mammalian model of vestibular ototoxicity and by testing the biologic premises upon which prosthesis design is based. Because viable vestibular nerve afferents must exist for a prosthesis to stimulate, we will determine the effects of gentamicin toxicity on morphology and physiology of afferent fibers in semicircular canal crista. We will characterize the vestibulo-ocular reflex before and after bilateral treatment with ototoxic doses of intratympanic gentamicin. We will characterize the eye movements of bilaterally vestibular-deficient animals in response to single- and multi-canal patterned electrical stimulation of the semicircular canal cristae. We will test whether stimulation of canals in a single labyrinth can be combined to drive eye movements that cover the normal physiologic range. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EVALUATION OF VESTIBULAR FUNCTION IN MENIERE'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Minor, Lloyd B.; Professor; Otolaryn & Head & Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: provided by applicant) The objective of the proposed research is to understand the pathophysiology of the vestibular disturbances in Meniere's disease and how to treat them. The specific effects (both qualitative and quantitative) on vestibular function of both Meniere's disease itself and of intratympanic gentamicin used to alleviate vertigo are unknown and will be determined in the proposed research. The research strategy is to analyze the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) in three dimensions from responses to stimuli that activate the semicircular canals or the otoliths. Vestibular function will also be evaluated from measurements of the subjective visual vertical and from vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. The angular VOR evoked by highfrequency, high-acceleration head thrusts will be studied in order to determine the effects of Meniere's disease and of intratympanic gentamicin on the function of individual semicircular canals. The translational VOR in these patients will be evaluated from the responses to rapid, lateral translations of the head. Through comparisons with findings in subjects with normal vestibular function and those with known surgical unilateral vestibular destruction (UVD), these studies will provide a new understanding of the effects of Meniere's disease itself, and the effects of treatment with gentamicin, on individual vestibular end organs. Recovery of the VOR after intratympanic gentamicin and after surgical UVD will be assessed through analyses of the trajectories of eye velocity. The corrective eye movements that reduce the gaze errors that occur as a consequence of diminished vestibular function in the responses to high acceleration angular and translational head movements will also be analyzed. The information derived from this research will have practical import on which vestibular tests are most useful in Meniere's disease, and on deciding when and with what to treat patients with Meniere's disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENETIC ASPECTS OF VESTIBULAR DYSFUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Roth, Stephen M.; Kinesiology; University of Maryland College Pk Campus College Park, Md 20742 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAR-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The loss of vestibular function can have severe implications for general physical function and independence, and is a common consequence of aging. The heritability of balance and motor skill function has been established, but specific genes have not been identified as contributing factors, most likely due to the complexity of balance as a phenotype. The vestibular system is an important component of balance function, and thus provides a more targeted system for determining the genetic bases of balance in general. Bilateral vestibular dysfunction occurs in a significant fraction of individuals (6-16%) treated with aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as gentamicin (GM), and genetic susceptibility is indicated. The purpose of the present study is to address the genetic contribution to GM-induced vestibular dysfunction, with the goal of providing a foundation from which the susceptibility to general vestibular dysfunction (e.g., in relation to aging) can be investigated. Remarkable similarities exist between GM-related hair cell degradation in the vestibular system and age-related degradation. Thus, we will investigate the genetic susceptibility of GM-induced vestibular dysfunction in a case/control association study involving a large cohort (n = 600). Fifteen candidate genes (e.g., mitochondrial 12S rRNA, BDNF, GDNF, unconventional myosins, glutathione S-transferases, etc.) have been selected based on the accepted mechanisms of action of GM on the vestibular system, specifically hair cell degradation resulting from reactive oxygen species. We will perform both mutation and polymorphism screening for the proposed candidate genes. Specific loci and their combinations will be compared between 300 cases and 300 ethnicity-matched controls to identify susceptibility genes for GM-induced vestibular dysfunction. In addition to providing an immediate and significant clinical impact for patients being considered for aminoglycoside therapy, the present work will provide important preliminary information about the genetic aspects of vestibular function in general, which we predict will have relevance for the susceptibility to age-related vestibular dysfunction and balance impairment. The proposed project will generate important pilot data related to the genetics of vestibular dysfunction, thus fitting within the R21 grant mechanism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENTAMICIN TRIAL IN DUCHENNE AND LIMB GIRDLE DYSTROPHIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Mendell, Jerry R.; Neurology; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The study will determine if the aminoglycoside, gentamicin, has potential as a therapeutic medication for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). To fulfill this potential, long-term administration of gentamicin must be safe and improve muscle strength. Ideally, it will also increase dystrophin expression with binding at the muscle membrane. The testing paradigm will be a three-arm, sixmonth, double blind, randomized controlled trial of intravenous (IV) 7.5 mg/kg of gentamicin. Groups 1, 2, and 3 will each have 12 subjects. Group 1 will receive gentamicin every three days, while group 2 will receive drug every seven days. Group 3 subjects receive an IV placebo of 5% dextrose and saline; six subjects infused every three
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days and six others every seven days. In addition, gentamicin will be used in two shortterm, 14-day studies. If either of these groups responds to the 14-day administration by decreasing serum creative kinase (CK), then they become potential candidates for sixmonth administration. One group of 14-day subjects will have DMD with frameshift mutations. Despite commonly held dogma that aminoglycosides have no effect on this mutation-type, it is important to establish as effect by testing to see if CK drops. A positive outcome potentially reaches more patients, since this is the most common type of DMD gene mutation. Gentamicin will also be used to treat limb girdle muscular dystrophy subjects with stop codon mutations. If the serum CK is lowered, the potential for long-term treatment will be established for these patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENTAMICIN/CLINDAMYCIN IN PREVENTION OF POSTPARTUM ENDOMYOMETRITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ross, Michael G.; Professor and Chair; Harbor-Ucla Research & Educ Inst 1124 W Carson St Torrance, Ca 905022052 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GFIL IN SENSORY NEURON AND HAIR CELL DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Wallis, Deeann E.; Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal is to examine the ideas that: A) Gfi1 plays a role in neurogenesis and inner ear hair cell development, B) that Gfi1 function is conserved in developmental pathways such that it interacts with Math1, and C) that this interaction is required for the specification and development of inner ear hair cells during mammalian embryogenesis as well as hair cell generation and repair in adult mammals. The first goal is to show that Gfi1 is necessary for the proper development of the inner ear. Mice mutant for Gfi1 will be examined for sensory neuron and inner ear hair cell defects. The second goal is to show that Gfi1 functionally interacts with Math1 in a developmentally conserved pathway. Gfi1 expression analysis in Math1 mutant mice, particularly in the hair cell precursors of the inner ear may provide such evidence. Additionally, Math1 expression will be assessed in Gfi1 mice. The third goal is to examine the ability of Math1 and Gfi1 to play a role in hair cell generation and repair in the inner ear. Expression constructs of the Gfi1 and Math1 have been generated. These constructs will be transfected into gentamicin treated and untreated cochlear and utricular explants to test which combination(s) are most effective at generating and regenerating hair cells. The generation/repair of the hair cells and the maturation of their sensory hair bundles will be determined by microscopy. This is clinically significant as a gene therapy based approach to treat inner ear hair cell loss or damage has immense applications for the hearing and balance impaired. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Gentamicin
Project Title: HAIR CELL REGENERATION: MOLECULAR REGULATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Stone, Jennifer S.; Research Assistant Professor; Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: Auditory hair cells are mechanoreceptors in the inner ear that transduce sound waves into neural signals. In humans, hair cell loss is irreversible and leads to profound, permanent hearing deficits. In contrast, mature birds regenerate hair cells in the chicken auditory epithelium (basilar papilla, or BP). Despite this ability, little is known about the identity, cell lineage, or molecular regulation of avian hair cell progenitors. Four Specific Aims are proposed to address these issues. In Aim I, the dynamics of progenitor cell division are examined using in vivo and in vitro approaches. First, using two nucleotide analogs, I will determine if progenitor cells divide more than once after a single lesion and after two lesions separated by a recovery period. Second, I will perform cell lineage analysis in primary BP cultures to assess the number of hair cell progenitors that have stem-cell like behavior (i.e., form colonies containing hair cells) versus those that divide only once or twice prior to forming hair cells and/or supporting cells. These experiments will help define the types of progenitor cells present in the mature avian BP, and if the presence of stem cells is confirmed, they will provide a foundation for experiments in Aim II. In Aim II, two methods are proposed to generate purified cultures of hair cell progenitors: clonal expansion and viral-mediated selection of cells with mitotic potential. Progenitor cells derived by each method are examined for 1) their response to known regulators of supporting cell division and 2) their ability to regenerate cells with hair-cell and supporting-cell phenotypes. Experiments in Aim III will test if systematic variations in morphology exist among quiescent and dividing supporting cells in the intact BP. Otocysts are infected with a retrovirus encoding GFP in ovo, and chicks are allowed to mature to post-hatch. GFP-labeled supporting cells in the BP of control chicks and of chicks exposed to gentamicin are compared to determine if 1) distinct morphological subsets exist among quiescent supporting cells and 2) if dividing cells exhibit morphological features that distinguish them from growth arrested cells. In Aim IV, I will test the function of a potential regulator of progenitor cell cycling - the homeobox-like transcription factor, cProxl - in cultures enriched for hair cell progenitors. Cultured cells are infected with a retrovirus encoding full-length or dominant-negative Proxl, and the effects of cProxl misexpression or inhibition on cell division are assessed. I hypothesize that cProx 1 activity is necessary and sufficient to stimulate cells to withdraw from the cell cycle. I hope the information generated in these experiments will be useful toward promoting hair cell regeneration in mammalian species. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HAIR CELL RESPONSES TO OTOTOXIC DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Steyger, Peter S.; Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: Although clinical use of aminoglycoside antibiotics is essential against lifethreatening bacterial infections, there are serious ototoxic and nephrotoxic side-effects in 4-14 percent of all aminoglycoside prescriptions (4 million annually). Ototoxicity causes sensory hair cell death, hearing loss, and vestibular disorders, leading to physical, mental, educational, and language difficulties in patients. The overall aim of our studies
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is to identify, and then prevent the cellular mechanisms that initiate ototoxic druginduced hair cell death. The long- term goal of this project is to develop interventional strategies that will allow future clinicians to use aminoglycosides without serious side effects. Gentamicin and forskolin are two unrelated ototoxic drugs that depolarize mitochondria, and increase production of reactive oxygen species and calcium levels in hair cells. Each of these toxic sequelae is a powerful trigger for inducing hair cell death. These common cellular responses to toxicity suggest that unrelated ototoxic drugs trigger a common pathway that lead to hair cell death. Therefore, we will use explants of bullfrog saccular hair cells to: (1) Identify the acute effects of gentamicin and forskolin in hair cells, and determine if they trigger these toxic sequelae by similar or differing mechanisms (2) Determine if inhibitors of drug-uptake can prevent toxic sequelae in hair cells (3) Determine if effective inhibitors of drug-uptake and toxic sequelae enhance hair cell survival during ototoxic drug treatment These studies provide a direct link between the molecular and biochemical studies of ototoxic drugs and the morphological analysis of fixed tissues after drug treatment. This knowledge will advance development of clinical strategies to prevent drug- induced hair cell death, and preserve inner ear function during this critical pharmaceutical therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MULTIPLEXED TISSUE STAINING IN TOXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Collarini, Ellen J.; Trellis Bioscience, Inc. 265 N Whisman Rd Mountain View, Ca 940433911 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 24-JUN-2004; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): At present, the capacity for identifying candidate drugs exceeds the capacity for toxicological screening. If large panels of drug candidates could be rapidly and accurately screened in vitro for both activity and predicted toxicity, those with the best in vitro therapeutic index could be advanced for further study, increasing the rate of success for advanced candidates and decreasing the cost of drug development. Trellis Bioscience and Tissuelnformatics, Inc. are proposing to combine their technologies to deliver a practical, high throughput assay for in vitro toxicity. Trellis is expert in the use of nanoscale multihued beads as labels in multiplexed assays of specific biomolecules. Tissuelnformatics has developed microscope systems and computational techniques for histomorphometric analysis of tissues, with applications including examples of toxicant-treated tissue. In effect, Trellis provides high contrast staining for multiple key features, facilitating the multivariate pattern recognition and classification software provided by Tissuelnformatics. Preliminary data show that intracellular structures in frozen liver sections can be labeled with Trellis' antibodyconjugated fluorescent beads, extending prior work at Trellis on cultured cells. Thus, a major proof of concept for this project has already been accomplished. The Specific Aims of this Phase I proposal are: 1. Optimize multihue bead staining protocols for liver tissue slices 2. Develop preprocessing protocols and analytical metrics for the analysis of bead distribution 3. Determine the quantity and distribution of key molecular markers in liver slices after exposure to three common toxicants. In Phase II, the technology will be expanded to include a larger set of markers selected from those proteins known to be suitable biomarkers of toxic responses and correlated to morphological change. Related and unrelated toxicants will be tested to establish the degree of clustering in results as a function of toxicant class. Tissues to be tested will be expanded to include kidney, heart muscle and lymphocytes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Gentamicin
Project Title: PROTECTION FROM AMINOGLYCOSIDE OTOTOXICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Schacht, Jochen H.; Professor & Director, Khri; Otolaryngology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1998; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: The development of a therapeutic strategy to prevent aminoglycosideinduced hearing loss seems more urgent than ever. Millions of patients are treated annually in the US; worldwide, aminoglycosides are the most commonly used antibiotics. The problem is aggravated by the global resurgence of tuberculosis and the increased occurrence of resistant bacteria which necessitate multi-drug regimens including aminoglycosides. Given the 10 to 20 percent incidence of cochlear and vestibular disturbances associated with aminoglycoside treatment, this constitutes a major health problem in the US and abroad. The goal of the proposed research is to develop a rational protective treatment against aminoglycoside-ototoxicity. The anticipated studies are founded on exciting recent discoveries from this laboratory that allow the proposal of a mechanism of toxicity and a pharmacological means of protection. The first successful tests of the proposal of a mechanism of toxicity and a pharmacological means of protection. The first successful tests of the protective strategy have already been completed in guinea pig. The approach is based on the novel hypothesis that gentamicin can chelate iron. The iron-gentamicin complex catalyzes free-radical reactions which are toxic to the cell. These reactions can be inhibited by radical scavengers and, most dramatically, by iron chelators which attenuate gentamicin-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs in vivo. The goals of the proposal will be primarily accomplished by experiments on prevention or amelioration of aminoglycoside otoxicity in guinea pigs in vivo. In vitro and in vivo experiments will establish efficacious and safe combinations of iron chelators and scavengers. These goals are aided by structural and chemical analyses of the iron-aminoglycoside complexes which will improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and guide the development of protective strategies. These questions will be addressed with wellestablished biochemical, physiological, analytical and physicochemical techniques. The prevention or amelioration of adverse effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics will have far reaching implications for the continued but safe use of a family of drugs whose primary efficacy is unquestioned. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: RAB5 AND PI-3-KINASE AND GENTAMICIN TOXICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Molitoris, Bruce A.; Professor of Medicine and Chief,; Medicine; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Aminoglycosides are a widely used class of antibiotics. They are commonly prescribed for the treatment and prevention of gram-negative bacterial infection. Although very effective, they can also induce well known toxic side effects. These effects are primarily expressed as damage to the kidney and inner ear, nephro- and ototoxicity, respectively. If administration is terminated the kidney rapidly recovers, however, damage arising in the inner ear can be irreversible. Due to the wide spread and common use of these antibiotics, this toxicity represents a significant clinical and financial burden on the health care system. Inhibition of many cellular processes has been described, but characterization of a
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specific mechanism has remained elusive. The long term goal of this application is to better characterize the mechanism of aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity. Recent evidence suggests that components involved in inducing endocytosis and fusion of endocytic vesicles, specifically the proteins Rab5 and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-K), may play a role in aminoglycoside toxicity. Disruption of these processes by inhibition of these 2 proteins' activity could lead to the toxicity that is seen with prolonged aminoglycoside treatment. These proposed studies are designed to look at levels (Rab5), subcellular localization (Rab5), and the activity (Rab5 and PI-3-K) of these proteins in a well characterized rat model of aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity. The rat model of aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity is very similar to the human situation and has been very successfully used as an in vivo model of human toxicity. Rats will be injected with gentimicin (the most commonly used aminoglycoside) for short- (3 days) and long term (18 days) periods. The day following the last injection, effects of gentamicin treatment on the parameters mentioned above will be characterized using morphological and biochemical techniques. By performing these studies, it is hoped that formulation of specific therapies to delay and/or inhibit this toxicity will become possible. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF PROTEIN TURNOVER IN COCHLEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Lechene, Claude P.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: The hair-cell stereocilia play a major role in hearing. The main protein component of hair-cell stereocilia is actin, organized in oriented filaments, some of them attached to the actin-rich cuticular plate. Changes in hair-cell actin filaments are common both in noise-induced and in drug-induced hearing loss. Despite the central importance of actin to the proper structure and function of hair cells, and the clear association of disruptions of actin-containing structures with hair-cell damage, little is known about the dynamics of actin turnover, or even of protein turnover in general, in hair cells. Using the new methodology of Multiple Imaging Mass Spectrometry during the tenure of a High Risk/High Impact grant, we have imaged and measured the percentage turnover of protein using a non radioactive marker, 15N leucine, in a variety of cochlear location: stereocilia, tectorial membrane, Reissner membrane spiral ganglion and temporal bone. The resolution of the mass images is easily 50 nm. Together with the high precision of the 15N/ 14N or 13C/12C isotopic ratios measurements, it provides the possibility to map the turnover of protein (actin) along stereocilia or other cochlear structures. The Multiple Imaging Mass Spectrometer (MIMS) that we used has been donated to Harvard and is installed in our laboratory. We propose to use the MIMS to studying the subcellular location and turnover rate of protein in the cochlea of chicks. Studies will be performed on chicks in normal conditions, after ototoxic insult, and during regeneration. Special attention will be given to the stereocilia and to the tectorial membrane. We will look for association between protein turnover and DNA replication, particularly during regeneration. The use of Multiple Imaging Mass Spectrometry may open up a whole new area of investigation into the cellular effects of drug- induced injury. Furthermore, the combination of heavy isotope labeling with Multiple Imaging Mass Spectrometry may find wide use in other areas of auditory and vestibular research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Gentamicin
Project Title: STRUCTURAL STUDIES ON RIBOSOMES AND ANTIBIOTICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ramakrishnan, Venkatraman R.; Group Leader; Medical Research Council University Post-Grad Med Sch Cambridge, Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The ribosome is the large nucleoprotein complex that uses mRNA as the template and aminoacylated tRNAs as substrates to catalyze protein synthesis in all cells. Ribosomes consist of two subunits in all organisms, designated 30S and 50S in bacteria, which together form the 70S ribosome. The 30S subunit improves the fidelity of translation by monitoring codon-anticodon interactions, while the 50S catalyzes peptide bond formation. Both subunits act in concert during translocation, which involves the movement of mRNA and tRNA through the ribosome. Many clinically important antibiotics target the bacterial ribosome. Recent advances, including those from our own laboratory, have resulted in high resolution structures of each subunit and a medium resolution structure of the whole 70S ribosome. These structures have revolutionized our understanding of ribosome structure and function. This is a proposal to build on these advances. We have elucidated the interactions of several antibiotics with the 30S subunit, and propose to determine the structure of several important remaining ones. We shall also determine the structure of the 30S subunit in complex with initiation factors, protein S1, and with a variety of tRNA and mRNA combinations that involve non-standard pairing or modified bases at the third position of the codon, the wobble position. A special RNA called tmRNA, because it has both tRNA and mRNA-like properties, is used by the cell to rescue ribosomes stalled on defective messages. We shall determine the structure of the ribosome in complex with tmRNA in various states. We shall also crystallize complexes of the ribosome specifically arrested at various points along the translation pathway. Solution of crystal structures of these complexes will shed light on the mechanisms involved during translation, including the interaction of factors with the ribosome and conformational changes during translation. These studies will not only shed light on fundamental aspects of translation, a central process in all cells, but also reveal how many antibiotics interact with the ribosome. Such knowledge could help improve existing antibiotics and could also lead to the design of new ones. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TRANSDUCTION OF THE MOUSE AUDITORY SYSTEM WITH AAV Principal Investigator & Institution: Lurie, Diana I.; Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Scis; University of Montana University Hall 202 Missoula, Mt 598124104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 22-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): More than 28 million Americans suffer from various forms of hearing loss and 30 million more are exposed to dangerous levels of noise. The lack of effective treatment for many forms of acquired and inherited hearing disorders has prompted interest in the potential application of newly developed gene delivery techniques to restore normal cochlear function. Towards this goal, a number of vectors have been successfully used to mediate intracochlear gene delivery including liposomes, herpes virus, lentivirus, adenovirus, and adeno-associated virus (AAV). Unfortunately, viral vectors (with the exception of AAV) introduce viral genes into the transduced cells, targeting them for destruction by the immune system and limiting the duration of transgene expression. In addition, many of these vectors have been associated with pathogenic conditions. In contrast, AAV is particularly attractive as a gene delivery system because 96% of its viral genome has been removed. Furthermore, it has never
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been associated with disease, has a broad host range, and facilitates long term gene expression. Importantly, 6 different AAV serotypes have been isolated (AAV 1-6) which differ in their respective capsid proteins. Consequently these serotypes exhibit moderate to substantial differences in the efficiency of transduction as well as the cell types transduced. AAV-2 has been used in cochlear gene delivery studies where it does not appear to transduce cochlear hair cells. However, AAV-2 requires heparan sulfate on the cell surface for entry into target cells and significantly, hair cells lack heparan sulfate. Therefore, it is not surprising that AAV-2 has not been a successful vector for gene transfer within the cochlea. We propose to systematically evaluate transgene delivery to the mouse cochlea and spiral ganglia using AAV serotypes 1-5 both in vitro and in vivo. Our goal is to determine those cell populations that each AAV serotype will transduce most effectively. For example, other AAV serotypes such as 4 and 5 are not dependent on heparan sulfate for entry into target cells, and therefore may provide a better vehicle for gene delivery to the cochlea. In addition, AAV-5 has recently been shown to use sialic acid as a coreceptor for entry into target cells. Hair cells are thought to express sialic acid on their surface, suggesting that AAV-5 may serve as an efficient gene delivery vehicle to these cells. Another critical component to these studies will be to compare transduction efficiencies between normal and gentamicin-damaged cochleae. We have chosen to use the mouse for the development of this transgene delivery system so that future gene transfer studies can take advantage of the numerous mouse mutations that have been shown to influence auditory development and function. These feasibility studies represent a new direction for our laboratory and will form the basis for the development of a full-scale research program. The focus of these future studies will be on delivering specific genes to the auditory system that potentially play a role in both the functional recovery of the cochlea, as well as neuroprotection following cochlear damage. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRANSLATIONAL BYPASS IN PATIENTS WITH HEMOPHILIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Sommer, Steve S.; City of Hope National Medical Center Duarte, Ca 91010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): We hypothesize that small molecules that readily enter cells can induce nonsense suppression by the protein synthetic apparatus such, that nonsense mutations are translationally bypassed at levels up to 20 percent. Evaluation of efficacy will be performed with the prototype drug gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. If successful, translational bypass therapy could be beneficial for a significant minority of patients with severe genetic disease. Hemophilia is chosen as the model disease. Major effects of severe hemophilia A)B can be eliminated with only a slight increase in factor level. The hemophilias are an advantageous system to determine directly the efficacy of gentamicin gene therapy because many patients with nonsense mutations are available, the protein product can be measured readily and the kinetics of accumulation and decay can be determined over a short period since the proteins turn over rapidly. The proposed study has four specific aims: 1.Assess gentamicin suppression of nonsense mutations in an initial set of ten patients with severe hemophilia B. 2.Determine if there is a correlation between gentamicin-induced nonsense suppression and gene (factor VIII or IX), stop codon type, and sequence context. 3.Determine whether gentainicin suppresses frameshift mutations in five patients with hemophilia A or B and missense mutations in five patients with hemophilia A or B. 4.Determine whether the effect of gentamicin can be maintained
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with regular administration of gentamicin for up to twelve weeks. Nonsense suppressors could revolutionize therapy for hemophilia in underdeveloped countries where factor replacement is not readily available and carries risks of blood-borne pathogens. An efficacious nonsense suppressor should be effective in nonsense mutations in any of the 30,000 -40,000 human genes. Nonsense suppressors also may be beneficial in the treatment of cancers that result from nonsense mutation in tumor suppressor genes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VESTIBULAR RECOVERY AFTER INTRATYMPANIC GENTAMICIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Carey, John P.; Professor & Chief; Otolaryn & Head & Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project will expand on the work of my NIDCD K23 Project, "Vestibular Effects of Intratympanic Gentamicin." We have found that human subjects who have intratympanic gentamicin treatment for Meniere's disease have a decline in the angular vestibulo-ocular (AVOR) reflex gain for rapid head rotations that excite the treated labyrinth. Some of these subjects have shown increased gains on the same test at later times, suggesting either recovery of peripheral vestibular function or central augmentation of gain. We have also recorded the responses of vestibular afferents in chinchillas after the identical intratympanic gentamicin treatment. This causes a profound loss of sensitivity to vestibular stimulation, but spontaneous afferent discharge is preserved. This suggests that hair cells may be only partially damaged, such that they can release neuro-transmitter to elicit the baseline activity of afferents but that their apical structures cannot transduce head acceleration. These findings correlate well with recent histologic evidence that mammalian hair cells exposed to gentamicin may shed their apical structures but maintain their basal ones (Zheng et al., 1999). The first goal of this project is to determine if the afferent processes contacting vestibular hair cells and the synaptic specializations of these hair cells are preserved after intratympanic gentamicin treatment in chinchillas using light and transmission electron microscopy. If such structural preservation is seen, it may provide a basis for the recovery of vestibular function noted in our human subjects. The second goal is to determine if central augmentation of gain occurs after intratympanic gentamicin treatment. This will be accomplished using direct galvanic stimulation of the VIIIth nerve after intratympanic gentamicin treatment. The nystagmus elicited by excitation of the nerve on the treated side should show an increased velocity compared to the control side if there is a central augmentation of gain. Understanding whether vestibular function partially recovers after intratympanic gentamicin treatment has important implications for the treatment of Meniere's disease, as preservation of function may become an important goal if vertigo remains controlled. Furthermore, the mechanisms of vestibular recovery may help us understand the potential for the inner ear to recover from a variety of injuries. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “gentamicin” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for gentamicin in the PubMed Central database: •
A New High-Level Gentamicin Resistance Gene, aph(2")-Id, in Enterococcus spp. by Tsai SF, Zervos MJ, Clewell DB, Donabedian SM, Sahm DF, Chow JW.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105784
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A novel gentamicin resistance gene in Enterococcus. by Chow JW, Zervos MJ, Lerner SA, Thal LA, Donabedian SM, Jaworski DD, Tsai S, Shaw KJ, Clewell DB.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163742
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Activities of LY333328 and Vancomycin Administered Alone or in Combination with Gentamicin against Three Strains of Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Infection Model. by Aeschlimann JR, Allen GP, Hershberger E, Rybak MJ.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101591
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Activity of LY333328 Combined with Gentamicin In Vitro and in Rabbit Experimental Endocarditis Due to Vancomycin-Susceptible or -Resistant Enterococcus faecalis. by Lefort A, Saleh-Mghir A, Garry L, Carbon C, Fantin B.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101596
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Activity of Netilmicin Compared with Those of Gentamicin and Tobramycin Against Enterobacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. by Chadwick P, Salmon S, Taylor B.; 1977 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=429909
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Adaptive resistance following single doses of gentamicin in a dynamic in vitro model. by Barclay ML, Begg EJ, Chambers ST.; 1992 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192214
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Amikacin and gentamicin accumulation pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity in critically ill patients. by French MA, Cerra FB, Plaut ME, Schentag JJ.; 1981 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181374
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Antibacterial Efficacy of Gentamicin Encapsulated in pH-Sensitive Liposomes against an In Vivo Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Intracellular Infection
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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Model. by Cordeiro C, Wiseman DJ, Lutwyche P, Uh M, Evans JC, Finlay BB, Webb MS.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89722 •
Antimicrobial activities of beta-lactam antibiotics and gentamicin against penicillinsusceptible and penicillin-resistant pneumococci. by Gross ME, Giron KP, Septimus JD, Mason EO Jr, Musher DM.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162702
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Antimicrobial activity of gentamicin in experimental enterococcal endocarditis. by Sullam PM, Tauber MG, Hackbarth CJ, Sande MA.; 1985 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176242
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Antipseudomonal activity of simulated infusions of gentamicin alone or with piperacillin assessed by serum bactericidal rate and area under the killing curve. by Tisdale JE, Pasko MT, Mylotte JM.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172690
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Bactericidal activities of teicoplanin, vancomycin, and gentamicin alone and in combination against Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model of endocarditis. by McGrath BJ, Kang SL, Kaatz GW, Rybak MJ.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284680
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Bactericidal Activity of Gentamicin against Enterococcus faecalis In Vitro and In Vivo. by Lefort A, Arthur M, Garry L, Carbon C, Courvalin P, Fantin B.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90016
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Biological activity of the antibiotic components of the gentamicin complex. by Weinstein MJ, Wagman GH, Oden EM, Marquez JA.; 1967 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251956
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Biotransformation of Sisomicin to Gentamicin C2b. by Lee BK, Bailey JV, Condon RG, Marquez JA, Wagman GH, Weinstein MJ.; 1977 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=429914
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Calcium is a competitive inhibitor of gentamicin-renal membrane binding interactions and dietary calcium supplementation protects against gentamicin nephrotoxicity. by Humes HD, Sastrasinh M, Weinberg JM.; 1984 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=424983
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Carumonam (Ro 17-2301; AMA-1080) compared with gentamicin for treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. by Hoepelman AI, Bakker LJ, Verhoef J.; 1988 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172204
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Chromosomal gentamicin resistance transposon Tn3706 in Streptococcus agalactiae B128. by Horaud T, de Cespedes G, Trieu-Cuot P.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163270
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Chromosomally mediated high-level gentamicin resistance in Streptococcus mitis. by Kaufhold A, Potgieter E.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192798
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Combination of flucloxacillin and gentamicin inhibits toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 production by Staphylococcus aureus in both logarithmic and stationary phases of growth. by van Langevelde P, van Dissel JT, Meurs CJ, Renz J, Groeneveld PH.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163985
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Combination of Quinupristin-Dalfopristin and Gentamicin against MethicillinResistant Staphylococcus aureus: Experimental Rabbit Endocarditis Study. by Batard E, Jacqueline C, Boutoille D, Hamel A, Drugeon HB, Asseray N, Leclercq R, Caillon J, Potel G, Bugnon D.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127295
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Comparative assessment of in vitro inactivation of gentamicin in the presence of carbenicillin by three different gentamicin assay methods. by Ebert SC, Jorgensen JH, Drutz DJ, Clementi WA.; 1984 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271415
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Comparative efficacies of mezlocillin and ampicillin alone or in combination with gentamicin in the treatment of Streptococcus faecalis endocarditis in rabbits. by Fass RJ, Wright CA.; 1984 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185540
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Comparative evaluation of three methods for measuring gentamicin and tobramycin in serum. by Ngui-Yen JH, Hofmann T, Wigmore M, Smith JA.; 1981 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181805
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Comparative Nephrotoxicities of Netilmicin and Gentamicin in Rats. by Luft FC, Yum MN, Kleit SA.; 1976 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=429846
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Comparative nephrotoxicity of gentamicin and tobramycin: pharmacokinetic and clinical studies in 201 patients. by Schentag JJ, Plaut ME, Cerra FB.; 1981 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181535
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Comparison of Activity of Sisomicin and Gentamicin in Mouse Protection Tests with Gram-Negative Bacilli. by Meyers BR, Hirschman SZ.; 1976 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=429753
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Comparison of in vitro activity of Sch 21420, a gentamicin B derivative, with those of amikacin, gentamicin, netilmicin, sisomicin, and tobramycin. by Thornsberry C, Barry AL, Jones RN, Baker CN, Badal RE, Packer RR.; 1980 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=283992
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Comparison of netilmicin and gentamicin pharmacokinetics in humans. by Chung M, Costello R, Symchowicz S.; 1980 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=283755
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Comparison of Netilmicin with Gentamicin in the Therapy of Experimental Escherichia coli Meningitis. by Scheld WM, Brown RS Jr, Sande MA.; 1978 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352359
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Comparison of penicillin and vancomycin, individually and in combination with gentamicin and amikacin, in the treatment of experimental endocarditis induced by nutritionally variant streptococci. by Bouvet A, Cremieux AC, Contrepois A, Vallois JM, Lamesch C, Carbon C.; 1985 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176343
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Comparison of radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay methods in determining gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters and dosages. by Rotschafer JC, Morlock C, Strand L, Crossley K.; 1982 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183808
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Comparison of Sisomicin and Gentamicin in Bacteriuric Patients with Underlying Diseases of the Urinary Tract. by Klastersky J, Hensgens C, Gerard M, Daneau D.; 1975 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=429220
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Comparison of the Antibacterial Activities of Sisomicin and Gentamicin Against Gram-Negative Bacteria. by Meyers BR, Leng B, Hirschman SZ.; 1975 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=429460
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Comparison of the gentamicin resistance transposon Tn5281 with regions encoding gentamicin resistance in Enterococcus faecalis isolates from diverse geographic locations. by Hodel-Christian SL, Murray BE.; 1992 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245486
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Comparison of the Nephrotoxicity of Netilmicin and Gentamicin in Rats. by Bowman RL, Silverblatt FJ, Kaloyanides GJ.; 1977 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=429949
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Daptomycin or teicoplanin in combination with gentamicin for treatment of experimental endocarditis due to a highly glycopeptide-resistant isolate of Enterococcus faecium. by Caron F, Kitzis MD, Gutmann L, Cremieux AC, Maziere B, Vallois JM, Saleh-Mghir A, Lemeland JF, Carbon C.; 1992 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245515
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Delivery of the Non-Membrane-Permeative Antibiotic Gentamicin into Mammalian Cells by Using Shigella flexneri Membrane Vesicles. by Kadurugamuwa JL, Beveridge TJ.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105625
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Distribution of Gentamicin and Amikacin in Rabbit Tissues. by Kornguth ML, Kunin CM.; 1977 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352113
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Diversity of Structures Carrying the High-Level Gentamicin Resistance Gene (aac6aph2) in Enterococcus faecalis Strains Isolated in France. by Casetta A, Hoi AB, de Cespedes G, Horaud T.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105961
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Double-Osmotic-Shock Procedure to Prepare Gentamicin Adenine Mononucleotide Transferase for the Enzymatic Assay of Gentamicin. by Dankert J, Woltjes J.; 1977 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352133
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Effect of Cephalothin on Renal Cortical Concentrations of Gentamicin in Rats. by Dellinger P, Murphy T, Barza M, Pinn V, Weinstein L.; 1976 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=429582
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Effect of concomitant administration of piperacillin on the dispositions of isepamicin and gentamicin in patients with end-stage renal disease. by Halstenson CE, Wong MO, Herman CS, Heim-Duthoy KL, Teal MA, Affrime MB, Kelloway JH, Keane WF, Awni WM.; 1992 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192195
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Effect of fetal exposure to gentamicin on kidneys of young guinea pigs. by LelievrePegorier M, Gilbert T, Sakly R, Meulemans A, Merlet-Benichou C.; 1987 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174658
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Effect of gentamicin dosing interval on efficacy of penicillin or ceftriaxone treatment of experimental endocarditis due to penicillin-susceptible, ceftriaxone-tolerant viridans group streptococci. by Brandt CM, Warner CB, Rouse MS, Steckelberg JM, Wilson WR.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163646
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Effect of gentamicin dosing interval on therapy of viridans streptococcal experimental endocarditis with gentamicin plus penicillin. by Gavalda J, Pahissa A, Almirante B, Laguarda M, Crespo E, Pou L, Fernandez F.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162888
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Effect of methylprednisolone on entry of ampicillin and gentamicin into cerebrospinal fluid in experimental pneumococcal and Escherichia coli meningitis. by Scheld WM, Brodeur JP.; 1983 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184626
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Effect of osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption on gentamicin penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid and brains of normal rabbits. by Strausbaugh LJ, Brinker GS.; 1983 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185128
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Effect of polyaspartic acid on pharmacokinetics of gentamicin after single intravenous dose in the dog. by Whittem T, Parton K, Turner K.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163298
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Effect of treatment with methicillin and gentamicin in a new experimental mouse model of foreign body infection. by Espersen F, Frimodt-Moller N, Corneliussen L, Riber U, Rosdahl VT, Skinhoj P.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284682
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Effectiveness and Toxicity of Gentamicin in an Experimental Model of Pyelonephritis: Effect of the Time of Administration. by LeBrun M, Grenier L, Gourde P, Bergeron MG, Labrecque G, Beauchamp D.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89106
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Effects of fasting on temporal variations in nephrotoxicity of gentamicin in rats. by Beauchamp D, Collin P, Grenier L, LeBrun M, Couture M, Thibault L, Labrecque G, Bergeron MG.; 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163178
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Effects of Membrane-Energy Mutations and Cations on Streptomycin and Gentamicin Accumulation by Bacteria: a Model for Entry of Streptomycin and Gentamicin in Susceptible and Resistant Bacteria. by Bryan LE, Van Den Elzen HM.; 1977 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=429880
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Efficacies of Vancomycin, Arbekacin, and Gentamicin Alone or in Combination against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an In Vitro Infective Endocarditis Model. by Lee DG, Chun HS, Yim DS, Choi SM, Choi JH, Yoo JH, Shin WS, Kang MW.; 2003 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=296184
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Efficacy of Ampicillin plus Arbekacin in Experimental Rabbit Endocarditis Caused by an Enterococcus faecalis Strain with High-Level Gentamicin Resistance. by Kak V, Donabedian SM, Zervos MJ, Kariyama R, Kumon H, Chow JW.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90103
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Efficacy of Ceftriaxone and Gentamicin Given Once a Day by Using Human-Like Pharmacokinetics in Treatment of Experimental Staphylococcal Endocarditis. by Gavalda J, Lopez P, Martin T, Gomis X, Ramirez JL, Azuaje C, Almirante B, Pahissa A.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127055
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Emergence and Spread in French Hospitals of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Increasing Susceptibility to Gentamicin and Other Antibiotics. by Lelievre H, Lina G, Jones ME, Olive C, Forey F, Roussel-Delvallez M, Nicolas-Chanoine MH, Bebear CM, Jarlier V, Andremont A, Vandenesch F, Etienne J.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85665
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Enzymatic Inactivation of Residual Gentamicin After Membrane Filtration. by Blank J.; 1983 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242277
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Evaluation of a new latex agglutination inhibition card test for determining serum gentamicin levels. by Doern GV, Glew RH, Parker DS, Pavuk RA, Brown SD.; 1981 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181546
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Evaluation of Bactericidal Activities of LY333328, Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, Ampicillin-Sulbactam, Trovafloxacin, and RP59500 Alone or in Combination with Rifampin or Gentamicin against Different Strains of Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus by Time-Kill Curve Methods. by Hershberger E, Aeschlimann JR, Moldovan T, Rybak MJ.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89193
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Evidence of Nosocomial Infection in Japan Caused by High-Level GentamicinResistant Enterococcus faecalis and Identification of the Pheromone-Responsive Conjugative Plasmid Encoding Gentamicin Resistance. by Ma X, Kudo M, Takahashi A, Tanimoto K, Ike Y.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105144
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Expression of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gentamicin Resistance Gene aacC3 in Escherichia coli. by van Boxtel RA, van de Klundert JA.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106019
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Gentamicin and Gentamicin C1 in the Treatment of Complicated Urinary Tract Infections: Comparative Study of Efficacy, Tolerance, and Pharmacokinetics. by Mosegaard A, Welling PG, Madsen PO.; 1975 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=429134
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Heterogeneity of plasmids determining high-level resistance to gentamicin in clinical isolates of Streptococcus faecalis. by Zervos MJ, Mikesell TS, Schaberg DR.; 1986 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176439
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High-level plasmid-mediated gentamicin resistance and pheromone response of plasmids present in clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis. by Shiojima M, Tomita H, Tanimoto K, Fujimoto S, Ike Y.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163776
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High-level resistance to gentamicin in clinical isolates of Streptococcus (Enterococcus) faecium. by Eliopoulos GM, Wennersten C, Zighelboim-Daum S, Reiszner E, Goldmann D, Moellering RC Jr.; 1988 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=175912
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Identical genes confer high-level resistance to gentamicin upon Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, and Streptococcus agalactiae. by Kaufhold A, Podbielski A, Horaud T, Ferrieri P.; 1992 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=190320
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Imipenem versus gentamicin combined with either cefuroxime or cephalothin as initial therapy for febrile neutropenic patients. by Cornelissen JJ, de Graeff A, Verdonck LF, Branger T, Rozenberg-Arska M, Verhoef J, Dekker AW.; 1992 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=189424
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Improved efficacy with nonsimultaneous administration of first doses of gentamicin and ceftazidime in vitro. by Barclay ML, Begg EJ, Chambers ST, Boswell DR.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162498
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In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin, Arbekacin, Vancomycin, and Gentamicin Alone and/or in Combination against Glycopeptide Intermediate-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an Infection Model. by Akins RL, Rybak MJ.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89987
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In vitro and in vivo studies of imipenem-cilastatin alone and in combination with gentamicin against Listeria monocytogenes. by Kim KS.; 1986 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176393
