Enoxaparin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ENOXAPARIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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ENOXAPARIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Enoxaparin: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00403-8 1. Enoxaparin-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on enoxaparin. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ENOXAPARIN ............................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Enoxaparin.................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ENOXAPARIN .................................................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Enoxaparin .................................................................................. 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ENOXAPARIN ............................................................ 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 60 General References ....................................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ENOXAPARIN ......................................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Patent Applications on Enoxaparin............................................................................................. 63 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ENOXAPARIN ............................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 67 Academic Periodicals covering Enoxaparin ................................................................................. 70 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 71 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 72 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 75 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 77 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 81 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 85 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 85 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 85 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 91 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 91 ENOXAPARIN DICTIONARY ..................................................................................................... 93 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 117

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with enoxaparin is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about enoxaparin, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to enoxaparin, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on enoxaparin. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to enoxaparin, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on enoxaparin. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ENOXAPARIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on enoxaparin.

Federally Funded Research on Enoxaparin The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to enoxaparin. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to enoxaparin. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore enoxaparin. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for enoxaparin: •

Project Title: ALKYLGLYCOSIDE MEDIATED PULMONARY DELIVERY OF HEPARINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ahsan, Fakhrul; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Texas Tech University Health Scis Center Health Sciences Center Lubbock, Tx 79430 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUL-2004; Project End 30-JUN-2006

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Historically, heparin has been used as an anticoagulant for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a devastating disease that affects two million Americans annually and an estimated 600,000 of which develop pulmonary embolism, a fatal complication resulting in 200,000 deaths a year. Recently, low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) have been used as an alternative to unfractionated heparins in the treatment of DVT and pulmonary embolism. However, the main limitation to the broader utilization of LMWHs in an ambulatory setting is the requirement of administering the drug by painful subcutaneous injections. This proposal is designed to test the hypothesis that pulmonary route can provide a viable, noninvasive, and efficacious means of administering LMWHs. In this regard, enoxaparin will be formulated with a series of alkylglycosides, a newer family of nonionic surfactants, and the safety and efficacy of the formulations will be investigated in anesthetized rat model. The first series of experiments will be conducted to determine the optimal absorption enhancer that can effectively enhance pulmonary absorption of LMWHs. Absorption of LMWHs, administered via pulmonary route after laryngoscopic visualization of the trachea, will be evaluated by measuring plasma anti-factor Xa activity in vivo rat model. Once an optimal absorption enhancer is identified, enoxaparin formulations will be compared with other LMWHs to determine if one of the LMWHs is better suited than the others for pulmonary delivery. The efficacy of the proposed formulation in the treatment of DVT will be investigated in rat jugular vein thrombosis model. The safety of the formulations will be determined by studying the effect of the formulation on mucociliary clearance function of the respiratory tract. Bronchoalveolar lavage will be conducted to determine cellular and biochemical changes that may occur in the lung due to exposure to the optimized formulation. The long-term goals of this project are i) to develop a formulation for pulmonary delivery of LMWHs that can be used to provide safe and effective control of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and ii) to evaluate the mechanism by which alkylglycosides enhance pulmonary absorption of LMWHs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CELL-SELECTIVE LIPOSOMAL DRUG DELIVERY IN RESTENOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Marchant, Roger E.; Professor of Biomedical Engineering; Biomedical Engineering; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Clinically significant restenosis occurs in greater than 30 percent of patients receiving percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and remains prevalent despite efforts to inhibit neointima formation through pharmacological intervention and the use of surface-modified intracoronary stents. The overall goal of the proposed research is to bioengineer new liposome drug delivery systems that selectively bind, or target, cell surface molecules expressed at sites of chronic vascular injury and developing restenotic lesions. We propose to investigate surface modifications of liposomes that (i) target encapsulated drugs directly to the site of vascular injury, by exploiting differences in cell surface phenotypes characteristic of activated cells present in the lesion; and (ii) inhibit protein adsorption to the liposome, thereby increasing the circulation half-life. The proposed targeting strategies are based on the central hypothesis that procoagulant and inflammatory phenotypes of stimulated vascular cells comprise unique cell surface receptors that will bind biomimetic constructs of endogenous ligands presented on the liposome surface. By utilizing these ligands to localize long-circulating liposomes to the lesion, local drug concentrations can be

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increased to therapeutic levels. Specifically, we shall focus on the design and development of targeting ligands to three cell surface molecules expressed in thrombosis and restenosis: (1) high affinity RGD peptides that bind integrin GPIIb-IIIa on activated platelets; (2) Factor VII-derived peptides that bind tissue factor on stimulated endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, and (3) high affinity sialyl Lewis x and sialyl Lewis a - derived oligosaccharides that bind E- and/or P-selectins on EC and platelets. We shall examine how the ligand structures modulate binding affinity, and determine how these ligands affect binding and uptake of liposomes by target cells in vitro, and in a rat model of balloon-induced vascular injury in vivo. The physical properties of glycolipids designed to increase circulation lifetimes will be studied to determine the role of surface hydration and bilayer stability in altering liposomal clearance rates. The ability of long-circulating, targeted liposomes to affect neointima formation will be studied in vivo using rapamycin and enoxaparin as a model encapsulated therapeutic agents. By addressing targeting affinity and specificity, and prolonged circulation lifetime, an effective drug delivery vehicle for the management and prevention of thrombosis and restenosis can be achieved. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “enoxaparin” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for enoxaparin in the PubMed Central database: •

Cost-utility of enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin in unstable coronary artery disease. by Nicholson T, McGuire A, Milne R.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59676

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Nadroparine calcium or enoxaparine in acute coronary syndrome patients suffering renal insufficiency: The nadroparin versus enoxaparin (NaVe) study design. by Gurfinkel EP, Perel C, Pombo G.; 2004; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=425600

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with enoxaparin, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “enoxaparin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for enoxaparin (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparative trial of a low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) versus standard heparin for the prophylaxis of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in general surgery. Author(s): Nurmohamed MT, Verhaeghe R, Haas S, Iriarte JA, Vogel G, van Rij AM, Prentice CR, ten Cate JW. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1995 June; 169(6): 567-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7771617

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A comparison of enoxaparin with placebo for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients. Prophylaxis in Medical Patients with Enoxaparin Study Group. Author(s): Samama MM, Cohen AT, Darmon JY, Desjardins L, Eldor A, Janbon C, Leizorovicz A, Nguyen H, Olsson CG, Turpie AG, Weisslinger N. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 September 9; 341(11): 793-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10477777

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A comparison of heparin/warfarin and enoxaparin thromboprophylaxis in spinal cord injury: the Sheffield experience. Author(s): Thumbikat P, Poonnoose PM, Balasubrahmaniam P, Ravichandran G, McClelland MR. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2002 August; 40(8): 416-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12124668

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A comparison of intermittent calf compression and enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis in total hip replacement. A pilot study. Author(s): Stone MH, Limb D, Campbell P, Stead D, Culleton G. Source: International Orthopaedics. 1996; 20(6): 367-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9049766

with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q-Wave Coronary Events Study Group. Author(s): Cohen M, Demers C, Gurfinkel EP, Turpie AG, Fromell GJ, Goodman S, Langer A, Califf RM, Fox KA, Premmereur J, Bigonzi F. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1997 August 14; 337(7): 447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9250846

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A comparison of the sensitivity of APTT reagents to the effects of enoxaparin, a lowmolecular weight heparin. Author(s): Ip BK, Thomson AR, Moriarty HT. Source: Pathology. 2001 August; 33(3): 347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11523938

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A cost analysis of fondaparinux versus enoxaparin in total knee arthroplasty. Author(s): Spruill WJ, Wade WE, Leslie RB. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2004 January-February; 11(1): 3-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14704589

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A meta-analysis of fondaparinux versus enoxaparin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism after major orthopaedic surgery. Author(s): Turpie AG, Eriksson BI, Lassen MR, Bauer KA. Source: J South Orthop Assoc. 2002 Winter; 11(4): 182-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12597061

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A multicenter randomized double-blind study of enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin in the prevention of venous thromboembolic disease in elderly in-patients bedridden for an acute medical illness. The Enoxaparin in Medicine Study Group. Author(s): Bergmann JF, Neuhart E. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1996 October; 76(4): 529-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8902991

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A novel attribute of enoxaparin: inhibition of monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells by a mechanism involving cell adhesion molecules. Author(s): Manduteanu I, Voinea M, Capraru M, Dragomir E, Simionescu M. Source: Pharmacology. 2002 May; 65(1): 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11901299

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A novel point-of-care enoxaparin monitor for use during percutaneous coronary intervention. Results of the Evaluating Enoxaparin Clotting Times (ELECT) Study. Author(s): Moliterno DJ, Hermiller JB, Kereiakes DJ, Yow E, Applegate RJ, Braden GA, Dippel EJ, Furman MI, Grines CL, Kleiman NS, Levine GN, Mann T 3rd, Nair RN, Stine RA, Yacubov SJ, Tcheng JE; ELECT Investigators. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 September 17; 42(6): 1132-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13678943

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A pharmacoeconomic assessment of enoxaparin and warfarin as prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis in patients undergoing knee replacement surgery. Author(s): Hawkins DW, Langley PC, Krueger KP. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1998 January-February; 20(1): 182-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9522114

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A pilot study on the use of a low molecular weight heparin (Enoxaparin) in arterial reconstructive surgery. Author(s): Samama CM, Barre E, Combe S, Dreux S, Kieffer E, Viars P. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 1991 October; 17(4): 367-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1666457

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A potentially expanded role for enoxaparin in preventing venous thromboembolism in high risk blunt trauma patients. Author(s): Norwood SH, McAuley CE, Berne JD, Vallina VL, Kerns DB, Grahm TW, McLarty JW. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2001 February; 192(2): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11220715

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A prospective and randomized comparison of the safety and effects of therapeutic levels of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in chronically anticoagulated patients undergoing elective cardiac catheterization. Author(s): Omran H, Hammerstingl C, Schmidt H, von der Recke G, Paar WD, Luderitz B. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2003 August; 90(2): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12888874

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A randomised controlled trial of a low-molecular-weight heparin (Enoxaparin) to prevent deep-vein thrombosis in patients undergoing vascular surgery. Author(s): Farkas JC, Chapuis C, Combe S, Silsiguen M, Marzelle J, Laurian C, Cormier JM. Source: Eur J Vasc Surg. 1993 September; 7(5): 554-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8405501

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A randomized controlled trial of a low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin) to prevent deep-vein thrombosis in patients undergoing elective hip surgery. Author(s): Turpie AG, Levine MN, Hirsh J, Carter CJ, Jay RM, Powers PJ, Andrew M, Hull RD, Gent M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1986 October 9; 315(15): 925-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3531851

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A randomized trial to compare the efficacy, safety, cost and platelet aggregation effects of enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin (the ESCAPEU trial). Author(s): Malhotra S, Bhargava VK, Grover A, Pandhi P, Sharma YP. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001 March; 39(3): 110-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11396750

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A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of enoxaparin after high-risk coronary stenting: the ATLAST trial. Author(s): Batchelor WB, Mahaffey KW, Berger PB, Deutsch E, Meier S, Hasselblad V, Fry ET, Teirstein PS, Ross AM, Binanay CA, Zidar JP; ATLAST Trial Investigators. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2001 November 15; 38(6): 160813. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11704394

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A unique, low dose of intravenous enoxaparin in elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Author(s): Choussat R, Montalescot G, Collet JP, Vicaut E, Ankri A, Gallois V, Drobinski G, Sotirov I, Thomas D. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2002 December 4; 40(11): 194350. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12475453

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Absence of transplacental passage of the low molecular weight heparin enoxaparin. Author(s): Dimitrakakis C, Papageorgiou P, Papageorgiou I, Antzaklis A, Sakarelou N, Michalas S. Source: Haemostasis. 2000 September-October; 30(5): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11251331

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Accidental spinal analgesia in the presence of a lumboperitoneal shunt in an obese parturient receiving enoxaparin therapy. Author(s): Kaul B, Vallejo MC, Ramanathan S, Mandell GL, Krohner RG. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 August; 95(2): 441-3, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12145068

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Enoxaparin

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Acute subdural haematomas and enoxaparin. Author(s): Olson S, Rossato R, Guazzo E. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2002 May; 9(3): 256-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12093130

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Administration of eptifibatide to acute coronary syndrome patients receiving enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin: effect on platelet function and thrombus formation. Author(s): Lev EI, Hasdai D, Scapa E, Tobar A, Assali A, Lahav J, Battler A, Badimon JJ, Kornowski R. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2004 March 17; 43(6): 966-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15028351

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An open trial of enoxaparin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis of the leg. Author(s): Janvier G, Freyburger G, Winnock S, Dugrais G, Boisseau M, Boissieras P. Source: Haemostasis. 1991; 21(3): 161-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1663476

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Anaphylactoid reaction to enoxaparin in a patient with deep venous thrombosis. Author(s): MacLaughlin EJ, Fitzpatrick KT, Sbar E, Jewell C. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2002 November; 22(11): 1511-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12432980

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Antenatal use of enoxaparin for prevention and treatment of thromboembolism in pregnancy. Author(s): Ellison J, Walker ID, Greer IA. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2000 September; 107(9): 1116-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11002955

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Anti Xa activity and prothrombinase inhibition in patients treated with two different doses of enoxaparin in gynecologic surgery. Author(s): Samama MM, Combe S, Horellou MH, Augras D, Truc JB, Conard J, Girard P, Bara L, Poitout P. Source: Thromb Res Suppl. 1991; 14: 29-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1658968

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Anti-activated factor X profiles in pregnant women receiving antenatal thromboprophylaxis with enoxaparin. Author(s): Brennand JE, Walker ID, Greer IA. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1999 March; 101(1): 53-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10085440

Studies

11

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Anticoagulation in hospitalized patients with renal insufficiency: a comparison of bleeding rates with unfractionated heparin vs enoxaparin. Author(s): Thorevska N, Amoateng-Adjepong Y, Sabahi R, Schiopescu I, Salloum A, Muralidharan V, Manthous CA. Source: Chest. 2004 March; 125(3): 856-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15006942

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Anticoagulation with enoxaparin versus intravenous unfractionated heparin in postoperative vascular surgery patients. Author(s): Hingorani A, Gramse C, Ascher E. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2002 August; 36(2): 341-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12170216

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Antifactor Xa activity in intensive care patients receiving thromboembolic prophylaxis with standard doses of enoxaparin. Author(s): Mayr AJ, Dunser M, Jochberger S, Fries D, Klingler A, Joannidis M, Hasibeder W, Schobersberger W. Source: Thrombosis Research. 2002 February 1; 105(3): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11927124

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Antithromboembolic efficacy and safety of enoxaparin in general surgery. German multicentre trial. Author(s): Haas S, Flosbach CW. Source: Eur J Surg Suppl. 1994; (571): 37-43. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7519088

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Anti-Xa activity with low-molecular-weight heparin, enoxaparin, during pregnancy in women with mechanical heart valves. Author(s): Izaguirre R, De La Pena A, Ramirez A, Cortina E, Huerta M, Salazar E. Source: Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 2002; 45: 127-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12434554

