FLAVONOIDS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Flavonoids: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00434-8 1. Flavonoids-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on flavonoids. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FLAVONOIDS ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Flavonoids ..................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 27 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 30 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FLAVONOIDS ................................................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Finding Nutrition Studies on Flavonoids.................................................................................... 75 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 80 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FLAVONOIDS ............................................................. 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 87 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 95 General References ..................................................................................................................... 112 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON FLAVONOIDS ............................................................................. 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 Dissertations on Flavonoids....................................................................................................... 113 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 114 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON FLAVONOIDS ....................................................................................... 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 Patents on Flavonoids ................................................................................................................ 115 Patent Applications on Flavonoids ............................................................................................ 118 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 138 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON FLAVONOIDS ........................................................................................... 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 139 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FLAVONOIDS ............................................................. 141 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 141 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 141 Academic Periodicals covering Flavonoids ................................................................................ 143 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 147 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 147 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 147 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 149 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 151 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 153 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 153 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 153 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 155 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 157 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 157 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 157 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 157 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 157 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 163 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 163
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FLAVONOIDS DICTIONARY ................................................................................................... 165 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 227
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with flavonoids is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about flavonoids, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to flavonoids, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on flavonoids. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to flavonoids, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on flavonoids. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FLAVONOIDS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on flavonoids.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and flavonoids, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “flavonoids” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Dietary Intake of Antioxidants and Risk of Alzheimer Disease Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 287(24): 3223-3229. 2002. Summary: This article examines the association between dietary intake of antioxidants and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a population- based study conducted in the Netherlands. At baseline (1990-1993), the 5,395 participants were aged 55 years or older, free of dementia, noninstitutionalized, and had reliable dietary assessment. They were reassessed in 1993-1994 and 1997-1999 and were continuously monitored for incident dementia. After a mean follow-up of 6 years, 197 participants developed dementia, of whom 146 had AD. After adjusting for age, sex, baseline cognitive function, alcohol intake, education, smoking status, body mass index, total energy intake, presence of carotid plaques, and use of antioxidative supplements, high intakes of vitamin C and vitamin E were associated with a lower risk of AD. Among current smokers, this
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relationship was most pronounced and also present for intakes of beta carotene and flavonoids. The associations did not vary by education or apolipoprotein E genotype. Results suggest that high dietary intakes of vitamin C and vitamin E may lower the risk of AD. 6 tables, 34 references. (AA-M). •
Get Your Disease Fighters From Food Source: Health. p. 20. January/February 2001. Summary: This article recommends getting beta-carotene, an antioxidant, and flavonoids, a group of powerful antioxidants, from food rather than supplements. Research indicates that when beta-carotene is taken in pill form, the risk of cancer increases even though eating foods high in this antioxidant lowers cancer and heart disease risk. Now scientists are concerned that flavonoid supplements may also be risky. Martyn Smith, a toxicologist at the University of California at Berkeley, reviewed the research on flavonoids. He found evidence that in food sources such as vegetables, fruits, grains, and wine, the nutrients protect against heart disease and cancer. However, there were no studies demonstrating the safety or efficacy of supplements. Taking the amount suggested by some flavonoid supplement manufacturers could cause more harm than good, according to Smith. Until more is known, he advises sticking with flavonoid-rich foods such as onions and apples.
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Slim Pickings Source: Runner's World. p.29. October 2000. Summary: This article summarizes two studies indicating that spicy food and green tea can boost metabolism and blunt appetite. In the first study, from the British Journal of Nutrition, women ate one of four different breakfasts: one was high in fat and hot red pepper, another high in fat without red pepper, a third high in carbohydrate, and the last high in carbohydrate and hot red pepper. Three hours later, the women consuming the meals high in red pepper were not hungry, whereas the others were. The second study was published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Six out of 10 men who took a green tea supplement (the equivalent of a cup of tea) with their meals burned about 80 more calories during the following 24 hours than those who took a caffeine pill or placebo. The researchers believe that the flavonoids in tea may be responsible for the increase in metabolism.
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Herbal Therapies and Diabetes Complications Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 18(1): 87-88, 91-92, 95-96, 98. January-February 2001. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Website: www.diabetes-self-mgmt.com. Summary: This article, the third of a series of articles on herbal therapies, reviews herbal and alternative therapy supplements for the treatment of diabetic complications. Both the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Trial (UKPDS) demonstrated that keeping blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible can delay or prevent the development of complications in people with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Some of the new, experimental treatments for complications of diabetes include nutritional and herbal supplements. Many supplements may be of potential benefit in the treatment or prevention of heart disease, including fish oil, fenugreek, garlic, red yeast, antioxidants, and several herbs that inhibit blood clotting such as ginger, garlic, gingko biloba, and ginseng. The symptoms
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of peripheral neuropathy may be eased with alpha lipoic acid, capsaicin, and evening primrose oil. Although bilberry and gingko biloba have both been proposed as potential treatments for diabetic retinopathy, neither is currently recommended for this use. The herb yohimbe has a reputation as a aphrodisiac and a treatment for impotence, but clinical trials do not support its use. There are several experimental drugs and some herbal supplements that may prevent damage caused by the conversion of extra glucose in the cells into sorbitol, including flavonoids, quercetin, and extracts from licorice root. Although being overweight is not considered a complication of diabetes, it can make controlling blood glucose levels more difficult. Losing a small amount of weight can lower both blood glucose and blood cholesterol levels. Numerous herbal and nutritional supplements exist for people who are trying to lose weight. Common ingredients found in herbal weight loss preparations include various diuretics and laxatives, guarana, ephedra, and garcinia. The article reviews studies on these products, identifies their adverse effects, and presents typical dosing regimens. In addition, the article provides guidelines for safe supplement use and lists suggestions for further reading. 1 table. •
Health Nuts Source: Cooking Light. p.96-101,154. March 1999. Summary: Thornton reports on research indicating that nuts may actually improve heart health, regardless of other risk factors such as weight, blood pressure, exercise, or gender. This may spring from the nature of the fat in nuts, which is both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. These are the healthy forms of fat, found in such foods as olive and canola oils. In addition, nuts contain Omega-3 fatty acids, and are nutritionally dense with such nutrients as vitamin E, folic acid, niacin, copper, potassium, and magnesium. According to Thornton, nuts also contain flavonoids and isoflavones, compounds thought to prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease. Finally, since nuts have a high satiety factor, most people find a small amount filling, which contributes to weight loss. Recipes containing nuts are included, such as pork, cashew, and green bean stir-fry, Persian poached pears, hazelnut-fig quick bread, fruit and nut granola, and chicken tetrazzini with almonds.
Federally Funded Research on Flavonoids The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to flavonoids. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to flavonoids. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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animals or simulated models to explore flavonoids. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for flavonoids: •
Project Title: ANALYSIS OF PHENOLIC PHYTOCHEMICAL BY ESI-MS Principal Investigator & Institution: Brodbelt, Jennifer S.; Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed work is aimed at the development of electrospray ionization/quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry for the sensitive detection and characterization of phenolic phytochemicals and their metabolites in urine, tissue and food, especially soybeans, kale and citrus fruit. Many phenolic compounds are plant pigments that are known to yield health benefits as dietary phytochemicals, having antioxidant and estrogen-like properties that give antitumor activities. Three primary objectives are described. 1) Solid phase extraction and HPLC separation methods will be developed for the phenolic compounds. Samples of interest include soybeans, kale, citrus fruit, urine, plasma and tissue. 2) Novel metal complexation methods using various transition and alkaline earth metals and auxiliary ligands will be developed as an alternative to conventional protonation, which is often inefficient for the phenolic compounds. 3) The fragmentation patterns of the phenolic compounds and metabolites will be characterized by both low energy collisional activated dissociation (CAD) and infrared dissociation (IRPD). Many phenolic phytochemicals exist naturally as glycosides in plants, so the site of glycosylation and identification of the attached sugars are critical structural issues that will be probed. The diagnostic utility of, the fragmentation patterns obtained from by CAD will be compared to those obtained by IRPD. Special attention will be focused on comparing the dissociation patterns obtained for metal cationized vs. protonated vs. deprotonated complexes. Several new ways to make the IRPD method more tunable, i.e. the ability to vary the fragmentation pattern, will be examined, including implementation of tandem IRPD/CAD methods. This work will be aimed at solving specific problems from four collaborations: one involving the detection and quantitation of flavonoids in kale, soy, and urine, the second involving the identification and quantitation of coumarins in urine and tissue, the third involving the quantitation and identification of tocopherol compounds in tissue, and the fourth involving the quantitation and identification of flavonoids in citrus fruit. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ANTIOXIDANT POLYPHENOLS FROM FRUITS OF THE MYRTLE FAMILY Principal Investigator & Institution: Reynertson, Kurt A.; Biological Sciences; Herbert H. Lehman College 250 Bedford Park Blvd. West Bronx, Ny 10468 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 17-SEP-2002 Summary: Many species of the Myrtle family (Myrtaceae) are popular edibles throughout the tropical and subtropical world. In addition, some are used medicinally in divergent traditional practices from South America to Southeast Asia. The fruits of two species of Eugenia (Myrtaceae) have shown a strong antioxidant activity in the 1,1diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and subsequent ethnomedical and chemotaxonomic study of related plants in the subtribe Eugeniinae have led to the hypothesis that these fruits contain flavonoids or other polyphenolic compounds that exhibit an oxidative protection to biomolecules in humans. The fruits of ten popular
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edible species from this taxa will be analyzed for antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay. The most active extracts will be studied in greater detail to isolate and identify specific polyphenolic antioxidant phytochemicals. It is expected that novel antioxidant compounds will be discovered, and their chemical structures will be fully elucidated. This research will then use the analytical tools developed to look closely at beverages and vinegar made from the most active fruit to ascertain whether the beneficial phytochemicals in the fruit can be detected in commercial products. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANTIOXIDANTS AND OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN MITOCHONDRIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Giulivi, Cecilia; Chemistry; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) The focus of this project resides on the role of small antioxidant molecules on the prevention and/or repair of nitrated proteins in mitochondria. Protein nitration occurs in biological systems exposed to nitric oxide. The addition of a nitro group to a tyrosine residue, yielding 3-nitrotyorosine, has been claimed to be a post-translational modification, part of signal transduction pathways, or a result of "normal" oxidative stress. In this study, the investigators will characterize the mechanism underlying the nitration of proteins in nitric oxide-producing mitochondria, given the important role that these organelles have in the maintenance of cellular ATP, beta-oxidation, heme synthesis, and other functions. The studies will be aimed at understanding the kinetic and structural changes caused by nitration, and how naturally- occurring antioxidants present in fruits and vegetables may prevent/reverse this effect. The antioxidant effect of flavonoids, coumarins, and catechins will be studied in terms hydroxyl substitution, conjugation of rings, and o- methylation of hydroxyl groups to elucidate an association between structure and function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF SCUTELLARIA BAICELENSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Yuan, Chun-Su; Anesthesiology; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death throughout the world, with many dying outside the hospital due to cardiac arrest. Although oxidants may play an important role in this major cardiovascular disease, little has been done to examine what role traditional vs. nontraditional antioxidants may play in its acute treatment. During the past year, our group investigated cardioprotective effects of Scutellaria baicalensis, a Chinese medicinal herb. We reported that an extract of Scutellaria baicalensis dose-dependently attenuated reactive oxygen species in cardiomyocytes and decreased cell death. We were particularly excited to observe that Scutellaria baicalensis extract rapidly quenched reactive oxygen species generated in mitochondria. The ability to gain rapid access to intracellular sites, such as mitochondria, and attenuate reactive oxygen species is a significant advantage, a characteristic that may be lacking in antioxidants currently in use. In separate studies, we observed that quercetin, a plant flavonoid, inhibited endothelin-1 and stimulated tissue plasminogen activator in vascular endothelial cells. Thus, we hypothesize that flavonoids of Scutellaria baicalensis have significant antioxidant potential, and they regulate the concentration of endothelial vasoactive mediators. Heart disease is a
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complex multifactorial disorder with a variety of underlying causes and risk factors. In the development of ischemic heart disease, the site of initial injury is the vascular endothelium. During later stages, ischemic and reperfusion injury to cardiomyocytes lead to loss of contractility and cell death. We propose to investigate in vitro pharmacological effects of Scutellaria baicalensis in two experimental models: embryonic chick cardiomyocytes, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In the proposed project, we will identify active flavonoids of Scutellaria baicalensis and investigate their 1) antioxidant action in cardiomyocytes, and 2) pharmacological effects on vasoactive mediators in endothelial cells. We will test whether Scutellaria baicalensis extract and its flavonoids (baicalein and wogonin, skullcapflavone I, and skullcapflavone II) act as antioxidants in cardiomyocytes, and test whether Scutellaria baicalensis extract and its flavonoids change the concentration of thrombin-stimulated endothelin-1, and tissue plasminogen activator in vascular endothelial cells. In addition, antioxidant activity comparison will be made between Scutellaria baicalensis and American ginseng. The results of our project will be used to develop potential new therapeutic agents from active components of Scutellaria baicalensis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHEMICO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METAL-FLAVONOID Principal Investigator & Institution: Cheng, Francis I.; Chemistry; University of Idaho Moscow, Id 838443020 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) Flavonoids are recognized as an important class of nutrient that may be responsible for the chemoprevention of a myriad of degenerative diseases. This action is attributed to their putative antioxidant action. Many investigators have recognized that metal chelation is an important determinate in the prediction of the antioxidant action of flavonoids. However, there is a paucity of data accumulated concerning the chemico-physico properties of metal-flavonoid complexes. A previous investigation from this laboratory has found that four flavonoids, baicilein, luteolin, naringenin, and quercetin, chelate pro-oxidant iron ions into a complex that is not Fenton Reaction active. Another plant-borne product, salicylate has been the subject of previous investigations from this laboratory and found to chelate pro-oxidant iron into a form that is again not Fenton Reaction active. The proposed investigations will study the similarity of action between the four aforementioned flavonoids and salicylate, i.e. the ability to bind pro-oxidant metals both as free ions and in low molecular-weight complexes. The pro-oxidant metals of concern in this study are Fe, Cu, and Mn ions and also in complexed forms with EDTA, ATP/ADP and in porphyrins. The redox potential of each metal complex will predict the antioxidant characteristics in terms of Fenton Reaction activity, other redox-dependent actions such as superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. Metal-flavonoid binding constants will aid in determining if the flavonoids are effective in vivo chelation agents. These data will be derived by potentiometric titrations augmented with UV-vis absorbance. The four flavonoids chosen for this study will give insights into structure-activity relationships. It is hoped that the subject of this investigation will give a new paradigm for the design, and discovery of antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--ANALYTICAL LABORATORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Franke, Adrian; University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hi 96822
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The Analytical Laboratory Shared Resource (ALSR) was set up in 1990 to facilitate collaborative cancer research in molecular epidemiology, nutrition, food chemistry, carcinogenesis, and other areas of interest at the Center. The mission of this laboratory continues to be the cost-effective provision of accurate chemical analyses and a base for consultation related to the determination of molecules relevant to research interests of Center investigators. The facility is centrally located on the 5th floor of the CRCH and is equipped with modern, state-of-the-art instrumentation required for analytical chemistry and handling of biologically and chemically hazardous materials. Assays established by the ALSR for services include analysis of micronutrients (carotenoids, vitamins, and others), various clinically relevant analytes (HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, homocysteine, creatinine, total nitrogen, and others), and specific phytochemicals (caffeine and its metabolites and a wide variety of flavonoids, isoflavonoids, and other phenolic agents). These compounds are measured in body fluids, tissues, foods or other matrices. Major equipment of this facility include one fully automated liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) system, two fully automated gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) systems, three fully automated high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems with photo-diode array (PDA), fluorescence, or electrochemical detection systems, and spectrophotometers. This Shared Resource has operated at 100 percent of its capacity and provided instrumental support for projects of eight Investigators with peerreviewed grants. The usage of this facility is expected to increase drastically within the cycle of this proposal due to the availability of the recently obtained LC/MS and GC/MS equipment. These new additions are suitable to be used in current and planned CRCH projects and offer great potential because new analytes can be determined that were not measurable previously, including markers of oxidative damage (isoprostanes, oxidized metabolites of vitamins and other phytochemicals), peptides, proteins, nucleotides, and other molecules. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIET, EXOGENOUS HORMONES AND BREAST CANCER RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Colditz, Graham A.; Professor of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Using repeated measures of exposure and the long follow-up in the Nurses' Health Study (1976 to 2004), we propose a series of analyses relating specific aspects of diet, nutritional status, and postmenopausal use to breast cancer incidence and survival among women with breast cancer. DNA samples from cohort numbers will be used to evaluate associations between functional important polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer and potential gene-diet interactions. Specific exposures will also be related to tumor characteristics using pathology blocks that have been collected from incident breast cancer cases. Dietary hypotheses include that low folate intake and blood levels increase breast cancer risk, in particular tumors characterized by negative estrogen receptor status and aberrant methylation of the genes for this receptor and p16; that dietary fiber and specific types and sources of fiber, flavonoids, overall antioxidant intake, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and decreases in adiposity each reduce risk. We further hypothesize that high dietary glycemic load and intakes of heterocyclic amines from cooked meat, N-3 fatty acids from fish, and (after a long latent period) total fat each in increase risk. Polymorphisms in genes related to specificity dietary exposures (MTHFR, manganese SOD, and NAT1/2) will be examined in relation to breast cancer
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directly and as interactions with the corresponding dietary factors. We also propose to evaluate the type and dose of post-menopausal hormone preparations in relation to overall risk of breast cancer and estrogen receptor status of tumors. Finally, we hypothesize that high intake of dietary fat reduces survival among women with breast cancer, but that high intake of protein, regular physical activity, and avoidance of weight gain each increase survival. Because of the prospective design with repeated measures of exposure, long follow-up, and large numbers of breast cancer cases (over 5,000 cases for most dietary analyses), these analyses will provide important data for women and their health providers attempting to reduce risk of breast cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DRUG INTERACTIONS AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF CRANBERRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Donovan, Jennifer L.; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Medical University of South Carolina P O Box 250854 Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 06-JAN-2004; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cranberry (CB) juice and powders are currently being used as complementary and alternative medications. CB products may be used alone or in combination with conventional medications to treat urinary tract infection, or other medications to treat acute or chronic conditions. CB is a rich source of flavonoids, a class of phytochemicals with diverse biological activities. The specific aims of this research are 1) to evaluate the potential for CB-drug interactions and 2) to determine the pharmacokinetics and renal clearance of four major CB flavonoids. A normal volunteer study is proposed to determine the potential of CB to participate in interactions with conventional drugs. The induction/inhibition of the major cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes will be the primary method of evaluation. The CYP isoforms to be studied, CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and CYP1A2, are involved in the metabolism of >80% of marketed prescription and over the counter medications. Single doses of the three safe, probe drugs alprazolam (ALPZ; 3A4 probe), dextromethorphan (DM; CYP2D6 probe), and caffeine (CAF; CYP1A2 probe) will be administered at baseline (before treatment with CB) and after a 14-day treatment period with CB powder. Changes in the pharmacokinetics of these probe drugs will indicate the degree of specific enzyme inhibition or induction. In the same normal volunteers, the key pharmacokinetic parameters for four major CB flavonoids will be estimated by following the plasma concentration versus time course of absorbed flavonoids and their excretion in urine. The area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC), oral clearance (Clo), terminal elimination half-life (T1/2) and renal clearance (Clren) will be determined for: epicatechin, quercetin (total glycosides), procyanidin A2, and cyanidin-3-galactoside. These components represent the major classes of flavonoids in CB and are selected for study due to their abundance in CB and their documented biological activities. The pharmacokinetics and renal clearance of CB flavonoids will be determined first after a single dose of a characterized CB juice prior to administration of any probe drugs. Steady-state plasma levels of flavonoids will be determined at the end of the 14-day treatment period of multiple dosing with the characterized CB powder. This research will provide new, important data on the pharmacokinetics of flavonoids from CB juice and from a CB powder, an area where no data currently exist. This information is essential to elucidate the mechanisms of action of CB flavonoids in the context of specific conditions/diseases and to evaluate CB as a source of dietary flavonoids. These data will also complement NCCAM studies assessing the clinical safety and efficacy of CB and will allow more informed recommendations about the use of CB when combined with conventional medications.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DRUG-DIETARY INTERACTION
FLAVONOID
INTESTINAL
ABSORPTION
Principal Investigator & Institution: Rodriguez, Rosita J.; None; Oregon State University Corvallis, or 973391086 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 17-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The opportunity for drug-dietary interaction is an everyday occurrence whether the interaction is with food, juice, or dietary supplements. Moreover, the consumption of flavonoids is being urged because of their multiple health benefits; thus, understanding the possible biological effects of the flavonoids on intestinal drug absorption is essential. Flavonoids may be a particularly important class of modulators due to their ubiquitous occurrence in foods and drinks of plant origin and their known interactions with P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and cytochrome P450 (CYP). These dietary constituents may modulate transport in the intestinal tract and significantly alter the absorption of important therapeutic agents. The increased systemic bioavailability of some drugs, nifedipine and felodipine, associated with ingestion of grapefruit juice represents a couple of widely publicized drug-dietary-interactions. An increase or decrease in drug absorption may be due to (i) alterations in Pgp mediated or non Pgp mediated transport and/or (ii) presystemic intestinal metabolism by CYP and/or the flavin-containing monooxygenases. Furthermore, patents have been filed which incorporate flavonoids as excipients in pharmaceutical formations with the intent to alter drug absorption. Thus, the specific hypothesis of this study is that dietary flavonoids can alter the Pgp-dependent or Pgp-independent transport of certain therapeutic drugs. Studies will be conducted using flavonoids belonging to different subclasses such as isoflavone, flavanone, flavonol, and flavanol (e.g., genistein, naringenin, quercetin, and epigallocatechin gallate, respectively) to gain an insight into structure-activity relationships in the alteration of transport of Pgp-dependent substrates and Pgp-independent substrates by these phytochemicals. The flavonoids will be evaluated using Caco-2 cells, a human intestinal cell line. These cells have been well characterized to express Pgp transporters and non Pgp transporters such as Na+/K+, Na+/H+, amino acids, peptides, bile acid, and vitamin B12. This project will provide new knowledge on how flavonoids affect the dynamic transport mechanisms located in the intestinal mucosa. Thus, the results of this study will increase our understanding of the role of flavonoids found in tea, vegetables, soy, and dietary supplements in the intestinal absorption of therapeutic drugs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EXPOSURE REDUCTION AND PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Knize, Mark G.; University of Calif-Lawrnc Lvrmr Nat Lab Lawrence Livermore National Lab Livermore, Ca 945509234 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 19-APR-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recent studies estimate that most human cancers result from modifiable lifestyle factors, including diet. Lowering exposure to heterocyclic amines (HAs), which are formed in cooked meats, is an obtainable goal that may have a real impact on cancer incidence. This proposal addresses: 1) safe cooking methods that reduce HA formation, 2) identifying unknown mutagens and establishing their potency, 3) understanding the influence of other foods on reducing human HA absorption, 4) mechanistic studies of inhibition of flavonoids and 5) establishing the
12
Flavonoids
relationship between dietary questionnaires and HAs in urine. Meat cooking will be investigated to understand the conditions that reduce the formation of heterocyclic amines while using microbiology to monitor food safety. New, unknown mutagens will be isolated from beef and their amounts determined in a survey of well-cooked foods. Additionally, the parameters responsible for high mutagenic potency in new and existing HAs will be investigated as structure/activity relationships. Since there is human exposure to HAs, we can now investigate HA-diet interactions in individuals via the analysis of urinary metabolites. Exploratory studies will determine if parsley, green tea, and fiber, each shown to be preventative in epidemiology studies, can affect the total human uptake and metabolism of one HA, PhIP. Enticing results in reducing mutations with the flavonoid apigenin compel us to investigate structure/inhibition relationships experimentally and with a computational model. To quantify the dietary dose of heterocyclic amines in the population and in individuals, HA biomarkers will be developed and related to dietary questionnaires that account for diverse cooking practices. In all, this interdisciplinary research to reduce exposure combines toxicology with analytical chemistry, computational chemistry and physics to investigate heterocyclic amines and human cancer etiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STUDIES
FLAVONOID
BIOAVAILABILITY
IN
HUMANS-CELLULAR
Principal Investigator & Institution: Walle, Thomas; Professor; Pharmacology; Medical University of South Carolina P O Box 250854 Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this research program is to increase our understanding of how cellular transport and metabolism influence the oral bioavailability of dietary flavonoids, a large class of compounds that has been implicated to play a major role in the prevention of human diseases, in particular cardiovascular disease and cancer. In Specific Aim 1 we will determine the interrelationships between SGLT1 and MRP2, including mechanisms involved, in the enterocyte absorption of flavonoid glycosides and the tea flavonoids, two main classes of dietary flavonoids. These studies will be undertaken in SGLT1- and MRP2transfected cells and in the human intestinal absorption model Caco-2. The role of the potentially most important transporter, i.e. MRP2, will be directly examined in vivo in the MRP2-deficient Tr- rat. In Specific Aim 2 we will investigate the interrelationships between CYPs, UGTs and SULTs, including the identification of the major isoforms involved, in the hepatic as well as intestinal metabolism of flavonoids. This will be done in microsomes as well as in intact cells, e.g. fresh human hepatocytes. These experiments will allow us to establish the major pathway(s) of metabolism of the flavonoids. In addition, autoinduction of flavonoid metabolism will be examined, mainly focusing on CYPs and UGTs. The importance of the UGT family of enzymes will be directly examined in vivo in the genetically deficient Gunn rat. In Specific Aim 3 we will determine the role and mechanisms of a) bacterial- and b) peroxidase-mediated catabolism of flavonoids, including covalent binding to protein. The experiments in a) will be conducted in gnotobiotic compared to normal rats as well as in samples from an in vivo human study. Complementary in vitro studies will include the identification of the bacterial pathway leading from quercetin to CO2 formation. The experiments in b) will be conducted in vitro, using pure enzymes and subcellular fractions, and then in intact cell systems in which production of reactive oxygen species as well as glutathione levels can be manipulated. Structure identification of metabolites as well as elucidation
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of covalent binding will be critical factors. The findings from the proposed studies should help us understand the bioavailability of the flavonoids, facilitating optimization of the chemopreventive utility of these natural or synthetic compounds. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FLAVONOID MODULATION OF EPITHELIAL MIGRATION /SIGNALING Principal Investigator & Institution: Hord, Norman G.; Assistant Professor; Food Science & Human Nutrition; Michigan State University 301 Administration Bldg East Lansing, Mi 48824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 02-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Colorectal cancer, the third leading cause of cancer death in men and women in the U.S., results from the interaction of genetic and dietary susceptibility elements. Since colorectal cancer is caused by failure of terminal cell differentiation, dietary factors that promote cell migration, a required phenotype for cell differentiation, can be expected to decrease colorectal cancer risk. Our long-term goal of this research is to identify mechanisms by which specific dietary compounds mediate the development of phenotypes associated with cell differentiation including migration, cell-cell communication and apoptosis. The objective of this application is to identify the intracellular signaling pathways induced by flavonoids that contribute to cell migration. Our central hypothesis is that specific flavonoids, present in the diet in foods and beverages, will elicit the migratory phenotype in non-tumorigenic colon epithelial cells by activating specific intracellular signaling pathways. Wild-type adenomatous polyposis coil (APC) is a gatekeeper gene for inherited and sporadic colorectal cancer in rodents and humans. The migratory phenotype is dependent upon wild-type APC expression since full length APC protein mediates directed cell migration in the colon. We will use non-tumorigenic colon epithelial cell lines with normal Apc genotype (called YAMC) and mutant Apc genotype (called IMCE) to identify biological determinants of cell migration relevant to the early stages of colon tumorigenesis. To test our hypothesis and achieve our objectives, we propose to address three specific aims. First, we will identify specific flavonoids that induce migration in YAMC and IMCE cells by performing dose-response studies of flavonoid-dependent cell migration using twelve (12) compounds representing five (5) flavonoid families. Second, we will quantify the ability of migration-inducing flavonoids to activate relevant cell signaling pathways associated with cell migration by co-treating YAMC and IMCE cells with flavonoids and receptor- and signaling pathway-specific antagonists or inhibitors. Third, we will quantify the ability of selected migration-inducing flavonoids to modulate gene expression in YAMC and IMCE cells using cDNA microarrays constructed from the 15K mouse set of the National Institute of Aging. These analyses will identify genes and clusters of gene families whose transcription is increased or decreased in response to these flavonoids. The identification of dietary compounds which could stimulate migration, and hence, cell differentiation, in cells expressing mutant Apc (IMCE cells) could define a new strategy for prevention of colon cancer by diet-derived compounds. Ultimately, this research will provide critical information necessary for specific and rational dietary recommendations to decrease colon cancer risk in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Flavonoids
Project Title: FLAVONOIDS HYPERTIGLYCERIDEMIA
IN
THE
AMELIORATION
OF
Principal Investigator & Institution: Theriault, Andre G.; None; University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hi 96822 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long term goal of this research project is to examine the influence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) bioflavonoidrich extracts (i.e. green tea leaf extracts, citrus bioflavonoids, and rutin) on the regulation of hepatic triglyceride-rich lipoprotein production in a hypertriglyceridemic model. Bioflavonoid-rich extracts have been claimed to protect against cardiovascular disease (CVD), in large part through its inhibitory effect on low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. The potential benefit of these compounds in treating hyperlipidemia has also recently been shown in both animal and human studies. However, the molecular mechanisms for this lipid-lowering action are not fully understood. We have recently shown that a citrus bioflavonoid administered to hypertriglyceridemic-insulin resistant (HIR) hamsters lowered blood triglyceride levels through the inhibition of hepatic microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) protein expression and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity. These results are preliminary and need to be confirmed on a larger scale. Nonetheless, these results do unveil a potentially exciting area of research. The role of other lipogenic enzymes in VLDL production needs to be explored. Also, whether or not the assembly and secretion of hepatic apoB100-VLDL is altered need to be addressed. Moreover, it is not known if all bioflavonoids possess a triglyceride-lowering ability. Therefore, the specific aim of this study using both plasma and isolated hepatocytes is to investigate the effect of bioflavonoid-rich extracts on the in vivo and ex vivo VLDL production in HIR hamsters. This will be done by measuring the rate in VLDL secretion in plasma, and by using isolated hepatocytes, the synthesis and secretion of apoB-100 and triglyceride, and lipogenic enzyme expression and activity. By understanding the lipid lowering function of these products, we aimed at providing new information of these commonly used CAM products. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FORMULATION OF COMBINATION MICROBICIDES Principal Investigator & Institution: Rohan, Lisa C.; Magee-Womens Hlth Corp Pittsburgh, Pa Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Description (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this proposal is to develop a formulated combination microbicide which will prevent the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) both vaginally and rectally utilizing multiple protective factors which inactivate the virus at different stages in its replication cycle. Inhibition of HIV attachment to the CD4 cellular receptor will be accomplished by formulating plantderived flavonoids with sulfated polysaccharides (carrageenans). There will therefore be redundancy built into the microbicide to inhibit HIV binding to its cellular receptor. Virucidal compounds, which destroy the viral envelope, will also provide redundant protection from infection. Both the antiviral ether lipid 1-0-octylsn- glycerol and citric acid will destabilize the envelopes of viral particles. Furthermore, the HIV reverse transcriptase will be inactivated by both antiviral flavonoids and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (Dr. Parniak, Project 1). Herpes simplex virus (HSV) will also be targeted by flavonoids, carrageenans, 1-0-octyl-sn-glycerol and citric acid to reduce genital ulceration and consequently the transmission of HIV to a greater extent
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than inactivating HIV only. Methods will be developed to quantify antiviral agents at each step in the pre-formulation and formulation process and physical and chemical pre-formulation data including solubility, stability, partitioning, and permeability data will be developed as part of these studies. Once active agents have been selected, their compatibility and toxicity with normal vaginal microflora and local tissues in both the isolated and formulated state will be determined. Following the initial formulation and development of a combination microbicide product, the microbicide will be optimized to maximize each antiviral mechanism and minimize toxicity in an iterative manner. The final formulated product will undergo stability testing, and product assessments will be made to ensure that the product has appropriate physical, chemical, microbiological, and antiviral properties during its shelf life. This project contributes to the program by producing new combinations of formulated microbicides based upon inhibition of viral replication using multiple and redundant antiviral mechanisms. Formulated combination microbicides produced in this project will be evaluated in vitro against HIV (Dr. Parniak, Project 1; Dr. Gupta, Project 2) and normal vaginal flora (Microbiology Core, Dr. Hillier), and as well as in humans (Dr. Landers, Project 4). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FUNCTION OF HYDROXYLASES AND OTHER OXIDATIVE ENZYMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Coon, Minor J.; Biological Chemistry; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1976; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Of the known biological catalysts, cytochrome P450 is unmatched in its multiplicity of isoforms, inducers, substrates, and types of chemical reactions catalyzed. Rapid progress in recent years as revealed a P450 gene superfamily with numerous members in bacteria, fungi, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, including the human. These enzymes are of great interest from a fundamental point of view because of their remarkable versatility and reaction mechanisms involving the generation of a powerful oxidant from molecular oxygen, and also from the viewpoint of their biomedical relevance. Because the substrates include physiologically important compounds such as steroids, bile acids, fatty acids, prostaglandins, retinoids, biogenic amines, and lipid hydroperoxides, as well as a host of "environmental chemicals," it is no exaggeration to say that improved knowledge of P450 function will contribute to progress in drug metabolism and design, as well as to better insights into chemical carcinogenesis, alcoholism, endocrine disorders, and oxidative stress. Our main objectives are: 1. To obtain detailed evidence on the important question of whether multiple oxygenating species contribute to substrate oxidation by cytochrome P450. Mutant P450s blocked in proton delivery to the active site will be examined for their rates of oxidation of various substrates as an indication of the role of peroxo-hydroperoxo- and oxenoid-iron as discrete oxidants. Attempts will be made to characterize these labile species by chemical and physical methods in order to correlate the apparent steady state level of a particular oxidant with the catalytic rates. In addition, the possibility will be examined that the levels of the oxidants are subject to regulation by effectors, including cytochrome b5 and flavonoids. 2. To continue our attempts to obtain one or more mammalian P450s in a crystalline form suitable for structure determination by x-ray diffraction. Various fulllength and truncated P450s will be studied for this purpose. 3. To determine the role of phospholipids and other membrane components in influencing the formation of binary and ternary complexes of P450, NADPH-P450 reductase, and cytochrome b5, and in altering the rates and specificities of substrate oxidation in lipid bilayers. The effect of
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lipid composition in membrane bilayers. The effect of lipid composition in membrane bilayers will be examined with respect to single-phase fluid membranes with co-existing solid-phase obstacles to protein diffusion. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENES, DIET AND CARCINOGEN ACTIVATION IN SMOKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Le Marchand, Loic; Professor; None; University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hi 96822 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This research will investigate genetic and dietary influences on the Phase I metabolism of tobacco smoke carcinogens and on lung cancer risk. Based on recent findings, we hypothesize that, in smokers: 1) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tobacco smoke are the primary cause of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, whereas nitrosamines in tobacco are the primary cause of lung adenocarcinoma; 2) the metabolic activation of PAHs is mainly carried out by CYPIA1, with more minor roles for CYP3A4 and CYP1B 1, and the activation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) is mainly carried out by CYP2E1, CYPlA2 and CYP2A6; and 3) the activation of these carcinogens is modified by polymorphic genes and dietary inhibitors/inducers. We will use genomic DNA samples from a completed case-control study of lung cancer among Japanese, Caucasians and Hawaiians (341 cases, 456 controls) to test the independent and joint associations of these polymorphisms with lung cancer risk. We will also conduct a cross-sectional study (n=600) among Japanese, Hawaiian and Caucasian smokers participating in our Multiethnic Cohort Study to test associations of: 1) urinary NNAL (the main metabolite of NNK) and TSNA globin adducts with the high activity genotypes for CYP2E1, CYIA2 and/or CYP2A6; 2) urinary total 1-hydroxypyrene and levels of PAH DNA adducts in circulating lymphocytes with the high activity genotypes for CYPIAI, AhR and CYPIBI; and 3) intake and urinary levels of phytochemicals (specific flavonoids, total isothiocyanates) and plasma levels of micronutrients with these markers of activation. Finally, two feeding studies (n=50 each) will use a randomized cross-over design to test the effect of selected foods on markers of PAH or TSNA metabolism and on metabolizing enzymes in smokers with high and low activity genotypes. The elucidation of the main enzymes responsible for carcinogen activation and of the impact of dietary factors on these enzymes would have important implications for cancer prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENISTEIN AS MODULATOR OF ANTIOXIDANT PROTEIN EXPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuo, Shiu-Ming; Exercise and Nutritional Sciences; State University of New York at Buffalo Suite 211 Ub Commons Buffalo, Ny 14228 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Flavonoids represent a family of phytochemicals found in many human food items. Among them, genistein (Gn) is found especially at high concentration in soybeans, an important element of Oriental diet. Epidemiological studies, in vivo animal studies and in vitro cell studies all suggested that Gn could play a role in the prevention of cancer. More work at the molecular level is needed to define the mechanism. This proposal addresses one potential mechanism: the ability of Gn to increase the expression of an antioxidant protein, metallothionein (MT). We have found that Gn increased the levels of MT protein and mRNA in human intestinal cells, Caco-2. The induction was
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synergistic with the stimulatory effect of zinc. Based on these observations, the proposal is designed to determine the physiological significance of MT induction; and the mode of Gn-MT gene interaction. We will compare the level of oxidative byproduct after tertbutylhydroperoxide challenge in cells with and without Gn treatment. In addition, animal study will be conducted to show that Gn feeding leads to an increase in the organ MT level and a decrease in the organ oxidative byproduct level. The mode of GnMT gene interaction will be investigated indirectly through the combination treatment of cells with Gn and other inducers of MT expression like copper, cadmium or cytokines. We will also perform nuclear run-on experiment and mRNA stability analysis in cells to directly confirm the effect of Gn at the transcriptional level. Reporter gene assays will then be conducted to determine the site of Gn-MT gene interaction on the cloned sequence of human MTIIA promoter. The results from the proposed studies will help to assess the essentiality of Gn in the human diet for reduction of cancer risk. These studies may also lead to the identification of a previous unknown pathway for Gn to regulate mammalian genes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INFLUENCE OF CRANBERRY ON PLAQUE-RELATED DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Koo, Hyun; Eastman Dentistry; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JAN-2004; Project End 30-NOV-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dental caries is the most common oral infectious disease that afflicts humans. More than 95% of all adults have experienced this disease. It is more common than asthma, hay fever or chronic bronchitis in 5-17 year old children. The American public spends close to $40 billion per year to treat this disease or its consequences. Dental caries results from the interaction of specific bacteria with constituents of the diet on a susceptible tooth surface. Dental plaque accumulation is the first clinical evidence of this interaction; dental plaque is a biofilm which is comprised of a population of bacteria growing on the tooth surface enmeshed in a polysaccharide matrix. Acid can be formed rapidly by acidogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans, within the matrix and its persistence results in dissolution of the tooth. Furthermore, plaque is also the major aetiological factor in gingivitis. Cranberries, like other natural products, harbor a plethora of biological compounds such as flavonoids (e.g. quercetin and myricetin), phenolic acids (benzoic acid), anthocyanins, condensed tannins, and others. We have shown that many of these substances can: (i) inhibit enzymes associated with the formation of the plaque polysaccharide matrix, (ii) block adherence of bacteria to surfaces, (iii) prevent acid formation, and (iv) reduce acid tolerance of cariogenic organisms. For example, quercetin and myricetin are effective inhibitors of glucosyltransferases (GTFs), enzymes responsible for the synthesis of glucans; glucans synthesized by GTFs mediate the adherence and accumulation of cariogenic streptococci on the tooth surface. Weak acids, such as benzoate (benzoic acid), affect the acid production by S. mutans and have been shown to reduce dental caries in rats. We propose a comprehensive plan to explore the influence of cranberry on many of the biological aspects involved in the pathogenesis of dental plaque formation and caries. We also propose to examine the ability of cranberry to prevent or reduce caries in our well-proven rodent model and to investigate the effects of cranberry on plaque formation and gingivitis in vivo. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INFLUENCE OF DIETARY FLAVONOIDS ON THE EXPRESSION OF AT* Principal Investigator & Institution: Keen, Carl L.; Professor and Chairman; Nutrition; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 956165200 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) Oxidative stress is characterized by excessive concentrations of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). Excessive oxidative damage has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous degenerative diseases including coronary vascular diseases (CVD). A current hypothesis suggests that ROS, RNS and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) induce the expression of atherogenic genes via redox-sensitive signaling pathways. The oxidative stress-induced gene expression has been shown to be mediated via the activation of redox sensitive transcription factors such as nuclear factor- kappaBeta (NFkB), and redox-sensitive transduction pathways such as those involving members of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family as well as members of the Src family. Genes regulated by NFkB activation encode for proteins implicated in acute phase and inflammatory responses including certain cytokines and chemokines, cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory enzymes; several of these molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Similarly, studies have shown that JNK, BMK-1 and cSrc are involved in signaling events stimulated by ROS that contribute to atherosclerosis such as smooth muscle cell proliferation. It is well known that diet plays a important role in a large number of chronic diseases. The investigators suggest that this is due in part to an effect of diet on a individual's antioxidant status. Vitamins and minerals contribute to the oxidative defense system because: (1) they are antioxidants (vitamins E, C and Bcarotene); (2) they are essential for the function of enzyme antioxidants (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and riboflavin); or (3) they act to maintain low levels of potentially pro-oxidant molecules (vitamins B12, B6 and folate). On the other hand, the cardio-protective effects of flavonoids result in part from their antioxidant properties, and their ability to modulate the activity of a wide spectrum of enzymes. The researchers propose to investigate the hypothesis that diet may influence vascular redox-mediated signaling and transcriptional activities. Using the mouse model, they will test the hypothesis that a diet marginal in select micronutrients will induce a pro-oxidative state that will worsen the pathophysiological state of atherosclerosis. Finally, they will test the hypothesis that addition of flavonoids to diets marginal in antioxidants will attenuate the atherogenic effect of the pro-oxidative effect of micronutrient deficiency and hypercholesterolemia. These issues will be addressed using mutant mice in which the LDL receptor (LDLr) has been inactivated. The researchers will measure the progression of atherosclerosis in LDLr +/+ and -/- mice fed a high fat-micronutrient adequate diet, or a high fat-micronutrient marginal diet, supplemented or not with the flavonoids, quercetin and catechin. They will use biochemical markers and immunohistochemistry to evaluate antioxidant capacity and redox status in the LDLr mice, and correlate these with the severity of atherosclerosis determined by lesion progression and atherogenic gene expression. Finally, they will examine the effects of the diets on the activation of NFkB and cell signaling pathways. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INTERACTION FLAVONOIDS
BETWEEN
IRINOTECAN
AND
19
DIETARY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Iyer, Lalitha V.; Sri International 333 Ravenswood Ave Menlo Park, Ca 940253493 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 18-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Over 50% of cancer patients use alternative medicines regularly while undergoing chemotherapy. These products, though derived from natural sources, may contain active ingredients that may influence the disposition and/or therapeutic outcome of concomitantly administered chemotherapeutics. This application will address the issue of drug/botanical interaction between the anticancer agent irinotecan (used against colorectal cancer) and the popular dietary flavonoids from soy (genistein and daidzein) and fruits and vegetables (chrysin and quercetin). Irinotecan has complex dispositional characteristics, with sequential metabolic activation and inactivation steps, biliary and urinary excretion. The PI has studied some of these pathways extensively and has shown that the enzyme UGT1A1 glucuronidates its active metabolite, SN-38, and that the multidrug resistance transporter, pglycoprotein (P-gp), plays a major role in irinotecan's biliary excretion. Flavonoids such as chrysin and quercetin are known inducers of UGT1A1. Our hypothesis are that (i) the selected dietary flavonoids will influence the disposition and toxicity of irinotecan via induction of the glucuronidation (by UGT1A1) of its active metabolite, SN-38; and (ii) induction of UGT1A1 by dietary flavonoids is influenced by genetic differences in the promoter region of the UGT1A1 gene. The specific aims are to (1) investigate the in vivo interaction of soy isoflavones, chrysin and quercetin with irinotecan in rats, (2) determine whether hepatic UGT1A1 induction by flavonoids is responsible for their interaction with irinotecan, and (3) investigate the influence of the TATA polymorphism in the promoter region of UGT1A1 on inducibility by these flavonoids. Aim 1 will involve in vivo pharmacokinetic, biliary, and urinary excretion studies with irinotecan after chronic pretreatment of rats with the selected dietary flavonoids. The potential induction of UGT1A1 will be studied in Aim 2 by measuring SN-38 glucuronidation in hepatocytes and liver microsomes from flavonoid treated rats, as well as by measuring UGT1A1 protein levels. In Aim 3, luciferase reporter assays will be performed to investigate UGT1A1 activity after pretreatment with flavonoids in Hep G2 cells transfected with known polymorphic forms (TA5,TA6,TA7,TA8) of the TATA sequence of UGT1A1. As irinotecan has a narrow therapeutic index, minor changes in its disposition can significantly modify the therapeutic outcome, so this investigation will have major potential benefits to cancer patients and oncologists. This pilot/developmental project will generate significant preliminary results to propose larger (R01) grants being planned by the PI and colleagues on the interaction between natural medications & dietary supplements and conventional chemotherapy, and its pharmacogenetic implications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MULTIETHNIC COHORT STUDY OF DIET AND CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Kolonel, Laurence N.; Deputy Director; None; University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hi 96822 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-1983; Project End 29-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application requests funding for continued support of the Multiethnic Cohort Study which was established in Hawaii and Los Angeles in 1993-96 to explore the relationship of diet and other lifestyle factors to cancer.