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In vitro postantibiotic effects following multiple exposures of cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin against Escherichia coli in pooled human cerebrospinal fluid and Mueller-Hinton broth. by Karlowsky JA, Zhanel GG, Davidson RJ, Zieroth SR, Hoban DJ.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=187920
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In Vitro Susceptibility Studies with Netilmicin: Comparison of a 10-[mu]g Netilmicin Disk with a Standardized 10-[mu]g Gentamicin Disk. by Habwe V, Shadomy S.; 1978 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352388
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In Vitro Uptake of Gentamicin by Rat Renal Cortical Tissue. by Hsu CH, Kurtz TW, Weller JM.; 1977 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=429883
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Inactivation of Gentamicin by Penicillins in Patients with Renal Failure. by Ervin FR, Bullock WE Jr, Nuttall CE.; 1976 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=429665
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Increase of the intestinal absorption of gentamicin and amikacin by a nonionic surfactant. by Rubinstein A, Rubinstein E, Toitou E, Donbrow M.; 1981 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181508
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Increased renal DNA synthesis in vivo after administration of low doses of gentamicin to rats. by Laurent G, Maldague P, Carlier MB, Tulkens PM.; 1983 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185378
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Increased renal uptake of gentamicin in endotoxemic rats receiving concomitant thromboxane A2 antagonist therapy. by Tardif M, Bergeron Y, Beauchamp D, Bergeron MG.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192792
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Influence of endotoxin on the intracortical accumulation kinetics of gentamicin in rats. by Tardif D, Beauchamp D, Bergeron MG.; 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171646
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Influence of gentamicin dose size on the efficacies of combinations of gentamicin and penicillin in experimental streptomycin-resistant enterococcal endocarditis. by Wright AJ, Wilson WR, Matsumoto JY, Washington JA 2nd, Geraci JE.; 1982 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185703
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Influence of high-level gentamicin resistance and beta-hemolysis on susceptibility of enterococci to the bactericidal activities of ampicillin and vancomycin. by Cercenado E, Eliopoulos GM, Wennersten CB, Moellering RC Jr.; 1992 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284366
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Influence of human monocytes on the antibacterial activity of kanamycin and gentamicin for Staphylococcus aureus. by van den Broek PJ, Buys LF, van den Barselaar MT, Leijh PC, van Furth R.; 1986 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180496
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Influence of hydrocortisone succinate on intrarenal accumulation of gentamicin in endotoxemic rats. by Bergeron MG, Bergeron Y, Beauchamp D.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=175045
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Influence of indomethacin on the intrarenal uptake of gentamicin in endotoxemic rats. by Bergeron MG, Bergeron Y, Tardif M, Marchand S, Beauchamp D.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172651
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Influence of Single or Multiple Doses of Gentamicin and Netilmicin on Their Cortical, Medullary, and Papillary Distribution. by Bergeron MG, Trottier S.; 1979 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352729
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Inhibitory Effect of Heparin on Gentamicin Concentrations in Blood. by Regamey C, Schaberg D, Kirby WM.; 1972 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=444216
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Initial Concentration-Time Profile of Gentamicin Determines Efficacy against Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 13047. by Rayner CR, Ioannides-Demos LL, Brien JA, Liolios LL, Spicer WJ.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105606
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Interaction of gentamicin with the A band and B band lipopolysaccharides of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its possible lethal effect. by Kadurugamuwa JL, Lam JS, Beveridge TJ.; 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=187740
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Intracellular Delivery and Antibacterial Activity of Gentamicin Encapsulated in pHSensitive Liposomes. by Lutwyche P, Cordeiro C, Wiseman DJ, St-Louis M, Uh M, Hope MJ, Webb MS, Finlay BB.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105873
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Intranasal administration of gentamicin in human subjects. by Rubinstein A.; 1983 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184815
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Involvement of the outer membrane in gentamicin and streptomycin uptake and killing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. by Hancock RE, Raffle VJ, Nicas TI.; 1981 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181521
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Kill kinetics and regrowth patterns of Escherichia coli exposed to gentamicin concentration-time profiles simulating in vivo bolus and infusion dosing. by Bastone EB, Li SC, Ioannides-Demos LL, Spicer WJ, McLean AJ.; 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=187813
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Kinetics of gentamicin in plasma of nonpregnant, pregnant, and fetal guinea pigs and its distribution in fetal tissues. by Lelievre-Pegorier M, Sakly R, Meulemans A, MerletBenichou C.; 1985 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180306
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Kinetics of gentamicin uptake and release in the rat. Comparison of inner ear tissues and fluids with other organs. by Tran Ba Huy P, Bernard P, Schacht J.; 1986 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=424551
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Lack of effect of vancomycin and gentamicin on auditory function in guinea pigs. by Nishihara K, Shimizu T, Kotaki H, Sawada Y, Okuno T, Kaga K, Murofushi T, Iga T.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163272
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Linezolid Compared with Eperezolid, Vancomycin, and Gentamicin in an In Vitro Model of Antimicrobial Lock Therapy for Staphylococcus epidermidis Central Venous Catheter-Related Biofilm Infections. by Curtin J, Cormican M, Fleming G, Keelehan J, Colleran E.; 2003 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=201134
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Liposome-encapsulated gentamicin treatment of Mycobacterium aviumMycobacterium intracellulare complex bacteremia in AIDS patients. by Nightingale SD, Saletan SL, Swenson CE, Lawrence AJ, Watson DA, Pilkiewicz FG, Silverman EG, Cal SX.; 1993 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188084
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Long-term protection of polyaspartic acid in experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity. by Swan SK, Kohlhepp SJ, Kohnen PW, Gilbert DN, Bennett WM.; 1991 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245436
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Meropenem versus Cefuroxime plus Gentamicin for Treatment of Serious Infections in Elderly Patients. by Jaspers CA, Kieft H, Speelberg B, Buiting A, van Marwijk Kooij M, Ruys GJ, Vincent HH, Vermeulen MC, Olink AG, Hoepelman IM.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105786
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Mezlocillin and ticarcillin alone and combined with gentamicin in the treatment of experimental Enterobacter aerogenes endocarditis. by Levison ME, Kobasa WD.; 1984 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185622
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Molecular analysis of a gentamicin resistance transposonlike element on plasmids isolated from North American Staphylococcus aureus strains. by Byrne ME, Gillespie MT, Skurray RA.; 1990 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172007
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Once-daily gentamicin therapy for experimental Escherichia coli meningitis. by Ahmed A, Paris MM, Trujillo M, Hickey SM, Wubbel L, Shelton SL, McCracken GH Jr.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163658
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Ototoxic effects from gentamicin ear drops. by Wooltorton E.; 2002 Jul 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116645
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Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins Plus Gentamicin in Experimental Enterococcal Endocarditis. by Lincoln LJ, Weinstein AJ, Gallagher M, Abrutyn E.; 1977 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=429951
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Peritoneal fluid concentrations of gentamicin in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. by Richey GD, Schleupner CJ.; 1981 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181417
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Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin alone and in combination with gentamicin at various dosing intervals against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected fibrin-platelet clots in an in vitro infection model. by Houlihan HH, Mercier RC, Rybak MJ.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=164151
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Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of gentamicin in an experimental pleural empyema rabbit model. by Shohet I, Yellin A, Meyerovitch J, Rubinstein E.; 1987 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174856
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Pharmacokinetics of Gentamicin Administered Intratracheally to Rats. by Trnovec T, Navarova J, Kettner M, Greguskova M, Bezek S, Gajdosik A, Kyselova A.; 1978 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352427
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Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin at traditional versus high doses: implications for once-daily aminoglycoside dosing. by Demczar DJ, Nafziger AN, Bertino JS Jr.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163859
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Pharmacokinetics of Gentamicin C1, C1a, and C2 in Beagles after a Single Intravenous Dose. by Isoherranen N, Lavy E, Soback S.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89894
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Pharmacologic limits of the protective effect of polyaspartic acid on experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity. by Swan SK, Gilbert DN, Kohlhepp SJ, Kohnen PW, Bennett WM.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=187666
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Pharmacology of Gentamicin in the Biliary Tract of Humans. by Mendelson J, Portnoy J, Sigman H.; 1973 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=444591
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Phenotypic and Molecular Typing of Nosocomial Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Susceptible to Gentamicin Isolated in France from 1995 to 1997. by Galdbart JO, Morvan A, El Solh N.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88693
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Pig kidney (LLC-PK1) cell membrane fluidity during exposure to gentamicin or tobramycin. by Kohlhepp SJ, Hou L, Gilbert DN.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284703
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Piperacillin, tazobactam, and gentamicin alone or combined in an endocarditis model of infection by a TEM-3-producing strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae or its susceptible variant. by Mentec H, Vallois JM, Bure A, Saleh-Mghir A, Jehl F, Carbon C.; 1992 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192204
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Plasma beta 2 microglobulin as a means of predicting gentamicin serum concentrations. by Valsamis J, Brauman H, Yourassowsky E.; 1980 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=283827
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Plasmid-borne high-level resistance to gentamicin in Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus avium, and Enterococcus raffinosus. by Straut M, de Cespedes G, Horaud T.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163304
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Possible Connection between a Widely Disseminated Conjugative Gentamicin Resistance (pMG1-Like) Plasmid and the Emergence of Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococcus faecium. by Tomita H, Pierson C, Lim SK, Clewell DB, Ike Y.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130708
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Postantibiotic effect of penicillin plus gentamicin versus Enterococcus faecalis in vitro and in vivo. by Hessen MT, Pitsakis PG, Levison ME.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172498
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Prolonged endotoxemia enhances the renal injuries induced by gentamicin in rats. by Auclair P, Tardif D, Beauchamp D, Gourde P, Bergeron MG.; 1990 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171712
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Protective effect of piperacillin against nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine and gentamicin in animals. by Hayashi T, Watanabe Y, Kumano K, Kitayama R, Yasuda T, Saikawa I, Katahira J, Kumada T, Shimizu K.; 1988 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172305
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Quantitation of slow drug release from an implantable and degradable gentamicin conjugate by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. by Weissleder R, Poss K, Wilkinson R, Zhou C, Bogdanov A Jr.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162639
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Quantitative association between electrical potential across the cytoplasmic membrane and early gentamicin uptake and killing in Staphylococcus aureus. by Eisenberg ES, Mandel LJ, Kaback HR, Miller MH.; 1984 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=215339
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Radioimmunoassay for Measurement of Gentamicin in Blood. by Mahon WA, Ezer J, Wilson TW.; 1973 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=444462
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Radioimmunoassay of gentamicin in Micromonospora medium extracts. by Rosner A, Aviv H.; 1980 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=283818
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Randomized Open Trial of Gentamicin and Doxycycline for Eradication of Bartonella quintana from Blood in Patients with Chronic Bacteremia. by Foucault C, Raoult D, Brouqui P.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161867
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Rapid Gentamicin Bioassay Using a Multiple-Antibiotic-Resistant Strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. by Lund ME, Blazevic DJ, Matsen JM.; 1973 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=444597
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Reduction of experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats by dietary calcium loading. by Bennett WM, Elliott WC, Houghton DC, Gilbert DN, DeFehr J, McCarron DA.; 1982 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183773
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Relationship Between Gentamicin Susceptibility Criteria and Therapeutic Serum Levels for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Mouse Infection Model. by Nicas TI, Bryan LE.; 1978 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352333
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Renal cortical kinetics of gentamicin after implantation of gentamicinpolymethylmethacrylate beads in rats. by Giuliano RA, Verpooten GA, De Broe ME.; 1986 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180565
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Renal Extraction of Gentamicin in Anesthetized Dogs. by Chiu PJ, Brown A, Miller G, Long JF.; 1976 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=429735
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Renal pharmacokinetic changes of gentamicin during enterococcal pyelonephritis. by Auclair P, Lessard C, Bergeron MG.; 1988 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172262
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Role of sodium in the protective effect of ticarcillin on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. by Ohnishi A, Bryant TD, Branch KR, Sabra R, Branch RA.; 1989 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284257
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Simplified Assay for Gentamicin in the Presence of Other Antibiotics. by Alcid DV, Seligman SJ.; 1973 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=444457
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Simulation of Human Gentamicin Pharmacokinetics in an Experimental Enterococcus faecalis Endocarditis Model. by Dube L, Caillon J, Gras-Le Guen C, Jacqueline C, Kergueris MF, Granry JC, Potel G, Bugnon D.; 2003 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=253777
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Single-Dose Daily Gentamicin Therapy in Urinary Tract Infection. by Labovitz E, Levison ME, Kaye D.; 1974 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=444672
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Structures, Locations, and Transfer Frequencies of Genetic Elements Conferring High-Level Gentamicin Resistance in Enterococcus faecalis Isolates in Greece. by Daikos GL, Bamias G, Kattamis C, Zervos MJ, Chow JW, Christakis G, Petrikkos G, Triantafyllopoulou P, Alexandrou H, Syriopoulou V.; 2003 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=296197
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Successful treatment using gentamicin liposomes of Salmonella dublin infections in mice. by Fierer J, Hatlen L, Lin JP, Estrella D, Mihalko P, Yau-Young A.; 1990 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171584
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Surface action of gentamicin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. by Kadurugamuwa JL, Clarke AJ, Beveridge TJ.; 1993 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=206658
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Synergistic Activity of Carbenicillin and Gentamicin in Experimental Pseudomonas Bacteremia in Neutropenic Rats. by Scott RE, Robson HG.; 1976 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=429808
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Synergy between amoxicillin and gentamicin in combination against a highly penicillin-resistant and -tolerant strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse pneumonia model. by Darras-Joly C, Bedos JP, Sauve C, Moine P, Vallee E, Carbon C, Azoulay-Dupuis E.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163489
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Synergy characterization for Enterococcus faecalis strains displaying moderately high-level gentamicin and streptomycin resistance. by Bantar CE, Micucci M, Fernandez Canigia L, Smayevsky J, Bianchini HM.; 1993 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265661
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Synergy of an Investigational Glycopeptide, LY333328, with Once-Daily Gentamicin against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium in a Multiple-Dose, In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model. by Zelenitsky SA, Booker B, Laing N, Karlowsky JA, Hoban DJ, Zhanel GG.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89165
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Therapeutic Efficacy of Liposome-Encapsulated Gentamicin in Rat Klebsiella pneumoniae Pneumonia in Relation to Impaired Host Defense and Low Bacterial Susceptibility to Gentamicin. by Schiffelers RM, Storm G, ten Kate MT, BakkerWoudenberg IA.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90314
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Ticarcillin in Combination with Cephalothin or Gentamicin as Empiric Antibiotic Therapy in Granulocytopenic Cancer Patients. by Schimpff SC, Landesman S, Hahn DM, Standiford HC, Fortner CL, Young VM, Wiernik PH.; 1976 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=429845
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Time-restricted feeding schedules modify temporal variation of gentamicin experimental nephrotoxicity. by Beauchamp D, Guimont C, Grenier L, LeBrun M, Tardif D, Gourde P, Bergeron MG, Thibault L, Labrecque G.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163942
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Tn5384, a composite enterococcal mobile element conferring resistance to erythromycin and gentamicin whose ends are directly repeated copies of IS256. by Rice LB, Carias LL, Marshall SH.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162698
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Tn924, a chromosome-borne transposon encoding high-level gentamicin resistance in Enterococcus faecalis. by Thal LA, Chow JW, Clewell DB, Zervos MJ.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188167
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Transferability and genetic relatedness of high-level gentamicin resistance among enterococci. by Sahm DF, Gilmore MS.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188178
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Treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis using once-daily dosing regimen of gentamicin plus simulated profiles of ampicillin in human serum. by Gavalda J, Cardona PJ, Almirante B, Capdevila JA, Laguarda M, Pou L, Crespo E, Pigrau C, Pahissa A.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163078
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Vancomycin Acts Synergistically with Gentamicin against Penicillin-Resistant Pneumococci by Increasing the Intracellular Penetration of Gentamicin. by Cottagnoud P, Cottagnoud M, Tauber MG.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148974
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Vancomycin-gentamicin synergism revisited: effect of gentamicin susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. by Mulazimoglu L, Drenning SD, Muder RR.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163363
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Variation in the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin and tobramycin in patients with pleural effusions and hypoalbuminemia. by Etzel JV, Nafziger AN, Bertino JS Jr.; 1992 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=190580
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with gentamicin, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “gentamicin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for gentamicin (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
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A comparison of the cost of ceftazidime therapy and gentamicin combinations in three UK hospitals. Author(s): Drabu YJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1993 February; 31(2): 321. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8463175
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A covalent method of gentamicin bonding to silica supports. Author(s): Ginalska G, Osinska M, Uryniak A. Source: Journal of Biomaterials Applications. 2004 April; 18(4): 279-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15070515
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A gentamicin pharmacokinetic population model and once-daily dosing algorithm for neonates. Author(s): DiCenzo R, Forrest A, Slish JC, Cole C, Guillet R. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 May; 23(5): 585-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12741432
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A pilot study of the effect of gentamicin on nasal potential difference measurements in cystic fibrosis patients carrying stop mutations. Author(s): Wilschanski M, Famini C, Blau H, Rivlin J, Augarten A, Avital A, Kerem B, Kerem E. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2000 March; 161(3 Pt 1): 860-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10712334
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A randomized monocentric trial in febrile neutropenic patients: ceftriaxone and gentamicin vs cefepime and gentamicin. Author(s): Cornely OA, Bethe U, Seifert H, Breuer K, Schutt-Gerowitt H, Salzberger B, Schrappe M, Fatkenheuer G. Source: Annals of Hematology. 2002 January; 81(1): 37-43. Epub 2001 December 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11807634
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Activity of beta-lactams (ampicillin, meropenem), gentamicin, azithromycin and moxifloxacin against intracellular Listeria monocytogenes in a 24 h THP-1 human macrophage model. Author(s): Carryn S, Van Bambeke F, Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Tulkens PM. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 April; 51(4): 1051-2. Epub 2003 March 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12654747
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Acute massive gentamicin intoxication in a patient with end-stage renal disease. Author(s): Lu CM, James SH, Lien YH. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1996 November; 28(5): 767-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9158219
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Acute renal failure after local gentamicin treatment in an infected total knee arthroplasty. Author(s): van Raaij TM, Visser LE, Vulto AG, Verhaar JA. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2002 October; 17(7): 948-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12375257
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Acute renal failure in cardiac surgical patients, potentiated by gentamicin and calcium. Author(s): Schneider M, Valentine S, Clarke GM, Newman MA, Peacock J. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1996 December; 24(6): 647-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8971310
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Administration-time differences in the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin intravenously delivered to human beings. Author(s): Choi JS, Kim CK, Lee BJ. Source: Chronobiology International. 1999 November; 16(6): 821-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10584181
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Ampicillin, gentamicin and teicoplanin as antimicrobial therapy for recurrent Streptococcus agalactiae and Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis in an intravenous drug abuser with HIV infection. Author(s): Calza L, Manfredi R, Marinacci G, Fortunato L, Chiodo F. Source: Chemotherapy. 2003 July; 49(4): 206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12886057
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An extended interval dosing method for gentamicin in neonates. Author(s): Stickland MD, Kirkpatrick CM, Begg EJ, Duffull SB, Oddie SJ, Darlow BA. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 December; 48(6): 887-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11733474
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Antibiotic concentrations in serum and wound fluid after local gentamicin or intravenous dicloxacillin prophylaxis in cardiac surgery. Author(s): Friberg O, Jones I, Sjoberg L, Soderquist B, Vikerfors T, Kallman J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(4): 251-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12839154
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Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery of the intervertebral disc. A comparison between gentamicin and cefuroxime. Author(s): Tai CC, Want S, Quraishi NA, Batten J, Kalra M, Hughes SP. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2002 September; 84(7): 1036-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12358368
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Antibiotic prophylaxis with cefazolin and gentamicin in cardiac surgery for children less than ten kilograms. Author(s): Haessler D, Reverdy ME, Neidecker J, Brule P, Ninet J, Lehot JJ. Source: Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2003 April; 17(2): 221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12698406
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Antimicrobial practice. Development of guidelines for gentamicin dosing. Author(s): Thomson AH, Duncan N, Silverstein B, Alcock S, Jodrell D. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1996 November; 38(5): 885-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8961061
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Appearance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sensitive to gentamicin in a hospital with a previous endemic distinct MRSA. Author(s): Sopena N, Garcia-Nunez M, Prats R, Pedro-Botet ML, Elia S, Nieto J, Sabria M. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2001; 17(4): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11767956
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Assessment of the efficacy, safety and quality of gentamicin use in Aberdeen Royal Infirmary. Author(s): Buabeng KO, Mackenzie AR, Laing RB, Cook I, Jappy B, Gould IM. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1999 December; 44(6): 843-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10590290
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Association of hypocalcemia with a change in gentamicin administration in neonates. Author(s): Jackson GL, Sendelbach DM, Stehel EK, Baum M, Manning MD, Engle WD. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2003 July; 18(7): 653-6. Epub 2003 May 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12750977
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Bacteremia caused by hemolytic, high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Author(s): Huycke MM, Spiegel CA, Gilmore MS. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1991 August; 35(8): 1626-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1929336
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Bacteremia due to beta-lactamase-producing Enterococcus faecalis with high-level resistance to gentamicin in a child with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Author(s): Mazzulli T, King SM, Richardson SE. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1992 March; 14(3): 780-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1562666
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Bacterial resistance to gentamicin. Author(s): Barss P. Source: P N G Med J. 1989 June; 32(2): 151. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2816075
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Bactericidal action of gentamicin against enterococci that are sensitive, or exhibit lowor high-level resistance to gentamicin. Author(s): Fasola EL, Moody JA, Shanholtzer CJ, Peterson LR. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1994 May; 19(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7956015
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Bactericidal activity of gentamicin against Enterococcus faecalis in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Lefort A, Arthur M, Garry L, Carbon C, Courvalin P, Fantin B. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 August; 44(8): 2077-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10898678
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Bactericidal activity of gentamicin against S. aureus. In vitro study questions value of prolonged high concentrations. Author(s): Sorensen TS, Sorensen AI. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1993 February; 64(1): 82-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8451956
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Bactericidal and inhibitory activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin against vancomycinand gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Author(s): Hill RL, Smith CT, Seyed-Akhavani M, Casewell MW. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1997 May; 39 Suppl A: 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9511058
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Bacteriological side effects of gut decontamination with polymyxin E, gentamicin, and amphotericin B. Author(s): Misset B, Kitzis MD, Mahe P, Conscience G, Goldstein FW, Fourrier A, Carlet J. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 1993 February; 14(2): 62-4. Erratum In: Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1993 June; 14(6): 306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8440879
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Bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of gentamicin alone and in combination with clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium. Author(s): Heifets LB, Lindholm-Levy PJ, Comstock RD. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1992 August; 36(8): 1695-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1416852
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Bayesian forecasting of gentamicin pharmacokinetics in pediatric intensive care unit patients. Author(s): Kraus DM, Dusik CM, Rodvold KA, Campbell MM, Kecskes SA. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 September; 12(9): 713-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8414796
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Bayesian forecasting of serum gentamicin concentrations in intensive care patients. Author(s): Rodvold KA, Pryka RD, Kuehl PG, Blum RA, Donahue P. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1990 May; 18(5): 409-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2335046
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Bayesian pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in a haemodialysis population. Author(s): Vercaigne LM, Ariano RE, Zacharias JM. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2004; 43(3): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14871157
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Beta-2-microglobulin excretion in neonates treated with gentamicin. Author(s): Arellano F. Source: Nephron. 1989; 53(4): 392-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2689902
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Binding to and antibacterial effect of aztreonam, temocillin, gentamicin and tobramycin on human faeces. Author(s): Hazenberg MP, Pennock-Schroder AM, van de Merwe JP. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1985 October; 95(2): 255-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4067288
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Biochemical and morphological effects of gentamicin in human proximal tubular cells: effects on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Author(s): Chatterjee S, Trifillis AL, Regec AL. Source: Biochemistry and Cell Biology = Biochimie Et Biologie Cellulaire. 1987 December; 65(12): 1049-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3454184
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Bioelectrical impedance modelling of gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters. Author(s): Zarowitz BJ, Pilla AM, Peterson EL. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989 October; 28(4): 471-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2590605
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Biomaterial-associated infection of gentamicin-loaded PMMA beads in orthopaedic revision surgery. Author(s): Neut D, van de Belt H, Stokroos I, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 June; 47(6): 885-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11389124
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Body composition analysis by bioelectrical impedance: the effects of time of day and body side on estimated gentamicin pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Robert S, Zarowitz BJ, Pilla AM, Peterson EL. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1991; 11(2): 122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2052466
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Bulbar conjunctival defects associated with gentamicin. Author(s): Nauheim R, Nauheim J. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1987 October; 105(10): 1321. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3662899
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Capillary electrophoretic immunoassays for digoxin and gentamicin with laserinduced fluorescence polarization detection. Author(s): Wan QH, Le XC. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 October 29; 734(1): 31-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10574187
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Cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin alone and in combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Author(s): Burgess DS, Nathisuwan S. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2002 September; 44(1): 35-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12376029
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Changes in the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex after a single dose of intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Carey JP, Hirvonen T, Peng GC, Della Santina CC, Cremer PD, Haslwanter T, Minor LB. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 April; 956: 581-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11960873
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Changes in the three-dimensional angular vestibulo-ocular reflex following intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Carey JP, Minor LB, Peng GC, Della Santina CC, Cremer PD, Haslwanter T. Source: Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : Jaro. 2002 December; 3(4): 430-43. Epub 2002 March 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12486598
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Characterization of gentamicin-resistant Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Author(s): Idowu AD, Celones MC, Salgado AE, Marquez KM, Pleibel N. Source: Biologicals : Journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization. 2003 September; 31(3): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12935805
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Chloramphenicol versus benzylpenicillin and gentamicin for the treatment of severe pneumonia in children in Papua New Guinea: a randomised trial. Author(s): Duke T, Poka H, Dale F, Michael A, Mgone J, Wal T. Source: Lancet. 2002 February 9; 359(9305): 474-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11853793
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Ciprofloxacin resistance in methicillin- and gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Maple P, Hamilton-Miller J, Brumfitt W. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1989 July; 8(7): 622-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2506023
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Clinical significance of high-level gentamicin resistance in enterococci causing bacteraemia. Author(s): Bilikova E, Gogova M, Svetlansky I, Lovaszova M, Kadlubjakova E, Pichnova E, Krcmery V. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2001 June; 17(6): 525-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11434341
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Combination effect of ciprofloxacin and gentamicin against clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Mandal S, Mandal MD, Pal NK. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 August; 56(4): 156-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14583638
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Combined indomethacin/gentamicin eyedrops to reduce pain after traumatic corneal abrasion. Author(s): Alberti MM, Bouat CG, Allaire CM, Trinquand CJ. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2001 July-September; 11(3): 233-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11681501
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Comparative intracellular (THP-1 macrophage) and extracellular activities of betalactams, azithromycin, gentamicin, and fluoroquinolones against Listeria monocytogenes at clinically relevant concentrations. Author(s): Carryn S, Van Bambeke F, Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Tulkens PM. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 July; 46(7): 2095-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12069960
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Comparative pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of gentamicin-resistant and susceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in France between 1991 and 1998. Changes in antibiotic susceptibility. Author(s): Mangeney N, Drollee K, Cloitre V, Bordes M, Faubert E, Dupeyron C. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2002 August; 51(4): 262-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12183140
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Comparison of once-daily versus twice-daily gentamicin dosing regimens in infants > or = 2500 g. Author(s): Agarwal G, Rastogi A, Pyati S, Wilks A, Pildes RS. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2002 June; 22(4): 268-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12032787
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Comparison of two gentamicin dosing schedules in very low birth weight infants. Author(s): Rastogi A, Agarwal G, Pyati S, Pildes RS. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 March; 21(3): 234-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12005088
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Construction of a gentamicin resistance gene probe for epidemiological studies. Author(s): Groot Obbink DJ, Ritchie LJ, Cameron FH, Mattick JS, Ackerman VP. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1985 July; 28(1): 96-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2994560
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Contact sensitivity to gentamicin with tolerance of systemic exposure. Author(s): Munoz Bellido FJ, Moyano JC, Alvarez M, Juan JL, Bellido J. Source: Allergy. 1996 October; 51(10): 758-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8905009
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Continuous gentamicin therapy using an IntraEAR microcatheter for Meniere's disease: a retrospective study. Author(s): Seidman M. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 March; 126(3): 244-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11956532
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Cost effectiveness of gentamicin and tobramycin. Author(s): Singer F. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1985 June; 102(6): 867-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3922271
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Cost-effectiveness of gentamicin vs tobramycin. Author(s): Briceland LL, Bailie GR. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 1993 March; 3(3): 251-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10147129
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Daptomycin or teicoplanin in combination with gentamicin for treatment of experimental endocarditis due to a highly glycopeptide-resistant isolate of Enterococcus faecium. Author(s): Caron F, Kitzis MD, Gutmann L, Cremieux AC, Maziere B, Vallois JM, SalehMghir A, Lemeland JF, Carbon C. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1992 December; 36(12): 2611-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1336339
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Defining high-level gentamicin resistance in enterococci. Author(s): Weinbren MJ, Johnson AP, Woodford N. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2000 March; 45(3): 404-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10702568
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Delayed gentamicin elimination in patients with severe preeclampsia. Author(s): McNeeley SG Jr, Beitel R, Lee M, Moise C, Dilts PV Jr. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 December 1; 153(7): 793-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4073145
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Delivery of the non-membrane-permeative antibiotic gentamicin into mammalian cells by using Shigella flexneri membrane vesicles. Author(s): Kadurugamuwa JL, Beveridge TJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 June; 42(6): 1476-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9624497
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Deproteinized bovine bone and gentamicin as an adjunct to GTR in the treatment of intrabony defects: a randomized controlled clinical study. Author(s): Stavropoulos A, Karring ES, Kostopoulos L, Karring T. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2003 June; 30(6): 486-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12795786
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Design and in vitro evaluation of gentamicin-Eudragit microspheres intended for intra-ocular administration. Author(s): Al-Kassas R. Source: Journal of Microencapsulation. 2004 February; 21(1): 71-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14718187
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Determination of a gentamicin loading dose in neonates and infants. Author(s): Semchuk W, Borgmann J, Bowman L. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1993 February; 15(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8451781
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Determination of gentamicin in urine samples after inhalation by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using pre-column derivatisation with ophthalaldehyde. Author(s): Al-Amoud AI, Clark BJ, Chrystyn H. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 March 25; 769(1): 89-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11936698
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Determination of gentamicin pharmacokinetics by bioelectrical impedance in critically ill adults. Author(s): Zarowitz BJ, Robert S, Mlynarek M, Peterson EL, Horst HM. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993 June; 33(6): 562-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8366181
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Determination of urinary lysozyme during aminoglycoside therapy--appraisal of lysozyme inhibition caused by gentamicin and tobramycin. Author(s): Morsky P, Ylitalo P, Koivula T. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1985 November 29; 153(1): 55-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4075521
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Direct round window membrane application of gentamicin in the treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Silverstein H, Arruda J, Rosenberg SI, Deems D, Hester TO. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1999 May; 120(5): 649-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10229588
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Disagreement with liability for failure to monitor serum gentamicin concentrations. Author(s): McCormack JP, Brown GR. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1992 December; 49(12): 2928-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1481794
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Diversity of structures carrying the high-level gentamicin resistance gene (aac6-aph2) in Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated in France. Author(s): Casetta A, Hoi AB, de Cespedes G, Horaud T. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 November; 42(11): 2889-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9797221
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Does intratympanic gentamicin treatment for Meniere's disease cause complete vestibular ablation? Author(s): Hone SW, Nedzelski J, Chen J. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2000 April; 29(2): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10819105
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Donor corneoscleral rim contamination by gentamicin-resistant organisms. Author(s): Gopinathan U, Agrawal V, Sharma S, Rao GN. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 1994 June; 42(2): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7927634
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Dosage of once-daily gentamicin in spinal cord injury patients. Author(s): Vaidyanathan S, Watt JW, Singh G, Soni BM, Sett P. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2000 March; 38(3): 197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10795941
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Double-blind comparison of oral gentamicin and nalidixic acid in the treatment of acute shigellosis in children. Author(s): Islam MR, Alam AN, Hossain MS, Mahalanabis D, Hye HK. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1994 December; 40(6): 320-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7853434
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Dry powder versus intravenous and nebulized gentamicin in cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis. A pilot study. Author(s): Crowther Labiris NR, Holbrook AM, Chrystyn H, Macleod SM, Newhouse MT. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1999 November; 160(5 Pt 1): 1711-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10556145
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy improved by gentamicin. Author(s): Senior K. Source: Molecular Medicine Today. 1999 November; 5(11): 461. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10529784
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Duration of antibacterial effectiveness of gentamicin ear drops in external otitis. Author(s): Rakover Y, Smuskovitz A, Colodner R, Keness Y, Rosen G. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2000 November; 114(11): 827-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11144828
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Effect of gentamicin on serum digoxin level in patients with congestive heart failure. Author(s): Alkadi HO, Nooman MA, Raja'a YA. Source: Pharmacy World & Science : Pws. 2004 April; 26(2): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15085946
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Effect of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of gentamicin, penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on adherence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Author(s): Baskin H, Dogan Y, Hakki BI, Yulug N. Source: J Chemother. 2002 April; 14(2): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12017371
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Effectiveness of cloxacillin with and without gentamicin in short-term therapy for right-sided Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. A randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Ribera E, Gomez-Jimenez J, Cortes E, del Valle O, Planes A, Gonzalez-Alujas T, Almirante B, Ocana I, Pahissa A. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1996 December 15; 125(12): 969-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8967707
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Effectiveness of gentamicin-impregnated cement in the prevention of deep wound infection after primary total knee arthroplasty. Author(s): Eveillard M, Mertl P, Tramier B, Eb F. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 2003 October; 24(10): 778-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14587945
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Effects of blood loss and fluid volume replacement on serum and tissue gentamicin concentrations during colorectal surgery. Author(s): Markantonis SL, Kostopanagiotou G, Panidis D, Smirniotis V, Voros D. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2004 February; 26(2): 271-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15038949
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Effects of gentamicin sulfate on enzyme activities of carbonic anhydrase from human erythrocytes in vitro and from rat erythrocytes in vivo. Author(s): Beydemir S, Ciftci M, Kufrevioglu OI, Buyukokuroglu ME. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 August; 25(8): 966-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12186427
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Effects of inhaled gentamicin prophylaxis on acquisition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in children with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study. Author(s): Heinzl B, Eber E, Oberwaldner B, Haas G, Zach MS. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2002 January; 33(1): 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11747258
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Efficacy and tolerance of a new gentamicin collagen fleece (Septocoll) after surgical treatment of a pilonidal sinus. Author(s): Holzer B, Grussner U, Bruckner B, Houf M, Kiffner E, Schildberg FW, Vogel P, Rosen HR; EMD study group. Source: Colorectal Disease : the Official Journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland. 2003 May; 5(3): 222-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12780882
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Efficacy of ampicillin combined with ceftriaxone and gentamicin in the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis with no high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. Author(s): Gavalda J, Onrubia PL, Gomez MT, Gomis X, Ramirez JL, Len O, Rodriguez D, Crespo M, Ruiz I, Pahissa A. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 September; 52(3): 514-7. Epub 2003 August 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12917251
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Efficacy of increased gentamicin concentration for intratympanic injection therapy in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Abou-Halawa AS, Poe DS. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2002 July; 23(4): 494-502; Discussion 502-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12170152
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Electrical enhancement of Streptococcus gordonii biofilm killing by gentamicin. Author(s): Wattanakaroon W, Stewart PS. Source: Archives of Oral Biology. 2000 February; 45(2): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10716621
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Emergence and spread of gentamicin-susceptible strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Belgian hospitals. Author(s): Denis O, Deplano A, De Ryck R, Nonhoff C, Struelens MJ. Source: Microbial Drug Resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.). 2003 Spring; 9(1): 61-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12705684
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Emergence of high-level gentamicin resistance in group G streptococci. Author(s): Faibis F, Fiacre A, Demachy MC. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 December; 20(12): 901-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11837646
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Enterobacter cloacae ventriculitis successfully treated with cefepime and gentamicin: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Barnes BJ, Wiederhold NP, Micek ST, Polish LB, Ritchie DJ. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 April; 23(4): 537-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12680484
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Enterococcus faecalis: in vitro activity of antimicrobial drugs, singly and combined, with and without defibrinated human blood, against high-level-gentamicin-resistant isolates. Author(s): Traub WH, Leonhard B, Bauer D. Source: Chemotherapy. 1993 July-August; 39(4): 248-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8325126
