ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright Ó2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright Ó2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1 Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Electroencephalogram: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84406-2 1. Electroencephalogram-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on electroencephalogram. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.
Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ..................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Electroencephalogram ................................................................... 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 21 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ........................................................... 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Finding Nutrition Studies on Electroencephalogram .................................................................. 27 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 30 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ..................................... 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 33 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 35 General References ....................................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ....................................................... 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Dissertations on Electroencephalogram ....................................................................................... 37 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM .................................................................. 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Patents on Electroencephalogram ................................................................................................ 39 Patent Applications on Electroencephalogram ............................................................................ 61 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ..................................................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 77 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers ........................................................................................... 78 Chapters on Electroencephalogram .............................................................................................. 78 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM........................................ 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 81 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 83 Academic Periodicals covering Electroencephalogram ................................................................ 84 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 87 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 89 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 91 The Genome Project and Electroencephalogram .......................................................................... 91 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 95 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 99 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 101 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 101 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 101
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................ 107 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 107 ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM DICTIONARY...................................................................... 109 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 153
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading." 1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with electroencephalogram is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about electroencephalogram, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to electroencephalogram, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on electroencephalogram. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to electroencephalogram, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on electroencephalogram. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on electroencephalogram.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and electroencephalogram, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: ·
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Assessment and Management Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. [p. 15-22]. November 1993. Summary: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), a disease often compared with Alzheimer's disease, is discussed with regard to nursing care requirements, etiology, symptoms, and prognosis. CJD is a rare, slowly degenerating, viral disease that attacks the central nervous system, primarily in late middle aged and older people. The disease is associated with familial factors, certain cultural/geographical risk groups, and some surgical procedures and occupations. Diagnosis and assessment procedures for CJD include neurological tests, computed tomography scan, electroencephalogram, and brain biopsy. The time span from onset to death from CJD ranges from 6 to 12 months; and among the symptoms are memory problems, mood swings, sleeping disorders,
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Electroencephalogram
difficulty in walking, loss of sensation, and exaggeration of deep tendon reflexes. Management of care of the CJD patient includes: (1) maintaining appropriate isolation precautions, since this is an infectious disease; (2) providing continual evaluation and assessment of the patient; and (3) providing patient care for potential nursing diagnosis. Prevention of CJD involves: (1) instructing patients, preparing for high-risk procedures, of the risk of acquiring the disease; (2) instructing patients with a familial, cultural, or geographical risk factor to recognize the signs and symptoms to a physician, and not to donate their blood or organs; and (3) providing followup assessment for high-risk patients following identification of or exposure to risk factors. One case report is included. 5 figures, 2 tables, 13 references. ·
Epoetin and Cognitive Function Source: American Journal of Kidney Disease. 20(1 Supplement 1): 21-24. July 1992. Summary: The uremia of chronic renal failure (CRF) can alter brain electrophysiology and cognitive function, even in the well-dialyzed patient. This article discusses the impact epoetin use has on cognitive function, focusing on the techniques used to measure cognitive function in these cases. Three electrophysiologic techniques are covered: electroencephalogram (EEG), sensory-evoked potentials (EPs), and cognitive event-related potentials (ERPs). Five neuropsychological tests are considered: Number Cancellation, Trailmaking Test, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Controlled Oral Word Association Test. The author concludes that treatment of anemia with epoetin improves both cognitive function and brain electrophysiology by raising levels of sustained attention, thus increasing the speed and efficiency of scanning and perceptual motor function, and thereby enhancing learning and memory. 3 figures. 2 tables. 6 references. (AA-M).
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EEG Findings in Dementia With Lewy Bodies and Alzheimer's Disease Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 66(3): 401-403. March 1999. Summary: This article examines the role of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Standard EEG recordings (n=19) from 14 patients with neuropathologically confirmed DLB were compared with recordings (n=11) -for 11 patients with neuropathologically-confirmed Alzheimer's disease (AD). All patients were from hospitals in Newcastle, England, and all had died between 1984 and 1991. Seventeen of the 19 recordings for the DLB group were abnormal, as confirmed by post-mortems. Thirteen recordings showed a loss of alpha activity as the dominant rhythm, and nine had slow wave transient activity in the temporal lobe areas. This slow wave transient activity correlated with a clinical history of loss of consciousness. The patients with AD were less likely to show transient slow waves and tended to have less marked slowing of dominant rhythm. The findings suggest that temporal slow wave transients may be a useful diagnostic feature in DLB, and may help to explain the transient disturbance of consciousness which is characteristic of the disorder. 1 table, 14 references. (AA-M).