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Anti-Xa stability of diluted enoxaparin for use in pediatrics. Author(s): Dager WE, Gosselin RC, King JH, Christensen CL, Owings JT, Larkin EC. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2004 April; 38(4): 569-73. Epub 2004 February 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14982984

12

Enoxaparin

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Assessment of anticoagulation using activated clotting times in patients receiving intravenous enoxaparin during percutaneous coronary intervention. Author(s): Lawrence M, Mixon TA, Cross D, Gantt DS, Dehmer GJ. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2004 January; 61(1): 52-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14696159

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Assessment of the treatment effect of enoxaparin for unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. TIMI 11B-ESSENCE meta-analysis. Author(s): Antman EM, Cohen M, Radley D, McCabe C, Rush J, Premmereur J, Braunwald E. Source: Circulation. 1999 October 12; 100(15): 1602-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10517730

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Best evidence in anesthetic practice: prevention: fondaparinux is better than enoxaparin for prevention of major venous thromboembolism after orthopedic surgery. Author(s): Lee HN. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2003 October; 50(8): 764-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14598801

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Best evidence in anesthetic practice: prevention: fondaparinux is better than enoxaparin for prevention of major venous thromboembolism after orthopedic surgery. Author(s): Hardy JF. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2003 October; 50(8): 764-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14525813

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Bleeding complications with enoxaparin for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis. Author(s): Shaieb MD, Watson BN, Atkinson RE. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 1999 June; 14(4): 432-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10428223

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Body weight does not predict for anti-Xa levels after fixed dose prophylaxis with enoxaparin after orthopedic surgery. Author(s): Kovacs MJ, Weir K, MacKinnon K, Keeney M, Brien WF, Cruickshank MK. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1998 August 1; 91(3): 137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9733157

Studies

13

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Cardiac troponin I for stratification of early outcomes and the efficacy of enoxaparin in unstable angina: a TIMI-11B substudy. Author(s): Morrow DA, Antman EM, Tanasijevic M, Rifai N, de Lemos JA, McCabe CH, Cannon CP, Braunwald E. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2000 November 15; 36(6): 1812-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11092649

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Changes in the pharmacokinetics of the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin sodium during pregnancy. Author(s): Casele HL, Laifer SA, Woelkers DA, Venkataramanan R. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 November; 181(5 Pt 1): 1113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10561628

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Combination enoxaparin and abciximab therapy during percutaneous coronary intervention: "NICE guys finish first". Author(s): Kereiakes DJ, Fry E, Matthai W, Niederman A, Barr L, Brodie B, Zidar J, Casale P, Christy G, Moliterno D, Lengerich R, Broderick T, Shimshak T, Cohen M. Source: J Invasive Cardiol. 2000 February; 12 Suppl A: 1A-5A. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10731289

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Combination therapy with tirofiban and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes. Author(s): Cohen M, Theroux P, Weber S, Laramee P, Huynh T, Borzak S, Diodati JG, Squire IB, Deckelbaum LI, Thornton AR, Harris KE, Sax FL, Lo MW, White HD. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1999 December 1; 71(3): 273-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10636535

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Combining enoxaparin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes: final results of the National Investigators Collaborating on Enoxaparin-3 (NICE-3) study. Author(s): Ferguson JJ, Antman EM, Bates ER, Cohen M, Every NR, Harrington RA, Pepine CJ, Theroux P; NICE-3 Investigators. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 October; 146(4): 628-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14564315

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Combining low-molecular-weight heparin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes: the NICE 3 story. National Investigators Collaborating on Enoxaparin. Author(s): Ferguson JJ. Source: J Invasive Cardiol. 2000 December; 12 Suppl E: E10-3; Discussion E25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11156723

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Enoxaparin

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Comparative analysis of procoagulatory activity of haemodialysis, haemofiltration and haemodiafiltration with a polysulfone membrane (APS) and with different modes of enoxaparin anticoagulation. Author(s): Klingel R, Schaefer M, Schwarting A, Himmelsbach F, Altes U, UhlenbuschKorwer I, Hafner G. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2004 January; 19(1): 164-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14671052

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Comparison of dalteparin and enoxaparin for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis in patients with spinal cord injury. Author(s): Chiou-Tan FY, Garza H, Chan KT, Parsons KC, Donovan WH, Robertson CS, Holmes SA, Graves DE, Rintala DH. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2003 September; 82(9): 678-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12960909

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Comparison of effects of dalteparin and enoxaparin on hemostatic parameters and von Willebrand factor in patients with unstable angina pectoris or non--ST- segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Hodl R, Huber K, Kraxner W, Nikfardjam M, Schumacher M, Fruhwald FM, Zorn G, Wonisch M, Klein W. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 March 1; 89(5): 589-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11867046

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Comparison of effects on markers of blood cell activation of enoxaparin, dalteparin, and unfractionated heparin in patients with unstable angina pectoris or non-STsegment elevation acute myocardial infarction (the ARMADA study). Author(s): Montalescot G, Bal-dit-Sollier C, Chibedi D, Collet JP, Soulat T, Dalby M, Choussat R, Cohen A, Slama M, Steg PG, Dubois-Rande JL, Metzger JP, Tarragano F, Guermonprez JL, Drouet L; ARMADA Investigators. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 April 15; 91(8): 925-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12686329

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Comparison of enoxaparin and standard heparin in gynaecologic oncologic surgery: a randomised prospective double-blind clinical study. Author(s): Baykal C, Al A, Demirtas E, Ayhan A. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2001; 22(2): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11446476

Studies

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Comparison of enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin on thrombin generation in acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. Author(s): Salvioni A, Casilli F, Assanelli E, Grazi M, Marenzi G, Guazzi MD. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2001 October; 86(4): 991-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11686357

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Comparison of enoxaparin and warfarin for the prevention of venous thromboembolic disease after total hip arthroplasty. Evaluation during hospitalization and three months after discharge. Author(s): Colwell CW Jr, Collis DK, Paulson R, McCutchen JW, Bigler GT, Lutz S, Hardwick ME. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1999 July; 81(7): 93240. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10428124

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Comparison of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in patients with unstable angina pectoris/non-ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction having subsequent percutaneous coronary intervention. Author(s): Fox KA, Antman EM, Cohen M, Bigonzi F; ESSENCE/TIMI 11B Investigators. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 September 1; 90(5): 477-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12208405

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Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin sodium) and standard unfractionated heparin for haemodialysis anticoagulation. Author(s): Saltissi D, Morgan C, Westhuyzen J, Healy H. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1999 November; 14(11): 2698-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10534515

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Comparison of the effect of fondaparinux and enoxaparin on thrombin generation during in-vitro clotting of whole blood and platelet-rich plasma. Author(s): Gerotziafas GT, Depasse F, Chakroun T, Van Dreden P, Samama MM, Elalamy I. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2004 March; 15(2): 149-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15091002

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Enoxaparin

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Comparison of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran with enoxaparin as prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement: a phase 2 dose-finding study. Author(s): Heit JA, Colwell CW, Francis CW, Ginsberg JS, Berkowitz SD, Whipple J, Peters G; AstraZeneca Arthroplasty Study Group. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001 October 8; 161(18): 2215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11575978

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Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of enoxaparin (Clexane) and unfractionated heparin. Author(s): Dawes J. Source: Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1990; 556: 68-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1963020

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Comparison of the use of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in patients undergoing lower extremity revascularization. Author(s): Paramo JC, Sendzischew H, Sivina M. Source: Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2002 May-June; 36(3): 199-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12075385

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Comparison of two needle sizes for subcutaneous administration of enoxaparin: effects on size of hematomas and pain on injection. Author(s): Robb DM, Kanji Z. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2002 September; 22(9): 1105-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12222545

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Comparison of ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism following total hip replacement. A randomized, double-blind study. Author(s): Colwell CW Jr, Berkowitz SD, Davidson BL, Lotke PA, Ginsberg JS, Lieberman JR, Neubauer J, McElhattan JL, Peters GR, Francis CW. Source: Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : Jth. 2003 October; 1(10): 2119-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14521593

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Components of coagulation and fibrinolysis during thrombosis prophylaxis with a low molecular weight heparin (Enoxaparin) versus Dextran 70 in hip arthroplasty. Author(s): Borris LC, Sorensen JV, Lassen MR, Walenga JM, Fareed J, Jorgensen LN, Hauch O, Wille-Jorgensen P. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1991 July 1; 63(1): 21-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1719655

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Concomitant use of eptifibatide and enoxaparin in the medical management of a patient with a non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome and in-stent restenosis. Author(s): Nahlawi M, Benzuly K, Fintel D. Source: J Invasive Cardiol. 2000 December; 12 Suppl D: 16D-8D. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11156717

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Correlation of antifactor Xa concentrations with renal function in patients on enoxaparin. Author(s): Chow SL, Zammit K, West K, Dannenhoffer M, Lopez-Candales A. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 June; 43(6): 586-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12817521

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Cost analyses of extended prophylaxis with enoxaparin after hip arthroplasty. Author(s): Friedman RJ, Dunsworth GA. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2000 January; (370): 171-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10660711

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Cost analysis: fondaparinux versus preoperative and postoperative enoxaparin as venous thromboembolic event prophylaxis in elective hip arthroplasty. Author(s): Wade WE, Spruill WJ, Leslie RB. Source: Am J Orthop. 2003 April; 32(4): 201-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12723772

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Cost comparison of tinzaparin versus enoxaparin as deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis in spinal cord injury: preliminary data. Author(s): Wade WE, Spruill WJ. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2001 December; 12(8): 619-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11734661

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Cost effectiveness of danaparoid compared with enoxaparin as deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis after hip replacement surgery. Author(s): Wade WE. Source: Am J Orthop. 1999 April; 28(4): 229-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10220094

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Cost-effectiveness analysis of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for acute coronary syndromes. A Canadian hospital perspective. Author(s): Balen RM, Marra CA, Zed PJ, Cohen M, Frighetto L. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 1999 November; 16(5 Pt 2): 533-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10662478

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Enoxaparin

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Cost-effectiveness analysis of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in patients with acute coronary syndrome in Poland: modelling study from the hospital perspective. Author(s): Orlewska E, Budaj A, Tereszkowski-Kaminski D. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 2003; 21(10): 737-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12828495

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Cost-effectiveness analysis of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in the secondary prevention of acute coronary syndrome. Author(s): Brosa M, Rubio-Terres C, Farr I, Nadipelli V, Froufe J. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 2002; 20(14): 979-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12403638

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Cost-effectiveness of enoxaparin as thromboprophylaxis in acutelly ill medical patients from the Italian NHS perspective. Author(s): Nuijten MJ, Berto P, Kosa J, Nadipelli V, Cimminiello C, Spreafico A. Source: Recenti Prog Med. 2002 February; 93(2): 80-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11887350

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Cost-effectiveness of enoxaparin as thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients in Spain. Author(s): Nuijten MJ, Villar FA, Kosa J, Nadipelli V, Rubio-Terres C, Suarez C. Source: Value in Health : the Journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. 2003 March-April; 6(2): 126-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12641863

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Cost-utility of enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin in unstable coronary artery disease. Author(s): Nicholson T, McGuire A, Milne R. Source: Bmc Cardiovascular Disorders [electronic Resource]. 2001; 1(1): 2. Epub 2001 October 15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11701090

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Dalteparin vs. enoxaparin as prophylaxis for deep-vein thrombosis after total hip or knee arthroplasty: a retrospective analysis. Author(s): Krotenberg R, Adler U, Pomeranz B, Miller JD, Russell MW. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2001 December; 80(12): 889-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11821667

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Decreased platelet reactivity in blood anticoagulated with bivalirudin or enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin: implications for coronary intervention. Author(s): Aggarwal A, Sobel BE, Schneider DJ. Source: Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis. 2002 June; 13(3): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12355033

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Deep vein thrombosis during enoxaparin prophylactic treatment in a young pregnant woman homozygous for factor V Leiden and heterozygous for the G127-->a mutation in the thrombomodulin gene. Author(s): Magdelaine A, Verdy E, Coulet F, Berkane N, Girot R, Uzan S, Soubrier F. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2000 December; 11(8): 761-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11132655

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Delayed allergic skin reactions due to subcutaneous heparin-calcium, enoxaparinsodium, pentosan polysulfate and acute skin lesions from systemic sodium-heparin. Author(s): Koch P, Hindi S, Landwehr D. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 February; 34(2): 156-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8681559

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Delayed elimination of enoxaparin in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Author(s): Cadroy Y, Pourrat J, Baladre MF, Saivin S, Houin G, Montastruc JL, Vernier I, Boneu B. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1991 August 1; 63(3): 385-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1659748

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Delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to enoxaparin. Author(s): Mendez J, de la Fuente R, Stolle R, Vega JM, Sanchis ME, Armentia A, Sanchez P, Fernandez A. Source: Allergy. 1996 November; 51(11): 853-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8947349

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Delayed hypersensitivity to enoxaparin. Author(s): Cabanas R, Caballero MT, Lopez-Serrano MC, Diaz R, Contreras J, Barranco P, Moreno-Ancillo A. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1998 November-December; 8(6): 383-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10028487

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Delayed-type hypersensitivity to subcutaneous enoxaparin. Author(s): Mendez J, Sanchis ME, de la Fuente R, Stolle R, Vega JM, Martinez C, Armentia A, Sanchez P, Fernandez A. Source: Allergy. 1998 October; 53(10): 999-1003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9821483

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Development of a dosing strategy for enoxaparin in obese patients. Author(s): Green B, Duffull SB. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 July; 56(1): 96-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12848781

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Different effects of enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin on extrinsic blood coagulation during haemodialysis: a prospective study. Author(s): Naumnik B, Borawski J, Mysliwiec M. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2003 July; 18(7): 1376-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12808176

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Direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran followed by oral ximelagatran in comparison with enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip or knee replacement. Author(s): Eriksson BI, Agnelli G, Cohen AT, Dahl OE, Mouret P, Rosencher N, Eskilson C, Nylander I, Frison L, Ogren M; METHRO III Study Group. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2003 February; 89(2): 288-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12574809

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Does prior administration of enoxaparin influence the effects of levobupivacaine on blood clotting? Assessment using the Thrombelastograph. Author(s): Leonard SA, Lydon A, Walsh M, Fleming C, Boylan J, Shorten GD. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2001 June; 86(6): 808-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11573588

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Duration of prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism with enoxaparin after surgery for cancer. Author(s): Bergqvist D, Agnelli G, Cohen AT, Eldor A, Nilsson PE, Le Moigne-Amrani A, Dietrich-Neto F; ENOXACAN II Investigators. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 March 28; 346(13): 975-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11919306

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Economic evaluation of enoxaparin as prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in seriously ill medical patients: a US perspective. Author(s): de Lissovoy G, Subedi P. Source: Am J Manag Care. 2002 December; 8(12): 1082-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12500884