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The cohort is comprised of more than 215,000 men and women primarily of African American, Japanese, Latino, Native Hawaiian and Caucasian origin, and is unique among existing cohort studies in its ethnic diversity and representation of minority populations. At entry, each participant completed a 26-page mail questionnaire that included an extensive quantitative diet history, as well as other demographic, medical, and lifestyle information. Multiple 24-hour diet recalls were collected on more than 2,000 of the participants in a calibration study designed to permit correction of nutrient intake estimates for measurement error. In the current cycle (1998-2003), a brief followup questionnaire to update selected dietary and non-dietary baseline information was completed by more than 80 percent of the participants; in the next cycle, the baseline dietary questionnaire will be repeated. Out-migration rates after 7 years were low (< 5 percent), supporting the use of computer linkage with the population-based cancer registries in Hawaii and California to identify incident cases; more than 25,000 cases of breast, prostate, colorectum and lung cancer are expected by the year 2007. Based on an average 4 years of follow-up, some preliminary dietary findings included: positive association of alcohol with breast cancer, dairy products with prostate cancer, and saturated fat with lung cancer; and inverse association of legumes with breast cancer, carotenoids and certain vegetables with lung cancer, and dietary fiber and folate with colorectal cancer. In the next cycle, the larger numbers of incident cases will enable us to further examine these dietary relationships by ethnicity and stage of disease, to examine other cancer sites (pancreas, bladder, ovary, endometrium), and to contribute to analyses of gene-diet interactions. In addition, new information from the follow-up questionnaire and enhancements to the food composition database will be used to directly test the relationship of flavonoids and heterocyclic amines to colorectal, lung, bladder and other cancers. We will also test hypotheses related to use of exogenous hormones and cancers of the breast, ovary and colorectum; and use of NSAIDs and cancers oft he colorectum, lung, breast and ovary. A methodological aim, utilizing biochemical measurements on 750 members of the cohort, will develop new dietary exposure variables to improve testing of etiologic hypotheses. Findings from the Multiethnic Cohort Study should help not only to identify dietary and other risk factors for cancer, but also to better understand the basis for ethnic variations in cancer incidence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BILOBALIDE
NEUROMODULATORY
EFFECTS
OF
GINKGOLIDES
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Nakanishi, Koji; Centennial Professor of Chemistry; Chemistry; Columbia Univ New York Morningside 1210 Amsterdam Ave, Mc 2205 New York, Ny 10027 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 12-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal is focused on the mode of action of the ginkgolides and bilobalide (terpenoid trilactones) from the tree Ginkgo biloba. The crude extract of G. biloba, a complex mixture composed of many different compounds, have shown effects on the diseased as well as healthy state of the mammalian brain. Clinical studies, animal studies, and various in vitro studies of the extracts have demonstrated beneficial effects against various neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease, as well as memory enhancing effects in the normal brain. However, very little is known about effects of individual constituents, especially at the molecular structural level. In this proposal, we will focus on the most unique constituents of the Ginkgo biloba extract, the ginkgolides and bilobalide, but not on the action of the crude
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extract which clearly involves synergistic effects, e.g., between the flavonoids (a major component) and the terpenoid trilactones. Some ginkgolides are antagonists of the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR), and appear to have antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. We have also found that ginkgolide B is a glycine receptor antagonist, while bilobalide is a potent GABAA receptor antagonist. Our goal is to determine the neuromodulatory effects of terpene trilactones on the mammalian central nervous system, using bioorganic and spectroscopic methods, including those under development in our laboratory on a molecular level. The specific topics to be studied include synthesis of radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) and ex vivo autoradiography studies, design and preparation of novel photolabile and fluorescent terpene trilactones analogs to be used to elucidate the interactions of terpene trilactones and PAFR. During these studies we will develop and apply novel methodologies such as ultra-microscale photolabeling and sequencing using unconventional mass spectrometric and circular dichroic techniques, as well as "membrane scissors". Using radioligand binding and microphysiometry, we will initiate studies on the effects of terpene trilactones on the cloned PAFR, using PAFR expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The effects of terpene trilactones on long-term potentiation will be examined in vitro as well as in animal models. These studies can potentially provide new targets for terpene trilactones in the central nervous system that require the synthesis of new ginkgolide and bilobalide ligands. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROSTATE CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION BY APIGENIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Gupta, Sanjay; Assistant Professor; Urology; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The marked difference in the incidence of prostate cancer (CaP) among several regions of the world suggest that dietary factors may influence the biological process related to prostate carcinogenesis. Because CaP is the most common and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in American males, to reduce the incidence of this disease, chemoprevention through dietary intervention appears to be a practical and encouraging approach. CaP is known to undergo a transition from an early 'androgen-sensitive' form of cancer to a late (metastatic) 'androgen-insensitive' cancer, and at the time of clinical diagnosis most CaP's represent a mixture of androgen-sensitive and androgen-insensitive cells. Therefore, the key to the control of CaP appears to lie in the elimination of both types of cells through mechanism-based intervention approaches. Epidemiological studies suggest that high consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of CaP. These studies are consistent with the observations that Asian men who consume low fat, highfiber diet rich in flavonoids have lowest CaP incidence in the world. Laboratory studies in cell culture systems have demonstrated that apigenin, a plant flavonoid abundantly present in fruits and vegetables afford protection against many types of human cancers. Consistent with this notion in our preliminary studies we demonstrated that apigenin results in I) selective response of normal versus prostate carcinoma cells, ii) inhibition of cell growth, iii) induction of apoptosis, and iii) GO-Gl-phase arrest of cell cycle, in both androgen-dependent LNCaP and androgen- independent DU145 human prostate carcinoma cells. The present proposal capitalizes on these novel findings and is designed to investigate the effect of oral consumption of apigenin on the prostate tumorigenesis under in viva situations. To accomplish this goal, we will employ the well-accepted model of athymic nude mice implanted with androgen-independent PC-3
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and androgen-dependent 22Rvl human prostate tumor cells. The hypothesis to be tested in this proposal is that apigenin will impart cancer-preventive and possibly cancertherapeutic effects by modulating cell cycle- and apoptotic- machinery of CaP cells irrespective of their androgen association. A corollary to this hypothesis that will be tested in this proposal is that oral consumption of apigenin will reduce the levels of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), possibly by modulating the androgen receptor in athymic nude mice transplanted with androgen-sensitive human prostate carcinoma cells. These studies could be considered as a starting point for an expanded program for the development of apigenin as a promising agent against CaP in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATION OF FIBROGENESIS BY THE DIETARY FLAVONOIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ricupero, Dennis A.; Medicine; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) Excess deposition of type I collagen is characteristic of a number of fibrotic disorders including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, and scleroderma. Many fibrotic diseases have features of chronic inflammation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are abundant in inflammatory events, although the roles of ROS are not completely understood. TGF-Beta (TGF-B), considered to be the major profibrotic effector, stimulates hydrogen peroxide (H202) production in myofibroblasts. The data presented here demonstrate, for the first time, that in myofibroblasts, H202 stimulates an increase in alpha1(I) collagen mRNA. Apigenin, a common dietary flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, blocks the TGF-Bstimulated increase of alpha1(I) collagen mRNA and the TGF-stimulated production of H202. The mechanism by which apigenin blocks the TGF-B-stimulated production of H202 remains unclear. Steady-state levels of alpha1(I) collagen mRNA are regulated by the rate of transcription of the alpha1(I) collagen gene and by the stability of the message. The investigators previously reported that inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3kinase (PI3K) decreased the stability of alpha1(I) collagen mRNA. They found that apigenin blocked the TGF-B-stimulated transcription of the alpha1(I)collagen gene and reduced the stability of the message. Most importantly, they found that in transgenic mice expressing the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter construct driven by the alpha1(I)collagen promoter, topically-applied apigenin blocked the CAT activity of skin samples. Thus, it appears that apigenin is a potent downregulator of alpha1(I) collagen expression both in vitro and in vivo. This proposal will (Aim 1) test the hypothesis that an apigenin-rich diet will attenuate the development of fibrosis and (Aim 2) identify the apigenin-sensitive mechanism by which TGF-B stimulates production of H202 and test the hypothesis that alpha1(I) collagen mRNA stability is modulated through PI3K activity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SPECIES DIFFERENCE IN THE BIOTRANSFORMATION OF AFLATOXIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Eaton, David L.; Associate Dean for Research; Environmental and Occupational Health Studies; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1991; Project End 31-JUL-2004
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Summary: Numerous studies have demonstrated that biologically active, natural components of the diet may confer resistance to chemical carcinogens via induction and/or inhibition of biotransformation enzymes. In particular, specific chemical components of the diet, such as flavonoids, isocyanates, glucosinolates, indoles, dithiolthiones, and polyphenols have been identified as effective inducers and/or inhibitors of carcinogen activation/detoxification pathways in animal models. There is much supporting data from human epidemiological studies on the important relationship between diet and cancer in humans, although the diversity and complexity of the diet, and uncertainty of specific exposures, in such studies makes identification of specific active components nearly impossible. Although animal models are useful for "hypothesis testing", species differences in carcinogen activation and detoxification pathways, as well as differences in gene regulation and expression in response to inducers, make extrapolation of animal data to the human situation tentative, at best. Thus, there is a need to develop model systems that utilize human cells/tissues to determine the efficacy of specific dietary components and/or putative chemoprotectant drugs to favorably modify the biotransformation of human carcinogens. One such model human carcinogen is aflatoxin B1. Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by the common fungal molds, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Worldwide, aflatoxins are considered a major public health problem because of their potent carcinogenic effects. Human epidemiological data has documented that humans are susceptible to AFB-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, especially in combination with hepatitis B virus infection. However, there are large species differences in the susceptibility to aflatoxin carcinogenesis. Rats are highly sensitive, whereas mice are very resistant. The mechanism for this difference is associated with the expression of a specific enzyme, glutathione S-transferase A3-3 (mGSTA3-3), which is present in the livers of mice, but not rats. Treatment of rats with the drug, oltipraz, or the food additive, ethoxyquin, protects rats from aflatoxin-induced liver cancer. The mechanism for this protection is due to the ability of these chemicals to "turn on" a gene for a glutathione S-transferase, rGSTA5-5, that is normally not expressed in rat liver, but which efficiently detoxifies aflatoxin. Human liver tissue has very low ability to detoxify aflatoxin -- in fact, worse than the poor ability of rats. There has been considerable interest in devising a dietary or chemointervention strategy for humans that increases resistance to AFB by induction of GSTs. The long range goals of this proposal are to: 1) establish in vitro models that utilize isolated human hepatocytes in culture and human cDNA expressing yeast, to assess the efficacy of specific dietary components as putative chemoprotectors against AFB and other chemical carcinogens, and 2) complete the characterization of species differences in glutathione S-transferases with activity toward AFB-epoxide. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SYNTHESIS AND ELABORATION OF DIVERSE SCAFFOLDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Porco, John A.; Assistant Professor; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: The goal of this project of four unique heterocyclic scaffolds for library development, each displaying a minimum of three orthogonal diversification points for derivatization which can be moved positionally within the scaffold structure. Each scaffold also bears stereocenters which can be constructed with high degrees of selectivity to allow for additional stereochemical diversity. The four parent scaffolds are: (1), 1,7-dioxaspiro[5,5]undecane spiroketals; (2) pipecolic acids; (3) flavonoids; (4)
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1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,5-naphthyridines, thus representing two oxygen heterocycles and two nitrogen heterocycles. The goal is to produce a variety of libraries with a limited number of members, rather than fewer libraries with a large numbers of structurally repetitive members. Two libraries will be produced using the spiroketal scaffold, three libraries from the pipecolic acid core structure, and four libraries each from the flavonoid and naphthyridine heterocycles. The emphasis within this project will also be on the development of new methodologies for use in chemical library construction. Thus within each subproject defined by the four unique scaffolds, new resin-bound reagents, scavenger resins for reaction work-up, and new capture-and-release strategies are proposed for development. The individual library constructions stress original synthetic strategies that lead to conformationally biased heterocycles that expand stereochemical and positional diversity as they probe three dimensional space. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TASTE PSYCHOPHYSICS OF BITTER PHYTOCHEMICALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Linschoten, Miriam R.; Instructor; Otolaryngology; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Diets rich in vegetables and fruit lower the risk of cancer and other systemic diseases. Phytochemicals such as phenols, flavonoids, isoflavones, terpenes and glucosinolates have anti-oxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties and demonstrate a wide spectrum of tumor-blocking activities. Many of these phytochemicals have a bitter taste, which could lead to avoidance of the foods containing them. Taste also is the most important factor in food choice; it is more important than nutritional value, cost, convenience and weight control. The ability, however, to perceive some bitter substances is genetically mediated; about 25% of the population is unable to perceive the bitterness of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), 50% can taste it, and 25% are considered supertasters. It has been shown that PROP tasters have a lower acceptance of bitter vegetables and salad greens. PROP tasters might therefore be less likely to adopt a diet for cancer prevention that emphasizes consumption of bitter vegetables. Very little is known about threshold and suprathreshold bitter perception of the phytochemicals naringin, limonin, quercetin, sinigrin and genistein. The purpose of this study is to determine how these bitter phytochemicals are perceived by (super) tasters and non-tasters of PROP. The knowledge gained through the proposed experiments will provide insight into the role genetic taste sensitivity plays in food preference and food choice. Detection thresholds for the five phytochemicals and sodium chloride and PROP will be determined with a maximum likelihood adaptive staircase method. Psychophysical functions for all seven substances will be measured with the Labeled Magnitude Scale. Subjects will also rate how much they like each of five concentrations of the seven substances. Furthermore, food preference data will be gathered. It is anticipated that this study will result in safe and usable ranges of stimulation for each of the phytochemicals, so that in the future data from children can be obtained. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: THE UCLA CLINICAL NUTRITION RESEARCH UNIT Principal Investigator & Institution: Heber, David; Professor/Chief; Medicine; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1985; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) The UCLA Clinical Nutrition Research Unit (CNRU) supports the development of new interdisciplinary research in nutrition and cancer prevention which would not otherwise occur through provision of specialized core research services, pilot/feasibility study funds and a New Investigator Award. The Administrative and Nutrition Education Core has creatively expanded the influence of the CNRU at UCLA. We have established the UCLA Center for Human Nutrition as the focus of nutrition research, education and patient care at UCLA. Our NIH T32 Nutrition and Obesity Training Program has developed new junior faculty and we have recruited many new faculty to the CNRU. An NIH P50 Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research was funded in 1999 and led to collaboration with plant molecular biologists and funding of the UCLA Research Growth Center. The Gene-Nutrient Core has established new facilities with private funds for high throughput genotyping, and microarray analysis of gene expression and this has led to new funding. The Molecular Oncology Core provides expertise in studies of the multistep pathway of carcinogenesis. The Nutritional Biomarker Core has supported research with high quality lipid, hormone, and carotenoid measurement and established methods for quantitating dietary flavonoids and assessing oxidant stress supporting new funded research. The Stable Isotope Core has established methods for metabolic phenotyping of cancer cells, and supported phytochemical measurement by LCMS. The Dietary Intervention, Assessment and Body Composition Core has supported dietary intervention research, community-based diet assessment research, and body composition research. The Statistical Coordinating Unit Core has established new methods for analysis of national and local dietary intervention trials, analysis of data from gene-nutrient interaction studies and provided training in translational research. The UCLA CNRU is serving as a regional and national resource at the cutting edge of nutrition and cancer prevention research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THEAFLAVINS AND GALLIC ACID IN TEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Warden, Beverly A.; Senior Research Scientist; Florida International University Division of Sponsored Research and Training Miami, Fl 33199 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Flavonoids are a class of nutrients found in a large number of foods, particularly fruits and vegetables. There is a large number of flavonoid subclasses, most of which have been associated with antioxidant properties important in preventing chronic diseases. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a protective effect of flavonoids in preventing cardiovascular disease in some populations. However, there is conflicting evidence as to their efficacy in preventing cancer. The long term goal of this research is to study the bioavailability and metabolism of specific subclasses of flavonoids so that future cohort and case controlled studies can be designed to produce more definitive results regarding the link between tea consumption and improve health through prevention of chronic disease. The objective of this proposal is to study the absorptive, metabolic, and excretory processes in humans associated with the intake of gallic acid (GA) and theaflavins (TF) found in regular black tea. The results of this study will help researchers to more fully understand the metabolism of one subclass of flavonoids which is highly consumed by humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TOXICOLOGICAL CONTROL MECHANISMS OF HUMAN CYP1A2 Principal Investigator & Institution: Quattrochi, Linda C.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play an important role in the metabolism of endogenous compounds and such exogenous substrates as drugs and various chemical carcinogens. CYP 1 A, one of the CYP subfamilies in vertebrates consisting of two members, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, catalyzes the metabolism of such environmental chemicals as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and arylamines as well as numerous drugs. Several factors appear to modulate the expression of CYP1A enzymes including chemicals (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons), dietary constituents (e.g. heterocyclic amines, flavones, indoles) and genetic factors. In the present research proposal, we will examine the hypothesis that the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of human CYP1A2 involves complex interactions of trans-acting factors at multiple and redundant regulatory elements, and that naturally-occurring dietary flavonoids alter the expression of both CYP 1 A2 and CYP IA 1. Our goals for the forthcoming grant period are to focus on the fundamental mechanistic events defining CYP1A2 basal and cell type-specific expression, and to define the role of naturally occurring dietary flavonoids in modulating CYP1A gene expression through the interactions of these agents with transcription factors (e.g. arylhydrocarbon receptor, other basic helix-loop-helix proteins) that potentially mediate human CYP1A gene expression. To this end, we will use various cell lines for in vitro studies, and we will develop models to study the molecular mechanisms involved in the in vivo regulation of human CYP1A gene expression. In vivo studies will utilize genome-integrated reporter gene constructs and a transgenic mouse line containing a bacterial artificial chromosome expressing the human CYP1A1 and CYP1A2. The long-term goals are to understand at the cellular and molecular level the mechanisms controlling the expression of CYP1A2 and the mechanisms that affect both CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in relation to the chemoprotective properties of naturally occurring flavonoids. Additionally, understanding the molecular events associated with altered CYP1A gene expression due to interactions of such "natural" pharmaceuticals as flavonoids and other plant-derived products should lead to an awareness of possible adverse effects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: V(D)J RECOMBINASE MEDIATED TRANSPOSITION IN VIVO Principal Investigator & Institution: Murray, Janet M.; Pediatrics; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002 Summary: (provided by the applicant): V(D)J recombination is normally associated with immunoglobulin and T cell receptor rearrangements. Aberrant genomic V(D)Jrecombinase-mediated events are potential sources of oncogenic rearrangements. Many aspects of V(D)J recombination are shared by transposons, and V(D)J-mediated transposition has been demonstrated in vitro. Our hypothesis is that V(D)J-mediated transposition occurs in vivo and that genotoxic agents associated with tobacco smoke and dietary flavonoids lead to an increase in aberrant V(D)J recombination and transposition. Specific Aim #1 To determine whether V(D)J-mediated transposition occurs in vivo. We will utilize a plasmid-based assay in an attempt to capture V(D)J-
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mediated transposition into the HPRTlocus. Secondly, clones from pediatric patients containing V(D)J-mediated deletion of HPRT exons 2 and 3 will be analyzed for exon 2 and 3 transposition. Specific Aim #2 Using the plasmid-based assay above cells will be treated with genotoxic agents found in tobacco smoke and dietary flavonoids. This assay will allow us to assess the effects of genotoxic exposure on transpositional events as well as V(D)J-mediated aberrant recombination within the HPRT gene. Specific Aim #3 Mechanistic studies will be initiated to examine the expression of known proteins associated with V(D)J recombination including Rag1, Rag2 and DNAPK. Altogether these experiments will help us correlate environmental exposure and the level of aberrant V(D)J recombination to the expression of known V(D)J components. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “flavonoids” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for flavonoids in the PubMed Central database: •
A Cluster of Genes Encodes the Two Types of Chalcone Isomerase Involved in the Biosynthesis of General Flavonoids and Legume-Specific 5-Deoxy(iso)flavonoids in Lotus japonicus. by Shimada N, Aoki T, Sato S, Nakamura Y, Tabata S, Ayabe SI.; 2003 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166860
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A cytochrome b 5 is required for full activity of flavonoid 3[prime prime or minute],5[prime prime or minute]-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P450 involved in the formation of blue flower colors. by de Vetten N, ter Horst J, van Schaik HP, de Boer A, Mol J, Koes R.; 1999 Jan 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15213
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A null mutation in the first enzyme of flavonoid biosynthesis does not affect male fertility in Arabidopsis. by Burbulis IE, Iacobucci M, Shirley BW.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161155
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Accumulation of a nod gene inducer, the flavonoid naringenin, in the cytoplasmic membrane of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae is caused by the pHdependent hydrophobicity of naringenin. by Recourt K, van Brussel AA, Driessen AJ, Lugtenberg BJ.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=210214
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Alfalfa Root Flavonoid Production Is Nitrogen Regulated. by Coronado C, Zuanazzi J, Sallaud C, Quirion JC, Esnault R, Husson HP, Kondorosi A, Ratet P.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157372
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An Arabidopsis Mutant Tolerant to Lethal Ultraviolet-B Levels Shows Constitutively Elevated Accumulation of Flavonoids and Other Phenolics. by Bieza K, Lois R.; 2001 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116467
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Anaerobic Degradation of Flavonoids by Clostridium orbiscindens. by Schoefer L, Mohan R, Schwiertz A, Braune A, Blaut M.; 2003 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=201214
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Antisense inhibition of flavonoid biosynthesis in petunia anthers results in male sterility. by van der Meer IM, Stam ME, van Tunen AJ, Mol JN, Stuitje AR.; 1992 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160126
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Arabidopsis Flavonoid Mutants Are Hypersensitive to UV-B Irradiation. by Li J, OuLee TM, Raba R, Amundson RG, Last RL.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160260
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Arabidopsis ICX1 Is a Negative Regulator of Several Pathways Regulating Flavonoid Biosynthesis Genes. by Wade HK, Sohal AK, Jenkins GI.; 2003 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166846
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C-ring cleavage of flavonoids by human intestinal bacteria. by Winter J, Moore LH, Dowell VR Jr, Bokkenheuser VD.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184277
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Degradation of the plant flavonoid phellamurin by Aspergillus niger. by Sakai S.; 1977 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242690
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Dietary flavonoids and the MLL gene: A pathway to infant leukemia? by Ross JA.; 2000 Apr 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34309
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Effects of alfalfa nod gene-inducing flavonoids on nodABC transcription in Rhizobium meliloti strains containing different nodD genes. by Hartwig UA, Maxwell CA, Joseph CM, Phillips DA.; 1990 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208924
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Effects of Glucosinolates and Flavonoids on Colonization of the Roots of Brassica napus by Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571. by O'Callaghan KJ, Stone PJ, Hu X, Griffiths DW, Davey MR, Cocking EC.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101471
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Elucidation of the Flavonoid Catabolism Pathway in Pseudomonas putida PML2 by Comparative Metabolic Profiling. by Pillai BV, Swarup S.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126565
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Functional Conservation of Plant Secondary Metabolic Enzymes Revealed by Complementation of Arabidopsis Flavonoid Mutants with Maize Genes. by Dong X, Braun EL, Grotewold E.; 2001 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117961
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Gene Expression Profiling in Response to Ultraviolet Radiation in Maize Genotypes with Varying Flavonoid Content. by Casati P, Walbot V.; 2003 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=181262
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Inhibition of Prostate Cancer Cell Colony Formation by the Flavonoid Quercetin Correlates with Modulation of Specific Regulatory Genes. by Nair HK, Rao KV, Aalinkeel R, Mahajan S, Chawda R, Schwartz SA.; 2004 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=321331
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Interactions among enzymes of the Arabidopsis flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. by Burbulis IE, Winkel-Shirley B.; 1999 Oct 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23169
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Isoliquiritigenin, a strong nod gene- and glyceollin resistance-inducing flavonoid from soybean root exudate. by Kape R, Parniske M, Brandt S, Werner D.; 1992 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195661
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Juvenile-Specific Localization and Accumulation of a Rhamnosyltransferase and Its Bitter Flavonoid in Foliage, Flowers, and Young Citrus Fruits. by Bar-Peled M, Fluhr R, Gressel J.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159129
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NodV and NodW, a second flavonoid recognition system regulating nod gene expression in Bradyrhizobium japonicum. by Loh J, Garcia M, Stacey G.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179067
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Release of Flavonoids by the Soybean Cultivars McCall and Peking and Their Perception as Signals by the Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiont Sinorhizobium fredii. by Pueppke SG, Bolanos-Vasquez MC, Werner D, Bec-Ferte MP, Prome JC, Krishnan HB.; 1998 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34980
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Rhizobia catabolize nod gene-inducing flavonoids via C-ring fission mechanisms. by Rao JR, Cooper JE.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=196728
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Some observations on the effect of Daflon (micronized purified flavonoid fraction of Rutaceae aurantiae) in bancroftian filarial lymphoedema. by Das LK, Subramanyam Reddy G, Pani SP.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153483
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Strain-Specific Inhibition of nod Gene Induction in Bradyrhizobium japonicum by Flavonoid Compounds. by Kosslak RM, Joshi RS, Bowen BA, Paaren HE, Appelbaum ER.; 1990 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184405
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Suppression of nitric oxide production in mouse macrophages by soybean flavonoids accumulated in response to nitroprusside and fungal elicitation. by Scuro LS, Simioni PU, Grabriel DL, Saviani EE, Modolo LV, Tamashiro WM, Salgado I.; 2004; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=408346
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The Origin of Novel Flavonoids in Phlox Allotetraploids. by Levy M, Levin DA.; 1971 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=389255
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The TRANSPARENT TESTA12 Gene of Arabidopsis Encodes a Multidrug Secondary Transporter-like Protein Required for Flavonoid Sequestration in Vacuoles of the Seed Coat Endothelium. by Debeaujon I, Peeters AJ, Leon-Kloosterziel KM, Koornneef M.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135529
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UV light selectively coinduces supply pathways from primary metabolism and flavonoid secondary product formation in parsley. by Logemann E, Tavernaro A, Schulz W, Somssich IE, Hahlbrock K.; 2000 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26534
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with flavonoids, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “flavonoids” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for flavonoids (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
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A benzoquinone and flavonoids from Cyperus alopecuroides. Author(s): Nassar MI, Abdel-Razik AF, El-Khrisy Eel-D, Dawidar AA, Bystrom A, Mabry TJ. Source: Phytochemistry. 2002 June; 60(4): 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12031430
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Absorption and metabolism of flavonoids in the caco-2 cell culture model and a perused rat intestinal model. Author(s): Liu Y, Hu M. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2002 April; 30(4): 370-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11901089
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Activity of plant flavonoids against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Author(s): Xu HX, Lee SF. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2001 February; 15(1): 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11180521
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Anaerobic degradation of flavonoids by Clostridium orbiscindens. Author(s): Schoefer L, Mohan R, Schwiertz A, Braune A, Blaut M. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 October; 69(10): 5849-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14532034
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Analysis of flavonoids in tablets and urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Author(s): Watson DG, Pitt AR. Source: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : Rcm. 1998; 12(4): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9493410
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Anti-AIDS agents 54. A potent anti-HIV chalcone and flavonoids from genus Desmos. Author(s): Wu JH, Wang XH, Yi YH, Lee KH. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2003 May 19; 13(10): 1813-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12729671
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Antibacterial activity of flavonoids against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Author(s): Alcaraz LE, Blanco SE, Puig ON, Tomas F, Ferretti FH. Source: Journal of Theoretical Biology. 2000 July 21; 205(2): 231-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10873434
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Anticoagulant effect and action mechanism of sulphated flavonoids from Flaveria bidentis. Author(s): Guglielmone HA, Agnese AM, Nunez Montoya SC, Cabrera JL. Source: Thrombosis Research. 2002 January 15; 105(2): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11958811
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Antihypertensive effect and end-organ protection of flavonoids: some insights, more questions. Author(s): Cosentino F, Volpe M. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2002 September; 20(9): 1721-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12195110
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Antimicrobial activity of licorice flavonoids against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): Fukai T, Marumo A, Kaitou K, Kanda T, Terada S, Nomura T. Source: Fitoterapia. 2002 October; 73(6): 536-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12385884
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Antimicrobial effects of Finnish plant extracts containing flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. Author(s): Rauha JP, Remes S, Heinonen M, Hopia A, Kahkonen M, Kujala T, Pihlaja K, Vuorela H, Vuorela P. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2000 May 25; 56(1): 3-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10857921
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Antimicrobial evaluation of coumarins and flavonoids from the stems of Daphne gnidium L. Author(s): Cottiglia F, Loy G, Garau D, Floris C, Casu M, Pompei R, Bonsignore L. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2001 July; 8(4): 302-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11515721
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Antimutagenic activity of flavonoids from Pogostemon cablin. Author(s): Miyazawa M, Okuno Y, Nakamura S, Kosaka H. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 March; 48(3): 642-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10725128
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Antioxidant ability of various flavonoids against DPPH radicals and LDL oxidation. Author(s): Hirano R, Sasamoto W, Matsumoto A, Itakura H, Igarashi O, Kondo K. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2001 October; 47(5): 357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11814152
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Antioxidant and photoprotective activity of a crude extract of Culcitium reflexum H.B.K. leaves and their major flavonoids. Author(s): Aquino R, Morelli S, Tomaino A, Pellegrino M, Saija A, Grumetto L, Puglia C, Ventura D, Bonina F. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 February; 79(2): 183-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11801380
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Antioxidant effect of flavonoids on DCF production in HL-60 cells. Author(s): Takamatsu S, Galal AM, Ross SA, Ferreira D, ElSohly MA, Ibrahim AR, ElFeraly FS. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 September; 17(8): 963-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13680836
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Anti-oxidant effect of flavonoids on hemoglobin glycosylation. Author(s): Asgary S, Naderi G, Sarrafzadegan N, Ghassemi N, Boshtam M, Rafie M, Arefian A. Source: Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae. 1999 February; 73(5): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10085787
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Anti-oxidant effect of flavonoids on the susceptibility of LDL oxidation. Author(s): Naderi GA, Asgary S, Sarraf-Zadegan N, Shirvany H. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2003 April; 246(1-2): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12841362
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Antioxidant flavonoids and phenolic acids from leaves of Leea guineense G Don (Leeaceae). Author(s): Op de Beck P, Cartier G, David B, Dijoux-Franca MG, Mariotte AM. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 April; 17(4): 345-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12722137
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Antioxidant properties of di-tert-butylhydroxylated flavonoids. Author(s): Lebeau J, Furman C, Bernier JL, Duriez P, Teissier E, Cotelle N. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2000 November 1; 29(9): 900-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11063915
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Antioxidative activity of flavonoids in stimulated human neutrophils. Author(s): Zielinska M, Kostrzewa A, Ignatowicz E. Source: Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2000; 38(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10763121
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Antiproliferative activities of citrus flavonoids against six human cancer cell lines. Author(s): Manthey JA, Guthrie N. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 5837-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12358447
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Antiproliferative activity of flavonoids on several cancer cell lines. Author(s): Kawaii S, Tomono Y, Katase E, Ogawa K, Yano M. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1999 May; 63(5): 896-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10380632
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Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of prenylated flavonoids from hops (Humulus lupulus) in human cancer cell lines. Author(s): Miranda CL, Stevens JF, Helmrich A, Henderson MC, Rodriguez RJ, Yang YH, Deinzer ML, Barnes DW, Buhler DR. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1999 April; 37(4): 271-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10418944
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Antithrombogenic and antiatherogenic effects of citrus flavonoids. Contributions of Ralph C. Robbins. Author(s): Attaway JA, Buslig BS. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1998; 439: 165-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9781302
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Anti-ulcer potential of flavonoids. Author(s): Parmar NS, Parmar S. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998 July; 42(3): 343-51. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9741648
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Antiviral activities of flavonoids and organic acid from Trollius chinensis Bunge. Author(s): Li YL, Ma SC, Yang YT, Ye SM, But PP. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 March; 79(3): 365-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11849843
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Aromatase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition by flavonoids. Author(s): Le Bail JC, Laroche T, Marre-Fournier F, Habrioux G. Source: Cancer Letters. 1998 November 13; 133(1): 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9929167
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Artelastocarpin and carpelastofuran, two new flavones, and cytotoxicities of prenyl flavonoids from Artocarpus elasticus against three cancer cell lines. Author(s): Cidade HM, Nacimento MS, Pinto MM, Kijjoa A, Silva AM, Herz W. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 December; 67(9): 867-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11745028
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Assessment of the antibacterial activity of selected flavonoids and consideration of discrepancies between previous reports. Author(s): Cushnie TP, Hamilton VE, Lamb AJ. Source: Microbiological Research. 2003; 158(4): 281-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14717448
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Bioactive prenylated flavonoids from the stem bark of Artocarpus kemando. Author(s): Seo EK, Lee D, Shin YG, Chai HB, Navarro HA, Kardono LB, Rahman I, Cordell GA, Farnsworth NR, Pezzuto JM, Kinghorn AD, Wani MC, Wall ME. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 2003 February; 26(2): 124-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12643587
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Bioactivity of flavonoids. Author(s): Robak J, Gryglewski RJ. Source: Polish Journal of Pharmacology. 1996 November-December; 48(6): 555-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9112694
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Bioavailability of flavonoids and potential bioactive forms in vivo. Author(s): Rice-Evans C, Spencer JP, Schroeter H, Rechner AR. Source: Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 2000; 17(1-4): 291-310. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11201300
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Bioavailability of flavonoids from tea. Author(s): Hollman PC, Tijburg LB, Yang CS. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 1997 December; 37(8): 719-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9447272
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Bioavailability of flavonoids. Author(s): Hollman PC. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 January; 51 Suppl 1: S66-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9023486
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Biological effects of epicuticular flavonoids from Primula denticulata on human leukemia cells. Author(s): Tokalov SV, Kind B, Wollenweber E, Gutzeit HO. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004 January 28; 52(2): 239-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14733502
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Biological properties of citrus flavonoids pertaining to cancer and inflammation. Author(s): Manthey JA, Grohmann K, Guthrie N. Source: Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2001 February; 8(2): 135-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11172671
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Biological properties of flavonoids pertaining to inflammation. Author(s): Manthey JA. Source: Microcirculation (New York, N.Y. : 1994). 2000; 7(6 Pt 2): S29-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11151968