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Eradication of endotracheal tube biofilm by nebulised gentamicin. Author(s): Adair CG, Gorman SP, Byers LM, Jones DS, Feron B, Crowe M, Webb HC, McCarthy GJ, Milligan KR. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2002 April; 28(4): 426-31. Epub 2002 March 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11967596
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Evaluation of five commercial Sabouraud gentamicin-chloramphenicol agar media. Author(s): Brun S, Bouchara JP, Bocquel A, Basile AM, Contet-Audonneau N, Chabasse D. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 October; 20(10): 71823. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11757973
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Evidence that systemic gentamicin suppresses premature stop mutations in patients with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Clancy JP, Bebok Z, Ruiz F, King C, Jones J, Walker L, Greer H, Hong J, Wing L, Macaluso M, Lyrene R, Sorscher EJ, Bedwell DM. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001 June; 163(7): 1683-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11401894
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Evidences of gentamicin resistance amplification in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from faeces of hospitalized newborns. Author(s): Barros JC, Pinheiro SR, Bozza M, Gueiros-Filho FJ, Bello AR, Lopes UG, Pereira JA. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1999 November-December; 94(6): 795802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10585658
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Extended interval dosing of gentamicin in preterm infants. Author(s): Mercado MC, Brodsky NL, McGuire MK, Hurt H. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 2004 February; 21(2): 73-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15017470
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Factors affecting aminoglycoside disposition: effects of circadian rhythm and dietary protein intake on gentamicin pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Dickson CJ, Schwartzman MS, Bertino JS Jr. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1986 March; 39(3): 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3948471
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Factors affecting gentamicin pharmacokinetics in septic patients. Author(s): Tang GJ, Tang JJ, Lin BS, Kong CW, Lee TY. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1999 August; 43(7): 726-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10456812
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Factors influencing colonisation with gentamicin resistant gram negative organisms in the neonatal unit. Author(s): Isaacs D, Catterson J, Hope PL, Moxon ER, Wilkinson AR. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1988 May; 63(5): 533-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3389870
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Failure of creatinine clearance to predict gentamicin half-life in a renal transplant patient with diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Michael KA, Mohler JL, Blouin RA, Lucas BA, Rapp RP. Source: Clin Pharm. 1985 September-October; 4(5): 572-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3902332
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Failure of gentamicin when injected through 0.2 micron filter. Author(s): Richards J, Gould K, Bain HH, Gardiner CA. Source: Lancet. 1988 December 3; 2(8623): 1309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2904030
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Feasibility of gentamicin measurement in icteric sera by the Syva EMIT system. Author(s): Witebsky FG, Selepak ST. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1983 January; 23(1): 172-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6338817
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Fitness and competitive growth advantage of new gentamicin-susceptible MRSA clones spreading in French hospitals. Author(s): Laurent F, Lelievre H, Cornu M, Vandenesch F, Carret G, Etienne J, Flandrois JP. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 March; 47(3): 277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11222560
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Fixation of the tibial component using CMW-1 or Palacos bone cement with gentamicin: similar outcome in a randomized radiostereometric study of 51 total knee arthroplasties. Author(s): Adalberth G, Nilsson KG, Karrholm J, Hassander H. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2002 October; 73(5): 531-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12440496
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Flow injection fluorescence immunoassay for gentamicin using sol-gel-derived mesoporous biomaterial. Author(s): Yang HH, Zhu QZ, Qu HY, Chen XL, Ding MT, Xu JG. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 2002 September 1; 308(1): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12234465
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Fluorescence polarization immunoassay of gentamicin or netilmicin in blood spotted on filter paper. Author(s): Fujimoto T, Tsuda Y, Tawa R, Hirose S. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1989 May; 35(5): 867-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2720984
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Fluorodensitometric evaluation of gentamicin from plasma and urine by highperformance thin-layer chromatography. Author(s): Bhogte CP, Patravale VB, Devarajan PV. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1997 July 4; 694(2): 443-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9252061
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Fosfomycin-ampicillin versus gentamicin-ampicillin in the treatment of critically ill patients with pneumonia. Author(s): Nissen LR, Jacobsen J, Ravn TJ, Wahlgreen C, Auning-Hansen H. Source: Infection. 1986 September-October; 14(5): 246-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3641787
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Fusidic acid-betamethasone combination in infected eczema: an open, randomized comparison with gentamicin-betamethasone combination. Author(s): Strategos J. Source: Pharmatherapeutica. 1986; 4(9): 601-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3763654
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Genetic relatedness among Enterococcus faecalis with transposon-mediated highlevel gentamicin resistance in Swedish intensive care units. Author(s): Hallgren A, Saeedi B, Nilsson M, Monstein HJ, Isaksson B, Hanberger H, Nilsson LE. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 August; 52(2): 162-7. Epub 2003 July 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12837735
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Gentamicin administration in Duchenne patients with premature stop codon. Preliminary results. Author(s): Politano L, Nigro G, Nigro V, Piluso G, Papparella S, Paciello O, Comi LI. Source: Acta Myol. 2003 May; 22(1): 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12966700
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Gentamicin and CFTR. Author(s): Kida Y. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 December 25; 349(26): 2570. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695425
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Gentamicin and clindamycin therapy in postpartum endometritis: the efficacy of daily dosing versus dosing every 8 hours. Author(s): Livingston JC, Llata E, Rinehart E, Leidwanger C, Mabie B, Haddad B, Sibai B. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 January; 188(1): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12548209
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Gentamicin and tetracyclines for the treatment of human plague: review of 75 cases in new Mexico, 1985-1999. Author(s): Boulanger LL, Ettestad P, Fogarty JD, Dennis DT, Romig D, Mertz G. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2004 March 1; 38(5): 663-9. Epub 2004 February 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14986250
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Gentamicin and tobramycin in neonates: comparison of a new extended dosing interval regimen with a traditional multiple daily dosing regimen. Author(s): Avent ML, Kinney JS, Istre GR, Whitfield JM. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 2002 November; 19(8): 413-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12541213
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Gentamicin concentrations in diagnostic aspirates from 25 patients with hip and knee arthroplasties. Author(s): Fletcher MD, Spencer RF, Langkamer VG, Lovering AM. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2004 April; 75(2): 173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15180232
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Gentamicin effects on urinary electrolyte excretion in healthy subjects. Author(s): Elliott C, Newman N, Madan A. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2000 January; 67(1): 16-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10668849
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Gentamicin for the practicing urologist: review of efficacy, single daily dosing and "switch" therapy. Author(s): Santucci RA, Krieger JN. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 April; 163(4): 1076-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10737470
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Gentamicin may have an adverse effect on osteogenesis. Author(s): Isefuku S, Joyner CJ, Simpson AH. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 2003 March; 17(3): 212-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12621263
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Gentamicin perfusion vestibular response and hearing loss. Author(s): Light JP, Silverstein H, Jackson LE. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2003 March; 24(2): 294-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12621347
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Gentamicin pharmacokinetics during slow daily home hemodialysis. Author(s): Manley HJ, Bailie GR, McClaran ML, Bender WL. Source: Kidney International. 2003 March; 63(3): 1072-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12631090
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Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in term newborn infants receiving high-frequency oscillatory ventilation or conventional mechanical ventilation: a case-controlled study. Author(s): Young TE. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2004 April; 24(4): 267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15103771
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Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in term newborn infants receiving high-frequency oscillatory ventilation or conventional mechanical ventilation: a case-controlled study. Author(s): Fernandes CJ, O'Donovan DJ, Nguyen NY. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2004 April; 24(4): 266-7; Author Reply 267-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15067300
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Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in term newborn infants receiving high-frequency oscillatory ventilation or conventional mechanical ventilation: a case-controlled study. Author(s): Bhatt-Mehta V, Donn SM. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2003 October; 23(7): 559-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14566353
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Gentamicin release from modified acrylic bone cements with lactose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Author(s): Virto MR, Frutos P, Torrado S, Frutos G. Source: Biomaterials. 2003 January; 24(1): 79-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12417181
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Gentamicin resistance in dairy and clinical enterococcal isolates and in reference strains. Author(s): Lopes Mde F, Ribeiro T, Martins MP, Tenreiro R, Crespo MT. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 August; 52(2): 214-9. Epub 2003 July 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12837744
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Gentamicin usage in newborns: an audit. Author(s): Bajaj M, Palmer K. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003 July; 88(7): 645. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12818924
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Gentamicin-induced anaphylaxis. Author(s): Schulze S, Wollina U. Source: Allergy. 2003 January; 58(1): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12580818
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Gentamicin-induced correction of CFTR function in patients with cystic fibrosis and CFTR stop mutations. Author(s): Wilschanski M, Yahav Y, Yaacov Y, Blau H, Bentur L, Rivlin J, Aviram M, Bdolah-Abram T, Bebok Z, Shushi L, Kerem B, Kerem E. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 October 9; 349(15): 1433-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14534336
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Half-life of intracameral gentamicin after phacoemulsification. Author(s): Lehmann OJ, Thompson JP, White LO, Keys MF, Campbell MJ. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1997 July-August; 23(6): 883-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9292673
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Hearing loss after intratympanic gentamicin therapy for unilateral Meniere's Disease. Author(s): Martin E, Perez N. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2003 September; 24(5): 800-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14501459
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Hearing loss following intratympanic instillation of gentamicin for the treatment of unilateral Meniere's disease. Author(s): Kaplan DM, Nedzelski JM, Al-Abidi A, Chen JM, Shipp DB. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2002 April; 31(2): 106-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12019738
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Heterogeneity in gentamicin clearance between high-efficiency hemodialyzers. Author(s): Agarwal R, Cronin RE. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1994 January; 23(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8285197
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High genetic homology between plasmids of human and animal origins conferring resistance to the aminoglycosides gentamicin and apramycin. Author(s): Chaslus-Dancla E, Pohl P, Meurisse M, Marin M, Lafont JP. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1991 March; 35(3): 590-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2039212
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High-dose aprotinin with gentamicin-vancomycin antibiotic prophylaxis increases blood concentrations of creatinine and cystatin C in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Author(s): Mercieri M, Mercieri A, Tritapepe L, Ruggeri M, Arcioni R, Repetto M, Bottari B, Menichetti A. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1999 April; 82(4): 531-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10472217
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High-level gentamicin resistance among enterococci. Author(s): Sahm DF, Gilmore MS. Source: Dev Biol Stand. 1995; 85: 99-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8586251
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High-level gentamicin resistance in Enterococcus faecalis bacteremia. Author(s): Noskin GA, Till M, Patterson BK, Clarke JT, Warren JR. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1991 December; 164(6): 1212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1955722
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High-level gentamicin resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis blood culture isolates from 23 European university hospitals. Author(s): Fluit AC, Florijn A, Verhoef J, Schmitz FJ. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 April; 21(4): 357-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12672584
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Human intestinal tissue antibiotic concentrations. Clindamycin, gentamicin, and mezlocillin. Author(s): Thadepalli H, Lou MA, Prabhala RH, Mandal AK. Source: The American Surgeon. 1990 November; 56(11): 655-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2240854
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Human myocardial responses to antibiotics: gentamicin, tobramycin and cephalothin. Author(s): Hendry PJ, Taichman GC, Taichman SJ, Keon WJ. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1988 June-August; 4(5): 219-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3409104
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Hygienic hand disinfection for the removal of epidemic vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and gentamicin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae. Author(s): Wade JJ, Desai N, Casewell MW. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1991 July; 18(3): 211-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1680903
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Hyperalimentation-associated neonatal cholestasis: effect of oral gentamicin. Author(s): Spurr SG, Grylack LJ, Mehta NR. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 1989 November-December; 13(6): 633-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2515311
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Impregnation of vancomycin, gentamicin, and cefotaxime in a cement spacer for twostage cementless reconstruction in infected total hip arthroplasty. Author(s): Koo KH, Yang JW, Cho SH, Song HR, Park HB, Ha YC, Chang JD, Kim SY, Kim YH. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2001 October; 16(7): 882-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11607905
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Improvement of perineal wound healing by local administration of gentamicinimpregnated collagen fleeces after abdominoperineal excision of rectal cancer. Author(s): Gruessner U, Clemens M, Pahlplatz PV, Sperling P, Witte J, Rosen HR; Septocoll Study Group. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2001 November; 182(5): 502-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11754859
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In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Aerococcus urinae to 14 antibiotics, and timekill curves for penicillin, gentamicin and vancomycin. Author(s): Skov R, Christensen JJ, Korner B, Frimodt-Moller N, Espersen F. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001 November; 48(5): 653-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11679554
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Intentional ablation of vestibular function using commercially available topical gentamicin-betamethasone eardrops in patients with Meniere's disease: further evidence for topical eardrop ototoxicity. Author(s): Kaplan DM, Hehar SS, Bance ML, Rutka JA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 April; 112(4): 689-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12150525
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Intratympanic dexamethasone, intratympanic gentamicin, and endolymphatic sac surgery for intractable vertigo in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Sennaroglu L, Sennaroglu G, Gursel B, Dini FM. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 November; 125(5): 537-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11700457
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Intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease; a survey of current UK practice. Author(s): Obholzer RJ, Wareing MJ. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2003 June; 117(6): 459-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12818054
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Intratympanic gentamicin for unilateral Meniere's disease: results of therapy. Author(s): Bottrill I, Wills AD, Mitchell AL. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 2003 April; 28(2): 133-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12680832
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Intratympanic gentamicin injections for Meniere disease: vestibular hair cell impairment and regeneration. Author(s): De Waele C, Meguenni R, Freyss G, Zamith F, Bellalimat N, Vidal PP, Tran Ba Huy P. Source: Neurology. 2002 November 12; 59(9): 1442-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427902
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Intratympanic gentamicin therapy for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Hirsch BE, Kamerer DB. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1997 January; 18(1): 44-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8989951
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Intratympanic gentamicin therapy for persistent vertigo after endolymphatic sac surgery. Author(s): Marzo SJ, Leonetti JP. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 January; 126(1): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11821762
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Intratympanic therapy for Meniere's disease: effect of administration of low concentration of gentamicin. Author(s): Quaranta A, Scaringi A, Aloidi A, Quaranta N, Salonna I. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2001 April; 121(3): 387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11425206
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Kill kinetics and regrowth patterns of Escherichia coli exposed to gentamicin concentration-time profiles simulating in vivo bolus and infusion dosing. Author(s): Bastone EB, Li SC, Ioannides-Demos LL, Spicer WJ, McLean AJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1993 April; 37(4): 914-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8494392
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Kinetics and dose calculations of ampicillin and gentamicin given as continuous intravenous infusion during parenteral nutrition in 88 newborn infants. Author(s): Colding H, Moller S, Bentzon MW. Source: Dev Pharmacol Ther. 1983; 6(6): 365-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6416802
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Kinetics of gentamicin uptake. Author(s): Blakley BW. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1999 October; 121(4): 510. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10504618
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Lack of effect of prophylactic gentamicin treatment on intraocular and extraocular fluid cultures after pars plana vitrectomy. Author(s): Gelfand YA, Mezer E, Linn S, Miller B. Source: Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers. 1998 June; 29(6): 497-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9640572
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Linkage of vancomycin and high-level gentamicin resistance genes on the same plasmid in a clinical isolate of Enterococcus faecalis. Author(s): Woodford N, Jones BL, Baccus Z, Ludlam HA, Brown DF. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1995 January; 35(1): 179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7768767
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Liposome-encapsulated gentamicin treatment of Mycobacterium aviumMycobacterium intracellulare complex bacteremia in AIDS patients. Author(s): Nightingale SD, Saletan SL, Swenson CE, Lawrence AJ, Watson DA, Pilkiewicz FG, Silverman EG, Cal SX. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1993 September; 37(9): 1869-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8239598
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Listeria monocytogenes endocarditis in a patient on chronic hemodialysis, successfully treated with vancomycin-gentamicin. Author(s): Gallagher PG, Amedia CA, Watanakunakorn C. Source: Infection. 1986 May-June; 14(3): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3733226
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Local antibiotic therapy using gentamicin-PMMA chains in post-traumatic bone infections. Short and long-term results. Author(s): Jenny G. Source: Reconstr Surg Traumatol. 1988; 20: 36-46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3399738
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Local antibiotic therapy via a fistula: treatment of a postoperative abscess with collagen and gentamicin. Author(s): Castor B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999; 31(2): 216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10447341
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Local antibiotic treatment of soft-tissue infections with gentamicin-PMMA chains. Author(s): Lutje HC, Penschuck C, Aydin V. Source: Reconstr Surg Traumatol. 1988; 20: 112-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2969604
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Local gentamicin application for perineal wound healing following abdominoperineal rectum excision. Author(s): Rosen HR, Marczell AP, Czerwenka E, Stierer MO, Spoula H, Wasl H. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1991 November; 162(5): 438-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1951905
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Local treatment of bone and soft tissue infections with the collagen-gentamicin sponge. Author(s): Stemberger A, Grimm H, Bader F, Rahn HD, Ascherl R. Source: Eur J Surg Suppl. 1997; (578): 17-26. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9167145
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Long-term accuracy of fluorescence polarization immunoassays for gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin and vancomycin. Author(s): Joos B, Luthy R, Blaser J. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1989 November; 24(5): 797-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2599999
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Long-term bactericidal properties of a gentamicin-coated antimicrobial external fixation pin sleeve. Author(s): Marotta JS, Coupe KJ, Milner R, Heseltine KE. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003; 85-A Suppl 4: 129-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14652404
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Long-term follow-up of transtympanic gentamicin for Meniere's syndrome. Author(s): Harner SG, Driscoll CL, Facer GW, Beatty CW, McDonald TJ. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2001 March; 22(2): 210-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11300271
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Long-term hearing outcome in patients receiving intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Wu IC, Minor LB. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 May; 113(5): 815-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12792316
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Long-term implantation of gentamicin-polymethylmethacrylate antibiotic beads. Author(s): Henry SL, Hood GA, Seligson D. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1993 October; (295): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8403670
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Long-term results after interval therapy with intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Lange G, Maurer J, Mann W. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2004 January; 114(1): 102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14710003
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Low-dose intratympanic gentamicin and the treatment of Meniere's disease: preliminary results. Author(s): Driscoll CL, Kasperbauer JL, Facer GW, Harner SG, Beatty CW. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1997 January; 107(1): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9001270
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Low-dose intratympanic gentamicin treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Inoue H, Uchi Y, Nogami K, Uemura T. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1994; 251 Suppl 1: S12-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11894767
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Lymphoproliferative response to mitogen (ConA) after treatment of rats with gentamicin and doxycyclin: relevance to human therapeutics. Author(s): Salauze D, Serre V, Amelin L. Source: Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 1994 November; 17(4): 437-47. Erratum In: Drug Chem Toxicol 1996; 19(1-2): 131. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7821231
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Measurement of invasion by gentamicin resistance. Author(s): Elsinghorst EA. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1994; 236: 405-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7968625
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Measurement of total phospholipids in urine of patients treated with gentamicin. Author(s): Saunders DA, Begg EJ, Kirkpatrick CM, Yeo J, Graham GG, Bailey RR. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997 April; 43(4): 435-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9146857
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Mechanisms of failure to decontaminate the gut with polymixin E, gentamicin and amphotericin B in patients in intensive care. Author(s): Misset B, Kitzis MD, Conscience G, Goldstein F, Fourrier A, Carlet J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 February; 13(2): 16570. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8013491
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Mechanisms of gentamicin resistance in gram-negative bacilli in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Moaz A, Shannon K, Phillips I. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1989 November; 24(5): 689-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2599993
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Melanin potentiates gentamicin-induced inhibition of collagen biosynthesis in human skin fibroblasts. Author(s): Wrzesniok D, Buszman E, Karna E, Nawrat P, Palka J. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 June 20; 446(1-3): 7-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12098580
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Meropenem versus cefuroxime plus gentamicin for treatment of serious infections in elderly patients. Author(s): Jaspers CA, Kieft H, Speelberg B, Buiting A, van Marwijk Kooij M, Ruys GJ, Vincent HH, Vermeulen MC, Olink AG, Hoepelman IM. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 May; 42(5): 1233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9593156
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Methicillin- and gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis endophthalmitis after intraocular surgery. Author(s): Lambert SR, Stern WH. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1985 June 15; 99(6): 725-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3874551
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Microdose gentamicin administration via the round window microcatheter: results in patients with Meniere's disease. Author(s): Hoffer ME, Kopke RD, Weisskopf P, Gottshall K, Allen K, Wester D. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2001 October; 942: 46-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11710484
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Modification of experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity by selective parathyroidectomy. Author(s): Bennett WM, Pulliam JP, Porter GA, Houghton DC. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1985 December; 249(6 Pt 2): F832-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4073266
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Molecular characterization of gentamicin-resistant Enterococci in the United States: evidence of spread from animals to humans through food. Author(s): Donabedian SM, Thal LA, Hershberger E, Perri MB, Chow JW, Bartlett P, Jones R, Joyce K, Rossiter S, Gay K, Johnson J, Mackinson C, Debess E, Madden J, Angulo F, Zervos MJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 March; 41(3): 1109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12624037
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Multicenter comparative study of aztreonam and gentamicin in the treatment of renal and urinary tract infections. Author(s): Albertazzi A, Bonadio M, Fusaroli M, Lotti T, Miano L, Salvia G, Sasdelli M, Villa G, Zucchelli P, Ventriglia L. Source: Chemotherapy. 1989; 35 Suppl 1: 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2659293
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Mydriasis and conjunctival paresthesia from local gentamicin. Author(s): Awan KJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1985 June 15; 99(6): 723-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4014396
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Nature of transposon-mediated high-level gentamicin resistance in Enterococcus faecalis isolated in the United Kingdom. Author(s): Simjee S, Manzoor SE, Fraise AP, Gill MJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2000 May; 45(5): 565-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10797076
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Neonatal orbital irritant contact dermatitis caused by gentamicin ointment. Author(s): Merlob P, Metzker A. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1996 June; 57(6): 429-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8804846
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Nephrotoxicity by dicloxacillin and gentamicin in 163 patients with intertrochanteric hip fractures. Author(s): Solgaard L, Tuxoe JI, Mafi M, Due Olsen S, Toftgaard Jensen T. Source: International Orthopaedics. 2000; 24(3): 155-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10990387
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Netilmicin determination with a gentamicin kit. Author(s): Harmoinen A, Vuorinen P, Melamies L. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1985 July; 31(7): 1239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4006202
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New uses for gentamicin-impregnated polymethyl methacrylate spacers in two-stage revision hip arthroplasty. Author(s): Oxborrow NJ, Stamer J, Andrews M, Stone MH. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 1997 September; 12(6): 709-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9306225
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Newborns and gentamicin--how much and how often? Author(s): Chattopadhyay B. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 January; 49(1): 13-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11751761
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Newer agents against methicillin and/or gentamicin-resistant and -susceptible staphylococci. Author(s): Chandrasekar PH, Sluchak JA. Source: Chemotherapy. 1989; 35(5): 333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2551600
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Nosocomial outbreak due to Enterococcus faecium highly resistant to vancomycin, penicillin, and gentamicin. Author(s): Handwerger S, Raucher B, Altarac D, Monka J, Marchione S, Singh KV, Murray BE, Wolff J, Walters B. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 June; 16(6): 750-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8329505
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Nosocomial outbreak of gentamicin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal intensive care unit controlled by a change in antibiotic policy. Author(s): van der Zwet WC, Parlevliet GA, Savelkoul PH, Stoof J, Kaiser AM, Koeleman JG, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1999 August; 42(4): 295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10467543
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Novel antibiotic regimens against Enterococcus faecium resistant to ampicillin, vancomycin, and gentamicin. Author(s): Landman D, Mobarakai NK, Quale JM. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1993 September; 37(9): 1904-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8239604
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Once daily high-dose gentamicin to prevent infection in open fractures of the tibial shaft: a preliminary investigation. Author(s): Russell GV Jr, King C, May CG, Pearsall AW 4th. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2001 December; 94(12): 1185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11811857
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Once daily, high dose versus divided, low dose gentamicin for open fractures. Author(s): Sorger JI, Kirk PG, Ruhnke CJ, Bjornson SH, Levy MS, Cockrin J, Tang P. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1999 September; (366): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10627736
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Once versus twice daily dose of gentamicin therapy in Thai neonates. Author(s): Kosalaraksa P, Janthep P, Jirapradittha J, Taksaphan S, Kiatchoosakun P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2004 April; 87(4): 372-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15217172
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Once-daily gentamicin dosing for the preterm and term newborn: proposal for a simple regimen that achieves target levels. Author(s): Hansen A, Forbes P, Arnold A, O'Rourke E. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2003 December; 23(8): 635-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14647159
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Once-daily versus multiple-daily gentamicin in empirical antibiotic therapy of febrile neutropenia following intensive chemotherapy. Author(s): Bakri FE, Pallett A, Smith AG, Duncombe AS. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2000 March; 45(3): 383-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10702563
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Once-daily versus multiple-daily gentamicin in infants and children. Author(s): Uijtendaal EV, Rademaker CM, Schobben AF, Fleer A, Kramer WL, van Vught AJ, Kimpen JL, van Dijk A. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2001 October; 23(5): 506-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11591895
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Ototoxicity induced by gentamicin and furosemide. Author(s): Bates DE, Beaumont SJ, Baylis BW. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 March; 36(3): 446-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11895059
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Outbreak of infection with high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (HLGRE) in a Norwegian hospital. Author(s): Wendelbo O, Jureen R, Eide GE, Digranes A, Langeland N, Harthug S. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 July; 9(7): 662-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12925108
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Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin in the elderly. Author(s): Triggs E, Charles B. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1999 October; 37(4): 331-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10554048
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Phenotypic and molecular typing of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains susceptible to gentamicin isolated in france from 1995 to 1997. Author(s): Galdbart JO, Morvan A, El Solh N. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 January; 38(1): 185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10618085
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Piperacillin-tazobactam is more effective than ceftriaxone plus gentamicin in febrile neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies: a randomized comparison. Author(s): Gorschluter M, Hahn C, Fixson A, Mey U, Ziske C, Molitor E, Horre R, Sauerbruch T, Marklein G, Schmidt-Wolf IG, Glasmacher A. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2003 June; 11(6): 362-70. Epub 2003 April 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690546
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Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in hospitalized patients receiving oncedaily dosing. Author(s): Xuan D, Nicolau DP, Nightingale CH. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2004 March; 23(3): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15164971
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Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in South African newborns. Author(s): Botha JH, du Preez MJ, Adhikari M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 December; 59(10): 755-9. Epub 2003 October 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14566440
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Population pharmacokinetics of intramuscular gentamicin administered to young infants with suspected severe sepsis in Kenya. Author(s): Thomson AH, Kokwaro GO, Muchohi SN, English M, Mohammed S, Edwards G. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 July; 56(1): 25-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12848772
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Prevalence of resistance to ampicillin, gentamicin and vancomycin in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates from clinical specimens and use of antimicrobials in five Nordic hospitals. Author(s): Simonsen GS, Smabrekke L, Monnet DL, Sorensen TL, Moller JK, Kristinsson KG, Lagerqvist-Widh A, Torell E, Digranes A, Harthug S, Sundsfjord A. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 February; 51(2): 323-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562698
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Prolonged persistence on the ocular surface of fortified gentamicin ointment as compared to fortified gentamicin eye drops. Author(s): Lomholt JA, Moller JK, Ehlers N. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2000 February; 78(1): 34-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10726785
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Proximal tubule damage in patients treated with gentamicin or amikacin. Author(s): Wiland P, Szechcinski J. Source: Polish Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 July-August; 55(4): 631-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14581723
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in an intrathecal baclofen pump: successful treatment with adjunct intra-reservoir gentamicin. Author(s): Galloway A, Falope FZ. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2000 February; 38(2): 126-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10762189
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Quantitation of haptens by homogeneous immunoprecipitation. 1. Automated analysis of gentamicin in serum. Author(s): Wu JW, Hoskin S, Riebe SM, Gifford JE, O'Neill SP. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1982 April; 28(4 Pt 1): 659-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7042117
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Quantitative deposition of aerosolized gentamicin in cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Ilowite JS, Gorvoy JD, Smaldone GC. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 December; 136(6): 1445-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3688646
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Randomized controlled trial of once vs. twice daily gentamicin therapy in newborn. Author(s): Solomon R, Kuruvilla KA, Job V, Selvakumar R, Jeyaseelan L, Kanagasabapathy AS, Jana AK. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1999 February; 36(2): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10713806
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Randomized open trial of gentamicin and doxycycline for eradication of Bartonella quintana from blood in patients with chronic bacteremia. Author(s): Foucault C, Raoult D, Brouqui P. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 July; 47(7): 2204-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12821469
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Rapid elevation of gentamicin levels in the human labyrinth following intravenous administration. Author(s): Becvarovski Z, Michaelides EM, Kartush JM, Bojrab DI, LaRouere MJ. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 July; 112(7 Pt 1): 1163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12169892
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Rapid emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant enterobacteriaceae containing multiple gentamicin resistance-associated integrons in a Dutch hospital. Author(s): van Belkum A, Goessens W, van der Schee C, Lemmens-den Toom N, Vos MC, Cornelissen J, Lugtenburg E, de Marie S, Verbrugh H, Lowenberg B, Endtz H. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001 September-October; 7(5): 862-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11747700
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Relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin and patient characteristics and/or clinical data in patients with solid organ tumours. Author(s): Ortega A, Aldaz A, Giraldez J, Brugarolas A. Source: Pharmacy World & Science : Pws. 1999 October; 21(5): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10550848
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Release of gentamicin and vancomycin from temporary human hip spacers in twostage revision of infected arthroplasty. Author(s): Bertazzoni Minelli E, Benini A, Magnan B, Bartolozzi P. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2004 February; 53(2): 329-34. Epub 2003 December 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14688051
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Residual gentamicin-release from antibiotic-loaded polymethylmethacrylate beads after 5 years of implantation. Author(s): Neut D, van de Belt H, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Source: Biomaterials. 2003 May; 24(10): 1829-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12593965
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Resistance to vancomycin, LY333328, ciprofloxacin and trovafloxacin of communityacquired and nosocomial strains of Enterococcus faecalis isolated in Badajoz (Spain) with and without high-level resistance to streptomycin and gentamicin. Author(s): Sanchez-Silos RM, Perez-Giraldo C, Blanco MT, Moran FJ, Hurtado C, Gomez-Garcia AC. Source: Chemotherapy. 2001 December; 47(6): 415-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11786656
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Results of vestibular autorotation testing at the end of intratympanic gentamicin treatment for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Perez N, Martin E, Garcia-Tapia R. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 May; 123(4): 506-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12797586
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Round window gentamicin absorption: an in vivo human model. Author(s): Becvarovski Z, Bojrab DI, Michaelides EM, Kartush JM, Zappia JJ, LaRouere MJ. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 September; 112(9): 1610-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352673
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Safety of intravenous bolus administration of gentamicin in pediatric patients. Author(s): Robinson RF, Nahata MC. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 November; 35(11): 1327-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11724077
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Shaking, chills, and rigors with once-daily gentamicin. Author(s): Lucas KH, Schliesser SH, O'Neil MG. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1999 September; 19(9): 1102-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10610019
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Simplified high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of gentamicin sulfate in a microsample of plasma: comparison with fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Author(s): Yusuf A, Al-Rawithi S, Raines D, Frayha H, Toonsi TA, Al-Mohsen I, E1Yazigi A. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1999 December; 21(6): 647-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10604827
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Single daily dose of gentamicin in the treatment of pediatric urinary tract infection. Author(s): Tapaneya-Olarn C, Tapaneya-Olarn W, Pitayamornwong V, Petchthong T, Tangnararatchakit K. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1999 November; 82 Suppl 1: S93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10730526
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Solution chemistry of copper(II)-gentamicin complexes: relevance to metal-related aminoglycoside toxicity. Author(s): Lesniak W, Harris WR, Kravitz JY, Schacht J, Pecoraro VL. Source: Inorganic Chemistry. 2003 March 10; 42(5): 1420-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12611506
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Structures, locations, and transfer frequencies of genetic elements conferring highlevel gentamicin resistance in Enterococcus faecalis isolates in Greece. Author(s): Daikos GL, Bamias G, Kattamis C, Zervos MJ, Chow JW, Christakis G, Petrikkos G, Triantafyllopoulou P, Alexandrou H, Syriopoulou V. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 December; 47(12): 3950-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14638507
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Synergistic effect of gentamicin plus ampicillin on enterococci with differing sensitivity to gentamicin: a phenotypic assessment of NCCLS guidelines. Author(s): Dressel DC, Tornatore-Reuscher MA, Boschman CR, Stosor V, Zembower T, Postelnick MJ, Noskin GA, Peterson LR. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1999 November; 35(3): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10626133
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Systematic review of intratympanic gentamicin in Meniere's disease. Author(s): Diamond C, O'Connell DA, Hornig JD, Liu R. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2003 December; 32(6): 351-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14967079
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Systemic absorption of gentamicin in the management of active mucosal chronic otitis media. Author(s): Lancaster JL, Mortimore S, McCormick M, Hart CA. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1999 September; 24(5): 435-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10542926
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Systemic contact dermatitis to gentamicin. Author(s): Paniagua MJ, Garcia-Ortega P, Tella R, Gaig P, Richart C. Source: Allergy. 2002 November; 57(11): 1086-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12359018
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The effect of mixing on gentamicin release from polymethylmethacrylate bone cements. Author(s): Neut D, van de Belt H, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2003 December; 74(6): 670-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14763697
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The effect of postnatal age on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in neonates. Author(s): Knight JA, Davis EM, Manouilov K, Hoie EB. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 August; 23(8): 992-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12921246
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The effects of the level of ampicillin resistance and the inoculum size on the in-vitro bactericidal activity of the combination of ampicillin and ciprofloxacin against highlevel gentamicin-resistant strains of Enterococcus faecium. Author(s): Tripodi MF, Rambaldi A, Sarnataro G, Ragone E, Utili R. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1999 November; 44(5): 719-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10552994
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The influence of locally implanted high doses of gentamicin on hearing and renal function of newborns treated for acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Author(s): Kos M, Jazwinska-Tarnawska E, Hurkacz M, Orzechowska-Juzwenko K, Pilecki W, Klempous J. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 July; 41(7): 281-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12875343
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The prevalence and clonal expansion of high-level gentamicin-resistant enterococci isolated from blood cultures in a Dutch university hospital. Author(s): van Den Braak N, van Belkum A, Kreft D, te Witt R, Verbrugh HA, Endtz HP. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1999 December; 44(6): 795-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10590281
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The prevalence of gentamicin resistance among clinical isolates of enterobacteria in a Danish region. Author(s): Schonheyder HC, Sanden AK, Sorensen HT. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2000 February; 108(2): 145-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10737460
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The use of a change in gentamicin clearance as an early predictor of gentamicininduced nephrotoxicity. Author(s): Kirkpatrick CM, Duffull SB, Begg EJ, Frampton C. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2003 October; 25(5): 623-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14508386
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The use of intradiscal antibiotics for discography: an in vitro study of gentamicin, cefazolin, and clindamycin. Author(s): Klessig HT, Showsh SA, Sekorski A. Source: Spine. 2003 August 1; 28(15): 1735-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12897501
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Tobramycin and gentamicin are equally safe for neonates: results of a double-blind randomized trial with quantitative assessment of renal function. Author(s): Itsarayoungyuen S, Riff L, Schauf V, Hamilton L, Otrembiak J, Vidyasagar D. Source: Pediatr Pharmacol (New York). 1982; 2(2): 143-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12760406
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Two widely disseminated strains of Enterococcus faecalis highly resistant to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin from bacteraemias in the UK and Ireland. Author(s): Woodford N, Reynolds R, Turton J, Scott F, Sinclair A, Williams A, Livermore D. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 October; 52(4): 711-4. Epub 2003 August 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12917231
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Unilateral vestibulotoxicity due to systemic gentamicin therapy. Author(s): Waterston JA, Halmagyi GM. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1998 July; 118(4): 474-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9726669
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Unlicensed and off label drug use for paediatric patients. Optimal dosing schedules with gentamicin are needed for premature neonates. Author(s): Conroy S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 July 18; 317(7152): 204-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9705639
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Unorthodox antibiotic combinations including ciprofloxacin against high-level gentamicin resistant enterococci. Author(s): Tripodi MF, Utili R, Rambaldi A, Locatelli A, Rosario P, Florio A, Ruggiero G. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1996 April; 37(4): 727-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8722538
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Unpredictable hearing loss after intratympanic gentamicin treatment for vertigo. A new theory. Author(s): Walsted A. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2001 January; 121(1): 42-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11270492
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Update on intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Blakley BW. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 February; 110(2 Pt 1): 236-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10680922