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Electrophysiological Analysis of Altered Cognitive Functions in Huntington Disease Source: Archives of Neurology. 54: 1089-1098. September 1997. Summary: This journal article describes an electrophysiological analysis of altered cognitive functions in Huntington's disease (HD) in the domains of visual processing and memory. Nine patients with HD and 9 controls matched for age, sex, and education participated. Cognitive event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured, using an
Studies
5
electroencephalogram, under three conditions: a parallel visual search task, a serial visual search task, and a word-recognition memory task. The components of averaged ERPs were quantified by latency and amplitude measures, and analyzed along with behavioral measures (search time, hit rate, and recognition accuracy). The results suggest that compared with controls, the patients with HD showed a significant delay in the early visual components and abnormalities in the ERP indexes of word recognition and target detection. These changes were accompanied by a marked delay in search times and a greatly reduced accuracy on the memory task. The ERPs on the memory task were different from those found in studies of patients with Alzheimer's disease, suggesting a different neural basis for the deficits in HD. 6 figures, 4 tables, 77 references. ·
New Variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease: Neurological Features and Diagnostic Tests Source: Lancet. 350: 903-907. September 27, 1997. Summary: This journal article describes the clinical features and diagnostic test results for the first 14 cases of a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (nvCJD) in the United Kingdom. The occurrence of these new variant cases, 10 years after the identification of an epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle, has raised the possibility of a causal link. Case ascertainment was mainly by referral from neurologists to the surveillance center. Information was obtained by interview with patients' relatives and a review of case notes. Ten patients were examined while alive, and prion protein gene analysis was performed. The diagnosis was established neuropathologically in all cases. Eight of the 14 cases were female. The mean age at onset of nvCJD was 29 years (16-48 years), and the mean duration of illness was 14 months (9-35 months). All cases had early psychiatric symptoms, and eight developed early sensory symptoms. Neurological signs, including ataxia and involuntary movements, developed in all cases, and most had akinetic mutism just before death. The electroencephalogram was abnormal in 12 cases, but the characteristic pattern of CJD was not seen. Cerebral imaging was usually normal or showed nonspecific abnormalities. The authors conclude that the clinical phenotype of nvCJD is relatively uniform and consistent with a single strain of infectious agent. 3 tables, 38 references. (AA-M).
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Alzheimer's: The Number of Elderly Diagnosed With This Type of Dementia Is Rapidly Growing Source: Employee Assistance. 2(8): 36-38. March 1990. Contact: Available from Employee Assistance. P.O. Box 7573, Waco, TX 76714-7573. (817) 776-9000. PRICE: Call for price information. Summary: This journal article discusses the increased incidence of Alzheimer's disease among the elderly. Approximately 10 percent of all persons over age 65 have "probable" Alzheimer's disease. The rate increases to almost 50 percent of those over age 85. The disease is characterized by inability to perform routine tasks, disorientation, impaired judgment, loss of language skills, and personality changes. The effect on the spouses and family members can be devastating. The cause of Alzheimer's disease is not known, however several areas are being investigated: genetics, a protein in the brain, viral causes, and environmental factors. The disease is diagnosed by excluding all other neurological conditions which can cause memory impairment. Diagnostic techniques include:blood work, computer tomography scan, magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalogram and neuropsychological testing. There is no treatment for Alzheimer's disease and reversal is virtually impossible; only its symptoms can be
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Electroencephalogram
treated. Tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) and Physostigmine are being investigated as to their usefulness in relieving memory impairment. A brief description of the Baylor College of Medicine Alzheimer's Disease Center (ADC) is included.
Federally Funded Research on Electroencephalogram The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to electroencephalogram. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to electroencephalogram. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore electroencephalogram. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for electroencephalogram: ·
Project Title: BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL CORRELATES OF NOVELTY PREFERENCES Principal Investigator & Institution: Snyder, Kelly A.; Institute of Child Development; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Preferential looking paradigms have been used for almost 50 years to study detection and discrimination of stimuli, categorization, memory, concept formation, and individual differences in infant cognition. Yet, relatively little is known about the nature of the representations which mediate novelty preferences. The general aim of this research is to investigate the neural correlates of novelty preferences during the first year of life in order to elucidate the nature of the representation reflected in an infant's differential attention to a novel stimulus. To accomplish this goal, two experiments are proposed. Experiment 1 will employ a crosssectional design in order to allow the evaluation of differences in infant electroencephalogram (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) which predict novelty preferences across the first year of life. One goal of this research is to evaluate infant novelty preferences against an adult model of dissociable memory systems. In order to investigate this, the effect of retention interval on infant memory will be assessed by two different tasks: preferential looking and priming. ERPs will be recorded while infants participate in these tasks to assess the extent to which different neural circuits may dissociate performance on the tasks, whether there is a difference in the pattern of brain activity which predicts immediate vs delayed recognition memory, and whether there is a difference in the pattern of brain activity during familiarization across the first year of