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Biologically active flavonoids and terpenoids from Egletes viscosa. Author(s): Lima MA, Silveira ER, Marques MS, Santos RH, Gambardela MT. Source: Phytochemistry. 1996 January; 41(1): 217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8588867
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Biomarkers for exposure to dietary flavonoids: a review of the current evidence for identification of quercetin glycosides in plasma. Author(s): Day AJ, Williamson G. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 August; 86 Suppl 1: S105-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11520427
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Biphasic stimulo-inhibitory effect of flavonoids on cell proliferation in vitro. Author(s): Huot J, Hubbes M, Nosal G, Radouco-Thomas C. Source: Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1974 May; 209(1): 49-65. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4212971
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Cancer preventive effects of flavonoids--a review. Author(s): Le Marchand L. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 2002 August; 56(6): 296-301. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12224601
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Catechol- and pyrogallol-type flavonoids. Analysis of tea catechins in plasma. Author(s): Umegaki K, Sano M, Tomita I. Source: Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 2002; 186: 247-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12013773
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Cellular uptake and metabolism of flavonoids and their metabolites: implications for their bioactivity. Author(s): Spencer JP, Abd-el-Mohsen MM, Rice-Evans C. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2004 March 1; 423(1): 148-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14989269
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Characteristics of delayed excretion of flavonoids in human urine after administration of Shosaiko-to, a herbal medicine. Author(s): Li C, Homma M, Oka K. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1998 December; 21(12): 1251-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9881633
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Chemotaxonomic features associated with flavonoids of cannabinoid-free cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa L.) in relation to hops (Humulus lupulus L.). Author(s): Vanhoenacker G, Van Rompaey P, De Keukeleire D, Sandra P. Source: Natural Product Letters. 2002 February; 16(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11942684
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Chocolate as a source of tea flavonoids. Author(s): Arts IC, Hollman PC, Kromhout D. Source: Lancet. 1999 August 7; 354(9177): 488. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10465183
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Chocolate contains additional flavonoids not found in tea. Author(s): Lazarus SA, Hammerstone JF, Schmitz HH. Source: Lancet. 1999 November 20; 354(9192): 1825. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10577676
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Chronic venous insufficiency: worldwide results of the RELIEF study. Reflux assEssment and quaLity of lIfe improvEment with micronized Flavonoids. Author(s): Jantet G. Source: Angiology. 2002 May-June; 53(3): 245-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12025911
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C-Isoprenylation of flavonoids enhances binding affinity toward P-glycoprotein and modulation of cancer cell chemoresistance. Author(s): Comte G, Daskiewicz JB, Bayet C, Conseil G, Viornery-Vanier A, Dumontet C, Di Pietro A, Barron D. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2001 March 1; 44(5): 763-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11262086
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Cocoa and chocolate flavonoids: implications for cardiovascular health. Author(s): Steinberg FM, Bearden MM, Keen CL. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 February; 103(2): 215-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12589329
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Combined effects of flavonoids and acyclovir against herpesviruses in cell cultures. Author(s): Mucsi I, Gyulai Z, Beladi I. Source: Acta Microbiol Hung. 1992; 39(2): 137-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1339152
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Commentary: effect of flavonoids on normal and leukemic cells. Author(s): Faderl S, Estrov Z. Source: Leukemia Research. 2003 June; 27(6): 471-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12648504
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Comparative analysis of the effects of flavonoids on proliferation, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis in human colon cancer cell lines. Author(s): Kuntz S, Wenzel U, Daniel H. Source: European Journal of Nutrition. 1999 June; 38(3): 133-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10443335
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Comparative inhibition of human cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1A2 by flavonoids. Author(s): Zhai S, Dai R, Friedman FK, Vestal RE. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 1998 October; 26(10): 989-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9763404
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Comparative quantitative structure toxicity relationships for flavonoids evaluated in isolated rat hepatocytes and HeLa tumor cells. Author(s): Moridani MY, Galati G, O'Brien PJ. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2002 March 20; 139(3): 251-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11879815
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Comparison of the antioxidant effects of Concord grape juice flavonoids alphatocopherol on markers of oxidative stress in healthy adults. Author(s): O'Byrne DJ, Devaraj S, Grundy SM, Jialal I. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 December; 76(6): 1367-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12450905
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Comparison of the growth-inhibitory effect of Hypericum perforatum L. extracts, differing in the concentration of phloroglucinols and flavonoids, on leukaemia cells. Author(s): Hostanska K, Bommer S, Weber M, Krasniqi B, Saller R. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2003 July; 55(7): 973-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12906754
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Comparison of the protective effect of various flavonoids against lipid peroxidation of erythrocyte membranes (induced by cumene hydroperoxide). Author(s): Affany A, Salvayre R, Douste-Blazy L. Source: Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 1987; 1(6): 451-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3447932
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Consumption of flavonoids in onions and black tea: lack of effect on F2-isoprostanes and autoantibodies to oxidized LDL in healthy humans. Author(s): O'Reilly JD, Mallet AI, McAnlis GT, Young IS, Halliwell B, Sanders TA, Wiseman H. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 June; 73(6): 1040-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11382657
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Correlation of antiviral and histamine release-inhibitory activity of several synthetic flavonoids. Author(s): Middleton E Jr, Faden H, Drzewiecki G, Perrissoud D. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1986; 213: 541-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2424032
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Cytotoxic activity of flavonoids and extracts from Retama sphaerocarpa Boissier. Author(s): Lopez-Lazaro M, Martin-Cordero C, Cortes F, Pinero J, Ayuso MJ. Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 2000 January-February; 55(1-2): 40-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10739098
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Cytotoxic flavonoids from the stem bark of Lonchocarpus aff. fluvialis. Author(s): Blatt CT, Chavez D, Chai H, Graham JG, Cabieses F, Farnsworth NR, Cordell GA, Pezzuto JM, Kinghorn AD. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 June; 16(4): 320-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12112286
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Cytotoxic flavonoids with isoprenoid groups from Morus mongolica. Author(s): Shi YQ, Fukai T, Sakagami H, Chang WJ, Yang PQ, Wang FP, Nomura T. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2001 February; 64(2): 181-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11429996
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Cytotoxicity against human leukemic cell lines, and the activity on the expression of resistance genes of flavonoids from Platanus orientalis. Author(s): Mitrocotsa D, Bosch S, Mitaku S, Dimas C, Skaltsounis AL, Harvala C, Briand G, Roussakis C. Source: Anticancer Res. 1999 May-June; 19(3A): 2085-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10470152
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Cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation-inhibiting activity of flavonoids. Author(s): Cos P, Calomme M, Sindambiwe JB, De Bruyne T, Cimanga K, Pieters L, Vlietinck AJ, Vanden Berghe D. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 August; 67(6): 515-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11509970
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Detecting and measuring bioavailability of phenolics and flavonoids in humans: pharmacokinetics of urinary excretion of dietary ferulic acid. Author(s): Bourne LC, Rice-Evans CA. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1999; 299: 91-106. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9916200
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Detection of weak estrogenic flavonoids using a recombinant yeast strain and a modified MCF7 cell proliferation assay. Author(s): Breinholt V, Larsen JC. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 1998 June; 11(6): 622-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9625730
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Dietary agents in cancer prevention: flavonoids and isoflavonoids. Author(s): Birt DF, Hendrich S, Wang W. Source: Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 May-June; 90(2-3): 157-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11578656
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Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Nair S, Gupta R. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1996 October; 44(10): 699-702. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9251343
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Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Author(s): Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Source: Lancet. 1993 October 23; 342(8878): 1007-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8105262
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Dietary flavonoids and cancer risk in the Zutphen Elderly Study. Author(s): Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1994; 22(2): 175-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14502846
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Dietary flavonoids and hypertension: is there a link? Author(s): Moline J, Bukharovich IF, Wolff MS, Phillips R. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2000 October; 55(4): 306-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11000057
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Dietary flavonoids and iodine metabolism. Author(s): Schroder-van der Elst JP, Smit JW, Romijn HA, van der Heide D. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2003; 19(3-4): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14757968
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Dietary flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease. Author(s): Mojzisova G, Kuchta M. Source: Physiological Research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca. 2001; 50(6): 529-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11829313
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Dietary flavonoids and the MLL gene: A pathway to infant leukemia? Author(s): Ross JA. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2000 April 25; 97(9): 4411-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10781030
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Dietary flavonoids and the risk of lung cancer and other malignant neoplasms. Author(s): Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Seppanen R, Hellovaara M, Teppo L, Pukkala E, Aromaa A. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1997 August 1; 146(3): 223-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9247006
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Dietary flavonoids as antioxidants in vivo: conjugated metabolites of (-)-epicatechin and quercetin participate in antioxidative defense in blood plasma. Author(s): Terao J. Source: J Med Invest. 1999 August; 46(3-4): 159-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10687310
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Dietary flavonoids as potential neuroprotectants. Author(s): Youdim KA, Spencer JP, Schroeter H, Rice-Evans C. Source: Biological Chemistry. 2002 March-April; 383(3-4): 503-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12033439
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Dietary flavonoids in atherosclerosis prevention. Author(s): Wedworth SM, Lynch S. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1995 June; 29(6): 627-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7663037
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Dietary flavonoids interact with trace metals and affect metallothionein level in human intestinal cells. Author(s): Kuo SM, Leavitt PS, Lin CP. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 1998 June; 62(3): 135-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9676879
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Dietary flavonoids protect human colonocyte DNA from oxidative attack in vitro. Author(s): Duthie SJ, Dobson VL. Source: European Journal of Nutrition. 1999 February; 38(1): 28-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10338685
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Dietary flavonoids, antioxidant vitamins, and incidence of stroke: the Zutphen study. Author(s): Keli SO, Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Kromhout D. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1996 March 25; 156(6): 637-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8629875
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Dietary flavonoids: bioavailability, metabolic effects, and safety. Author(s): Ross JA, Kasum CM. Source: Annual Review of Nutrition. 2002; 22: 19-34. Epub 2002 January 04. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12055336
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Dietary flavonoids: intake, health effects and bioavailability. Author(s): Hollman PC, Katan MB. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1999 September-October; 37(9-10): 937-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10541448
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Differences in the serum levels of acetaldehyde and cytotoxic acetaldehyde-albumin complexes after the consumption of red and white wine: in vitro effects of flavonoids, vitamin E, and other dietary antioxidants on cytotoxic complexes. Author(s): Wickramasinghe SN, Hasan R, Khalpey Z. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1996 August; 20(5): 799-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8865951
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Differential effects of flavonoids as inhibitors of tyrosine protein kinases and serine/threonine protein kinases. Author(s): Hagiwara M, Inoue S, Tanaka T, Nunoki K, Ito M, Hidaka H. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1988 August 1; 37(15): 2987-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3164998
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Differential inhibition of proliferation of human squamous cell carcinoma, gliosarcoma and embryonic fibroblast-like lung cells in culture by plant flavonoids. Author(s): Kandaswami C, Perkins E, Drzewiecki G, Soloniuk DS, Middleton E Jr. Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 1992 October; 3(5): 525-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1450447
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Di-tert-butylhydroxylated flavonoids protect endothelial cells against oxidized LDLinduced cytotoxicity. Author(s): Furman C, Lebeau J, Fruchart J, Bernier J, Duriez P, Cotelle N, Teissier E. Source: Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2001; 15(5): 270-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11835624
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Effect of an extract of the root of Scutellaria baicalensis and its flavonoids on aflatoxin B1 oxidizing cytochrome P450 enzymes. Author(s): Kim BR, Kim DH, Park R, Kwon KB, Ryu DG, Kim YC, Kim NY, Jeong S, Kang BK, Kim KS. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 July; 67(5): 396-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11488450
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Effect of antioxidant flavonoids and a food mutagen on lymphocytes of a thalassemia patient without chelation therapy in the Comet assay. Author(s): Anderson D, Dhawan A, Yardley-Jones A, Ioannides C, Webb J. Source: Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. 2001; 21(2): 165-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11223893
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Effect of antiproliferative flavonoids on ascorbic acid accumulation in human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Author(s): Kuo SM, Morehouse HF Jr, Lin CP. Source: Cancer Letters. 1997 June 24; 116(2): 131-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9215855
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Effect of citrus flavonoids on HL-60 cell differentiation. Author(s): Kawaii S, Tomono Y, Katase E, Ogawa K, Yano M. Source: Anticancer Res. 1999 March-April; 19(2A): 1261-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10368686
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Effect of diets based on foods from conventional versus organic production on intake and excretion of flavonoids and markers of antioxidative defense in humans. Author(s): Grinder-Pedersen L, Rasmussen SE, Bugel S, Jorgensen LV, Dragsted LO, Gundersen V, Sandstrom B. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 September 10; 51(19): 5671-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12952417
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Effect of flavonoids on cell cycle progression in prostate cancer cells. Author(s): Kobayashi T, Nakata T, Kuzumaki T. Source: Cancer Letters. 2002 February 8; 176(1): 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11790449
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Effect of flavonoids on MRP1-mediated transport in Panc-1 cells. Author(s): Nguyen H, Zhang S, Morris ME. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2003 February; 92(2): 250-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12532374
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Effect of flavonoids on protease activities in human skeletal muscle tissue in vitro. Author(s): Mantle D, Falkous G, Perry EK. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1999 July; 285(1-2): 13-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10481919
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Effect of plant flavonoids on immune and inflammatory cell function. Author(s): Middleton E Jr. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1998; 439: 175-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9781303
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Effect of the flavonoids biochanin A and silymarin on the P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of digoxin and vinblastine in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Author(s): Zhang S, Morris ME. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 2003 August; 20(8): 1184-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12948016
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Effect of three flavonoids, 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxy flavone, luteolin, and quercetin, on the stimulus-induced superoxide generation and tyrosyl phosphorylation of proteins in human neutrophil. Author(s): Lu HW, Sugahara K, Sagara Y, Masuoka N, Asaka Y, Manabe M, Kodama H. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2001 September 1; 393(1): 73-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11516163
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Effects of dietary flavonoids on major signal transduction pathways in human epithelial cells. Author(s): O'Prey J, Brown J, Fleming J, Harrison PR. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003 December 1; 66(11): 2075-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609732
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Effects of flavonoids and vitamin C on oxidative DNA damage to human lymphocytes. Author(s): Noroozi M, Angerson WJ, Lean ME. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 June; 67(6): 1210-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9625095
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Effects of flavonoids isolated from Scutellariae radix on cytochrome P-450 activities in human liver microsomes. Author(s): Kim JY, Lee S, Kim DH, Kim BR, Park R, Lee BM. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2002 March; 65(5-6): 373-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11936218
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Effects of flavonoids isolated from scutellariae radix on the production of tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 induced by thrombin and thrombin receptor agonist peptide in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Author(s): Kimura Y, Yokoi K, Matsushita N, Okuda H. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1997 August; 49(8): 816-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9379363
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Effects of flavonoids of Ginkgo biloba on proliferation of human skin fibroblast. Author(s): Kim SJ, Lim MH, Chun IK, Won YH. Source: Skin Pharmacol. 1997; 10(4): 200-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9413894
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Effects of flavonoids on cisplatin-induced apoptosis of HL-60 and L1210 leukemia cells. Author(s): Cipak L, Rauko P, Miadokova E, Cipakova I, Novotny L. Source: Leukemia Research. 2003 January; 27(1): 65-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12479854
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Effects of flavonoids on the growth and cell cycle of cancer cells. Author(s): Choi SU, Ryu SY, Yoon SK, Jung NP, Park SH, Kim KH, Choi EJ, Lee CO. Source: Anticancer Res. 1999 November-December; 19(6B): 5229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10697540
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Effects of flavonoids on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative modification. Author(s): Safari MR, Sheikh N. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2003 July; 69(1): 73-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12878454
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Effects of selected flavonoids and caffeic acid derivatives on hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase-induced toxicity in cultivated human cells. Author(s): Beyer G, Melzig MF. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 December; 69(12): 1125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14750029
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Effects of selected flavonoids on deformability, osmotic fragility and aggregation of human erythrocytes. Author(s): Bilto YY, Abdalla SS. Source: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 1998 July; 18(2-3): 165-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9699038
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Effects of several flavonoids on the growth of B16F10 and SK-MEL-1 melanoma cell lines: relationship between structure and activity. Author(s): Rodriguez J, Yanez J, Vicente V, Alcaraz M, Benavente-Garcia O, Castillo J, Lorente J, Lozano JA. Source: Melanoma Research. 2002 April; 12(2): 99-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11930105
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Effects of structurally related flavonoids on cell cycle progression of human melanoma cells: regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases CDK2 and CDK1. Author(s): Casagrande F, Darbon JM. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2001 May 15; 61(10): 1205-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11322924
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Effects of the flavonoids biochanin A, morin, phloretin, and silymarin on Pglycoprotein-mediated transport. Author(s): Zhang S, Morris ME. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003 March; 304(3): 1258-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12604704
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Effects of the flavonoids quercetin and apigenin on hemostasis in healthy volunteers: results from an in vitro and a dietary supplement study. Author(s): Janssen K, Mensink RP, Cox FJ, Harryvan JL, Hovenier R, Hollman PC, Katan MB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 February; 67(2): 255-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9459373
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Estrogenic and antiproliferative activities on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by flavonoids. Author(s): Le Bail JC, Varnat F, Nicolas JC, Habrioux G. Source: Cancer Letters. 1998 August 14; 130(1-2): 209-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9751276
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Evidence that the antioxidant flavonoids in tea and cocoa are beneficial for cardiovascular health. Author(s): Kris-Etherton PM, Keen CL. Source: Current Opinion in Lipidology. 2002 February; 13(1): 41-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11790962
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Expression of antioxidant proteins in human intestinal Caco-2 cells treated with dietary flavonoids. Author(s): Kameoka S, Leavitt P, Chang C, Kuo SM. Source: Cancer Letters. 1999 November 15; 146(2): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10656621
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Fasting plasma concentrations of selected flavonoids as markers of their ordinary dietary intake. Author(s): Radtke J, Linseisen J, Wolfram G. Source: European Journal of Nutrition. 2002 October; 41(5): 203-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12395214
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Flavonoids and gene expression in mammalian cells. Author(s): Kuo SM. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 505: 191-200. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12083463
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Flavonoids and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women. Author(s): Donovan JL. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004 March; 79(3): 522-3; Author Reply 523. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14985231
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Flavonoids and thyroid disease. Author(s): van der Heide D, Kastelijn J, Schroder-van der Elst JP. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 2003; 19(3-4): 113-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14757961
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Flavonoids as anticancer agents: structure-activity relationship study. Author(s): Lopez-Lazaro M. Source: Current Medicinal Chemistry. Anti-Cancer Agents. 2002 November; 2(6): 691714. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12678721
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Flavonoids as aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists/antagonists: effects of structure and cell context. Author(s): Zhang S, Qin C, Safe SH. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 December; 111(16): 1877-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14644660
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Flavonoids as DNA topoisomerase I poisons. Author(s): Lopez-Lazaro M, Martin-Cordero C, Toro MV, Ayuso MJ. Source: Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. 2002 February; 17(1): 259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12365457
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Flavonoids as inhibitors of MRP1-like efflux activity in human erythrocytes. A structure-activity relationship study. Author(s): Bobrowska-Hagerstrand M, Wrobel A, Mrowczynska L, Soderstrom T, Shirataki Y, Motohashi N, Molnar J, Michalak K, Hagerstrand H. Source: Oncology Research. 2003; 13(11): 463-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12812360
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Flavonoids differentially regulate IFN gamma-induced ICAM-1 expression in human keratinocytes: molecular mechanisms of action. Author(s): Bito T, Roy S, Sen CK, Shirakawa T, Gotoh A, Ueda M, Ichihashi M, Packer L. Source: Febs Letters. 2002 June 5; 520(1-3): 145-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12044887
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Flavonoids from Artocarpus lanceifolius. Author(s): Cao S, Butler MS, Buss AD. Source: Natural Product Research. 2003 April; 17(2): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12713118
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Flavonoids from Calicotome villosa. Author(s): Pistelli L, Fiumi C, Morelli I, Giachi I. Source: Fitoterapia. 2003 June; 74(4): 417-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12781819
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Flavonoids in cell function. Author(s): Manthey JA, Buslig BS, Baker ME. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 505: 1-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12083454
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Flavonoids in food. Author(s): Adler T. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003 December; 111(16): A897. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14674395
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Flavonoids inhibit VEGF/bFGF-induced angiogenesis in vitro by inhibiting the matrix-degrading proteases. Author(s): Kim MH. Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2003 June 1; 89(3): 529-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12761886
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Flavonoids of cocoa inhibit recombinant human 5-lipoxygenase. Author(s): Schewe T, Kuhn H, Sies H. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 July; 132(7): 1825-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12097654
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Flavonoids uptake and their effect on cell cycle of human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco2). Author(s): Salucci M, Stivala LA, Maiani G, Bugianesi R, Vannini V. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 May 20; 86(10): 1645-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12085217
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Flavonoids. Nature's paintbox and medicine cabinet. Author(s): Gottlieb SH. Source: Diabetes Forecast. 2004 June; 57(6): 31, 33-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15195624
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Flavonoids: promising anticancer agents. Author(s): Ren W, Qiao Z, Wang H, Zhu L, Zhang L. Source: Medicinal Research Reviews. 2003 July; 23(4): 519-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12710022
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GC-MS determination of flavonoids and phenolic and benzoic acids in human plasma after consumption of cranberry juice. Author(s): Zhang K, Zuo Y. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004 January 28; 52(2): 222-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14733499
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Genetic and carcinogenic effects of plant flavonoids: an overview. Author(s): MacGregor JT. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1984; 177: 497-526. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6388266
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Genetic toxicology of flavonoids: the role of metabolic conditions in the induction of reverse mutation, SOS functions and sister-chromatid exchanges. Author(s): Rueff J, Laires A, Borba H, Chaveca T, Gomes MI, Halpern M. Source: Mutagenesis. 1986 May; 1(3): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3331657
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Genotoxic flavonoids and red wine: a possible role in stomach carcinogenesis. Author(s): Gaspar J, Laires A, Rueff J. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 1994 December; 3 Suppl 2: 13-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7735040
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Glycosyl flavonoids from the roots and rhizomes of Asarum longerhizomatosum. Author(s): Zhang SX, Tani T, Yamaji S, Ma CM, Wang MC, Cai- SQ, Zhao YY. Source: Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. 2003 March; 5(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12608635
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Glycosylation, esterification and polymerization of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamates: effects on antioxidant properties. Author(s): Williamson G, Plumb GW, Garcia-Conesa MT. Source: Basic Life Sci. 1999; 66: 483-94. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10800458
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Grapefruit juice and its flavonoids inhibit 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Author(s): Lee YS, Lorenzo BJ, Koufis T, Reidenberg MM. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1996 January; 59(1): 62-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8549035
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Growth inhibitory effects of flavonoids in human thyroid cancer cell lines. Author(s): Yin F, Giuliano AE, Van Herle AJ. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1999 April; 9(4): 369-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10319943
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Haemolytic complement consumption by Parietaria pollen extracts in relation to peptide-bound flavonoids. Author(s): Berrens L, de la Cuadra Lopez B. Source: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : Cmls. 1997 March; 53(3): 275-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9104492
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Heterogeneous effect of flavonoids on K+ loss and lipid peroxidation induced by oxygen-free radicals in human red cells. Author(s): Maridonneau-Parini I, Braquet P, Garay RP. Source: Pharmacol Res Commun. 1986 January; 18(1): 61-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3006093
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Heterogenous effects of natural flavonoids on monooxygenase activities in human and rat liver microsomes. Author(s): Siess MH, Leclerc J, Canivenc-Lavier MC, Rat P, Suschetet M. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1995 January; 130(1): 73-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7839372
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High intake of specific carotenoids and flavonoids does not reduce the risk of bladder cancer. Author(s): Garcia R, Gonzalez CA, Agudo A, Riboli E. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1999; 35(2): 212-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10693178
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How flavonoids inhibit the generation of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence by activated human neutrophils. Author(s): 'T Hart BA, Ip Via Ching TR, Van Dijk H, Labadie RP. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 1990; 73(2-3): 323-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2155715
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Human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 is inhibited by dietary flavonoids. Author(s): Krazeisen A, Breitling R, Moller G, Adamski J. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 505: 151-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12083459
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Human absorption and excretion of flavonoids after broccoli consumption. Author(s): Nielsen SE, Kall M, Justesen U, Schou A, Dragsted LO. Source: Cancer Letters. 1997 March 19; 114(1-2): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9103283
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Human metabolic pathways of dietary flavonoids and cinnamates. Author(s): Williamson G, Day AJ, Plumb GW, Couteau D. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 2000 February; 28(2): 16-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10816092
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Human metabolism of dietary flavonoids: identification of plasma metabolites of quercetin. Author(s): Day AJ, Mellon F, Barron D, Sarrazin G, Morgan MR, Williamson G. Source: Free Radical Research. 2001 December; 35(6): 941-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11811545
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Hydrolysis of flavonoids by human intestinal bacteria. Author(s): Bokkenheuser VD, Winter J. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1988; 280: 143-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3174689
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Identification and determination of ecdysones and flavonoids in Serratula strangulata by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Author(s): Wang S, Dai J, Chen X, Hu Z. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 November; 68(11): 1029-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12451496
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Immunomodulatory activities of flavonoids, monoterpenoids, triterpenoids, iridoid glycosides and phenolic compounds of Plantago species. Author(s): Chiang LC, Ng LT, Chiang W, Chang MY, Lin CC. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 July; 69(7): 600-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12898413
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In vitro anti-mycotic activity of some medicinal plants containing flavonoids. Author(s): Trovato A, Monforte MT, Forestieri AM, Pizzimenti F. Source: Boll Chim Farm. 2000 September-October; 139(5): 225-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11213443
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In vitro antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activities of some alkaloids, quinones, flavonoids, and coumarins. Author(s): del Rayo Camacho M, Phillipson JD, Croft SL, Yardley V, Solis PN. Source: Planta Medica. 2004 January; 70(1): 70-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14765298
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In vitro antiviral activities of Caesalpinia pulcherrima and its related flavonoids. Author(s): Chiang LC, Chiang W, Liu MC, Lin CC. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 August; 52(2): 194-8. Epub 2003 July 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12837746
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In vitro availability of flavonoids and other phenolics in orange juice. Author(s): Gil-Izquierdo A, Gil MI, Ferreres F, Tomas-Barberan FA. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 February; 49(2): 1035-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11262068
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In vitro investigation of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of dietary flavonoids. Author(s): Breinholt VM, Offord EA, Brouwer C, Nielsen SE, Brosen K, Friedberg T. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2002 May; 40(5): 609-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11955666
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Induction of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A1 by flavonoids-structural requirements. Author(s): Walle UK, Walle T. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2002 May; 30(5): 564-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11950788
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Influence of flavonoids and vitamins on the MMP- and TIMP-expression of human dermal fibroblasts after UVA irradiation. Author(s): Hantke B, Lahmann C, Venzke K, Fischer T, Kocourek A, Windsor LJ, Bergemann J, Stab F, Tschesche H. Source: Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences : Official Journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology. 2002 October; 1(10): 826-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12656486
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Inhibition of environmental estrogen-induced proliferation of human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells by flavonoids. Author(s): Han D, Tachibana H, Yamada K. Source: In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. Animal. 2001 May; 37(5): 275-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11513082
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Inhibition of human CYP3A4 activity by grapefruit flavonoids, furanocoumarins and related compounds. Author(s): Ho PC, Saville DJ, Wanwimolruk S. Source: Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences [electronic Resource] : a Publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe Canadienne Des Sciences Pharmaceutiques. 2001 September-December; 4(3): 217-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11737987
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Inhibition of LDL oxidation by flavonoids in relation to their structure and calculated enthalpy. Author(s): Vaya J, Mahmood S, Goldblum A, Aviram M, Volkova N, Shaalan A, Musa R, Tamir S. Source: Phytochemistry. 2003 January; 62(1): 89-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12475624
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Inhibition of peroxynitrite-mediated LDL oxidation by prenylated flavonoids: the alpha,beta-unsaturated keto functionality of 2'-hydroxychalcones as a novel antioxidant pharmacophore. Author(s): Stevens JF, Miranda CL, Frei B, Buhler DR. Source: Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2003 October; 16(10): 1277-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14565769
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Inhibition of the PDGF receptor by red wine flavonoids provides a molecular explanation for the "French paradox". Author(s): Rosenkranz S, Knirel D, Dietrich H, Flesch M, Erdmann E, Bohm M. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2002 December; 16(14): 1958-60. Epub 2002 October 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12397093
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Inhibitory effect of flavonoids on low-density lipoprotein peroxidation catalyzed by mammalian 15-lipoxygenase. Author(s): da Silva EL, Abdalla DS, Terao J. Source: Iubmb Life. 2000 April; 49(4): 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10995031
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Inhibitory effects of several flavonoids on E-selectin expression on human umbilical vein endothelial cells stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Author(s): Takano-Ishikawa Y, Goto M, Yamaki K. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 December; 17(10): 1224-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14669262
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Intake of flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and risk of stroke in male smokers. Author(s): Hirvonen T, Virtamo J, Korhonen P, Albanes D, Pietinen P. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2000 October; 31(10): 2301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11022054
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Interaction between cultured endothelial cells and macrophages: in vitro model for studying flavonoids in redox-dependent gene expression. Author(s): Rimbach G, Saliou C, Canali R, Virgili F. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2001; 335: 387-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11400388
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Intracellular flavonoids as electron donors for extracellular ferricyanide reduction in human erythrocytes. Author(s): Fiorani M, De Sanctis R, De Bellis R, Dacha M. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2002 January 1; 32(1): 64-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11755318
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Introduction to the proceedings of the Third International Scientific Symposium on Tea and Human Health: Role of Flavonoids in the Diet. Author(s): Blumberg J. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 October; 133(10): 3244S-3246S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14519820
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Japanese intake of flavonoids and isoflavonoids from foods. Author(s): Kimira M, Arai Y, Shimoi K, Watanabe S. Source: J Epidemiol. 1998 August; 8(3): 168-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9782673
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Lack of effect of the flavonoids, myricetin, quercetin, and rutin, on repair of H2O2induced DNA single-strand breaks in Caco-2, Hep G2, and V79 cells. Author(s): Aherne SA, O'Brien NM. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2000; 38(1): 106-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11341035
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Lignans and flavonoids inhibit aromatase enzyme in human preadipocytes. Author(s): Wang C, Makela T, Hase T, Adlercreutz H, Kurzer MS. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1994 August; 50(34): 205-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8049151
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Main flavonoids in the root of Scutellaria baicalensis cultivated in Europe and their comparative antiradical properties. Author(s): Bochorakova H, Paulova H, Slanina J, Musil P, Taborska E. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 June; 17(6): 640-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12820232
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MAPK signaling in neurodegeneration: influences of flavonoids and of nitric oxide. Author(s): Schroeter H, Boyd C, Spencer JP, Williams RJ, Cadenas E, Rice-Evans C. Source: Neurobiology of Aging. 2002 September-October; 23(5): 861-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12392791
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Masking of antioxidant capacity by the interaction of flavonoids with protein. Author(s): Arts MJ, Haenen GR, Voss HP, Bast A. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2001 August; 39(8): 787-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11434985
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Measurement of food flavonoids by high-performance liquid chromatography: A review. Author(s): Merken HM, Beecher GR. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 March; 48(3): 577-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10725120
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Mechanism of protection by the flavonoids, quercetin and rutin, against tertbutylhydroperoxide- and menadione-induced DNA single strand breaks in Caco-2 cells. Author(s): Aherne SA, O'Brien NM. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2000 September 15; 29(6): 507-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11025194