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Effect of multielement intravascular ultrasound on the anticoagulant potency of enoxaparin. Author(s): Stouffer GA, Pathak A, Whinna HC, Ohman EM. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2004 June 1; 93(11): 1453-4, A12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15165941

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Effect of unfractionated heparin and a low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) on coagulant activity of cultured human endothelial cells. Author(s): Martinez-Sales V, Vila V, Reganon E, Oms JG, Aznar J. Source: Haematologica. 2003 June; 88(6): 694-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12801846

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Effects of enoxaparin and nadroparin on major cardiac events in high-risk unstable angina treated with a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor. Author(s): Okmen E, Ozen E, Uyarel H, Sanli A, Tartan Z, Cam N. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 2003 November; 44(6): 899-906. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14711185

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Effects of fondaparinux compared with dalteparin, enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin on human osteoblasts. Author(s): Matziolis G, Perka C, Disch A, Zippel H. Source: Calcified Tissue International. 2003 October; 73(4): 370-9. Epub 2003 July 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12874702

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Effects of preoperative enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin on bleeding indices in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Author(s): Kincaid EH, Monroe ML, Saliba DL, Kon ND, Byerly WG, Reichert MG. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 July; 76(1): 124-8; Discussion 128. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12842525

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Effects of ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, r-hirudin and enoxaparin on thrombin generation and platelet activation in healthy male subjects. Author(s): Sarich TC, Wolzt M, Eriksson UG, Mattsson C, Schmidt A, Elg S, Andersson M, Wollbratt M, Fager G, Gustafsson D. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 February 19; 41(4): 557-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12598065

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Efficacy and bleeding complications among patients randomized to enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin for antithrombin therapy in non-ST-Segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: a systematic overview. Author(s): Petersen JL, Mahaffey KW, Hasselblad V, Antman EM, Cohen M, Goodman SG, Langer A, Blazing MA, Le-Moigne-Amrani A, de Lemos JA, Nessel CC, Harrington RA, Ferguson JJ, Braunwald E, Califf RM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 July 7; 292(1): 8996. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15238596

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Efficacy and safety of a perioperative enoxaparin regimen in total hip replacement under various anesthesias. Author(s): Planes A, Vochelle N, Fagola M, Bellaud M, Feret J, Salzard C, Planes M. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1991 April; 161(4): 525-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1852135

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Efficacy and safety of bemiparin compared with enoxaparin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Author(s): Navarro-Quilis A, Castellet E, Rocha E, Paz-Jimenez J, Planes A; Bemiparin Study Group in Knee Arthroplasty. Source: Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : Jth. 2003 March; 1(3): 425-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12871445

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Efficacy and safety of tenecteplase in combination with the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin in the prehospital setting: the Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic Regimen (ASSENT)-3 PLUS randomized trial in acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Wallentin L, Goldstein P, Armstrong PW, Granger CB, Adgey AA, Arntz HR, Bogaerts K, Danays T, Lindahl B, Makijarvi M, Verheugt F, Van de Werf F. Source: Circulation. 2003 July 15; 108(2): 135-42. Epub 2003 Jul 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12847070

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Efficacy of a postoperative regimen of enoxaparin in deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis. Author(s): Turpie AG. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1991 April; 161(4): 532-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1852136

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Enoxaparin effect depends on body-weight and current doses may be inadequate in obese patients (Br J Surg 2003; 90: 547-548). Author(s): Vincenzi B, Santini D, Avvisati G, Borzomati D, Tonini G. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2003 September; 90(9): 1165-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12945089

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Enoxaparin effect depends on body-weight and current doses may be inadequate in obese patients. Author(s): Frederiksen SG, Hedenbro JL, Norgren L. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2003 May; 90(5): 547-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12734859

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Enoxaparin for postpartum ovarian vein thrombosis. A case report. Author(s): Beigi RH, Wiensenfeld HC. Source: J Reprod Med. 2004 January; 49(1): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14976797

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Enoxaparin for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction with persistent STsegment elevation. Author(s): Rubboli A, Herzfeld I, Maresta A. Source: Minerva Cardioangiol. 2003 October; 51(5): 463-70, 470-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14551516

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Enoxaparin in percutaneous interventions: when to monitor? A case series. Author(s): Cheong B, O'Meallie L, Diez JG. Source: J Invasive Cardiol. 2003 July; 15(7): Suppl 1-6. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: J Invasive Cardiol. 2003 September; 15(9): 519. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14556302

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Enoxaparin in unstable angina patients who would have been excluded from randomized pivotal trials. Author(s): Collet JP, Montalescot G, Fine E, Golmard JL, Dalby M, Choussat R, Ankri A, Dumaine R, Lesty C, Vignolles N, Thomas D. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 January 1; 41(1): 8-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12570937

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Enoxaparin monotherapy without oral anticoagulation to treat acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Author(s): Beckman JA, Dunn K, Sasahara AA, Goldhaber SZ. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2003 June; 89(6): 953-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12783106

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Enoxaparin or fondaparinux for thrombosis prevention after orthopaedic surgery. Author(s): Hughes SJ. Source: Lancet. 2002 November 23; 360(9346): 1701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12457832

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Enoxaparin prophylaxis in elective hip surgery. Author(s): Turpie AG. Source: Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1990; 556: 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1963014

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Enoxaparin versus tinzaparin in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: the EVET trial. Author(s): Michalis LK, Katsouras CS, Papamichael N, Adamides K, Naka KK, Goudevenos J, Sideris DA. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 August; 146(2): 304-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12891200

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Enoxaparin vs unfractionated heparin in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes managed with an intended early invasive strategy: primary results of the SYNERGY randomized trial. Author(s): Ferguson JJ, Califf RM, Antman EM, Cohen M, Grines CL, Goodman S, Kereiakes DJ, Langer A, Mahaffey KW, Nessel CC, Armstrong PW, Avezum A, Aylward P, Becker RC, Biasucci L, Borzak S, Col J, Frey MJ, Fry E, Gulba DC, Guneri S, Gurfinkel E, Harrington R, Hochman JS, Kleiman NS, Leon MB, Lopez-Sendon JL, Pepine CJ, Ruzyllo W, Steinhubl SR, Teirstein PS, Toro-Figueroa L, White H; SYNERGY Trial Investigators. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 July 7; 292(1): 4554. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15238590

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Enoxaparin: in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in medical patients. Author(s): Warner GT, Perry CM. Source: American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs : Drugs, Devices, and Other Interventions. 2001; 1(6): 477-81; Discussion 483-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14728009

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Enoxaparin-induced generalized exanthem. Author(s): Kim KH, Lynfield Y. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2003 July; 72(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12889716

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Enoxaparin-induced retroperitoneal hematoma. Author(s): Melde SL. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 June; 37(6): 822-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12773070

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Enoxaparin-related fatal spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma in the elderly. Author(s): Vaya A, Mira Y, Aznar J, Todoli J, Arguedas J, Sola E. Source: Thrombosis Research. 2003 April 15; 110(1): 69-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12877912

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Excessive hemorrhage after dental extractions using low-molecular-weight heparin (Lovenox) anticoagulation therapy. Author(s): Bloomer CR. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2004 January; 62(1): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14699558

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Experience with enoxaparin in patients with mechanical heart valves who must withhold acenocumarol. Author(s): Ferreira I, Dos L, Tornos P, Nicolau I, Permanyer-Miralda G, Soler-Soler J. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2003 May; 89(5): 527-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12695457

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Experimental and clinical validation of the prophylactic antithrombotic effects of a low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin). Author(s): Fareed J, Walenga JM, Hoppensteadt D, Borris LC, Lassen MR. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 1991; 17 Suppl 3: 319-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1661440

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Factor Xa is highly protected from antithrombin-fondaparinux and antithrombinenoxaparin when incorporated into the prothrombinase complex. Author(s): Brufatto N, Ward A, Nesheim ME. Source: Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : Jth. 2003 June; 1(6): 1258-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12871328

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Fat necrosis associated with the subcutaneous injection of enoxaparin. Author(s): Davies J, Lagattolla NR, Scholey G. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 January; 77(903): 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11123395

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Fatal spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma secondary to enoxaparin. Author(s): Chan-Tack KM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 January; 96(1): 58-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12602717

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Fisher information matrix for non-linear mixed-effects models: evaluation and application for optimal design of enoxaparin population pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Retout S, Mentre F, Bruno R. Source: Statistics in Medicine. 2002 September 30; 21(18): 2623-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12228881

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Fondaparinux compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective major knee surgery. Author(s): Bauer KA, Eriksson BI, Lassen MR, Turpie AG; Steering Committee of the Pentasaccharide in Major Knee Surgery Study. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 November 1; 345(18): 1305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11794149

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Fondaparinux compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip-fracture surgery. Author(s): Eriksson BI, Bauer KA, Lassen MR, Turpie AG; Steering Committee of the Pentasaccharide in Hip-Fracture Surgery Study. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 November 1; 345(18): 1298-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11794148

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Fondaparinux or enoxaparin for the initial treatment of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis: a randomized trial. Author(s): Buller HR, Davidson BL, Decousus H, Gallus A, Gent M, Piovella F, Prins MH, Raskob G, Segers AE, Cariou R, Leeuwenkamp O, Lensing AW; Matisse Investigators. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2004 June 1; 140(11): 867-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15172900

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Fondaparinux versus enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism. Author(s): Borja J, Olivella P, Curto J. Source: Lancet. 2002 November 16; 360(9345): 1603-4; Author Reply 1605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12443626

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Fondaparinux versus enoxaparin for prevention of venous. Author(s): Morris E. Source: Lancet. 2002 November 16; 360(9345): 1604-5; Author Reply 1605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12443628

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Fondaparinux versus enoxaparin for prevention of venous. Author(s): Thaler H, Sim E. Source: Lancet. 2002 November 16; 360(9345): 1604; Author Reply 1605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12443627

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Fondaparinux versus enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism. Author(s): Doggrell SA. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2002 April; 3(4): 455-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11934350

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Fondaparinux vs enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in major orthopedic surgery: a meta-analysis of 4 randomized double-blind studies. Author(s): Turpie AG, Bauer KA, Eriksson BI, Lassen MR. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 September 9; 162(16): 1833-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12196081

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Further evidence that antithrombotic therapy is beneficial with streptokinase: improved early ST resolution and late patency with enoxaparin. Author(s): White H. Source: European Heart Journal. 2002 August; 23(16): 1233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12175657

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Gestational outcome in thrombophilic women with recurrent pregnancy loss treated by enoxaparin. Author(s): Brenner B, Hoffman R, Blumenfeld Z, Weiner Z, Younis JS. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2000 May; 83(5): 693-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10823264

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Giving both enoxaparin and dextran increases the need for transfusion in revision hip arthroplasty. Author(s): Lisander B, Jacobsson SA, Ivarsson I, Vegfors M, Engdahl O. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1996 November; 162(11): 861-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8956954

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Guidelines to the use of enoxaparin in slow continuous hemodialysis. Author(s): Wynckel A, Bernieh B, Toupance O, N'Guyen PH, Wong T, Lavaud S, Chanard J. Source: Contrib Nephrol. 1991; 93: 221-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1666355

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Haemorrhagic effect of enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin. Comparison with unfractionated heparin in humans. Author(s): Bang CJ, Riedel B, Talstad I, Berstad A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1992 November; 27(11): 924-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1333639

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Hematoma and enoxaparin use. Author(s): Summers JB, Kaminski JM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 December; 95(12): 1456-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12597318

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Hematoma as a complication of enoxaparin use. Author(s): Zielinski CJ. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2000 September; 82(9): 1362-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11005536

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Hemorrhagic complications of enoxaparin and aspirin in patients with kidney transplants. Author(s): Shullo MA, Rose ML, Vivas C, Jordan ML, Scantlebury VP, Jain A, Corry RJ, Fung JJ, McCauley J, Johnston J, Shapiro R. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2002 February; 22(2): 184-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11837557

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Hemothorax and retroperitoneal hematoma after anticoagulation with enoxaparin. Author(s): Mrug M, Mishra PV, Lusane HC, Cunningham JM, Alpert MA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 August; 95(8): 936-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12190238

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Heparin and enoxaparin enhance endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in human monocytes. Author(s): Heinzelmann M, Miller M, Platz A, Gordon LE, Herzig DO, Polk HC Jr. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1999 April; 229(4): 542-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10203088

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Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia presenting after the cessation of low molecular weight heparin prophylaxis with enoxaparin. Author(s): Barratt SM, Ruff SJ, Edwards RC. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2000 May 1; 172(9): 449. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10870540

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Impact of enoxaparin low molecular weight heparin in patients with Q-wave myocardial infarction. Author(s): Cohen M, Antman EM, Gurfinkel E, Turpie AG, Furst J, Bigonzi F, Radley D. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2000 September 1; 86(5): 553-6, A9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11009278

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Implementation and evaluation of guidelines for use of enoxaparin as deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis after major trauma. Author(s): Devlin JW, Tyburski JG, Moed B. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2001 June; 21(6): 740-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11401186

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Improved reperfusion and clinical outcome with enoxaparin as an adjunct to streptokinase thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. The AMI-SK study. Author(s): Simoons M, Krzeminska-Pakula M, Alonso A, Goodman S, Kali A, Loos U, Gosset F, Louer V, Bigonzi F; AMI-SK Investigator. Source: European Heart Journal. 2002 August; 23(16): 1282-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12175665

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In vitro comparison of the effect of heparin, enoxaparin and fondaparinux on tests of coagulation. Author(s): Linkins LA, Julian JA, Rischke J, Hirsh J, Weitz JI. Source: Thrombosis Research. 2002 September 1; 107(5): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12479885

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Inappropriate use of enoxaparin in the treatment of deep-vein thrombosis. Author(s): Rodgers GM. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 January 7; 340(1): 62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9882217

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Influence of patient characteristics and renal function on factor Xa inhibition pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after enoxaparin administration in non-STsegment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Author(s): Becker RC, Spencer FA, Gibson M, Rush JE, Sanderink G, Murphy SA, Ball SP, Antman EM; TIMI 11A Investigators. Source: American Heart Journal. 2002 May; 143(5): 753-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12040334

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Inhibition of factor VIIa generation and prothrombin activation by treatment with enoxaparin in patients with unstable angina. Author(s): Gerotziafas GT, Zafiropoulos A, Van Dreden P, Karavaggeli E, Goutzoumas N, Nikolaidis P, Combot C, Lagoudaki P, Zervas K, Arzoglou P, Samama MM. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2003 February; 120(4): 611-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12588347

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Initial experience with the low-molecular-weight heparin, enoxaparin, in combination with the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blocker, tirofiban, in patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Author(s): Cohen M. Source: J Invasive Cardiol. 2000 December; 12 Suppl E: E5-9; Discussion E25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11156722

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Inter-regional differences and outcome in unstable angina; analysis of the international ESSENCE trial. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q-wave Coronary Events. Author(s): Fox KA, Goodman S, Bigonzi F, Le Louer V, Cohen M. Source: European Heart Journal. 2000 September; 21(17): 1433-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10952835