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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life. Experiment 2 will investigate the effect of experience on novelty preferences in infancy. This will be accomplished b manipulating infants' experience with a particular class of stimuli, and testing infants before and after this experience. The goal of this study are to assess whether experience with a particular class of stimuli effects performance on preferential looking task whether this experience effects brain reorganization of memory systems with respect to the stimuli, and whether such reorganization, if it is found, persists over time even when the stimuli are removed from the environment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: DYNAMICS
BIOENGINEERING
RESEARCH
PARTNERSHIP
IN
BRAIN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Sackellares, James C.; Professor; Neuroscience; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 19-JUL-2001; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that causes spontaneous recurrent seizures. In spite of major advances in pharmacology, neuroimaging, clinical neurophysiology, and neurosurgery, many patients remain disabled due to uncontrolled seizures. We propose to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools, based on recent discoveries regarding dynamical mechanisms initiating epileptic seizures. We have found characteristic preictal dynamical changes, detectable in the electroencephalogram (EEG), preceding seizures by over 30 minutes (preictal transition, PT). More recently, other investigators have confirmed the presence of PDT. Our research indicates that the PT is demonstrable in the EEG in approximately 90 percent of seizures and that automated paradigms can be used to predict seizures. The potential to predict seizures in advance provides an opportunity to develop innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Our specific aims are: (1) Specific Aim 1. To continue the development of dynamic measures for the quantification of the spatiotemporal properties of the epileptic transition (years 1-3); (2) To develop specific pattern recognition algorithms for a seizure warning system (SWS) based upon the on-line features of the dynamical properties of brain electrical activity (years 1-4); To implement the dynamic features and pattern recognition algorithms in a SWS for on-line, real-time detection of the preictal dynamical transition (years 2-4); and (4) To evaluate the effects of therapeutic interventions during the preictal transition (years 1-5). The specific spatiotemporal patterns of the PT vary from seizure to seizure and patient to patient. Thus, a sensitive and reliable SWS will require sophisticated signal processing techniques. Dynamical measures will be augmented by other powerful analytic approaches, including multivariate time-series analysis, pattern recognition algorithms, and optimization techniques. To this end, we have gathered experts in signal processing, optimization, V.L.S.I., neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, epilepsy, and neurosurgery. The work will involve the coordination of several research sites throughout the University of Florida Campus including the Brain Dynamics Laboratory (Malcolm Randall V.A. Medical Center), Computer NeuroEngineering Laboratory College of Engineering), Center for Applied Optimization (College of Engineering), an In vitro Neurophysiology Research Laboratory (University of Florida Brain Institute), an In Vivo Neurophysiology Laboratory (Department of Pediatrics) and the Epilepsy Monitoring Laboratory (Shands Hospital). We anticipate that the proposed efforts will result in prototype diagnostic software and devices by the end of year 5. We also will obtain preliminary data that will be used for the design and testing of implantable devices that will activate pulsed therapeutic interventions during the preictal transition.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: BLOOD/BRAIN BARRIER DRUG DELIVERY OF BDNF IN ISCHEMIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Pardridge, William M.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1996; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: Neurotrophins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are potential neuroprotective agents for the treatment of stroke, trauma, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the therapeutic value of these new therapeutics may not be realized until effective strategies are developed for delivering neurotrophins through the brain capillary endothelial wall, which makes up the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo. The present application develops a brain drug delivery strategy for the non-invasive transport of BDNF across the BBB for use as a neurotherapeutic in the ischemic brain. This work uses a combination of techniques derived from protein pegylation technology, avidin-biotin technology, and chimeric peptide technology. Chimeric peptides are formed when a non-transportable peptide therapeutic, e.g., BDNF, is conjugated to a BBB drug delivery vector. The latter is a receptor-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) that undergoes receptor-mediated transcytosis through the BBB in vivo. The present studies used the murine OX26 MAb to the rat transferrin receptor. A conjugate of the OX26 MAb and streptavidin (SA) is prepared in parallel with the carboxyl-directed pegylation and mono-biotinylation of recombinant human BDNF. The biologic activity of the BDNF conjugate is demonstrated by trkB autophosphorolation assays in tissue culture and the formulation is characterized biochemically with electrophoresis, and Western blotting, as well as gel filtration chromatography. The model of global ischemia used in these studies is transient forebrain ischemia whereby an isoelectric electroencephalogram is induced for a 10 minute period, followed by resuscitation and recovery of the animals. A model of regional ischemia used in these studies is the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model that is reversible to allow for reflow. Following recovery in either model, the therapeutic effects of BDNF are assessed by histology using Niss1 staining of the hippocampus with quantitative neuronal counting of neurons in the CA1 sector of the hippocampus. This brain-drug delivery strategy can be ultimately used in humans because recent studies have developed human- specific BBB transport vectors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANESTHETIC ACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Antognini, Joseph F.; Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) Our research efforts have been directed towards elucidation of anatomic sites of anesthetic action. Our earlier studies indicated that anesthetics such as isoflurane depress the movement response that occurs following noxious stimulation via an action in the spinal cord. In the past grant cycle we determined that isoflurane and propofol action in the spinal cord depressed the ascending transmission of nociceptive impulses to the brain. This resulted in ablation of the noxious-evoked activation of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and single-units in
Studies
9