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Metabolic engineering and applications of flavonoids. Author(s): Forkmann G, Martens S. Source: Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 2001 April; 12(2): 155-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11287230
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Metabolism of flavonoids via enteric recycling: mechanistic studies of disposition of apigenin in the Caco-2 cell culture model. Author(s): Hu M, Chen J, Lin H. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003 October; 307(1): 314-21. Epub 2003 July 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12893842
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Metabolism of flavonoids via enteric recycling: role of intestinal disposition. Author(s): Chen J, Lin H, Hu M. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003 March; 304(3): 1228-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12604700
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Metabolism of food-derived heterocyclic amines in human and rabbit tissues by P4503A proteins in the presence of flavonoids. Author(s): McKinnon RA, Burgess WM, Hall PM, Abdul-Aziz Z, McManus ME. Source: Cancer Research. 1992 April 1; 52(7 Suppl): 2108S-2113S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1544149
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Metabolism of tea flavonoids in the gastrointestinal tract. Author(s): Spencer JP. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 October; 133(10): 3255S-3261S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14519823
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Methylation of quercetin and fisetin, flavonoids widely distributed in edible vegetables, fruits and wine, by human liver. Author(s): De Santi C, Pietrabissa A, Mosca F, Pacifici GM. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 May; 40(5): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12051572
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Micronized flavonoids in pain control after hemorrhoidectomy: a prospective randomized controlled study. Author(s): Colak T, Akca T, Dirlik M, Kanik A, Dag A, Aydin S. Source: Surgery Today. 2003; 33(11): 828-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14605954
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Modification of low-density lipoproteins by flavonoids. Author(s): de Whalley CV, Rankin SM, Hoult JR, Jessup W, Wilkins GM, Collard J, Leake DS. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1990 December; 18(6): 1172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2088842
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Modulating effects of flavonoids on food mutagens in human blood and sperm samples in the comet assay. Author(s): Anderson D, Basaran N, Dobrzynska MM, Basaran AA, Yu TW. Source: Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. 1997; 17(2): 45-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9261919
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Modulation by (iso)flavonoids of the ATPase activity of the multidrug resistance protein. Author(s): Hooijberg JH, Broxterman HJ, Heijn M, Fles DL, Lankelma J, Pinedo HM. Source: Febs Letters. 1997 August 18; 413(2): 344-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9280310
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Modulation by flavonoids of cell multidrug resistance mediated by P-glycoprotein and related ABC transporters. Author(s): Di Pietro A, Conseil G, Perez-Victoria JM, Dayan G, Baubichon-Cortay H, Trompier D, Steinfels E, Jault JM, de Wet H, Maitrejean M, Comte G, Boumendjel A, Mariotte AM, Dumontet C, McIntosh DB, Goffeau A, Castanys S, Gamarro F, Barron D. Source: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : Cmls. 2002 February; 59(2): 307-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11915946
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Modulation of AAPH-induced oxidative stress in cell culture by flavonoids. Author(s): Plumb GW, Dupont MS, Williamson G. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1997 November; 25(4): S560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9449988
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Modulation of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1) transport and atpase activities by interaction with dietary flavonoids. Author(s): Leslie EM, Mao Q, Oleschuk CJ, Deeley RG, Cole SP. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2001 May; 59(5): 1171-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11306701
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Molecular modeling of flavonoids that inhibits xanthine oxidase. Author(s): Lin CM, Chen CS, Chen CT, Liang YC, Lin JK. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 May 31; 294(1): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12054758
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Myeloperoxidase/nitrite-mediated lipid peroxidation of low-density lipoprotein as modulated by flavonoids. Author(s): Kostyuk VA, Kraemer T, Sies H, Schewe T. Source: Febs Letters. 2003 February 27; 537(1-3): 146-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12606047
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Natural flavonoids and lignans are potent cytostatic agents against human leukemic HL-60 cells. Author(s): Hirano T, Gotoh M, Oka K. Source: Life Sciences. 1994; 55(13): 1061-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8084211
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Naturally occurring flavonoids and human basophil histamine release. Author(s): Middleton E Jr, Drzewiecki G. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1985; 77(1-2): 155-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2409013
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Neuroprotection by flavonoids. Author(s): Dajas F, Rivera-Megret F, Blasina F, Arredondo F, Abin-Carriquiry JA, Costa G, Echeverry C, Lafon L, Heizen H, Ferreira M, Morquio A. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 2003 December; 36(12): 1613-20. Epub 2003 November 17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14666245
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New bioactive flavonoids and stilbenes in cube resin insecticide. Author(s): Fang N, Casida JE. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1999 February; 62(2): 205-10. Erratum In: J Nat Prod 2000 Feb; 63(2): 293. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10075742
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New flavonoids from Avicennia marina. Author(s): Sharaf M, El-Ansari MA, Saleh NA. Source: Fitoterapia. 2000 June; 71(3): 274-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10844167
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Nitric oxide radical scavenging of flavonoids. Author(s): Haenen GR, Bast A. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1999; 301: 490-503. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9919597
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No evidence for the in vivo activity of aromatase-inhibiting flavonoids. Author(s): Saarinen N, Joshi SC, Ahotupa M, Li X, Ammala J, Makela S, Santti R. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2001 September; 78(3): 231-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11595503
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Non-nutritive bioactive food constituents of plants: bioavailability of flavonoids. Author(s): Rasmussen SE, Breinholt VM. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2003 March; 73(2): 101-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12747217
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Osteoblastic proliferation stimulating activity of Psoralea corylifolia extracts and two of its flavonoids. Author(s): Wang D, Li F, Jiang Z. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 November; 67(8): 748-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11731919
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Overview of dietary flavonoids: nomenclature, occurrence and intake. Author(s): Beecher GR. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 October; 133(10): 3248S-3254S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14519822
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Oxidation of the flavonoids galangin and kaempferide by human liver microsomes and CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP2C9. Author(s): Otake Y, Walle T. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2002 February; 30(2): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11792676
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Permeability characteristics and membrane affinity of flavonoids and alkyl gallates in Caco-2 cells and in phospholipid vesicles. Author(s): Tammela P, Laitinen L, Galkin A, Wennberg T, Heczko R, Vuorela H, Slotte JP, Vuorela P. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2004 May 15; 425(2): 193-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15111127
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Permeability of the flavonoids liquiritigenin and its glycosides in licorice roots and davidigenin, a hydrogenated metabolite of liquiritigenin, using human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Author(s): Asano T, Ishihara K, Morota T, Takeda S, Aburada M. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 December; 89(2-3): 285-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14611893
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P-glycoprotein (Pgp) does not affect the cytotoxicity of flavonoids from Sophora flavescens, which also have no effects on Pgp action. Author(s): Choi SU, Kim KH, Choi EJ, Park SH, Lee CO, Jung NP, Yoon SK, Ryu SY. Source: Anticancer Res. 1999 May-June; 19(3A): 2035-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10470145
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Phenols and flavonoids in Aleppo pine needles as bioindicators of air pollution. Author(s): Robles C, Greff S, Pasqualini V, Garzino S, Bousquet-Melou A, Fernandez C, Korboulewsky N, Bonin G. Source: J Environ Qual. 2003 November-December; 32(6): 2265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14674550
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Plasma concentrations of the flavonoids hesperetin, naringenin and quercetin in human subjects following their habitual diets, and diets high or low in fruit and vegetables. Author(s): Erlund I, Silaste ML, Alfthan G, Rantala M, Kesaniemi YA, Aro A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 September; 56(9): 891-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12209378
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Polyphenolic flavonoids differ in their antiapoptotic efficacy in hydrogen peroxidetreated human vascular endothelial cells. Author(s): Choi YJ, Kang JS, Park JH, Lee YJ, Choi JS, Kang YH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 April; 133(4): 985-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12672908
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Polyphenolic flavonoids inhibit macrophage-mediated oxidation of LDL and attenuate atherogenesis. Author(s): Aviram M, Fuhrman B. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1998 April; 137 Suppl: S45-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9694541
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Polyphenols, flavonoids, food constituents and oils attenuate neurodegenerative process. Author(s): Soliman KF. Source: Ethn Dis. 2001 Winter; 11(1): 165-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11289242
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Pomegranate juice flavonoids inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation and cardiovascular diseases: studies in atherosclerotic mice and in humans. Author(s): Aviram M, Dornfeld L, Kaplan M, Coleman R, Gaitini D, Nitecki S, Hofman A, Rosenblat M, Volkova N, Presser D, Attias J, Hayek T, Fuhrman B. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2002; 28(2-3): 49-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12224378
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Potent antioxidant properties of novel apple-derived flavonoids with commercial potential as food additives. Author(s): Ridgway T, O'Reilly J, West G, Tucker G, Wiseman H. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1996 August; 24(3): 391S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8878935
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Potential health benefits from the flavonoids in grape products on vascular disease. Author(s): Folts JD. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 505: 95-111. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12083471
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Prenylated flavonoids from the roots of Sophora flavescens with tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Author(s): Son JK, Park JS, Kim JA, Kim Y, Chung SR, Lee SH. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 June; 69(6): 559-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12865979
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Prevention of cellular ROS damage by isovitexin and related flavonoids. Author(s): Lin CM, Chen CT, Lee HH, Lin JK. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 April; 68(4): 365-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11988866
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Prooxidant activity and cellular effects of the phenoxyl radicals of dietary flavonoids and other polyphenolics. Author(s): Galati G, Sabzevari O, Wilson JX, O'Brien PJ. Source: Toxicology. 2002 August 1; 177(1): 91-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12126798
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Pro-oxidative properties of flavonoids in human lymphocytes. Author(s): Yen GC, Duh PD, Tsai HL, Huang SL. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2003 June; 67(6): 1215-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12843645
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Protection by the flavonoids myricetin, quercetin, and rutin against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage in Caco-2 and Hep G2 cells. Author(s): Aherne SA, O'Brien NM. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1999; 34(2): 160-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10578483
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Protective effect of flavonoids on endothelial cells against linoleic acid hydroperoxide-induced toxicity. Author(s): Kaneko T, Baba N. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1999 February; 63(2): 323-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10192914
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Protective effects of flavonoids contained in the red vine leaf on venular endothelium against the attack of activated blood components in vitro. Author(s): Nees S, Weiss DR, Reichenbach-Klinke E, Rampp F, Heilmeier B, Kanbach J, Esperester A. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2003; 53(5): 330-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12854360
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Protective effects of flavonoids in the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in HS-SY5Y cells. Author(s): Gao Z, Huang K, Xu H. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 2001 February; 43(2): 173-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11243719
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Protein synthesis inhibition by flavonoids: roles of eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha kinases. Author(s): Ito T, Warnken SP, May WS. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1999 November 19; 265(2): 589-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10558914
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QSAR aspects of flavonoids as a plentiful source of new drugs. Author(s): Voskresensky ON, Levitsky AP. Source: Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2002 July; 9(14): 1367-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12132993
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Quantitative structure-activity relationship of flavonoids for inhibition of heterocyclic amine mutagenicity. Author(s): Hatch FT, Lightstone FC, Colvin ME. Source: Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 2000; 35(4): 279-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10861947
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Randomized clinical trial of micronized flavonoids in the early control of bleeding from acute internal haemorrhoids. Author(s): Khubchandani IT. Source: Techniques in Coloproctology. 2001 April; 5(1): 57-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11803925
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Randomized clinical trial of micronized flavonoids in the early control of bleeding from acute internal haemorrhoids. Author(s): Ho YH, Seow-Choen F. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2000 December; 87(12): 1732-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11123161
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Randomized clinical trial of micronized flavonoids in the early control of bleeding from acute internal haemorrhoids. Author(s): Misra MC, Parshad R. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2000 July; 87(7): 868-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10931020
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Recent advances in the discovery and development of flavonoids and their analogues as antitumor and anti-HIV agents. Author(s): Wang HK, Xia Y, Yang ZY, Natschke SL, Lee KH. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1998; 439: 191-225. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9781305
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Reduction in free-radical-induced DNA strand breaks and base damage through fast chemical repair by flavonoids. Author(s): Anderson RF, Amarasinghe C, Fisher LJ, Mak WB, Packer JE. Source: Free Radical Research. 2000 July; 33(1): 91-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10826925
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Regulation of lipoprotein metabolism in HepG2 cells by citrus flavonoids. Author(s): Kurowska EM, Manthey JA. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 505: 173-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12083461
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Relation between intake of flavonoids and risk for coronary heart disease in male health professionals. Author(s): Rimm EB, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1996 September 1; 125(5): 384-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8702089
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Relationship between estrogen receptor-binding and estrogenic activities of environmental estrogens and suppression by flavonoids. Author(s): Han DH, Denison MS, Tachibana H, Yamada K. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2002 July; 66(7): 1479-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12224631
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RELIEF study: first consolidated European data. Reflux assEssment and quaLity of lIfe improvement with micronized Flavonoids. Author(s): Jantet G. Source: Angiology. 2000 January; 51(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10667641
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Repair of amino acid radicals of apolipoprotein B100 of low-density lipoproteins by flavonoids. A pulse radiolysis study with quercetin and rutin. Author(s): Filipe P, Morliere P, Patterson LK, Hug GL, Maziere JC, Maziere C, Freitas JP, Fernandes A, Santus R. Source: Biochemistry. 2002 September 10; 41(36): 11057-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12206678
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Restoration of the cellular thiol status of peritoneal macrophages from CAPD patients by the flavonoids silibinin and silymarin. Author(s): Tager M, Dietzmann J, Thiel U, Hinrich Neumann K, Ansorge S. Source: Free Radical Research. 2001 February; 34(2): 137-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11264891
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Role of dietary flavonoids in protection against cancer and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Hollman PC, Hertog MG, Katan MB. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1996 August; 24(3): 785-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8878848
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Role of flavonoids in controlling the phototoxicity of Hypericum perforatum extracts. Author(s): Wilhelm KP, Biel S, Siegers CP. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2001 July; 8(4): 306-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11515722
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Role of flavonoids in oxidative stress. Author(s): Cotelle N. Source: Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2001 December; 1(6): 569-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11895132
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Role of flavonoids in suppressing the enhancement of phospholipid metabolism by tumor promoters. Author(s): Nishino H, Nagao M, Fujiki H, Sugimura T. Source: Cancer Letters. 1983 November; 21(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6640509
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Role of flavonoids in the oxygen-free radical modulation of the immune response. Author(s): Pignol B, Etienne A, Crastes de Paulet A, Deby C, Mencia-Huerta JM, Braquet P. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1988; 280: 173-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3140246
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Rutinoside at C7 attenuates the apoptosis-inducing activity of flavonoids. Author(s): Chen YC, Shen SC, Lin HY. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003 October 1; 66(7): 1139-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14505793
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Screening of eight alkaloids and ten flavonoids isolated from four species of the genus Boronia (Rutaceae) for antimicrobial activities against seventeen clinical microbial strains. Author(s): Nazrul Islam SK, Gray AI, Waterman PG, Ahasan M. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 November; 16(7): 672-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410551
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Secretion of hepatocyte apoB is inhibited by the flavonoids, naringenin and hesperetin, via reduced activity and expression of ACAT2 and MTP. Author(s): Wilcox LJ, Borradaile NM, de Dreu LE, Huff MW. Source: Journal of Lipid Research. 2001 May; 42(5): 725-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11352979
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Select flavonoids and whole juice from purple grapes inhibit platelet function and enhance nitric oxide release. Author(s): Freedman JE, Parker C 3rd, Li L, Perlman JA, Frei B, Ivanov V, Deak LR, Iafrati MD, Folts JD. Source: Circulation. 2001 June 12; 103(23): 2792-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11401934
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Separation of structurally related flavonoids by GC/MS technique and determination of their polarographic parameters and potential carcinogenicity. Author(s): Novotny L, Vachalkova A, Al-Nakib T, Mohanna N, Vesela D, Suchy V. Source: Neoplasma. 1999; 46(4): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10613603
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Side effects of flavonoids in medical practice. Author(s): Jaeger A, Walti M, Neftel K. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1988; 280: 379-94. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2971975
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Some biological properties of plant flavonoids. Author(s): Middleton E Jr. Source: Ann Allergy. 1988 December; 61(6 Pt 2): 53-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3061322
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Specific inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 alpha activation and of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production by flavonoids. Author(s): Hasebe Y, Egawa K, Yamazaki Y, Kunimoto S, Hirai Y, Ida Y, Nose K. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2003 October; 26(10): 1379-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14519939
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Specific regulation of HSPs in human tumor cell lines by flavonoids. Author(s): Morino M, Tsuzuki T, Ishikawa Y, Shirakami T, Yoshimura M, Kiyosuke Y, Matsunaga K, Yoshikumi C, Saijo N. Source: In Vivo. 1997 May-June; 11(3): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9239522
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Steroid hormone activity of flavonoids and related compounds. Author(s): Zand RS, Jenkins DJ, Diamandis EP. Source: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2000 July; 62(1): 35-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10989984
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Structure-activity relationships for the anti-HIV activity of flavonoids. Author(s): Olivero-Verbel J, Pacheco-Londono L. Source: Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences. 2002 SeptemberOctober; 42(5): 1241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12377014
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Structure-activity relationships of flavonoids and the induction of granulocytic- or monocytic-differentiation in HL60 human myeloid leukemia cells. Author(s): Takahashi T, Kobori M, Shinmoto H, Tsushida T. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1998 November; 62(11): 2199-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9972240
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Structure-activity studies of flavonoids as inhibitors of hyaluronidase. Author(s): Kuppusamy UR, Khoo HE, Das NP. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1990 July 15; 40(2): 397-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2375774
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Structure-related inhibition of human hepatic caffeine N3-demethylation by naturally occurring flavonoids. Author(s): Lee H, Yeom H, Kim YG, Yoon CN, Jin C, Choi JS, Kim BR, Kim DH. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1998 May 1; 55(9): 1369-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10076527
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Studies on inhibitors of skin tumor promotion. XI. Inhibitory effects of flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis on Epstein-Barr virus activation and their anti-tumorpromoting activities. Author(s): Konoshima T, Kokumai M, Kozuka M, Iinuma M, Mizuno M, Tanaka T, Tokuda H, Nishino H, Iwashima A. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1992 February; 40(2): 531-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1318792
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Sulfation of flavonoids and other phenolic dietary compounds by the human cytosolic sulfotransferases. Author(s): Pai TG, Suiko M, Sakakibara Y, Liu MC. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001 August 3; 285(5): 1175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11478778
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Sulphation of resveratrol, a natural compound present in wine, and its inhibition by natural flavonoids. Author(s): De Santi C, Pietrabissa A, Spisni R, Mosca F, Pacifici GM. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 2000 September; 30(9): 857-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11055264
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Suppression by flavonoids of cyclooxygenase-2 promoter-dependent transcriptional activity in colon cancer cells: structure-activity relationship. Author(s): Mutoh M, Takahashi M, Fukuda K, Komatsu H, Enya T, Matsushima-Hibiya Y, Mutoh H, Sugimura T, Wakabayashi K. Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 2000 July; 91(7): 686-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10920275
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Suppression of TNFalpha-mediated NFkappaB activity by myricetin and other flavonoids through downregulating the activity of IKK in ECV304 cells. Author(s): Tsai SH, Liang YC, Lin-Shiau SY, Lin JK. Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 1999 September 15; 74(4): 606-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10440930
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Synergism among flavonoids in inhibiting platelet aggregation and H2O2 production. Author(s): Violi F, Pignatelli P, Pulcinelli FM. Source: Circulation. 2002 February 26; 105(8): E53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11864937
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Synthesis and anticancer effect of B-ring trifluoromethylated flavonoids. Author(s): Zheng X, Cao JG, Meng WD, Qing FL. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2003 October 20; 13(20): 3423-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14505641
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t-BOOH-induced oxidative damage in sickle red blood cells and the role of flavonoids. Author(s): Cesquini M, Torsoni MA, Stoppa GR, Ogo SH. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 2003 May-June; 57(3-4): 124-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12818473
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Tea flavonoids and cardiovascular health. Author(s): Riemersma RA, Rice-Evans CA, Tyrrell RM, Clifford MN, Lean ME. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 2001 May; 94(5): 277-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11353103
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Tea flavonoids: bioavailability in vivo and effects on cell signaling pathways in vitro. Author(s): Wiseman S, Mulder T, Rietveld A. Source: Antioxidants & Redox Signalling. 2001 December; 3(6): 1009-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11813977
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The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids. Author(s): Havsteen BH. Source: Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 November-December; 96(2-3): 67-202. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12453566
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The effects of flavonoids on human phenolsulphotransferases: potential in drug metabolism and chemoprevention. Author(s): Ghazali RA, Waring RH. Source: Life Sciences. 1999; 65(16): 1625-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10573180
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The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Author(s): Middleton E Jr, Kandaswami C, Theoharides TC. Source: Pharmacological Reviews. 2000 December; 52(4): 673-751. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11121513
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The endocrine activities of 8-prenylnaringenin and related hop (Humulus lupulus L.) flavonoids. Author(s): Milligan SR, Kalita JC, Pocock V, Van De Kauter V, Stevens JF, Deinzer ML, Rong H, De Keukeleire D. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000 December; 85(12): 4912-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11134162
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The flavonoids of leek, Allium porrum. Author(s): Fattorusso E, Lanzotti V, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Cicala C. Source: Phytochemistry. 2001 June; 57(4): 565-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11394858
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The flavonoids quercetin and catechin synergistically inhibit platelet function by antagonizing the intracellular production of hydrogen peroxide. Author(s): Pignatelli P, Pulcinelli FM, Celestini A, Lenti L, Ghiselli A, Gazzaniga PP, Violi F. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 November; 72(5): 1150-5. Erratum In: Am J Clin Nutr 2001 February; 73(2): 360. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11063442
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The flavonoids, quercetin and isorhamnetin 3-O-acylglucosides diminish neutrophil oxidative metabolism and lipid peroxidation. Author(s): Zielinska M, Kostrzewa A, Ignatowicz E, Budzianowski J. Source: Acta Biochimica Polonica. 2001; 48(1): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11440168
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The inhibitory effects of flavonoids and antiestrogens on the Glut1 glucose transporter in human erythrocytes. Author(s): Martin HJ, Kornmann F, Fuhrmann GF. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2003 December 15; 146(3): 225-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14642735
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The therapeutic potential of flavonoids. Author(s): Wang HK. Source: Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2000 September; 9(9): 2103-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11060796
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The use of a high-volume screening procedure to assess the effects of dietary flavonoids on human cyp1a1 expression. Author(s): Allen SW, Mueller L, Williams SN, Quattrochi LC, Raucy J. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2001 August; 29(8): 1074-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11454723
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Therapeutic efficacy of flavonoids in oedema following reperfusion on acutely ischaemic legs. Author(s): Filis KA, Georgopoulos SE, Papas SC, Votteas V, Bastounis EA. Source: International Angiology : a Journal of the International Union of Angiology. 1999 December; 18(4): 327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10811522
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Thiol-inducing and immunoregulatory effects of flavonoids in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with end-stage diabetic nephropathy. Author(s): Dietzmann J, Thiel U, Ansorge S, Neumann KH, Tager M. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2002 November 15; 33(10): 1347-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12419466
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Transformation of flavonoids by intestinal microorganisms. Author(s): Blaut M, Schoefer L, Braune A. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2003 March; 73(2): 79-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12747214
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Two flavonoids from the leaves of Morus alba induce differentiation of the human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cell line. Author(s): Kim SY, Gao JJ, Kang HK. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2000 April; 23(4): 451-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10784426
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Two new flavonoids from Retama raetam. Author(s): Kassem M, Mosharrafa SA, Saleh NA, Abdel-Wahab SM. Source: Fitoterapia. 2000 December; 71(6): 649-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11077171
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Unique uptake and transport of isoflavone aglycones by human intestinal caco-2 cells: comparison of isoflavonoids and flavonoids. Author(s): Murota K, Shimizu S, Miyamoto S, Izumi T, Obata A, Kikuchi M, Terao J. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 July; 132(7): 1956-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12097676
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Urinary detection of hydroxycinnamates and flavonoids in humans after high dietary intake of fruit. Author(s): Bourne LC, Rice-Evans CA. Source: Free Radical Research. 1998 April; 28(4): 429-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9684988
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Urinary metabolites of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in humans after application of a crude extract from Equisetum arvense. Author(s): Graefe EU, Veit M. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 1999 October; 6(4): 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10589442
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Variance of common flavonoids by brand of grapefruit juice. Author(s): Ross SA, Ziska DS, Zhao K, ElSohly MA. Source: Fitoterapia. 2000 April; 71(2): 154-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10727812
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Vitamins and especially flavonoids in common beverages are powerful in vitro antioxidants which enrich lower density lipoproteins and increase their oxidative resistance after ex vivo spiking in human plasma. Author(s): Vinson JA, Jang J, Yang J, Dabbagh Y, Liang X, Serry M, Proch J, Cai S. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 July; 47(7): 2502-4. Erratum In: J Agric Food Chem 2001 September; 49(9): 4520. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10552516
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Wine flavonoids protect against LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis. Author(s): Aviram M, Fuhrman B. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 May; 957: 146-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12074969
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Wine, flavonoids, and the "water of life". Author(s): Brust JC. Source: Neurology. 2002 November 12; 59(9): 1300-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427873
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FLAVONOIDS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and flavonoids.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Flavonoids The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “flavonoids” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “flavonoids” (or a synonym): •
Absorption and metabolism of flavonoids in the caco-2 cell culture model and a perused rat intestinal model. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6534, USA. Source: Liu, Yan Hu, Ming Drug-Metab-Dispos. 2002 April; 30(4): 370-7 0090-9556
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Analysis of flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba L. and its phytopharmaceuticals by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Author(s): School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Southern Yangtze University, Wuxi 214036, P R China. Source: Cao, Y Chu, Q Fang, Y Ye, J Anal-Bioanal-Chem. 2002 September; 374(2): 294-9 1618-2642
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Anticholestatic activity of flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and of their metabolites. Author(s): Institut fur Biochemie, Universitatsklinikum Leipzig, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Gebhardt, R Med-Sci-Monit. 2001 May; 7 Suppl 1: 316-20 1234-1010
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Antimicrobial activity of licorice flavonoids against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Author(s): School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Fukai, T Marumo, A Kaitou, K Kanda, T Terada, S Nomura, T Fitoterapia. 2002 October; 73(6): 536-9 0367-326X
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Antimicrobial and pesticidal activity of partially purified flavonoids of Annona squamosa. Source: Kotkar, H.M. Mendki, P.S. Sadan, S.V.G.S. Jha, S.R. Upasani, S.M. Maheshwari, V.L. Pest-manag-sci. West Sussex, UK : Wiley, c2000-. January 2002. volume 58 (1) page 33-37. 1526-498X
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Antimicrobial flavonoids from Bolusanthus speciosus. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana. Source: Bojase, G Majinda, R R Gashe, B A Wanjala, C C Planta-Med. 2002 July; 68(7): 615-20 0032-0943
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Antioxidant activity of flavonoids from Solenostemon rotundifolius in rats fed normal and high fat diets. Source: Sandhya, C. Vijayalakshmi, N.R. J-nutraceuticals-funct-med-foods. Binghamton, NY : Pharmaceutical Products Press, an imprint of the Haworth Press, Inc., c1997-. 2001. volume 3 (2) page 55-66. 1089-4179
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Antiviral and antioxidant activity of flavonoids and proanthocyanidins from Crataegus sinaica. Source: Shahat, A.A. Cos, P. Bruyne, T. de. Apers, S. Hammouda, F.M. Ismail, S.I. Azzam, S. Claeys, M. Goovaerts, E. Pieters, L. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. June 2002. volume 68 (6) page 539-541. 0032-0943
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Behavioral characterisation of the flavonoids apigenin and chrysin. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Modena and Reggio Emilia University, Modena, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Zanoli, P Avallone, R Baraldi, M Fitoterapia. 2000 August; 71 Suppl 1: S117-23 0367-326X
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Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. Author(s): Department of Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0406, USA.
[email protected] Source: Winkel Shirley, Brenda Curr-Opin-Plant-Biol. 2002 June; 5(3): 218-23 1369-5266
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Determination of flavonoids in Hypericum perforatum by HPLC analysis. Author(s): Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210038, China. Source: Wu, Y Zhou, S D Li, P Yao-Xue-Xue-Bao. 2002 April; 37(4): 280-2 0513-4870
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Deuterated phytoestrogen flavonoids and isoflavonoids for quantitation. Author(s): Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
[email protected] Source: Wahala, K Rasku, S Parikka, K J-Chromatogr-B-Analyt-Technol-Biomed-Life-Sci. 2002 September 25; 777(1-2): 111-22 1570-0232
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Dietary flavonoids as potential neuroprotectants. Source: Youdim, K.A. Spencer, J.P.E. Schroeter, H. Rice Evans, C. Biol-Chem. Berlin; New York : W. de Gruyter, c1996-. Mar/April 2002. volume 383 (3/4) page 503-519. 1431-6730
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Di-tert-butylhydroxylated flavonoids protect endothelial cells against oxidized LDLinduced cytotoxicity. Author(s): Departement de Recherches sur les Lipoproteines et l'Atherosclerose, INSERM U325, Institut Pasteur et Faculte de Pharmacie, Universite de Lille 2, 59000 Lille, France. Source: Furman, C Lebeau, J Fruchart, J Bernier, J Duriez, P Cotelle, N Teissier, E JBiochem-Mol-Toxicol. 2001; 15(5): 270-8 1095-6670
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Effect of total flavonoids of hippophae rhamnoides on contractile mechanics and calcium transfer in stretched myocyte. Author(s): School of Basic Medical Sciences, West China University of Medical Sciences, Chengdu. Source: Wang, Z R Wang, L Yin, H H Yang, F J Gao, Y Q Zhang, Z J Space-Med-MedEng-(Beijing). 2000 February; 13(1): 6-9 1002-0837
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Effects of flavonoids on cisplatin-induced apoptosis of HL-60 and L1210 leukemia cells. Author(s): Cancer Research Institute, Vlarska 7, 833 91, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Source: Cipak, L Rauko, P Miadokova, E Cipakova, I Novotny, L Leuk-Res. 2003 January; 27(1): 65-72 0145-2126
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Effects of several flavonoids on the growth of B16F10 and SK-MEL-1 melanoma cell lines: relationship between structure and activity. Author(s): Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. Source: Rodriguez, J Yanez, J Vicente, V Alcaraz, M Benavente Garcia, O Castillo, J Lorente, J Lozano, J A Melanoma-Res. 2002 April; 12(2): 99-107 0960-8931
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Evaluation of variation of acteoside and three major flavonoids in wild and cultivated Scutellaria baicalensis roots by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Author(s): School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Haidian District, Beijing, People's REpublic of China. Source: Xie, L H Wang, X Basnet, P Matsunaga, N Yamaji, S Yang, D Y Cai, S Q Tani, T Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 2002 July; 50(7): 896-9 0009-2363
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Evidence that the antioxidant flavonoids in tea and cocoa are beneficial for cardiovascular health. Author(s): Nutrition Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. Source: Kris Etherton, Penny M Keen, Carl L Curr-Opin-Lipidol. 2002 February; 13(1): 41-9 0957-9672
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Identification and determination of ecdysones and flavonoids in Serratula strangulata by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China. Source: Wang, S Dai, J Chen, X Hu, Z Planta-Med. 2002 November; 68(11): 1029-33 00320943
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Influence of some flavonoids on N-nitrosoproline formation In vitro and In vivo. Author(s): National Fisheries University of Pusan, Pusan (Korea Republic). Department of Nutrition and Food Science Source: Lee, J.H. Choi, J.S. Journal-of-the-Korean-Society-of-Food-and-Nutrition (Korea Republic). (June 1993). volume 22(3) page266-272. 0253-3154
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Inhibition of the PDGF receptor by red wine flavonoids provides a molecular explanation for the “French paradox”. Author(s): Klinik III fur Innere Medizin, Universitat zu Koln, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Rosenkranz, S Knirel, D Dietrich, H Flesch, M Erdmann, E Bohm, M FASEB-J. 2002 December; 16(14): 1958-60 1530-6860
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Inhibition of VHR dual-specificity protein tyrosine phosphatase activity by flavonoids isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis: structure-activity relationships. Author(s): Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea. Source: Lee, M S Oh, W K Kim, B Y Ahn, S C Kang, D O Sohn, C B Osada, H Ahn, J S Planta-Med. 2002 December; 68(12): 1063-5 0032-0943
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Interactions of different phenolic acids and flavonoids with soy proteins. Source:
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Kinetic evaluation of the reactivity of flavonoids as radical scavengers. Author(s): Department of Oral Diagnosis, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Fujisaw, S Ishihara, M Kadoma, Y SAR-QSAR-Environ-Res. 2002 October; 13(6): 617-27 1062-936X
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Palm oil tocotrienols and plant flavonoids act synergistically with each other and with Tamoxifen in inhibiting proliferation and growth of estrogen receptor-negative MDA-MB-435 and -positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in culture. Author(s): Departments of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario (Canada) Source: Guthrie, N. Gapor, A. Chambers, A.F. Carroll, K.K. Asia-Pacific-Journal-ofClinical-Nutrition (United Kingdom). (1997). volume 6(1) page 41-45.
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Preincubation of Mesorhizobium ciceri with flavonoids improves its nodule occupancy. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, India.
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Source: Sharma, P K Upadhyay, K K Kamboj, D V Kukreja, K Folia-Microbiol-(Praha). 2002; 47(5): 541-4 0015-5632 •
Prooxidant activity and cellular effects of the phenoxyl radicals of dietary flavonoids and other polyphenolics. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 19 Russell St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2S2. Source: Galati, Giuseppe Sabzevari, Omid Wilson, John X O'Brien, Peter J Toxicology. 2002 August 1; 177(1): 91-104 0300-483X
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QSAR aspects of flavonoids as a plentiful source of new drugs. Author(s): Faculty of Organic and Medicinal Technologies, Odessa National Polytechnic University, 1, Shevhenko Av., Odessa, 65044, Ukraine.