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Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in patients with cystic fibrosis on long-term gentamicin inhalation. Author(s): Ring E, Eber E, Erwa W, Zach MS. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1998 June; 78(6): 540-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9713010
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Use of gentamicin for treatment of enterococcal infections. Author(s): Zajdowicz T. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 January; 16(1): 175. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8448302
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Use of gentamicin physiologically-based model for individual dosing. Author(s): Manuilov KK, Navashin SM, Kuleshov SE. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1993; 13(2): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8354589
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Utility of measurement of gentamicin release from PMMA beads in wound drainage fluid after in-vivo implantation. Author(s): Jenny JY, Jenny G, Lambert J, Gaudias J, Kempf I. Source: Acta Orthop Belg. 1995; 61(1): 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7725901
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Utilizing collaborative practice to achieve quality outcomes in gentamicin administration. Author(s): Richardson B, Coppin K. Source: Outcomes Management for Nursing Practice. 1998 October-December; 2(4): 14751. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9919298
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Vancomycin and gentamicin in neonates: hindsight, current controversies, and forethought. Author(s): Dawson PM. Source: The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing. 2002 September; 16(2): 54-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12233945
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Vancomycin-gentamicin synergism revisited: effect of gentamicin susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Mulazimoglu L, Drenning SD, Muder RR. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1996 June; 40(6): 1534-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8726033
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Variation in gentamicin-induced death among independent cultures of proximal tubule cells. Author(s): Sens MA, Hazen-Martin DJ, Sens DA. Source: Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1993 September-October; 23(5): 362-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8239483
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Variation in the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin and tobramycin in patients with pleural effusions and hypoalbuminemia. Author(s): Etzel JV, Nafziger AN, Bertino JS Jr. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1992 March; 36(3): 679-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1622185
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Vestibular nerve section versus intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Hillman TA, Chen DA, Arriaga MA. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2004 February; 114(2): 216-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14755193
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Vestibular toxicity due to gentamicin in peritoneal dialysis patients. Author(s): Chong TK, Piraino B, Bernardini J. Source: Perit Dial Int. 1991; 11(2): 152-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1854873
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Vestibulo-ocular reflex deficits to rapid head turns following intratympanic gentamicin instillation. Author(s): Allison RS, Eizenman M, Tomlinson RD, Nedzelski J, Sharpe JA. Source: Journal of Vestibular Research : Equilibrium & Orientation. 1997 SeptemberOctober; 7(5): 369-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9376911
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Vestibulotoxicity and ototoxicity of gentamicin in newborns at risk. Author(s): Aust G. Source: Int Tinnitus J. 2001; 7(1): 27-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14964951
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Visual recovery following intraocular infiltration of gentamicin. Author(s): Jalali S, Batra A. Source: Eye (London, England). 2001 June; 15(Pt 3): 338-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11450737
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Visual vestibular mismatch in patients treated with intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Longridge NS, Mallinson AI, Denton A. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2002 February; 31(1): 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11881774
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When and how to use gentamicin in the treatment of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Odkvist LM, Bergenius J, Moller C. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1997; 526: 54-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9107358
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Wide interpatient variations in gentamicin dose requirements for geriatric patients. Author(s): Zaske DE, Irvine P, Strand LM, Strate RG, Cipolle RJ, Rotschafer J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982 December 17; 248(23): 3122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7143688
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GENTAMICIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and gentamicin.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Gentamicin The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “gentamicin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “gentamicin” (or a synonym): •
A functional and histological study of the combined effects of gentamicin and aminooxyacetic acid on the organ of Corti of the guinea pig. Author(s): ENT Department, Ain Shams University School of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt. Source: el Begermy, M A Galic, M Giebel, W Arch-Otorhinolaryngol. 1987; 244(3): 185-9 0302-9530
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Bioreduction of Tempone and spin-labeled gentamicin by gram-negative bacteria: kinetics and effect of ultrasound. Author(s): Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112,
[email protected] Source: Rapoport, N SmirNovember, A I Pitt, W G Timoshin, A A Arch-BiochemBiophys. 1999 February 15; 362(2): 233-41 0003-9861
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor protect the vestibular organ against gentamicin ototoxicity. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Hiroshima University Faculty of Medicine, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Takumida, Masaya Anniko, Matti Acta-Otolaryngol. 2002 January; 122(1): 10-5 0001-6489
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Concanavalin A protects hair cells against gentamicin ototoxicity in rat cochlear explant cultures. Author(s): Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA> Source: Zheng, J L Gao, W Q J-Neurobiol. 1999 April; 39(1): 29-40 0022-3034
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Duration of absorption-enhancing effect of sodium octanoate, sodium hexanoate or glyceryl-1-monooctanoate on rectal absorption of gentamicin in rabbits. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutics, Showa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Matsumoto, Y Watanabe, Y Hori, N Matsumoto, M J-Pharmacobiodyn. 1990 October; 13(10): 591-6 0386-846X
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Effect of a novel mucoadhesive polysaccharide obtained from tamarind seeds on the intraocular penetration of gentamicin and ofloxacin in rabbits. Author(s): Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Biotecnologie Mediche, Infettivologia ed Epidemiologia, Universita degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Ghelardi, E Tavanti, A Celandroni, F Lupetti, A Blandizzi, C Boldrini, E Campa, M Senesi, S J-Antimicrob-Chemother. 2000 November; 46(5): 831-4 0305-7453
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Effect of hyperfiltration, proteinuria and diabetes mellitus on the uptake kinetics of gentamicin in the kidney cortex of rats. Author(s): Department of Nephrology-Hypertension, University Hospital Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium. Source: Pattyn, V M Verpooten, G A Giuliano, R A Zheng, F De Broe, M E J-PharmacolExp-Ther. 1988 February; 244(2): 694-8 0022-3565
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Effect of methimazole and fish oil treatment on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. Author(s): Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Suez Canal University, Egypt. Source: el Daly, E S J-Pharm-Belg. 1997 Jul-August; 52(4): 149-56 0047-2166
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Effects of cyclosporin A, gentamicin and furosemide on rat renal function: a lithium clearance study. Author(s): Institute of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark. Source: Dieperink, H Leyssac, P P Starklint, H Kemp, E Clin-Exp-Pharmacol-Physiol. 1987 Nov-December; 14(11-12): 825-36 0305-1870
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Effects of dose and duration of therapy on gentamicin tissue residues in sheep. Source: Brown, S.A. Copper, G.L. Riviere, J.E. Am-J-Vet-Res. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association. November 1986. volume 47 (11) page 23732379. 0002-9645
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Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the cochlear damage induced by local gentamicin installation in guinea pigs. Author(s): Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea. Source: Jung, H W Chang, S O Kim, C S Rhee, C S Lim, D H J-Korean-Med-Sci. 1998 October; 13(5): 525-8 1011-8934
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Effects of inline filtration on delivery of gentamicin at various flow rates. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, General Ohta Hospital, Gunma, Japan. Source: Satoh, Y Isohata, E Iwata, S Akita, H Oikawa, T Sunakawa, K Kurita, Y Machida, H Takizawa, K Keio-J-Med. 1992 March; 41(1): 16-20 0022-9717
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Free radicals in the guinea pig inner ear following gentamicin exposure. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Hiroshima, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Takumida, M Popa, R Anniko, M ORL-J-Otorhinolaryngol-Relat-Spec. 1999 MarApril; 61(2): 63-70 0301-1569
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HWA-448 reduces gentamicin toxicity in LLC-PK1 cells. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University of Colorado Medical Center, Denver, USA. Source: Ford, D M Thieme, R E Lamp, C A Covington, S J Molitoris, B A J-PharmacolExp-Ther. 1995 July; 274(1): 29-33 0022-3565
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Improved specificity in gentamicin bioassay. Source: Strassburger, J J-Hyg-Epidemiol-Microbiol-Immunol. 1987; 31(2): 183-7 00221732
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In vivo evaluation of novel hyaluronan/chitosan microparticulate delivery systems for the nasal delivery of gentamicin in rabbits. Author(s): Department of Pharmacy, MedPharm, 5th Floor, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NN, London, UK. Source: Lim, S T Forbes, B Berry, D J Martin, G P Brown, M B Int-J-Pharm. 2002 January 1; 231(1): 73-82 0378-5173
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Increasing incidence of resistance to gentamicin and related aminoglycosides in Salmonella typhimurium phage type 204c in England, Wales and Scotland. Source: Threlfall, E.J. Rowe, B. Ferguson, J.L. Ward, L.R. Vet-Rec. London : British Veterinary Association. October 5, 1985. volume 117 (14) page 355-357. 0042-4900
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Influence of copper nutrition on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. Author(s): Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens. Source: Kays, S E Crowell, W A Johnson, M A Magnes-Trace-Elem. 1990; 9(6): 294-302 1015-3845
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Obesity as a risk factor in drug-induced organ injury. IV. Increased gentamicin nephrotoxicity in the obese overfed rat. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, State University of New York, Buffalo. Source: Corcoran, G B Salazar, D E J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1989 January; 248(1): 17-22 0022-3565
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Oropharyngeal decontamination with gentamicin for long-term ventilated patients on stress ulcer prophylaxis with sucralfate? Author(s): Emergency Department, University of Vienna. Source: Laggner, A N Tryba, M Georgopoulos, A Lenz, K Grimm, G Graninger, W Schneeweiss, B Druml, W Wien-Klin-Wochenschr. 1994; 106(1): 15-9 0043-5325
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Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in rabbits. Source: Ogden, L. Wilson, R.C. Clark, C.H. Colby, E.D. J-vet-pharmacol-ther. Oxford [England] : Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1978-. April 1995. volume 18 (2) page 156159. 0140-7783
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Pressure treatment versus gentamicin for Meniere's disease. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital, Linkoping, Sweden. Source: Odkvist, L Acta-Otolaryngol. 2001 January; 121(2): 266-8 0001-6489
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Prevention of tunneled hemodialysis catheter-related infections using catheterrestricted filling with gentamicin and citrate: a randomized controlled study. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
[email protected] Source: Dogra, G K Herson, H Hutchison, B Irish, A B Heath, C H Golledge, C Luxton, G Moody, H J-Am-Soc-Nephrol. 2002 August; 13(8): 2133-9 1046-6673
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Protective effect of poly I:poly C from gentamicin nephrotoxicity in guinea pigs. Author(s): Second Department of Paediatrics, University of Athens, Greece. Source: Zeis, P M Gourgiotis, D Moustaki, M Zeis, M P Nakopoulou, L Kavazarakis, E Karpathios, T Cytobios. 2001; 106(412): 139-46 0011-4529
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Specific glutathione-SH inhibition of toxic effects of metabolized gentamicin on isolated guinea pig hair cells. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tubingen, Germany. Source: Zenner, H P Keiner, S Zimmermann, U Eur-Arch-Otorhinolaryngol. 1994; 251(2): 84-90 0937-4477
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Surface binding and intracellular uptake of gentamicin in the cultured kidney epithelial cell line (LLC-PK1). Author(s): Department of Pharmacy, Kyoto University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Japan. Source: Hori, R Okuda, M Ohishi, Y Yasuhara, M Takano, M J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1992 June; 261(3): 1200-5 0022-3565
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Tetany in association with gentamicin therapy. Source: Beatty, O L Campbell, N P Neely, R D Ulster-Med-J. 1989 April; 58(1): 108-10 0041-6193
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The beneficial effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in combination with gentamicin on survival after Pseudomonas burn wound infection. Author(s): Department of Surgery, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington 05405. Source: Silver, G M Gamelli, R L O'Reilly, M Surgery. 1989 August; 106(2): 452-5; discussion 455-6 0039-6060
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The effect of calcium load and the calcium channel blocker verapamil on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Medicine, King Saud University, Al Gaseem Branch, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
[email protected] Source: Ali, B H Al Qarawi, A A Mousa, H M Food-Chem-Toxicol. 2002 December; 40(12): 1843-7 0278-6915
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The effect of sodium alginate on the antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, Torbay Hospital, UK. Source: Baillie, L W J-Hosp-Infect. 1989 August; 14(2): 171-4 0195-6701
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The effect of treatment with the medicinal plant Rhazya stricta decne on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Medicine, King Saud University, Al Gaseem Branch, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
[email protected] Source: Ali, B H Phytomedicine. 2002 July; 9(5): 385-9 0944-7113
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to gentamicin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Vitamin B6 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin K Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Minerals Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GENTAMICIN Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to gentamicin. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to gentamicin and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “gentamicin” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to gentamicin: •
A Bartter's-like syndrome from capreomycin, and a similar gentamicin tubulopathy. Author(s): Steiner RW, Omachi AS. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1986 March; 7(3): 245-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2420173
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ABR and DPOAE detection of cochlear damage by gentamicin. Author(s): Shi Y, Martin WH. Source: J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 1997; 8(3): 141-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9429983
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Aged garlic extract attenuates gentamicin induced renal damage and oxidative stress in rats. Author(s): Maldonado PD, Barrera D, Medina-Campos ON, Hernandez-Pando R, Ibarra-Rubio ME, Pedraza-Chaverri J.
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Source: Life Sciences. 2003 October 3; 73(20): 2543-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12967679 •
Agents ameliorating or augmenting experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity: some recent research. Author(s): Ali BH. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2003 November; 41(11): 1447-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12962996
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Alteration of susceptibility to EDTA, polymyxin B and gentamicin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by divalent cation regulation of outer membrane protein H1. Author(s): Nicas TI, Hancock RE. Source: J Gen Microbiol. 1983 February; 129 (Pt 2): 509-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6302204
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Aminoglycoside uptake and mode of action--with special reference to streptomycin and gentamicin. I. Antagonists and mutants. Author(s): Hancock RE. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1981 October; 8(4): 249-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6795174
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Antimicrobial gentamicin activity in the presence of exogenous protease inhibitor (Bowman-Birk inhibitor) in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Author(s): Smetana S, Khalef S, Bar-Khayim Y, Birk Y. Source: Nephron. 1992; 61(1): 68-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1528344
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Antioxidant S-allylcysteine prevents gentamicin-induced oxidative stress and renal damage. Author(s): Maldonado PD, Barrera D, Rivero I, Mata R, Medina-Campos ON, Hernandez-Pando R, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2003 August 1; 35(3): 317-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12885594
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Are the cardiovascular effects of gentamicin similar to those of calcium antagonists? Author(s): Gotanda K, Yanagisawa T, Satoh K, Taira N. Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1988 July; 47(3): 217-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3221528
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Augmented gentamicin ototoxicity induced by vancomycin in guinea pigs. Author(s): Brummett RE, Fox KE, Jacobs F, Kempton JB, Stokes Z, Richmond AB.
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Bactericidal activities of teicoplanin, vancomycin, and gentamicin alone and in combination against Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model of endocarditis. Author(s): McGrath BJ, Kang SL, Kaatz GW, Rybak MJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1994 September; 38(9): 2034-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7811015
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Bioreduction of Tempone and spin-labeled gentamicin by gram-negative bacteria: kinetics and effect of ultrasound. Author(s): Rapoport N, Smirnov AI, Pitt WG, Timoshin AA. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1999 February 15; 362(2): 233-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9989932
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Calcium is a competitive inhibitor of gentamicin-renal membrane binding interactions and dietary calcium supplementation protects against gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Author(s): Humes HD, Sastrasinh M, Weinberg JM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1984 January; 73(1): 134-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6690474
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Calcium supplementation and thyroid hormone protect against gentamicin-induced inhibition of proximal tubular Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity and other renal functional changes. Author(s): Fukuda Y, Eklof AC, Malmborg AS, Aperia A. Source: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1992 June; 145(2): 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1322021
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Cochlear damage in guinea pigs following contralateral sound stimulation with and without gentamicin. Author(s): Alles RM, Pye A. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1993 June; 27(3): 183-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8241967
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Comparative inactivation of isepamicin, amikacin, and gentamicin by nine betalactams and two beta-lactamase inhibitors, cilastatin and heparin. Author(s): Walterspiel JN, Feldman S, Van R, Ravis WR. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1991 September; 35(9): 1875-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1952861
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Comparative ototoxic liability of netilmicin and gentamicin. Author(s): Brummett RE, Fox KE, Brown RT, Himes DL. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1978 October; 104(10): 579-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=697635
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Comparative ototoxicity of amikacin and gentamicin in cats. Author(s): Christensen EF, Reiffenstein JC, Madissoo H. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1977 August; 12(2): 178-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=900916
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Comparative ototoxicity of BB-K8 (amikacin), gentamicin, sisomicin and tobramycin in the guinea pig. Author(s): Brummett RE, Fox KE. Source: Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 1977; 20: 449-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=896854
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Comparison of distortion product OAE generation between a patient group requiring frequent gentamicin therapy and control subjects. Author(s): Mulheran M, Degg C. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1997 February; 31(1): 5-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9056039
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Comparison of tobramycin, gentamicin, colistin, and carbenicillin in Pseudomonas sepsis in monkeys. Author(s): Saslaw S, Carlisle HN, Moheimani M. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1973 September; 2(3): 164-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4208275
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Contralateral suppression of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions in guinea-pigs: effects of gentamicin. Author(s): Aran JM, Erre JP, Avan P. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1994 August-October; 28(4-5): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7735155
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Cytoprotective role of Solanum nigrum against gentamicin-induced kidney cell (Vero cells) damage in vitro. Author(s): Prashanth Kumar V, Shashidhara S, Kumar MM, Sridhara BY. Source: Fitoterapia. 2001 June; 72(5): 481-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11429239
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Diallyl disulfide ameliorates gentamicin-induced oxidative stress and nephropathy in rats.
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Differential effects of gentamicin on the distribution of cochlear function in albino and pigmented guinea pigs. Author(s): Conlee JW, Bennett ML, Creel DJ. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1995 May; 115(3): 367-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7653256
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Differential susceptibility to gentamicin ototoxicity between albino and pigmented guinea pigs. Author(s): Conlee JW, Gill SS, McCandless PT, Creel DJ. Source: Hearing Research. 1989 August; 41(1): 43-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2793613
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Does gentamicin induce acute renal failure by increasing renal TXA2 synthesis in rats? Author(s): Papanikolaou N, Peros G, Morphake P, Gkikas G, Maraghianne D, Tsipas G, Kostopoulos K, Arambatze C, Gkika EL, Bariety J. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 1992 February; 45(2): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1561232
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Dynamic changes following combined treatment with gentamicin and ethacrynic acid with and without acoustic stimulation. Cellular uptake and functional correlates. Author(s): Hayashida T, Hiel H, Dulon D, Erre JP, Guilhaume A, Aran JM. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1989 November-December; 108(5-6): 404-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2589069
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Effect of a novel mucoadhesive polysaccharide obtained from tamarind seeds on the intraocular penetration of gentamicin and ofloxacin in rabbits. Author(s): Ghelardi E, Tavanti A, Celandroni F, Lupetti A, Blandizzi C, Boldrini E, Campa M, Senesi S. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2000 November; 46(5): 831-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11062209
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Effect of Aerva lanata on cisplatin and gentamicin models of acute renal failure. Author(s): Shirwaikar A, Issac D, Malini S. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004 January; 90(1): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14698513
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Effect of dextran on gentamicin-induced ototoxicity. Author(s): Manabe Y, Saito T, Tsuzuki H, Igarashi M, Yamagishi T, Saito H. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 1995 MayJune; 57(3): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7541520
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Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on cerebrospinal fluid gentamicin concentrations. Author(s): Schaeffer DO, Caprile KA, Strain GM, Bivin WS, Cohn GH. Source: Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1992 March; 15(1): 104-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1573700
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Effect of Sairei-to on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. Author(s): Ohno I, Shibasaki T, Nakano H, Matsuda H, Matsumoto H, Misawa T, Ishimoto F, Sakai O. Source: Archives of Toxicology. 1993; 67(2): 145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8481103
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Effect of vitamin B6 supplementation on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Author(s): Enriquez JI Sr, Schydlower M, O'Hair KC, Keniston RC, Nadjem MA, Delgado I. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1992 February; 34(1): 32-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1621359
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Effectiveness and toxicity of gentamicin in an experimental model of pyelonephritis: effect of the time of administration. Author(s): LeBrun M, Grenier L, Gourde P, Bergeron MG, Labrecque G, Beauchamp D. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1999 May; 43(5): 1020-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10223909
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Effects of compound injection of Pyrola rotundifolia L and Astragalus membranaceus Bge on experimental guinea pigs' gentamicin ototoxicity. Author(s): Xuan W, Dong M, Dong M. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1995 May; 104(5): 374-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7747908
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Effects of dietary electrolyte supplementation on gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Author(s): Aynedjian HS, Nguyen D, Lee HY, Sablay LB, Bank N. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1988 May; 295(5): 444-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3376988
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Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acid supplementation versus thromboxane synthetase inhibition on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis in healthy male dogs.
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Effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and gentamicin on the antibacterial activity of pyridone carboxylic acid derivatives against gram-negative bacilli. Author(s): Miyake Y, Mitsui K, Suginaka H. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1986 March; 17(3): 327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3084441
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Effects of fish oil and sunflower oil supplementations on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat. Author(s): Abdel-Gayoum AA, Bashir AA, el-Fakhri MM. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1995 November; 14(11): 884-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8588949
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Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the cochlear damage induced by local gentamicin installation in guinea pigs. Author(s): Jung HW, Chang SO, Kim CS, Rhee CS, Lim DH. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 1998 October; 13(5): 525-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9811183
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Effects of high-dose gentamicin sulfate on neuromuscular blockade in halothaneanesthetized horses. Author(s): Hague BA, Martinez EA, Hartsfield SM. Source: Am J Vet Res. 1997 November; 58(11): 1324-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9361900
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Fast, slow, and steady-state effects of contralateral acoustic activation of the medial olivocochlear efferent system in awake guinea pigs: action of gentamicin. Author(s): da Costa DL, Chibois A, Erre JP, Blanchet C, de Sauvage RC, Aran JM. Source: Journal of Neurophysiology. 1997 October; 78(4): 1826-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9325351
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Formation of free radicals by gentamicin and iron and evidence for an iron/gentamicin complex. Author(s): Priuska EM, Schacht J. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1995 November 27; 50(11): 1749-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8615852
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Garlic ameliorates gentamicin nephrotoxicity: relation to antioxidant enzymes. Author(s): Pedraza-Chaverri J, Maldonado PD, Medina-Campos ON, Olivares-Corichi IM, Granados-Silvestre MA, Hernandez-Pando R, Ibarra-Rubio ME. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2000 October 1; 29(7): 602-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11033412
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Gentamicin blocks both fast and slow effects of olivocochlear activation in anesthetized guinea pigs. Author(s): Yoshida N, Liberman MC, Brown MC, Sewell WF. Source: Journal of Neurophysiology. 1999 December; 82(6): 3168-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10601450
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Gentamicin causes the fast depression of action potential and contraction in cultured cardiocytes. Author(s): De la Chapelle-Groz B, Athias P. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1988 July 26; 152(1-2): 111-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3208827
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Gentamicin for septicemia in patients with burns. Author(s): Abston S, Capen DA, Clement RL, Larson DL. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1971 December; 124: Suppl 124: 275-. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5126248
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Gentamicin-induced hypomagnesemia. Author(s): Finton CK, Bjorkland S, Zaloga GP, Uddin DE, Chernow B. Source: The American Surgeon. 1983 November; 49(11): 576-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6638694
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Ginkgo biloba extract ameliorates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Author(s): Naidu MU, Shifow AA, Kumar KV, Ratnakar KS. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2000 June; 7(3): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11185729
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Hair cell regeneration after local application of gentamicin at the round window of the cochlea in the pigeon. Author(s): Muller M, Smolders JW. Source: Hearing Research. 1998 June; 120(1-2): 25-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9667428
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Hypomagnesaemic hypocalcaemia with hypokalaemia caused by treatment with high dose gentamicin. Author(s): Kelnar CJ, Taor WS, Reynolds DJ, Smith DR, Slavin BM, Brook CG.
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Influence of exogenous protease inhibitor (Bowmann-Birk inhibitor) in gentamicininduced nephrotoxicity in rats. Author(s): Smetana S, Khalef S, Hurwitz N, Bar-Khayim Y, Birk Y. Source: Contrib Nephrol. 1990; 83: 183-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2100710
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Influence of hyperbaric oxygen on the pharmacokinetics of single-dose gentamicin in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Merritt GJ, Slade JB. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1993 July-August; 13(4): 382-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8361865
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Influence of serum and calcium on the bactericidal activity of gentamicin and carbenicillin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Author(s): Davis SD, Iannetta A. Source: Appl Microbiol. 1972 April; 23(4): 775-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4622981
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Interaction between sound and gentamicin: immediate threshold and stereociliary changes. Author(s): Pye A, Collins P. Source: British Journal of Audiology. 1991 December; 25(6): 381-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1773198
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Iron supplementation increases gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. Author(s): Kays SE, Crowell WA, Johnson MA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1991 November; 121(11): 1869-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1941194
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: interstate spread of nosocomial infections with emergence of gentamicin-methicillin resistant strains. Author(s): Saroglou G, Cromer M, Bisno AL. Source: Infect Control. 1980 March-April; 1(2): 81-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6915016
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Ocular toxicity of subconjunctival gentamicin. Author(s): Green K, Chapman J, Cheeks L.
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Ototoxicity of tobramycin, gentamicin, amikacin and sisomicin in the guinea pig. Author(s): Brummett RE, Fox KE, Bendrick TW, Himes DL. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1978 May; 4 Suppl A: 73-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=659353
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Ototoxicity of topically applied gentamicin using a statistical analysis of electrophysiological measurement. Author(s): Morizono T, Johnstone BM. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1975 November-December; 80(5-6): 389-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1202914
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Ototoxicity resulting from combined administration of cisplatin and gentamicin. Author(s): Riggs LC, Brummett RE, Guitjens SK, Matz GJ. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1996 April; 106(4): 401-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8614212
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Outer membrane protein H1 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: involvement in adaptive and mutational resistance to ethylenediaminetetraacetate, polymyxin B, and gentamicin. Author(s): Nicas TI, Hancock RE. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1980 August; 143(2): 872-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6259125
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Potentiation of cochlear hair cell loss by acoustic stimulus and gentamicin in the guinea pig. Author(s): Bhattacharyya TK, Dayal VS. Source: The Anatomical Record. 1991 May; 230(1): 136-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2064025
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Production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea. Author(s): Abou-Zeid AZ, Salem HM, Eissa AE. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss. 1978; 133(3): 261-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=696047
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Prostaglandin synthesis by the cochlea of the guinea pig. Influence of aspirin, gentamicin, and acoustic stimulation. Author(s): Escoubet B, Amsallem P, Ferrary E, Tran Ba Huy P.
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Protective effect of diallyl sulfide on oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in rats. Author(s): Pedraza-Chaverri J, Maldonado PD, Barrera D, Ceron A, Medina-Campos ON, Hernandez-Pando R. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2003 December; 254(1-2): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14674690
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Protective effect of Pongamia pinnata flowers against cisplatin and gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Author(s): Shirwaikar A, Malini S, Kumari SC. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2003 January; 41(1): 58-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15267137
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Protective effect of trans-resveratrol on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Author(s): Morales AI, Buitrago JM, Santiago JM, Fernandez-Tagarro M, Lopez-Novoa JM, Perez-Barriocanal F. Source: Antioxidants & Redox Signalling. 2002 December; 4(6): 893-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12573138
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Protective effects of glycyrrhizin on gentamicin-induced acute renal failure in rats. Author(s): Sohn EJ, Kang DG, Lee HS. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 2003 September; 93(3): 116-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12969435
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Protective effects of oral arabic gum administration on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Author(s): Al-Majed AA, Mostafa AM, Al-Rikabi AC, Al-Shabanah OA. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 2002 November; 46(5): 445-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12419649
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane protein OprH: expression from the cloned gene and function in EDTA and gentamicin resistance. Author(s): Bell A, Bains M, Hancock RE. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1991 November; 173(21): 6657-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1938872
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Rapid assessment of ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin susceptibility in exponentially-growing E. coli cells by means of flow cytometry. Author(s): Walberg M, Gaustad P, Steen HB.
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Source: Cytometry : the Journal of the Society for Analytical Cytology. 1997 February 1; 27(2): 169-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9012384 •
Rapid, reversible elimination of medial olivocochlear efferent function following single injections of gentamicin in the guinea pig. Author(s): Smith DW, Erre JP, Aran JM. Source: Brain Research. 1994 August 1; 652(2): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7953736
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Renoprotective effect of Hemidesmus indicus, a herbal drug used in gentamicininduced renal toxicity. Author(s): Kotnis MS, Patel P, Menon SN, Sane RT. Source: Nephrology (Carlton). 2004 June; 9(3): 142-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15189175
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Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane protein OprH in polymyxin and gentamicin resistance: isolation of an OprH-deficient mutant by gene replacement techniques. Author(s): Young ML, Bains M, Bell A, Hancock RE. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1992 November; 36(11): 2566-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1336952
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S-allylmercaptocysteine scavenges hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen in vitro and attenuates gentamicin-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress and renal damage in vivo. Author(s): Pedraza-Chaverri J, Barrera D, Maldonado PD, Chirino YI, Macias-Ruvalcaba NA, Medina-Campos ON, Castro L, Salcedo MI, Hernandez-Pando R. Source: Bmc Clinical Pharmacology [electronic Resource]. 2004 April 30; 4(1): 5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15119956
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Subconjunctival gentamicin induction of extraocular toxic muscle myopathy. Author(s): Chapman JM, Abdelatif OM, Cheeks L, Green K. Source: Ophthalmic Research. 1992; 24(4): 189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1436979
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Symptomatic hypomagnesemia associated with gentamicin therapy. Author(s): Kes P, Reiner Z. Source: Magnes Trace Elem. 1990; 9(1): 54-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2331318
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Synergy between penicillin and gentamicin against enterococci. Author(s): Winstanley TG, Hastings JG.
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Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1990 April; 25(4): 551-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2112537 •
The effect of Nigella sativa oil on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. Author(s): Ali BH. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2004; 32(1): 49-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15154284
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The effect of treatment with gum Arabic on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats: a preliminary study. Author(s): Ali BH, Al-Qarawi AA, Haroun EM, Mousa HM. Source: Renal Failure. 2003 January; 25(1): 15-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12617329
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The effect of treatment with the medicinal plant Rhazya stricta decne on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. Author(s): Ali BH. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 July; 9(5): 385-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12222656
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The effect of vecuronium is enhanced by a large rather than a modest dose of gentamicin as compared with no preoperative gentamicin. Author(s): Dotan ZA, Hana R, Simon D, Geva D, Pfeffermann RA, Ezri T. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 March; 96(3): 750-4, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12598257
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The evolution and spread of gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonads. Author(s): Stone HH, Kolb LD. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1971 July; 11(7): 586-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4997242
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The gentamicin or the implants? Author(s): Rogers PA. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1989 January 21; 124(3): 71-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2751759
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to gentamicin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Conjunctivitis and Blepharitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Meningitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Tract Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Herbs and Supplements Alpha-Lipoic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aminoglycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Antibiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Brewer's Yeast Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gentamicin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lysine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,862,00.html Probiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thuja Plicata Alternative names: Western Red Cedar Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON GENTAMICIN Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “gentamicin” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on gentamicin, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Gentamicin By performing a patent search focusing on gentamicin, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on gentamicin: •
1-N-aminohydroxyacyl derivatives of gentamicin B Inventor(s): Daniels; Peter J. L. (Cedar Grove, NJ), Nagabhushan; Tattanahalli L. (Parsippany, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 4,283,528 Date filed: April 24, 1979 Abstract: 1-N-(R-.beta.-amino-.alpha.-hydroxypropionyl) gentamicin B, 1-N-(R.gamma.-amino-.alpha.-hydroxybutyryl) gentamicin B, 1-N-(R-.delta.-amino-.alpha.hydroxyvaleryl) gentamicin B and the corresponding diastereoisomers derived from the respective S-aminohydroxy acids and the acid addition salts thereof exhibit substantial antibacterial activity, especially against strains of bacteria which are resistant to gentamicin B and acid addition salts thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to 1-N-aminohydroxyacyl derivatives of gentamicin B. More specifically, this invention relates to 1-N-(R-.beta.-amino-.alpha.hydroxypropionyl) gentamicin B, 1-N-(R-.gamma.-amino-.alpha.-hydroxybutyryl) gentamicin B, 1-N-(R-.delta.-amino-.alpha.-hydroxybutyryl) gentamicin B, 1-N-(R,S.beta.-amino-.alpha.-hydroxypropionyl) gentamicin B, 1-N-(R,S-.gamma.-amino-.alpha.hydroxybutyryl) gentamicin B, and 1-N-(R,S-.delta.-amino-.alpha.-hydroxyvaleryl) gentamicin B. This invention also relates to acid addition salts of the compounds and to methods for using said compounds as antibacterial agents. Gentamicin B, its isolation and purification are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,915,955, which issued Oct. 28, 1975. The compound is coproduced with gentamicin C complex during the fermentation of certain species of the genus Micromonospora, e.g. M. purpurea NRRL 2953. In the Journal of Antibiotics (Japan) 25:695-708 (1972) Hiroshi Kawaguchi and his coworkers at Bristol-Banyu Research Institute described the preparation and antibacterial profile of 1N-(S-.gamma.-amino-.alpha.-hydroxybutyryl) kanamycin A which they designated BBK8 (now also known as amikacin). In a subsequent publication, the researchers prepared and tested the R-diastereoisomer of BB-K8, as well as the R,S mixture thereof, and found that these configurational isomers exhibited one-fourth (1/4) and one-half (1/2) the activity of BB-K8, respectively. This work was published in Journal of Antibiotics 26:297301 (1973). About the same time, T. H. Haskell, et al. published the results they obtained by replacing the 1-N-(S-.gamma.-amino-.alpha.-hydroxybutyryl) side chain of butirosin with other acyl groups including the 1-N-R-configurational isomer and concluded inter alia that, "the enantiomorphic (R)-derivative (24) was significantly less active than its optical antipode. the (S)-configuration was required for maximum activity". These results were published in Carbohydrate Research, 28 (1973) 263-280. Hamao Umezawa et al. have disclosed that 1-N-isoserylkanamycin A, 1-N-isoserylkanamycin B and 1-Nisoseryl-3',4'-dideoxykanamycin B are active against kanamycin resistant strains of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was also disclosed that such activity is exhibited by derivatives of the (R) or (S) forms of the aminohydroxy acids as well as by the derivative of the R,S acid. These findings are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 3,939,143, issued Feb. 17, 1976. In view of the foregoing, it is obvious that the D and DL forms of 1N-aminohydroxyacyl derivatives of aminoglycoside antibiotics are not necessarily more active than the underivatized (parent) antibiotic. Further, it is also obvious that structure-activity relationship of such derivatives are not consistant and, therefore, one
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skilled in the art cannot predict what, if any, antibacterial effect the derivatives will exhibit, or if the products derived from the R-form, S-form or the R,S-mixture of the aminohydroxy acids will exhibit the same antibacterial activity or if one form will exhibit a significantly improved antibacterial activity over the other form. We have discovered that the R, and R,S-aminohydroxyacyl derivatives of gentamicin B have essentially the same favorable biological properties as the S-isomer; a finding which was not predictable and is unobvious in view of the prior art publications. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04283528__ •
Amino glycoside antibiotics having antibacterial activity Inventor(s): Cooper; David J. (Downingtown, PA), Counelis; Mae (New York, NY), Waitz; Jay Allan (Fairfield, NJ), Weinstein; Jay (Bloomfield, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 4,049,796 Date filed: October 1, 1975 Abstract: In the fermentation production of gentamicin C a plurality of additional antibiotic compounds are obtained. Four of these compounds, gentamicin A, gentamicin B, gentamicin B.sub.1 and gentamicin X exhibit significant anti-protozoal and anthelmintic activity while gentamicin B and B.sub.1 have significant antibacterial properties with markedly reduced side effects. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to antibiotics which possess antiprotozoal and anthelmintic activity and to methods for their production and use. More particularly, this invention relates to antibiotics co-produced with gentamycin, said antibiotics either in admixture with each other or separated one from the other possessing antiprotozoal and/or anthelmintic properties. The preparation, isolation and purification of gentamycin is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,091,572. Gentamycin, now known as gentamicin, was described in the patent as the principal antibiotic component and is referred to herein as the C-component or gentamicin C. In the patent, reference is made to co-produced antibiotics BA-5 (Fraction A) and BA-3 (Fraction B) which in admixture with each other exhibited a low order of antibacterial activity. These were separated from gentamicin C. By the utilization of a particular chromatographic system described later herein, we have found that the substances described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,091,572 as co-produced antibiotics BA-3 (Fraction A) and BA-3 (Fraction B) are not single entities unto themselves but together they represent a mixture of at least four components. Resolution of this mixture of the co-produced antibiotics into its components (hereinafter called gentamicin A, gentamicin B, gentamicin B.sub.1 and gentamicin X), has led to the discovery that each member of this group possesses surprising and unexpected applied-use characterisics. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04049796__
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Aminocyclitol antibiotics Inventor(s): Clarke; Robert L. (Bethlehem, NY), Daum; Sol J. (Albany, NY) Assignee(s): Sterling Drug Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,028,188 Date filed: January 21, 1976 Abstract: Aminocyclitol analogs of gentamicin C.sub.1, C.sub.2 and C.sub.1a and the corresponding compounds acylated on the 1-, 3- and 2'-amino groups with an.omega.amino-.alpha.-hydroxy-lower-alkanoyl group are prepared by culturing a nutrient medium containing carbohydrates, a source of assimilable nitrogen, essential salts and an added aminocyclitol with a mutant of Micromonospora purpurea and acylating the product with an ester of an.omega.-(N-benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-.alpha.-hydroxylower-alkanoic acid followed by catalytic hydrogenolysis of the benzyloxycarbonyl group. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to aminocyclitol antibiotics of the gentamicin type useful as antibacterial agents. Moreover, it is known that certain aminocyclitol-type antibiotics can be prepared by culturing microrganism mutants in a medium containing carbohydrates, a source of assimilable nitrogen, essential salts and an aminocyclitol subunit, which is incorporated by the organism into the antibiotic (Shier et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,669,838, patented June 13, 1972). In the case of the gentamicin complex of compounds, which are each derivatives of deoxystreptamine, the added aminocyclitol subunit in the Shier et al. process is deoxystreptamine. In one of its composition of matter aspects, the present invention relates to certain aminocyclitol analogs of gentamicin C.sub.1, C.sub.2 and C.sub.1a which are described chemically as O-3-deoxy4-C-methyl-3-methylamino-.beta.-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.6)O-[2-amino-6amino-(and 6-C-methyl and 6-methylamino-6-C-methyl)- 2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-.alpha.-Derythro-glucopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw. 4)]-streptamines. The invention also relates to the corresponding compounds acylated at one of the 1-, 3- and 2'-amino groups with a.gamma.-amino-.alpha.-hydroxybutyryl or.beta.-amino-.alpha.-hydroxypropionyl group. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04028188__
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Antibiotic compositions Inventor(s): Gordee; Robert S. (Indianapolis, IN), Hull; Robert N. (Greenwood, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 4,379,781 Date filed: March 9, 1981 Abstract: Macrolide antibiotics tylosin, spiromycin, cleandomycin, magnamycin, and leucomycin in combination with aminoglycoside antibiotics tobramycin, apramycin, nebramycin 5, gentamicin and neomycin form synergistic compositions which inhibit the growth of mycoplasma in mammalian tissue cultures. Tylosin-apramycin compositions enhance the feed efficiency and weight gain in post weaned pigs and are useful in the control of Pasturella hemolytica an infectious organism in cattle. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to antibiotic combinations. In particular it relates to antibiotic combinations comprising certain macrolide antibiotics and certain aminoglycoside antibiotics which possess synergistic activity against mycoplasma.