the thalamus and midbrain reticular formation (MRF). Because the MRF and thalamus are critical to consciousness and memory, it is likely that disruption of nociceptive input to these sites decreases the likelihood of consciousness and memory formation during anesthesia. In this proposal we aim to 1) determine whether isoflurane and propofol action at the spinal level affects the "arousal" state of the brain, as measured by MRF, pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) and medial thalamic stimulation-induced effects on the EEG; 2) determine the neurotransmitter systems that modulate the ascending transmission of nociceptive impulses to the brain, and how isoflurane and propofol affect these systems. We hypothesize that 1) isoflurane and propofol will increase the threshold stimulation current in the MRF, PPT and medial thalamus required to cause EEG activation; 2) glutamatergic agonists, glycinergic antagonists and GABAergic antagonists applied to the spinal cord will enhance, while glutamatergic antagonists and GABAergic agonists will depress, the ascending transmission of nociceptive impulses to the brain, and thereby cause EEG activation; 3) isoflurane and propofol will indirectly depress evoked glutamate, aspartate and acetylcholine, but enhance GABA concentrations in the cerebral cortex and medial thalamus via an action in the spinal cord. The results of these projects will further our understanding of the in vivo sites where isoflurane and propofol exert their effects. This information will aid the development of newer and safer anesthetics, as well as lead to clinically useful means of modulating the neurotransmitter systems that are themselves modulated by anesthetics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: INGESTION
CENTER
ON
GENETIC
DETERMINANTS
OF
ALCOHOL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Li, Ting-Kai; Director; Medicine; Indiana UnivPurdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1989; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The research theme of the Indiana Alcohol Research Center (IARC) is Genetic Determinants of Alcohol Ingestion. We hypothesize that between- individual variability in response to ethanol, much of which being genetic, is an underlying factor of individual differences in ethanol ingestive behavior and susceptibility to alcoholism. The IARC has unique resources to pursue this kind of research. A team of investigators with broad-based expertise will address this theme in experimental animals and humans. Research for the 4 core, 5 research, and a pilot projects components are proposed: a) the association of human alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphisms to alcoholism and its complications; b) the heritability, sensitivity and repeatability of a variety of responses to ethanol (e.g., subjective sensations, electroencephalogram, event-related potential, eye-movements, memory, and motor coordination and speed), c) the effects of recent drinking history on these measures; d) the study of neurotransmitter systems implicated in abnormal alcohol-seeking behavior and alcohol tolerance in rats; and e) selective breeding for alcohol- preference in mice. The human studies will employ subjects who are positive and negative for family history of alcoholism, and monozygotic twin pairs and siblings who are discordant in risk-relevant personality/temperament (in particular, disinhibition and impulsivity) dimensions, with both oral ethanol challenge and an intravenous constant- ethanolconcentration clamping technique. The animal studies will use rat lines selectively bred for alcohol preference and non-preference. Core laboratory functions will include the production of selective bred high and low alcohol-preferring rats for research, the search for candidate genes and quantitative trait loci relevant to alcohol drinking behavior, and
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Electroencephalogram
support of research into the structure-function relationships of molecules important to alcohol metabolism and the actions of ethanol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: CORE-- SLEEP Principal Investigator & Institution: Hughes, Rod J.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The primary goal of this Program Project is to better understand age- related changes in sleep timing and structure. To this end, two clinical projects (Project 1 and 4) are proposed, each with sleep and/or waking cortical activity as a primary outcome measure. Given the importance of these outcome measures for both Projects, a separate Core was developed to ensure the accurate and efficient collection, interpretation, and analysis of physiological measures of sleep and wakefulness. Core C will allow for the utilization of shared facilities, equipment, and personnel for the collection and analysis for physiological data for evaluation sleep, as assessed by polysomnogram (PSG) and walking cortical activity, as assessed by electroencephalogram (EEG). Data collection will be carried out by highly trained research technicians in Core C and in the GCRC, all of whom have significant experience with investigations such as these. Sleep scoring and quantification of EEG activity will be carried out by highly trained Registered Polysomnographic Technicians under the close supervision of the Core leader. In addition to the responsibilities for research data collection and analysis, Core C will be responsible for the scoring, interpretation, and evaluation of diagnostic PSG screening to be done on all potential research subjects prior to empanelment in the studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT EPILEPTOGENESIS
OF
POSITIVE
FEEDBACK
DURING
Principal Investigator & Institution: Staley, Kevin J.; Associate Professor; Neurology; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1996; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Excitation spreads through a neural network via positive feedback connections between the neurons. The amount of positive feedback in the network is determined by the number and strength of these excitatory synaptic connections, as well as the degree to which these connections are masked by pre and postsynaptic inhibition. The proposed research will test the hypothesis that the amount of positive feedback in a neural network is correlated with the probability that the network will initiate a seizure. To test this hypothesis, we have developed two noninvasive methods. The first method quantifies the amount of positive feedback based on the temporal pattern of interictal spikes on the electroencephalogram (EEG). The second method modifies the amount of positive feedback by selective long-term depression (LTD) of the strength of recurrent excitatory synapses. Using a wellcharacterized rat kainate model of chronic epilepsy, the amount of positive feedback measured from the EEG will be correlated with seizure probability during epileptogenesis. As an additional test of the hypothesis, the amount of positive feedback in the epileptic networks will be decreased by LTD of the recurrent synapses, and the seizure probability will be compared to EEG measures of positive feedback before and after LTD. These experiments may provide two important tools for treating epilepsy.