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Intralesional injection of enoxaparin in benign symmetrical lipomatosis: an alternative to surgery? Author(s): Fischer M, Wohlrab J, Taube KM, Marsch WC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 March; 144(3): 629-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11260032

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Is once- or twice-a-day enoxaparin as effective as unfractionated heparin for the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE)? Author(s): Marsland T, Newton W. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2001 May; 50(5): 396. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11350700

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Laboratory monitoring of a low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) with a new clotting test (Heptest). Author(s): Bara L, Combe-Tamzali S, Conard J, Horellou MH, Samama M. Source: Haemostasis. 1987; 17(3): 127-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3609913

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Local delivery of enoxaparin to decrease restenosis after stenting: results of initial multicenter trial: Polish-American Local Lovenox NIR Assessment study (The POLONIA study). Author(s): Kiesz RS, Buszman P, Martin JL, Deutsch E, Rozek MM, Gaszewska E, Rewicki M, Seweryniak P, Kosmider M, Tendera M. Source: Circulation. 2001 January 2; 103(1): 26-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11136681

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Low molecular heparin (Enoxaparin) as an alternative treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis in gynecologic oncology patients. Author(s): Fishman A, Altaras M, Klein Z, Aviram R, Beyth Y. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1996; 17(5): 365-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8933832

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Low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) compared with unfractionated heparin in prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients undergoing hip replacement. Author(s): Avikainen V, von Bonsdorff H, Partio E, Kaira P, Hakkinen S, Usenius JP, Kaaja R. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1995; 84(1): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7645915

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Low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) in the management of unstable angina: the ESSENCE study. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q wave Coronary Events. Author(s): Fox KA. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 1999 September; 82 Suppl 1: I12-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10469672

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Low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) versus dextran in the prevention of early occlusion following arterial bypass surgery distal to the groin. Author(s): Logason K, Bergqvist D; Study Group on Antothrombotic Prophylaxis of Femorodistal Bypass Surgery. Source: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery : the Official Journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. 2001 March; 21(3): 261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11357851

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Low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) versus oral anticoagulant therapy (acenocoumarol) in the long-term treatment of deep venous thrombosis in the elderly: a randomized trial. Author(s): Veiga F, Escriba A, Maluenda MP, Lopez Rubio M, Margalet I, Lezana A, Gallego J, Ribera JM. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2000 October; 84(4): 559-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11057850

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Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of thromboembolic complications in cardioversion--rationale and design of the ACE study (Anticoagulation in Cardioversion using Enoxaparin). Author(s): Stellbrink C, Hanrath P, Nixdorff U, Hofmann T, Lehmacher W, Kuhle K, Fetsch T, Grewe R, Schmidt-Lucke JA; Anticoagulation in Cardioversion using Enoxaparin Study Group. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Kardiologie. 2002 March; 91(3): 249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12001541

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Low molecular weight heparin in prevention of restenosis after angioplasty. Results of Enoxaparin Restenosis (ERA) Trial. Author(s): Faxon DP, Spiro TE, Minor S, Cote G, Douglas J, Gottlieb R, Califf R, Dorosti K, Topol E, Gordon JB, et al. Source: Circulation. 1994 August; 90(2): 908-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8044962

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Low molecular weight heparins (enoxaparin) in the management of unstable angina: the TIMI studies. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction. Author(s): Gurfinkel E, Scirica BM. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 1999 September; 82 Suppl 1: I15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10469673

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Low-dose low-molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) is effective as adjuvant treatment in active ulcerative colitis: an open trial. Author(s): Dotan I, Hallak A, Arber N, Santo M, Alexandrowitz A, Knaani Y, Hershkoviz R, Brazowski E, Halpern Z. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2001 October; 46(10): 2239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11680603

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Low-dose low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin) is beneficial in lichen planus: a preliminary report. Author(s): Hodak E, Yosipovitch G, David M, Ingber A, Chorev L, Lider O, Cahalon L, Cohen IR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 April; 38(4): 564-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9555795

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Low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin) as prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism after total hip replacement. Author(s): Bergqvist D, Benoni G, Bjorgell O, Fredin H, Hedlundh U, Nicolas S, Nilsson P, Nylander G. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1996 September 5; 335(10): 696-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8703168

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Low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin) in the treatment of lichen planus. Author(s): Ferahbas A, Uksal U, Kutlugun C, Kontas O. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2003 September; 17(5): 604-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12941111

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Low-molecular-weight heparin therapy in percutaneous coronary intervention: the NICE 1 and NICE 4 trials. National Investigators Collaborating on Enoxaparin Investigators. Author(s): Young JJ, Kereiakes DJ, Grines CL. Source: J Invasive Cardiol. 2000 December; 12 Suppl E: E14-8; Discussion E25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11156724

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Low-molecular-weight heparins in coronary stenting (the ENTICES trial). ENoxaparin and TIClopidine after Elective Stenting. Author(s): Zidar JP. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998 September 10; 82(5B): 29L-32L. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9737478

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Low-molecular-weight heparins in non-ST-segment elevation ischemia: the ESSENCE trial. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin versus intravenous unfractionated heparin, in non-Q-wave Coronary Events. Author(s): Cohen M, Demers C, Gurfinkel EP, Turpie AG, Fromell GJ, Goodman S, Langer A, Califf RM, Fox KA, Premmereur J, Bigonzi F. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998 September 10; 82(5B): 19L-24L. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9737476

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Management of acute proximal deep vein thrombosis: pharmacoeconomic evaluation of outpatient treatment with enoxaparin vs inpatient treatment with unfractionated heparin. Author(s): Spyropoulos AC, Hurley JS, Ciesla GN, de Lissovoy G. Source: Chest. 2002 July; 122(1): 108-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12114345

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Management of venous and cardiovascular thrombosis: enoxaparin. Author(s): Harvey DM, Offord RH. Source: Hosp Med. 2000 September; 61(9): 628-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11048604

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Managing the risk of thrombosis in the perioperative period in patients undergoing orthopedic and trauma surgery with low-molecular-weight heparin: enoxaparin. Author(s): Lassen MR, Borris LC. Source: Orthopedics. 1997 February; 20 Suppl: 14-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9048402

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Meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin as adjunctive therapy to fibrinolysis in ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Theroux P, Welsh RC. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 April 1; 91(7): 860-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12667572

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Mode of action of enoxaparin in plasma. Author(s): Beguin S, Hemker HC. Source: Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1990; 556: 51-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1963017

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Monitoring blood counts after enoxaparin therapy. Author(s): Van Strien AR. Source: American Family Physician. 1995 April; 51(5): 1065. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7709882

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No effect of enoxaparin on outcome of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Siironen J, Juvela S, Varis J, Porras M, Poussa K, Ilveskero S, Hernesniemi J, Lassila R. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 December; 99(6): 953-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14705720

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Noncompliance in the inpatient administration of enoxaparin in conjunction with epidural or spinal anesthesia. Author(s): McEvoy MD, Bailey M, Taylor D, Del Schutte H Jr. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2000 August; 15(5): 604-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10959999

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Occurrence of thrombosis and haemorrhage, relationship with anti-Xa, anti-IIa activities, and D-dimer plasma levels in patients receiving a low molecular weight heparin, enoxaparin or tinzaparin, to prevent deep vein thrombosis after hip surgery. Author(s): Bara L, Planes A, Samama MM. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1999 February; 104(2): 230-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10050702

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On the relationship between molecular mass and anticoagulant activity in a low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin). Author(s): Bendetowicz AV, Pacaud E, Beguin S, Uzan A, Hemker HC. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1992 May 4; 67(5): 556-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1325683

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Once-daily dosing of enoxaparin (a low molecular weight heparin) in prevention of deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. Author(s): Planes A, Vochelle N, Fagola M, Bellaud M, Feret J, Salzard C, Planes M. Source: Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1990; 556: 108-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1963015

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Optimal strategy for administering enoxaparin to patients undergoing coronary angiography without angioplasty for acute coronary syndromes. Author(s): Brieger D, Solanki V, Gaynor M, Booth V, MacDonald R, Freedman SB. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 May 15; 89(10): 1167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12008169

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Outcome of urgent and elective percutaneous coronary interventions after pharmacologic reperfusion with tenecteplase combined with unfractionated heparin, enoxaparin, or abciximab. Author(s): Dubois CL, Belmans A, Granger CB, Armstrong PW, Wallentin L, Fioretti PM, Lopez-Sendon JL, Verheugt FW, Meyer J, Van de Werf F; ASSENT-3 Investigators. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 October 1; 42(7): 1178-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14522476

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Overview of enoxaparin in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Author(s): Deitcher SR. Source: Am J Manag Care. 2000 November; 6(20 Suppl): S1026-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11484302

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Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of enoxaparin : implications for clinical practice. Author(s): Fareed J, Hoppensteadt D, Walenga J, Iqbal O, Ma Q, Jeske W, Sheikh T. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2003; 42(12): 1043-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12959635

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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of eptifabatide in healthy subjects receiving unfractionated heparin or the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin. Author(s): Gretler DD. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 October; 25(10): 2564-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14667957

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Pharmacokinetic studies of dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Clexane), and danaparoid sodium (Orgaran) in stable chronic hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Polkinghorne KR, McMahon LP, Becker GJ. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 November; 40(5): 990-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12407644

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Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of technetium 99m labelled standard heparin and a low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) after intravenous injection in normal volunteers. Author(s): Laforest MD, Colas-Linhart N, Guiraud-Vitaux F, Bok B, Bara L, Samama M, Marin J, Imbault F, Uzan A. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1991 February; 77(2): 201-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1848441

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Pharmacokinetics of enoxaparin in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with and without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa therapy. Author(s): Argenti D, Hoppensteadt D, Heald D, Jensen B, Fareed J. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2003 July-August; 10(4): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12845386

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Pharmacokinetics of intravenous/subcutaneous Enoxaparin in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Author(s): Aslam MS, Sundberg S, Sabri MN, Cooke D, Lakier JB. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2002 October; 57(2): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12357518

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Pharmacokinetics of the low molecular weight heparin enoxaparin during 48 h after bolus administration as an anticoagulant in haemodialysis. Author(s): Guillet B, Simon N, Sampol JJ, Lorec-Penet AM, Portugal H, Berland Y, Dussol B, Brunet P. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2003 November; 18(11): 2348-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14551364

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Pharmacologic profile of a low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin): experimental and clinical validation of the prophylactic antithrombotic effects. Author(s): Fareed J, Walenga JM, Lassen M, Borris L, Hoppensteadt D, Murphy R, Ahsan A, Weber S, Jorgensen LN, Hauch O, et al. Source: Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1990; 556: 75-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1963021

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Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enoxaparin in unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Author(s): Bruno R, Baille P, Retout S, Vivier N, Veyrat-Follet C, Sanderink GJ, Becker R, Antman EM. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 October; 56(4): 407-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12968985

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Postoperative anticoagulation in vascular surgery--Part two: A summary of lessons learned in our successful discharge planning experience using enoxaparin after vascular surgery. Author(s): Gramse CA, Hingorani A, Ascher E. Source: Journal of Vascular Nursing : Official Publication of the Society for Peripheral Vascular Nursing. 2003 December; 21(4): 124-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14652588

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Postoperative fondaparinux versus postoperative enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective hip-replacement surgery: a randomised double-blind trial. Author(s): Turpie AG, Bauer KA, Eriksson BI, Lassen MR; PENTATHALON 2000 Study Steering Committee. Source: Lancet. 2002 May 18; 359(9319): 1721-6. Erratum In: Lancet 2002 October 5; 360(9339): 1102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12049860

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Postoperative fondaparinux versus preoperative enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in elective hip-replacement surgery: a randomised double-blind comparison. Author(s): Lassen MR, Bauer KA, Eriksson BI, Turpie AG; European Pentasaccharide Elective Surgery Study (EPHESUS) Steering Committee. Source: Lancet. 2002 May 18; 359(9319): 1715-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12049858

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Preoperative use of enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin increases the incidence of re-exploration for postoperative bleeding after open-heart surgery in patients who present with an acute coronary syndrome: clinical investigation and reports. Author(s): Jones HU, Muhlestein JB, Jones KW, Bair TL, Lavasani F, Sohrevardi M, Horne BD, Doty D, Lappe DL. Source: Circulation. 2002 September 24; 106(12 Suppl 1): I19-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12354703

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Preoperative use of enoxaparin is not a risk factor for postoperative bleeding after coronary artery bypass surgery. Author(s): Medalion B, Frenkel G, Patachenko P, Hauptman E, Sasson L, Schachner A. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2003 December; 126(6): 1875-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14688699

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Prescribing patterns and outcomes of enoxaparin for anticoagulation of atrial fibrillation. Author(s): Khazan M, Scheuering S, Adamson R, Mathis AS. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 May; 23(5): 651-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12741440

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Prevention of deep vein thrombosis--use of the low molecular weight heparin enoxaparin. Author(s): Forbes CD. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1989 November; 43(11): 396-400. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2558702

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Prevention of post-operative thromboembolism in general surgery with enoxaparin: preliminary findings. Author(s): Haas S, Flosbach CW. Source: Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1990; 556: 96-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1963023

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Prevention of thromboembolic disease in general surgery with clexane (enoxaparin). Author(s): Combe S, Samama MM. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 1991; 17 Suppl 3: 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1661438

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Prevention of thromboembolic disease in general surgery with enoxaparin (Clexane). Author(s): Samama M, Combe S. Source: Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1990; 556: 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1963022

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Prevention of thromboembolic disease in general surgery with enoxaparin. Author(s): Samama M, Combe-Tamzali S. Source: Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1989 January; 65: 9-15; Discussion 16-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2554950

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Prevention of venous thromboembolism in medical patients with enoxaparin: a subgroup analysis of the MEDENOX study. Author(s): Alikhan R, Cohen AT, Combe S, Samama MM, Desjardins L, Eldor A, Janbon C, Leizorovicz A, Olsson CG, Turpie AG. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2003 June; 14(4): 341-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12945875

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Prevention of venous thromboembolism in the acute treatment phase after spinal cord injury: a randomized, multicenter trial comparing low-dose heparin plus intermittent pneumatic compression with enoxaparin. Author(s): Spinal Cord Injury Thromboprophylaxis Investigators. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2003 June; 54(6): 1116-24; Discussion 1125-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12813332

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Prevention of venous thromboembolism in the rehabilitation phase after spinal cord injury: prophylaxis with low-dose heparin or enoxaparin. Author(s): Spinal Cord Injury Thromboprophylaxis Investigators. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2003 June; 54(6): 1111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12813331

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Primary PCI for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in a patient treated with subcutaneous enoxaparin utilizing point-of-care Enox test. Author(s): Veerappan B, Latif F, Patibandla S, Hennebry T, Ghani M, Saucedo J, Schechter E, Sadanandan S. Source: J Invasive Cardiol. 2003 May; 15(5): 4P Following A16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12784820

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Prolonged anti-factor Xa level in a patient with moderate renal insufficiency receiving enoxaparin. Author(s): Bastani B, Gonzalez E. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 2002 July-August; 22(4): 403-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12169879