[email protected] Source: Voskresensky, O N Levitsky, A P Curr-Med-Chem. 2002 July; 9(14): 1367-83 0929-8673
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Radioprotective Effects In Vivo of Phenolics Extracted from Olea europaea L. Leaves Against X-Ray-Induced Chromosomal Damage: Comparative Study Versus Several Flavonoids and Sulfur-Containing Compounds. Author(s): Research and Development Department, Furfural Espanol S.A., Camino Viejo de Pliego s/n, 80320 Alcantarilla, Murcia, Spain. Source: Benavente Garcia, O Castillo, J Lorente, J Alcaraz, M J-Med-Food. 2002 Fall; 5(3): 125-35 1096-620X
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Role of flavonoids in oxidative stress. Author(s): Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Macromoleculaire, UPRESA 8009, Equipe Polyphenols, Universite des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
[email protected] Source: Cotelle, N Curr-Top-Med-Chem. 2001 December; 1(6): 569-90 1568-0266
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Structural requirements of flavonoids and related compounds for aldose reductase inhibitory activity. Author(s): Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan. Source: Matsuda, H Morikawa, T Toguchida, I Yoshikawa, M Chem-Pharm-Bull(Tokyo). 2002 June; 50(6): 788-95 0009-2363
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Studies on antimutagenic and lipotropic action of flavonoids of buckwheats Desmutagenic activity of buckwheat leaf extracts. Author(s): Kangwon National University, Chuncheon (Korea Republic). Department of Food Science and TechnologyKangwon National University, Chuncheon (Korea Republic). Department of Applied Biology and Technology Source: Ham, S.S. Choi, K.P. Lee, S.Y. Choi, Y.S. Journal-of-The-Korean-Society-of-Foodand-Nutrition (Korea Republic). (August 1994). volume 23(4) page 698-703. 0253-3154
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Studies on the chemical components and biological activities of edible plants in Korea-(2)-Isolation and quantitative analysis of flavonoids from the leaves of Cedrela sinensis A. juss. by HPLC. Author(s): Sunchon National University, Sunchon (Korea Republic). Department of Oriental Medicine ResourcesSunchon National University, Sunchon (Korea Republic). Department of Food and NutritionPusan National University, Pusan (Korea Republic). College of PharmacyKyongbuk Institute of Health and Environment, Taegu (Korea Republic) Source: Park, J.C. Chon, S.S. Yang, H.S. Kim, S.H. Journal-of-the-Korean-Society-ofFood-and-Nutrition (Korea Republic). (October 1993). volume 22(5) page 581-585. 02533154
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Tartary buckwheat flavonoid activates caspase 3 and induces HL-60 cell apoptosis. Author(s): Department of Hematology, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China. Source: Ren, W Qiao, Z Wang, H Zhu, L Zhang, L Lu, Y Cui, Y Zhang, Z Wang, Z Methods-Find-Exp-Clin-Pharmacol. 2001 October; 23(8): 427-32 0379-0355
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The pharmaco-chemical study on the plant of Ixeris spp. - (2) - Flavonoids and free amino acid composition of Ixeris sonchifolia. Author(s): Pusan National University, Pusan (Korea Republic). College of PharmacyNational Fisheries University, Pusan (Korea Republic). Department of Food Science and Nutrition Source: Young, H.S. Im, K.S. Choi, J.S. Journal-of-The-Korean-Society-of-Food-andNutrition (Korea Republic). (June 1992). volume 21(3) page296-301. 0253-3154
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
Nutrition
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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The following is a specific Web list relating to flavonoids; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Multiple Vitamin-Mineral Supplements Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin C Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,904,00.html Vitamin C and Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,935,00.html
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Minerals Bromelain/Quercetin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,941,00.html Cisplatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Naproxen/Naproxen Sodium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quercetin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Quercetin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Quercetin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Quercetin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10053,00.html Stinging Nettle Alternative names: Urtica dioica, Urtica urens, Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Food and Diet Apples Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,44,00.html Artichoke Alternative names: Cynara scolymus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asparagus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Avocado Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beets Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Berries Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brazil Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,115,00.html Broccoflower Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Broccoli Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bruising Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Nutrition
Brussels Sprouts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cabbage Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cancer Prevention and Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carrots Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,14,00.html Cauliflower Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cherries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,49,00.html Chicory Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chocolate Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,179,00.html Collards Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Greens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jerusalem Artichoke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jicama Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kohlrabi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Leeks Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Mustard Greens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Okra Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Onions Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Onions Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,27,00.html Parsnips Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Radishes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Romaine Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rutabagas Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Snow Peas Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Strawberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,108,00.html Summer Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Peppers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Nutrition
Turnips Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Walnuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,100,00.html Winter Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yams Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zucchini Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FLAVONOIDS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to flavonoids. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to flavonoids and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “flavonoids” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to flavonoids: •
Analysis of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography with coulometric array detection: relationship to antioxidant activity. Author(s): Aaby K, Hvattum E, Skrede G. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004 July 28; 52(15): 4595-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15264888
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Analytical procedure for the in-vial derivatization--extraction of phenolic acids and flavonoids in methanolic and aqueous plant extracts followed by gas chromatography with mass-selective detection. Author(s): Fiamegos YC, Nanos CG, Vervoort J, Stalikas CD. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2004 July 2; 1041(1-2): 11-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15281249
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Antibacterial and brine shrimp lethality tests of biflavonoids and derivatives of Rheedia gardneriana.
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Author(s): Verdi LG, Pizzolatti MG, Montanher AB, Brighente IM, Smania Junior A, Smania Ed Ede F, Simionatto EL, Monache FD. Source: Fitoterapia. 2004 June; 75(3-4): 360-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15158995 •
Anti-inflammatory flavonoids and pterocarpanoid from Crotalaria pallida and C. assamica. Author(s): Ko HH, Weng JR, Tsao LT, Yen MH, Wang JP, Lin CN. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2004 February 23; 14(4): 1011-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15013012
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Antimicrobial and antioxidant flavonoids from the root wood of Bolusanthus speciosus. Author(s): Erasto P, Bojase-Moleta G, Majinda RR. Source: Phytochemistry. 2004 April; 65(7): 875-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15081287
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Antioxidant properties of complexes of flavonoids with metal ions. Author(s): de Souza RF, De Giovani WF. Source: Redox Report : Communications in Free Radical Research. 2004; 9(2): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15231064
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Antiprotozoal effect of crude extracts and flavonoids isolated from Chromolaena hirsuta (asteraceae). Author(s): Taleb-Contini SH, Salvador MJ, Balanco JM, Albuquerque S, de Oliveira DC. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2004 March; 18(3): 250-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15103676
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Antiviral flavonoids from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. Author(s): Wei F, Ma SC, Ma LY, But PP, Lin RC, Khan IA. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2004 April; 67(4): 650-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15104496
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Application of preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography for the separation of flavonoids from the leaves of Byrsonima crassa Niedenzu (IK). Author(s): Sannomiya M, Rodrigues CM, Coelho RG, dos Santos LC, Hiruma-Lima CA, Souza Brito AR, Vilegas W. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2004 April 30; 1035(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15117073
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BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN NUTRITION AND HEALTH-RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES FOR ESTABLISHING BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION: The
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Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Flavonoids on Atherosclerosis. Author(s): Kris-Etherton PM, Lefevre M, Beecher GR, Gross MD, Keen CL, Etherton TD. Source: Annual Review of Nutrition. 2004 July; 24: 511-538. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15189130 •
Biological activity of five antibacterial flavonoids from Combretum erythrophyllum (Combretaceae). Author(s): Martini ND, Katerere DR, Eloff JN. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004 August; 93(2-3): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15234754
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Consumption of foods rich in flavonoids is related to a decreased cardiovascular risk in apparently healthy French women. Author(s): Mennen LI, Sapinho D, de Bree A, Arnault N, Bertrais S, Galan P, Hercberg S. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2004 April; 134(4): 923-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15051848
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Cytoprotection by Achyrocline satureioides (Lam) D.C. and some of its main flavonoids against oxidative stress. Author(s): Arredondo MF, Blasina F, Echeverry C, Morquio A, Ferreira M, AbinCarriquiry JA, Lafon L, Dajas F. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004 March; 91(1): 13-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15036461
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Cytotoxic activities of flavonoids from two Scutellaria plants in Chinese medicine. Author(s): Sonoda M, Nishiyama T, Matsukawa Y, Moriyasu M. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004 March; 91(1): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15036470
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Cytotoxic flavonoids and alpha-pyrones from Cryptocarya obovata. Author(s): Dumontet V, Van Hung N, Adeline MT, Riche C, Chiaroni A, Sevenet T, Gueritte F. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2004 May; 67(5): 858-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15165150
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Differential effects of natural flavonoids on growth and iodide content in a human Na*/I- symporter-transfected follicular thyroid carcinoma cell line. Author(s): Schroder-van der Elst JP, van der Heide D, Romijn JA, Smit JW. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2004 April; 150(4): 557-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15080787
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Disposition of Flavonoids via Enteric Recycling: Enzyme-Transporter Coupling Affects Metabolism of Biochanin A and Formononetin and Excretion of Their Phase II Conjugates. Author(s): Jia X, Chen J, Lin H, Hu M. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2004 May 5 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15128864
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Effect of flavonoids and vitamin E on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) transcription. Author(s): O'Leary KA, de Pascual-Tereasa S, Needs PW, Bao YP, O'Brien NM, Williamson G. Source: Mutation Research. 2004 July 13; 551(1-2): 245-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15225597
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Effects of betaine, coumarin and flavonoids on mucin release from cultured hamster tracheal surface epithelial cells. Author(s): Lee CJ, Lee JH, Seok JH, Hur GM, Park Js J, Bae S, Lim JH, Park YC. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2004 April; 18(4): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15162365
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Ether-linked biflavonoids from Quintinia acutifolia. Author(s): Ariyasena J, Baek SH, Perry NB, Weavers RT. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2004 April; 67(4): 693-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15104507
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Flavonoids and coumarins from Leaves of Phellodendron chinense. Author(s): Kuo PC, Hsu MY, Damu AG, Su CR, Li CY, Sun HD, Wu TS. Source: Planta Medica. 2004 February; 70(2): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14994201
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Flavonoids and isoflavones: absorption, metabolism, and bioactivity. Author(s): Rice-Evans C. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2004 April 1; 36(7): 827-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15019967
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Flavonoids are inhibitors of breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2)-mediated transport. Author(s): Zhang S, Yang X, Morris ME. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2004 May; 65(5): 1208-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15102949
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Flavonoids from Achyrocline satureioides with relaxant effects on the smooth muscle of Guinea pig corpus cavernosum.
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Author(s): Hnatyszyn O, Moscatelli V, Rondina R, Costa M, Arranz C, Balaszczuk A, Coussio J, Ferraro G. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2004; 11(4): 366-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15185852 •
Flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) upregulate eNOS gene expression in human endothelial cells. Author(s): Li H, Xia N, Brausch I, Yao Y, Forstermann U. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2004 May 3 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15123766
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Flavonoids from grape seeds prevent increased alcohol-induced neuronal lipofuscin formation. Author(s): de Freitas V, da Silva Porto P, Assuncao M, Cadete-Leite A, Andrade JP, Paula-Barbosa MM. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 2004 July-August; 39(4): 303-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15208161
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Flavonoids from Radix Scutellariae as potential stroke therapeutic agents by targeting the second postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95)/disc large/zonula occludens-1 (PDZ) domain of PSD-95. Author(s): Tang W, Sun X, Fang JS, Zhang M, Sucher NJ. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2004; 11(4): 277-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15185839
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Flavonoids from Spatholobus suberectus. Author(s): Yoon JS, Sung SH, Park JH, Kim YC. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 2004 June; 27(6): 589-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15283457
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Flavonoids of an extract of Pterospartum tridentatum showing endothelial protection against oxidative injury. Author(s): Vitor RF, Mota-Filipe H, Teixeira G, Borges C, Rodrigues AI, Teixeira A, Paulo A. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004 August; 93(2-3): 363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15234778
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Flavonoids Promote Cell Migration in Nontumorigenic Colon Epithelial Cells Differing in Apc Genotype: Implications of Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity. Author(s): Fenton JI, Hord NG.
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Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2004 March; 48(2): 182-188. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15231453 •
Flavonoids: antioxidants or signalling molecules? Author(s): Williams RJ, Spencer JP, Rice-Evans C. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2004 April 1; 36(7): 838-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15019969
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Hypochlorite scavenging activity of flavonoids. Author(s): Firuzi O, Mladenka P, Petrucci R, Marrosu G, Saso L. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2004 June; 56(6): 801-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15231046
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Identification and quantification of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) heads, juice, and pomace by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS(n). Author(s): Schutz K, Kammerer D, Carle R, Schieber A. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004 June 30; 52(13): 4090-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15212452
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In vitro inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase by prenylflavonoids from Sophora flavescens. Author(s): Chung MY, Rho MC, Ko JS, Ryu SY, Jeune KH, Kim K, Lee HS, Kim YK. Source: Planta Medica. 2004 March; 70(3): 258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15114505
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Inhibitory effects of flavonoids from Hypericum perforatum on nitric oxide synthase. Author(s): Luo L, Sun Q, Mao YY, Lu YH, Tan RX. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004 August; 93(2-3): 221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15234756
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Investigation of the membrane localization and distribution of flavonoids by highresolution magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy. Author(s): Scheidt HA, Pampel A, Nissler L, Gebhardt R, Huster D. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2004 May 27; 1663(1-2): 97-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15157612
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Isolation of flavonoids and a cerebroside from the stem bark of Albizzia julibrissin. Author(s): Jung MJ, Kang SS, Jung HA, Kim GJ, Choi JS. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 2004 June; 27(6): 593-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15283458
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Mechanism of action of antiatherogenic and related effects of Ficus bengalensis Linn. flavonoids in experimental animals. Author(s): Daniel RS, Devi KS, Augusti KT, Sudhakaran Nair CR. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2003 April; 41(4): 296-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15255637
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Modulation of DeltaF508 CFTR trafficking and function with 4-PBA and flavonoids. Author(s): Lim M, McKenzie K, Floyd AD, Kwon E, Zeitlin PL. Source: American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2004 June 10 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15191910
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Monitoring the antioxidant activity of extracts originated from various Serratula species and isolation of flavonoids from Serratula coronata. Author(s): Bathori M, Zupko I, Hunyadi A, Gacsne-Baitz E, Dinya Z, Forgo P. Source: Fitoterapia. 2004 March; 75(2): 162-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15030920
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New evidences of antimalarial activity of Bidens pilosa roots extract correlated with polyacetylene and flavonoids. Author(s): Oliveira FQ, Andrade-Neto V, Krettli AU, Brandao MG. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004 July; 93(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15182902
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Nutritional flavonoids modulate estrogen receptor alpha signaling. Author(s): Virgili F, Acconcia F, Ambra R, Rinna A, Totta P, Marino M. Source: Iubmb Life. 2004 March; 56(3): 145-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15185748
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Oral administration of Crataegus flavonoids protects against ischemia/reperfusion brain damage in gerbils. Author(s): Zhang DL, Zhang YT, Yin JJ, Zhao BL. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 2004 July; 90(1): 211-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15198680
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Phytoestrogens/flavonoids reverse breast cancer resistance protein/ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance. Author(s): Imai Y, Tsukahara S, Asada S, Sugimoto Y. Source: Cancer Research. 2004 June 15; 64(12): 4346-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15205350
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Potent Inhibitory effect of flavonoids in Scutellaria baicalensis on amyloid beta protein-induced neurotoxicity. Author(s): Heo HJ, Kim DO, Choi SJ, Shin DH, Lee CY. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004 June 30; 52(13): 4128-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15212458
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Potential toxicity of flavonoids and other dietary phenolics: significance for their chemopreventive and anticancer properties. Author(s): Galati G, O'Brien PJ. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2004 August 1; 37(3): 287-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15223063
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Structural aspects of flavonoids as trypsin inhibitors. Author(s): Maliar T, Jedinak A, Kadrabova J, Sturdik E. Source: European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2004 March; 39(3): 241-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15051172
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Suppression of nitric oxide production in mouse macrophages by soybean flavonoids accumulated in response to nitroprusside and fungal elicitation. Author(s): Scuro LS, Simioni PU, Grabriel DL, Saviani EE, Modolo LV, Tamashiro WM, Salgado I. Source: Bmc Biochemistry [electronic Resource]. 2004 April 21; 5(1): 5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15102332
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The increase in human plasma antioxidant capacity after apple consumption is due to the metabolic effect of fructose on urate, not apple-derived antioxidant flavonoids. Author(s): Lotito SB, Frei B. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2004 July 15; 37(2): 251-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15203196
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The induction of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 mediated through a distal enhancer module by flavonoids and xenobiotics. Author(s): Sugatani J, Yamakawa K, Tonda E, Nishitani S, Yoshinari K, Degawa M, Abe I, Noguchi H, Miwa M. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2004 March 1; 67(5): 989-1000. Erratum In: Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 June 15; 67(12): 2991-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15104253
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The Inhibitory Effects of Pure Flavonoids on in Vitro Protein Glycosylation. Author(s): Asgary S, Naderi GA, Sarraf Zadegan N, Vakili R. Source: J Herb Pharmcother. 2002; 2(2): 47-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15277096
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The relation between the chemical structure of flavonoids and their estrogen-like activities. Author(s): Vaya J, Tamir S. Source: Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2004 May; 11(10): 1333-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15134523
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The thiol reactivity of the oxidation product of 3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one containing flavonoids. Author(s): Michels G, Haenen GR, Watjen W, Rietjens S, Bast A. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2004 June 15; 151(1): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15177646
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Toward the prediction of the activity of antioxidants: experimental and theoretical study of the gas-phase acidities of flavonoids. Author(s): Martins HF, Leal JP, Fernandez MT, Lopes VH, Cordeiro MN. Source: Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 2004 June; 15(6): 848-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15144974
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Transinactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation by dietary flavonoids: effect on invasive potential of human carcinoma cells. Author(s): Lee LT, Huang YT, Hwang JJ, Lee AY, Ke FC, Huang CJ, Kandaswami C, Lee PP, Lee MT. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2004 June 1; 67(11): 2103-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15135307
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to flavonoids; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Allergic Rhinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergies Alternative names: Hay Fever Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amyloidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anaphylaxis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Angioedema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asthma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bursitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Prevention (Reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Capillary Fragility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cataracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cataracts (prevention) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cellulitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Venous Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cold Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colon Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Common Cold/Sore Throat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cough Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crohn's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Eczema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Edema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Erythema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Genital Herpes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gingivitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gout Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hay Fever Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hemorrhoids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hemorrhoids Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hepatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Herpes Alternative names: Genital Herpes, Cold Sores Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Insect Bites and Stings Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Liver Cirrhosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ménière's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macular Degeneration Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macular Degeneration Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Macular Degeneration Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Measles Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menopausal Symptoms (Other Than Osteoporosis) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Menopause Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menorrhagia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Migraine Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Night Blindness Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoporosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Reiter's Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Retinopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com STDs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tendinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com TMJ Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Uveitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Varicose Veins Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •
Alternative Therapy Apitherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,669,00.html Nutrition Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Herbs and Supplements Acetaminophen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Achillea Alternative names: Yarrow; Achillea millefolium L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Acyclovir Oral Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Agrimony Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,833,00.html Anthocyanins Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1026,00.html Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html Apium Graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arctium Alternative names: Burdock, Gobo; Arctium lappa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aspirin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Astragalus Alternative names: Astragalus membranaceus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Astragalus Sp Alternative names: Vetch, Rattlepod, Locoweed; Astragalus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Australian Fevertree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-Carotene Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Betula Alternative names: Birch; Betula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Bilberry Alternative names: Vaccinium myrtillus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bilberry Alternative names: Vaccinium myrtillus, European Blueberry, Huckleberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bilberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Blueberry Alternative names: Vaccinium spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Boldo Alternative names: Peumus boldus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Boneset Alternative names: Eupatorium perfoliatum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bromelain Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,760,00.html Buchu Alternative names: Barosma betulina, Agathosma betulina, Agathosma crenultata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Butcher’s Broom Alternative names: Ruscus aculeatus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Butcher's Broom Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Butcher's Broom Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10010,00.html Calendula Alternative names: Calendula officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Catechins Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1023,00.html Celery Seed Alternative names: Apium graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chamomile Alternative names: Matricaria recutita Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chamomile Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Chamomile Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,766,00.html Chemotherapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cherry Fruit Extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10015,00.html Chickweed Alternative names: Stellaria media Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chinese Scullcap Alternative names: Scutellaria baicalensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cleavers Alternative names: Galium aparine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Crataegus Alternative names: Hawthorn; Crataegus oxyacantha L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Crataegus Laevigata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crataegus Monogyna Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cyclophosphamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cynara Artichoke Alternative names: Artichoke; Cynara scolymus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Docetaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea purpurea, Purple Coneflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea angustifolia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea pallida Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea purpurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Elderberry Alternative names: Sambucus nigra Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Elderberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10024,00.html Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero; Acanthopanax/Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. & Maxim. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Eriodictyon Yerbasanta Alternative names: Yerba Santa; Eriodictyon californicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Estradiol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Etodolac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eucalyptus Alternative names: Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus fructicetorum, polybractea, smithii, Australian Fevertree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eucalyptus globulus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com European Blueberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Felodipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fennel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flavonoids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,782,00.html Fluorouracil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Foeniculum Alternative names: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Garcinia Kola Alternative names: Bitter Kola Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Garcinia Sp Alternative names:. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org General Anesthetics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Glycyrrhiza glabra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Grape Seed Extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,793,00.html Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Green Tea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10032,00.html Hawthorn Alternative names: Crataegus laevigata, Crataegus oxyacantha, Crataegus monogyna Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hawthorn Alternative names: Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus laevigata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hawthorn Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Horehound Alternative names: Marrubium vulgare Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Horse Chestnut Alternative names: Aesculus hippocastanum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Horsetail Alternative names: Equisetum arvense Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Huckleberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Humulus Alternative names: Hops; Humulus lupulus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hypericum Perforatum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ibuprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ipriflavone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ipriflavone Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10039,00.html Isoflavones Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Juniperus Alternative names: Juniper; Juniperus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Klamathweed Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lemon Balm Alternative names: Melissa officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Licorice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,801,00.html Linden Alternative names: Tilia spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Lipotropic Combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,861,00.html Mad-Dog Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Matricaria Alternative names: Chamomile; Matricaria chamomilla Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Meadowsweet Alternative names: Filipendula ulmaria Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methotrexate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Thistle Alternative names: Silybum marianum, Carduus marianus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Thistle Alternative names: Silybum marianum, St. Mary's Thistle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Milk Thistle Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Nabumetone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Naringin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10089,00.html Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nitrous Oxide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Olive Leaf Alternative names: Olea europa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com OPCS (Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oregano/Wild Marjoram Alternative names: Origanum vulgare Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oxaprozin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Paclitaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Passiflora Alternative names: Passion Flower; Passiflora alata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Passiflora Incarnata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Passion Flower Alternative names: Passiflora incarnata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Passion Flower Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Passionflower Alternative names: Passiflora incarnata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phyllanthus Alternative names: Phyllanthus niruri Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phytolacca Alternative names: Poke root, Endod; Phytolacca dodecandra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Picrorhiza Alternative names: Picrorhiza kurroa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Proanthocyanidins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pueraria Alternative names: Kudzu; Pueraria lobata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Purple Coneflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense , beebread, cow clover, cow grass, meadow clover, purple clover Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ribes Alternative names: Black Currant; Ribes nigrum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ruta Alternative names: Rue; Ruta graveolens L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Sage Alternative names: Salvia officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Scutellaria Lateriflora Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Silybum Alternative names: Milk Thistle; Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Silybum Marianum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sitosterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Skullcap Alternative names: Scutellaria lateriflora, Mad-dog Skullcap Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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St. John’s Wort Alternative names: Hypericum perforatum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com St. John's Wort Alternative names: Hypericum perforatum, Klamathweed Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com St. Mary's Thistle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Swertia Alternative names: Swertia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tamoxifen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tanacetum V Alternative names: Tansy; Tanacetum vulgare (L.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thyme Alternative names: Thymus vulgaris Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Trigonella Alternative names: Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum graecum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Uncaria Asian Alternative names: Asian species; Uncaria sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Urtica Dioica Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urtica Urens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaccinium Myrtillus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vacciniumb Alternative names: Bilberry; Vaccinium myrtillus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Verbascum Alternative names: Mullein; Verbascum thapsus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Viburnum Alternative names: Cramp Bark, Highbush Cranberry; Viburnum sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Vitex Alternative names: Chaste; Vitex agnus-castus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Vitex Alternative names: Vitex agnus-castus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zizyphus Alternative names: Jujube; Ziziphus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON FLAVONOIDS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to flavonoids. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “flavonoids” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on flavonoids, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Flavonoids ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to flavonoids. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Alterations in the permeability of cimetidine by dietary flavonoids using an in vitro transport model, Caco-2 cells by Taur, Jan-Shiang, PhD from OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY, 2003, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3103576
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Bioavailability of the tea flavonoids epicatechin and epicatechin gallate: Role of membrane transport and metabolism by Vaidyanathan, Jayabharathi, PhD from MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 2003, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3098199
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Biologically active substances in birch leaves flavonoids as growth regulators by Baxter, James W; ADVDEG from MCGILL UNIVERSITY (CANADA), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK02607
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Development and application of LC/MS and MS/MS methods for the structural characterization of flavonoid glycosides by Cuyckens, Filip, Dr from UNIVERSITAIRE INSTELLING ANTWERPEN (BELGIUM), 2003, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3120561
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Enzymatic aspects of O-glucosylation of anthraquinones and O-methylation of flavonoids in plant tissues by Khouri, Henry; PhD from CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY (CANADA), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL41662
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Flavone: The molecular and mechanistic study of how a simple flavonoid protects DNA from oxidative damage by Dean, Jennifer D., MS from EAST TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY, 2003, 51 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1418472
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The effects of cocoa flavonoids on cardiovascular health by Wang, Janice Flora, PhD from UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS, 2003, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3098002
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Understanding the potential role played by major flavonoid components of apple leaves in plant defense against herbivorous arthropods by Coli, William Michael, PhD from UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST, 2003, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078674
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Wine consumption and breast cancer: An evaluation of the effect of grape wine flavonoids on human mammary cell proliferation by Hakimuddin, Fatima Kamal, MSc from UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH (CANADA), 2003, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76073
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON FLAVONOIDS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “flavonoids” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on flavonoids, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Flavonoids By performing a patent search focusing on flavonoids, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on flavonoids: •
Assay for a new gaucher disease mutation Inventor(s): Beutler; Ernest (La Jolla, CA), Sorge; Joseph A. (Rancho Santa Fe, CA) Assignee(s): The Scripps Research Institute (La Jolla, CA) Patent Number: 5,234,811 Date filed: September 27, 1991 Abstract: A method for detecting a new Gaucher disease mutation in an allele in a human having an insertion mutation of a guanine nucleotide adjacent to nucleotide position 57 in the normal glucocerebrosidase gene exon 2 is provided. Identification of the mutation is accomplished by first amplifying, with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer, a region of human genomic DNA containing nucleotide positions 57 and 58 of glucocerebrosidase gene exon 2 followed by detection of the mutation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for detecting a Gaucher disease allele in a human having an insertion mutation of a guanine nucleotide adjacent to nucleotide position 57 in the normal glucocerebrosidase gene exon 2. Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of glucocerebrosidase, the enzyme that is required for the lysosomal degradation of lipids containing covalently bound sugars (glycolipids). Brady et al., J. Biol. Chem., 240:39-43 (1965). In the absence of glucocerebrosidase, the extremely insoluble glucosylceramide (glucocerebroside) accumulates. The gene for glucocerebrosidase is located on chromosome-1 in the region of q21. See, Shafit-Zagardo et al., Am. J. Hum Genet., 33:564-575 (1981); Ginns et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 82:7101-7105 (1985). The fact that a number of different mutations caused Gaucher disease was inferred from clinical observations (Beutler, Genetic Diseases Among Ashkenazi Jews, eds. Boudman et al., Raven Press, NY, pp. 157-169 (1979)) and from differences in the kinetic properties of the residual enzyme in different patients with the disorder. Grabowski et al., Am J. Hum. Genet., 37:499-510 (1985). However, real understanding of the genetics of this disease has had to await the cloning and sequencing of the cDNA (Sorge et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 82:72897293 (1985) and Tsuji et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 316:570-621 (1987)) and of the gene (Horowitz et al., Genomics, 4:87-96 (1989)). Analysis of mutations is complicated by the existence of a pseudogene which is approximately 16 kilobases (Kb) downstream from the glucocerebrosidase gene. Zimran et al., J. Clin. Invest., 86:1137-1141 (1990). The pseudogene is about 95% homologous to the functional gene. It is transcribed (Sorge et al., J. Clin. Invest., 86:1137-1141 (1990)), but cannot be translated into glucocerebrosidase because of numerous deletions of coding sequences. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05234811__
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Gene therapy for Gaucher disease using retroviral vectors Inventor(s): Bahnson; Alfred B. (Pittsburgh, PA), Barranger; John A. (Gibsonia, PA), Robbins; Paul (Pittsburgh, PA) Assignee(s): University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, PA) Patent Number: 5,911,983 Date filed: June 6, 1995
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Abstract: The present invention relates to gene therapy for Gaucher disease using retroviral vectors which express the glucocerebrosidase gene. Methods are provided for transduction of autologous hematopoietic stem cells (e.g., human CD34+ cells) with these vectors and for transplantation of the transduced cells into a Gaucher disease patient to provide therapeutically effective levels of glucocerebrosidase activity. The invention also provides for retroviral vectors that express the glucocerebrosidase gene, and for human hematopoietic cells that contain the retroviral vector. Excerpt(s): Gaucher disease is the name given to a group of lysosomal storage disorders caused by mutations in the gene that codes for an enzyme called glucocerebrosidase ("GC"). Gaucher disease is caused by deficiency of GC as reported by Patrick, A. D., Biochem. J. 97:17C (1965) and Brady, R. O., et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 18:221 (1965). All of the mutations in the gene alter the structure and function of the enzyme which lead to an accumulation of the undegraded glycolipid substrate glucosylceramide, also called glucocerebroside, in cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Each particular mutation of the human GC gene leads to a clinical disease collectively known as Gaucher disease. These disorders are usually classified into three types; type 1 (non-neuronopathic), type 2 (acute neuronopathic) and type 3 (subacute neuronopathic), the type depending on the presence and severity of neurologic involvement. Gaucher disease is the most prevalent Jewish genetic disease and the most common lysosomal storage disease. Human GC cDNA was first cloned as described by Ginns, E. I., et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 123:574 (1984). Subsequent characterizations of other GC cDNA clones by, for example, Sorge, J., et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 82:7289 (1985) and Tsuji, S., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 261:50 (1986), have led to the elucidation of the complete nucleotide sequence of human GC. As reported by Ginns, E. I., et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 82:7101 (1985), the GC gene was localized to human chromosome lq21 by in situ hybridization. Tsuji, S., et al., New Enql. J. Med. 316:570 (1987), have shown that the GC gene comprises 11 exons and 10 introns spanning approximately 7 Kb. While more than twenty mutations in the human GC gene are known, only two are common. See, Tsuji, S., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2349 (1988). The two common mutations account for approximately 70% of the mutant alleles, as reported by Firon, N., et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 46:527 (1990). Mutant GC genes code for aberrant proteins that are either catalytically altered or unstable and rapidly disappear from the cell. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05911983__ •
Products and methods for gaucher disease therapy Inventor(s): Callahan; John W. (Mississauga, CA), Clarke; Joe T. R. (Toronto, CA), Mahuran; Don J. (Toronto, CA) Assignee(s): HSC Research & Development Limited Partnership (CA) Patent Number: 6,696,272 Date filed: June 2, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to products and methods for medical treatment of Gaucher disease and, in particular, an improved Gcc DNA for insertion into any applicable expression vector for gene therapy treatment. The invention includes an isolated Gcc DNA molecule, wherein nucleic acid molecules have been modified at cryptic splice sites to prevent or decrease splicing of mRNA produced from the DNA molecule, while preserving the ability of the DNA to express functional Gcc polypeptides.