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Antibiotic combinations of the invention comprise a macrolide antibiotic e.g., tylosin and spiromycin in combination with one of the following aminoglycoside antibiotics: tobramycin, apramycin, neomycin, gentamicin, and nebramycin factor 5. The compositions of the invention are particularly useful in controlling the growth of resistant mycoplasma in tissue culture media. Preferred antibiotic compositions of this invention comprise tylosin and tobramycin or apramycin. The preferred composition of this invention comprising tylosin and apramycin is also useful in the treatment of post weaning colibacillosis in pigs when administered in the animals feed or drinking water as disclosed in copending application Ser. No. 107,240, filed Dec. 26, 1979 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,283,388 issued Aug. 11, 1981. Further, the preferred tylosin-apramycin compositions enhances the growth and feed efficiency in weaned pigs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04379781__ •
Antibiotic from micromonospora purpurea JI-20 Inventor(s): Bayan; Aris P. (New Brunswick, NJ), Charney; William (Montclair, NJ), Ilavsky; Jan (Livingston, NJ), Reimann; Hans (Wayne, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 3,986,929 Date filed: June 9, 1975 Abstract: A mutant strain of Micromonospora purpurea herein designated M. purpurea JI-20 elaborates an antibiotic complex comprising gentamicin and at least two novel antibiotic substances namely Antibiotic JI-20A and Antibiotic JI-20B. The so-produced antibiotics have an adverse effect upon the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Excerpt(s): The importance of antibiotics in the treatment of animal and plant infections, and as growth factors is well known. The present invention provides a new antibiotic complex, the antibiotics being produced by an Actinomycete from the genus Micromonospora. The new antibiotic complex is herein designated Antibiotic JI-20 and the chemical, physical and biological properties set forth herein distinguish the components of the complex from all heretofore known antibiotics. Cultivation of a mutant strain of Micromonospora purpurea NRRL 2953 (Micromonospora purpurea JI20) in a suitable culture medium produces a composition having substantial antibiotic activity. The composition i.e. Antibiotic JI-20 complex consists of a very small quantity of gentamicin, plus a larger quantity of at least two novel components, namely Antibiotic JI-20A and Antibiotic JI-20B. Micromonospora purpurea JI-20 is very similar in taxonomical and morphological properties to M. purpurea NRRL 2953 which are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,091,572 issued May 28, 1963. In fact few significant differences in such properties have been noted. However, despite the fact that the mutant strain is quite similar to M. purpurea NRRL 2953 it has two distinguishing strain characteristics; one that it produces an antibiotic complex which differs substantially from that of the parent. Secondly, unlike M. purpurea, which usually produces a purple pigment, the mutant strain may produce diffusible pigments of various colors and shades, such as, red, pink, yellow, brown and gray-green. A typical strain of Micromonospora purpurea JI-20 has been deposited at the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois where it was given the accession number NRRL 5467. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03986929__
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Antibiotics sisomicin and verdamicin I and complex containing same Inventor(s): Marquez; Joseph A. (Montclair, NJ), Wagman; Gerald H. (East Brunswick, NJ), Weinstein; Marvin J. (East Brunswick, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 3,988,316 Date filed: February 18, 1975 Abstract: A novel composition having antibiotic activity is produced by fermentation of the new species of microorganism, Micromonospora grisea. The antibiotic complex is composed of four components, Verdamicin I, sisomicin, Antibiotic G-418, and gentamicin A, of which Verdamicin I is a novel basic antibiotic possessing a broad antibacterial spectrum. The other components have been produced previously. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel complex having antibiotic activity and to a fermentation process for the production thereof. The fermentation process aspect of this invention comprises cultivating a microorganism of the species Micromonospora grisea, a hitherto unknown species of the genus Micromonospora under aerobic conditions in an aqueous nutrient medium containing assimilable sources of carbon and nitrogen until a composition of matter having substantial antibiotic activity is obtained and recovering said composition from said medium. The invention also relates to novel antibiotic substances and to non-toxic derivatives thereof such as acid addition salts and Schiff base-oxazolidine derivatives. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03988316__
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Anti-infection catheter Inventor(s): Boemke; Willehad (Dusseldorfer Str. 42, 10707 Berlin, DE), Giebel; Marion (Kuderli-Strasse 5/1, 71332 Waiblingen, DE), Palm; Ulo (68 Clydesdale Rd., Scotch Plains, NJ 07076) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,146,363 Date filed: April 26, 1999 Abstract: An anti-infection catheter arrangement with catheter (1), which exhibits a rigid or flexible catheter tube with the connection piece (10) furnished at a rear side end, wherein the filling and suction device (1) with several reservoirs of active agent is connectable to the connection piece (10), wherein at least one of the active agent reservoirs is filled with a substance, containing at least one antibiotic, or, respectively chemo-therapeutic agent or, respectively, an anti-viral agent, preferably aminoglycoside, preferably gentamicin (13) in an at least minimum effective concentration, wherein a further one of the reservoirs is filled with a substance containing or forming at least one essentially non-damaging material to the tissue cells and blood cells, preferably an anticoagulant, in particular heparin (12), wherein the filling and suction device (1) is constructed such that this substance essentially can be filled into the region of the tip of the catheter tube (15) and wherein the total volume of the reservoirs corresponds at least to the filling volume of the catheter, possibly additionally to the volume of intermediate pieces, in particular of a three-way cock. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an anti-infection catheter and to a method of performing infection preventing catheter injections. Such a catheter arrangement is
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known from the printed Patent document WO91/06329. A filling and suction device with at least one active agent reservoir is furnished, wherein the total volume of the active agent reservoir corresponds exactly to the filling volume of the catheter. The volumes have to agree since on the one hand an active agent reservoir volume, which is smaller than the catheter filling volume, can lead to a penetration of active agent into the tip of the catheter and on the other hand an active agent reservoir, which is larger than he filling volume of the catheter, can lead to a penetration of active agent into the blood circulation of the patient and thus lead to a formation of resistance. In addition to the low production tolerances for the volume of the reservoir of active agent of the filling and suction device, the coordination of the filling and suction device to only one type of catheter of a defined filling volume is of disadvantage. It is an object of the present invention to furnish a catheter arrangement of the initially recited kind, wherein the catheter caused infection rate is substantially reduced without a danger of a resistance formation even in case of an increased predetermined production tolerance adapted to easy production. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06146363__ •
Bone cement compositions containing gentamycin Inventor(s): Gross; Albert (Frankfurt am Main, DT), Reiss; Siegfried (Bad Homburg, DT), Schaefer; Roland (Friedrichsdorf, Taunus, DT) Assignee(s): Kulzer & Co. GmbH (Bad Homburg, DT) Patent Number: 4,059,684 Date filed: February 9, 1976 Abstract: A bone cement composition includes, as the principal component, powdered copolymers of methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate, or monomeric methyl methacrylate, and, in addition, gentamicin hydrochloride and/or gentamicin hydrobromide, or a mixture of gentamicin sulfate with sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium bromide and/or potassium bromide. The bone cement composition is used, for example, for cementing implants in place, for the anchoring of endoprostheses of the joints, in the treatment of skull defects, and for carrying out spinal fusions. The composition provides for antibiotic release in higher concentrations to prevent infections. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a foreproduct for the preparation of bone cement, which contains, in addition to a gentamicin compound, either copolymers of methylmethacrylate and methylacrylate in powder form or monomeric methylmethacrylate, as its principal component. Bone cements are used, for example, for cementing implants in place, for the anchoring of endoprostheses of the joints, in the treatment of skull defects, and for the performance of spinal fusion. They are obtained by mixing together foreproducts composed of homopolymers or copolymers of methylmethacrylate in powder form and of suitable liquid monomers, usually methylmethacrylate, a catalyst system and, in some cases, X-ray contrast agents such as zirconium dioxide or barium sulfate, for example, dyes for the identification of the cement in the body, and other additives, to prepare a plastic dough, which is then placed in the body and set "in situ" by polymerization of the monomer. The catalyst system is a so-called "redox" system composed of an organic peroxy compound, usually dibenzoyl peroxide, as the catalyst, plus a reducing component (accelerator) such as dimethyl-p-toluidine. Thus, for example, the bone cement known from German "Auslegeschrift" No. 2,229,702 is prepared from polymethylmethacrylate and a
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monomer mixture of methylmethacrylate and methacrylic acid esters of higher alcohols, and a catalyst system consisting of dibenzoyl peroxide and dimethyl-p-toluidine. For prophylaxis against infections at the boundary surface between the bone cement and the bone, such as can occur when the natural hip joint is replaced with an artificial one and the socket and the femoral shank are anchored by means of bone cement, antibiotics are added to the bone cement. Such a bone cement or glue is known from German "Offenlegungsschrift" No. 2,022,117, in which penicillin, gentamicin and tetracycline are given as examples of suitable antibiotics. One product which is commercially available for the preparation of bone cement contains gentamicin sulfate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04059684__ •
Chromatographic process Inventor(s): Harrison, Jr.; Roger G. (Kalamazoo, MI) Assignee(s): The Upjohn Company (Kalamazoo, MI) Patent Number: 4,252,971 Date filed: July 30, 1979 Abstract: A chromatographic process for separation of an aminoglycoside antibiotic from impurities. Illustratively, there is disclosed a chromatographic process for separation of the gentamicin complex (C.sub.1, C.sub.2 and C.sub.1a) from impurities. The subject process gives a gentamicin complex recovery of more than double the recovery of the best known prior art gentamicin chromatography process. Excerpt(s): Aminoglycoside antibiotics are a well-known class of useful antibiotics. Notable among these are gentamicin, neomycin, sisomicin, kanamycin, and the like. The gentamicin fermentation and recovery are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,091,572. The use of chromatography in a gentamicin recovery process was first described in 1967 by Maehr and Schaffner, "The Separation And Differentiation Of The Gentamicin Complex", J. Chromatog., 30, 572-578. More recently, U.S. Pat. No. 3,915,955 discloses the use of essentially the same chromatography process as described by Maehr and Schaffner, supra. A solution containing gentamicin and impurities is concentrated to a solids concentration of about 0.5 g/ml, and then subjected to chromatography using a strongly basic ion exchange resin while controlling the pH and temperature of the chromatographic process within certain defined limits. This combination of pH and temperature control gives a surprising improvement of gentamicin recovery of over 100% over the prior art process which does not recognize the criticality of pH and temperature control. In its broadest scope, the subject invention is a chromatographic process for separation of an aminoglycoside antibiotic from impurities. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04252971__
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Combination preparations containing chloramphenicol, gentamicin and nystatin as active ingredients for the topical treatment of inflammatory skin disorders Inventor(s): Abdulla; Souhail (Rhauderwieke 1, D-2953 Rhauderfehn, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,104,657 Date filed: December 3, 1990
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Abstract: The invention relates to combination preparations containing chloramphenicol, gentamicin, nystatin and optionally a cortisone as active ingredients for the topical treatment of inflammatory skin disorders. The preparations are present preferably in the form of an ointment and have proved to be surprisingly effective particularly in the case of the treatment of skin disorders which are difficult to heal such as chronic eczema, inflammations in the anal and genital region, and of ulcus cruris and similar disorders. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to combination preparations for the topical treatment of inflammatory skin disorders, and in particular skin disorders which are difficult to heal such as chronic eczema, eczematous inflammations in the anal and genital region and secondary wounds and abscesses such as ulcus cruris, decubitus and furuncles. The preparation according to the invention can, moreover, be used for the topical treatment of skin burns, intertrigo and impetigo and of chronic non-specific sores in the region of the corner of the mouth. The above-mentioned skin disorders and secondary inflammations have already been treated hitherto with antibiotics of many different types and with cortisones. In many cases, however, a complete and permanent closure of the wounds cannot be achieved with conventional agents. This is true in particular of the various manifestations of ulcus cruris and in the case of proctological complaints such as eczemas and fissures in the anal region. Experience has shown that such wounds heal very poorly and the skin which is only superficially closed reopens quickly when stressed. Thus anal fissures for example can be remedied in severe cases only by surgery or by scab formation. Such a treatment can, however, lead to serious delayed consequences such as stenoses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05104657__ •
Fermentative process for preparing antibiotics of the gentamicin class Inventor(s): Yamamoto; Haruo (11-16, Matsukazedai, Chigasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,288,547 Date filed: November 13, 1979 Abstract: 2-Hydroxygentamicins B, B.sub.1 and A.sub.3 and 2-hydroxy antibiotics JI-20A and JI-20B are prepared as fermentation products by culturing a nutrient medium containing carbohydrates, a source of assimilable nitrogen, essential salts and Dstreptamine with a mutant of Micromonospora purpurea, and isolating the said fermentation products from the nutrient medium; the fermentation products are acylated with an ester of an.omega.-(N-benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-.alpha.-hydroxylower-alkanoic acid, after first blocking the 6'- and/or 2'-amine group with an amineprotecting group, followed by catalytic hydrogenolysis of the benzyloxycarbonyl group and removal of the amine-protecting groups to prepare the 1-N-(.omega.-amino-.alpha.hydroxy-lower-alkanoyl) derivatives. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to aminocyclitol antibiotics of the gentamicin class, which are useful as antibacterial agents. Daum et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,972,930 discloses 2hydroxygentamicins C.sub.1, C.sub.2 and C.sub.1a which are prepared in a fermentative process involving the incorporation of D-streptamine into the products using a particular mutant of Micromonospora purpurea, namely M. purpurea ATCC 31,119, and Daum et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,982,996 discloses the fermentative process for the
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preparation of the same 2-hydroxygentamicin components involving the incorporation of either D-streptamine or certain non-nitrogen containing cyclitols, for example scylloinosose or scyllo-inosose pentaacetate, using a further mutant of M. purpurea ATCC 31,119, namely M. purpurea ATCC 31,164. However, these patent disclosures do not describe the preparation of 2-hydroxygentamicins B, B.sub.1 and A.sub.3 and 2-hydroxy antibiotics JI-20A and JI-20B, which are disclosed and claimed herein, and moreover to date these compounds have not been isolated from or detected in the fermentation products obtained by the Daum et al. procedures disclosed in these two patents. Cooper et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,915,955 disclose gentamicins B and B.sub.1; Ilasky et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,903,072 disclose antibiotics JI-20A and JI-20B; and Daniels et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,000,261 disclose epi-gentamicins B, B.sub.1 and A.sub.3 and epi-antibiotics JI-20A and JI-20B. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04288547__ •
Gentamicin assay and products therefor Inventor(s): Bernstein; David (Sykesville, MD) Assignee(s): Becton Dickinson & Company (Paramus, NJ) Patent Number: 4,305,720 Date filed: August 20, 1979 Abstract: A gentamicin protein conjugate adsorbed on a solid support, in particular, polystyrene particles, is crosslinked by a crosslinking agent to increase the stability of the supported conjugate. The particles also generally include an adsorbed protein to increase the strength of the crosslinking network. An improved conjugate is provided by the use of orosomucoid as the protein. The sensitized particles can be employed in an agglutination inhibition card test. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an assay for gentamicin and products employed in such assay, as well as processes for producing such products. Gentamicin, a broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic, is bactericidal against many aerobic organisms, particularly Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, E. coli, and Staphylococci. It is widely used in the treatment of severe gram negative bacillary infections and septicemia of undetermined etiology, alone or in combination with other antibiotics. The desired therapeutic concentration of gentamicin is generally 4 to 8.mu. g/ml. Sustained peak concentrations greater than 12.mu. g/ml and trough concentrations greater than 2.mu. g/ml are potentially ototoxic and nephrotoxic, while concentrations below 4.mu. g/ml may not be bactericidal for some pathogens. The incidence of gentamicin toxicity in patients has been reported to be as high as 11%. Gentamicin is excreted entirely by the kidneys and in the presence of renal impairment, drug accumulation may occur. Toxicity is frequently reversible if the dosage is adjusted promptly. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04305720__
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Gentamicin-gleptoferron compositions Inventor(s): Strayer; James G. (Waterloo, NE) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Madison, NJ) Patent Number: 4,493,826 Date filed: February 16, 1983 Abstract: Stable pharmaceutical compositions comprising gentamicin and gleptoferron prevention of iron deficiency anemia and bacterial infections in young mammals, especially piglets. Excerpt(s): Under modern commercial rearing conditions, piglets are particularly susceptible to iron deficiency anemia and to a variety of bacterial infections which result in substantial economic loss. The compositions of the present invention prevent iron deficiency anemia in piglets while also providing a prophylactic effect against bacterial infections, for example, colibacillosis. They may similarly be beneficial for other young mammals that are susceptible to iron deficiency anemia, for example, calves. Administration of ferric hydroxide complexes of dextran glucoheptonic acid in the treatment of anemia and the preparation of these materials is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,536,696, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04493826__
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Gentamicin-resistance genes and their use as markers Inventor(s): Muth; Gunter (Bielefeld, DE), Puhler; Alfred (Bielefeld, DE), Wohlleben; Wolfgang (Bielefeld, DE) Assignee(s): Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft (Frankfurt am Main, DE) Patent Number: 4,918,015 Date filed: April 30, 1987 Abstract: S. ghanaensis DSM 2932 is resistant to gentamicin at up to 20.mu.g/ml. Total digestion of the genomic DNA with BglII, incorporation of the restriction fragments into a suitable plasmid, and selection using gentamicin results in gentamicin-resistant clones which contain a 7 kb fragment with the gentamicin-resistance gene. The plasmid pPH1JI likewise contains a gentamicin-resistance gene located on a 2.3 kb HindIII-BamHI fragment. These genes are suitable as markers, in particular for Streptomycetes vectors. Excerpt(s): The number of resistance genes available to date for cloning in Streptomycetes is relatively small, and some of them are additionally subject to special restrictions. Thus, for example, hygromycin is highly toxic, viomycin is no longer commercially available, and chloramphenicol is suitable only in special cases because of the known instability of the resistance gene in Streptomycetes. Thus there is a need for further resistance markers. Many Streptomycetes are extremely sensitive to the antibiotic gentamicin. Thus, as a rule, growth on the plate is inhibited at a gentamicin concentration of only 0.5.mu.g/ml. The present invention relates to two gentamicinresistance genes which are active and stable in Streptomycetes and have a number of cleavage sites suitable for insertion inactivation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04918015__
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Immunoassay for gentamicin Inventor(s): Smith; David S. (London, GB2) Assignee(s): Technicon Instruments Corporation (Tarrytown, NY) Patent Number: 4,150,949 Date filed: April 14, 1977 Abstract: Aminoglycoside antibiotics, especially gentamicin, in biological fluid samples are assayed fluorimetrically by mixing the sample with a fluorescent-labelled compound and with antibodies. The fluorescence of the compound is reduced when the compound binds with the antibodies, and by measuring the fluorescence of the mixture, the amount of antibiotic in the sample can be determined. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with immunoassays and, more particularly, with a method of assaying gentamicin and similar aminoglycoside antibiotics in biological fluid samples. Gentamicin preparations normally consist of a mixture of these components. Gentamicin is dangerously toxic, particularly towards the ears (ototoxicity), when present in the circulation at as little as 2-3 times the optimum therapeutic level. Furthermore, gentamicin clearance rates from the blood vary widely from patient to patient. It is essential, therefore, that clinical administration of gentamicin be followed in each individual case by monitoring of blood for gentamicin level. Currently the most common assay for gentamicin is a bioassay in which the ability of a blood sample to inhibit the growth of bacteria is estimated. This procedure is slow, imprecise and capable of only a very low throughput of samples. It is almost certain that these problems are at present restricting the clinical use of gentamicin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04150949__
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Implantable biodegradable material and process for its production Inventor(s): Bonnevialle; Paul (Toulouse, FR), Julia; Anne (Montastruc la Conseillere, FR), Lebugle; Albert (Saint Orens, FR), Rodriguez; Fernand (Castanet, FR) Assignee(s): Centre National de la Rechierche Scientifique (C.N.R.S) (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 5,709,875 Date filed: September 30, 1994 Abstract: The invention relates to a material which can be implanted in living tissue, in particular bony tissue, and having a rate of biodegradation adapted to the rate at which the tissue is regenerated; this material may comprise an active substance in order to achieve a therapeutic effect of prolonged duration. This material comprises (a) a calcium phosphate with apatitic or triclinic structure comprising HPO.sub.4 and PO.sub.4 groups, (b) a biodegradable oside or polyoside, in particular dextran, (c) if required, an active substance comprising amine groups such as netilmicin and/or gentamicin in sulphate form. The implantable material according to the invention may be produced without heat by compacting its various constituents in the powdery state. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a new material capable of being implanted in a living tissue, in particular bony tissue. It is intended to provide a material having a rate of biodegradation adapted to the regeneration of tissue and capable, if required, of being combined with an active substance in order to produce a prolonged therapeutic effect. Materials or matrices for implantation in living tissues, especially bony tissues, are known, such as enable making good a tissue "defect" and, if required, the release of an
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active substance. Said implantation matrices can currently be classified in four categories. In the first place, there exist non-biodegradable matrices such as certain polymers (for example polymethyl methacrylate PMMA) which are used for local release of active substances, thus avoiding their administration in a systemic way. These matrices have the disadvantage of necessitating a further surgical intervention in order to extract them after release of the active substance (patent FR 74.13342). Furthermore, a very low fraction of the initial active substance is released (about 6%). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05709875__ •
Method for preventing injection site abscess Inventor(s): Strayer; James G. (Waterloo, NE) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 4,423,035 Date filed: August 10, 1981 Abstract: A method of vaccinating a food producing animal without producing injection site abscess comprising injecting said animal with a vaccine that comprises a bacterin, an effective amount of a compatible adjuvant, an effective amount of a non-antibiotic biocidal compound, and about 30 micrograms per milliliter of gentamicin sulfate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preventing local abscesses that are often a consequence of certain vaccinations. In particular, injection of bacterins, especially those that contain an adjuvant (for example, aluminum hydroxide) dispose the patient to an abscess at the injection site. Corynebacterium pyogenes is generally found to be the infecting organism. Adjuvants are used in vaccines to slow the diffusion of antigen so that the patient will have time to develop a maximum level of immune response before the entigen is cleared. Examples of typical adjuvants are aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate peanut oil and Freund's complete adjuvant. The preferred amount of adjuvant in each type of vaccine is selected with this goal of maximizing the level of immune response in mind and this amount will be different for each type of vaccine. Of course, an amount of adjuvant that causes less than the maximum response may still be more effective in causing ome improvement in immune response. While an adjuvant may be helpful in maximizing or improving the immune response, it may cause local irritation or tissue damage that will make the injection site more susceptible to development of an abscess. The word "abscess", as used herein, means a septic abscess accompanied by bacterial infection rather than a "sterile" abscess. The latter is a relatively small abscess that is the result of inflammation due to local irritation or tissue damage and is not accompanied by such infection. The problem of injection site abscess is particularly acute in the large animal field where careful swabbing of the skin before injection and other prophylactic measures are difficult to economically carry out, as even a few remaining microorganisms can cause the problem. Such abscesses are large masses that cause the animal considerable discomfort and may be accompanied by fever if left untreated. The animal's appetite is reduced and weight gain is substantially diminished, resulting in serious economic less to the farmer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04423035__
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Method of isolating gentamicin C.sub.2a Inventor(s): Daniels; Peter J. L. (Cedar Grove, NJ), Marquez; Joseph A. (Montclair, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 3,984,395 Date filed: August 19, 1974 Abstract: Fermentation of Micromono spora purpurea NRRL 2953 under controlled aerobic conditions produces a plurality of antibiotic substances including gentamicin C.sub.2a which has been heretofore unknown and unrecognized. A method of isolating said antibiotic is described as are the chemical and biological properties of the same. Excerpt(s): This application relates to a heretofore unrecognized composition of matter produced by Micromonospora purpurea. More particularly, the application relates to a novel composition of matter herein designated gentamicin C.sub.2a and to a method for isolating it in substantially pure form free from antibiotic substances coproduced therewith. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,091,572 are disclosed a pair of novel actinomycetes therein designated, Micromonospora purpurea and Micromonospora echinospora. Also disclosed are a pair of variant strains of M. echinospora namely M. echinospora var. pallida and M. echinospora var. ferruginea. All of the disclosed microorganisms share a common property, that of elaborating a novel antibiotic therein designated gentamycin but subsequently named gentamicin. This antibiotic originally believed to be a single entity, when subjected to column chromatography was later found to consist of three closely related substances. The chromatographic technique is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,651,042 together with the properties of the new substances identified as gentamicin C.sub.1, C.sub.1a, and C.sub.2, respectively. Although the solvent system utilized in the prior art process is substantially the same as that used herein, the prior art process is ineffective for the separating the compound of this invention from substances coproduced therewith. We have now found a more refined separation process which permits isolation of a new antibiotic substance, gentamicin C.sub.2a, which hitherto has been unknown and unrecognized. Thus, the invention sought to be patented, in its composition of matter aspect, is substantially pure gentamicin C.sub.2a, free from antibiotics co-produced therewith. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03984395__
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Microbiological assay of aminoglycoside antibiotics Inventor(s): Broman; Rodney L. (Baldwin, MD), Buda; Dennis (Baltimore, MD), Waters; John R. (Towson, MD) Assignee(s): Johnston Laboratories, Inc. (Cockeysville, MD) Patent Number: 4,073,694 Date filed: April 5, 1976 Abstract: A method of measuring the level of an aminoglycoside antibiotic, such as gentamicin, tobramycin or amikacin, in blood serum or plasma comprising incubating an aliquot of blood serum or plasma from a human patient being treated with an aminoglycoside antibiotic in a urea-containing culture medium with a susceptible strain of an adaptive urease producing microorganism corresponding to Proteus rettgeri JLI 03, ATCC No. 31168.
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Excerpt(s): Aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin etc. are valuable antimicrobial agents. This is especially true of gentamicin which presently is widely used for treatment of infections due to gram-negative microorganisms. Great care must be taken, however, in administering aminoglycoside antibiotics since the minimum effective dosage level lies close to the threshold of toxicity. Excessive levels of aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as gentamicin in the blood of a human patient can have serious adverse consequences such as deafness and/or kidney damage. Administrations of such antibiotics at levels inadequate to destroy infectious microorganisms, can result in evolution of resistant strains of microorganism. It is therefore critical when using these antibiotics that the level of the antibiotic in the blood of a patient be carefully monitored in order to maintain an effective therapeutic dosage without exceeding the threshold of toxicity. For assaying the blood level of gentamicin the art has developed procedures based on the fact that gentamicin inhibits the synthesis of the enzyme urease by certain bacteria. Various species of the genus Proteus, for example, are known to synthesize urease in the presence of urea. The urease enzyme attacks, in turn, the urea and destroys it by hydrolyzing it to ammonia and carbon dioxide. The presence of gentamicin in the system, however, inhibits the synthesis of urease by certain Proteus species thereby proportionately reducing the rate at which the urea is hydrolized. The concentration of gentamicin is thus inversely related to the rate of hydrolysis of urea in such a system and may be determined from measurements of the urea hydrolysis. One technique for monitoring the urea hydrolysis rate follows the reduction in the rate of increase in the pH of a culture medium due to the release of ammonia during the hydrolysis; Noone et al., Simple, Rapid Method for Assay of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics, Lancet July 3, 1971, pages 16-19. See also ibid. Dec. 2, 1972, pages 1194-1195; ibid. Jan. 6, 1973, pages 49-50, and ibid. Feb. 10, 1973, pages 315-317. It is also known to follow hydrolysis of urea by the enzyme urease by using test media containing urea labeled with radioactive carbon 14 and measuring the evolution of radioactive carbon.sup.14 CO.sub.2. McDonald et al., Urease: A Sensitive and Specific Radiometric Assay, Enzymologia, Vol. 42, pages 1-9; DeBersaques, A Micromethod for Urease, Liquid Scintillation Counting, Vol. 3, M. A. Crook, ed., Heyden, pages 303-306. A particularly advantageous approach for the assay of gentamacin in blood plasma is detailed in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 452,264 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,948,729, owned by the common assignee and incorporated herein by reference. These previously reported bioassays of gentamicin concentration have utilized strains of the species Proteus mirabilis. Microbiological assays of aminoglycoside antibiotic levels are subject to the difficulty that aminoglycoside antibiotics like gentamicin are most commonly administered in conjunction with one or more additional antibiotics. Since the mircroorganisms conventionally utilized for such assays can be, and often are, sensitive to the additional antibiotics present in the patient's blood, the results of the assay may be distorted due to the fact that the additional antibiotic may kill the microorganism; thereby decreasing the synthesis of the enzyme urease and consequently reducing the hydrolysis of ammonia so that the assay erroneously indicates a higher than actual level of aminoglycoside antibiotic in the patient's blood. Representative antibiotics commonly administered in conjunction with aminoglycoside antibiotics such as gentamicin include chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracycline, carbenicillin, furadantin, sulfisoxazole, cephalothin and clindamycin. While deactivation of the foregoing antibiotics in order to prevent their interfering with the aminoglycoside antibiotic assay is theoretically possible, it is ordinarily difficult, especially since the testing laboratory may not have been told of the complete antibiotic regimen used on the patient. Accordingly, it is important to have an assay for determining the level of an aminoglycoside antibiotic, such as gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, etc., in blood
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serum or plasma which is not susceptible to interference from other antibiotics commonly administered in conjunction with the aminoglycoside antibiotics. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04073694__ •
Novel compounds of the gentamicin class Inventor(s): Rosi; David (East Greenbush, NY) Assignee(s): Sterling Drug Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,412,068 Date filed: June 8, 1981 Abstract: 5-Deoxygentamicin C.sub.2b and 6'-N-methyl-2-hydroxy- and 6'-N-methyl-5deoxygentamicins C.sub.2b are prepared, as the major fermentation products, by culturing a nutrient medium containing carbohydrates, a source of assimilable nitrogen, essential salts and either D-streptamine or 2,5-dideoxystreptamine with a mutant of Micromonospora purpurea and isolating the fermentation products from the nutrient medium. The fermentation products are acylated with an ester of an.omega.-[N(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino]-.alpha.-hydroxy-lower-alkanoic acid after first blocking the primary amino group at the 2'-position with an amine-protecting group, followed by catalytic hydrogenolysis of the benzyloxycarbonyl group and removal of the amineprotecting group to prepare the 1-(.omega.-amino-.alpha.-hydroxy-lower-alkanoyl) derivatives. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to aminocyclitol antibiotics of the gentamicin class, which are useful as antibacterial agents. Daum et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,972,930, issued Aug. 3, 1976, disclose 2-hydroxygentamicins C.sub.1, C.sub.2 and C.sub.1a and 5deoxygentamicins C.sub.1, C.sub.2 and C.sub.1a, which are prepared in a fermentative process involving the incorporation, respectively, of D-streptamine and 2,5dideoxystreptamine into the products using a particular mutant of Micromonospora purpurea, namely M. purpurea ATCC 31,119, and Daum et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,982,996, issued Sept. 28, 1976, disclose the fermentative process for the preparation of the same 2hydroxy- and 2,5-dideoxystreptamine components involving the incorporation either of an appropriate aminocyclitol, e.g. D-streptamine or 2,5-dideoxystreptamine, or certain non-nitrogen containing cyclitols, e.g. scyllo-inosose, scyllo-inosose pentaacetate or 2,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexanone (2,4-cis), using a further mutant of M. purpurea ATCC 31,119, namely M. purpurea ATCC 31,164. However these patent disclosures do not describe the preparation of 5-deoxygentamicin C.sub.2b or 6'-N-methyl-2-hydroxy- or 6'-N-methyl-5-deoxygentamicins C.sub.2b , which are disclosed and claimed herein, and moreover the presently claimed compounds have not been isolated from, or detected in, the fermentation products obtained by the Daum et al. procedures disclosed in the two above-mentioned patents. In fact the novel antibiotics of the present invention are produced by a different mutant of Micromonospora purpurea which, like M. purpurea ATCC 31,119 and M. purpurea ATCC 31,164, also incorporates D-streptamine and 2,5dideoxystreptamine, but which surprisingly produces, so far as is known, none of the "major" components of 2-hydroxygentamicin and 5-deoxygentamicin, i.e. 2hydroxygentamicins C.sub.1 and C.sub.2 and 5-deoxygentamicins C.sub.1 and C.sub.2 produced by the previous mutants, M. purpurea ATCC 31,119 and M. purpurea ATCC 31,164, but rather produces only 2-hydroxygentamicin C.sub.2b from D-streptamine and 5-deoxygentamicin C.sub.2b from 2,5-dideoxystreptamine as the major product in each case and lesser amounts of a second component, namely 6'-N-methyl-2hydroxygentamicin C.sub.2b and 6'-N-methyl-5-deoxygentamicin C.sub.2b.
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Ophthalmic carrier solution Inventor(s): Cuevas-Pacheco; Gregorio (Jalisco, MX), Diaz-Perez; Juan Manuel (Jalisco, MX), Garcia-Armenta; Maria Elena (Jalisco, MX), Jimenez-Bayardo; Arturo (Avenida Hidalgo No. 737, Colonia Centro, C.P., 44290, Guadalajara, Jalisco, MX), TorneroMontano; Jose Ruben (Jalisco, MX) Assignee(s): Jimenez-Bayardo; Arturo (Jalisco, MX) Patent Number: 6,071,958 Date filed: October 27, 1997 Abstract: This invention refers to a matter composition of the type used in the treatment of ophthalmic ailments and specifically refers to an ophthalmic carrier solution based on surface-active, emulsifying, antibacterial, antioxidant, etc. Agents which form a carrier that enwraps or masks an active ingredient such as sodium dyclophenac or other antibiotic agents such as tobracin, gentamicin or timolol sulfate, with the aim of avoiding the problems caused by the topical application of the mentioned active ingredients, such as pain, a burning sensation, irritation and other annoyances for the user. Excerpt(s): This invention belongs to the field of matter compositions used for ophthalmic treatments, and specifically it deals with an aqueous solution with characteristics similar to the human pre-corneal lachrymal film, which prevents a user from feeling pain or a burning sensation due to the application of a topical ophthalmic medication, and which also increases the ocular penetration of the ophthalmic composition and its bio-availability. Medicines exist in the international ophthalmological pharmaceutical market which when applied topically cause a burning sensation and irritation of the eye. Taking this situation as a basis, it was thought to use some type of compound with anti-inflammatory characteristics which could be used as an eyewash to treat eye irritations. It was found that a compound derived from acetic phenyl acid, called sodium dyclophenac i.e., sodium acetate of o-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino-phenyl, whose preparation method is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,558,690 belonging to Geigy, would meet expectations for a suitable ophthalmic application. However, the main disadvantage present in this compound, is the intense burning sensation and irritation it produces in the eyes of the user, which makes it unsuitable for use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06071958__
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Preparation of gentamicin sensitized particles for agglutination tests Inventor(s): Scherr; George H. (Park Forest, IL) Assignee(s): Technam, Inc. (Park Forest South, IL) Patent Number: 4,100,268 Date filed: March 8, 1976 Abstract: Detection of gentamicin is made possible by preparing an analytical body comprising a macromolecule which carries gentamicin, attached to a particle.