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The first is the ability to estimate seizure probability from the pattern of interictal spike activity on the EEG, which would make possible the prospective evaluation of the risk of seizures and the efficacy of anticonvulsant therapy. The second is the induction of long-term decreases in seizure probability by synapse-specific LTD of recurrent excitatory synapses in the epileptic network, which may prove to be a very useful anticonvulsant strategy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: SCLEROSIS
IMAGING
TRYPTOPHAN
METABOLISM
IN
TUBEROUS
Principal Investigator & Institution: Chugani, Diane C.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder, now known to result from mutations in at least two different genes, TSC1 and TSC2. These genetic defects result in tumorous growths in multiple organs, including the brain, skin, heart, and kidney. Although the neurological consequences of the brain lesions are diverse, two major problems are epilepsy (affecting more than 80 percent of TSC patients) and autism (affecting 17-61 percent of TSC patients). The central hypothesis of this proposal is that abnormalities tryptophan metabolism via the serotonergic and/or kynurenine pathways contribute to the pathophysiology of both epilepsy and autism in children with TSC. Brain tryptophan metabolism will be measured in vivo in children with TSC using the tracer alpha[C-11]methyl-L-tryptophan ([C-11]AMT) with positron emission tomography (PET). In addition, metabolites of the serotonin and kynurenine pathways will be measured in brain tissue resected for the control of intractable epilepsy. In TSC patients with epilepsy, our preliminary data using [C-11]AMT PET have demonstrated focal increases in [C-11]AMT uptake in the region of epileptogenic tubers, but not in nonepileptogenic tubers as correlated with scalp electroencephalogram (EEG). We propose to confirm and extend these findings in the present proposal. In non-TSC patients with autism, both focal and global alterations in serotonin synthesis have been reported by our group using [C-11]AMT PET. We propose to test whether the focal and global serotonin synthesis abnormalities measured previously in non- TSC autistic children are also found in autistic children with TSC and epilepsy. Four specific aims are to be addressed in this proposal: (1) To determine whether the presence of increased [C-11]AMT accumulation in and around cortical tubers in children with TSC indicate epileptogenicity. (2) To determine the underlying biochemical mechanism for the observed increase in [C-11]AMT uptake measured with PET in a subset of tubers in children with TSC. (3) To determine whether autistic children with TSC and epilepsy differ from non-autistic children with TSC and epilepsy with respect to changes in global brain serotonin synthesis capacity with age. (4) To determine whether autistic children with TSC and epilepsy differ from non-autistic children with TSC and epilepsy with regard to focal [C-11]AMT abnormalities in thalamus and cerebellum. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: IMPROVED EEG PATIENT INTERFACE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kayyali, Hani A.; Program Director; Biomec, Inc. 1771 E 30Th St Cleveland, Oh 44114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003
12
Electroencephalogram
Summary: The long-term goal of this SBIR is to minimize noise interference and improve patient mobility during Electroencephalogram (EEG) procedures with a new lightweight head-worn interface. EEG recordings are routinely used in diagnosing and evaluating many neurological disorders including epilepsy, sleep apnea, and encephalitis. Existing EEG instruments include sophisticated hardware and software, but they are still severely limited by inadequate interfaces between the electrodes on the patient's scalp and the measurement system. This restricts mobility and compromises signal integrity and connections reliability. BIOMEC proposes to design a miniaturized amplifier/processor mounted on flexible boards in the shape of a light and thin headband worn by the patient. The Headband will interface with any PC with USB eliminating intermediate computer cards and software. In Phase I, we designed a 32channel miniature system, constructed a single channel prototype, and tested the concept on the bench and on five patients with results that met or exceeded expectations. In this Phase II proposal, we will optimize the circuit layout, design the headband packaging, develop fimware and software drivers, manufacture a commercial prototype, and test the complete system on 12 patients. The final product promises to set the standard for a new class of miniaturized EEG hardware that will permit full range of patient activity, simplifies setup, and improves reliability and signal quality. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: INDIVIDUAL DEPRIVATION
DIFFERENCES
IN
RESPONSE
TO
SLEEP
Principal Investigator & Institution: Van Dongen, Hans P.; Research Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The magnitude of neurobehavioral performance failure during sleep deprivation varies widely among individuals, and there are marked inter-individual differences in the structure of subsequent recovery sleep as well. Using a repeated total sleep deprivation (TSD) paradigm, the proposed project seeks to quantify the trait component of inter-individual differences in the response to sleep loss. In order to examine the malleability of the trait component, the magnitude of the trait component will also be compared with the magnitude of the response to a change in workload state. In addition, potential predictors of individual responses to sleep loss will be identified. A total of n=39 subjects will be exposed, on three consecutive occasions, to 36 hours of controlled TSD in a laboratory. Each 36-hour TSD will be followed by two 12-hour recovery sleep opportunities. Throughout the experiment, waking neurobehavioral performance will be monitored every two hours at fixed times by means of standardized behavioral tests, while baseline and recovery sleep will be studied with polysomnography (PSG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) power-spectral analysis. For each subject, two of the three TSD periods will involve moderate workload, while the other TSD period will have high (i.e. double-duration) workload, in randomized counterbalanced order. The investigation has five specific aims: (1) Quantify the magnitude and importance of inter-individual variability in neurobehavioral performance failure during TSD and the structure of subsequent recovery sleep; (2) Quantify the extent to which neurobehavioral performance failure during TSD involves a trait response and/or a state response to workload; (3) Quantify the extent to which the structure of recovery sleep following TSD involves a trait response and/or a state response to prior workload; (4) Explore the relationship between individuals' magnitude of neurobehavioral performance failure during TSD