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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to products and methods for medical treatment of Gaucher disease and, in particular, nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides and vectors for polypeptide or gene therapy treatment. Gaucher disease is a lysosomal storage disease caused by the deficiency of functional glucocerebrosidase (Gcc) enzyme. Gcc is present in all cell types. The defective enzyme cannot break down a fatty substance, glucocerebroside, which is an important component of cell membranes. The fat accumulates in macrophages (which are known as the "Gaucher cells"). The fat-laden macrophages are found typically in the liver, spleen, bone marrow and lungs. The amount of the enzyme deficiency varies from person to person as do the symptoms. Some patients may show no clinical symptoms, while others may die from the disease. The symptoms of the disease and mutant forms of Gcc that cause Gaucher disease are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,459 (Beutler) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,234,811 (Beutler and Sorge). There are therapies for Gaucher disease. Ceredase is a form of the Gcc enzyme from placenta that is able to metabolize the fat in Gaucher cells. The enzyme restores normal function to a Gaucher cell. The amount of enzyme used in treatment varies. As much as 30-60 units per kilogram of bodyweight (U/kg/bw) may be given every other week. Positive results have been reported with 2.3 U/kg/bw given three times a week. Lower doses, such as 1-5 U/kg/bw twice weekly, have also been used with success, but this is less frequent. The intarcellular half life of the enzyme is up to 60 hours. A large number of placentas are needed to make sufficient Ceredase, so this form of therapy is very expensive. It has been almost completely replaced by treatment with a recombinant form of the enzyme, Cerezyme but this therapy is also expensive. Cerezyme is dispensed as a powder whereas Ceredase comes as a liquid. Sterile water must be added to the Cerezyme bottle to dissolve the powder. The shelf life of the drugs is short (<3 months), and splitting doses is cumbersome and wasteful. Allergic reactions to Ceredase are common, but rarely life-threatening. Adverse reactions to Cerezyme appear to be less common, but experience with the drug is still very limited. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06696272__
Patent Applications on Flavonoids As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to flavonoids: •
Antioxidant composition comprising propionyl L-carnitine and a flavonoid against throm-bosis and atherosclerosis Inventor(s): Cavazza, Claudio; (Roma, IT) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye, PC; 1100 N Glebe Road; 8th Floor; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20030206895 Date filed: June 4, 2003 Abstract: A composition is disclosed which comprises as characterizing active ingredients propionyl L-carnitine and a flavonoid, typically quercetin or its 3rutinoside, rutin, for the prevention and/or therapeutic treatment of various alterations
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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and pathological states induced by free radicals and by thrombotic or atherosclerotic abnormalities, that may take the form of a dietary supplement, dietetic support or of an actual medicine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for the prevention and/or treatment of thrombotic or atherosclerotic abnormalities, allergic inflammatory reactions, diseases brought about by the release of free radicals and by increased platelet aggregation. Accordingly, the composition may take the form and exert the action of a dietary supplement or of an actual medicine, depending upon the support or preventive action, or the strictly therapeutic action, which the composition is intended to exert in relation to the particular individuals it is to be used in. (b) a flavonoid, preferably selected from the group comprising quercetin, rutin, myricetin, myricitrin or mixtures thereof or extracts of natural vegetable products containing such flavonoids. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Compositions for the treatment of lupus Inventor(s): Ziegler, Randy H.; (Newport Coast, CA) Correspondence: Reed Smith Crosby Heafey Llp; 1901 Avenue OF The Stars, Suite 700; Los Angeles; CA; 90067; US Patent Application Number: 20040028675 Date filed: April 30, 2003 Abstract: A composition and a method for the amelioration of Lupus, related rheumatic and autoimmune diseases such as fibromyalgia and inflammatory joint diseases. The composition consists of a bioflavonoid combined with Bromelain. Vitamin C may be added to the composition to improve its efficacy. The preferred flavonoid is Luteolin or Quercetin. Myricetin may also be used as may be a glycoside such as Rutin that contains either Luteolin, Quercetin or Myricetin as an aglycone. Other effective flavonoids can be selected by their ability to interact with the Kv1.3 channel of lymphocytes. In a preferred method of treatment a mixture of flavonoid, Bromelain and Vitamin C is administered at least daily by an oral route. A mixture of 500 mg Quercetin, 500 mg Bromelain and 500 mg Vitamin C administered three times daily is effective. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation in part of, and claims priority from, PCT/US02/39297 designating the United States which was based on and claimed priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/339,199 filed on Dec. 7, 2001. The present invention concerns a treatment for autoimmune rheumatic diseases and for joint diseases. Lupus Erythematosus ("Lupus") is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect the skin, joints, blood, and kidneys as well as other parts of the body. Lupus is an "autoimmune" disease in which the immune system makes antibodies directed against parts of the body. Normally antibodies react only with bacteria, viruses and other foreign substances. When "self" antibodies are made, damage can occur either through direct antibody mediated attack on body tissues or indirectly from immune complexes. Immune complexes are the reaction products between portions of the body's tissues and the antibodies. These complexes build up in the skin or in joints or in kidneys and cause many of the symptoms of Lupus. Although many cases of Lupus are mild, the disease may cause serious life-threatening symptoms. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Cosmetic and dermatological formulations comprising flavonoids Inventor(s): Lanzendorfer, Ghita; (Hamburg, DE), Stab, Franz; (Echem, DE), Untiedt, Sven; (Hamburg, DE) Correspondence: William Gerstenzang; Norris, Mclaughlin & Marcus, P.A.; 220 East 42nd Street, 30th Floor; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20020160965 Date filed: April 23, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to cosmetic and dermatological formulations havinga) a content of a compound or several compounds from the group consisting of flavonoids, or havingb) a content of an active compound combination comprising a compound or several compounds chosen from the group consisting of flavonoids in combination with a compound or several compounds chosen from the group consisting of cinnamic acid derivatives andc) if appropriate an additional content of a compound or several compounds from the group consisting of antioxidants. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates in particular to cosmetic and dermatological formulations comprising flavonoids, their glycosides and, if appropriate, combinations thereof with cinnamic acid derivatives or antioxidants. The damaging effect of the ultraviolet component of solar radiation on the skin is generally known. While rays having a wavelength below 290 nm (the so-called UVC range) are absorbed by the ozone layer in the earth's atmosphere, rays in the range between 290 nm and 320 nm, the so-called UVB range, cause erythema, simple sunburn or even burns of greater or lesser severity. The narrower range around 308 nm is stated as the maximum for the erythema activity of sunlight. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Cosmetic formulations containing flavonoid derivatives Inventor(s): Buccholz, Herwig; (Frankfurt, DE), Carola, Christophe; (Langen, DE), Wirth, Corinna; (Darmstadt, DE) Correspondence: Millen, White, Zelano & Branigan, P.C.; 2200 Clarendon BLVD.; Suite 1400; Arlington; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20040081675 Date filed: August 21, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to cosmetic formulations, pharmaceutical preparations, food products and food supplements containing flavonoid derivatives. The flavonoid derivatives act therein, for instance, as UV filter. Some flavonoid derivatives represent novel compounds. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to cosmetic formulations comprising flavonoid derivatives, to the use of these compounds, in particular in cosmetic formulations, and to novel UV-active compounds. A certain degree of tanning of the skin is regarded in modern society as attractive and as an expression of vigour and sportiness. In addition to this desired action of the sun on the skin, a number of undesired side effects occur, such as sunburn or premature skin ageing and wrinkling. A number of effective UV filters have now been developed which, applied to the skin in the form of creams, lotions or gels, are able effectively to delay the development of sunburn, even in the case of relatively great exposure to the sun. The UV filter present in the pharmaceutical or
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cosmetic preparation forms a film or layer on the surface of the skin and does not penetrate into deeper skin layers with further care substances present in the preparation. Known UV filters and sunscreens thus act by absorbing certain regions of the sunlight, thus preventing this radiation from penetrating into deeper layers of the skin. As is known, the most dangerous part of solar radiation is formed by ultraviolet rays having a wavelength of less than 400 nm. The lower limit for the ultraviolet rays which reach the earth's surface is restricted to about 280 m by absorption in the ozone layer. The sunprotection filters usual today in cosmetics absorb in a wavelength range from 280 to 400 m. This range covers UV-B rays having a wavelength of between 280 and 320 m, which play a crucial role in the formation of solar erythema, and also UV-A rays having a wavelength of between 320 and 400 m, which tan the skin, but also allow ageing, favour the triggering of an erythematous reaction or can exacerbate this reaction in certain people or even trigger phototoxic or photoallergic and irritative reactions. Skin damage is not caused just by sunlight, but also by other external influences, such as cold or heat. Furthermore, the skin undergoes natural ageing, with the formation of wrinkles and a reduction in the elasticity of the skin. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Drynaria extractions for treating osteoporosis and their extraction process Inventor(s): Xie, Yanming; (Beijing, CN) Correspondence: Ladas & Parry; 224 South Michigan Avenue, Suite 1200; Chicago; IL; 60604; US Patent Application Number: 20040048811 Date filed: August 27, 2003 Abstract: Rhizoma Drynariae extract (RDE) is used as therapeutical agent or in the preparation for Osteoporosis, which is characterized in containing over 30 percent of total flavonoids. Furthermore naringin contained in flavonoids is more than 30 percent and less than 100 percent. The RDE is applied for the therapy of osteoporosis or used for producing drugs treating osteoporosis. And methods of extracting the same are also related. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to Rhizoma Drynariae Extract (RDE), more specifically to a RDE for the treatment of osteoporosis, and the preparation process of such and the use thereof in the treatment of osteoporosis. The present invention is also related to the method of treating osteoporosis with the extract. Rhizoma Drynariae is the rhizome of Drynaria fortunei (Kunze) J. Sm or D. baronii (Chist) Diels, which is used for the treatment of bone fracture for a long time (Zhong Yao Da Ci Dian (Lexicon of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 1658-1660, Shanghai People's Press, ShangHai, 1979). Ma Ke-Chang et al., studied the influence of Rhizoma Drynariae on rat Osteoporosis model, the results showed that Rhizoma Drynariae extract partically restrains the glucocorticoid-induced bone loss (Ma Ke-Chang et al., Zhong Yi Zheng Gu (Bone Setting) 1992, 4, 3), but the active component therein is unknown. Additionally, Zhou Tong-Shui et al. reported that the effective component of Rhizoma Drynariae for treating bone injury is naringin and analogues thereof (Zhou Tong-Shui, et. al., Zhong Cao Yao (Chinese Herbal Medicine) 1994, 25, 249). And they also performed assaying in crude plant of Rhizoma Drynariae (Zhou Tong-shui et al., Zhong Guo Yao Ke Da Xue Xue Bao (Journal of China Pharmaceutical University), 1996, 27, (9), 540), but they didn't show the relationship between the above-mentioned active components and the effect to Osteoporosis thereof. Wu Ying-Pi et al. disclosed a method of extracting naringin from
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Citrus grandis Osbeck var. tomentosa Hort, aiming to obtain the single component of naringin (Wu Ying-Pi et al., Zhong Cao Yao, 1988, 19, 452) only. Therefore, it is unknown whether or not such method can be fitted for other medicinal materials. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Extraction of flavonoids Inventor(s): Burong, Willfrits Gerald; (Ballajura, AU), Wallace, Robert Gerard; (Willetton, AU) Correspondence: Merchant & Gould PC; P.O. Box 2903; Minneapolis; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20030147980 Date filed: October 22, 2002 Abstract: A method of producing an enriched flavonoid aglycone extract from starting material containing a suitable flavonoid glycoside and/or conjugate thereof comprising the steps of: (i) enzymatically converting the flavonoid glycoside or conjugate thereof into the flavonoid aglycone; (ii) adjusting the pH to render the flavonoid aglycone soluble and removing the insoluble fraction; and (iii) adjusting the pH to render the soluble flavonoid aglycone relatively insoluble and forming an extract containing the same. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of extracting a flavonoid aglycone from starting material containing a flavonoid glycoside and/or conjugate thereof. More particularly, the present invention provides an efficient method of producing enriched flavonoid aglycones extracts from plant material using aqueous solvents. Flavonoids are a class of phytochemicals with wide ranging applications including their use as therapeutics, anti-microbials and antioxidants. They are capable of treating and or preventing a range of medical disorders and diseases including degenerative diseases such as heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia and cancer, to mention a few. The characteristics and properties of flavonoids are well documented in the scientific literature. The demand for `natural` phytochemical remedies is increasing and will increase further as the average age of the world population steadily increases. Furthermore, the younger sections of the population are turning more to natural alternatives for treating or preventing medical conditions. In addition, there is a strong demand for such materials to be free of organic solvent residues, particularly those that are industrially synthesised, and for products produced with minimum burden to the environment. Society is also placing a high value on the use of biodegradable materials and processes that have minimal environmental impact. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Flavonoid extract Inventor(s): Senthilmohan, Somasundaram Tharmalingam; (Christchurch, NZ), Stanley, Roger Anthony; (Auckland, NZ), Stenswick, Larry Ellsworth; (Rangiora, NZ) Correspondence: Greer, Burns & Crain; 300 S Wacker DR; 25th Floor; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030170332 Date filed: December 23, 2002 Abstract: The use of a flavonoid extract is described to treat a mammal for at least one of the treatments including: reducing a redox imbalance associated with disease in a mammal; preventing oxidative stress in a mammal; reducing oxidative stress in a mammal; preventing protein oxidation in a mammal; reducing protein oxidation in a mammal; preventing DNA damage in a mammal; reducing DNA damage in a mammal; and combinations thereof. A method of treatment of a mammal is also described. The treatments have the advantage of maintaining health in an individual. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of a flavonoid extract for reducing or preventing protein damage and DNA damage in mammals. Preferably the present invention relates to the use of a proanthocyanidin-rich flavonoid extract from the bark of the species Pinus for reducing or preventing protein damage, more specifically protein oxidation and DNA damage in mammals. The potential use of dietary supplements for protection against the effects of oxidative stress and the progression of degenerative diseases and aging has been the subject of an increasing number of studies during the past two decades. The effectiveness of antioxidants in vivo can be studied by their influence in reducing the level of bio-markers associated with oxidative damage. Free radicals, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated as by-products of normal cellular metabolism (Griffiths et al, 1998; Pryor & Squadrito, 1995). Their deleterious effects are minimized in-vivo by the presence of antioxidant systems, both enzymatic and scavenging (Griffiths et al, 1998; Frei et al, 1992). However if these damaging species are ineffectively scavenged, they can interact with biological macromolecules, such as DNA, lipids and proteins, with potential threat to cellular function. According to the free radical theory of aging, loss of cellular function during aging is a consequence of accumulating sub-cellular damage inflicted by activated oxygen species (Harman, 1981). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Formulations of tocopherols and methods of making and using them Inventor(s): Brown, Lesley A.; (Cupertino, CA), Miller, Guy; (Mountain View, CA) Correspondence: Gladys H. Monroy; Morrison & Foerster Llp; 755 Page Mill Road; Palo Alto; CA; 94304-1018; US Patent Application Number: 20030022818 Date filed: July 2, 2002 Abstract: Non-naturally-occuring compositions for use in amelioration of disruption of energy metabolism secondary to stress are described. The compositions comprise a tocopherol and/or a derivative thereof, and a synergist, and are particularly suited for use as nutritional supplements. Synergists include, but are not limited to, flavonoids and lactoferrin and/or derivatives thereof. Compositions comprising an optimized
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formulation comprising a tocopherol and an additional compound such as daidzein or biochanin A are also described. Methods of making these compositions and methods of ameliorating injury(ies) or disruption of energy metabolism secondary to stress, comprising administering such compositions, are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/158,234 filed Oct. 8, 1999, which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. This invention generally relates to non-naturally-occurring nutritional compositions for amelioration of disruption of energy metabolism secondary to stress comprising a tocopherol and/or a derivative thereof, and a synergist in effective amounts. The synergist can include a flavonoid, such as hesperetin, diosmin, combinations of such flavonoids or lactoferrin and/or derivatives thereof. Synergistic combinations of different forms of tocopherol, such as alpha- and gamma-tocopherol exemplified herein, also form a part of the present invention. The invention also relates to non-naturally-occurring compositions comprising optimized formulations for amelioration of disruption of energy metabolism secondary to stress comprising a tocopherol and/or a derivative thereof, and an additional compound such as one or more flavonoids, exemplified by daidzein or biochanin A in effective amounts, empirically determined ratios of other flavonoids, other tocopherols, or lactoferrin, as exmplified herein. The invention also relates to methods of making such compositions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Identification of free-B-ring flavonoids as potent COX-2 inhibitors Inventor(s): Jia, Qi; (Superior, CO), Nichols, Timothy C.; (San Diego, CA), Rhoden, Eric E.; (Duluth, GA), Waite, Scott; (Torrance, CA) Correspondence: Swanson & Bratschun L.L.C.; 1745 Shea Center Drive; Suite 330; Highlands Ranch; CO; 80129; US Patent Application Number: 20030165588 Date filed: March 1, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a novel method for inhibiting the cyclooxygenase COX-2. The method is comprised of administering a composition containing a Free-enzyme B-Ring flavonoid or a composition containing a mixture of Free-B-Ring flavonoids to a host in need thereof. The present also includes novel methods for the prevention and treatment of COX-2 mediated diseases and conditions. The method for preventing and treating COX-2 mediated diseases and conditions is comprised of administering to a host in need thereof an effective amount of a composition containing a Free-B-Ring flavonoid or a composition containing a mixture of Free-B-Ring flavonoids and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a method for the prevention and treatment of COX-2 mediated diseases and conditions. Specifically, the present invention relates to a method for the prevention and treatment of COX-2 mediated diseases and conditions by administration of compounds referred to herein as Free-B-Ring flavonoids. Included in this invention is an improved method to generate standardized Free-B-Ring flavonoid extracts from plant sources. The liberation and metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) from the cell membrane, results in the generation of pro-inflammatory metabolites by several different pathways. Arguably, the two most important pathways to inflammation are mediated by the enzymes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and cyclooxygenase (COX). These are parallel pathways that result in the generation of
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leukotrienes and prostaglandins, respectively, which play important roles in the initiation and progression of the inflammatory response. These vasoactive compounds are chemotaxins, which both promote infiltration of inflammatory cells into tissues and serve to prolong the inflammatory response. Consequently, the enzymes responsible for generating these mediators of inflammation have become the targets for many new antiinflammatory drugs. Inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) is the mechanism of action attributed to most nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). There are two distinct isoforms of the COX enzyme (COX-1 and COX-2) that share approximately 60% sequence homology, but differ in expression profiles and function. COX-1 is a constitutive form of the enzyme that has been linked to the production of physiologically important prostaglandins, which help regulate normal physiological functions, such as platelet aggregation, protection of cell function in the stomach and maintenance of normal kidney function. (Dannhardt and Kiefer (2001) Eur. J. Med. Chem. 36:109-26). The second isoform, COX-2, is a form of the enzyme that is inducible by pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1.beta. (IL-1.beta.) and other growth factors. (Herschmann (1994) Cancer Metastasis Rev. 134:241-56; Xie et al. (1992) Drugs Dev. Res. 25:249-65). This isoform catalyzes the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) from arachidonic acid (AA). Inhibition of COX-2 is responsible for the antiinflammatory activities of conventional NSAIDs. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Increased lifespan formulation Inventor(s): Duncan, Kelvin Winston; (Christchurch, NZ) Correspondence: Greer, Burns & Crain; 300 S Wacker DR; 25th Floor; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030161902 Date filed: December 23, 2002 Abstract: A composition including a dose of flavonoids extracted from pine bark extract is described that decreases the rate of senescence of a mammal after onset of senescence. The same compound also increases mammal lifespan and increases neuromuscular performance after onset of senescence. Methods of treatment and use of this composition are also described. The composition has the advantage of being a useful general aging remedy to avoid many common age related decreases in performance. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for use to decrease the rate of senescence in mammals after the onset of senescence. The present invention also relates to compositions for increasing the life span of a mammal and additionally, to increase the level of neuromuscular performance of a mammal after senescence begins. The potential use of dietary supplements for protection against the effects of oxidative stress and the progression of degenerative diseases and aging has been the subject of an increasing number of studies during the past two decades. The "Free Radical Theory" of disease and aging holds that deleterious metabolic and cellular events caused by free radical reactions are responsible for the phenomena of disease and aging.sup.1-9. The fact that many important or essential macromolecules of the body are damaged by free radical events has been repeatedly demonstrated.sup.10. Thus aging and disease are seen as an imbalance in the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance in the body. However, not all free radical reactions in the body are harmful; some are entirely natural and are necessary for the correct functioning of many metabolic processes.sup.11. Furthermore, there is an increase in free radical formation as a consequence of disease rather than as a
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cause of the disease.sup.12. This "consequence not cause" hypothesis has cast doubt on the role of antioxidants in preventing disease. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and use of extract of a member of Typhaceae's family Inventor(s): Zhou, Tong-Shui; (Shanghai, CN) Correspondence: Raymond Y. Chan; Suite 128; 108 N. Ynez AVE.; Monterey Park; CA; 91754; US Patent Application Number: 20040018261 Date filed: July 16, 2003 Abstract: An extract of Typhae Pollen which is a traditional Chinese medicine consisting of flavonoids as active components includes at least one member of the group selected from kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin and the derivatives of these active components. The present invention also relates to the degraded form of flavonoids, the metal derivatives formed with sodium and potassium salts, and the metal complex formed with a predetermined metal ion. The extract of Typhae Pollen is prepared by a plurality of extraction processes and has a plurality of functions for promoting health including lowering blood lipid level, preventing arteriosclerosis, promoting tolerance of brain and heart tissue under anaerobic condition, preventing blood platelet coagulation, preventing thrombosis and stop bleeding. The extract of Typhae Pollen of the present invention is also used for preventing and treating diseases related to blood vessels in brain and heart, and poor blood circulation induced diseases selecting from the group consisting of chest pain, stomachache, physical injuries, puerperium pain and menstruation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to technology in medical and health science, and more particularly to an extract of a Typhae Pollen and its manufacture and application in medicine and health science. `Typhae Pollen` is a common traditional Chinese medicine, which is generally dried pollen of the family Typhaceae such as Typha angustifolia L. and Typha orientalis Presl. According to the principles of the tradition Chinese medicine, Typhae Pollen has the properties of stop bleeding, bruise heeling, and enhancing circulation of the lymphatic system and it has been widely used in the treatment of bleeding, apistaxis, hematemesis, external bleeding, painful menstruation, colic, abscess, painful lymphatic system's disease or discomfort. Recent scientific researches envisage that the extracted components of Typhae Pollen by water extraction or alcohol extraction is capable of substantially increasing the coronary blood flow, improving microcirculation, increasing the tolerance ability of brain and cardiac muscle under anaerobic condition, lowering the consumption of oxygen of brain and heart system, promoting blood vessel dilation, lowering the blood lipid level, preventing arteriosclerosis, and acting as anticoagulant. All the different species of Typhae Pollen comprises organic acid, flavonoids, sterol components, long chain aliphatic components and polysaccharides. The principles and applications of these chemical components were only once disclosed in a Chinese patent 1006015 in China wherein the active mechanism and application of lowering blood lipid level of sterol, long chain aliphatic compounds of Typhae Pollen were described. Since then, there is no related arts relating to Typhae Pollen's extract. A main object of the present invention is to provide an extract of Typhae Pollen and a manufacturing method thereof wherein one of the extract components is flavonol glycosides.
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Method for producing monoglycosidated flavonoids Inventor(s): Ohrem, Hans Leonard; (Jugenheim, DE), Schwammle, Achim; (Darmstadt, DE) Correspondence: Millen, White, Zelano & Branigan, P.C.; 2200 Clarendon BLVD.; Suite 1400; Arlington; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20030157653 Date filed: December 4, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of monoglycosidated flavonoids by enzymatic hydrolysis of rutinosides, in which the enzymatic hydrolysis is carried out using an enzyme immobilized on a support. This process can avoid high enzyme costs whilst at the same time a high degree of automation, combined with high space-time yields is achieved. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the production of monoglycosidated flavonoids by enzymatic hydrolysis of rutinosides. During this operation the rhamnose radical of the rutinosides is enzymatically cleaved. which is bonded to the aglycosuric component. For example, both rhamnose and isoquercetin can be obtained from rutin. Rhamnose is a monosaccharide which occurs naturally in many places, but mostly in only small quantities. An important source of rhamnose comprises, for example, the glycosidic radicals of natural flavonoids, such as rutin, from which rhamnose can be obtained by elimination of glycoside. Rhamnose is significant, for example, as a starting material for the preparation of non-natural aroma substances, such as furaneol. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method using solvents for improved microporous polymeric adsorbents Inventor(s): Cohen, Gordon; (Wynnewood, PA), Pai, Vidya; (Wilmington, DE), Plotzker, Irene; (US) Correspondence: E I DU Pont DE Nemours And Company; Legal Patent Records Center; Barley Mill Plaza 25/1128; 4417 Lancaster Pike; Wilmington; DE; 19805; US Patent Application Number: 20040009872 Date filed: July 15, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a polymerization method using specified solvents to produce improved microporous polymers for separating flavonoids from dilute aqueous solution by adsorption. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for using solvents to produce improved microporous polymeric materials for use in separating flavonoids from dilute aqueous solution by adsorption. Dietary isoflavones have been found to have health benefits. For example, they are believed to be responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of soy products (Anthony et al., Circulation 91:925 (1995), and Anthony et al., J. Nutr. 126:43 (1996)). They may help prevent breast cancer (see e.g., Adlercreutz et al., J. Nutr. 125:757S-770S (1995), and Peterson and Barnes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Communications 179(1): 661-67 (1991)). They are believed to ameliorate menopausal
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symptoms (Adlercreutz et al., The Lancet, 339:1233 (1992)). U. S. Pat. No. 5,972,995 teaches the treatment of cystic fibrosis patients by administering isoflavones capable to stimulate chloride transport. Soybean processing technology is reviewed in SoybeansChemistry, Technology, and Utilization, by KeShun Liu (Chapman & Hall, New York, 1997). Soy protein isolates are typically prepared from defatted soy meal. Proteins and soluble carbohydrates are extracted into aqueous solution (pH 7-10). The insoluble residue is mostly carbohydrate and is removed by centrifugation. The protein is precipitated from solution as curd at its isoelectric point (about pH 4.5), further purified, neutralized, and dried. The liquid remaining after the protein has been isolated is referred to as whey and contains mainly soluble carbohydrates. Most of the isoflavones are retrieved with the protein curd. However, isoflavones also exist at the ppm level in the whey. Given the high value of isoflavones, an efficient and selective process for isolating them from soy whey would be highly desirable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods for the treatment of skin disorders Inventor(s): Rosenbloom, Richard A.; (Elkins Park, PA) Correspondence: Knoble & Yoshida; Eight Penn Center; Suite 1350, 1628 John F Kennedy Blvd; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20030105031 Date filed: October 24, 2002 Abstract: Methods for the reduction, treatment or partial prevention of reactive and inflammatory dermatoses, including eczema and psoriasis, are provided. The methods comprise administering a composition that includes one or more flavonoids and is optionally formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also provided are methods of facilitating the healing of wounds, and of cleansing, beautifying, and improving the cosmetic appearance of the skin. Further optional ingredients may be added to the composition used in the present invention, such as non-flavonoid antioxidants, and one or more compounds that regulate cell differentiation and/or cell proliferation. The composition may be administered as a topical composition. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/132,642, filed on Apr. 25, 2002, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/045,790, filed on Jan. 14, 2002, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/993,003, filed on Nov. 6, 2001, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to compositions and methods for treating skin disorders including reactive and inflammatory dermatoses such as eczema and psoriasis, to compositions and methods for treating wounds, and to compositions and methods for improving the cosmetic appearance of the skin. Reactive and inflammatory dermatoses are non-contagious disorders of the skin whose causes, when known, are usually related to allergic or other immune reactions. These disorders may take the form of mild irritation; however, in more severe cases, reactive and inflammatory dermatoses may be extremely painful, disfiguring, and debilitating conditions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Novel flavonoids Inventor(s): Bask, Aalt; (Nijkerk, NL), Haenen, Guido R.M.M.; (Eijsden, NL), Menge, Wiro M.P.B.; (Arnhem, NL), Van Acker, Frederique A.A.; (Amsterdam, NL), Van Der Vijgh, Willem J.F.; (Diemen, NL) Correspondence: Oblon Spivak Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt PC; Fourth Floor; 1755 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020147353 Date filed: March 22, 2002 Abstract: Novel flavonoids of formula (I) 1where A and E form together a C--C or C.dbd.C bond; R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are H, OH, O(CH2).sub.n-aromatic group, n=0-8; O(CH.sub.2).sub.n N(CH.sub.3).sub.q with n=0-8, q=0-3; O(CH.sub.2).sub.n OH with n=1-8; O(CH.sub.2).sub.n-halide with n=1-8; O(CH.sub.2).sub.n COOH with n=0-8; O(CH.sub.2).sub.n COOR' with n=0-8 and R' is C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl or an aromatic group; O(CH.sub.2).sub.n CONH R" with n=0-8 and R" is C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl or an aromatic group, and sugars in mono-, di- or trimeric form or analogues thereof, with the proviso that R.sub.1 is not H, at least two of R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are H, and at most one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 is OH, are useful for the treatment of drug-induced toxicity, doxorubicininduced cardiotoxicity, free radical mediated diseases, lung diseases, cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, or arteriosclerosis. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation application of PCT/NL00/00649 filed on Sep. 13, 2000, which PCT application claims priority of Dutch patent application number NL 1013123 filed on Sep. 23, 1999, both herein incorporated by reference. The invention relates to novel flavonoids, a method for obtaining flavonoids, and to the use of the flavonoids as a medicament. In this application, the term flavonoids and the nomenclature thereof is used as is defined in S.A.B.E. van den Acker, Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1996, 9, 1305-1312, herein incorporated under reference. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Nutritional supplements and methods for prevention, reduction and treatment of radiation injury Inventor(s): Rosenbloom, Richard A.; (Elkins Park, PA) Correspondence: Knoble & Yoshida; Eight Penn Center; Suite 1350, 1628 John F Kennedy Blvd; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20030105027 Date filed: April 25, 2002 Abstract: A nutritional supplement composition for the prevention, reduction or treatment of radiation injury due to exposure to ionizing radiation, including one or more compounds that regulates cell differentiation and/or cell proliferation, and one or more antioxidants, optionally formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for an oral composition. The composition of the present invention may further include optional ingredients such as flavonoids, flavonoid derivatives, selenium, selenium compounds, anti-inflammatories, organic germanium, Korean ginseng, American ginseng, Siberian ginseng and B-complex vitamins. A method for the administration of an oral composition for the purpose of preventing, reducing or treating radiation injury
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involves orally administering an effective amount of a composition including one or more compounds that regulates cell differentiation and/or cell proliferation, and one or more antioxidants to a person before, during or after radiation exposure. A method for the topical administration of the composition in accordance with the present invention for the purpose of preventing, reducing or treating radiation injury involves topically administering an effective amount of the composition of the invention an area of skin, which has been or will be exposed to ionizing radiation. The compositions and methods can be employed to prevent, reduce or treat radiation injury caused by a wide variety of types of radiation exposure. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to nutritional supplement compositions and methods for preventing, reducing and treating radiation injury. It is generally known that extensive radiation exposure or exposure to strong radiation may cause radiation injury. Radiation injury may range from less serious injuries such as radiation dermatitis to more serious injuries such as those causing vomiting, bone marrow failure, intestinal death and/or instant incineration. Such injuries or damage may be caused by radiation emitted from x-rays such as those used in diagnostic equipment,.gamma.-rays such as those emitted from radioactive materials or from numerous other sources. Many attempts have been made to reduce, control or cure radiation injury. U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,140 to Nakai et al discloses a method of preventing or inhibiting radiation injury by administering interleukin-1-.alpha. derivatives. In particular, Nakai et al uses an interleukin-1-.alpha. modified by replacing the Asn at the 36 position with Asp, and replacing the Cys at the 141 position with Ser. The modified interleukin-1-.alpha. derivative is preferably produced using recombinant DNA techniques, which are complicated and burdensome. In addition, the potential adverse side effects of the modified Interleukin-1-.alpha. derivatives are not well known. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Process for increasing the flavonoid content of a plant and plants obtainable thereby Inventor(s): Colliver, Steve Peter; (Bedford, GB), Hughes, Stephen Glyn; (Exmouth, GB), Muir, Shelagh Rachael; (Bedford, GB), Tunen, Adrianus Johannes van; (Wageningen, NL), Verhoeyen, Martine Elisa; (Bedford, GB) Correspondence: Morgan Lewis & Bockius Llp; 1111 Pennsylvania Avenue NW; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20030101477 Date filed: May 2, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a process for increasing the flavonoid content of a plant wherein said process comprises increasing the activity of chalcone synthase and flavonol synthase therein. The invention further relates to novel plants obtainable by the process of the invention and to food products made therefrom. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of improving the nutritional content and more particularly the flavonoid content of plants. The invention provides a process for increasing the flavonoid content of plants and the novel plants derivable therefrom. The flavonoids form a large family of low molecular weight polyphenolic compounds, which occur naturally in plant tissues and include the flavonols, flavones, flavanones, catechins, anthocyanins, isoflavonoids, dihydroflavonols and stilbenes (Haslam (1998), Practical Polyphenolics. From Structure to Molecular Recognition and Physiological Action, Cambridge Univ. Press). More than 4000 flavonoids have been described, most
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are conjugated to sugar molecules and are commonly located in the upper epidermal layers of leaves (Stewart et al., (2000), J. Agric. Food Chem 48:2663-2669). The prior art provides increasing evidence that flavonoids, especially flavonols are potentially healthprotecting components in the human diet. Dietary flavonols help prevent the development of free-radical derived damage to endothelial cells of the coronary arteries and to the development of atherosclerosis (Vinson et al., (1995) J. Agric. Food Chem. 43:2798-2799). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Process for preparing flavonoids Inventor(s): Ohmori, Ken; (Kanagawa, JP), Suzuki, Keisuke; (Kanagawa, JP) Correspondence: Crowell & Moring Llp; Intellectual Property Group; P.O. Box 14300; Washington; DC; 20044-4300; US Patent Application Number: 20030162728 Date filed: November 21, 2002 Abstract: A simple and easy process for preparing pharmacologically useful flavonoid compound having reductase inhibitory effect, active oxygen extinguishing effect, carcinogenesis promotion inhibitory effect, anti-inflammatory effect, and so on. Particularly, a process for preparing the compound of the formula (I): 1wherein, R.sup.2 is a substituted or un-substituted phenyl group; R.sup.7 is a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group; and n is an integer of 1 to 4;by bonding a sugar derivative to catechins as the starting compound selectively via O-glycoside bond and then oxidizing the 4position of flavanoid skeleton of the obtained compound. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for preparing flavonoid compound useful for treating many kinds of diseases due to their aldose reductase inhibitory effect, active oxygen extinguishing effect, carcinogenesis promotion inhibitory effect, antiinflammatory effect, and so on. More particularly, the present invention relates to a process for preparing a stilbin, neoastilbin, isoastilbin, neoisoastilbin, cuersetin, smitilbin, engeletin, and analogous thereof. is one of dihydroflavonol glycoside isolated from root of Astilbe thunbergii Miq., which is herbaceous perennial of saxifragaceous, as well as from the plant matter of Asmilaxylabra, Engelhardtia, Lyoniaovalifolia, Engelhardtiachrysolepis, Chloranthus glarber, Astilbe, microphylla, and so on. There has been reported that astilbin exhibits some important bioactivities such as aldose reductase inhibitory effect, active oxygen extinguishing effect, carcinogenesis promotion inhibitory effect, anti-inflammatory effect, and so on (Japanese Patent Publication Nos. 97/30984, 94/65074, 94/247851, and 94/256194), and therefore, astilbin is to be a very useful compound as anti-allergic drug or anticancer drug. Astilbin of the formula (I-c) is a specific compound having two asymmetric carbon atoms at 2- and 3-positions of flavan skeleton, and rhamnose group is substituted at 3-position via O-glycosyl bound. A stereoisomer of astilbin, that is, neoastilbin, isoastilbin and neoisoastilbin, have same biological effects as those of astilbin, and further smitilbin or engeletin, analogous compound of astilbin, has improving effect for immune hepatic toxicity (Planta Med., 1999 February, 65(1): 56-59). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Regulation of flavonoid expression in alfalfa using maize regulatory genes Inventor(s): Heather, Ray; (Saskatoon, CA), Margaret, Y. Gruber; (Saskatoon, CA), Neil, Westcott; (Saskatoon, CA) Correspondence: Schwegman, Lundberg, Woessner & Kluth, P.A.; P.O. Box 2938; Minneapolis; MN; 55402; US Patent Application Number: 20040103456 Date filed: May 16, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides the use of a regulatory gene Lc and encoded protein to alter the biosynthesis and accumulation of flavonoids including anthocyanins and condensed tannins in plants and plant tissues, particularly in alfalfa, white clover, and other forage legumes which are similar in lacking native condensed tannin accumulation in leaves. The identification of the effects of this gene in alfalfa provide a mechanism for altering flavonoid, anthocyanin and condensed tannin production in forage legumes and allows one to alter such levels to produce a variety of benefits in the field of agriculture, animal farming and food technology in general. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of the Lc gene of maize, and closely related regulatory genes, for altering the biosynthesis and accumulation of flavonoid compounds including anthocyanin and condensed tannin, in alfalfa and other legumes. The present invention further relates to transgenic constructs containing the Lc and allied regulatory genes, for use in the transformation of alfalfa and other legumes, and to transgenic plants containing such constructs. Throughout this application, various references are cited in parentheses to describe more fully the state of the art to which this invention pertains. The disclosure of these references are hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure. Condensed tannins (also called proanthocyanidins) are plant phenolic compounds which are structurally related to the anthocyanins that cause pumple and red colours in flowers. Specifically, condensed tannins are 1,4-linked and 1,6-linked polymers of flavan-4-ols, derived by condensation from several products of the phenylpropanoid/flavonoid pathway (Table 1) (Gruber et al., 1999; Peterson et al., 1999). The biosynthesis of these two classes of compounds, i.e., tannins and anthocyanins, occurs in plants using a set of common genes, after which the pathway diverges and unique genes are required for each class. Many plant species accumulate condensed tannins in their vegetative, floral and seed tissues (Porter 1988). Legumnes are a particularly rich source of these compounds. The legumes sainfoin (Onobychis viciifolia) and big trefoil (Lotus uliginosus) contain substantial levels of condensed tannins in leaf and other vegetative tissue and in seed coats. With the exception of barley and sorghum seedcoats (Butler 1982; Erdal 1986) and one report in rice (Reddy et al., 1995), the major cereal crops do not express condensed tannins. Several other species such as alfalfa, white clover, L. japonicus and the oilseed Brassica, only express condensed tannins in seedcoats. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Treatment of inflammatory, cancer, and thrombosis disorders Inventor(s): EL-Naggar, Mawaheb M.; (Lincoln Univ., PA), Mousa, Ahmed S.; (Lincoln Univ., PA) Correspondence: Mawaheb M. El-Naggar; 7 Linden Circle; Lincoln UNIV.; PA; 19352; US Patent Application Number: 20030045562 Date filed: August 30, 2001 Abstract: This invention provides for the treatment of inflammatory, cancer and thrombotic disorders through the administration, in combination, of a COX2 inhibitor, low dose aspirin, and antioxidant flavanoids, flavonoids or isoflavones and at least one of these combinations will be given in a subtherapeutic amount for improved antiinflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-thrombotic efficacy and safety. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the combination of enteric-coated low dose aspirin, antioxidants (falvanoids or flavonoids), and COX2 inhibitors for inflammatory, cancer and thrombosis disorders. One of the most adverse effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is their ulcerogenic activity on the gastrointestinal tract. Flavonoids are shown to possess anti-inflammatory efficacy without the ulcerogenic side effects (Parmar N S, Ghosh M N. In Proceedings of the 6.sup.th Hungarian Bioflavonoids Symposium. Farkas L., et al. (Ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam 513-516, 1981). Examples of those flavanoids and flavonoids are as listed in the recent review (Lin J-K, Tsai S-H, Lin-Shiau S-Y. Drugs of the Future 26: 145-152; 2001). Flavanoids, flavonoids, and isoflavones are shown to be effective inhibitors of angiogenesis, tumor growth and tumor metastasis (Igura K, Ohta T, Kuroda Y, Kaji K. cancer Lett. 171:11-16; 2001; Kimura Y, Okuda H. J Nutr. 131: 1844-1849; 2001; Lin J-K, Tsai S-H, Lin-Shiau S-Y. Drugs of the Future 26: 145-152; 2001). The recent marketing of two selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors climaxes the first phase of an exciting and fastpaced effort to exploit a novel molecular target for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Much has been written in the lay and scientific press about the potential of COX-2 inhibitors as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents that lack the gastrointestinal side-effects of traditional NSAIDs. Although research on COX-2 inhibitors has focussed mainly on inflammation and pain, experimental and epidemiological data suggest that COX-2 inhibitors could be used in the treatment or prevention of a broader range of diseases. Recent reports suggested increased thrombogenicity of COX2-specific inhibitors (Catella-Lawson F, Crofford L J, Am J Med 110: p28S-32S; 2001) in high risk patients suggesting the need for an adjunct antiplatelet agent. Antiplatelet therapy has become a standard treatment of acute and chronic arterial thrombotic diseases. Among current available anti-platelet drugs, aspirin is the drug of choice for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction (Schror K. Antiplatelet drugs. Drugs 50:7-28, 1995). Its antiplatelet activity is mainly due to the irreversible inhibition of the platelet cyclo-oxygenase causing a last-lasting blockade of plateletdependent thromboxane A.sub.2 formation. Since pro-inflammatory stimuli might trigger the extension of thromboembolic disorders and vice versa, the combination of standard dose of COX2 inhibitors (anti-inflammatory) and aspirin (antiplatelet+limited anti-inflammatory) at the 70-85 mg would improve the efficacy and safety of each other. Additionally, COX2 inhibitors similar to the flavanoids exhibited anti-angiogenesis and anti-tumor efficacy. Recent studies demonstrated overexpression of COX-2 in multiple human tumors and pharmacological evidence in animal models, which indicate that COX-2 inhibitors could be used in the prevention or treatment of a broader range of disease (Kalgutkar A S, Zhao Z. Curr Drug Targets. 2(1): 79-106, 2001).