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Prophylactic and therapeutic enoxaparin during pregnancy: indications, outcomes and monitoring. Author(s): Rowan JA, McLintock C, Taylor RS, North RA. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2003 April; 43(2): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14712967

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Prophylactic anticoagulation with enoxaparin: Is the subcutaneous route appropriate in the critically ill? Author(s): Priglinger U, Delle Karth G, Geppert A, Joukhadar C, Graf S, Berger R, Hulsmann M, Spitzauer S, Pabinger I, Heinz G. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2003 May; 31(5): 1405-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12771610

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Prospective evaluation of the safety of enoxaparin prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in patients with intracranial hemorrhagic injuries. Author(s): Norwood SH, McAuley CE, Berne JD, Vallina VL, Kerns DB, Grahm TW, Short K, McLarty JW. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2002 June; 137(6): 696-701; Discussion 701-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12049541

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Psoas haematoma and femoral neuropathy associated with enoxaparin therapy. Author(s): Ho KJ, Gawley SD, Young MR. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2003 July-August; 57(6): 553-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12918901

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Randomized comparison of enoxaparin with unfractionated heparin following fibrinolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Baird SH, Menown IB, Mcbride SJ, Trouton TG, Wilson C. Source: European Heart Journal. 2002 April; 23(8): 627-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11969277

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Randomized comparison of enoxaparin with unfractionated heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in medical patients with heart failure or severe respiratory disease. Author(s): Kleber FX, Witt C, Vogel G, Koppenhagen K, Schomaker U, Flosbach CW; THE-PRINCE Study Group. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 April; 145(4): 614-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12679756

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Randomized comparison of enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, with unfractionated heparin adjunctive to recombinant tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis and aspirin: second trial of Heparin and Aspirin Reperfusion Therapy (HART II). Author(s): Ross AM, Molhoek P, Lundergan C, Knudtson M, Draoui Y, Regalado L, Le Louer V, Bigonzi F, Schwartz W, de Jong E, Coyne K; HART II Investigators. Source: Circulation. 2001 August 7; 104(6): 648-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11489769

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Randomized double-blind safety study of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes treated with tirofiban and aspirin: the ACUTE II study. The Antithrombotic Combination Using Tirofiban and Enoxaparin. Author(s): Cohen M, Theroux P, Borzak S, Frey MJ, White HD, Van Mieghem W, Senatore F, Lis J, Mukherjee R, Harris K, Bigonzi F; ACUTE II Investigators. Source: American Heart Journal. 2002 September; 144(3): 470-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12228784

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Randomized evaluation of the safety and efficacy of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes receiving the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor eptifibatide. Author(s): Goodman SG, Fitchett D, Armstrong PW, Tan M, Langer A; Integrilin and Enoxaparin Randomized Assessment of Acute Coronary Syndrome Treatment (INTERACT) Trial Investigators. Source: Circulation. 2003 January 21; 107(2): 238-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12538422

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Randomized trial of low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) versus unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease: one-year results of the ESSENCE Study. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q Wave Coronary Events. Author(s): Goodman SG, Cohen M, Bigonzi F, Gurfinkel EP, Radley DR, Le Iouer V, Fromell GJ, Demers C, Turpie AG, Califf RM, Fox KA, Langer A. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2000 September; 36(3): 693-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10987586

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Rectus sheath haematoma with severe haemodynamic compromise after enoxaparin use for unstable angina. Author(s): Ortega-Carnicer J, Ceres F. Source: Resuscitation. 2003 April; 57(1): 113-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12668308

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Recurrent cardiac ischemic events early after discontinuation of short-term heparin treatment in acute coronary syndromes: results from the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 11B and Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-QWave Coronary Events (ESSENCE) studies. Author(s): Bijsterveld NR, Peters RJ, Murphy SA, Bernink PJ, Tijssen JG, Cohen M. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 December 17; 42(12): 20839. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14680731

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Reduction of ischemic sequelae following spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: a double-blind, randomized comparison of enoxaparin versus placebo. Author(s): Wurm G, Tomancok B, Nussbaumer K, Adelwohrer C, Holl K. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2004 March; 106(2): 97-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15003298

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Regarding "Anticoagulation with enoxaparin versus intravenous unfractionated heparin in postoperative vascular surgery patients". Author(s): Paramo JC, Sendzischew H, Sivina M. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 2003 March; 37(3): 700-1; Author Reply 701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12618719

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Reimbursement for outpatient therapy with enoxaparin. Author(s): Dhamecha A, Yaron J. Source: The Case Manager. 2002 September-October; 13(5): 56-60; Quiz 61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12239515

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Reliable anticoagulation with enoxaparin in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: The pharmacokinetics of enoxaparin in PCI (PEPCI) study. Author(s): Martin JL, Fry ET, Sanderink GJ, Atherley TH, Guimart CM, Chevalier PJ, Ozoux ML, Pensyl CE, Bigonzi F. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2004 February; 61(2): 163-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14755805

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Results of an economic model to assess the cost-effectiveness of enoxaparin, a lowmolecular-weight heparin, versus warfarin for the prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis and associated long-term complications in total hip replacement surgery in the United States. Author(s): Botteman MF, Caprini J, Stephens JM, Nadipelli V, Bell CF, Pashos CL, Cohen AT. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 November; 24(11): 1960-86; Discussion 1938. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12501885

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Retroperitoneal hematoma and enoxaparin. Author(s): Montoya JP, Pokala N, Melde SL. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999 November 16; 131(10): 796-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10577319

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Review of enoxaparin and its clinical applications in venous and arterial thromboembolism. Author(s): Turpie AG, Mason JA. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2002 May; 3(5): 575-98. Review. Erratum In: Expert Opin Pharmacother 2002 August; 3(8): 1233. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11996636

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Risk of deep-venous thrombosis after hospital discharge in patients having undergone total hip replacement: double-blind randomised comparison of enoxaparin versus placebo. Author(s): Planes A, Vochelle N, Darmon JY, Fagola M, Bellaud M, Huet Y. Source: Lancet. 1996 July 27; 348(9022): 224-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8684199

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Rupture of a previously normal spleen in association with enoxaparin: an unusual cause of shock. Author(s): Gupta R. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2002 May; 22(4): 421; Author Reply 421. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12113858

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Rupture of a previously normal spleen in association with enoxaparin: An unusual cause of shock. Author(s): Burg MD, Dallara JJ. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 May; 20(4): 349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11348813

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Safety and efficacy of combined use of low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin, lovenox) and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist (eptifibatide, integrelin) during nonemergent coronary and peripheral vascular intervention. Author(s): Khosla S, Kunjummen B, Guerrero M, Manda R, Razminia M, Trivedi A, Vidyarthi V, Elbazour M, Ahmed A, Lubell D. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2002 November-December; 9(6): 488-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12424505

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Safety and efficacy of enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin and oral anticoagulants for prevention of thromboembolic complications in cardioversion of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: the Anticoagulation in Cardioversion using Enoxaparin (ACE) trial. Author(s): Stellbrink C, Nixdorff U, Hofmann T, Lehmacher W, Daniel WG, Hanrath P, Geller C, Mugge A, Sehnert W, Schmidt-Lucke C, Schmidt-Lucke JA; ACE (Anticoagulation in Cardioversion using Enoxaparin) Study Group. Source: Circulation. 2004 March 2; 109(8): 997-1003. Epub 2004 February 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14967716

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Safety and efficacy of enoxaparin vs unfractionated heparin in patients with non-STsegment elevation acute coronary syndromes who receive tirofiban and aspirin: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Blazing MA, de Lemos JA, White HD, Fox KA, Verheugt FW, Ardissino D, DiBattiste PM, Palmisano J, Bilheimer DW, Snapinn SM, Ramsey KE, Gardner LH, Hasselblad V, Pfeffer MA, Lewis EF, Braunwald E, Califf RM; A to Z Investigators. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 July 7; 292(1): 5564. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15238591

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Safety and efficacy of low-dose intravenous enoxaparin and GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy during PCI. Author(s): Carnendran L, Borkowski R, Markabawi B, Warner MF. Source: J Invasive Cardiol. 2003 May; 15(5): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12730628

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Safety and efficacy of unfractionated heparin versus enoxaparin in patients who are obese and patients with severe renal impairment: analysis from the ESSENCE and TIMI 11B studies. Author(s): Spinler SA, Inverso SM, Cohen M, Goodman SG, Stringer KA, Antman EM; ESSENCE and TIMI 11B Investigators. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 July; 146(1): 33-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12851605

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Safety of concomitant therapy with eptifibatide and enoxaparin in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the Coronary Revascularization Using Integrilin and Single bolus Enoxaparin Study. Author(s): Bhatt DL, Lee BI, Casterella PJ, Pulsipher M, Rogers M, Cohen M, Corrigan VE, Ryan TJ Jr, Breall JA, Moses JW, Eaton GM, Sklar MA, Lincoff AM; Coronary Revascularization Using Integrilin and Single bolus Enoxaparin Study. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 January 1; 41(1): 20-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12570939

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Safety of enoxaparin and dextran-70 in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in digestive surgery. A play-the-winner-designed study. Author(s): Reiertsen O, Larsen S, Storkson R, Trondsen E, Lovig T, Andersen OK, Lund H, Mowinckel P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1993 November; 28(11): 1015-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7506841

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Safety of preoperative enoxaparin in head and neck cancer surgery. Author(s): Gondret R, Dominici L, Angelard B, Dubos S, al-Rawi S, Huet Y, Clergue F, Saint-Guily JL. Source: Head & Neck. 1995 January-February; 17(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7883543

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Seamless anticoagulation therapy utilizing enoxaparin for acute coronary syndromes: Measure or not, here it comes! Author(s): Slepian MJ. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2004 February; 61(2): 171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14755806

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Septic superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis: enoxaparin needs to be monitored. Author(s): Malcolm SJ. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2002 December; 30(6): 449; Author Reply 449. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427245

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Seven steps for administering enoxaparin. Author(s): Gupta M. Source: Nursing. 1995 September; 25(9): 72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7659349

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Severe postoperative haemorrhage and airway obstruction following high-dose enoxaparin. Author(s): Wilson MD, Harrison K. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2001 August 6; 175(3): 167-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11548086

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Stable and optimal anticoagulation is achieved with a single dose of intravenous enoxaparin in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Author(s): Chen WH, Lau CP, Lau YK, Ng W, Lee PY, Yu CM, Ma E. Source: J Invasive Cardiol. 2002 August; 14(8): 439-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12147872

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Striking increase in circulating hepatocyte growth factor during enoxaparinanticoagulated haemodialysis. Author(s): Borawski J, Naumnik B, Mysliwiec M. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2003 August; 18(8): 1680-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12897120

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Study documents cost reduction with outpatient enoxaparin therapy. Author(s): Miller JL. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1999 December 15; 56(24): 2508. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10613364

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Study of the interaction of dextran and enoxaparin on haemostasis in humans. Author(s): Matthiasson SE, Lindblad B, Matzsch T, Molin J, Qvarford P, Bergqvist D. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1994 November; 72(5): 722-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7534945

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Subcutaneous enoxaparin for outpatient anticoagulation therapy in a patient with an aortic valve replacement. Author(s): Manley HJ, Smith JA, Garris RE. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1998 March-April; 18(2): 408-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9545164

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Subcutaneous enoxaparin once or twice daily compared with intravenous unfractionated heparin for treatment of venous thromboembolic disease. Author(s): Merli G, Spiro TE, Olsson CG, Abildgaard U, Davidson BL, Eldor A, Elias D, Grigg A, Musset D, Rodgers GM, Trowbridge AA, Yusen RD, Zawilska K; Enoxaparin Clinical Trial Group. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001 February 6; 134(3): 191-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11177331

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Superiority of enoxaparin over unfractionated heparin for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. Author(s): Cohen M, Antman EM. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2002 April; 22(4): 542-6; Author Reply 546-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11939692

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Superiority of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for unstable angina/non-Qwave myocardial infarction regardless of activated partial thromboplastin time. Author(s): Bozovich GE, Gurfinkel EP, Antman EM, McCabe CH, Mautner B. Source: American Heart Journal. 2000 October; 140(4): 637-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11011339

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The "superiority" of enoxaparin for treatment of acute coronary syndromes. Author(s): Noviasky JA, Gaffney BJ. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2001 October; 21(10): 1250-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11601672

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The cost-effectiveness of fondaparinux compared with enoxaparin as prophylaxis against thromboembolism following major orthopedic surgery. Author(s): Gordois A, Posnett J, Borris L, Bossuyt P, Jonsson B, Levy E, de Pouvourville G. Source: Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : Jth. 2003 October; 1(10): 2167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14521600

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The design of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis trials: is enoxaparin more effective than fondaparinux? Author(s): Lalourcey L. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2003 May; 57(4): 289-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12800460

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The direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran followed by oral ximelagatran compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip or knee replacement: the EXPRESS study. Author(s): Eriksson BI, Agnelli G, Cohen AT, Dahl OE, Lassen MR, Mouret P, Rosencher N, Kalebo P, Panfilov S, Eskilson C, Andersson M, Freij A; EXPRESS Study Group. Source: Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : Jth. 2003 December; 1(12): 2490-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14675083

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The effect of anticoagulation on the restoration of range of motion after total knee arthroplasty: enoxaparin versus aspirin. Author(s): Keays AC, Mason M, Keays SL, Newcombe PA. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2003 February; 18(2): 180-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12629608

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The effect of enoxaparin in prevention of deep venous thrombosis in hip and knee surgery--a comparison with the dihydroergotamine-heparin combination. Author(s): Perhoniemi V, Vuorinen J, Myllynen P, Kivioja A, Lindevall K. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1996; 85(4): 359-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9014067

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The incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism after enoxaparin prophylaxis in lower extremity arthroplasty: a cohort study of 1,984 patients. Canadian Collaborative Group. Author(s): Leclerc JR, Gent M, Hirsh J, Geerts WH, Ginsberg JS. Source: Chest. 1998 August; 114(2 Suppl Evidence): 115S-118S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9726704

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The incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism during and after prophylaxis with enoxaparin: a multi-institutional cohort study of patients who underwent hip or knee arthroplasty. Canadian Collaborative Group. Author(s): Leclerc JR, Gent M, Hirsh J, Geerts WH, Ginsberg JS. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998 April 27; 158(8): 873-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9570173

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The lack of effect of a prophylactic dose of enoxaparin on thrombin generation in patients subjected to nephrectomy because of kidney cancer. Author(s): Szczepanski M, Szostek P, Pypno W, Borowka A. Source: Thrombosis Research. 2001 December 15; 104(6): 427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11755953

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The low molecular weight heparin Enoxaparin inhibits the consumption of factor VII and prothrombin activation in vivo associated with elective knee replacement surgery. Author(s): Ofosu FA, Leclerc J, Delorme F, Craven S, Shafai S, Frewin L, Blajchman MA. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1992 October; 82(2): 391-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1329919