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and the structure of their subsequent recovery sleep; and (5) Identify predictors of individuals' magnitude of neurobehavioral performance failure during TSD and the structure of their subsequent recovery sleep, by examining six predictor domains: baseline neurobehavioral performance, baseline sleep architecture, circadian rhythmicity, physical characteristics, psychological parameters, and demographic statistics. The results of this investigation will fill a critical gap in our understanding of inter-individual differences in the response to sleep loss, and the factors that determine these differences. The research will be relevant for the understanding, remediation and prevention of the potentially serious effects of sleep deprivation in the millions of individuals who are occasionally or routinely exposed to sleep loss due to medical condition, occupation or lifestyle. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: MENTORED DEVELOPMENT AW
PATIENT-ORIENTED
RESEARCH
CAREER
Principal Investigator & Institution: Bergqvist, Christina; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: PROPOSAL (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): Intractable childhood epilepsy remains difficult to treat and results in significant morbidity and cost to the individual, the family and society. With the KD, more than 50% of patients achieve clinically significant response. Despite the recent development of new antiepileptic drugs, the KD continues to play a prominent role in the treatment of intractable childhood epilepsy. The implementation and use of the KD is cumbersome and little is known about the effect of this highly restrictive diet on nutritional status. Moreover, there is limited information regarding early clinical predictors of KD response. This project will explore whether the KD implementation can be simplified without loss of efficacy, examine its impact on several key nutritional parameters, and investigate the usefulness of the electroencephalogram (EEG) as a predictor of the subjects response to the KD. In Phase 1, the current practices for initiation of the KD and its efficacy (defined as more than 50% reduction of seizure frequency at the three-month interval compared to baseline) will be investigated. The investigators propose that a gradual introduction of the KD, without a 24- to 48-hour preceding fast (Grad-KD), is as safe and efficacious as the currently recommended initiation of the KD (CR-KD) with fast. Safety of the two protocols will be evaluated during a six-day inpatient admission and the first three months of exposure. Efficacy will be determined at three months. Baseline and onemonth changes in the routine EEG will be examined simultaneously. The predictive power of the changes between the baseline and one-month EEG for the three-month response (defined above) will be shown in those EEG records that have diminished background slowing or reduction of potentially epileptogenic discharges. In a pilot study, they will investigate the mechanistic hypothesis that the antiepileptic properties of the KD is due to an increase in CNS-gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at baseline, 0.5-month and three-month in the CR- KD therapy. They will also examine the association between changes in CNSGABA at 0.5 month and response to KD therapy (defined above). In Phase 2, subjects who have demonstrated a positive response at three months will be followed. The maintenance KD in responders on two caloric intakes will be evaluated. The currently recommended KD is hypocaloric, providing only 75% of subject's caloric needs, and does not allow any weight gain for the 12 months duration of treatment. The necessity of semi-starvation to maintain a positive clinical response has not been evaluated
14
Electroencephalogram
scientifically. They will examine if a eucaloric KD (Eu-KD), with adequate calories for the subject allowing for normal weight gain, is as effective as the currently recommended hypocaloric KD (Hypo-KD) with no weight gain or loss over 12 months. As part of this evaluation, comparisons of two methods used to estimate caloric needs, recommended daily allowance (RDA) tables and resting energy expenditure (by indirect calorimetry), will be made. In addition, the effect of the KD on several nutritional parameters including anthropometry, body composition and bone mineral status, will be evaluated, allowing the 12-month impact of the Eu-KD versus Hypo-KD diets on nutritional status to be compared. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: NEURAL CORRELATES OF MEMORY FMR IN HUMAN CORTEX. Principal Investigator & Institution: Ojemann, George A.; Professor; Neurological Surgery; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall aim of this proposal is to establish the relationships between changes in BOLD signals obtained with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMR) and changes in activity of neurons during the same cognitive measures, at the same sites, in the same subjects in human association cortex. The proposal utilizes a unique clinical opportunity, patients undergoing surgery for epilepsy with a technique where they are awake under local anesthesia for a portion of the operation. In that context we have previously recorded neuronal activity, both action potentials (AP) and overlying electroencephalogram (ECoG) from lateral temporal association cortex during recent verbal memory, finding that a substantial proportion of neurons changed the frequency of AP activity with that task. Both the fMR literature and our preliminary fMR data show fMR changes in lateral temporal cortex with recent memory measures. Having developed a recent verbal memory measure suitable for both fMR and intraoperative recording, we propose investigating the spatial and temporal relation between AP, local field potential (LFP), ECoG and fMR. Hypotheses to be tested include a closer relation between fMR and LFP than AP activity, based on findings reported from nonhuman studies, and specificity of fMR changes to sites with sustained patterns of AP activity during memory. These studies