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Treatment of vegetation liquors derived from oil-bearing fruit Inventor(s): Sambanthamurthi, Ravigadevi; (Petaling Jaya. Selangor, MY), Sundram, Kalyana; (Petaling Jaya. Selangor, MY), Tan, Yew Ai; (Kuala Lumpur, MY) Correspondence: Attention: Karen S. Canady; Gates & Cooper Llp; Howard Hughes Center; 6701 Center Drive West, Suite 1050; Los Angeles; CA; 90045; US Patent Application Number: 20030031740 Date filed: October 11, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for the treatment of liquors derived from oil-bearing fruit, for example from oil palm fruit, and to products therefrom. Typically a process involves removal of undissolved solids, oleaginous parts, colloids and higher weight molecules from the vegetation liquor to give an aqueous fraction containing phytochemicals, for example, flavonoids, phenolic acids and hydroxy acids. Subsequently, pH adjustment and solvent extraction upon said aqueous fraction realise an extract rich in hydroxy acids or phenolic acids or flavonoids or any combination thereof Applications of the substances subject of this invention are to be found in drinks, edible products, tonics, health supplements, antioxidant additives, cosmetics, soaps, shampoos, detergents, drugs or medicinal products. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/405,206, entitled "TREATMENT OF VEGETATION LIQUORS DERIVED FROM OIL-BEARING FRUIT," by Ravigadevi Sambanthamurthi, Yew Ai Tan, and Kalyana Sundram, filed Sep. 24, 1999; and claims the benefit of Malaysian patent application number PI 9804378, filed Sep. 24, 1998, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Throughout this application, various publications are referenced. These publications are incorporated herein by reference to describe more fully the state of the art to which the invention pertains. The present invention relates to processes for the treatment of vegetation liquors derived from oil-bearing fruit, for example from oil palm fruit, and to products therefrom. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Use of a flavonoid extract of ginkgo biloba substantially devoid of terpenes, in the dentibuccal field, and composition containing such extract Inventor(s): O'Reilly, Joseph; (Glounthaune, IE) Correspondence: Charles A. Muserlian; C/o Bierman, Muserlian And Lucas; 600 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10016; US Patent Application Number: 20030044476 Date filed: September 17, 2002 Abstract: A cosmetic composition containing a flavonoid extract of ginkgo biloba leaves comprising 28 to 35% by weight of flavonoid glycosides and a maximum of 1% by weight of terpenes. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of a flavonoid extract of ginkgo biloba, and more specifically an extract substantially devoid of terpenes, in the dentibuccal field. The invention also relates to an dentibuccal composition containing such extract. A
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flavonoid extract of ginkgo biloba leaves devoid of terpenes according to the invention comprises flavonoid glycosides and little or no terpenes. When the extract contains terpenes, the terpene content is 1% maximum, and preferably 0.5% maximum. This extract contains from 28 to 35% of flavonoid glycosides, and preferably 28 to 32%. Such extracts are preferably obtained from leaves from pruned young ginkgo biloba trees. A subject of the invention is a process for obtaining such an extract, a process which comprises several extraction stages of ginkgo biloba leaves by solvents and characterized in that one of the extraction stages is a deterpenation stage and the solvent used is a compound of formula RC(O)OR in which R and R represent, independently, a lower alkyl, alone or mixed with a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon containing at least 5 carbon atoms. The extraction stage can be carried out at any stage in the process. Preferably, the solvent used during the deterpenation stage contains from 0 to 20% of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Use of flavones, flavanones and flavonoids for protecting ascorbic acid and/or ascorbyl compounds from oxidation Inventor(s): Kruse, Inge; (Hamburg, DE), Schonrock, Uwe; (Nahe, DE) Correspondence: Norris, Mclaughlin & Marcus P.A.; 30th Floor; 220 East 42nd Street; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20040109882 Date filed: December 1, 2003 Abstract: Use of at least one active ingredient chosen from the group consisting of flavones, flavanones and flavonoids for protecting at least one active ingredient chosen from the group consisting of ascorbic acid and ascorbyl compounds from oxidation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of flavones, flavanones and flavonoids for protecting ascorbic acid and/or ascorbyl compounds in general from oxidation, in particular in cosmetic and dermatological preparations. The present invention preferably relates to cosmetic preparations with an effective protection against harmful oxidation processes in the skin, but also to the protection of cosmetic preparations themselves and to the protection of the constituents of cosmetic preparations against harmful oxidation processes. The present invention further relates to antioxidative active ingredient combinations, preferably those used in skincare cosmetic or dermatological preparations. In particular, the invention also relates to cosmetic and dermatological preparations comprising such antioxidants. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to cosmetic and dermatological preparations for the prophylaxis and treatment of cosmetic or dermatological skin changes, such as, for example, skin ageing, in particular skin ageing caused by oxidative processes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Use of flavonoid aldehydes as pesticides Inventor(s): Crandall, Bradford G. JR.; (Davis, CA), Emerson, Ralph W.; (Davis, CA) Correspondence: David J. Brezner, ESQ.; Flehr Hohbach Test Albritton & Herbert Llp; Suite 3400; Four Embarcadero Center; San Francisco; CA; 94111-4187; US Patent Application Number: 20020099101 Date filed: May 25, 2001 Abstract: Methods and compositions based upon natural flavonoid aldehydes, including cinnamic aldehyde,.alpha.-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde, and coniferyl aldehyde are provided, which find use as pesticides. The compositions are effective against pathogenic fungi, arachnids and insects at concentrations which are not phytotoxic to the treated host plant. Infestations of a variety of plant parts can be treated, including those of leaves, seeds, seedlings, fruit, flowers and roots. Susceptible organisms include rust, powdery mildew, botrytis, phylloxera, aphids, thrips, codling moth, nematodes and leaf hoppers. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to the biocontrol of plant pathogens through nutritional mediation. The invention is exemplified by the use of cinnamic aldehyde and coniferyl aldehyde to control growth of fungi and parasitic insects, including sapsucking insects which colonize the surfaces of plant parts and tissues. The surfaces of plant parts such as roots and leaves are colonized by a variety of organisms, many of which are dependent upon the host plant as a source of nutrients. The colonizing organisms include pathogenic fungi and sap-sucking insects; both groups are capable of inflicting severe damage to the host plant, including stunting the growth of the host plant and decreasing plant productivity, to killing the host plant. Fungi pathogenic for plants are many and diverse. They occur in most groups of fungi. A few, such as rusts, Uredinales, and powdery mildew and downy mildew, Erysiphacea and Peronosporacea, are obligate parasites. Generally, a particular rust or mildew is associated with specific host plants which elaborate nutrients required by the pathogen. As an example, rust, caused by Phragmidrium mucronatrum, is an important fungal disease associated with roses; it produces bright orange pustules on the underside of rose leaves and pale yellow spots on the top. Powdery mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr. ex. Fr.) Lev var. rosae Woronichine also is associated with roses and is probably the most widely distributed and serious disease of glasshouse, garden, and field-grown roses alike. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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USE OF FLAVONOIDS AS IMMUNOMODULATING OR IMMUNO-PROTECTIVE AGENTS IN COSMETIC AND DERMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS Inventor(s): LANZENDORFER, GHITA; (HAMBURG, DE), STAB, FRANZ; (ECHEM, DE), UNTIEDT, SVEN; (HAMBURG, DE) Correspondence: Norris, Mclaughlin & Marcus, P.A.; 220 East 42nd Street; 30th Floor; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20020142012 Date filed: August 29, 1997 Abstract: The invention relates to the use of cosmetic and dermatological formulations havinga) a content of a compound or several compounds from the group consisting of
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flavonoids or havingb) a content of an active compound combination comprising a compound or several compounds chosen from the group consisting of flavonoids in combination with a compound or several compounds chosen from the group consisting of cinnamic acid derivatives andc) if appropriate an additional content of a compound or several compounds from the group consisting of antioxidants for treatment or prophylactic treatment of the immunosuppression induced by UVB radiation, in particular for treatment or prophylactic treatment of inflammatory, allergic or autoimmune-reactive symptoms, and for protecting cells which participate in the immune response of the skin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to active compounds and formulations comprising such active compounds for cosmetic or dermatological treatment and/or prophylaxis of inflammatory, allergic or autoimmune-reactive symptoms, and protecting cells which participate in the immune response of the skin. As a barrier organ in the human organism, the skin, especially the epidermis, is particularly subjected to external effects. According to current scientific understanding, the skin represents an immunological organ which, as an immunocompetent peripheral compartment, plays its own role in inductive, effective and regulatory immune processes of the total organism. Light occupies an important position among the physical environmental influences. The damaging effect of the ultraviolet component of solar radiation on the skin is generally known. While rays having a wavelength below 290 nm (the so-called UVC range) are absorbed by the ozone layer in the earth's atmosphere, rays in the range between 290 and 320 nm, the so-called UVB range, cause erythema, simple sunburn or even burns of greater or lesser severity. The narrower range around 308 nm is stated as a maximum for the erythema activity of sunlight. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Utilization of achyrocline satureoides ("Marcela") extracts and liposomal preparations of natural and semi-synthetic flavonoids for the prevention and treatment of the consequences of stroke and neurodegenerative diseases Inventor(s): Dajas, Federico; (Montevideo, UY), Heinzen, Horacio; (Montevideo, UY) Correspondence: Needle & Rosenberg, P.C.; The Candler Building; Suite 1200; 127 Peachtree Street, N.E.; Atlanta; GA; 30303-1811; US Patent Application Number: 20030055103 Date filed: July 3, 2002 Abstract: Discovery of a neuroprotective effect in vivo of Achyrocline satureoides ("Marcela") extracts and of liposomal preparations of natural and semi-synthetic flavonoids structurally related to quercetin. This effect is obtained mainly through antiapoptotic mechanisms, complementary and different of the antioxidant actions of flavonoids. The compounds will be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of stroke and neurodegenerative and aging brain lesions. These benefits will be obtained by the administration of compositions comprising one or various compounds of general formula 1. The liposomal preparation of these compounds increases neuroprotection and will be the preferred application. 1 Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to Uruguayan Patent Application No. 26.816, filed on Jul. 4, 2001, which is herein incorporated by this reference in its entirety. The invention relates to methods of treating and/or preventing vascular or neurodegenerative brain diseases. Vascular and neurodegenerative brain diseases are
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the most frequent causes of death and morbidity of neurologic origin. With 8% of total deaths and a general incidence of around 2/1000, cerebral pathology is very important because of its high morbidity, the deep affectation of quality of life they provoke and the burden of high socio-economic costs (Reitsma et al. 1998; Kolominsky-Rabas et al. 1998; Samsa et al. 1999; Leppl et al. 1999). In spite of this situation, there is no specific treatment for neuronal death. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with flavonoids, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “flavonoids” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on flavonoids. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning flavonoids. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON FLAVONOIDS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to flavonoids. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on flavonoids include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “flavonoids” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “flavonoids” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “flavonoids” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Clinical Pharmacology: Flavonoids and Vascular Wall by L. Laszt, M. Comel; ISBN: 3805515871; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805515871/icongroupinterna
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Introduction to Flavonoids (Chemistry and Biochemistry of Organic Natural Products) by Bruce A. Bohm; ISBN: 9057023539; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9057023539/icongroupinterna
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Milk Thistle: A Remarkable Flavonoid Antioxidant and Liver Protectant (Woodland Health Ser) by Woodland Publishing Staff; ISBN: 1885670249; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885670249/icongroupinterna
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Plant Flavonoids in Biology and Medicine II (Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, Vol 280) by Vivian Cody, Elliott Jr. Middleton; ISBN: 0471622788; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471622788/icongroupinterna
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Plant flavonoids in biology and medicine II: Biochemical, cellular, and medicinal properties : proceedings of a Meeting on Plant Flavonoids in Biology and Medicine
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held in Strasbourg, France, August 31-September 3, 1987 (Progress in clinical and biological research); ISBN: 0845151304; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0845151304/icongroupinterna •
Plant Flavonoids in Biology and Medicine: Biochemical, Pharmacological and Structure-Activity Relationships by V. Cody (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0471851590; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471851590/icongroupinterna
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Techniques of Flavonoid Identification (Biological techniques series) by K. Markham; ISBN: 0124726801; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0124726801/icongroupinterna
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The Flavonoid Revolution: Grape Seed Extract and Other Flavonoids Against Disease by Michael Colgan; ISBN: 189681705X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/189681705X/icongroupinterna
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The Flavonoids Advances in Research Since 1986 by J. B. Harborne; ISBN: 0412480700; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412480700/icongroupinterna
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The Handbook to Flavonoid Pigments by J. B. Harborne, et al; ISBN: 047195893X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047195893X/icongroupinterna
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Topics in flavonoid chemistry and biochemistry: Proceedings of the Fourth Hungarian Bioflavonoid Symposium, Keszthely, 1973; ISBN: 9630504790; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9630504790/icongroupinterna
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User's Guide to Carotenoids & Flavonoids (User's Guide To.) by Jack Challem, Marie Moneysmith; ISBN: 1591201403; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1591201403/icongroupinterna
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Wake Up to Flavonoids (International Congress and Symposium Series (ICSS)) by Catherine Rice-Evans; ISBN: 1853154334; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853154334/icongroupinterna
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FLAVONOIDS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover flavonoids.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on flavonoids is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “flavonoids” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to flavonoids. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “flavonoids” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for flavonoids: •
Tangerine, orange juice flavonoids inhibit cancer cell line proliferation Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 04, 2000
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Citrus flavonoid exhibits anti-inflammatory properties Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 09, 2000
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Tea Flavonoids Decrease Susceptibility Of LDL To Oxidative Modification Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 07, 1997 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “flavonoids” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “flavonoids” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to flavonoids, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “flavonoids” (or synonyms).
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Academic Periodicals covering Flavonoids Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to flavonoids. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering flavonoids that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “flavonoids” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 27886 71 558 8 6 28529
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “flavonoids” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on flavonoids can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to flavonoids. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to flavonoids. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “flavonoids”:
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Child Nutrition http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childnutrition.html Dietary Fiber http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfiber.html Dietary Sodium http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysodium.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to flavonoids. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to flavonoids. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with flavonoids. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about flavonoids. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “flavonoids” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “flavonoids”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “flavonoids” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “flavonoids” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
163
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
165
FLAVONOIDS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is
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present. [NIH] Aerobic Metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell respiration. [NIH] Aerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Aflatoxins: A group of closely related toxic metabolites that are designated mycotoxins. They are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Members of the group include aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin M1, and aflatoxin M2. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Aldose Reductase Inhibitor: A class of drugs being studied as a way to prevent eye and nerve damage in people with diabetes. Aldose reductase is an enzyme that is normally present in the eye and in many other parts of the body. It helps change glucose (sugar) into a sugar alcohol called sorbitol. Too much sorbitol trapped in eye and nerve cells can damage these cells, leading to retinopathy and neuropathy. Drugs that prevent or slow (inhibit) the
Dictionary 167
action of aldose reductase are being studied as a way to prevent or delay these complications of diabetes. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergens: Antigen-type substances (hypersensitivity, immediate). [NIH]
that
produce
immediate
hypersensitivity
Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU]
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Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]
Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans.
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Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthocyanins: Glycosidic pigments in blue, red, and purple flowers and also found as metabolic byproducts in blood and urine. [NIH] Anthraquinones: An anthracene ring which contains two ketone moieties in any position. Can be substituted in any position except on the ketone groups. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH]
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Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]
Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aphids: A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in
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the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU]
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Asteraceae: The single, large family of flowering plants in the order Asterales. The family is also known as Compositae. [NIH] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autoradiography: A process in which radioactive material within an object produces an image when it is in close proximity to a radiation sensitive emulsion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Beta carotene: A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH]
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Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biogenic Amines: A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotic: Pertaining to living organisms in their ecological rather than their physiological relations. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH]
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Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Botrytis: A mitosporic Leotiales fungal genus of plant pathogens. It has teleomorphs in the genus Botryotina. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge
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of electricity. [NIH] Caco-2 Cells: Human colonic adenocarcinoma cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells, such as enterocytes or mucus cells. These cells are valuable in vitro tools for studies related to intestinal cell function and differentiation. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calibration: Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency, or other output. [NIH] Camptothecin: An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity. [NIH] Cannabis: The hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Products prepared from the dried flowering tops of the plant include marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH]
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Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogenicity: The ability to cause cancer. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Catechin: Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH]
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Cell Communication: Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellular metabolism: The sum of all chemical changes that take place in a cell through which energy and basic components are provided for essential processes, including the synthesis of new molecules and the breakdown and removal of others. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Ceroid: A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to
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lipofuscin. It accumulates in various tissues in certain experimental and pathological conditions. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chelation Therapy: Therapy of heavy metal poisoning using agents which sequester the metal from organs or tissues and bind it firmly within the ring structure of a new compound which can be eliminated from the body. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemokines, C: Group of chemokines without adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes only. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemoprotective: A quality of some drugs used in cancer treatment. Chemoprotective agents protect healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapeutics: Noun plural but singular or plural in constructions : chemotherapy. [EU]
Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with
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cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colloids: Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Comet Assay: A genotoxicological technique for measuring DNA damage in an individual cell using single-cell gel electrophoresis. Cell DNA fragments assume a "comet with tail" formation on electrophoresis and are detected with an image analysis system. Alkaline assay conditions facilitate sensitive detection of single-strand damage. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire
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functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two
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compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpuscle: A small mass or body; a sensory nerve end bulb; a cell, especially that of the blood or the lymph. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyclin-Dependent Kinases: Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all
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eukaryotes and require physical association with cyclins to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. [NIH]
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteinyl: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytochrome b5: A cytochrome occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum that acts as an intermediate electron carrier in some reactions catalyzed by mixed function oxidases, e.g., fatty acid desaturation. It further activates molecular oxygen for an attack on the substrate. MW 16kDa. [NIH] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytostatic: An agent that suppresses cell growth and multiplication. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]
Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or
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involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Demethylation: Process that releases substantial amounts of carbon dioxide in the liver. [NIH]
Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Dental Plaque: A film that attaches to teeth, often causing dental caries and gingivitis. It is composed of mucins, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Dextromethorphan: The d-isomer of the codeine analog of levorphanol. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is a NMDA receptor antagonist (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is used widely as an antitussive agent, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. [NIH]
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Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic Equipment: Nonexpendable items used in examinination. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diosmin: A bioflavonoid that strengthens vascular walls. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded
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DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU]
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Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enteric-coated: A term designating a special coating applied to tablets or capsules which prevents release and absorption of their contents until they reach the intestines. [EU] Enterocytes: Terminally differentiated cells comprising the majority of the external surface of the intestinal epithelium (see intestinal mucosa). Unlike goblet cells, they do not produce or secrete mucins, nor do they secrete cryptdins as do the paneth cells. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]
Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing
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radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocyte Membrane: The semipermeable outer portion of the red corpuscle. It is known as a 'ghost' after hemolysis. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH]
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Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethoxyquin: Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH]
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Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]
Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallate: Antioxidant present in tea. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallic Acid: A colorless or slightly yellow crystalline compound obtained from nutgalls. It is used in photography, pharmaceuticals, and as an analytical reagent. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body
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through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.59. [NIH]
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Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Gliosarcoma: A type of glioma. [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucosinolates: Substituted thioglucosides. They are found in rapeseed (Brassica campestris) products and related Cruciferae. They are metabolized to a variety of toxic products which are most likely the cause of hepatocytic necrosis in animals and humans. [NIH]
Glucosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glucose from a nucleoside diphosphate glucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-. [NIH] Glucuronosyltransferase: A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
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Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH]
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Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]
Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Helix-loop-helix: Regulatory protein of cell cycle. [NIH] Hematemesis: Vomiting of blood. [NIH] Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoidectomy: An operation to remove hemorrhoids. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH]
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Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hyaluronidase: An enzyme that splits hyaluronic acid and thus lowers the viscosity of the acid and facilitates the spreading of fluids through tissues either advantageously or disadvantageously. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxy Acids: Organic compounds containing both the hydroxyl and carboxyl radicals. [NIH]
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Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic
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acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incineration: High temperature destruction of waste by burning with subsequent reduction to ashes or conversion to an inert mass. [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are
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distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irinotecan: An anticancer drug that belongs to a family of anticancer drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. It is a camptothecin analogue. Also called CPT 11. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction
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of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoelectric: Separation of amphoteric substances, dissolved in water, based on their isoelectric behavior. The amphoteric substances are a mixture of proteins to be separated and of auxiliary "carrier ampholytes". [NIH] Isoelectric Point: The pH in solutions of proteins and related compounds at which the dipolar ions are at a maximum. [NIH] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Isoprenoid: Molecule that might anchor G protein to the cell membrane as it is hydrophobic. [NIH]
Isothiocyanates: Organic compounds with the general formula R-NCS. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kidney Cortex: The outer zone of the kidney, beneath the capsule, consisting of kidney glomerulus; kidney tubules, distal; and kidney tubules, proximal. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Latent period: A seemingly inactive period, as that between exposure of tissue to an injurious agent and the manifestation of response, or that between the instant of stimulation and the beginning of response. [EU] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
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Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Bilayers: Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipofuscin: A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to ceroid. It accumulates in various normal tissues and apparently increases in quantity with age. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]
Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]
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Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Long-Term Potentiation: A persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by appropriate activation of the same synapses. The phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH]
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Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU]
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Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbicide: Any substance (gels, creams, suppositories, etc.) that can reduce transmission of sexually transmitted infections. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milk Thistle: The plant Silybum marianum in the family Asteraceae containing the bioflavonoid complex silymarin. For centuries this has been used traditionally to treat liver disease. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mixed Function Oxidases: Catalyse the insertion of one oxygen atom of molecular oxygen into the organ substrate. Require a second substrate to donate electrons for the reduction of the second atom in the oxygen molecule to water. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired
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from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]
Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycotic: Pertaining to a mycosis; caused by fungi. [EU] Mycotoxins: Toxins derived from bacteria or fungi. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and
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artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]
Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoglobin: A conjugated protein which is the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle. It is made up of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are
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unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV infection and AIDS. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroprusside: (OC-6-22)-Pentakis(cyano-C)nitrosoferrate(2-). A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins. [NIH] Nitrosamines: A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. [NIH] Non-nucleoside: A member of a class of compounds, including delavirdine, loviride and nevirapine, that acts to directly combine with and block the action of HIV's reverse transcriptase. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it
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contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oltipraz: A drug used in cancer prevention. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osmotic Fragility: Red blood cell sensitivity to change in osmotic pressure. When exposed to a hypotonic concentration of sodium in a solution, red cells take in more water, swell until the capacity of the cell membrane is exceeded, and burst. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]
Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor
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molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of
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the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]
Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] P-Glycoprotein: A 170 kD transmembrane glycoprotein from the superfamily of ABC transporters. It serves as an ATP-dependent efflux pump for a variety of chemicals, including many antineoplastic agents. Overexpression of this glycoprotein is associated with multidrug resistance. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU]
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Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of
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molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU]
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Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU]
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Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]
Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]
Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in