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The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enoxaparin in obese volunteers. Author(s): Sanderink GJ, Le Liboux A, Jariwala N, Harding N, Ozoux ML, Shukla U, Montay G, Boutouyrie B, Miro A. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2002 September; 72(3): 308-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12235452

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The pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous enoxaparin in end-stage renal disease. Author(s): Brophy DF, Wazny LD, Gehr TW, Comstock TJ, Venitz J. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2001 February; 21(2): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11213853

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The post-discharge prophylactic management of the orthopedic patient with lowmolecular-weight heparin: enoxaparin. Author(s): Nilsson PE, Bergqvist D, Benoni G, Bjorgell O, Fredin H, Hedlund U, Nicolas S, Nylander G. Source: Orthopedics. 1997 February; 20 Suppl: 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9048404

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The role of enoxaparin in interventional management of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Author(s): Grines CL, O'Neill W. Source: Journal of Interventional Cardiology. 2003 October; 16(5): 357-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14603790

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The role of low-molecular-weight heparins in the prevention of venous thrombosis in surgery with special reference to enoxaparin. Author(s): Haas S. Source: Haemostasis. 1996; 26 Suppl 2: 39-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8707166

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The safety and efficacy of subcutaneous enoxaparin versus intravenous unfractionated heparin and tirofiban versus placebo in the treatment of acute STsegment elevation myocardial infarction patients ineligible for reperfusion (TETAMI): a randomized trial. Author(s): Cohen M, Gensini GF, Maritz F, Gurfinkel EP, Huber K, Timerman A, Krzeminska-Pakula M, Danchin N, White HD, Santopinto J, Bigonzi F, Hecquet C, Vittori L; TETAMI Investigators. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 October 15; 42(8): 1348-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14563573

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The TETAMI trial: the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous enoxaparin versus intravenous unfractionated heparin and of tirofiban versus placebo in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction for patients not thrombolyzed: methods and design. Author(s): Cohen M, Maritz F, Gensini GF, Danchin N, Timerman A, Huber K, Gurfinkel EP, White H, Fox KA, Vittori L, Le-Louer V, Bigonzi F. Source: Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis. 2000 December; 10(3): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11122544

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The Titanic is not the best analogy for enoxaparin. Author(s): Adams SS. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1999 January; 88(1): 229. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9895101

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The use of enoxaparin in children with acute, nonhemorrhagic ischemic stroke. Author(s): Burak CR, Bowen MD, Barron TF. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2003 October; 29(4): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14643390

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The venous thrombotic risk in non-surgical patients: epidemiological data and efficacy/safety profile of a low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin). The Prime Study Group. Author(s): Lechler E, Schramm W, Flosbach CW. Source: Haemostasis. 1996; 26 Suppl 2: 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8707167

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Thrombocytosis after prophylactic administration of enoxaparin: unexpected findings in a Polish prospective multicenter trial on the efficacy and safety of enoxaparin in the prevention of postoperative thromboembolism. Author(s): Ziaja K, Simka M, Krupowies A, Dugaj M, Ludyga T. Source: International Angiology : a Journal of the International Union of Angiology. 1999 March; 18(1): 65-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10392483

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Thromboprophylaxis following caesarean section--a comparison of the antithrombotic properties of three low molecular weight heparins--dalteparin, enoxaparin and tinzaparin. Author(s): Ellison J, Thomson AJ, Conkie JA, McCall F, Walker D, Greer A. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2001 December; 86(6): 1374-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11776302

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Thromboprophylaxis with 60 mg enoxaparin is safe in hip trauma surgery. Author(s): Thaler HW, Roller RE, Greiner N, Sim E, Korninger C. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2001 September; 51(3): 518-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11535902

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Thrombosis prophylaxis in the acutely ill medical patient: insights from the prophylaxis in MEDical patients with ENOXaparin (MEDENOX) trial. Author(s): Turpie AG. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2000 December 28; 86(12B): 48M-52M. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11206019

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Thrombotic reactant markers in non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes treated with either enoxaparin (low molecular weight heparin) or unfractionated heparin. Author(s): Gurfinkel E, Duronto E, Colorio C, Bozovich G, Cohen M, Mautner B. Source: Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis. 1999 October; 8(3): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10500313

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TIMI 11B. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for unstable angina or non-Qwave myocardial infarction: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter trial. Rationale, study design, and methods. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 11B Trial Investigators. Author(s): Antman EM. Source: American Heart Journal. 1998 June; 135(6 Pt 3 Su): S353-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9628449

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Treating venous thromboembolism: enoxaparin. Author(s): Perry DJ. Source: Hosp Med. 2001 December; 62(12): 757-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11810736

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Treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis in spinal cord injured patients with enoxaparin: a cost analysis. Author(s): Tomaio A, Kirshblum SC, O'Connor KC, Johnston M. Source: J Spinal Cord Med. 1998 July; 21(3): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9863930

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Treatment of established venous thromboembolism with enoxaparin: preliminary report. Author(s): Huet Y, Janvier G, Bendriss PH, Winnock S, Dugrais G, Freyburger G, Boisseras P. Source: Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1990; 556: 116-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1963016

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Treatment of vascular thrombosis with enoxaparin in orthotopic heart transplant patients during the early postoperative period. Author(s): Lopshire JC, Darroca AG, Gradus-Pizlo I, O'Donnell JA. Source: The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation : the Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 2001 September; 20(9): 1025-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11557199

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Undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass using enoxaparin only during a cardiac transplantation procedure. Author(s): Prifti E, Bonacchi M, Leacche M, Miraldi F. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2000 June; 17(6): 760-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10856875

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Use of a low-molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) or of a phenformin-like substance (moroxydine chloride) in primary early recurrent aborters with an impaired fibrinolytic capacity. Author(s): Gris JC, Neveu S, Tailland ML, Courtieu C, Mares P, Schved JF. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1995 March; 73(3): 362-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7667816

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Use of clopidogrel loading, enoxaparin, and double-bolus eptifibatide in the setting of early percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes. Author(s): Miller L, Gupta A, Bertolet BD. Source: J Invasive Cardiol. 2002 May; 14(5): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11983945

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Use of enoxaparin for the chronically anticoagulated patient before and after procedures. Author(s): Spandorfer JM, Lynch S, Weitz HH, Fertel S, Merli GJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 August 15; 84(4): 478-80, A10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10468095

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Use of enoxaparin in a pregnant woman with a mechanical heart valve prosthesis. Author(s): Ellison J, Thomson AJ, Walker ID, Greer IA. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 July; 108(7): 757-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11467705

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Use of enoxaparin in a preterm infant. Author(s): Dunaway KK, Gal P, Ransom JL. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 December; 34(12): 1410-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11144698

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Use of enoxaparin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome. Author(s): Slocum MM, Adams JG Jr, Teel R, Spadone DP, Silver D. Source: Journal of Vascular Surgery : Official Publication, the Society for Vascular Surgery [and] International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter. 1996 May; 23(5): 839-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8667505

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Use of enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin, in elective hip surgery. Author(s): Planes A, Vochelle N, Bouthier J, Fagola M, Bellaud M. Source: Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 1991; 17 Suppl 3: 296-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1661439

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Use of enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, and unfractionated heparin for the prevention of deep venous thrombosis after elective hip replacement. A clinical trial comparing efficacy and safety. Author(s): Levin PE. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1994 November; 76(11): 1752. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7962035

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Use of enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, and unfractionated heparin for the prevention of deep venous thrombosis after elective hip replacement. A clinical trial comparing efficacy and safety. Enoxaparin Clinical Trial Group. Author(s): Colwell CW Jr, Spiro TE, Trowbridge AA, Morris BA, Kwaan HC, Blaha JD, Comerota AJ, Skoutakis VA. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1994 January; 76(1): 314. Erratum In: J Bone Joint Surg Am 1994 March; 76(3): 4741. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8288662

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Use of low molecular mass heparin (enoxaparin) in newborn infants: a prospective cohort study of 62 patients. Author(s): Streif W, Goebel G, Chan AK, Massicotte MP. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2003 September; 88(5): F365-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12937038

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Usefulness of intravenous enoxaparin for percutaneous coronary intervention in stable angina pectoris. Author(s): Rabah MM, Premmereur J, Graham M, Fareed J, Hoppensteadt DA, Grines LL, Grines CL. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 December 15; 84(12): 1391-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10606110

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Utilization and outcomes of enoxaparin treatment for deep-vein thrombosis in a tertiary-care hospital. Author(s): Gilbert KB, Rodgers GM. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2000 December; 65(4): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11074554

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Variability of plasma anti-Xa activities with different lots of enoxaparin. Author(s): Gosselin RC, King JH, Janatpour KA, Dager WE, Larkin EC, Owings JT. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2004 April; 38(4): 563-8. Epub 2004 February 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14982983

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Venous thromboembolism during pregnancy: a retrospective study of enoxaparin safety in 624 pregnancies. Author(s): Lepercq J, Conard J, Borel-Derlon A, Darmon JY, Boudignat O, Francoual C, Priollet P, Cohen C, Yvelin N, Schved JF, Tournaire M, Borg JY. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 November; 108(11): 1134-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11762651

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Very low doses of unfractionated heparin potentiate the anti-Xa activity of low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) Author(s): Perez-Requejo JL, Lucena-Solano O, Perez-Garcia M, Santarelli MT. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1997 February 1; 85(3): 259-65. Erratum In: Thromb Res 1997 July 15; 87(2): 269. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9058500

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Warfarin vs enoxaparin for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis after total hip & total knee arthroplasty: a cost comparison. Author(s): Garcia-Zozaya I. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1998 April; 96(4): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9577110

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When innovative therapies make economic sense: economic analysis of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in the ESSENCE trial--an overview. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous in non-Q Wave Coronary Events. Author(s): Mark D. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1998 August; 14 Suppl E: 24E-27E. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9779030

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Why didn't this patient respond to enoxaparin? Author(s): Porterfield LM. Source: Rn. 1999 April; 62(4): 95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10223064

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Will the use of low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin) in patients with acute coronary syndrome save costs in Canada? Author(s): O'Brien BJ, Willan A, Blackhouse G, Goeree R, Cohen M, Goodman S. Source: American Heart Journal. 2000 March; 139(3): 423-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10689256

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ENOXAPARIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and enoxaparin.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Enoxaparin The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “enoxaparin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “enoxaparin” (or a synonym): •

Characterization of 'winners' to enoxaparin in the prevention of postoperative venous thromboembolism in digestive surgery. Author(s): Akershus Central Hospital, Nordbyhagen, Norway. Source: Reiertsen, O Mowinckel, P Bjerkeseth, O Lovig, T Thorsen, G Gerner, T Lotveit, T Larsen, S Scand-J-Gastroenterol. 1996 June; 31(6): 616-21 0036-5521

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Clinical profile of enoxaparin in a high-risk situation. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedics, Aalborg Hospital, Denmark. Source: Lassen, M R Borris, L C Eur-J-Surg-Suppl. 1994; (571): 45-8

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Cost-effectiveness of enoxaparin versus warfarin prophylaxis against deep-vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. Author(s): Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. Source: O'Brien, B J Anderson, D R Goeree, R CMAJ. 1994 April 1; 150(7): 1083-90 08203946

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Effect of dextran and enoxaparin on early ePTFE graft thrombogenicity in sheep. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Lund University, University Hospital MAS, Malmo, Sweden. Source: Matthiasson, S E Bergqvist, D Lundell, A Lindblad, B Eur-J-Vasc-Endovasc-Surg. 1995 April; 9(3): 284-92 1078-5884

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Effect of repeated Aprosulate and Enoxaparin administration on tissue factor pathway inhibitor antigen levels. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA. Source: Jeske, W Hoppensteadt, D Klauser, R Kammereit, A Eckenberger, P Haas, S Wyld, P Fareed, J Blood-Coagul-Fibrinolysis. 1995 April; 6(2): 119-24 0957-5235

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Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of enoxaparin and warfarin for prevention of deep vein thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Source: Stern, S H Wixson, R L O'Connor, D J-Arthroplasty. 2000 February; 15(2): 153-8 0883-5403

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Prevention of venous thromboembolism after knee arthroplasty. A randomized, double-blind trial comparing enoxaparin with warfarin. Author(s): McGill University, Quebec, Canada. Source: Leclerc, J R Geerts, W H Desjardins, L Laflamme, G H L'Esperance, B Demers, C Kassis, J Cruickshank, M Whitman, L Delorme, F Ann-Intern-Med. 1996 April 1; 124(7): 619-26 0003-4819

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Prophylaxis of venographically diagnosed deep vein thrombosis in gastrointestinal surgery. Multicentre trials 20 mg and 40 mg enoxaparin versus dextran. Author(s): Baerum Sykehus, Norway. Source: Wiig, J N SolhAugust, J H Bilberg, T Bjerkeset, T Edwin, B Gruner, O P Havig, O Holter, O Knudsen, G Lundblad, R et al. Eur-J-Surg. 1995 September; 161(9): 663-8 11024151

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Thromboprophylaxis in hip fracture surgery: a pilot study comparing danaparoid, enoxaparin and dalteparin. The TIFDED Study Group. Source: Anonymous Haemostasis. 1999 Nov-December; 29(6): 310-7 0301-0147

Nutrition

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to enoxaparin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin K Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10068,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ENOXAPARIN Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to enoxaparin. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to enoxaparin and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “enoxaparin” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to enoxaparin: •

Differential effects of anticoagulants on the activation of platelets ex vivo. Author(s): Schneider DJ, Tracy PB, Mann KG, Sobel BE. Source: Circulation. 1997 November 4; 96(9): 2877-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9386152

•

Evaluation and management of left atrial lymphoma guided by transesophageal echocardiography. Author(s): Willens HJ, Ahn YS, Gallagher AJ. Source: Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.). 2003 August; 20(6): 561-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12859371

•

Low-molecular-weight heparin and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes: complementary or competing therapies? Author(s): White HD.