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Excerpt(s): The antibiotic gentamicin is a member of the amino glycoside group of antibacterial agents. The clinical characteristics of this antibiotic have been described (AMA Drug Evaluations, 1973, 2nd Ed., Publ. Science Group, Inc., Aston, Mass., p 569570). Gentamicin can cause serious renal damage and recommendations have been made that the serum concentration in excess "of 12.mu.g/ml are generally considered to be hazardous" (ibid, pg. 570). Because the mean half-life of gentamicin after an intramuscular injection may be no more than approximately 2 hours, most of the antibiotic being excreted in the urine unchanged, it has become necessary, in order to maintain therapeutic doses and also to avoid reaching toxic levels (Progress in Antimicr. and Anti Cancer Chemotherap., Proc. 6th Int. Cong., Chemotherapy, Univ. Park Press., Balt., Md., 1970, pp 673-676, 540-542, 811-814) to monitor the blood serum levels by microbiological assay (Am. J. Med. Tech., March, 1975, p 12-13). The microbiological assay may require anywhere from 14-24 -hours for a determination and is rather laborious. A more serious complication has to do with the fact that many patients under therapy may have been treated with antibiotics other than gentamicin and any residual remaining of such antibiotics could alter the assay presumably done solely for gentamicin. Thus other criteria of clinical toxicity have to be relied upon in order to assess a potentially sudden dangerous rise in blood level, such as creatinine clearance and/or other criteria of impaired renal function. A radioimmunoassay test for gentamicin has been developed (Mahon et al., Antimicrobiol Agents Chemotherap., 3:585-89, 173) which is less time-consuming but requires the use of radio-isotopes and the necessary restraints imposed by their use. The hemagglutination-inhibition test for gentamicin assay in blood serum and other body fluids is herein described and provides laboratory data in approximately 1-11/2 hours after the blood specimen has been procured from the patient. To 8 ml of a solution of gentamicin sulfate containing 50 mg gentamicin per ml, add 100 mg of bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Sigma, Kohn fraction II). To the above add 500 mg of 1-ethyl-3-(-3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (CDI) and adjust the pH of the solution to 5.2 utilizing either 0.1 N NaOH or 0.1 N HCl. The BSA or other macromolecule similarly utilized may be considered the carrier protein. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04100268__ •
Process for precipitating aminoglycosides Inventor(s): Harrison, Jr.; Roger G. (Kalamazoo, MI), Prichard; Thomas H. (Portage, MI) Assignee(s): The Upjohn Company (Kalamazoo, MI) Patent Number: 4,256,876 Date filed: February 4, 1980 Abstract: A highly efficient process for the precipitation of an amorphous (noncrystalline) aminoglycoside antibiotic salt during the purification process. Illustratively, there are disclosed processes for precipitating gentamicin, neomycin, and sisomicin salts. Excerpt(s): Aminoglycoside antibiotics are a well-known class of useful antibiotics. Notable among these are gentamicin, neomycin, sisomicin, and the like. The gentamicin fermentation and recovery are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,091,572. The neomycin fermentation and recovery are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,799,620. Sisomicin preparation is disclosed in J. Antibiotics, Vol. 23, 555 (1970). Aminoglycoside antibiotics are generally converted to a desired salt form during recovery and purification procedures. For example, gentamicin, advantageously, is converted to the sulfate. A
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prior art process for preparing gentamicin sulfate is disclosed in U.S. 3,091,572. A key step in such a process is the precipitation of gentamicin sulfate from an aqueous solution containing the same. The efficiency of this precipitation step, which is directly related to a certain desired particle size, has a large bearing on the efficiency of the purification process. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,091,572, an aqueous solution of gentamicin sulfate at pH 4.5 is added to methanol. The disclosed patent process does not recognize any critical features during this key precipitation step. Thus, the patent disclosure teaches that a 40 g./liter aqueous solids concentration of gentamicin sulfate and 10 volumes of methanol per volume of aqueous are used in the precipitation step. Similar conditions were used for precipitating gentamicin sulfate in a subsequent publication. See Rosselet, J. P., et al., "Isolation, Purification, and Characterization of Gentamicin," Antimicrob. Agents Chemotther., 14-16 (1963). Also, the process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,651,042 utilizes the above conditions and uses an aqueous solids concentration of 250 mg./ml. of gentamicin complex. These disclosures represent the best known prior art. In none of these disclosures is there a teaching, much less a recognition, of the critical features of particle size in the key precipitation step. In the absence of such an awareness, it is readily understood why the prior art disclosures do not even suggest the process of the subject invention. Unexpectedly, it has been found that a highly desired particle size can be obtained by procedures which contradict prior art teachings. Thus, it has been found that highly concentrated aqueous solutions of an aminoglycoside salt added to an agitated alcohol yields highly desired particles which are easily filtered. This process yields particles that can be filtered as least four times the rate of the filtration of particles obtained by the best known prior art process. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04256876__ •
Process for preparing isepamicin Inventor(s): Chiu; John S. (Parsippany, NJ), Colon; Cesar (Rahway, NJ), Green; Michael D. (Paterson, NJ), Tann; Chou-Hong (Berkeley Heights, NJ), Thiruvengadam; Tiruvettipuram K. (Edison, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 5,442,047 Date filed: October 15, 1993 Abstract: An improved process for converting gentamicin B to isepamicin comprising forming 3,6'-di-N-formylgentamicin B, acylating the 1-amino group with an N-protected (S)-isoserine compound and removing all the blocking groups under conditions which result in high yields of isepamicin. A novel formylating agent, 2formylmercaptobenzothiazole, and intermediate compounds are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel process for converting gentamicin B to isepamicin, 1-N-[(S)-3-amino-2-hydroxypropionyl] gentamicin B and to a novel formylating agent, 2-formylmercaptobenzothiazole, useful in the process. More particularly, this invention relates to a process for converting gentamicin B to 3,6'-di-Nformylgentamicin B by using 2-formylmercaptobenzothiazole, acylation of the 1-amino group with an (S)-isoserine derivative, followed by removal of the protecting groups under conditions which result in high yields of the desired product. Tsuchiya, et al., Tetrahedron Letters No. 51, pp 4951-4954 (1979), describe a complex multistep process for the protection of the 3,3",6'-amino groups in Kanamycin A comprising zinc acetate chelation, 3,6'-N-bisbenzyloxycarbonylation, zinc removal, carbonate formation, and finally trifluoroacetylation of the 3"-amino group The 3,3",6'-N-triblocked Kanamycin A
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so produced is then acylated at the free C-1 amino group using an active ester of 1-N[(S)-4-benzyloxycarbonylamino]-2-hydroxybutyric acid. Finally the resulting product is subjected to a 2-part deprotection scheme to give Amikacin. A similar sequence is also described for the conversion of dibekacin to its 1-N-[(S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl] derivative. No reference to the use of this process for the selective acylation of other aminoglycosides was disclosed. The Tsuchiya et al. process sequence is cumbersome involving both trifluoroacetylation and benzyloxycarbonylation in the protection steps and requiring both aminolysis and hydrogenolysis in the deprotection steps. These steps render the process commercially unattractive both in the sense of operating costs and capital requirements for implementation. Furthermore, in our hands, and contrary to the implications in the Tsuchiya et al. process description, zinc acetate chelation does not invariably lead to selective 3,6'-diblockade in aminoglycosides other than Kanamycin and dibekacin. Thus, unexpectedly, the zinc acetate chelation of gentamicin B followed by acylation with formylimidazole leads primarily to 1,6'-N-diformylation and not 3,6'diformylation. Again acylation of this same gentamicin B zinc acetate chelate with a different formylating agent, formylacetic mixed anhydride, gives rise, in addition to the desired 3,6'-N-diformyl-gentamicin B, to undesired levels of acetylated gentamicin B products. To underline the difficulty of prediction, formyl p-nitrobenzoic mixed anhydride proved insufficiently reactive to be useful in the formylation of gentamicin B zinc acetate chelate, whereas use of formyl p-anisic mixed anhydride afforded excellent yields of the desired 3,6'-diformyl gentamicin B, contaminated with minor amounts of anisoyl impurities. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05442047__ •
Process of producing antibiotic AR-5 complex Inventor(s): Reiblein; Walter (Verona, NJ), Truumees; Imbi (Crestkill, NJ), Waitz; J. Allan (Far Hills, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (Kenilworth, NJ) Patent Number: 4,367,287 Date filed: October 9, 1981 Abstract: The Antiboitic AR-5 complex is elaborated by a novel species of the Micromonospora; namely, Micromonospora polytrota. The microorganism also elaborates a number of minor components including the gentamicin complex and a complex of anthroquinone antibiotics. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel composition of matter and to processes for the preparation, isolation, purification and the use thereof. More particularly, this invention relates to a novel antibiotic complex designated Antibiotic AR-5 and to its members, Antibiotic AR-5, component 1, Antibiotic AR-5, component 2, the 12,13desepoxy derivatives of said components, to the nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts, to the nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable esters of said antibiotics and said derivatives and to the chemical conversion products of said antibiotic complex and said derivatives. The microorganism used according to this invention, Micromonospora polytrota is a novel species of the genus Micromonospora as can be determined by the description set forth below. The microorganism was isolated from a soil sample collected in Campeche, Mexico. A culture of this microorganism has been made a part of the permanent collection of the Northern Utilization and Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture where it has been assigned accession number NRRL 12066. Subcultures of Micromonospora polytrota
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NRRL 12066 are available to the public from the aforementioned agency. A culture of this microorganism has been made a part of the collection of the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) where it has been assigned accession number ATCC 31584. Subcultures of Micromonospora polytrota ATCC 31584 are available to the public from the ATCC. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04367287__ •
Semisynthetic 1-N-ethylgentamicin C.sub.1a and method for its preparation Inventor(s): Fan; Jin (Wuxi, CN), Fan; Minqi (Wuxi, CN), Hu; Xiaoling (Wuxi, CN), Liu; Jun (Wuxi, CN), Zhao; Min (Wuxi, CN) Assignee(s): Jiansgu Institute of Microbiology (Wuxi, CN) Patent Number: 5,814,488 Date filed: January 5, 1996 Abstract: This invention relates to the fields of microbiology and antibiotics. Particularly, it relates to a new mutant strain, a method of its mutation breeding, to a monocomponent Gentamicin C.sub.1a produced by this strain which is used as mother nucleus of semisynthetic antibiotic 1-N-ethylgentamicin C.sub.1a, and to compositions composed of semisynthetic 1-N-ethylgentamicin derivatives as active component and pharmaceutically acceptable accitives and their manufacturing methods. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the fields of microbiology and antibiotics. Particularly, it relates to a new mutant strain, a method of its mutation breeding, to a monocomponent Gentamicin C.sub.1a produced by this strain and used as mother nucleus of semisynthetic antibiotic 1-N-ethylgentamicin C.sub.1a (1-N-Ethylgentamicin C.sub.1a being named Etimicin) to compositions composed of semisynthetic 1-Nethylgentamicin derivatives as active component and pharmaceutically acceptable additives and their manufacturing methods. It is well known that there are three main components in Gentamicin (GM) which is produced by fermentation of present strains: Gentamicin C.sub.1 (GMC.sub.1), Gentamicin C.sub.2 (GMC.sub.2) and Gentamicin C.sub.1a (GMC.sub.1a). The quality as well as the effect of Gentamicin have direct relationship with the content of the three components. In ((Antibiotics)) Vol.7 No. 1 12.about.15, 1982, Mr. Yang Yun-liu et al. from the Academy of Sciences of China reported the Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) against 74 strains of P.aeruginosa separated clinically and the values of LD.sub.50 to each component of gentamicin C. The component GMC.sub.1a was considered best. If a monocomponent gentamicin is to be separated and purified from multi-component gentamicin, complicated technology and equipments are required and the production cost is thus raised. In order to overcome these shortcomings, strains which produce a monocomponent gentamicin are needed. Gentamicin as a kind of aminoglycoside antibiotics was first found in 1963 by M. J. Weisten et al. of Schering Corporation of America, and it has been about twenty years since 1963 when it appeared on the market. Nowadays, gentamicin is still widely used clinically. But, because of its side-effects of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, the use of gentamicin is to some extent restricted in medical treatment. It is desired to develop a kind of novel gentamicin derivative that is of low toxicity and high efficiency, especially active against gentamicin-resistant strains. In the research references, U.S. Pat. No. 4,230,847 discloses a compound of aminoglycoside antibiotics, a gentamicin derivative in which some amino groups of gentamicin are selectively protected. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,063,015 and 4,044,123 disclose 1,3,2'-tri-N-acetylgentamicin which is an antibiotic and useful as an intermediate in the preparation of 6'-N-alkylaminoglycoside. Canadian
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Patent 1,034,573 discloses a method for preparing 1-N-replaced-4,6-diaminoglycosyl-1,3diaminocyclitols. In the prior art, no one has found a strain which produces monocomponent gentamicin, and there is no report about the semisynthesic 1-Nethylgentamicin derivatives and their compositions in which monocomponent gentamicin produced by fermentation of the strain is used as intermediate (mother nucleus). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05814488__ •
Solvent for a sparingly soluble gentamicin salt Inventor(s): Cimbollek; Monika (Mannheim, DE), Nies; Berthold (Ober-Ramstadt, DE) Assignee(s): Merck Patent Gesellschaft mit Beschrankter Haftung (DE) Patent Number: 5,679,646 Date filed: May 4, 1994 Abstract: A solvent for the salt of gentamicin with 3-p-methoxybenzylidene-6-hydroxy4 '-methoxyflavanone-6-phosphate which is a mixture of from 6 to 9.75 parts by volume of tetrahydrofuran and from 4 to 0.25 parts by volume of water. In these solvents the active compound is soluble up to about 60% by weight. Such a solution is particularly suitable for loading pharmaceutical carriers with this active compound. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a solvent for a sparingly soluble salt of the pharmaceutical active compound gentamicin and also a process for loading pharmaceutical active compound carriers with this salt. Gentamicin belongs to the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics and has a pronounced broad-spectrum action. Owing to its specific spectrum of action, gentamicin has, in particular, also proven useful in the local treatment of bone infections. Gentamicin is generally used in its sulfate form. However, the sulfate salt is readily soluble in water and physiological media. Local treatment with gentamicin sulfate, for example by implantation of active compound carriers loaded with gentamicin sulfate at the site of the infection or treatment, is generally characterized by an initial short-term build-up to a high active compound concentration which then drops very quickly. This can be shown, for instance, by in vitro elution experiments or by measurement of the serum concentration in-vivo. However, it is therapeutically desirable to have a long-lasting active compound concentration which, depending on the amount charged, preferably remains constant for weeks or months and decreases only slowly. Owing to the good water-solubility of gentamicin sulfate, it has not been possible to achieve protracted release through appropriate pharmaceutical formulations of this active compound and the active compound carriers. However, the sparing solubility of this gentamicin salt is accompanied by considerable disadvantages in the loading of active compound carriers. With a maximum solubility of the gentamicin salt in water of about 0.5% by weight, porous active compound carriers such as calcium phosphate ceramics or structured collagen can normally be loaded with only a limited amount of active compound by impregnation with the corresponding solution and drying. Repetition of the impregnation and drying procedure is, if practical at all, complicated and also leads to non-uniform active compound distribution in the carrier material and thus to considerable scatter in the rates of release. The same applies to the corresponding use of aqueous suspensions of this active compound. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05679646__
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Topical administration of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of systemic bacterial diseases Inventor(s): Stehle; Randall G. (Kalamazoo, MI), Wardley; Richard C. (Hickory Corners, MI), Watts; Jeffrey L. (Portage, MI) Assignee(s): Pharmacia & Upjohn Company (Kalamazoo, MI) Patent Number: 5,929,086 Date filed: May 5, 1997 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of topically administering antimicrobial agents such as premafloxacin, premafloxacin-like compound, premafloxacin ester, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, cefquinome, cefpodoxime, gentamicin or erythromycin for the treatment of systemic bacterial diseases in mammals. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of topically administering antimicrobial agents for the treatment of systemic bacterial diseases in mammals. It has been generally accepted that intravenous infusion, intramuscular injection, subcutaneous, buccal, oral, and rectal routes are the methods for administration of a wide variety of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of systemic bacterial diseases. Due to lack of systemic level effects with antimicrobial agents administered topically, the topical administration of antimicrobial agents has been limited to the treatment of localized infections of the skin or eyes. However, it is known that the aforementioned non-topical methods of administration for the treatment of systemic bacterial diseases have certain disadvantages. For example, buccal and rectal administration often produce discomfort and aggravation to the mammals that are treated. The intravenous, subcutaneous and intramuscular routes are not only painful, but also must be performed by trained individuals. In addition, there is a risk of needle injury, infection, and other trauma including the emotional trauma inevitably associated with injections. Oral administration, although generally acceptable, may have the disadvantages of poor absorption of the therapeutic agent from the gastrointestinal tract and/or degradation which may be caused by the acidic medium of the stomach, or causes digestive disfunction in ruminants. Furthermore, in the case of treating animals, the aforementioned methods of administration are labor and time consuming. Topical administration of antimicrobial agents would circumvent these problems by allowing a more convenient, non-invasive method for the treatment of systemic bacterial diseases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05929086__
Patent Applications on Gentamicin As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to gentamicin:
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Antibiotic coating for porous bodies and method for its production as well as its use Inventor(s): Kuhn, Klaus-Dieter; (Marburg, DE), Schnabelrauch, Matthias; (Jena, DE), Vogt, Sebastian; (Jena, DE) Correspondence: Kurt Briscoe; Norris, Mclaughlin & Marcus, P.A.; 220 East 42nd Street, 30th Floor; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20040048786 Date filed: June 20, 2003 Abstract: The invention describes an antibiotic coating for porous bodies and its use. Into the porous system of non-metallic porous bodies and of metallic porous bodies, a coating made of at least one antibiotic salt that is hardly soluble in water or in an aqueous environment from the group of the netilmicin laurate, the netilmicin myristate, the netilmicin dodecyl sulfate, the sisomicin laurate, the sisomicin myristate, the sisomicin dodecyl sulfate, the gentamicin laurate, the gentamicin myristate, the clindamycin laurate, the amikacin laurate, the amikacin myristate, the amikacin dodecyl sulfate, the kanamycin laurate, the kanamycin myristate, the kanamycin dodecyl sulfate, the tobramycin laurate, the tobramycin myristate, the tobramycin dodecyl sulfate, the ciprofloxacin myristate, the vancomycin dodecyl sulfate, the vancomycin laurate, the vancomycin myristate, the vancomycin teicoplanin and the clindamycin teicoplanin is introduced. The antibiotically coated, porous bodies are used as implants. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an antibiotic coating for (interconnecting) porous bodies and a method for its production as well as its use. These antibiotically equipped porous bodies shall be used as implants in human and veterinary medicine for the treatment of bone defects and possibly for the treatment of soft tissue defects. It is desired that a continuous release of the antibiotic from the antibiotic coating located on the inner surface of the porous systems over a period of several days takes place in order to effectively prevent or fight a bacterial infection in the area of the bone defect and/or the soft tissue defect that needs to be treated. In particular such bacterial pathogens that have developed resistance towards conventionally used antibiotics shall be treated. Bone defects occur relatively frequently in human and veterinary medicine and are caused in particular through bone fistulas, partial fractures and tumors. In the case of open partial fractures, frequently additionally infections of the bone tissue are observed. The treatment of bone defects can occur through a filling process with suitable implants. Over the last few years in particular porous implants, which due to their chemical composition and their porous structure have an osteoconductive effect and favor a joining with the surrounding bone tissue, have gained interest. The treatment of bone defects becomes problematic whenever additionally microbial infections of the bone tissue exist. Infections of the bone tissue can be counteracted through the systemic or local application of suitable antibiotics after prior surgical reconstruction. The systemic application of antibiotics is problematic due to the in part quite considerable toxicity of the antibiotics. The local application directly in or on the infected tissue, after appropriate surgical reconstruction, however offers the advantage that high local antibiotics concentrations can be achieved while avoiding damaging antibiotics concentrations in the remaining organism. These high local antibiotics concentrations at the location of the bacterial infection allow the microorganisms to be killed almost completely so that the bacterial infections can be treated very efficiently. It is particularly beneficial if at the location of the bacterial infections an effective antibiotic concentration is maintained over the course of several days to weeks so as to allow the antibiotic to penetrate into the infected tissue as deeply as possible and thus destroy even germs that are difficult to access. Soft tissue defects with bacterial infections can
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also be found frequently in human and veterinary medicine. Local antibiotics application is therefore also of interest for the treatment of these types of infections. Until now hardly soluble salts of the aminoglycoside antibiotics and the lincosamide antibiotics met with relatively little interest in the production of controlled-release drugs and of antibiotically effective implants. Among the aminoglycoside antibiotics just a few slightly soluble salts are known. E.g. for gentamicin the presentation of slightly soluble salts based on higher fatty acids, arylalkyl carboxylic acids, alkyl sulfates and alkyl sulfonates has been described (G. M. Luedemann, M. J. Weinstein: Gentamycin and method of production. Jul. 16, 1962, U.S. Pat. No. 3,091,572). Examples of this are gentamicin salts of lauric acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, phenyl butyric acid, naphthalene-1-carboxylic acid. The synthesis of dodecyl sulfates of gentamicin in an aqueous or aqueous-methanolic solution is described by Jurado Soler et al. (A. Jurado Soler, J. A. Ortiz Hernandez, C. Ciuro Bertran: Neue Gentamicinderivate (new gentamicin derivatives), Verfahren zur Herstellung derselben und diese enthaltende antibiotisch wirksame Zusammensetzung (method for production of same and antibiotically effective composition containing it). Sep. 30, 1974, DE 24 46 640). These salts however often proved to be unfavorable because they represent wax-like, hydrophobic substances, which impair galenical usage. Furthermore fatty acid salts and aliphatic sulfates of gentamicin and of etamycin were synthesized from the free base or its salts in water at 50-80.degree. C. (H. Voege, P. Stadler, H. J. Zeiler, S. Samaan, K. G. Metzger: Schwerlosliche Salze von Aminoglykosiden sowie diese enthaltende Formulierungen verzogerter Wirkstoff-Freigabe (hardly soluble salts of aminoglycosides as well as formulations containing them with delayed active substance release). Dec. 28, 1982, DE 32 48 328). These antibiotics fatty acid salts are said to be suited as injection drugs. Hardly soluble aminoglycoside flavonoid phosphates represent a more recent development (H. Wahlig, E. Dingeldein, R. Kirchlechner, D. Orth, W. Rogalski: Flavonoid phosphate salts of aminoglycoside antibiotics, Oct. 13, 1986, U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,293). It describes the salts of phosphoric acid mono-esters of derivatives of hydroxy flavanes, hydroxy flavenes, hydroxy flavanones, hydroxy flavones and hydroxy flavylium. Particularly preferred are the derivatives of the flavanones and flavones. These hardly soluble salts are supposed to be used as controlled-release drugs. For example these salts are introduced into collagen fleece (H. Wahlig, E. Dingeldein, D. Braun: Medicinally useful, shaped mass of collagen resorbable in the body. Sep. 22, 1981, U.S. Pat. No. 4,291,013). Furthermore also artificial heart valves were impregnated with these hardly soluble gentamicin salts, Gentamicin Crobefat (M. Cimbollek, B. Nies, R. Wenz, J. Kreuter: Antibiotic-impregnated heart valve sewing rings for treatment and prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40(6) (1996)14321437). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Bifunctional antibiotics Inventor(s): Sucheck, Steven; (San Diego, CA), Wong, Chi- Huey; (Rancho Santa Fe, CA) Correspondence: The Scripps Research Institute; Office OF Patent Counsel, Tpc-8; 10550 North Torrey Pines Road; LA Jolla; CA; 92037; US Patent Application Number: 20030181399 Date filed: March 28, 2003 Abstract: Bifunctional antibiotics that target both bacterial RNA and resistance-causing enzymes are disclosed. The A-site of bacterial 16S rRNA serves as the target site for most
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aminoglycoside antibiotics. Resistance to this class of antibiotics is frequently developed by microbial enzymatic acetylation, phosphorylation or ribosylation of aminoglycosides, modifications that weaken their interactions with the target RNA. Using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), the binding affinity and stoichiometry of various aminoglycosides have been investigated and it was found that neamine, the key pharmacophore of the deoxystreptamine class of amino-glycosides, binds to the A-site in a two to one stoichiometry with a K.sub.d of 10.mu.M for each binding site. A library of neamine dimers was prepared and their affinities to 16S rRNA A-site were determined by SPR, with K.sub.d=40 nM for the best dimer (an.about.10.sup.3-fold increase in affinity). Antibiotic activities of the dimers were determined for several bacterial strains by the Kirby-Bauer method. The most active dimer, based on antibiotic activity, also showed the highest inhibition of in vitro translation (IC.sub.50=0.055.mu.M). The latter assay was developed in order to correlate the relationship between SPR-based affinity and translation inhibition. By these combined methods, transport limitations for the semisynthetic aminoglycosides as well as nonribosomally based antibiotic activity could be determined. Further analysis of these dimers as substrates for aminoglycoside modifying-enzymes identified a neamine dimer that was a potent inhibitor (K.sub.is=0.1.mu.M) of the APH(2") activity of the bifunctional enzyme AAC(6")-APH(2"), the primary enzyme responsible for high level gentamicin C resistance in several bacterial strains. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to bifunctional antibiotics. More particularly, the invention related to bifunctional antibiotics that target bacterial rRNA and inhibit resistance-causing enzymes. Deoxystreptamine-based aminoglycosides are a clinically important class of antibiotics that are effective against a broad range of microorganisms (Edson, R. S.; Terrel, C. L. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1991, 66, 1158). It is believed that aminoglycosides exert their therapeutic effect by interfering with translational fidelity during protein synthesis via interaction with the A-site rRNA on the 16S domain of the ribosome (Moazed, D.; Noller, H. F. Nature 1987, 327, 389; Purohit, P.; Stern, S. Nature 1994, 370, 659; Formy, D.; et al. Science 1996, 274, 1367). Unfortunately, the high toxicity and rapid emergence of high level aminoglycoside resistance have severely limited the usefulness of this class of antibiotics. Numerous aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms have been identified, and enzymatic acetylation, phosphorylation and ribosylation are the primary causes of high level resistance in most clinical isolates (Wright, G. D.; et al. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1998, 456, 27; Kondo, S.; Hotta, K. J. Infect. Chemother. 1999, 5, 1; Mingeot-Leclerco, M.-P.; et al. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1999, 43, 727). Of the modifying enzymes, the acetyl- and phosphotransferases (AAC and APH) have been extensively studied with respect to their specificity (Wright, G. D.; et al. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1998, 456, 27; Kondo, S.; Hotta, K. J. Infect. Chemother. 1999, 5, 1; Mingeot-Leclerco, M.-P.; et al. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1999, 43, 727; Daigle, D. M.; et al. Chem. Biol. 1999, 6, 99; Azucena, E.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2317; Patterson, J.-E.; Zervos, M. J. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1990, 12, 644). What was needed was a method to tackle the problem of antibiotic resistance. What was needed was bifunctional aminoglycosides that can resist or inhibit aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes while simultaneously targeting ribosomal RNA. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Pharmaceutical preparation with retarding active ingredient release, method for its production and its use Inventor(s): Kuhn, Klaus-Dieter; (Marburg, DE), Schnabelrauch, Matthias; (Jena, DE), Vogt, Sebastian; (Jena, DE) Correspondence: Kurt Briscoe; Norris, Mclaughlin & Marcus, P.A.; 220 East 42nd Street, 30th Floor; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20040052841 Date filed: June 20, 2003 Abstract: The invention describes pharmaceutical preparations with retarding active ingredient release, which consist of mixtures of powdery teicoplanin and at least one powdery, water soluble salt form of gentamicin, clindamycin, kanamycin, amikacin, tobramycin, vancomycin, moxifloxacin and ciprofloxacin and an inorganic and/or organic adjuvant. The pharmaceutical preparations are used as permanent or as temporary implants in the form of tablets, molded bodies, fibers and granules. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical preparation with retarding active ingredient release as resorbable and also as non-resorbable implants in human and veterinary medicine for the treatment of severe, local bacterial infections in hard and soft tissues. The pharmaceutical preparation in particular shall be used in the therapy of bacterial infections, which due to resistance appearances are no longer accessible with a simple local antibiotic treatment with only one antibiotic. The invention furthermore relates to a method for the production and the use of the preparation. The treatment of local microbial infections of hard and soft tissues in human and veterinary medicine requires high local concentrations of antibiotics in the infected tissue area. It has been known for quite some time that the systemic application of antibiotics is associated with a series of problems. The systemic application often requires the use of very high doses of antibiotics in order to achieve anti-microbially effective antibiotics concentrations in the infected tissue. Thus, particularly with the use of aminoglycoside antibiotics, severe damage to the organism can occur due to their nephro-and oto-toxicity. It has therefore been suggested to use antibiotics in topical release systems, or transfer them into suitable controlled-release preparations. It is furthermore useful if the topical release systems exhibit a high level of active ingredient release during the first few hours and subsequently over the course of several days release a continuous low level of active ingredient quantities to largely achieve that the bacterial pathogens are killed. Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic, which is effective towards Gram-positive bacterial germs. It inhibits mureic synthesis and thus crosslinkage of the bacterial cell walls. Teicoplanin is especially beneficial in that it has a considerably higher shelf life than.beta.-lactam antibiotics and that it can be used for patients that are allergic to penicillin. Aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as gentamicin and kanamycin, and also clindamycin impair bacterial protein synthesis and thus have a bactericidal effect with many Gram-positive bacteria, anaerobic bacteria and in part also with Gram-negative bacteria. Fluor-quinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin, represent broad-band antibiotics and act as topoisomerase inhibitors and as gyrase inhibitors against a variety of Gram-positive bacteria. In the treatment of problematic germs it is therefore useful to combine two antibiotics, which have different attack methods in the bacterial metabolism, with each other. This increases the probability of an effective treatment of this problematic germs. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Pharmaceutical preparation, method for its production as well as its use Inventor(s): Kuhn, Klaus-Dieter; (Marburg, DE), Schnabelrauch, Matthias; (Jena, DE), Vogt, Sebastian; (Jena, DE) Correspondence: Kurt Briscoe; Norris, Mclaughlin & Marcus, P.A.; 220 East 42nd Street, 30th Floor; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20040067253 Date filed: June 20, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to hardly soluble antiphlogistic salts and antiphlogisticantibiotic pharmaceutical preparations and their use. The hardly water soluble antiphlogistic antibiotics salts have as their cationic component one of the antibiotics gentamicin, clindamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, doxicyline, oxytetracycline and rolitetracycline and as their anionic component one of the antiphlogistics ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, dexamethasone-21-phosphate, dexamethasone-21-sulfate, triamcinolone-21-phosphate and triamcinolone-21-sulfate. The antiphlogistic antibiotics salts are used in pharmaceutical preparations as controlled-release antibiotic/antibiotics drugs. The invention describes antiphlogisticantibiotic pharmaceutical preparations for which mixtures in the solid state of aggregation are used, which are composed of an easily water soluble salt of gentamicin, clindamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, doxicycline, oxytetracycline and/or rolitetracycline and at least one easily water soluble salt of ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, dexamethasone-21-phosphate, dexamethasone-21-sulfate, triamcinolone21-phosphate and/or triamcinolone-21-sulfate and at least one inorganic and/or organic pharmaceutical adjuvant and which are used as permanent or temporary implants in the form of tablets and/or molded bodies. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical preparations, their production as well as their use in human and veterinary medicine for the treatment and prevention of local bacterial infections. The treatment of local microbial infections of soft and hard tissues in human and veterinary medicine requires high local concentrations of antibiotics in the infected tissue area. It has been known for quite some time that the systemic application of antibiotics is associated with a series of problems. The systemic application often requires the use of very high doses of antibiotics in order to achieve anti-microbially effective antibiotics concentrations in the infected tissue. Thus, particularly with the use of aminoglycoside antibiotics, severe damage to the organism can occur due to their nephro- and oto-toxicity. It therefore seems reasonable to use antibiotics in topical release systems, or transfer them into suitable controlled-release preparations. It is furthermore generally known that especially local microbial infection processes are associated with distinct inflammation processes of the infected tissue, which can lead to additional damage of the infected organism. It is therefore beneficial to take action with antibiotics for local microbial infections as well as for microbial pathogens and simultaneously treat the inflammatory processes. Controlled-release preparations for the delayed release of antibiotic active ingredients used in the treatment of local infections are the objects of a variety of publications and patents. Apart from physical retarding systems where the retarding effect is essentially based on adsorption effects and diffusion processes, we also know of some retarding systems on the basis of slightly soluble antibiotics salts and antibiotics complexes. Until now hardly soluble salts of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, the tetracycline antibiotics and the lincosamide antibiotics met with relatively little interest in the production of controlled-release preparations. The formation of hardly soluble salts or complexes of the antibiotics of the tetracycline type has been common knowledge for decades. For example the use of
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tetracycline sulfamates was suggested for antibiotic therapy purposes (A. Jurando Soler, J. M. Puigmarti Codina; Antibiotic tetracycline sulfamate and its derivatives, Oct. 27, 1970, U.S. Pat. No. 3,536,759; Anonymous: Antibiotic tetracycline alkylsulfamates, Oct. 16, 1969, ES 354 173; C. Ciuro, A. Jurado: Stability of a tetracycline derivative. Afinidad 28 (292) 1971, 1333-5). Among the aminoglycoside antibiotics we also basically know a series of hardly soluble salts. For gentamicin, for example, the presentation of hardly soluble salts based on higher fatty acids, arylalkyl carboxylic acids, alkyl sulfates and alkyl sulfonates has been described (G. M. Luedemann, M. J. Weinstein: Gentamycin and method of production, Jul. 16, 1962, U.S. Pat. No. 3,091,572). Examples for this are gentamicin salts of the lauric acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, phenyl butyric acid, naphthalene-1-carboxylic acid, lauric sulfuric acid and dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid. These salts frequently proved to be not beneficial because they represent wax-like, hydrophobic substances that prevent galenical use. Nevertheless, fatty acid salts were synthesized from gentamicin and from etamycin from the free base and/or their salts in water at 50-80.degree. C. (H. Voege, P. Stadler, H. J. Zeiler, S. Samaan, K. G. Metzger: Sparingly-soluble salts of aminoglycosides and formations containing them with inhibited substance-release, Dec. 28, 1982, DE 32 48 328). These antibiotics fatty acid salts are supposed to be suited as injection preparations. The production of gentamicin dodecyl sulfate and its use in ointments and cremes has also been described (A. Jurado Soler, J. Puigmarti Codina, J. A. Ortiz Hernandez: Neue Gentamicinderivate, Verfahren zur Herstellung derselben und diese enthaltende pharmazeutische Mittel (new gentamicin derivatives, method for production of the same, and pharmaceutical substances containing them), Apr. 21, 1975, DE 25 17 600). Among the lincosamide antibiotics as well hardly soluble salts, such as e.g. glindamycin palmitate, are known (M. Cimbollek, B. Nies, R. Wenz, J, Kreuter: Antibiotic-impregnated heart valve sewing rings for treatment and prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40(6) (1996) 1432-1437). A more recent development are hardly soluble aminoglycoside flavonoid phosphates (H. Wahlig, E. Dingeldein, R. Kirchlechner, D. Orth, W. Rogalski: Flavonoid phosphate salts of aminoglycoside antibiotics, Oct. 13, 1986, U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,293). It describes the salts of the phosphoric acid semi-esters of derivatives of the hydroxy flavanes, hydroxy flavenes, hydroxy flavanones, hydroxy flavones and hydroxy flavylium. Particularly preferred are the derivatives of the flavanones and the flavones. These hardly soluble salts are supposed to be used as controlled-release preparations. These salts are for example introduced into collagen fleece (H. Wahlig, E. Dingeldein, D. Braun: Medicinally useful, shaped mass of collagen resorbable in the body, Sep. 22, 1981, U.S. Pat. No. 4,291,013). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Prevention or reversal of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) through biologic mechanisms Inventor(s): Henderson, Donald; (Clarence, NY), Hoffer, Michael E.; (San Diego, CA), Kopke, Richard D.; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: Office OF Naval Research, Onr 00cc; 800 N. Quincy ST.; Arlington; VA; 22217; US Patent Application Number: 20010007871 Date filed: January 23, 2001 Abstract: The invention is accomplished by preventing and/or reversing inner ear damage due to noise or toxins. In part, this is accomplished by upregulating antioxidant
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enzyme activity by applying agents such as R-N6-Phenylisopropyl adenosine (R-PIA) to the round window membrane of the inner ear or systemically, and/or by also applying agents such as 1-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (Procysteine) to the round window membrane. Also, the invention is accomplished by giving the compounds systemically. Selective auditory hair cell protection in the face of gentamicin exposure by concomitant delivery of an NMDA antagonist or glial dervied neurtrophic factor (GDNF) with the gentamicin. These and additional agents are also accomplished by curtailing activated programmed cell death pathways and/or inducing/enhancing cell repair mechanisms in the inner ear. The agent(s) may be applied before, during or after the noise trauma or toxin exposure. Excerpt(s): This application Claims Benefit of Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/069,761 Filed Dec. 16, 1997. This invention relates to a method and composition for preventing and/or reversing sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) or toxin-induced hearing loss. More specifically, this invention relates to the use of agents which augment inner ear antioxidant defenses such as adenosine agonists or up-regulating agents and/or agents which increase inner ear glutathione levels to prevent and/or reverse hearing loss induced by noise or toxin. In addition, this invention covers agents that curtail activated programmed cell death pathways and induce/enhance cell repair mechanisms in the inner ear. SNHL is a very common problem for service members and civilian government employees. Approximately 450 million dollars is spent annually to compensate service members for hearing loss(1). Despite hearing conservation programs, 20-30% of service members develop compensable hearing loss after 10 years in the service(2). The sense of hearing is critical for combat and operational readiness of soldiers and sailors. Both temporary and permanent hearing threshold impairments decrease the ability to communicate and to detect enemy movements(3). Successful implementation of medical treatment to prevent or reverse SNHL as an augmentation to established hearing conservation programs has the potential to save millions of dollars annually and to significantly improve operational readiness. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
TREATMENT OF HEREDITARY DISEASES WITH GENTAMICIN Inventor(s): TREMBLAY, JACQUES P.; (BERNIERES, CA) Correspondence: Denise Huberdeau; Stock Exchange Tower; Suite 3400; 800 Place Victoria P O Box 242; Montreal; H4z1e9; CA Patent Application Number: 20010051607 Date filed: December 22, 1999 Abstract: This invention relates to a method of treating an inherited disease due to a point mutation producing a stop codon by administering an effective dose of an aminoglycoside antibiotic or a derivative thereof. Mdx mouse, which is an animal model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, has been successfully treated with intramuscularly administered 1 and 5 mg gentamicin, which had for effect to suppress the premature stop mutation by inserting an amino acid at the stop codon. Dystrophin positive muscle fibers not different in number from those of normal mouse were detected at the dose of 5 mg gentamicin. Excerpt(s): Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is due to the mutation of a gene in the X chromosome coding for a protein called dystrophin (Koenig et al. 1987; Hoffman et al. 1987; Bodrug et al. 1987, Arahata et al. 1988; Sugita et al. al 1988). The mutations of
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the dystrophin vary from one family of patients to another but always lead to the absence of a functional dystrophin protein under the membrane on the muscle fiber (Hoffman et al. 1987; Chelly et al. 1990; Chamberlain et al. 1991; Anderson et al 1992; Kilimann et al. 1992; Roberts et al 1992). The absence of dystrophin leads to an increase vulnerability of the muscle fibers during contraction (Menke 1995). Repeated cycles of damages and repairs produce a progressive reduction of the number of muscle fibers and to loss of strength which confine the patients to a wheel chair by the age of ten and to premature death in their early twenties. Roughly 70% of the mutations of the dystrophin gene are large deletion of one of several exons (Anderson et al 1992; Kilimann et al. 1992). The other mutations are small point mutations due either to a small deletion of a few base pairs leading to a shift of the reading frame or changes of only one base pair producing a missense or a stop codon (Bullman et al 1991: Chamberlain et al. 1994; Roberts et al. 1992; Clemens et al 1992; Nicholson et al. 1993). Around 5% of all DMD mutations may be due to stop codons. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is due to a mutation of a gene coding for the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. Howard et al. (1996) made experiments with a bronchial epithelial cell line obtained from a CF patient having a premature stop mutation in the CFTR gene. This mutation resulted in a premature end of the synthesis of the CFTR protein and thus in a non-functional protein. They incubated this cell line with aminoglycoside antibiotics G418 (100 mg/mL) or with gentamicin (200 mg/mL) during 18 to 24 hours. This incubation with gentamicin permitted to suppress the premature stop mutation by inserting an amino acid at the stop codon. A full-length CFTR protein was thus obtained. The suppression of the premature stop codon by gentamicin is mediated by mis-pairing between the stop codon and a near-cognate aminoacyl tRNA. Bedwell et al. (1997) recently demonstrated that this full length CFTR protein resulting from the incubation with the aminoglycoside antibiotics was present in the cell membrane and functional. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with gentamicin, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “gentamicin” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on gentamicin. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning gentamicin. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON GENTAMICIN Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to gentamicin. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on gentamicin include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “gentamicin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on gentamicin: •
Inner Ear Surgeries: Meant to Control Vertigo-Disequilibrium Source: Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association (VEDA). 1996. 36 p. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association (VEDA). P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (503) 229-7705. Fax (503) 229-8064. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. PRICE: $10.00 plus shipping and handling. Order number B-5. Summary: This document from the Vestibular Disorders Association (VEDA) describes inner ear surgeries used to control vertigo or disequilibrium. The author stresses that most individuals who develop vestibular problems will never need to consider surgical treatment. The majority of those people will have either a spontaneous resolution of the symptoms or will respond satisfactorily to medical management such as dietary changes, vestibular rehabilitation, or medication. However, surgical procedures exist for many vestibular problems including acoustic neuroma, endolymphatic hydrops,
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Meniere's disease, vascular compression syndrome, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and benign paroxysmal positional nystagmus (BPPN), cholesteatoma, perilymph fistula, and otosclerosis. The author notes that some of the procedures described in this document may also be meant to preserve or improve hearing; however, they have been included because of their intended control of vertigo or disequilibrium. Descriptions of surgical treatments include information about intended outcomes and possible bad outcomes. Procedures described include general surgery, such as mastoidectomy and tympanotomy; procedures for inner-ear problems, including labyrinthectomy, gentamicin ear treatment, vestibular nerve section, and PE (pneumatic equalization) tubes; procedures for problems other than Meniere's disease or endolymphatic hydrops, including perilymph fistula repair, posterior canal partitioning, microvascular decompression, stapedectomy, acoustic neuroma removal, and cholesteatoma removal; procedures some times used for Meniere's disease and endolymphatic hydrops, including endolymphatic sac decompression procedures and cochleosacculotomy; and procedures less often used for Meniere's disease or endolymphatic hydrops, including sacculotomy (tack procedure or Cody tack), cryosurgery, ultrasound surgery (done in Sweden), and cochlear dialysis. 36 references.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “gentamicin” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “gentamicin” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “gentamicin” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Damage and recovery of hair cells in fish canal (but not superficial) neuromasts after gentamicin exposure (SuDoc NAS 1.26:204739) by Jiakun Song; ISBN: B00010W1LU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010W1LU/icongroupinterna
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Round-table Discussion on Gentamicin and Tobramycin: [papers and discussion] (International Congress and symposium series - Royal Society of Medicine; no. 4); ISBN: 080891149X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/080891149X/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Gentamicin In order to find chapters that specifically relate to gentamicin, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and gentamicin using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “gentamicin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on gentamicin:
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Drugs Meant to Block Symptoms Permanently Source: in Haybach, P.J. Meniere's Disease: What You Need to Know. Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association. 1998. p. 181-188. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association. P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (800) 837-8428. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. PRICE: $24.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963261118. Summary: This chapter is from a book that provides information for people who have or suspect they have Meniere's disease and want to know more about its diagnosis and treatment, as well as strategies for coping with its effects. Written in nontechnical language, the chapter discusses the use of drugs meant to block symptoms permanently. The author cautions that the only way to block vertigo permanently is to stop nearly all vestibular messages, good ones as well as bad, by destroying either the vestibular hair cells or cutting the vestibular nerve. The drugs used to permanently block vertigo are two aminoglycoside antibiotics, streptomycin, and gentamicin. These drugs are not used for their antibiotic properties; they are used because of a side effect, ototoxicity (ear poisoning). These procedures are sometimes referred to generally as chemical destruction or chemical ablation. For each drug, the author briefly reviews the drugs included, patient selection issues, possible side effects, and coping tips. 6 references.