provide a unique window into how neural activity is reflected in changes in BOLD fMR during higher-level cognitive measures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASES OF AUDITORY SCENE ANALYSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sussman, Elyse S.; Neuroscience; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 29-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this proposal is to test the hypothesis that nonlinguistic auditory perception is essential for normal speech development. Despite the evidence that children with developmental language disorders (DLD) have deficits in processing low-level acoustic information, the specific nature of the auditory perceptual deficits is not known. The proposal will investigate the ability to segment or group acoustic input because impairments in the ability to organize sound could contribute to poor speech discrimination skills and interfere with learning in common multi-source listening situations, such as the classroom. The ultimate purpose is to ascertain standard measures of the normal development of perceptual sound
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organization in school-aged children upon which measures in language-impaired children can be compared. School-aged children (6-11 years) and young adults (21-40 years) will be studied. A combination of electrophysiological and behavioral measures will be examined. We will analyze selected components of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) that index different stages and attentional states of auditory processing. ERP analysis will be supplemented by analysis of frequency-specific components in the electroencephalogram (EEG). This approach will enable us to assess developmental features of how cortical sensory representations of sound impact upon perception of multiple sound streams. Assessing the relationship between stimulus-driven and attention-driven processes in typically language developing (TLD) children (via the studies proposed in the current application) is crucial for designing future studies that test whether or not language impairments can be attributed to stimulus-driven cortical sound representations, and to assess the degree to which attentional factors influence perception of sound streams. We will test the following hypotheses: 1) Stimulus parameters determining the segregation of sounds change as a function of age. 2) Electrophysiological indices of stream segregation correlate with behavioral measures in TLD children and adults. 3) Perceptual training facilitates stream segregation, as indexed by changes in electrophysiological and behavioral measures. The use of the ERP and EEG measures to assess developmental markers of sound organization is advantageous because these indices can be obtained in young children and impaired populations. This methodological approach has the potential to be an important noninvasive tool for diagnosis and assessment of central auditory processing deficits that lead to impaired language. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: OLFACTORY AND SOCIAL FUNCTION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Malaspina, Dolores; Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAR-2004; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Profound deficits in social relationships are among the most disabling features of schizophrenia, but these symptoms are poorly responsive to existing medications and relatively little is known about their neurobiological substrates. This is the second revision of our project to explore the associations among lifelong social function and related phenomenology to olfactory threshold, odor identification, and CNS olfactory processing in 50 schizophrenia patients, 50 bipolar patients (who may not have SlD, but who may have psychosis and social deficits) and 50 healthy subjects. We have been highly responsive to the prior critique and have narrowed the proposal by removing the genetic component, streamlining the clinical assessments, and reducing the study duration to four years without curtailing the number of study subjects. Prompted by the animal literature that links olfaction with social affiliation, we identified a noteworthy association between the deficit syndrome and smell identification deficits in schizophrenia (Malaspina et al, 2002), more recently showing that a specific relationship between odor identification and social volition explained these findings (Malaspina and Coleman, 2003). The current study will extend and clarify these findings in schizophrenia, bipolar and healthy samples. We will comprehensively characterize life long and present social adjustment and olfactory capacity among rigorously diagnosed and clinically evaluated subjects and will also assess endocrine status, which may interrelate with olfaction. Using state of the art equipment and methods, we will examine the reactivity of central nervous system components to odor stimuli, by obtaining and linking behavioral, electroencephalogram
16
Electroencephalogram
(EEG), evoked response potentials (ERPs) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses to standard olfactory stimuli. Determining the neurocircuitry of social impairments may be a key to understanding the pathophysiology of some of the most profound disabilities in the disease. The study may also have implications for treatment, if indices derived from the clinical or electrophysiological assessment of olfactory processing turn out to be useful probes of interventions that can ameliorate social deficits. Not all schizophrenia patients have olfactory dysfunction or social deficits and we also expect to discern homogeneous subgroups within the broader diagnosis of schizophrenia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: OPIOID INDUCED POSTOPERATIVE SLEEP DISTURBANCES Principal Investigator & Institution: Cronin, Arthur; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Dr Hershey, Pa 17033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This study will test the hypothesis that opioids contribute to postoperative sleep disturbance. Additionally, this study will determine whether the adverse effects of sleep disturbance on the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems are less pronounced in patients treated with regional local anesthetic instead of opioids for postoperative pain control. Finally the hormone condition corresponding to sleep disruption will be examined to evaluate the influence of stress hormones and the response of melatonin, a hormone controlled by the circadian rhythym. The primary aim