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Source: J Invasive Cardiol. 2000 February; 12 Suppl A: 6A-13A. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10731290 •

Phase II study of docetaxel plus enoxaparin in chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: preliminary results. Author(s): Robert F, Busby E, Marques MB, Reynolds RE, Carey DE. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2003 November; 42(2): 237-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14568692

•

The use of putative placebo in active control trials: two applications in a regulatory setting. Author(s): Durrleman S, Chaikin P. Source: Statistics in Medicine. 2003 March 30; 22(6): 941-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12627411

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

Alternative Medicine 61

The following is a specific Web list relating to enoxaparin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Herbs and Supplements Bromelain Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,760,00.html

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ENOXAPARIN Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “enoxaparin” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on enoxaparin, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patent Applications on Enoxaparin As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to enoxaparin:

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 9 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Enoxaparin and methods of its use Inventor(s): Bartnik, Eckart; (Wiesbaden-Delkenheim, DE), Haus-Seuffert, Philipp; (Frankfurt, DE), Hoerber, Christine; (Mainz, DE), Kern, Christopher; (Edenkoben, DE) Correspondence: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow,; Garrett & Dunner, L.L.P.; 1300 I Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3315; US Patent Application Number: 20020128226 Date filed: December 14, 2001 Abstract: This present invention discloses inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, and novel methods of their use. The inhibitors may be useful for treating conditions that involve enhanced activity of at least one of the matrix metalloproteinases neutrophil collagenase (MMP-8), aggrecanase, hADAMTS1, and gelatinase A (MMP-2). Such disorders may include, but are not limited to, degenerative joint disorders (e.g., osteoarthroses), spondyloses, chondrolysis associated with joint trauma or prolonged joint immobilization (often occurring after meniscus or patellar injuries or ligament tears), connective tissue disorders (e.g., collagenoses), wound healing disturbances, periodontal disorders, chronic disorders of the locomotor system (e.g., inflammatory, immunologically, or metabolism-related acute and chronic arthritides), arthropathies, myalgias, or disturbances of bone metabolism. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, and methods of their use. The inhibitors are useful for treating conditions that exhibit enhanced activity of matrix metalloproteinases. Enoxaparin is a known compound that has reportedly been employed for the treatment of thromboses (U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,618). Enoxaparin-Na is the sodium salt of low molecular weight heparin. It is obtained by alkaline depolymerization of the benzyl ester derivatives of heparin from porcine intestinal mucosa. Most of the polymerized molecules have a 4-enopyranose-uronate structure at the nonreducing end of their chain. The average molecular mass of these depolymerized molecules is about 4,500 daltons. About 12% (w/w) to 20% (w/w) of these molecules are smaller than 2,000 daltons. About 68% (w/w) to 88% (w/w) of the molecules have a size between 2,000 and 8,000 daltons (as compared with the European Pharmacopoeia calibration reference standard for low molecular weight heparins). The degree of sulfation is 2 per disaccharide unit. The enoxaparin polysaccharide chain is composed, like heparin, of alternating units of sulfated glucosamines and uronic acids linked by glycosidic bonds. The structure of enoxaparin differs from heparin, however, in that the depolymerization process results in a double bond at the nonreducing end of the chain. Enoxaparin can be distinguished from heparin by UV spectroscopy and.sup.13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum analysis, which show the double bond in the terminal ring; the compounds are also distinguishable by high performance size exclusion chromatography. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 65

•

Novel therapeutic application of enoxaparin Inventor(s): Mary, Veronique; (Organgis, FR), Stutzmann, Jean-Marie; (Villecresnes, FR), Uzan, Andre; (Paris, FR), Wahl, Florence; (Paris, FR) Correspondence: Aventis Pharmaceuticals, INC.; Patents Department; Route 202-206, P.O. Box 6800; Bridgewater; NJ; 08807-0800; US Patent Application Number: 20010041686 Date filed: January 2, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of enoxaparin for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/188,352, filed on Mar. 9, 2000, and of French Patent Application 00/00137. Filed on Jan. 6, 2000. The present invention relates to a novel therapeutic application of enoxaparin. More particularly, it relates to the use of enoxaparin to treat cerebral ischemias. Enoxaparin (Lovenox.RTM., Clexane.RTM.) is a low-molecular-weight heparin which is marketed for the prophylactic treatment of venous thromboembolic disease in moderate- or high-risk surgery, the prevention of coagulation in the extracorporeal circulation system during hemodialysis, the treatment of constituted deep venous thromboses and, in combination with aspirin, for the treatment of unstable angina and of acute non-Q wave myocardial infarction. Enoxaparin is also useful in the prevention and/or the treatment of trauma of the central nervous system (WO 98/53833) and of cerebral edemas (WO 98/53834). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with enoxaparin, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “enoxaparin” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on enoxaparin. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning enoxaparin. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ENOXAPARIN Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover enoxaparin.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on enoxaparin is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “enoxaparin” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to enoxaparin. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “enoxaparin” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for enoxaparin: •

Aventis says Teva applies to produce Lovenox in US Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 27, 2003

•

Aventis shares slide on Lovenox generic challenge Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 26, 2003

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•

More effective reperfusion achieved with streptokinase plus enoxaparin during acute MI Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 05, 2002

•

PharmaNetics' Lovenox test cleared by FDA Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 29, 2002

•

Limiting enoxaparin before angiography does not increase ischemic events Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 11, 2002

•

Fondaparinux outperforms enoxaparin in elective hip surgery setting Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 16, 2002

•

Aventis clot-buster Lovenox to carry new warning Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 04, 2002

•

Longer duration enoxaparin after cancer surgery reduces thrombosis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 27, 2002

•

Study shows Integrilin with Lovenox improves angina, heart attack outcomes Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 18, 2002

•

Fondaparinux superior to enoxaparin after hip and knee surgery Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 31, 2001

•

Tenecteplase plus enoxaparin an effective reperfusion therapy after MI Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 23, 2001

•

Subcutaneous enoxaparin equivalent to IV heparin for venous thrombosis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 08, 2001

•

AstraZeneca's oral thrombin inhibitor as effective as Aventis' Lovenox in phase II Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 04, 2000

•

FDA approves Aventis' Lovenox for seventh indication Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 20, 2000

•

Streptokinase, enoxaparin combination shows early promise against acute MI Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 13, 2000

•

FDA approves Aventis' Lovenox for geriatric use Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 03, 2000

•

Intravenous enoxaparin useful during angiography in patients with stable angina Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 30, 1999

Periodicals and News

•

ACC report: Enoxaparin better than unfractionated heparin for unstable CAD Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 10, 1999

•

FDA Approves Outpatient Use Of Lovenox After Hip Replacement Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 05, 1998

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “enoxaparin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “enoxaparin” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to enoxaparin, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “enoxaparin” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Enoxaparin Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to enoxaparin. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering enoxaparin that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for enoxaparin. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with enoxaparin. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to enoxaparin: Enoxaparin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lovenox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202686.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

75

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “enoxaparin” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1434 6 165 2 2 1609

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “enoxaparin” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on enoxaparin can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to enoxaparin. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to enoxaparin. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “enoxaparin”:

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Angina http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/angina.html Coronary Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coronarydisease.html Heart Attack http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartattack.html Huntington's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/huntingtonsdisease.html Parkinson's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html Restless Legs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/restlesslegs.html Thrombophlebitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thrombophlebitis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to enoxaparin. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

Patient Resources

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to enoxaparin. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with enoxaparin. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about enoxaparin. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “enoxaparin” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “enoxaparin”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format

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option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “enoxaparin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “enoxaparin” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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ENOXAPARIN DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adjunctive Therapy: Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

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Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antithrombotic: Preventing or interfering with the formation of thrombi; an agent that so acts. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Valve: The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle. [NIH]

Dictionary 95

Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH]

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Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Caesarean section: A surgical incision through the abdominal and uterine walls in order to deliver a baby. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Chloride: A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning. [NIH] Calibration: Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency, or other output. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac catheterization: A procedure in which a thin, hollow tube is inserted into a blood vessel. The tube is then advanced through the vessel into the heart, enabling a physician to study the heart and its pumping activity. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardioversion: Electrical reversion of cardiac arrhythmias to normal sinus rhythm, formerly using alternatic current, but now employing direct current. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual

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patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis. [NIH] Cell motility: The ability of a cell to move. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH]

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Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

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Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Angiography: Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Dalteparin: A drug that helps prevent the formation of blood clots; it belongs to the family of drugs called anticoagulants. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Dihydroergotamine: A derivative of ergotamine prepared by the catalytic hydrogenation of ergotamine. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of migraine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention

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of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Docetaxel: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. [NIH]

Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Delivery Systems: Systems of administering drugs through controlled delivery so that an optimum amount reaches the target site. Drug delivery systems encompass the carrier, route, and target. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Ellagic Acid: A fused four ring compound occurring free or combined in galls. Isolated from the kino of Eucalyptus maculata Hook and E. Hemipholia F. Muell. Activates Factor XII of the blood clotting system which also causes kinin release; used in research and as a dye. [NIH]

Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of

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the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is an alpha-1 selective adrenergic agonist and is commonly used in the treatment of migraine headaches. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extracorporeal Circulation: Diversion of blood flow through a circuit located outside the body but continuous with the bodily circulation. [NIH] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

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Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Femoral Nerve: A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints. [NIH] Femoral Neuropathy: Disease involving the femoral nerve. The femoral nerve may be injured by ischemia (e.g., in association with diabetic neuropathies), nerve compression, trauma, collagen diseases, and other disease processes. Clinical features include muscle weakness or paralysis of hip flexion and knee extension, atrophy of the quadriceps muscles, reduced or absent patellar reflex, and impaired sensation over the anterior and medial thigh. [NIH]

Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH]

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Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Haemostasis: The arrest of bleeding, either by the physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation or by surgical means. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heart Valves: Flaps of tissue that prevent regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatocyte Growth Factor: Multifunctional growth factor which regulates both cell growth and cell motility. It exerts a strong mitogenic effect on hepatocytes and primary epithelial cells. Its receptor is proto-oncogene protein C-met. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hirudin: The active principle in the buccal gland secretion of leeches. It acts as an

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antithrombin and as an antithrombotic agent. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

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Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight, speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes. Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipomatosis: A disorder consisting of the accumulation of abnormal localized, or tumor-like fat in the tissues. [NIH] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]

Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing

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an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meniscus: A fibro-cartilage within a joint, especially of the knee. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from

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cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mitotic inhibitors: Drugs that kill cancer cells by interfering with cell division (mitostis). [NIH]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucociliary Clearance: Rate of ciliary and secretory activity of the respiratory submucosal glands. It is a non-specific host defense mechanism, measurable in vivo by mucus transfer, ciliary beat frequency, and clearance of radioactive tracers. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels

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within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrectomy: Surgery to remove a kidney. Radical nephrectomy removes the kidney, the adrenal gland, nearby lymph nodes, and other surrounding tissue. Simple nephrectomy removes only the kidney. Partial nephrectomy removes the tumor but not the entire kidney. [NIH]

Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil Collagenase: A member of the matrix metalloproteinases that cleaves triplehelical collagens types I, II, and III. EC 3.4.24.34. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Non-small cell lung cancer: A group of lung cancers that includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH]

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Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial Thromboplastin Time: Test of the intrinsic (factors VIII, IX, XI, and XII) and common (fibrinogen, prothrombin, factors V and X) pathways of coagulation in which a mixture of plasma and phospholipid platelet substitute (e.g., crude cephalins, soybean phosphatides) is recalcified and the time required for the appearance of fibrin strands measured. Activation may be provided by contact with the glass tube or exposure to activators (e.g., ellagic acid, particulate silicates such as diatomaceous earth or kaolin) before addition of the calcium chloride. It is used as a screening test and to monitor heparin therapy. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Pentosan polysulfate: A drug used to relieve pain or discomfort associated with chronic inflammation of the bladder. It is also being evaluated for its protective effects on the gastrointestinal tract in people undergoing radiation therapy. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotypes: An organism as observed, i. e. as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH]

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Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed

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and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH]

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Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU]

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Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Small cell lung cancer: A type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope. Also called oat cell lung cancer. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU]

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Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptokinase: Streptococcal fibrinolysin . An enzyme produced by hemolytic streptococci. It hydrolyzes amide linkages and serves as an activator of plasminogen. It is used in thrombolytic therapy and is used also in mixtures with streptodornase (streptodornase and streptokinase). EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombolytic Therapy: Use of infusions of fibrinolytic agents to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombophlebitis: Inflammation of a vein associated with thrombus formation. [NIH]

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Thromboses: The formation or presence of a blood clot within a blood vessel during life. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme in the serine protease family found in many tissues which converts plasminogen to plasmin. It has fibrin-binding activity and is immunologically different from urinary plasminogen activator. The primary sequence, composed of 527 amino acids, is identical in both the naturally occurring and synthetic proteases. EC 3.4.21.68. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by troponin. [NIH] Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and

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mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme that converts plasminogen to plasmin where the preferential cleavage is between arginine and valine. It was isolated originally from human urine, but is found in most tissues of most vertebrates. EC 3.4.21.73. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 93, 96, 109, 112, 115 Abdominal Pain, 93, 115 Actin, 93, 108, 115 Adenocarcinoma, 93, 108 Adjunctive Therapy, 34, 93 Adjuvant, 32, 93 Adolescence, 93, 109 Adsorption, 4, 93 Adsorptive, 93 Adverse Effect, 93, 113 Affinity, 5, 93, 113 Airway, 45, 93 Algorithms, 93, 95 Alkaline, 64, 93, 96 Alternative medicine, 69, 93 Amino acid, 94, 111, 113, 115 Anatomical, 94, 95, 104 Anesthesia, 9, 34, 49, 93, 94 Angina, 12, 13, 14, 15, 21, 23, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 53, 65, 68, 82, 94 Angina Pectoris, 14, 15, 53, 94 Angiogenesis, 94, 106 Angiography, 12, 36, 42, 45, 68, 94 Antibacterial, 94, 113 Antibiotic, 94, 113 Antibody, 93, 94, 98, 103, 111, 113 Anticoagulant, 4, 21, 31, 34, 36, 94, 111 Antigen, 56, 93, 94, 98, 104 Anti-inflammatory, 94, 95 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 94, 95 Antithrombotic, 25, 27, 36, 40, 50, 94, 104 Aorta, 94, 96, 103, 116 Aortic Valve, 46, 94 Aqueous, 95, 105 Arterial, 8, 31, 42, 95, 111 Arteries, 94, 95, 99, 103, 105, 107 Artery, 5, 7, 18, 21, 37, 41, 95, 99, 102, 105, 111, 112 Arthroplasty, 7, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 27, 34, 47, 48, 54, 56, 95 Aspirin, 28, 40, 44, 47, 65, 95 Atrial, 38, 43, 59, 95 Atrial Fibrillation, 38, 43, 95 Atrium, 95, 96, 116 Atrophy, 95, 102 B Bacteria, 93, 94, 95, 107, 113, 114

Benign, 30, 95 Biochemical, 4, 95 Biopsy, 95, 109 Biotechnology, 5, 69, 77, 95 Bladder, 95, 109 Blood Coagulation, 15, 17, 19, 20, 38, 95, 96, 114 Blood Coagulation Factors, 95 Blood Platelets, 95, 114 Blood pressure, 95, 107, 113 Blood vessel, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 103, 105, 106, 113, 114, 115, 116 Body Fluids, 96, 113 Bolus, 36, 44, 52, 96 Bolus infusion, 96 Bowel, 96, 109, 116 Bronchi, 96, 115 Buccal, 96, 103 Bypass, 21, 31, 37, 96, 114 C Caesarean section, 50, 96 Calcium, 5, 19, 96, 98, 106, 109, 111, 115 Calcium Chloride, 96, 109 Calibration, 64, 96 Carbohydrate, 96, 110 Carcinoma, 96, 108, 114 Cardiac, 8, 12, 13, 21, 25, 31, 32, 36, 41, 42, 45, 51, 95, 96, 107, 108 Cardiac catheterization, 8, 96 Cardiopulmonary, 51, 96 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 51, 96 Cardiovascular, 11, 12, 18, 24, 33, 36, 37, 42, 45, 52, 96 Cardioversion, 31, 43, 96 Case report, 23, 96, 97 Case series, 23, 97 Catheterization, 12, 36, 42, 45, 97 Cell, 4, 7, 14, 93, 95, 97, 98, 100, 101, 103, 106, 107, 108, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116 Cell Adhesion, 7, 97 Cell Adhesion Molecules, 7, 97 Cell motility, 97, 103 Central Nervous System, 65, 97 Cerebral, 65, 97 Cerebrospinal, 97, 113 Cerebrospinal fluid, 97, 113 Cerebrum, 97 Character, 94, 97, 99