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Drug Monitoring Source: in Catto, G.R.D. New Clinical Applications-Nephrology: Drugs and the Kidney. Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 113-151. 1990. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358. (617) 871-6600. PRICE: $54. ISBN: 0792389182. Summary: This review aims to cover aspects of drug monitoring with particular emphasis on the problems in patients with renal disease. Since an understanding of therapeutic drug monitoring requires a basic knowledge of drug disposition and pharmacokinetics, some important aspects of these topics are discussed first. Following consideration of therapeutic drug concentration monitoring, the final section of this review briefly discusses aspects of monitoring drugs by use of measurable pharmacodynamic end points. Topics include: the effect of renal disease on drug disposition and pharmacokinetics (absorption and bioavailability, distribution and protein binding, metabolism, excretion); the effect of renal disease on drug pharmacodynamics; and therapeutic drug monitoring (assay methods, individual drugs (digoxin, gentamicin, lithium, anticonvulsant drugs (phenytoin, carbamazepine, sodium valproate, other anticonvulsants), theophylline, cyclosporin), drug overdose, compliance with drug therapy, cost-effectiveness, pharmacodynamics). It is concluded that therapeutic drug monitoring has a limited, though important, role to play in the overall strategy for drug use in renal disease, and that, for a small number of drugs, such monitoring is essential to help minimize problems of both sub-therapeutic dosing and adverse effects. 33 references.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GENTAMICIN Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover gentamicin.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on gentamicin is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “gentamicin” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to gentamicin. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “gentamicin” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for gentamicin: •
Surgery often a good alternative to gentamicin therapy for Meniere's disease Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 30, 2004
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Intratympanic gentamicin therapy relieves persistent vertigo Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 13, 2002
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Once-Daily Gentamicin Effective In Experimental Meningitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 20, 1997 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “gentamicin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “gentamicin” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to gentamicin, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “gentamicin” (or synonyms).
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Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “gentamicin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on gentamicin: •
FDA Approves Second Device to Deliver Drugs to Inner Ear Source: On the Level. 17(1): 1, 6. Winter 2000. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association. P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (800) 837-8428. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. Summary: This newsletter article reports on the recent FDA approval of a device called MicroWick, which is used to aid drug delivery to the inner ear. The device may be useful in treating Meniere's disease, sudden viral deafness, and autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED). MicroWick delivers medications such as dexamethasone or gentamicin to the inner ear via the round window, a membrane covered opening between the inner ear and middle ear. MicroWick is a 9mm by 1mm piece of polyvinyl acetate that is inserted into the ear by an ear surgeon during a simple office procedure. The outer end of the MicroWick protrudes slightly through a ventilation tube into the ear canal. Over the next couple of weeks, the patient drops a liquid medication prescribed by a neurotologist into the ear canal. The article includes 2 references for readers wishing additional information. 2 references.
Academic Periodicals covering Gentamicin Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to gentamicin. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering gentamicin that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for gentamicin. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with gentamicin. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to gentamicin: Aminoglycosides •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amikin; Garamycin; G-Mycin; Jenamicin; Kantrex; Nebcin; Netromycin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202027.html
Gentamicin •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Garamycin; Genoptic Liquifilm; Genoptic S.O.P.; Gentacidin; Gentafair; Gentak; Ocu-Mycin; Spectro-Genta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202604.html
•
Topical - U.S. Brands: Garamycin; Gentamar; G-Myticin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202258.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “gentamicin” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 21158 82 476 359 57 22132
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “gentamicin” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on gentamicin can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to gentamicin. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to gentamicin. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “gentamicin”:
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Dizziness and Vertigo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dizzinessandvertigo.html Falls http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/falls.html Hearing Disorders and Deafness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingdisordersanddeafness.html Hearing Problems in Children http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingproblemsinchildren.html Heart Transplantation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearttransplantation.html Lung Transplantation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lungtransplantation.html Meniere's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/menieresdisease.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to gentamicin. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
Patient Resources
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to gentamicin. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with gentamicin. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about gentamicin. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “gentamicin” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “gentamicin”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format
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option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “gentamicin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “gentamicin” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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GENTAMICIN DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Actinin: A protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin. It is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Acylation: The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids,
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androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Aggravation: An increasing in seriousness or severity; an act or circumstance that intensifies, or makes worse. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airways: Tubes that carry air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments.
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Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Aluminum Hydroxide: Hydrated aluminum. A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from kanamycin. It is reno- and ototoxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Ampicillin Resistance: Nonsusceptibility of a microbe to the action of ampicillin, a penicillin derivative that interferes with cell wall synthesis. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH]
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Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anal Fissure: A small tear in the anus that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]
Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anisotropy: A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH]
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Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticodon: The sequential set of three nucleotides in transfer RNA that interacts with its complement in messenger RNA, the codon, during translation in the ribosome. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiphlogistic: An agent that counteracts inflammation and fever. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH]
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Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Auditory Cortex: Area of the temporal lobe concerned with hearing. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with grampositive organisms. [NIH] Baclofen: A GABA derivative that is a specific agonist at GABA-B receptors. It is used in the treatment of spasticity, especially that due to spinal cord damage. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission. [NIH] Bacteraemia: The presence of bacteria in the blood. [EU] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls,
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multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Barium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid, barium salt (1:1). A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield. [NIH] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biodegradation: The series of processes by which living organisms degrade pollutant chemicals, organic wastes, pesticides, and implantable materials. [NIH]
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Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biomolecular: A scientific field at the interface between advanced computing and biotechnology. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Borne Pathogens: Infectious organisms in the blood, of which the predominant medical interest is their contamination of blood-soiled linens, towels, gowns, bandages, other items from individuals in risk categories, needles and other sharp objects, and medical and dental waste, all of which health workers are exposed to. This concept is differentiated from the clinical conditions of bacteremia, viremia, and fungemia where the organism is present in the blood of a patient as the result of a natural infectious process. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Cements: Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of
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monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiectasis: Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]
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Capsular: Cataract which is initiated by an opacification at the surface of the lens. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Caveolae: Endocytic/exocytic cell membrane structures rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and lipid-anchored membrane proteins that function in endocytosis (potocytosis), transcytosis, and signal transduction. Caveolae assume various shapes from
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open pits to closed vesicles. Caveolar coats are composed of caveolins. [NIH] Caveolins: The main structural proteins of caveolae. Several distinct genes for caveolins have been identified. [NIH] Cefazolin: Semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine. [NIH] Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin. [NIH] Ceftazidime: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from cephaloridine and used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients. [NIH]
Ceftriaxone: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract. [NIH] Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, gonorrhea, and haemophilus. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Lineage: The developmental history of cells as traced from the first division of the original cell or cells in the embryo. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Membrane Structures: Structures which are part of the cell membrane or have cell membrane as a major part of their structure. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system,
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consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]
Cholesteatoma: A non-neoplastic keratinizing mass with stratified squamous epithelium, frequently occurring in the meninges, central nervous system, bones of the skull, and most commonly in the middle ear and mastoid region. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH]
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Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cilastatin: A renal dehydropeptidase-I and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Since the antibiotic, imipenem, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-I, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. The drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukeotriene E4. [NIH]
Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of lincomycin. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of oxacillin. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]
Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cochlear Implants: Electronic devices implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness. [NIH] Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The
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cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus) of the brain stem. They mediate the sense of hearing. [NIH] Cochlear Nucleus: The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colony-Stimulating Factors: Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine. They stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. The factors include interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colonystimulating factor (M-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF). [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Surgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of
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disorders and abnormalities of the colon, rectum, and anal canal. [NIH] Community-Acquired Infections: Any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (cross infection). An infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU]
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Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connexins: A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of gap junctions. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]
Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments,
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etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortices: The outer layer of an organ; used especially of the cerebrum and cerebellum. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Creatinine clearance: A test that measures how efficiently the kidneys remove creatinine and other wastes from the blood. Low creatinine clearance indicates impaired kidney function. [NIH] Cross Infection: Any infection which a patient contracts in a healthcare institution. [NIH] Cryosurgery: The use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue. [NIH]
Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]
Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH]
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Cytotoxic chemotherapy: Anticancer drugs that kill cells, especially cancer cells. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Daptomycin: A lipopeptide antibiotic that inhibits gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Decontamination: The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or chemical warfare agents, from a person or object. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Waste: Any waste product generated by a dental office, surgery, clinic, or laboratory including amalgams, saliva, and rinse water. [NIH] Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the
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background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Dibekacin: Analog of kanamycin with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU]
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Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Monitoring: The process of observing, recording, or detecting the effects of a chemical substance administered to an individual therapeutically or diagnostically. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dystrophin: A muscle protein localized in surface membranes which is the product of the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy gene. Individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually lack dystrophin completely while those with Becker muscular dystrophy have dystrophin of an altered size. It shares features with other cytoskeletal proteins such as spectrin and alpha-actinin but the precise function of dystrophin is not clear. One possible role might be to preserve the integrity and alignment of the plasma membrane to the myofibrils during muscle contraction and relaxation. MW 400 kDa. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eardrum: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]
Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service
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produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Empyema: Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU]
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Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endolymphatic Duct: Duct connecting the endolymphatic sac with the membranous labyrinth. [NIH] Endolymphatic Sac: The blind pouch at the end of the endolymphatic duct. [NIH] Endophthalmitis: Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye; not all layers of the uvea are affected. Fungi, necrosis of intraocular tumors, and retained intraocular foreign bodies often cause a purulent endophthalmitis. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxemia: A condition characterized by the presence of endotoxins in the blood. If endotoxemia is the result of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, shock may occur. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enterobacteriaceae: A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort
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studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Equalization: The reduction of frequency and/or phase distortion, or modification of gain and or phase versus frequency characteristics of a transducer, by the use of attenuation circuits whose loss or delay is a function of frequency. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracelluar fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exons: Coding regions of messenger RNA included in the genetic transcript which survive the processing of RNA in cell nuclei to become part of a spliced messenger of structural RNA in the cytoplasm. They include joining and diversity exons of immunoglobulin genes. [NIH]
Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs,
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bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraocular: External to or outside of the eye. [NIH] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Eyewash: Emergency shower used for rinsing eyes. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Feasibility Studies: Studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Neck Fractures: Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are hip fractures. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and
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(2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescence Polarization: Measurement of the polarization of fluorescent light from solutions or microscopic specimens. It is used to provide information concerning molecular size, shape, and conformation, molecular anisotropy, electronic energy transfer, molecular interaction, including dye and coenzyme binding, and the antigen-antibody reaction. [NIH] Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay: Fluoroimmunoassay where detection of the hapten-antibody reaction is based on measurement of the increased polarization of fluorescence-labeled hapten when it is combined with antibody. The assay is very useful for the measurement of small haptenic antigens such as drugs at low concentrations. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forskolin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant Coleus forskohlii. Has antihypertensive, positive ionotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH]
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Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fungemia: The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Galenical: 1. Usually cap: of or relating to Galen or his medical principles or method. 2. Constituting a galenical. [EU] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH]
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Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geographic Locations: All of the continents and every country situated within, the United States and each of the constituent states arranged by region, Canada and each of its provinces, Australia and each of its states, the major bodies of water and major islands on both hemispheres, and selected major cities. Although the geographic locations are not printed in index medicus as main headings, in indexing they are significant in epidemiologic studies and historical articles and for locating administrative units in education and the delivery of health care. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration
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following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor: A glycoprotein of MW 25 kDa containing internal disulfide bonds. It induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic
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granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils. Among the family of colony-stimulating factors, G-CSF is the most potent inducer of terminal differentiation to granulocytes and macrophages of leukemic myeloid cell lines. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]
Gyrase: An enzyme that causes negative supercoiling of E. coli DNA during replication. [NIH]
Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Haemophilus: A genus of Pasteurellaceae that consists of several species occurring in animals and humans. Its organisms are described as gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, coccobacillus or rod-shaped, and nonmotile. [NIH] Hair Cells: Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Head Movements: Voluntary or involuntary motion of head that may be relative to or independent of body; includes animals and humans. [NIH] Hearing Disorders: Conditions that impair the transmission or perception of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heart Valves: Flaps of tissue that prevent regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles. [NIH] Hematogenous: Originating in the blood or spread through the bloodstream. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma
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glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemophilia: Refers to a group of hereditary disorders in which affected individuals fail to make enough of certain proteins needed to form blood clots. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heritability: The proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones. [NIH] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Hip Fractures: Fractures of the femur head, the femur neck, the trochanters, or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region. For the fractures of the femur neck the specific term femoral neck fractures is available. [NIH] Homeobox: Distinctive sequence of DNA bases. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small
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intestine. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylamine: A colorless inorganic compound (HONH2) used in organic synthesis and as a reducing agent, due to its ability to donate nitric oxide. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypokalaemia: Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood; it may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhoea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with cilastatin, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor. [NIH]
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Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunocompromised Host: A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]
Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when
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returned to the body.) [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inoculum: The spores or tissues of a pathogen that serve to initiate disease in a plant. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Instillation: . [EU] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
Intensive Care Units: Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU]
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Intertrigo: A superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc. Obesity is a predisposing factor. The condition is caused by moisture and friction and is characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, and exudation. [NIH] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intrathecal: Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be removed for testing. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isotope Labeling: Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms. [NIH] Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Cortex: The outer zone of the kidney, beneath the capsule, consisting of kidney glomerulus; kidney tubules, distal; and kidney tubules, proximal. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of
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normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Glomerulus: A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lentivirus: A genus of the family Retroviridae consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levofloxacin: A substance used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the family of drugs called quinolone antibiotics. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lincomycin: (2S-trans)-Methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-(((1-methyl-4-propyl-2pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside. An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the
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treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Loading dose: A quantity higher than the average or maintenance dose, used at the initiation of therapy to rapidly establish a desired level of the drug [EU] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Maceration: The softening of a solid by soaking. In histology, the softening of a tissue by soaking, especially in acids, until the connective tissue fibres are so dissolved that the tissue components can be teased apart. In obstetrics, the degenerative changes with discoloration
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and softening of tissues, and eventual disintegration, of a fetus retained in the uterus after its death. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Mechanical ventilation: Use of a machine called a ventilator or respirator to improve the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. [NIH] Mechanoreceptors: Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptors include hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with nonneural accessory structures. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed
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therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methacrylate: A vinyl monomer. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form polymethyl methacrylate. It is used as a bone cement. [NIH] Methylprednisolone: (6 alpha,11 beta)-11,17,21-Trihydroxy-6-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,2dione. A prednisolone derivative which has pharmacological actions similar to prednisolone. [NIH] Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micromonospora: A genus of gram-positive bacteria that forms a branched mycelium. It commonly occurs as a saprophytic form in soil and aquatic environments. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]
labeled
with
Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH]
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Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocomponent: A drug containing only one significant molecule. [EU] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Muscle Spindles: Mechanoreceptors found between skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle spindles are arranged in parallel with muscle fibers and respond to the passive stretch of the muscle, but cease to discharge if the muscle contracts isotonically, thus signaling muscle length. The muscle spindles are the receptors responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myofibrils: Highly organized bundles of actin, myosin, and other proteins in the cytoplasm of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells that contract by a sliding filament mechanism. [NIH]
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Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myristate: Pharmacological activator of protein kinase C. [NIH] Nalidixic Acid: Synthetic antimicrobial agent used in urinary tract infections. It is active against gram-negative bacteria but has little activity against gram-positive organisms or Pseudomonas. [NIH] Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Nebramycin: A complex of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. [NIH]
Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neomycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrotoxic: Toxic or destructive to kidney cells. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Blockade: The intentional interruption of transmission at the neuromuscular junction by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from nerve block in which nerve conduction is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce muscle relaxation as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here. [NIH] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH]
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Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleoprotein: Chromosomes consist largely of nuclei acids and proteins, joined here as complexes called nucleoproteins. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nystagmus: An involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball, which may be horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed, i.e., of two varieties. [EU] Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3. [NIH]
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Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] O-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteogenesis: The histogenesis of bone including ossification. It occurs continuously but particularly in the embryo and child and during fracture repair. [NIH] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of
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hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otosclerosis: The formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule. The ossicles can become fixed and unable to transmit sound vibrations, thereby causing deafness. [NIH] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to flucloxacillin used in resistant staphylococci infections. [NIH]
Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxytetracycline: An antibiotic substance isolated from the actinomycete Streptomyces rimosus and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that
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are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penicillinase: A beta-lactamase preferentially cleaving penicillins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 3.5.2.-. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perilymph: The fluid contained within the space separating the membranous from the osseous labyrinth of the ear. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs
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are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Pheromone: A substance secreted externally by certain animal species, especially insects, to affect the behavior or development of other members of the species. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the
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formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Phosphotransferases: A rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. These have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7. [NIH] Physicochemical: Pertaining to physics and chemistry. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilonidal Sinus: A hair-containing cyst or sinus, occurring chiefly in the coccygeal region. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, ampicillin-derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for pseudomonas infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics. [NIH]
Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together
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can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pleural Effusion: Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymethyl Methacrylate: Polymerized methyl methacrylate monomers which are used as sheets, moulding, extrusion powders, surface coating resins, emulsion polymers, fibers, inks, and films (From International Labor Organization, 1983). This material is also used in tooth implants, bone cements, and hard corneal contact lenses. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polymyxin: Basic polypeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. At least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH]
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Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Chloride: Potassium chloride. A white crystal or crystalline powder used as an electrolyte replenisher, in the treatment of hypokalemia, in buffer solutions, and in fertilizers and explosives. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial
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infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Prosthesis Design: The plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis. [NIH]
Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU]
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Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants. [NIH] Pseudomonas Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH]
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Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its
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outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]
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Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rolitetracycline: A semisynthetic antibiotic prepared from tetracycline. It is usually administered as an injection. [NIH] Round Window: Fenestra of the cochlea; an opening in the medial wall of the middle ear leading into the cochlea. [NIH] Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]
Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH]
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Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Shigellosis: Infection with the bacterium Shigella. Usually causes a high fever, acute diarrhea, and dehydration. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (gentamicins). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a
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subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrin: A high molecular weight (220-250 kDa) water-soluble protein which can be extracted from erythrocyte ghosts in low ionic strength buffers. The protein contains no lipids or carbohydrates, is the predominant species of peripheral erythrocyte membrane proteins, and exists as a fibrous coating on the inner, cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. [NIH]
Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spiral Ganglion: The sensory ganglion of the cochlear nerve. The cells of the spiral ganglion send fibers peripherally to the cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei of the brain stem. [NIH] Spiral Lamina: The bony plate which extends outwards from the modiolus. It is part of the structure which divides trhe cochlea into sections. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous Epithelium: Tissue in an organ such as the esophagus. Consists of layers of flat, scaly cells. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones,
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bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress Ulcer: An upper GI ulcer from physical injury such as surgery, major burns, or critical head injury. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Styptic: Astringent. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subconjunctival: Situated or occurring beneath the conjunctiva. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Subtrochanteric: Below a trochanter. [NIH] Sucralfate: A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose. It is advocated in the therapy of peptic, duodenal, and prepyloric ulcers, gastritis, reflux esophagitis, and other
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gastrointestinal irritations. It acts primarily at the ulcer site, where it has cytoprotective, pepsinostatic, antacid, and bile acid-binding properties. The drug is only slightly absorbed by the digestive mucosa, which explains the absence of systemic effects and toxicity. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfisoxazole: One of the antibacterial sulfonamides generally used for treatment of infections. It is bacteriostatic against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms, but acquired resistance is common. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Superinfection: A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Supraspinal: Above the spinal column or any spine. [NIH] Surface Plasmon Resonance: A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH]