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psoriasis. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Fibrosis: Chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the pulmonary alveolar walls, with steadily progressive dyspnea, resulting finally in death from oxygen lack or right heart failure. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pulse Radiolysis: Use of a pulse of X-rays or fast electrons to generate free radicals for spectroscopic examination. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Quinones: Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the
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waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Registries: The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU]
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Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rhamnose: A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH]
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Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Selenium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain selenium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senescence: The bodily and mental state associated with advancing age. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Sequester: A portion of dead bone which has become detached from the healthy bone tissue, as occurs in necrosis. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines,
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pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silymarin: A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the milk thistle, Silybum marianum. It consists primarily of three isomers: silicristin, silidianin, and silybin, its major component. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solar radiation: Sunbathing as a therapeutic measure. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall
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in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Soy Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from soybeans. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU]
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Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group. [NIH]
Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU]
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Sulfotransferases: Enzymes which transfer sulfate groups to various acceptor molecules. They are involved in posttranslational sulfation of proteins and sulfate conjugation of exogenous chemicals and bile acids. EC 2.8.2. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergist: A medicament which supplements the action of another. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Thalassemia: A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases,
Dictionary 221
palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme in the serine protease family found in many tissues which converts plasminogen to plasmin. It has fibrin-binding activity and is immunologically different from urinary plasminogen activator. The primary sequence, composed of 527 amino acids, is identical in both the naturally occurring and synthetic proteases. EC 3.4.21.68. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tome: A zone produced by a number of irregular spaces contained in the outermost layer of denture of the root of a tooth. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Topoisomerase inhibitors: A family of anticancer drugs. The topoisomerase enzymes are responsible for the arrangement and rearrangement of DNA in the cell and for cell growth and replication. Inhibiting these enzymes may kill cancer cells or stop their growth. [NIH]
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Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transposons: Discrete genetic elements capable of inserting, in a non-permuted fashion, into the chromosomes of many bacteria. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Trypsin Inhibitors: Serine proteinase inhibitors which inhibit trypsin. They may be endogenous or exogenous compounds. [NIH]
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Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumorigenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]
Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerogenic: Causing ulceration; leading to the production of ulcers. [EU] Ultraviolet Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants. [NIH]
Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme that converts plasminogen to plasmin where the preferential cleavage is between arginine and valine. It was isolated originally from human urine, but is found in most tissues of most vertebrates. EC 3.4.21.73. [NIH]
Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
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Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]
Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Insufficiency: Inadequacy of the venous valves and impairment of venous return (venous stasis) usually from the legs, often with edema and sometimes with stasis ulcers at the ankle. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vial: A small bottle. [EU] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH]
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Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Activation: The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses or prophages of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and are released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell lipopolysaccharides, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] Xenobiotics: Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc. [NIH]
Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also
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called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
227
INDEX A Abdominal, 165, 207, 208 Aberrant, 9, 26, 117, 165 Abscess, 126, 165 Acatalasia, 165, 176 Acceptor, 165, 191, 199, 206, 220, 222 Acetylcholine, 165, 204, 205 Acne, 165, 215 Acute myeloid leukemia, 165, 212 Acyclovir, 38, 101, 165 Acyl, 165, 187 Adaptability, 165, 177 Adenocarcinoma, 16, 44, 50, 165, 175 Adenosine, 165, 172, 175, 195, 209 Adjustment, 134, 165 Adsorption, 127, 165 Adsorptive, 165 Adverse Effect, 5, 26, 133, 165, 217 Aerobic, 165, 166, 202, 207 Aerobic Metabolism, 166, 207 Aerobic Respiration, 166, 207 Affinity, 37, 61, 166, 183, 202, 217 Aflatoxins, 23, 166 Agar, 166, 209 Age of Onset, 166, 223 Ageing, 120, 135, 166 Agonist, 46, 166 Albumin, 43, 166, 209 Aldehydes, 136, 166, 225 Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, 79, 131, 166 Alertness, 167, 175 Alfalfa, 28, 132, 167 Algorithms, 167, 173 Alimentary, 167, 184, 207 Alkaline, 6, 167, 168, 175, 179 Alkaloid, 167, 175 Alleles, 117, 167 Allergens, 167, 193 Allergic Rhinitis, 96, 167, 193 Allylamine, 167 Alpha Particles, 167, 214 Alternative medicine, 19, 142, 167 Ameliorating, 124, 167 Amine, 64, 167, 194 Amino Acid Sequence, 168, 169, 188, 190 Ammonia, 167, 168 Amphetamine, 168, 173 Amyloid, 94, 168
Anaerobic, 28, 31, 126, 168 Anaesthesia, 168, 196 Analgesic, 133, 168, 179, 199 Analog, 165, 168, 183 Analogous, 131, 168, 210, 222 Analytes, 9, 168 Anaphylatoxins, 168, 180 Anaplasia, 168, 204 Anatomical, 168, 186, 195, 199, 216 Androgens, 168, 171 Anemia, 168, 175, 189, 220 Anginal, 168, 205 Angiogenesis, 50, 133, 168 Animal model, 21, 23, 133, 168 Anions, 166, 169, 197, 220 Ankle, 169, 224 Annealing, 169, 210 Antagonism, 169, 175 Anthocyanins, 17, 101, 130, 132, 169 Anthraquinones, 114, 169 Antibacterial, 31, 34, 87, 89, 169, 218 Antibiotic, 31, 169, 182, 185, 218 Antibodies, 119, 169, 172, 193, 195, 200, 209 Antibody, 119, 166, 169, 179, 182, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 203, 214, 218, 225 Anticoagulant, 31, 126, 169, 212 Antigen, 22, 166, 167, 169, 180, 194, 195, 196 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 169, 180 Anti-infective, 169, 189, 194, 197, 217 Anti-Infective Agents, 169, 189 Anti-inflammatory, 8, 22, 88, 89, 125, 131, 133, 141, 169, 171, 191, 216 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 8, 169, 171 Antimetabolite, 165, 169 Antimicrobial, 32, 53, 67, 76, 88, 170, 183 Antineoplastic, 170, 185, 190, 208, 224 Antineoplastic Agents, 170, 208, 224 Antiproliferative, 33, 34, 44, 47, 170 Antitussive, 170, 183 Antiviral, 14, 34, 39, 53, 76, 88, 165, 170 Antiviral Agents, 15, 170 Anus, 170, 179 Aphids, 136, 170 Apolipoproteins, 170, 199 Apoptosis, 13, 21, 38, 46, 66, 77, 80, 170, 176, 182
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Aqueous, 87, 122, 127, 134, 170, 182, 186, 194, 199 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 170, 199 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 170, 199 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 170, 199 Arachidonic Acid, 124, 170, 212 Archaea, 171, 202 Arginine, 168, 171, 205, 222, 223 Aromatase, 34, 56, 60, 171 Arterial, 133, 167, 171, 178, 195, 212, 220 Arteries, 131, 171, 172, 174, 181, 200, 202, 203, 221 Arterioles, 171, 174, 175, 202 Arteriolosclerosis, 171 Arteriosclerosis, 126, 129, 171 Arteriovenous, 171, 202 Artery, 171, 181, 203, 213, 215 Ascites, 171, 206 Ascorbic Acid, 44, 135, 171, 195 Aseptic, 171, 218 Aspartate, 171, 183 Aspirin, 101, 133, 171 Assay, 6, 26, 40, 44, 116, 171, 179 Asteraceae, 88, 172, 202 Atherogenic, 18, 172 ATP, 7, 8, 172, 184, 190, 200, 208, 209, 212, 222 Atrophy, 172, 204 Attenuated, 7, 172, 224 Autoantibodies, 39, 172 Autoantigens, 172 Autoimmune disease, 119, 172 Autologous, 117, 172 Autoradiography, 21, 172 B Bactericidal, 172, 223 Bacteriophage, 172, 209, 222 Bacterium, 172, 180, 193 Basal Ganglia, 172, 174 Basophil, 59, 172, 194 Benign, 171, 172, 193, 204, 214 Benzene, 172, 198 Benzoic Acid, 17, 50, 172 Beta carotene, 4, 172 Beta-pleated, 168, 172 Bile, 11, 15, 172, 173, 189, 199, 219, 220 Bile Acids, 15, 172, 173, 219, 220 Bile Acids and Salts, 172, 173 Bile duct, 173 Biliary, 19, 173 Bilirubin, 166, 173
Bioavailability, 11, 12, 25, 35, 40, 42, 43, 60, 70, 113, 173 Biogenic Amines, 15, 173 Biological therapy, 173, 192 Biological Transport, 173, 184 Biomarkers, 12, 36, 173 Biosynthesis, 27, 28, 77, 132, 171, 173, 216 Biotechnology, 27, 30, 33, 57, 63, 65, 68, 78, 142, 149, 173 Biotic, 173, 223 Biotransformation, 23, 173 Bivalent, 173, 202 Bladder, 20, 52, 173, 212, 223, 224 Blastocyst, 174, 180, 209 Blood Coagulation, 174, 175, 221 Blood Glucose, 4, 174, 193, 196 Blood pressure, 5, 174, 176, 188, 195, 203, 205, 217 Blood vessel, 126, 168, 174, 176, 177, 186, 188, 193, 198, 200, 201, 208, 217, 219, 221, 224 Body Composition, 25, 174 Body Fluids, 9, 173, 174, 217, 223 Body Mass Index, 3, 174, 206 Bone Marrow, 118, 130, 165, 172, 174, 190, 200, 203, 212, 217 Botrytis, 136, 174 Brachytherapy, 174, 197, 214, 225 Bradykinin, 174, 205, 209 Brain Diseases, 137, 174 Bronchi, 174, 187, 222 Bronchial, 174, 194 Bronchitis, 17, 97, 174 Buccal, 174, 200 Burns, 120, 137, 174 Burns, Electric, 174 C Caco-2 Cells, 72, 175 Cadmium, 17, 175 Cadmium Poisoning, 175 Caffeine, 4, 9, 10, 68, 175, 213 Calcification, 171, 175 Calcium, 77, 175, 179, 180, 188, 204, 205, 212 Calibration, 20, 175 Camptothecin, 175, 197 Cannabis, 37, 175 Capillary, 53, 76, 78, 97, 174, 175, 176, 215, 224 Capillary Fragility, 97, 175, 176, 215 Capsaicin, 5, 175 Capsules, 175, 186, 190
229
Carbohydrate, 4, 128, 176, 191, 192, 205, 211 Carbon Dioxide, 176, 182, 183, 209, 215 Carcinogen, 16, 23, 176, 203 Carcinogenesis, 9, 15, 21, 23, 25, 44, 51, 58, 131, 176, 178 Carcinogenic, 23, 24, 50, 172, 176, 196, 205, 206, 212, 219, 223 Carcinogenicity, 67, 176 Carcinoma, 21, 54, 89, 95, 176 Cardiac, 7, 126, 167, 175, 176, 187, 204, 205, 219 Cardiac arrest, 7, 176 Cardiovascular, 5, 7, 12, 14, 25, 37, 39, 47, 48, 62, 70, 78, 89, 114, 129, 168, 176, 217 Cardiovascular disease, 5, 7, 12, 14, 25, 48, 62, 129, 176 Carnitine, 118, 176 Carotene, 4, 18, 102, 172, 176, 215 Carotenoids, 9, 20, 52, 55, 140, 172, 176 Caspase, 80, 176 Catabolism, 12, 28, 176 Catalase, 8, 165, 176 Catechin, 18, 71, 176 Cations, 176, 197 Cause of Death, 7, 176 Caustic, 176, 217 Cell Communication, 13, 177 Cell Cycle, 21, 44, 46, 47, 50, 177, 179, 181, 193, 224 Cell Death, 7, 170, 177, 204 Cell Differentiation, 13, 44, 128, 129, 177 Cell Division, 172, 177, 192, 202, 209, 216 Cell membrane, 118, 124, 173, 177, 198, 206, 209 Cell proliferation, 18, 36, 40, 114, 128, 129, 171, 177 Cell Respiration, 166, 177, 202, 207, 215 Cell Survival, 177, 192 Cellular metabolism, 123, 177 Cellulose, 177, 209 Central Nervous System, 21, 165, 168, 172, 174, 175, 177, 189, 191, 193, 217 Centrifugation, 128, 177, 202 Cerebellum, 174, 177 Cerebral, 55, 138, 172, 174, 177, 187, 188 Cerebral Cortex, 174, 177, 188 Cerebrovascular, 176, 177 Cerebrum, 177 Ceroid, 177, 199 Character, 178, 182 Chelation, 8, 44, 178
Chelation Therapy, 44, 178 Chemokines, 18, 178 Chemokines, C, 18, 178 Chemoprevention, 8, 21, 70, 178 Chemopreventive, 13, 94, 178 Chemoprotective, 26, 178 Chemotactic Factors, 178, 180 Chemotherapeutics, 19, 178 Chemotherapy, 19, 53, 103, 178 Chest Pain, 126, 178 Cholesterol, 5, 9, 98, 127, 172, 173, 178, 181, 195, 199, 200, 201, 216, 219 Cholesterol Esters, 178, 199 Chromatin, 170, 178 Chromosomal, 79, 178, 209 Chromosome, 26, 116, 117, 178, 180, 192, 199, 216 Chronic, 10, 17, 18, 19, 22, 25, 37, 97, 119, 133, 178, 196, 199, 212, 213, 216, 219, 225 Chronic Disease, 18, 25, 178, 199 Chylomicrons, 178, 199 Cisplatin, 46, 77, 81, 178 Citric Acid, 14, 179 Clear cell carcinoma, 179, 183 Clinical trial, 5, 64, 149, 179, 181, 214 Cloning, 116, 173, 179 Codeine, 179, 183 Coenzyme, 171, 179 Cohort Studies, 20, 179 Collagen, 22, 167, 176, 179, 188, 190, 210, 212 Colloidal, 166, 179, 185 Colloids, 134, 179, 190 Colon, 13, 38, 44, 50, 69, 91, 97, 179, 198 Colorectal, 13, 19, 20, 97, 179 Colorectal Cancer, 13, 19, 20, 97, 179 Comet Assay, 58, 179 Complement, 10, 51, 168, 179, 180, 190, 209 Complementary and alternative medicine, 14, 87, 112, 180 Complementary medicine, 87, 180 Computational Biology, 149, 180 Conception, 180, 188, 218 Congestion, 180, 187 Conjugated, 9, 42, 131, 172, 173, 180, 182, 204 Conjugation, 7, 173, 180, 191, 220 Conjunctivitis, 181, 193 Connective Tissue, 171, 174, 179, 181, 189, 190, 200, 201 Consciousness, 168, 181, 183, 184
230
Flavonoids
Constriction, 181, 197 Consultation, 9, 181 Contractility, 8, 181 Contraindications, ii, 181 Controlled study, 58, 181 Corneum, 181, 187 Coronary, 18, 40, 41, 65, 66, 126, 131, 176, 181, 202, 203 Coronary heart disease, 40, 41, 65, 66, 176, 181 Coronary Thrombosis, 181, 202, 203 Corpus, 90, 181, 225 Corpuscle, 181, 187 Cortisol, 166, 181 Coumarin, 90, 181 Creatinine, 9, 181 Crossing-over, 181, 214 Curative, 181, 205, 221 Cutaneous, 181, 200 Cyclic, 175, 177, 181, 192, 205, 211 Cyclin, 47, 181 Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, 47, 181 Cysteine, 178, 182 Cysteinyl, 182, 202 Cytochrome, 10, 11, 15, 26, 27, 43, 45, 54, 171, 182 Cytochrome b, 15, 27, 182 Cytochrome b5, 15, 182 Cytokines, 17, 18, 125, 178, 182, 195 Cytoplasm, 170, 177, 182, 186, 192, 202, 203 Cytostatic, 59, 182, 203 Cytotoxic, 34, 39, 40, 43, 53, 89, 175, 182, 195, 214 Cytotoxicity, 38, 40, 43, 61, 77, 167, 178, 182 D Dairy Products, 20, 182, 216 Daunorubicin, 182, 185 Decarboxylation, 173, 182, 194 Decidua, 182, 209 Degenerative, 8, 18, 122, 123, 125, 182, 194, 215 Delavirdine, 183, 205 Deletion, 27, 170, 183 Dementia, 3, 122, 183 Demethylation, 68, 183 Denaturation, 183, 210 Density, 14, 73, 91, 174, 177, 183, 199, 206 Dental Caries, 17, 183 Dental Plaque, 17, 183 Dermal, 54, 183
Dermatitis, 97, 130, 183, 185 DES, 79, 168, 183 Desensitization, 183, 195 Detergents, 134, 183 Detoxification, 23, 183 Deuterium, 183, 194 Developed Countries, 183, 189 Dextromethorphan, 10, 183 Diabetes Mellitus, 129, 184, 191, 193 Diabetic Retinopathy, 5, 184 Diagnostic Equipment, 130, 184 Diagnostic procedure, 115, 142, 184 Diastolic, 184, 195 Dietary Fiber, 9, 20, 154, 184 Diffusion, 16, 173, 184, 196 Digestion, 167, 172, 173, 184, 197, 199, 219, 224 Digestive tract, 184, 217, 218 Dihydrotestosterone, 184, 214 Dihydroxy, 184, 215 Dilation, 126, 174, 184 Diosmin, 124, 184 Diploid, 184, 209 Direct, iii, 119, 177, 184, 214, 220 Discrete, 15, 184, 222 Disposition, 19, 31, 38, 54, 57, 61, 71, 90, 184 Dissociation, 6, 166, 184, 197 Dissociative Disorders, 184 Distal, 94, 184, 198, 208 Diuresis, 175, 184 Diuretic, 184, 218 DNA Topoisomerase, 184, 190 Dose-dependent, 7, 185 Doxorubicin, 129, 185 Drug Interactions, 10, 185 Drug Tolerance, 185, 221 Duodenum, 172, 185, 219 Dyes, 168, 185, 189, 208 Dyspnea, 185, 213 E Eczema, 98, 128, 185 Edema, 98, 184, 185, 203, 204, 206, 224 Effector, 22, 165, 180, 185 Efficacy, 4, 10, 23, 25, 62, 72, 119, 133, 185, 200 Elasticity, 121, 171, 185 Elastin, 179, 185 Electrolyte, 185, 211, 217 Electrons, 170, 185, 197, 202, 206, 207, 213, 214 Electrophoresis, 76, 179, 185
231
Embryo, 174, 177, 185, 196, 210 Emollient, 185, 192, 206 Emulsion, 172, 186 Enamel, 183, 186, 198 Encapsulated, 186, 199 Endemic, 186, 218 Endogenous, 26, 172, 185, 186, 191, 206, 222, 223, 225 Endometrium, 20, 182, 186 Endothelial cell, 7, 43, 46, 55, 56, 62, 63, 77, 91, 131, 186, 220, 221 Endothelium, 8, 30, 63, 186, 205, 210 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 186 Endothelium, Vascular, 186 Endothelium-derived, 186, 205 Endotoxins, 180, 186, 198 Energy Intake, 3, 186 Enhancer, 94, 186 Enteric-coated, 133, 186 Enterocytes, 175, 186 Enteropeptidase, 186, 222 Environmental Exposure, 27, 186 Environmental Health, 45, 48, 49, 148, 150, 187 Enzymatic, 114, 123, 127, 167, 173, 175, 176, 180, 182, 183, 187, 194, 201, 210, 215 Epidemic, 187, 218 Epidemiological, 16, 21, 23, 25, 133, 187 Epidermal, 95, 131, 187, 198, 201 Epidermal Growth Factor, 95, 187 Epidermis, 137, 181, 187, 198, 211 Epidermoid carcinoma, 187, 218 Epigastric, 187, 207 Epinephrine, 173, 187, 204, 223 Epithelial, 13, 45, 90, 91, 165, 173, 182, 187 Epithelial Cells, 13, 45, 90, 91, 187 Epithelium, 186, 187 Erythema, 98, 120, 121, 137, 187 Erythrocyte Membrane, 39, 187 Erythrocytes, 46, 49, 56, 71, 168, 174, 187, 193, 214 Esophagus, 184, 187, 219 Esterification, 51, 187 Estrogen, 6, 9, 54, 65, 78, 93, 95, 171, 187, 188 Estrogen receptor, 9, 65, 78, 93, 188 Ether, 14, 90, 171, 188 Ethoxyquin, 23, 188 Eukaryotic Cells, 188, 195, 206 Evoke, 188, 219 Excipients, 11, 188, 189, 208 Exocrine, 188, 207
Exogenous, 20, 26, 165, 173, 185, 186, 188, 191, 220, 222, 223, 225 Exon, 27, 116, 188 Extensor, 188, 212 External-beam radiation, 188, 197, 214, 225 Extracellular, 56, 168, 181, 188, 217 Extracellular Matrix, 181, 188 Extraction, 6, 87, 121, 122, 126, 134, 135, 188 Exudate, 29, 188 F Family Planning, 149, 188 Fat, 4, 5, 9, 18, 21, 76, 118, 170, 172, 173, 174, 176, 181, 188, 199, 205, 206, 216, 217, 222 Felodipine, 11, 105, 188 Fetus, 188, 209, 224 Fibrinogen, 188, 209, 210, 221 Fibroblasts, 54, 188 Fibrosis, 22, 128, 167, 189, 213, 216 Flatus, 189, 190 Flavoring Agents, 189, 208 Fluorescence, 9, 189 Folate, 9, 18, 20, 189 Folic Acid, 5, 189 Food Additives, 62, 189 Food Coloring Agents, 189 Food Preservatives, 189 Forearm, 174, 189 Free Radicals, 52, 119, 170, 184, 189, 204, 213 Fungi, 15, 136, 180, 189, 192, 202, 203, 224, 226 G Gallate, 11, 113, 189 Gallbladder, 165, 173, 189 Gallic Acid, 25, 189 Gamma Rays, 189, 203, 214 Ganglia, 165, 189, 204, 208 Gas, 9, 31, 87, 95, 168, 176, 184, 189, 194, 203, 205 Gastric, 176, 187, 190, 194 Gastrin, 190, 194 Gastrointestinal, 58, 133, 174, 175, 187, 190, 217, 219, 223 Gastrointestinal tract, 58, 133, 190, 217, 223 Gelatin, 190, 192, 220, 221 Gels, 120, 190, 202 Gene Expression, 13, 18, 25, 26, 29, 48, 56, 91, 190
232
Flavonoids
Gene Therapy, 117, 118, 190 Genetic Code, 190, 205 Genetic Engineering, 173, 179, 190 Genetic testing, 190, 210 Genetics, 116, 180, 190 Genistein, 11, 16, 19, 24, 190 Genital, 14, 98, 179, 190 Genotype, 4, 13, 91, 190, 209 Germ Cells, 190, 206 Germanium, 129, 190 Gestation, 191, 209 Ginger, 4, 191 Gingivitis, 17, 98, 183, 191 Ginkgo biloba, 20, 46, 76, 106, 134, 191 Ginseng, 4, 8, 104, 129, 191 Gland, 191, 200, 207, 212, 216, 219, 221 Glioma, 191 Gliosarcoma, 43, 191 Glucans, 17, 191 Glucocorticoid, 121, 191, 225 Glucose, 5, 71, 166, 171, 174, 177, 184, 191, 192, 193, 196, 218 Glucose Intolerance, 184, 191 Glucosinolates, 23, 24, 28, 191 Glucosyltransferases, 17, 191 Glucuronosyltransferase, 54, 94, 191 Glutamate, 183, 191 Glutamic Acid, 189, 191, 204, 212 Glutathione Peroxidase, 191, 216 Glycerol, 14, 192, 209 Glycerophospholipids, 192, 209 Glycine, 21, 167, 172, 173, 192, 204, 216 Glycoprotein, 11, 37, 45, 47, 59, 61, 188, 192, 208, 221, 223 Glycoside, 119, 122, 127, 131, 192 Glycosidic, 127, 169, 192 Glycosylation, 6, 33, 51, 94, 192 Goats, 182, 192 Governing Board, 192, 211 Gram-negative, 192, 215 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 192, 215 Granulocytes, 172, 192, 198, 225 Grasses, 189, 192 Growth factors, 125, 192 Guanine, 116, 192, 213 Guanylate Cyclase, 192, 205 H Habitual, 62, 178, 192 Hair follicles, 192, 225 Half-Life, 10, 192 Haploid, 192, 209 Haptens, 166, 193
Hay Fever, 17, 96, 98, 167, 193 Headache, 99, 175, 193 Heart attack, 176, 193 Heart failure, 193, 206, 213 Helix-loop-helix, 26, 193 Hematemesis, 126, 193 Hematopoietic Stem Cells, 117, 193 Heme, 7, 173, 182, 193, 204, 207, 211 Hemoglobin, 33, 168, 187, 193, 211, 220 Hemoglobin A, 193, 211 Hemoglobinopathies, 190, 193 Hemolysis, 187, 193 Hemolytic, 193, 220 Hemorrhage, 193, 204, 219, 225 Hemorrhoidectomy, 58, 193 Hemorrhoids, 98, 193 Hemostasis, 47, 193, 217 Hepatic, 12, 14, 19, 68, 131, 166, 193 Hepatitis, 23, 98, 194 Hepatocyte, 67, 194 Hereditary, 194, 204, 208, 220 Heredity, 190, 194 Herpes, 14, 98, 165, 194 Heterogeneity, 166, 194 Heterotrophic, 189, 194 Histamine, 39, 59, 168, 173, 194 Histamine Release, 39, 59, 168, 194 Histidine, 194 Homologous, 116, 167, 173, 181, 190, 194, 216, 220 Hormone, 10, 25, 68, 181, 183, 187, 190, 194, 196, 197, 220, 221 Hyaluronidase, 68, 194 Hydrogen, 22, 62, 63, 64, 71, 131, 165, 167, 176, 183, 191, 194, 199, 203, 204, 206, 212, 220 Hydrogen Peroxide, 22, 62, 63, 64, 71, 176, 191, 194, 199, 220 Hydrolysis, 53, 127, 173, 178, 194, 211, 212, 222 Hydrophobic, 183, 192, 194, 198, 199 Hydroxy Acids, 134, 194 Hydroxylysine, 179, 195 Hydroxyproline, 167, 179, 195 Hypercholesterolemia, 18, 98, 195 Hyperlipidemia, 14, 195 Hypertension, 32, 41, 171, 176, 193, 195 Hypothalamus, 174, 195 Hypoxanthine, 46, 195, 225 Hypoxia, 67, 195 I Idiopathic, 22, 195
233
Immune response, 66, 137, 169, 172, 193, 195, 219, 225 Immune system, 119, 173, 195, 200, 201, 208, 225 Immunodeficiency, 14, 195 Immunoglobulin, 26, 169, 195, 203 Immunohistochemistry, 18, 195 Immunology, 166, 195 Immunosuppression, 137, 195, 200 Immunosuppressive, 191, 195 Immunosuppressive Agents, 195 Impairment, 195, 224 Implant radiation, 195, 197, 214, 225 Impotence, 5, 195 In situ, 117, 195 In Situ Hybridization, 117, 195 In vitro, 8, 12, 15, 16, 20, 22, 23, 26, 36, 42, 43, 44, 47, 50, 53, 54, 56, 63, 70, 73, 78, 92, 113, 175, 190, 196, 210 In vivo, 8, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 22, 26, 35, 42, 60, 70, 78, 123, 137, 190, 196, 200, 206, 221 Incineration, 130, 196 Incision, 196, 197 Induction, 10, 16, 19, 21, 23, 29, 51, 54, 68, 94, 168, 196 Infarction, 196, 215 Infection, 14, 23, 100, 169, 171, 173, 178, 195, 196, 200, 204, 205, 219, 225 Infiltration, 125, 196 Ingestion, 11, 175, 196, 210 Initiation, 64, 125, 196, 222 Inorganic, 178, 196, 203, 216 Inotropic, 188, 196 Insecticides, 196, 208, 225 Insight, 11, 24, 196 Insulin, 14, 196, 223 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 196 Interleukin-1, 125, 130, 196 Interleukin-2, 197 Internal radiation, 197, 214, 225 Interstitial, 174, 197, 225 Intestinal, 11, 12, 16, 28, 31, 39, 42, 45, 48, 53, 57, 61, 72, 76, 130, 175, 176, 186, 197 Intestinal Mucosa, 11, 186, 197 Intestine, 173, 179, 197, 198, 219 Intracellular, 7, 13, 56, 71, 175, 196, 197, 201, 205, 211, 216 Intrinsic, 166, 197 Introns, 117, 197 Invasive, 95, 197 Invertebrates, 15, 197
Iodine, 41, 197 Ionization, 6, 197 Ionizing, 129, 167, 186, 197, 214, 223, 225 Ions, 8, 88, 184, 185, 194, 197, 198, 212 Irinotecan, 19, 197 Irradiation, 28, 54, 197, 226 Ischemia, 93, 172, 197, 203, 215 Isoelectric, 128, 198 Isoelectric Point, 128, 198 Isoflavones, 5, 19, 24, 90, 107, 127, 133, 198 Isoprenoid, 40, 198 Isothiocyanates, 16, 198 K Kb, 116, 117, 148, 198 Keratin, 198 Keratinocytes, 49, 198 Keratolytic, 183, 198 Keto, 55, 198 Kidney Cortex, 198, 202 Kinetic, 7, 78, 116, 197, 198 L Labile, 15, 179, 198 Large Intestine, 179, 184, 197, 198, 214, 217 Latent, 9, 198, 225 Latent period, 9, 198 Laxative, 166, 198, 218 Lesion, 18, 198, 200, 223 Leucocyte, 198, 199 Leukaemia, 38, 199 Leukemia, 28, 35, 38, 41, 46, 68, 77, 165, 185, 190, 199 Leukocytes, 174, 178, 182, 192, 199, 203, 208, 223 Levorphanol, 183, 199 Life cycle, 189, 199 Ligament, 199, 212 Ligands, 6, 21, 199 Linkage, 20, 199 Lipid, 14, 15, 25, 39, 40, 52, 59, 67, 71, 126, 170, 171, 177, 192, 196, 198, 199, 207, 222 Lipid Bilayers, 15, 199 Lipid Peroxidation, 39, 40, 52, 59, 71, 199, 207 Lipofuscin, 91, 178, 199 Lipopolysaccharides, 199, 215, 225 Lipoprotein, 14, 65, 192, 199, 200 Liposomal, 137, 199 Lipoxygenase, 50, 55, 124, 170, 199 Liquor, 134, 199 Liver, 19, 23, 45, 52, 58, 61, 99, 118, 139, 165, 166, 170, 172, 173, 176, 183, 186, 189, 193, 194, 199, 202, 215
234
Flavonoids
Liver cancer, 23, 199 Localization, 29, 92, 195, 200 Localized, 117, 165, 183, 186, 196, 200, 206, 209, 216, 223 Locomotion, 200, 209 Long-Term Potentiation, 21, 200 Loop, 200 Low-density lipoprotein, 46, 55, 58, 59, 62, 65, 199, 200 Luciferase, 19, 200 Luminol, 52, 200 Lupus, 119, 200 Lymph, 181, 186, 200, 219 Lymph node, 200 Lymphatic, 126, 186, 196, 200, 201, 206, 217, 218, 221 Lymphatic system, 126, 200, 217, 218, 221 Lymphocyte, 169, 195, 200 Lymphocyte Depletion, 195, 200 Lymphoid, 169, 198, 200 Lysine, 195, 200, 222 M Macrophage, 62, 197, 201 Malignant, 41, 165, 170, 171, 199, 201, 204, 214 Malnutrition, 166, 172, 201 Mammary, 114, 201 Meat, 9, 12, 201, 216 Medial, 171, 201 Mediate, 13, 17, 26, 201 Medicament, 129, 201, 220 MEDLINE, 149, 201 Medullary, 183, 201 Megaloblastic, 189, 201 Melanin, 201, 209, 223 Melanocytes, 201 Melanoma, 47, 77, 201 Membrane Lipids, 201, 209 Memory, 20, 183, 200, 201 Meninges, 177, 201 Menopause, 99, 201, 211 Menstruation, 126, 182, 201 Mental, iv, 5, 148, 150, 177, 183, 184, 201, 213, 216 Mental Health, iv, 5, 148, 150, 201, 213 Mental Processes, 184, 201, 213 Mesenchymal, 187, 201 Metabolite, 16, 19, 61, 173, 201 Metallothionein, 16, 42, 202 Metastasis, 125, 133, 202, 204 Metastatic, 21, 202, 216 MI, 30, 51, 54, 163, 202
Microbe, 202, 222 Microbicide, 14, 202 Microbiology, 12, 15, 31, 32, 39, 78, 202 Microcirculation, 36, 46, 126, 202, 210 Micronutrients, 9, 16, 18, 202 Microorganism, 202, 207, 225 Micro-organism, 183 Micro-organism, 202 Microsomal, 14, 202 Migration, 13, 20, 91, 202 Milk Thistle, 108, 110, 139, 202, 217 Mitochondria, 7, 202, 204, 206 Mitosis, 170, 202 Mitotic, 202, 224 Mixed Function Oxidases, 182, 202 Modeling, 59, 202 Modification, 7, 46, 58, 142, 167, 190, 202, 213 Monitor, 12, 181, 203, 205 Monoclonal, 197, 203, 214, 225 Monocytes, 196, 199, 203 Mononuclear, 72, 203, 223 Morphological, 166, 185, 201, 203 Mucins, 183, 186, 203 Mucosa, 200, 203 Mucus, 175, 203 Multidrug resistance, 19, 58, 59, 93, 203, 208 Mustard Gas, 203 Mutagen, 44, 203 Mutagenic, 12, 203, 205, 223 Mutagenicity, 64, 203 Mycosis, 203 Mycotic, 53, 203 Mycotoxins, 23, 166, 203 Mydriatic, 184, 203 Myocardial infarction, 133, 181, 202, 203 Myocardial Reperfusion, 203, 204, 215 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 204, 215 Myocardium, 202, 203, 204 Myoglobin, 204, 211 N Necrosis, 170, 191, 196, 202, 203, 204, 215, 216 Neoplasms, 41, 170, 182, 204, 214 Nephropathy, 72, 204 Nerve, 166, 181, 204, 208, 211, 215, 216, 219 Nervous System, 21, 168, 177, 204, 208, 223, 224 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 20, 137, 204 Neurologic, 117, 138, 204
235
Neuromuscular, 125, 165, 204 Neuronal, 91, 138, 204 Neurons, 189, 204, 220 Neuropathy, 166, 204, 208 Neurotoxicity, 94, 183, 204 Neurotransmitter, 165, 167, 174, 177, 191, 192, 194, 204, 219, 223 Neutrons, 167, 197, 204, 214 Neutrophil, 45, 71, 205 Nevirapine, 205 Niacin, 5, 205, 223 Nifedipine, 11, 205 Nitric Oxide, 7, 30, 57, 67, 92, 94, 205 Nitrogen, 9, 18, 24, 28, 29, 123, 167, 168, 205, 223 Nitroprusside, 30, 94, 205 Nitrosamines, 16, 205 Non-nucleoside, 14, 183, 205 Nuclear, 17, 18, 172, 175, 180, 185, 188, 189, 204, 205, 220 Nuclei, 167, 180, 185, 190, 197, 202, 204, 205, 212 Nucleic acid, 117, 118, 190, 195, 205, 213 Nucleus, 170, 178, 181, 182, 183, 188, 189, 203, 205, 212, 219 Nutritional Status, 9, 205 Nutritive Value, 189, 205 O Oedema, 72, 206 Ointments, 206, 217 Oltipraz, 23, 206 Oncogenic, 26, 206 Opacity, 183, 206 Organelles, 7, 177, 182, 201, 203, 206, 210 Osmosis, 206 Osmotic, 46, 166, 206 Osmotic Fragility, 46, 206 Osteoporosis, 99, 121, 206 Ovaries, 171, 206 Ovary, 20, 21, 206, 210 Overweight, 5, 80, 206 Oxidants, 7, 15, 206 Oxidation-Reduction, 173, 206, 207 Oxidative metabolism, 71, 166, 207 Oxidative Stress, 7, 15, 18, 38, 59, 64, 66, 79, 89, 123, 125, 207, 220 Oxygenase, 133, 207 P Palliative, 207, 221 Pancreas, 20, 165, 173, 196, 207, 222, 223 Pancreatic, 176, 207 Parasite, 207
Parasitic, 136, 207 Parenteral, 186, 207 Particle, 207, 222 Pathogen, 136, 207 Pathogenesis, 17, 18, 207 Pathologic, 170, 174, 181, 207, 212 Pathologic Processes, 170, 207 Pelvic, 207, 212 Peptide, 46, 51, 167, 186, 198, 207, 211, 212 Perception, 24, 29, 207 Perennial, 131, 207, 222 Perfusion, 195, 207 Periodontitis, 191, 208 Peripheral blood, 72, 208 Peripheral Nervous System, 204, 208, 219 Peripheral Neuropathy, 5, 208 Peritoneal, 66, 171, 206, 208 Peritoneal Cavity, 171, 206, 208 Peritoneum, 208 Peroxidase, 12, 170, 199, 208 Peroxide, 208 Pesticides, 136, 196, 208 P-Glycoprotein, 19, 208 Phagocyte, 206, 208 Pharmaceutic Aids, 189, 208 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 120, 177, 190, 208 Pharmacokinetic, 10, 19, 208 Pharmacologic, 192, 208, 222 Phenotype, 13, 209 Phenyl, 131, 209 Phenylalanine, 209, 223 Phospholipids, 15, 188, 199, 201, 209 Phosphorus, 175, 209 Phosphorylation, 45, 95, 182, 209, 212 Physiologic, 166, 173, 192, 201, 202, 209, 214 Pigment, 173, 177, 199, 201, 204, 209 Placenta, 118, 171, 209, 213 Plaque, 17, 172, 209 Plasma cells, 169, 209 Plasma protein, 166, 186, 209, 212 Plasmid, 26, 209, 224 Plasmin, 209, 210, 221, 223 Plasminogen, 8, 46, 209, 210, 221, 223 Plasminogen Activators, 209, 210 Plastids, 206, 210 Platelet Aggregation, 69, 119, 125, 168, 205, 210, 221 Platelets, 170, 205, 210, 217, 221 Platinum, 178, 200, 210 Pleural, 206, 210
236
Flavonoids
Pleural cavity, 206, 210 Pneumonia, 181, 210 Poisoning, 175, 178, 210 Pollen, 51, 126, 210, 213 Polymerase, 116, 170, 210 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 116, 210 Polymers, 127, 132, 210, 212 Polymorphic, 16, 19, 210 Polymorphism, 19, 211 Polypeptide, 118, 167, 168, 179, 187, 188, 204, 209, 211, 220, 226 Polyposis, 13, 179, 211 Polysaccharide, 17, 169, 177, 211 Porphyrins, 8, 211 Posterior, 177, 207, 211 Postmenopausal, 9, 206, 211 Postsynaptic, 91, 211, 220 Post-translational, 7, 211 Potassium, 5, 126, 211, 217 Potentiates, 196, 211 Practice Guidelines, 150, 211 Precancerous, 178, 211 Precursor, 170, 172, 185, 187, 209, 211, 212, 223 Prickle, 198, 211 Probe, 10, 24, 211 Progeny, 180, 211 Progression, 18, 44, 47, 123, 125, 169, 181, 211 Progressive, 171, 177, 183, 185, 204, 211, 213 Proline, 179, 195, 212 Promoter, 17, 19, 22, 69, 212 Promyelocytic leukemia, 72, 212 Prophylaxis, 135, 137, 170, 212, 215 Prostaglandins, 15, 46, 125, 171, 212 Prostate, 20, 21, 29, 44, 173, 212, 223 Protease, 44, 212, 221 Protein C, 128, 166, 168, 170, 172, 198, 199, 212 Protein Kinases, 43, 212 Protein S, 170, 173, 190, 212 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 190, 212 Proteolytic, 180, 186, 188, 209, 210, 212, 221, 223 Prothrombin, 212, 221 Protons, 167, 194, 197, 212, 214 Protozoa, 180, 202, 212, 224 Pruritic, 185, 212 Psoriasis, 128, 203, 212, 215 Psychology, 184, 213 Psyllium, 110, 213
Public Health, 23, 150, 213 Public Policy, 149, 213 Publishing, 4, 27, 139, 213 Puerperium, 126, 213 Pulmonary, 22, 174, 213, 224 Pulmonary Artery, 174, 213, 224 Pulmonary Fibrosis, 22, 213 Pulse, 65, 203, 213 Pulse Radiolysis, 65, 213 Pupil, 184, 203, 213 Purines, 213, 216, 225 Pyrimidines, 213, 217, 225 Q Quality of Life, 138, 213 Quinones, 53, 213 R Race, 202, 213 Radiation, 29, 121, 129, 130, 137, 172, 187, 188, 189, 195, 197, 213, 214, 225 Radiation therapy, 188, 197, 214, 225 Radioactive, 130, 172, 192, 194, 195, 197, 205, 206, 214, 223, 225 Radiolabeled, 197, 214, 225 Radiotherapy, 174, 197, 214, 226 Randomized, 16, 58, 64, 185, 214 Reactive Oxygen Species, 7, 12, 123, 214 Reagent, 189, 200, 214 Receptor, 9, 13, 14, 18, 21, 22, 26, 46, 48, 55, 78, 95, 169, 183, 214, 217 Recombinant, 40, 50, 118, 130, 214, 224 Recombination, 26, 180, 190, 214 Rectum, 170, 179, 184, 189, 190, 198, 212, 214, 220 Recurrence, 178, 214 Red blood cells, 70, 187, 193, 207, 214 Reductase, 15, 131, 166, 171, 214 Refer, 1, 174, 179, 189, 191, 194, 200, 205, 214, 222 Refraction, 214, 218 Regimen, 185, 214 Registries, 20, 214 Relaxant, 90, 214 Reperfusion, 8, 72, 93, 203, 204, 215 Reperfusion Injury, 8, 215 Respiration, 176, 203, 215 Retina, 184, 215 Retinal, 184, 215 Retinoids, 15, 215 Retinopathy, 100, 166, 184, 215 Retroviral vector, 116, 117, 190, 215 Rhamnose, 127, 131, 215 Rheumatoid, 100, 206, 215
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Riboflavin, 18, 215 Risk factor, 5, 8, 20, 215 Risk patient, 133, 215 Rutin, 14, 56, 57, 63, 65, 118, 119, 127, 213, 215 S Salicylate, 8, 216 Salivary, 183, 216, 219 Saturated fat, 20, 216 Scleroderma, 22, 171, 216 Sclerosis, 171, 216 Screening, 67, 71, 179, 216 Sebaceous, 216, 225 Secondary tumor, 202, 216 Secretion, 14, 67, 187, 194, 196, 203, 216, 224 Sedimentation, 177, 216 Segregation, 214, 216 Selenium, 129, 216 Selenium Compounds, 129, 216 Semen, 212, 216 Senescence, 125, 216 Senile, 206, 216 Sequence Homology, 125, 216 Sequencing, 21, 116, 210, 216 Sequester, 178, 216 Serine, 43, 216, 221, 222 Serotonin, 173, 204, 217, 223 Serous, 186, 217 Serum, 22, 43, 166, 168, 179, 200, 217, 223 Side effect, 67, 120, 130, 133, 165, 173, 217, 222 Silymarin, 45, 47, 66, 202, 217 Skeletal, 44, 168, 217 Skeleton, 131, 217 Small intestine, 178, 185, 194, 197, 217, 222 Smooth muscle, 18, 90, 167, 168, 175, 188, 194, 217, 219 Soaps, 134, 217 Social Environment, 213, 217 Sodium, 24, 81, 126, 154, 206, 217 Soft tissue, 174, 217 Solar radiation, 120, 121, 137, 217 Solid tumor, 168, 185, 217 Solvent, 122, 134, 135, 172, 192, 206, 217 Somatic, 202, 208, 217 Sorbitol, 5, 166, 218 Soy Proteins, 78, 218 Specialist, 155, 184, 218 Specificity, 9, 78, 166, 170, 218 Spectroscopic, 21, 213, 218 Spectrum, 18, 24, 218, 223
Sperm, 58, 168, 178, 210, 218 Spinal cord, 177, 178, 201, 204, 208, 218 Spinous, 187, 198, 218 Spleen, 118, 200, 218 Sporadic, 13, 204, 218 Squamous, 16, 43, 187, 218 Squamous cell carcinoma, 16, 43, 187, 218 Squamous cells, 218 Stasis, 218, 224 Steady state, 15, 218 Sterility, 28, 218 Steroid, 56, 60, 68, 171, 173, 181, 219 Stilbenes, 60, 130, 219 Stimulant, 168, 175, 194, 219 Stimulus, 45, 181, 219, 221 Stomach, 51, 125, 165, 184, 187, 190, 194, 208, 217, 218, 219 Stool, 179, 198, 219 Strand, 56, 57, 65, 179, 210, 219 Streptococci, 17, 219 Stress, 18, 24, 25, 77, 123, 124, 175, 181, 207, 219, 220 Stroke, 42, 55, 91, 137, 148, 176, 219 Structure-Activity Relationship, 8, 11, 48, 49, 64, 69, 78, 140, 219 Subacute, 117, 196, 219 Subclinical, 196, 219 Subcutaneous, 185, 206, 207, 219 Submaxillary, 187, 219 Subspecies, 218, 219 Substance P, 201, 216, 219 Substrate, 15, 117, 182, 202, 219, 223 Sulfotransferases, 69, 220 Superoxide, 8, 45, 220 Superoxide Dismutase, 8, 220 Suppositories, 190, 202, 220 Suppression, 30, 65, 69, 94, 220 Symphysis, 212, 220 Synapses, 200, 220 Synaptic, 200, 204, 220 Synergist, 123, 124, 220 Synergistic, 17, 21, 124, 220 Systemic, 11, 24, 174, 187, 196, 197, 206, 214, 216, 220, 225 Systemic disease, 24, 220 Systolic, 195, 220 T Tert-Butylhydroperoxide, 57, 220 Testicular, 171, 220 Testosterone, 214, 220 Thalamus, 174, 220 Thalassemia, 44, 220
238
Flavonoids
Therapeutics, 40, 47, 51, 57, 70, 90, 91, 122, 220 Thermal, 184, 205, 210, 221 Threonine, 43, 216, 221 Threshold, 24, 195, 221 Thrombin, 8, 46, 188, 210, 212, 221 Thrombolytic, 210, 221 Thrombomodulin, 212, 221 Thrombosis, 31, 126, 133, 212, 219, 221 Thromboxanes, 171, 221 Thrombus, 181, 196, 203, 210, 221 Thymus, 111, 200, 221 Thyroid, 48, 51, 89, 197, 221, 223 Thyroxine, 166, 209, 221 Tissue Plasminogen Activator, 7, 221 Tolerance, 17, 126, 165, 191, 221 Tome, 122, 221 Tomography, 21, 221 Topical, 128, 130, 194, 217, 221 Topoisomerase inhibitors, 197, 221 Toxic, iv, 166, 172, 178, 181, 182, 187, 191, 192, 204, 216, 222 Toxicity, 15, 19, 38, 46, 63, 94, 129, 131, 185, 222 Toxicology, 12, 34, 40, 43, 45, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 63, 79, 95, 150, 222 Toxin, 221, 222 Trachea, 174, 221, 222 Transcriptase, 14, 183, 205, 222 Transcription Factors, 18, 26, 222 Transduction, 7, 18, 45, 117, 220, 222 Transfection, 173, 190, 222 Transferases, 23, 192, 222 Translation, 167, 222 Translational, 25, 222 Transplantation, 117, 200, 222 Transposons, 26, 222 Trees, 135, 222 Triglyceride, 14, 222 Trypsin, 94, 186, 222, 226 Trypsin Inhibitors, 94, 222 Tryptophan, 179, 217, 223 Tuberculosis, 200, 223 Tumor marker, 173, 223 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 55, 223 Tumorigenic, 13, 223 Type 2 diabetes, 4, 223 Tyramine, 173, 223 Tyrosine, 7, 43, 78, 95, 212, 223 U Ulcer, 34, 99, 223 Ulceration, 14, 223
Ulcerogenic, 133, 223 Ultraviolet Rays, 121, 223 Ureters, 223 Urethra, 212, 223, 224 Urinary, 10, 12, 16, 19, 40, 72, 73, 221, 223, 225 Urinary Plasminogen Activator, 221, 223 Urinary tract, 10, 223 Urinary tract infection, 10, 223 Urine, 6, 10, 12, 31, 37, 169, 173, 181, 184, 187, 215, 223, 224 Uterus, 181, 182, 186, 201, 206, 224 V Vaccines, 224, 225 Vacuoles, 30, 206, 224 Vagina, 183, 201, 224 Vaginal, 15, 224 Valves, 224 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 67, 224 Vasoactive, 7, 125, 224 Vasodilator, 174, 194, 203, 205, 224 Vector, 117, 222, 224 Vegetative, 132, 224 Vein, 8, 46, 55, 171, 205, 224 Venous, 37, 97, 171, 193, 206, 212, 224 Venous Insufficiency, 37, 97, 224 Ventricle, 195, 213, 220, 224 Venules, 174, 175, 186, 202, 224 Vesicular, 202, 224 Veterinary Medicine, 149, 224 Vial, 87, 224 Vinblastine, 45, 224 Vinca Alkaloids, 224 Viral, 14, 170, 206, 222, 223, 225 Virulence, 172, 222, 225 Virus, 14, 23, 68, 170, 172, 186, 190, 209, 215, 222, 225 Virus Activation, 68, 225 Virus Diseases, 170, 225 Viscosity, 194, 225 Vitreous, 184, 215, 225 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 184, 225 Vivo, 12, 14, 19, 21, 26, 68, 73, 79, 123, 200, 225 Vulgaris, 111, 225 W White blood cell, 169, 172, 199, 200, 201, 203, 205, 209, 225 Windpipe, 221, 225 X Xanthine, 46, 59, 225
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Xanthine Oxidase, 46, 59, 225 Xenobiotics, 94, 225 Xenograft, 169, 225 X-ray, 15, 130, 189, 197, 203, 205, 213, 214, 223, 225 X-ray therapy, 197, 225
Y Yeasts, 189, 209, 226 Z Zygote, 180, 226 Zymogen, 212, 226
240
Flavonoids