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Chemotherapy, 60, 97 Chronic, 4, 19, 35, 64, 97, 98, 100, 105, 109, 115 Chronic renal, 19, 97 Ciliary, 97, 107 Clinical study, 14, 97, 99 Clinical trial, 3, 22, 52, 53, 77, 97, 100, 112 Cloning, 95, 97 Cofactor, 98, 111, 114 Colitis, 98 Collagen, 94, 98, 101, 102, 106, 110 Collagen disease, 98, 102 Colon, 98, 105, 115 Complement, 98, 110 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 61, 98 Complementary medicine, 59, 98 Computational Biology, 77, 99 Concomitant, 17, 44, 99 Connective Tissue, 64, 98, 99, 106 Connective Tissue Cells, 99 Constriction, 99, 105, 116 Contraindications, ii, 99 Contrast medium, 94, 99 Controlled clinical trial, 34, 99 Coronary Angiography, 35, 99 Coronary Circulation, 94, 99 Coronary Thrombosis, 99, 107 Curative, 99, 114 D Dalteparin, 14, 18, 21, 35, 50, 56, 99 Degenerative, 64, 99 Dermal, 99, 105 Diagnostic procedure, 63, 69, 99 Dialyzer, 99, 103 Diffusion, 99, 103 Dihydroergotamine, 47, 99 Direct, iii, 16, 20, 21, 47, 71, 96, 99, 104, 112 Discrete, 100, 105 Dissociation, 93, 100 Distal, 31, 100 Docetaxel, 60, 100 Double-blind, 7, 14, 16, 22, 27, 34, 37, 40, 41, 43, 50, 56, 100 Drug Delivery Systems, 4, 100 Drug Interactions, 72, 100 E Echocardiography, 59, 100 Efficacy, 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, 22, 30, 31, 33, 41, 43, 44, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 56, 100 Elective, 8, 9, 17, 24, 26, 33, 35, 37, 48, 52, 53, 68, 100

Electrolyte, 100, 113 Ellagic Acid, 100, 109 Embolism, 4, 100, 111 Encapsulated, 4, 100, 105 Endogenous, 4, 95, 100 Endothelial cell, 5, 7, 21, 100, 114 End-stage renal, 48, 97, 100 Enhancer, 4, 101 Environmental Health, 76, 78, 101 Enzymatic, 94, 96, 98, 101, 102 Enzyme, 101, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116 Epidemiological, 49, 101 Epidermal, 101, 105 Epidermis, 101, 105, 111 Epidural, 34, 101 Epithelial, 93, 101, 103 Epithelial Cells, 101, 103 Ergotamine, 99, 101 Exogenous, 93, 100, 101 Extracellular, 99, 101, 106, 108, 113 Extracellular Matrix, 99, 101, 106, 108 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 101, 106 Extracorporeal, 65, 101 Extracorporeal Circulation, 65, 101 Extravasation, 101, 103 Extremity, 16, 47, 101 F Family Planning, 77, 101 Fat, 25, 101, 105 Fatigue, 101, 103 Femoral, 40, 96, 102 Femoral Artery, 96, 102 Femoral Nerve, 102 Femoral Neuropathy, 40, 102 Femur, 102 Fibrinogen, 102, 109, 110, 114 Fibrinolysis, 15, 16, 17, 19, 34, 38, 56, 102 Fibrinolytic, 40, 51, 102, 114 Flexor, 102, 105 G Gastrointestinal, 56, 102, 109, 114 Gastrointestinal tract, 102, 109, 114 Gene, 19, 95, 102, 108 Genotype, 102, 109 Geriatric, 68, 102 Gland, 102, 103, 106, 108, 113 Glucuronic Acid, 102, 103 Glycoprotein, 13, 21, 30, 36, 41, 43, 59, 102, 114, 115 Glycosidic, 64, 102, 108 Governing Board, 102, 110 Graft, 56, 102

119

Grafting, 21, 102 Groin, 31, 103 H Haematoma, 40, 41, 103 Haemodialysis, 14, 15, 20, 36, 45, 103 Haemorrhage, 34, 45, 103 Half-Life, 4, 103 Haptens, 93, 103 Heart attack, 68, 103 Heart failure, 40, 103 Heart Valves, 11, 25, 103 Hematoma, 24, 25, 28, 42, 103 Hemodialysis, 27, 35, 65, 99, 103, 105 Hemolytic, 103, 114 Hemorrhage, 25, 34, 41, 103, 111, 114 Hepatocyte, 45, 103 Hepatocyte Growth Factor, 45, 103 Heredity, 102, 103 Heterogeneity, 93, 103 Hirudin, 21, 103 Hydration, 5, 104 Hydrogen, 96, 101, 104, 107 Hydrogenation, 99, 104 Hyperplasia, 104, 105 Hypersensitivity, 19, 104 I Immune response, 93, 94, 103, 104, 116 Immunology, 93, 104 Impairment, 44, 104 In vitro, 5, 29, 104 In vivo, 4, 5, 48, 103, 104, 107 Incision, 96, 104 Infarction, 32, 41, 50, 104, 112 Inflammation, 94, 95, 97, 98, 104, 109, 110, 114, 115 Infusion, 104, 115 Intensive Care, 11, 104 Intermittent, 6, 39, 104 Intestinal, 64, 104 Intestinal Mucosa, 64, 104 Intestines, 93, 102, 104 Intravascular, 21, 104 Intravenous, 9, 11, 12, 33, 36, 42, 44, 45, 46, 49, 53, 68, 104 Intrinsic, 93, 104, 109 Invasive, 13, 17, 23, 24, 30, 33, 39, 44, 45, 52, 60, 104 Ions, 100, 104, 105, 111 Ischemia, 33, 65, 95, 102, 105, 112 Ischemic stroke, 49, 105 K Kb, 76, 105

Kidney Failure, 100, 105 L Larynx, 105, 115 Lavage, 4, 105 Lesion, 4, 105 Leukocytes, 105, 115 Lichen Planus, 32, 105 Ligament, 64, 105 Ligands, 4, 97, 105 Linkages, 105, 114 Lipid, 105 Lipomatosis, 30, 105 Liposomal, 5, 105 Liposome, 4, 105 Liver, 93, 102, 103, 106 Localized, 100, 103, 105, 106 Locomotion, 106 Locomotor, 64, 106 Lymph, 100, 106, 108 Lymph node, 106, 108 Lymphatic, 106, 113 Lymphatic system, 106, 113 Lymphocyte, 94, 106 Lymphoid, 106 Lymphoma, 59, 106 M Matrix metalloproteinase, 64, 106, 108 Medial, 102, 106 Mediate, 97, 106 Medical Records, 106, 112 MEDLINE, 77, 106 Membrane, 14, 98, 99, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107 Meninges, 97, 106 Meniscus, 64, 106 Meta-Analysis, 7, 12, 27, 106 Metastasis, 97, 106, 107 Metastatic, 60, 107 MI, 8, 68, 91, 107 Microorganism, 98, 107, 116 Mitochondrial Swelling, 107, 108 Mitotic, 100, 107 Mitotic inhibitors, 100, 107 Molecular, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 59, 64, 65, 77, 79, 95, 99, 102, 103, 107, 110, 115 Molecular mass, 34, 53, 64, 107 Molecule, 94, 98, 100, 102, 107, 112 Monitor, 8, 23, 107, 108, 109 Monocyte, 7, 107

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Mononuclear, 107, 115 Monotherapy, 23, 107 Mucociliary, 4, 107 Mucociliary Clearance, 4, 107 Mucus, 107, 116 Myocardial infarction, 12, 14, 15, 22, 23, 28, 29, 34, 36, 39, 40, 46, 49, 50, 65, 99, 107, 108 Myocardial Ischemia, 94, 107 Myocardium, 94, 107, 108 Myosin, 108, 115 N Necrosis, 25, 104, 107, 108, 112 Neoplastic, 106, 108 Nephrectomy, 48, 108 Nerve, 94, 102, 108 Nervous System, 97, 108 Neutrophil, 64, 108 Neutrophil Collagenase, 64, 108 Nitrogen, 101, 107, 108 Non-small cell lung cancer, 60, 108 Nuclear, 64, 108, 116 O Oligosaccharides, 5, 108 Oncogene, 103, 108 Oncology, 31, 108 Ophthalmic, 45, 108 Orthopaedic, 7, 23, 56, 108 Osteoblasts, 21, 108 Outpatient, 33, 42, 46, 69, 108 Oxygenator, 96, 109 P Palliative, 109, 114 Paralysis, 102, 109 Paroxysmal, 94, 109 Partial Thromboplastin Time, 46, 109 Particle, 105, 109 Pathologic, 95, 99, 104, 109, 116 Pediatrics, 11, 109 Pentosan polysulfate, 19, 109 Percutaneous, 4, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 23, 33, 35, 36, 42, 44, 45, 52, 53, 109 Perioperative, 22, 33, 109 Peritoneum, 109, 112 Petechiae, 103, 109 Pharmacodynamic, 35, 109 Pharmacokinetic, 35, 109 Pharmacologic, 35, 36, 94, 103, 109, 115 Phenotypes, 4, 109 Phosphorus, 96, 109 Physiologic, 103, 109, 112 Pilot study, 6, 8, 56, 109

Plasma, 4, 15, 34, 53, 102, 105, 109, 110, 111 Plasma protein, 110, 111 Plasmin, 110, 115, 116 Plasminogen, 110, 114, 115, 116 Platelet Activation, 21, 110 Platelet Aggregation, 9, 110 Platelets, 5, 59, 110, 114, 115 Pneumonia, 99, 110 Polysaccharide, 64, 94, 110 Postoperative, 6, 11, 17, 22, 37, 42, 45, 50, 51, 56, 110 Potentiate, 54, 110 Practice Guidelines, 78, 110 Precursor, 101, 110, 111 Preoperative, 17, 21, 37, 44, 110 Progressive, 97, 108, 110 Prospective study, 20, 110 Prosthesis, 52, 111 Protease, 111, 115 Protein C, 111, 115 Protein S, 95, 111 Proteins, 94, 95, 98, 101, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 115 Proteolytic, 98, 102, 110, 111, 115, 116 Prothrombin, 29, 48, 109, 111, 114 Pruritic, 105, 111 Public Policy, 77, 111 Publishing, 5, 111 Pulmonary, 4, 23, 31, 95, 103, 105, 111, 112, 116 Pulmonary Artery, 95, 111, 116 Pulmonary Embolism, 4, 23, 31, 111 Pulse, 107, 111 Purpura, 103, 111 R Radiation, 94, 109, 111, 116 Radiation therapy, 109, 111 Radioactive, 103, 104, 107, 108, 111, 114, 116 Radiological, 109, 112 Randomized, 7, 8, 9, 16, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 31, 34, 39, 40, 41, 44, 49, 56, 100, 112 Receptor, 43, 59, 94, 103, 112 Recombinant, 40, 112 Refer, 1, 96, 98, 106, 112 Reflex, 102, 112 Refraction, 112, 113 Regimen, 22, 100, 112 Regurgitation, 103, 112 Reperfusion, 29, 35, 40, 49, 68, 112 Reperfusion Injury, 112

121

Respiration, 107, 112 Respiratory System, 107, 112 Retroperitoneal, 24, 25, 28, 42, 112 Retrospective, 18, 53, 112 Retrospective study, 53, 112 Reversion, 96, 112 Risk factor, 37, 110, 112 Risk patient, 24, 41, 112 S Screening, 97, 109, 113 Secretion, 103, 107, 113 Secretory, 107, 113 Serine, 113, 115 Shock, 43, 113, 115 Shunt, 9, 113 Side effect, 71, 93, 113, 115 Skeletal, 113, 115 Small cell lung cancer, 113 Smooth muscle, 5, 99, 113 Sodium, 13, 15, 19, 35, 64, 113 Specialist, 83, 113 Species, 113, 115 Specificity, 5, 93, 113 Spectrum, 64, 113 Spinal cord, 6, 14, 17, 39, 51, 97, 101, 102, 106, 108, 112, 113 Spleen, 43, 106, 113 Squamous, 108, 113, 114 Squamous cell carcinoma, 108, 114 Stent, 17, 114 Stomach, 93, 102, 104, 105, 113, 114 Streptococci, 114 Streptokinase, 27, 29, 68, 114 Stroke, 76, 105, 114 Subarachnoid, 34, 41, 114 Subcutaneous, 4, 7, 16, 19, 25, 30, 31, 33, 36, 39, 41, 46, 48, 49, 54, 68, 114 Symptomatic, 23, 26, 47, 48, 114 Systemic, 19, 72, 94, 95, 98, 111, 114 T Technetium, 36, 114 Therapeutics, 7, 8, 35, 36, 42, 43, 48, 72, 114 Thigh, 102, 103, 114 Thrombin, 15, 16, 20, 21, 47, 48, 68, 102, 110, 111, 114 Thrombocytes, 110, 114 Thrombocytopenia, 28, 52, 114

Thrombolytic, 22, 110, 114 Thrombolytic Therapy, 114 Thrombomodulin, 19, 111, 114 Thrombophlebitis, 82, 114 Thromboses, 64, 65, 115 Thrombus, 10, 99, 104, 105, 107, 110, 114, 115, 116 Tissue Plasminogen Activator, 40, 115 Toxic, iv, 115 Toxicity, 100, 115 Toxicology, 78, 115 Toxins, 94, 102, 115 Trachea, 4, 96, 105, 115 Transfection, 95, 115 Transfusion, 27, 115 Transplantation, 14, 15, 20, 36, 45, 51, 97, 115 Trauma, 8, 29, 33, 39, 50, 64, 65, 102, 108, 115 Tropomyosin, 115 Troponin, 13, 115 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 28, 115 U Ulcerative colitis, 32, 115 Uranium, 114, 116 Urinary, 115, 116 Urinary Plasminogen Activator, 115, 116 V Vascular, 4, 8, 11, 16, 31, 37, 42, 43, 51, 52, 99, 104, 115, 116 Vasoconstriction, 103, 116 Vein, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 29, 33, 34, 35, 38, 42, 45, 51, 53, 56, 104, 108, 114, 116 Venous Thrombosis, 10, 12, 14, 17, 26, 31, 43, 47, 49, 52, 53, 54, 68, 116 Ventricle, 94, 111, 116 Vertebrae, 113, 116 Veterinary Medicine, 77, 116 Virus, 101, 116 Vitro, 15, 103, 116 Vivo, 5, 59, 116 W White blood cell, 94, 105, 106, 107, 108, 116 Wound Healing, 64, 97, 106, 116 X X-ray, 99, 108, 111, 116

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123

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Enoxaparin

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