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Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tectorial Membrane: A gelatinous membrane, attached to the bony spiral lamina, which overlies the hair cells within the cochlea of the inner ear. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Teicoplanin: Glycopeptide antibiotic complex from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus active against gram-positive bacteria. It consists of five major components each with a different fatty acid moiety. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to carbenicillin in action. [NIH] Timolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to propranolol. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of migraine and tremor. [NIH]
Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may
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take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the Pseudomonas species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, nebramycin, produced by the same species. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Topoisomerase inhibitors: A family of anticancer drugs. The topoisomerase enzymes are responsible for the arrangement and rearrangement of DNA in the cell and for cell growth and replication. Inhibiting these enzymes may kill cancer cells or stop their growth. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is
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analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocate: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection and prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tylosin: Macrolide antibiotic obtained from cultures of Streptomyces fradiae. The drug is effective against many microorganisms in animals but not in humans. [NIH] Tympanic membrane: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulcus cruris: Ulcer of the foot [EU] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH]
Dictionary 225
Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urologist: A doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and sex organs in males. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]
Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU]
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Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibular Nerve: The vestibular part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The vestibular nerve fibers arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project peripherally to vestibular hair cells and centrally to the vestibular nuclei of the brain stem. These fibers mediate the sense of balance and head position. [NIH] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viomycin: A strongly basic, antibiotic complex from several strains of Streptomyces. It is allergenic and toxic to kidneys and the labyrinth. Viomycin is used in tuberculosis as several different salts and in combination with other agents. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Viremia: The presence of viruses in the blood. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the
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tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitrectomy: Removal of the whole or part of the vitreous body in treating endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies, and some types of glaucoma. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zinc Acetate: A salt produced by the reaction of zinc oxide with acetic acid and used as an astringent, styptic, and emetic. [NIH] Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
229
INDEX A Abdominal, 165, 183, 207, 208, 209 Abdominal Pain, 165, 209 Ablation, 9, 47, 60, 137, 165 Abrasion, 43, 165 Abscess, 63, 115, 165 Acceptor, 165, 200, 207, 210, 224 Acetylcholine, 165, 205 Acoustic, 91, 93, 96, 135, 165, 226 Actin, 17, 165, 203 Actinin, 165, 184 Acute renal, 38, 91, 97, 165, 194 Acyl, 104, 165 Acylation, 121, 165 Adaptability, 165, 175 Adenine, 25, 165 Adenosine, 132, 165, 209, 222 Adenovirus, 18, 165 Adenylate Cyclase, 165, 189 Adjuvant, 115, 129, 130, 165, 167 Adrenal Cortex, 165, 195 Adrenergic, 166, 212, 222 Adsorption, 130, 166 Adsorptive, 166 Adverse Effect, 16, 54, 107, 137, 166, 209, 218 Aerobic, 108, 112, 116, 166, 195, 202, 214 Aerosol, 166, 221 Afferent, 9, 11, 20, 166 Affinity, 6, 128, 166, 218 Agar, 50, 166, 178, 181, 196, 210 Aggravation, 125, 166 Agonist, 166, 170 Airways, 5, 166 Algorithms, 166, 172 Alimentary, 166, 207 Alkaline, 166, 167, 171, 173 Allylamine, 166, 167 Alternative medicine, 140, 166 Aluminum, 115, 167, 220 Aluminum Hydroxide, 115, 167 Alveoli, 167, 226 Amber, 167, 196 Ameliorating, 88, 167 Amikacin, 5, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 72, 89, 90, 96, 104, 116, 117, 122, 126, 129, 167 Amine, 111, 114, 118, 167 Amino Acid Sequence, 167, 169
Aminooxyacetic Acid, 82, 167 Ammonia, 117, 167, 225 Amoxicillin, 35, 167 Ampicillin, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 36, 37, 38, 49, 52, 62, 64, 69, 72, 75, 76, 117, 167, 202, 210 Ampicillin Resistance, 76, 167 Amplification, 51, 167 Ampulla, 167, 176 Anaerobic, 129, 168, 186, 193, 195, 203, 219 Anaesthesia, 38, 57, 168, 197 Anal, 111, 168, 179, 186, 189 Anal Fissure, 111, 168 Analgesic, 168, 195, 199, 204 Analog, 168, 175, 177, 183 Analytes, 168, 221 Anaphylaxis, 56, 168 Anatomical, 9, 96, 168, 176, 196 Anemia, 113, 168 Anesthesia, 39, 99, 168, 204 Animal model, 10, 132, 168 Anionic, 130, 168 Anions, 168, 198, 218 Anisotropy, 168, 189 Antagonism, 168, 222 Anthelmintic, 105, 168 Antiarrhythmic, 168, 222 Antibiotic, 6, 19, 22, 24, 33, 35, 38, 39, 44, 45, 57, 58, 63, 64, 69, 70, 74, 78, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 126, 128, 129, 130, 132, 137, 167, 168, 170, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 182, 187, 190, 198, 199, 204, 205, 207, 208, 210, 211, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 226 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 57, 168 Antibodies, 114, 169, 193, 194, 196, 200, 210 Antibody, 15, 166, 169, 179, 189, 193, 194, 196, 197, 214, 219, 221 Anticoagulant, 108, 169, 213 Anticodon, 18, 169 Anticonvulsant, 137, 169, 174, 209 Antifungal, 169, 205 Antigen, 115, 166, 168, 169, 179, 189, 194, 195, 196, 197, 214, 221 Antihypertensive, 169, 189, 222 Anti-infective, 169, 176
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Anti-inflammatory, 119, 169, 170, 182, 191, 195, 197, 204 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 169, 170 Antioxidant, 88, 94, 119, 131, 132, 169, 207 Antiphlogistic, 130, 169 Antipyretic, 169, 204 Anus, 168, 169, 178, 208, 215 Aorta, 169, 193 Apolipoproteins, 169, 200 Apoptosis, 7, 8, 169, 174 Aqueous, 108, 119, 121, 124, 126, 127, 170, 181, 185, 199 Archaea, 170, 202 Arginine, 170, 205 Arrhythmia, 168, 170, 226 Arterial, 166, 170, 176, 195, 213 Arteries, 169, 170, 172, 181, 193, 200, 202 Artery, 57, 170, 172, 181, 201, 214 Arthroplasty, 38, 48, 59, 69, 74, 170 Aspirin, 96, 170 Assay, 8, 15, 23, 25, 34, 112, 114, 116, 117, 120, 128, 137, 170, 189, 196, 214, 217, 224 Astringent, 170, 220, 227 Atmospheric Pressure, 170, 195 Attenuated, 170, 225 Attenuation, 170, 187 Auditory, 8, 9, 14, 17, 19, 30, 132, 170, 178, 184, 193, 201, 224 Auditory Cortex, 170, 178 Avian, 8, 9, 14, 170 Azithromycin, 37, 44, 170 Aztreonam, 41, 68, 170 B Baclofen, 72, 170 Bacteraemia, 43, 170 Bacteremia, 30, 33, 34, 39, 57, 62, 73, 170, 172 Bacterial Infections, 10, 14, 113, 126, 129, 130, 171, 199 Bactericidal, 22, 27, 29, 40, 64, 76, 89, 95, 112, 129, 171, 187 Bacteriophage, 171, 210, 223 Bacteriostatic, 40, 171, 187, 221 Bacterium, 10, 171, 180, 194, 218 Barium, 109, 171 Barium Sulfate, 109, 171 Base Sequence, 171, 189 Basophils, 171, 192, 199 Benign, 136, 171, 190 Benzene, 131, 171 Beta-Lactamases, 170, 171, 195 Bilateral, 4, 10, 12, 171
Bile, 171, 200, 202, 220, 221 Biliary, 32, 171, 176 Bioassay, 33, 83, 114, 171 Bioavailability, 137, 171 Biochemical, 15, 16, 17, 41, 93, 171, 172, 189 Biodegradation, 114, 171 Biological therapy, 172, 193 Biological Transport, 172, 183 Biomarkers, 15, 172 Biomolecular, 172, 221 Biosynthesis, 66, 172, 189 Biotechnology, 21, 36, 140, 149, 172 Bladder, 6, 170, 172, 179, 213, 225 Blood Coagulation, 172, 173, 217, 222 Blood pressure, 169, 172, 195, 203, 218 Blood vessel, 172, 173, 174, 176, 186, 194, 208, 214, 218, 222, 225 Blood-Borne Pathogens, 20, 172 Blood-Brain Barrier, 25, 172 Blot, 8, 172 Body Fluids, 120, 172, 173, 206, 218, 224 Bolus, 30, 62, 74, 172 Bolus infusion, 172 Bone Cements, 55, 76, 172, 211 Bone Marrow, 171, 173, 178, 191, 200, 203 Bowel, 168, 173, 198, 199, 209 Bradykinin, 173, 205, 210 Brain Stem, 173, 178, 219, 226 Breeding, 123, 173 Broad-spectrum, 124, 167, 173, 174, 175, 183, 206, 210, 223 Bronchi, 173, 188, 222, 223 Bronchial, 133, 173, 222 Bronchiectasis, 47, 173 Buccal, 125, 173 Burns, 94, 100, 111, 173, 220 Burns, Electric, 173 Butyric Acid, 127, 131, 173 Bypass, 19, 57, 173 C Calcium, 15, 22, 33, 38, 67, 85, 86, 88, 89, 95, 114, 124, 173, 179, 226 Calcium channel blocker, 85, 173, 226 Callus, 173, 185 Capsid, 19, 173 Capsular, 10, 174 Carbamazepine, 137, 174 Carbenicillin, 23, 34, 90, 95, 117, 174, 222 Carbohydrate, 104, 174, 192, 211 Carbon Dioxide, 117, 174, 189, 190, 215, 225
231
Carboxy, 174 Carboxylic Acids, 127, 131, 174 Carcinogenic, 171, 174, 197, 206, 220 Cardiac, 38, 39, 166, 168, 174, 185, 203, 219 Cardiovascular, 88, 174 Carnitine, 7, 174 Carotene, 174, 216 Carrier Proteins, 174, 210, 214 Case report, 50, 174, 177 Case series, 174, 177 Caspase, 8, 174 Catheter, 4, 30, 84, 108, 174 Caudal, 174, 211 Causal, 174, 186, 194, 217 Caveolae, 7, 174, 175 Caveolins, 175 Cefazolin, 39, 77, 175 Cefotaxime, 28, 59, 175 Ceftazidime, 28, 36, 97, 175 Ceftriaxone, 25, 26, 37, 49, 64, 71, 175 Cefuroxime, 27, 31, 38, 66, 175 Cell Cycle, 14, 175, 177 Cell Death, 8, 14, 132, 169, 175, 204 Cell Division, 14, 171, 175, 193, 201, 202, 210, 212 Cell Lineage, 14, 175 Cell membrane, 6, 32, 133, 172, 174, 175, 178, 190, 209, 211 Cell Membrane Structures, 174, 175 Cell proliferation, 8, 175 Cell Respiration, 175, 202, 215 Cell Size, 175, 189 Cell Survival, 8, 15, 175, 193 Cellulose, 175, 210 Central Nervous System, 165, 171, 175, 176, 184, 190, 222 Cephaloridine, 33, 175, 176 Cephalothin, 25, 27, 35, 58, 117, 176 Cerebellar, 176, 178, 224 Cerebral, 172, 173, 176, 180, 187, 214 Cerebrospinal, 10, 25, 28, 92, 176 Cerebrospinal fluid, 10, 25, 28, 92, 176 Chelation, 121, 176 Chemical Warfare, 176, 182 Chemical Warfare Agents, 176, 182 Chin, 176, 201 Chlorhexidine, 85, 176 Cholera, 176, 217 Cholestasis, 58, 176 Cholesteatoma, 136, 176 Cholesterol, 7, 171, 174, 176, 177, 200, 201, 217, 220
Cholesterol Esters, 176, 200 Chromatin, 169, 176, 186, 205 Chromosomal, 22, 167, 176, 210, 216 Chromosome, 35, 132, 176, 180, 200, 224 Chronic, 5, 7, 33, 63, 73, 76, 111, 176, 178, 186, 187, 190, 197, 199, 220 Chronic Disease, 176, 178, 199 Chronic renal, 176, 190 Chylomicrons, 177, 200 Cilastatin, 28, 89, 177, 195 Ciprofloxacin, 28, 42, 43, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 85, 97, 125, 126, 129, 177 Circadian, 51, 177 Circadian Rhythm, 51, 177 CIS, 118, 177, 216 Cisplatin, 7, 91, 96, 97, 177 Clarithromycin, 40, 177 Clindamycin, 53, 58, 77, 117, 126, 129, 130, 177 Clinical study, 45, 177 Clinical trial, 5, 149, 177, 180, 184, 208, 213, 214 Cloning, 113, 172, 177 Cloxacillin, 48, 177 Cochlea, 8, 9, 17, 19, 94, 96, 177, 197, 217, 219, 222 Cochlear, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 82, 83, 87, 89, 91, 93, 96, 136, 177, 178, 219, 223, 226 Cochlear Diseases, 177, 223 Cochlear Implants, 11, 177 Cochlear Nerve, 177, 178, 219, 226 Cochlear Nucleus, 9, 178, 226 Codon, 13, 18, 19, 53, 132, 133, 169, 178 Coenzyme, 178, 189 Cofactor, 178, 213, 222 Colistin, 90, 178 Collagen, 49, 59, 63, 66, 124, 127, 131, 167, 178, 188, 195, 211, 212 Collagen disease, 178, 195 Collapse, 168, 178 Colloidal, 178, 185, 218, 221 Colon, 121, 178, 179, 199 Colony-Stimulating Factors, 178, 193 Colorectal, 48, 49, 178 Colorectal Surgery, 48, 178 Community-Acquired Infections, 64, 179 Complement, 169, 179, 191, 210 Complementary and alternative medicine, 87, 101, 179 Complementary medicine, 87, 179 Compliance, 137, 179 Computational Biology, 149, 179
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Gentamicin
Conception, 179, 188 Concomitant, 25, 28, 132, 179 Conduction, 179, 204 Cones, 180, 216 Congestive heart failure, 48, 180 Conjugated, 15, 180 Conjugation, 180, 206 Conjunctiva, 180, 220 Connective Tissue, 173, 178, 180, 188, 190, 199, 200, 216 Connexins, 180, 190 Constipation, 180, 209 Contact dermatitis, 68, 76, 180 Contamination, 47, 172, 180 Contraindications, ii, 180 Contralateral, 89, 90, 93, 180 Contrast medium, 171, 180 Controlled study, 55, 84, 180 Convulsions, 169, 180, 184, 212 Coordination, 109, 180 Coronary, 57, 180, 181, 202 Coronary Thrombosis, 181, 202 Cortex, 181, 187, 206 Cortical, 25, 28, 29, 34, 181, 187, 217 Cortices, 181, 193 Cortisone, 111, 181, 182 Cranial, 177, 181, 198, 226 Craniocerebral Trauma, 181, 223 Creatinine, 51, 57, 120, 181 Creatinine clearance, 51, 120, 181 Cross Infection, 179, 181 Cryosurgery, 136, 181 Cryptosporidiosis, 170, 181 Culture Media, 166, 181 Cultured cells, 14, 15, 181 Curative, 181, 222 Cutaneous, 68, 180, 181, 207 Cyclic, 165, 178, 181, 189, 193, 205, 222 Cyst, 181, 210 Cytoplasm, 169, 171, 175, 181, 186, 187, 203, 205, 216 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 181, 184 Cytotoxic, 59, 181, 182 Cytotoxic chemotherapy, 59, 182 Cytotoxicity, 166, 177, 182 D Daptomycin, 24, 28, 45, 67, 182 De novo, 6, 182 Deamination, 182, 225 Decompression, 136, 182 Decompression Sickness, 182 Decontamination, 40, 84, 182
Decubitus, 111, 182 Dehydration, 176, 182, 218 Deletion, 133, 169, 182 Delivery of Health Care, 182, 191 Dendrites, 182, 204 Density, 182, 189, 200, 218 Dental Waste, 172, 182 Dentifrices, 167, 182 Depressive Disorder, 182, 200 Dermatitis, 182, 184, 198 Detergents, 178, 182 Dexamethasone, 60, 130, 141, 182 Diabetes Mellitus, 51, 82, 182, 192, 194 Diabetic Retinopathy, 182, 227 Diagnostic procedure, 103, 140, 183 Dialyzer, 183, 193 Diaphragm, 183, 211 Diarrhea, 181, 183, 218 Diarrhoea, 183, 195 Dibekacin, 122, 183 Diffusion, 115, 130, 172, 183, 193, 196, 197 Digestion, 113, 166, 171, 173, 183, 198, 200, 208, 220, 225 Dimethyl, 109, 120, 183 Direct, iii, 15, 20, 46, 123, 143, 183, 215, 221 Disinfection, 58, 183 Disposition, 51, 137, 183 Dissociation, 166, 183 Distal, 183, 187, 198 Diuresis, 183, 222 Diuretic, 183, 187, 190, 218 Dizziness, 65, 154, 183, 226 Domesticated, 183, 193 Dorsal, 178, 183, 211 Double-blind, 47, 77, 184 Doxycycline, 33, 73, 184 Drive, ii, vi, 10, 16, 81, 184 Drug Interactions, 144, 184 Drug Monitoring, 46, 68, 70, 71, 75, 77, 137, 184 Drug Tolerance, 184, 223 Duodenum, 171, 184, 220 Dura mater, 184, 201, 207 Dyes, 109, 171, 184, 189, 205, 221 Dysmenorrhea, 184, 204 Dystrophin, 12, 132, 184 Dystrophy, 12, 47, 132, 184 E Eardrum, 4, 184 Eclampsia, 184, 212 Eczema, 53, 111, 184 Edema, 180, 183, 184, 190, 198, 199, 212
233
Efferent, 93, 98, 184 Efficacy, 3, 4, 16, 19, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 35, 39, 49, 53, 54, 184, 195 Elastic, 185, 218, 221 Elastin, 178, 185 Electrolyte, 54, 92, 185, 212, 218 Electrons, 169, 185, 198, 207, 214, 221 Electrophoresis, 44, 185, 196 Electrophysiological, 96, 185 Electroplating, 185, 221 Embryo, 175, 185, 197, 206 Embryogenesis, 13, 185 Emetic, 185, 227 Emollient, 185, 192, 206 Empirical, 70, 185 Empyema, 31, 185 Emulsion, 185, 189, 211 Encapsulated, 21, 30, 35, 62, 185 Endemic, 39, 176, 185 Endocarditis, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 38, 45, 48, 49, 63, 89, 127, 131, 185 Endocardium, 185, 186 Endocytosis, 17, 174, 186 Endogenous, 184, 186, 213 Endolymphatic Duct, 186 Endolymphatic Sac, 60, 61, 136, 186 Endophthalmitis, 61, 66, 186, 227 Endothelial cell, 172, 186, 222 Endothelium, 186, 205 Endothelium-derived, 186, 205 Endotoxemia, 33, 186 Endotoxic, 186, 200 Endotoxins, 179, 186 End-stage renal, 25, 37, 176, 186 Enterobacteriaceae, 73, 186 Environmental Health, 148, 150, 186 Enzymatic, 25, 26, 128, 167, 173, 174, 179, 186, 201, 216 Eosinophils, 186, 192, 199 Epidemic, 58, 186 Epidemiologic Studies, 186, 191 Epidemiological, 44, 187 Epithelial, 6, 10, 84, 133, 172, 187 Epithelial Cells, 7, 187 Epithelium, 6, 8, 10, 14, 186, 187, 216 Equalization, 136, 187 Erythema, 180, 187, 198, 225 Erythrocytes, 48, 168, 173, 187, 194, 215 Erythromycin, 35, 125, 170, 177, 187 Esophagitis, 187, 220 Esophagus, 187, 215, 219, 220
Ethacrynic Acid, 91, 187 Ethanol, 187, 188 Eukaryotic Cells, 181, 187, 196, 205, 206 Evoke, 187, 220 Excitation, 20, 187, 189, 205 Excitatory, 9, 170, 187 Exogenous, 88, 95, 166, 184, 186, 187, 213 Exons, 133, 187 Expectorant, 187, 218 Extracellular, 44, 180, 186, 188, 218 Extracellular Matrix, 180, 188 Extraocular, 62, 98, 188 Eye Infections, 165, 188 Eye Movements, 10, 11, 188 Eyewash, 119, 188 F Family Planning, 149, 188 Fat, 173, 174, 188, 200, 216, 217, 218, 221 Feasibility Studies, 19, 188 Febrile, 27, 37, 70, 71, 188 Femoral, 110, 188, 194 Femoral Neck Fractures, 188, 194 Femur, 188, 194 Fermentation, 104, 105, 108, 110, 111, 112, 116, 118, 120, 123, 188 Fertilizers, 188, 212, 221 Fetus, 8, 188, 201 Fibroblasts, 66, 188 Fibrosis, 5, 37, 47, 49, 50, 56, 73, 78, 133, 166, 188 Filtration, 26, 83, 121, 188 Fistula, 63, 136, 188 Fixation, 52, 64, 188 Flow Cytometry, 97, 189 Fluorescence, 6, 42, 52, 63, 75, 114, 189 Fluorescence Polarization, 42, 63, 75, 189 Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay, 63, 75, 189 Fluorescent Dyes, 189 Fold, 128, 189, 198 Forskolin, 15, 189 Fovea, 189 Frameshift, 13, 19, 189, 224 Frameshift Mutation, 13, 19, 189, 224 Free Radicals, 93, 169, 183, 190 Friction, 190, 198 Fungemia, 172, 190 Fungi, 169, 180, 186, 188, 190, 202, 219, 225, 227 Furosemide, 71, 83, 190 G Gait, 4, 190
234
Gentamicin
Galenical, 127, 131, 190 Ganglia, 19, 165, 190, 204 Ganglion, 190, 219, 226 Gangrenous, 190, 217 Gap Junctions, 8, 180, 190 Gas, 167, 174, 182, 183, 190, 195, 205, 221, 226 Gas exchange, 190, 226 Gasoline, 171, 190 Gastric, 167, 174, 190, 208 Gastric Acid, 167, 190 Gastrin, 190, 194 Gastritis, 190, 220 Gastrointestinal, 10, 125, 173, 177, 187, 190, 195, 220, 221, 224 Gastrointestinal tract, 125, 187, 190, 224 Gene, 8, 13, 18, 19, 21, 25, 27, 44, 47, 97, 98, 113, 132, 165, 172, 180, 184, 191, 200 Gene Expression, 8, 19, 191 Gene Therapy, 13, 19, 165, 191 Genetic Engineering, 172, 177, 191 Genetics, 10, 12, 13, 180, 191 Genital, 111, 177, 191, 225 Genotype, 191, 209 Gentamicins, 96, 112, 218 Geographic Locations, 24, 191 Geriatric, 80, 191 Gestation, 191, 208 Gestational, 8, 191 Gland, 165, 181, 191, 201, 207, 210, 213, 217, 220, 222 Glomerular, 191, 215 Glomeruli, 191, 214 Glucocorticoid, 182, 191, 195, 212 Glucose, 175, 182, 191, 192, 193 Glucose Intolerance, 182, 191 Glucuronic Acid, 192, 194 Glycerol, 173, 192, 209 Glycerophospholipids, 192, 209 Glycine, 167, 192, 205 Glycols, 192, 195 Glycoprotein, 192, 222 Glycoside, 105, 120, 192 Gonorrhea, 175, 192 Gout, 192, 204 Governing Board, 192, 212 Grafting, 57, 192, 196 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 16, 24, 82, 89, 107, 186, 192, 204, 223 Gram-positive, 107, 129, 170, 175, 182, 192, 195, 202, 204, 206, 219, 220, 221, 222
Gram-Positive Bacteria, 182, 192, 202, 206, 222 Granule, 192, 216 Granulocyte, 84, 178, 192 Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, 84, 178, 192 Growth factors, 107, 193 Guanylate Cyclase, 193, 205 Guinea Pigs, 7, 16, 25, 30, 83, 84, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 193 Gyrase, 129, 193 H Haemodialysis, 41, 193 Haemophilus, 175, 193 Hair Cells, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 82, 84, 136, 137, 178, 193, 201, 219, 222, 226 Half-Life, 51, 120, 175, 193 Haptens, 73, 166, 193, 214 Head Movements, 10, 11, 193 Hearing Disorders, 18, 154, 193 Heart failure, 193 Heart Valves, 127, 193 Hematogenous, 76, 193 Hemodialysis, 4, 54, 63, 84, 183, 193, 199 Hemoglobin, 168, 187, 193, 194, 199 Hemoglobinopathies, 191, 194 Hemolysis, 29, 194 Hemolytic, 39, 194, 196 Hemophilia, 19, 194 Heparin, 4, 29, 89, 108, 194 Hepatocyte, 176, 194 Hereditary, 192, 194 Heredity, 191, 194 Heritability, 12, 194 Herpes, 18, 194 Herpes virus, 18, 194 Herpes Zoster, 194 Heterogeneity, 27, 56, 166, 194 Hip Fractures, 68, 188, 194 Homeobox, 14, 194 Homogeneous, 73, 194 Homologous, 180, 191, 194, 221, 224 Hormone, 89, 171, 177, 181, 190, 194, 201, 216, 222 Hydrocortisone, 29, 195 Hydrogen, 165, 167, 174, 195, 200, 203, 207 Hydrolysis, 117, 171, 177, 195, 211 Hydrophobic, 127, 131, 182, 192, 195, 200 Hydroxides, 195 Hydroxyl Radical, 98, 195 Hydroxylamine, 6, 195 Hydroxylysine, 178, 195
235
Hydroxyproline, 167, 178, 195 Hyperbaric, 92, 95, 195 Hyperbaric oxygen, 92, 95, 195 Hypersensitivity, 58, 168, 195, 216 Hypertension, 82, 195, 198, 212, 213 Hypokalaemia, 94, 195 I Ibuprofen, 130, 195 Illusion, 195, 226 Imipenem, 27, 28, 177, 195 Immune response, 115, 165, 169, 181, 193, 196, 220, 226, 227 Immune system, 18, 172, 196, 200, 201, 227 Immunoassay, 24, 52, 114, 196 Immunocompromised, 10, 196 Immunocompromised Host, 10, 196 Immunodeficiency, 196 Immunodiffusion, 166, 196 Immunoelectrophoresis, 166, 196 Immunogenic, 196, 200, 214 Immunoglobulin, 169, 187, 196 Immunologic, 196 Immunology, 165, 166, 189, 196 Immunosuppressive, 191, 196 Impairment, 12, 61, 112, 176, 188, 196 Impetigo, 111, 196 Implantation, 34, 64, 74, 78, 114, 124, 179, 196 In situ, 8, 109, 196 In Situ Hybridization, 8, 196 In vivo, 10, 14, 16, 17, 19, 28, 30, 32, 33, 40, 48, 62, 74, 83, 98, 167, 191, 194, 196 Incision, 196, 198 Incubated, 133, 196 Incubation, 8, 133, 197, 199 Incubation period, 197, 199 Indomethacin, 29, 43, 130, 197 Induction, 98, 197 Infarction, 181, 197, 202, 213 Infiltration, 80, 197 Infusion, 30, 62, 125, 197 Ingestion, 197, 202, 211 Inhalation, 46, 78, 166, 197, 211 Initiation, 18, 197, 200, 220 Inner ear, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 30, 83, 131, 132, 135, 141, 175, 177, 197, 202, 222, 225 Inoculum, 76, 197 Inorganic, 75, 129, 130, 177, 195, 197, 209, 221 Instillation, 4, 56, 80, 197 Intensive Care, 38, 41, 50, 53, 65, 69, 197
Intensive Care Units, 53, 197 Intermittent, 197, 209 Interstitial, 197, 215 Intertrigo, 111, 198 Intervertebral, 38, 198 Intestinal, 10, 28, 58, 174, 181, 198 Intestine, 173, 198, 199, 220 Intoxication, 37, 198 Intracellular, 15, 21, 30, 36, 37, 44, 84, 197, 198, 201, 205, 212, 216 Intracranial Hypertension, 198, 223 Intramuscular, 72, 120, 125, 198, 207 Intraocular, 62, 66, 80, 82, 91, 186, 189, 198, 227 Intraocular pressure, 189, 198 Intrathecal, 72, 198 Intravenous, 12, 26, 32, 38, 47, 62, 73, 74, 125, 190, 197, 198, 207 Intrinsic, 166, 198 Invasive, 10, 125, 198, 201 Involuntary, 193, 198, 203, 205, 215 Ion Exchange, 110, 175, 198 Ions, 183, 185, 187, 195, 198, 218 Isotope Labeling, 17, 198 K Kanamycin, 7, 29, 104, 110, 121, 126, 129, 167, 183, 198 Kb, 113, 148, 198 Kidney Cortex, 82, 198 Kidney Failure, 186, 198 Kidney Glomerulus, 198, 199 Kinetics, 19, 29, 30, 34, 62, 82, 89, 199 L Labyrinth, 11, 20, 73, 177, 186, 197, 199, 207, 208, 217, 226 Large Intestine, 198, 199, 215, 218 Laxative, 166, 199 Lens, 96, 174, 199, 227 Lentivirus, 18, 199 Lesion, 14, 199, 200, 224 Lethal, 29, 171, 199 Leucine, 17, 199 Leucocyte, 199 Leukaemia, 59, 199 Leukemia, 191, 199 Leukocytes, 171, 173, 186, 197, 199, 203, 205 Levo, 199, 222 Levofloxacin, 42, 199 Ligaments, 180, 199 Ligands, 199, 221 Lincomycin, 177, 199
236
Gentamicin
Linkage, 62, 129, 200, 208 Lipid, 7, 41, 169, 174, 192, 200, 207 Lipid A, 41, 200 Lipid Peroxidation, 200, 207 Lipopolysaccharide, 192, 200 Lipoprotein, 41, 192, 200 Liposomes, 18, 21, 30, 34, 200 Lithium, 83, 137, 200 Liver, 15, 165, 171, 174, 185, 192, 194, 200, 225 Loading dose, 46, 200 Localization, 7, 9, 17, 200 Localized, 4, 7, 125, 165, 184, 185, 189, 197, 200, 206, 210, 224, 225 Loop, 187, 200 Low-density lipoprotein, 200 Lymphatic, 186, 197, 200 Lymphocyte, 169, 200 Lymphoid, 169, 199, 200 M Maceration, 198, 200 Macrophage, 37, 44, 178, 201 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 33, 201 Manic, 200, 201 Mastitis, 201, 217 Meatus, 184, 201, 224 Mechanical ventilation, 55, 201 Mechanoreceptors, 14, 193, 201, 203 Medial, 93, 98, 178, 201, 217 Mediate, 7, 18, 178, 201, 226 Medical Records, 201, 216 MEDLINE, 149, 201 Meiosis, 201, 221, 224 Membrane Lipids, 201, 209 Membrane Proteins, 174, 200, 201, 219 Meninges, 170, 175, 176, 181, 184, 201 Meningitis, 10, 24, 25, 31, 100, 140, 201 Mental, iv, 5, 14, 148, 150, 176, 183, 201, 214, 225 Mercury, 189, 201 Metabolite, 183, 202 Methacrylate, 109, 202, 211 Methanol, 121, 202 Methionine, 183, 202 Methylmethacrylate, 109, 202 Methylprednisolone, 25, 202 Mezlocillin, 23, 31, 58, 202 MI, 98, 110, 120, 125, 163, 202 Microbe, 167, 202, 223 Microbiology, 40, 42, 43, 50, 57, 59, 61, 65, 67, 71, 75, 85, 123, 202
Micromonospora, 33, 96, 104, 106, 107, 108, 111, 116, 118, 122, 202, 218 Microorganism, 108, 116, 117, 122, 178, 202, 208, 227 Microspheres, 46, 202 Milliliter, 115, 202 Mitochondria, 7, 15, 202, 206 Mitochondrial Swelling, 202, 204 Mitosis, 169, 202 Mitotic, 14, 202 Modification, 67, 167, 187, 191, 202 Molecule, 6, 165, 169, 178, 179, 183, 186, 187, 192, 194, 195, 203, 207, 210, 211, 215, 223, 225 Monitor, 46, 120, 181, 203, 205 Monocomponent, 123, 203 Monocytes, 29, 199, 203 Mononuclear, 203 Morphological, 8, 14, 15, 17, 41, 107, 185, 203 Morphology, 11, 14, 170, 203 Motility, 197, 203 Mucosa, 203, 221 Muscle Contraction, 184, 203 Muscle Fibers, 132, 133, 203 Muscle relaxant, 203, 209 Muscle Relaxation, 203, 204 Muscle Spindles, 203, 209 Muscular Dystrophies, 184, 203 Mutagens, 189, 203 Mycoplasma, 43, 106, 203 Myocardium, 202, 203 Myofibrils, 184, 203 Myopathy, 98, 204 Myristate, 126, 204 N Nalidixic Acid, 47, 204 Naproxen, 130, 204 NCI, 1, 147, 177, 204 Nebramycin, 106, 107, 204, 223 Necrosis, 7, 169, 186, 197, 202, 204 Neomycin, 8, 106, 107, 110, 120, 130, 204 Neonatal, 10, 51, 58, 68, 69, 79, 204 Neoplastic, 176, 195, 204 Nephropathy, 90, 204 Nephrotoxic, 14, 112, 204 Nerve, 9, 10, 20, 79, 166, 168, 176, 177, 182, 184, 190, 204, 207, 211, 215, 216, 220, 224, 225, 226 Nervous System, 166, 175, 193, 201, 204, 205, 220 Neural, 14, 69, 166, 201, 204, 216
237
Neuroma, 135, 204 Neuromuscular, 93, 165, 195, 204, 211 Neuromuscular Blockade, 93, 204 Neuromuscular Junction, 165, 204 Neurons, 9, 178, 182, 187, 190, 203, 204, 221, 226 Neurotransmitter, 165, 167, 173, 192, 205, 220 Neutropenia, 70, 190, 205 Neutrophils, 192, 193, 199, 205 Nitric Oxide, 82, 195, 205 Nitrogen, 106, 108, 111, 112, 118, 167, 182, 189, 205, 224 Nosocomial, 27, 32, 69, 71, 74, 95, 205 Nuclear, 180, 185, 187, 190, 204, 205 Nuclei, 178, 180, 185, 187, 191, 201, 202, 205, 219, 226 Nucleic acid, 171, 173, 196, 203, 205 Nucleolus, 205, 216 Nucleoprotein, 18, 205 Nucleus, 123, 169, 171, 176, 178, 181, 186, 187, 201, 203, 205, 212 Nystagmus, 20, 136, 205 Nystatin, 110, 111, 205 O Ocular, 11, 20, 42, 46, 72, 80, 95, 119, 206 Ofloxacin, 82, 91, 206 Ointments, 131, 206, 227 Oncogenic, 199, 206 Open Reading Frames, 199, 206 O-Phthalaldehyde, 46, 206 Ophthalmic, 62, 98, 119, 144, 206 Ophthalmology, 6, 42, 61, 66, 68, 189, 206, 216 Opsin, 206, 216 Orbit, 206 Orbital, 68, 206 Organ Culture, 206, 223 Organelles, 181, 203, 206 Orthopaedic, 42, 54, 206 Osmosis, 206 Osmotic, 25, 202, 206, 218 Ossicles, 206, 207 Ossification, 206 Osteogenesis, 54, 206 Osteomyelitis, 76, 206 Otitis, 48, 76, 206, 207 Otitis Media, 76, 207 Otosclerosis, 136, 207 Ototoxic, 7, 9, 10, 14, 17, 31, 71, 90, 112, 167, 207 Outpatient, 3, 207
Overdose, 137, 207 Oxacillin, 177, 207 Oxidation, 165, 169, 200, 207 Oxidative Stress, 87, 88, 90, 97, 207 Oxytetracycline, 130, 207 P Pachymeningitis, 201, 207 Paediatric, 77, 207 Palliative, 207, 222 Palmitic Acid, 127, 131, 207 Pancreas, 165, 172, 207, 224 Pancreatic, 174, 207 Papilla, 14, 207 Paralysis, 195, 207 Parenteral, 58, 62, 207 Parenteral Nutrition, 62, 207 Paresthesia, 68, 207 Parietal, 208, 209, 211 Paroxysmal, 136, 208 Particle, 119, 121, 208, 218, 223 Pathogen, 197, 208, 221 Pathogenesis, 10, 208 Pathologic, 169, 181, 195, 208 Pathologic Processes, 169, 208 Pathophysiology, 11, 208 Patient Selection, 137, 208 Pelvis, 208, 214 Penicillin, 22, 24, 25, 29, 32, 35, 36, 48, 59, 69, 98, 110, 129, 167, 168, 174, 202, 208, 222 Penicillinase, 31, 174, 208 Peptic, 208, 220 Peptide, 18, 167, 177, 208, 211, 213 Peptide Chain Elongation, 177, 208 Perception, 193, 208 Perfusion, 54, 208 Perilymph, 136, 208 Perinatal, 7, 44, 55, 70, 79, 208 Perineal, 59, 63, 208 Perineum, 208, 219 Peritoneal, 31, 79, 208, 209 Peritoneal Cavity, 208, 209 Peritoneal Dialysis, 79, 209 Peritoneum, 208, 209 Peritonitis, 31, 209 Peroxide, 109, 200, 209 Pesticides, 171, 209 Phallic, 189, 209 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 129, 130, 175, 187, 209 Pharmacodynamic, 21, 22, 35, 89, 137, 209 Pharmacokinetic, 23, 24, 34, 37, 41, 73, 209
238
Gentamicin
Pharmacologic, 32, 168, 193, 209, 223 Phenotype, 10, 12, 209 Phenyl, 119, 127, 131, 209 Phenytoin, 137, 174, 209 Pheromone, 27, 58, 209 Phosphates, 127, 131, 209 Phospholipids, 65, 188, 200, 201, 209 Phosphorus, 173, 209, 210 Phosphorylation, 128, 209 Phosphotransferases, 128, 210 Physicochemical, 16, 210 Physiologic, 11, 166, 172, 193, 210, 215, 224 Physiology, 11, 67, 185, 210, 221 Pigment, 107, 210, 216 Pilonidal Sinus, 49, 210 Pilot study, 37, 47, 49, 210 Piperacillin, 22, 25, 32, 33, 42, 71, 210 Pituitary Gland, 189, 210 Plague, 53, 210 Plana, 62, 210 Plant Oils, 206, 210 Plants, 173, 174, 191, 192, 203, 210, 214, 219, 223 Plaque, 176, 210 Plasma, 30, 32, 52, 75, 116, 117, 169, 175, 176, 178, 184, 191, 193, 198, 203, 210, 218 Plasma cells, 169, 210 Plasma protein, 210, 218 Plasmid, 27, 32, 58, 62, 113, 210, 225 Platelet Aggregation, 189, 205, 210 Platelets, 205, 210, 211 Platinum, 177, 200, 211 Pleura, 211 Pleural, 31, 36, 79, 211 Pleural cavity, 211 Pleural Effusion, 36, 79, 211 Pneumonia, 35, 43, 52, 180, 211, 224 Point Mutation, 132, 133, 211 Poisoning, 137, 198, 202, 211, 217 Polymers, 115, 211, 213 Polymethyl Methacrylate, 69, 115, 202, 211 Polymorphism, 12, 211 Polymyxin, 40, 88, 96, 98, 178, 211 Polypeptide, 167, 178, 211, 227 Polysaccharide, 10, 82, 91, 169, 175, 211 Posterior, 136, 168, 183, 207, 211 Postnatal, 76, 211, 219 Postoperative, 61, 63, 190, 211 Postsynaptic, 9, 211 Post-traumatic, 63, 212 Potassium, 86, 109, 187, 195, 212 Potassium Chloride, 109, 212
Potentiates, 66, 212 Practicability, 188, 212 Practice Guidelines, 150, 212 Precipitation, 120, 121, 212 Precursor, 186, 193, 212, 224 Prednisolone, 202, 212 Preeclampsia, 45, 212 Preoperative, 99, 212 Prevalence, 7, 72, 76, 77, 212 Probe, 44, 212 Progression, 168, 212 Progressive, 133, 176, 184, 203, 204, 212, 215 Proline, 178, 195, 212 Prophase, 212, 221, 224 Prophylaxis, 38, 39, 49, 84, 110, 127, 131, 212 Propranolol, 212, 222 Prospective study, 3, 4, 213 Prostaglandins, 91, 97, 197, 213 Prostaglandins A, 197, 213 Prostate, 172, 213, 224 Prosthesis, 10, 213 Prosthesis Design, 11, 213 Protease, 88, 95, 213 Protein Binding, 137, 213 Protein C, 5, 17, 112, 132, 167, 169, 171, 178, 200, 213, 219, 225 Protein S, 18, 19, 128, 129, 172, 177, 187, 204, 213, 216, 220, 222 Proteinuria, 82, 212, 213 Protocol, 3, 4, 213 Protozoa, 180, 202, 213, 219, 225 Protozoal, 105, 213 Pruritic, 184, 213 Pseudomonas Infections, 210, 214 Psychiatry, 188, 214, 226 Psychic, 201, 214, 217 Psychomotor, 174, 214 Public Policy, 149, 214 Publishing, 21, 214 Pulmonary, 172, 193, 199, 214, 221, 226 Pulse, 203, 214 Purulent, 186, 214 Pustular, 196, 214 Pyelonephritis, 26, 34, 92, 214 Pyogenic, 206, 214, 217 Q Quiescent, 8, 14, 214 R Radiation, 171, 189, 190, 195, 196, 214, 227 Radiation therapy, 195, 214
239
Radioactive, 17, 117, 182, 193, 195, 196, 198, 205, 206, 214 Radioimmunoassay, 24, 33, 120, 214 Randomized, 4, 12, 33, 37, 45, 48, 52, 53, 71, 73, 77, 84, 185, 214 Reactive Oxygen Species, 12, 15, 215 Reagent, 206, 215 Receptor, 7, 169, 214, 215 Recombinant, 215, 225 Recombination, 180, 191, 215 Rectal, 59, 82, 125, 215 Rectum, 63, 169, 178, 179, 190, 199, 213, 215 Recurrence, 177, 215 Red blood cells, 187, 194, 215 Refer, 1, 173, 179, 183, 189, 190, 194, 200, 205, 215, 223, 226 Reflex, 11, 20, 42, 80, 188, 203, 215 Reflux, 215, 220 Refraction, 168, 215, 219 Regeneration, 8, 9, 14, 17, 61, 94, 114, 215 Regimen, 3, 4, 36, 54, 68, 70, 117, 184, 215 Regurgitation, 193, 215 Relaxant, 189, 209, 215 Renal failure, 215 Respiration, 174, 203, 215 Respirator, 201, 215 Respiratory Physiology, 215, 226 Retina, 180, 183, 199, 215, 216, 217, 227 Retinal, 6, 183, 216, 227 Retinal Detachment, 183, 216, 227 Retinol, 216 Retrospective, 44, 216 Retrospective study, 44, 216 Retroviral vector, 191, 216 Retrovirus, 14, 216 Reversion, 216, 224 Rheumatism, 195, 216 Rheumatoid, 178, 204, 216 Rheumatoid arthritis, 178, 204, 216 Rhinitis, 216, 217 Rhodopsin, 206, 216 Ribose, 165, 216 Ribosome, 18, 128, 169, 216, 224 Rickettsiae, 216, 225 Risk factor, 84, 186, 213, 217 Ristocetin, 217, 225 Rod, 171, 186, 193, 214, 217 Rolitetracycline, 130, 217 Round Window, 46, 66, 94, 132, 141, 217 Ruminants, 125, 217
S Saline, 12, 217 Saturated fat, 207, 217 Scatter, 124, 217 Screening, 12, 15, 177, 217 Secretion, 177, 195, 217, 225 Seizures, 174, 208, 209, 217 Semicircular canal, 11, 197, 217 Semisynthetic, 123, 128, 167, 174, 175, 177, 195, 202, 210, 217 Sepsis, 10, 72, 90, 190, 217 Septic, 51, 115, 217 Septicaemia, 217 Septicemia, 94, 112, 217 Serologic, 196, 217 Serotypes, 19, 217 Serum Albumin, 120, 214, 218 Shigellosis, 47, 218 Shock, 23, 25, 168, 186, 195, 218, 224 Side effect, 15, 16, 40, 105, 137, 143, 166, 172, 218, 223 Sisomicin, 22, 23, 24, 90, 96, 108, 110, 120, 126, 218 Skeleton, 165, 188, 218 Skull, 109, 176, 181, 206, 218, 222 Small intestine, 177, 184, 195, 198, 218 Smooth muscle, 166, 189, 218, 220 Sodium, 34, 82, 85, 109, 119, 137, 173, 187, 192, 204, 218 Sodium Acetate, 119, 218 Soft tissue, 63, 126, 129, 173, 218 Solvent, 116, 124, 171, 187, 192, 202, 206, 218 Somatic, 185, 201, 202, 218 Sound wave, 14, 179, 218 Spatial disorientation, 183, 218 Specialist, 155, 218 Specificity, 6, 83, 128, 166, 219 Spectrin, 184, 219 Spectroscopic, 67, 219 Spectrum, 108, 112, 124, 195, 219 Sperm, 176, 219 Spinal cord, 47, 170, 173, 176, 184, 190, 198, 201, 204, 207, 215, 219 Spiral Ganglion, 17, 178, 219, 226 Spiral Lamina, 219, 222 Spores, 197, 219 Squamous, 176, 219 Squamous Epithelium, 176, 219 Stabilization, 209, 219 Stem Cells, 14, 219 Sterile, 115, 219
240
Gentamicin
Steroid, 181, 219 Stimulus, 96, 184, 187, 215, 220, 222 Stomach, 125, 165, 187, 190, 194, 208, 215, 217, 218, 220 Streptococcal, 25, 200, 220 Streptococci, 24, 25, 50, 58, 196, 220 Streptococcus, 22, 23, 27, 35, 38, 49, 57, 220 Streptomycin, 8, 26, 29, 30, 35, 67, 74, 88, 130, 137, 220 Stress, 84, 98, 207, 216, 220, 225 Stress Ulcer, 84, 220 Structure-Activity Relationship, 104, 220 Styptic, 220, 227 Subacute, 197, 220 Subclinical, 197, 217, 220 Subconjunctival, 95, 98, 220 Subcutaneous, 125, 184, 190, 207, 220 Subspecies, 219, 220 Substance P, 187, 202, 217, 220 Subtrochanteric, 194, 220 Sucralfate, 84, 220 Suction, 108, 109, 188, 221 Sulfates, 127, 131, 221 Sulfisoxazole, 117, 221 Sulfuric acid, 131, 171, 221 Superinfection, 170, 221 Supplementation, 7, 22, 89, 92, 95, 221 Suppression, 7, 19, 90, 133, 221 Supraspinal, 170, 221 Surface Plasmon Resonance, 128, 221 Surfactant, 28, 221 Suspensions, 124, 221, 225 Symptomatic, 11, 98, 221 Synapse, 166, 204, 221, 224 Synaptic, 20, 205, 221 Synergistic, 34, 75, 106, 221 T Tachycardia, 170, 222 Tachypnea, 170, 222 Tectorial Membrane, 17, 222 Teichoic Acids, 192, 222 Teicoplanin, 22, 24, 27, 38, 45, 89, 126, 129, 222 Temporal, 17, 26, 35, 170, 193, 201, 222 Tetracycline, 110, 117, 130, 184, 217, 222 Theophylline, 137, 222 Therapeutics, 48, 51, 54, 65, 92, 144, 222 Thigh, 188, 222 Threshold, 95, 117, 132, 195, 222 Thrombin, 211, 213, 222 Thrombomodulin, 213, 222 Thrombosis, 213, 222
Thyroid, 89, 222 Thyroid Gland, 222 Thyroxine, 67, 222 Ticarcillin, 31, 34, 35, 222 Timolol, 119, 222 Tinnitus, 61, 80, 207, 222, 226 Tissue Culture, 10, 106, 107, 223 Tolerance, 27, 44, 49, 109, 165, 192, 223 Tonicity, 194, 223 Topical, 60, 110, 111, 119, 125, 129, 130, 144, 170, 176, 187, 223, 227 Topoisomerase inhibitors, 129, 223 Toxaemia, 212, 223 Toxic, iv, 7, 15, 16, 23, 84, 96, 98, 108, 113, 114, 120, 171, 178, 180, 182, 202, 204, 223, 225, 226 Toxicology, 65, 88, 92, 93, 97, 150, 223 Toxin, 23, 132, 186, 223 Trachea, 173, 187, 222, 223 Transcriptase, 216, 223 Transduction, 7, 19, 174, 223 Transfection, 172, 191, 223 Transferases, 12, 224 Translation, 18, 128, 167, 169, 187, 204, 224 Translational, 11, 19, 128, 224 Translocate, 10, 224 Translocation, 10, 18, 177, 187, 224 Transmitter, 20, 165, 224 Trauma, 54, 99, 125, 132, 187, 204, 224, 227 Tremor, 222, 224 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 48, 224 Tryptophan, 178, 224 Tuberculosis, 16, 224, 226 Tumor marker, 172, 224 Tumor suppressor gene, 20, 224 Tylosin, 106, 107, 224 Tympanic membrane, 4, 206, 224 Typhimurium, 21, 83, 224 U Ulcer, 220, 221, 224 Ulcus cruris, 111, 224 Univalent, 195, 207, 224 Urea, 116, 117, 225 Urease, 116, 117, 225 Uremia, 199, 215, 225 Ureters, 225 Urethra, 213, 225 Urinary, 6, 22, 24, 27, 34, 46, 54, 68, 75, 78, 100, 175, 177, 187, 204, 218, 225 Urinary tract, 6, 22, 68, 75, 175, 204, 225 Urinary tract infection, 6, 22, 68, 75, 204, 225
241
Urine, 46, 52, 65, 120, 172, 175, 178, 181, 183, 213, 225 Urogenital, 7, 192, 225 Urologist, 54, 225 Urticaria, 168, 225 Uvea, 186, 225 V Vaccines, 115, 167, 225, 227 Vacuoles, 186, 206, 225 Vagina, 225 Vaginal, 6, 225 Vascular, 39, 136, 166, 168, 186, 197, 205, 222, 225 Vasodilators, 205, 225 Vector, 19, 223, 225 Vein, 198, 205, 225 Venous, 30, 213, 225 Ventilation, 55, 141, 226 Ventral, 178, 226 Ventricles, 176, 193, 226 Verapamil, 85, 226 Vertebrae, 198, 219, 226 Vertebral, 210, 226 Vertigo, 3, 4, 11, 20, 60, 61, 78, 135, 137, 139, 154, 207, 226 Vestibular, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 20, 47, 54, 60, 61, 74, 79, 80, 82, 135, 137, 141, 193, 226 Vestibular Nerve, 10, 136, 137, 226 Vestibule, 177, 197, 217, 226 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 177, 223, 226 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 223, 226
Veterinary Medicine, 85, 126, 129, 130, 149, 226 Viomycin, 113, 226 Viral, 14, 18, 108, 141, 173, 206, 216, 223, 226 Viral vector, 18, 226 Viremia, 172, 226 Virulence, 10, 170, 221, 223, 226 Virus, 18, 171, 173, 191, 210, 216, 223, 226, 227 Vitrectomy, 62, 227 Vitreous, 183, 199, 216, 227 Vitreous Body, 216, 227 Vitro, 8, 10, 14, 15, 16, 19, 21, 22, 23, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 40, 46, 48, 50, 57, 59, 61, 76, 77, 89, 90, 98, 124, 128, 191, 194, 196, 217, 221, 223, 227 Vivo, 8, 10, 16, 21, 22, 78, 124, 227 W White blood cell, 169, 192, 196, 199, 200, 201, 205, 210, 227 Windpipe, 222, 227 Wound Healing, 59, 63, 227 Wound Infection, 48, 84, 227 X Xenograft, 168, 227 X-ray, 109, 171, 180, 189, 205, 214, 227 Y Yeasts, 190, 209, 227 Z Zinc Acetate, 121, 227 Zinc Oxide, 227 Zymogen, 213, 227
242
Gentamicin
243
244
Gentamicin