is to determine if opioids contribute to postoperative sleep disturbance. Patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy will be randomly assigned to receive epidural opioid or local anesthetic for postoperative pain control. The patients' sleep will be monitored on the night before surgery and on the first three posoperative nights by recording the electroencephalogram and electromyogram. For each patient the amount of REM sleep and NREM sleep on the preoperative night will be compared with the amounts on the postoperative nights. We expect to observe greater differences before and after surgery in theses sleep stages in the opioid group, We expect preservation of a more normal sleep cycle in the local anesthetic group. Because surgical stress and pain are potential contributers to sleep disruption, we will measure stress hormones in the urine (catecholamines and cortisol) and blood (interleukin-1) as well as record the patients' subjective rating of their pain. The second aim is to determine if postoperative sleep disturbance is clinically significant. Studies have shown that sleep deprivation with consequent REM rebound can cause impaired cognitive performance, breathing disturbance, and hemodynamic instability. Daily tests of cognitive function and overnight recordings of respiratory rate, arterial oxygen saturation, blood pressure and the electrocardiogram will be performed. We hypothesize that the complications of sleep deprivation demonstrated in normal volunteers will occur in postoperative patients who are already under intense physiologic stress. The final aim is to test the hypothesis that melatonin, a hormone controlled by the circadian rhythym, will be supressed during the nights of sleep deprivation. Abnormally low levels of melatonin have been measured in elderly insomniacs, and administration of melatonin to these patients has improved their sleep. If postoperative sleep distruption is associated with abnormally low levels of melatonin in the blood, then administration of melatonin might be a potential treatment for postoperative sleep disturbance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PILOT--THE ROLE OF ALLOPREGNANOLONE IN ETHANOL DEPENDENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Slawecki, Craig J.; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 13-MAR-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: Chronic exposure to ethanol has long lasting effects on GABA-A system throughout the mesocorticolimbic system. Allopregnanolone is a neuroactive steroid which functions as a potent positive modulator of GABA-A receptors. Data from recent studies clearly demonstrate that allopregnanolone's anticonvulsant effects and ability to modulate GABA-A receptor activity are enhanced during acute ethanol withdrawal. These data suggest that allopregnanolone may play an important role in the acute effects of ethanol withdrawal. However, the generality of these enhanced nurobehavioral effects in response to allopregnanolone have not been examined. Further, the persistence of these altered behavioral and neurophysiological effects has not been examined. The overall goal of the proposed studies is to further examine changes in the neurophysiological and behavioral sensitivity to allopregnanolone during acute withdrawal and protracted abstinence from ethanol. Electrophysiological analyses of the electroencephalogram (i.e. EEG) and event-related potentials (i.e. ERPs) recorded from the cortex, amygdala and hippocampus will be used to assess the sensitivity of the central nervous system to allopregnanolone's neurophysiological effects. Behavioral analysis of locomotor activity will be used to assess changes in the behavioral sensitivity to allopregnanolone. Neurochemical analyses which assesses central levels of allopregnanolone in the cortex, amygdala and hippocampus. Endogenous allopregnanolone levels will then be related to 1) the severity of neurophysiological and behavioral measures of acute ethanol withdrawal and 2) to individual neurobehavioral responsivity to allopregnanolone during protracted abstinence. It is hypothesized that chronic ethanol exposure enhances sensitivity to the neurobehavioral effects of allopregnanolone during acute withdrawal. However, after prolonged periods of abstinence sensitivity to allopregnanolone will be blunted. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PROBING PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER WITH LIGHT Principal Investigator & Institution: Parry, Barbara L.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 19-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Depression is a major health problem, on a par with heart disease in its annual cost of $43.7 billion. Women, compared with men, have a 2 to 1 incidence of major depression and are prone to develop episodes at times of reproductive hormonal change. The focus of this revised application is premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a depressive disorder in the DSM-1V. In a pilot study, we observed in PMDD, but not in normal control (NC) subjects, an abnormal direction and a decreased magnitude of phase-shift responses in melatonin offset time alter a morning bright light pulse. The abnormality occurred in the symptomatic luteal, but not the asymptomatic follicular, menstrual cycle phase. In this proposal, we aim to replicate and extend these findings to determine whether abnormal phase-shifts to light occur in PMDD at other times of day. We will test the hypothesis that abnormal phase-shift responses to light also occur in the late subjective evening (during a delay portion of the phase-response curve, PRC), and during the early subjective morning (during an advance portion of the PRC). To assess phase-shift responses, we will measure the
18
Electroencephalogram
effects of bright (about 6,000 lux), 3-hour (h) light pulses on the critical circadian parameters of rhythmic plasma melatonin secretion, sleep electroencephalogram (EEG), and core body temperature. Responses to light at 2 different times of day will be compared between the follicular and luteal phases in women with PMDD and in normal control subjects. Altered phase-shift responses may contribute to disturbances in internal temporal order, and thereby result in mood disorders in predisposed individuals. These investigations will provide further insight into the pathophysiology of PMDD and other depressive disorders in women, and serve as a basis for refining light treatment interventions in the future. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: QUICK PLACEMENT EEG ELECTRODE AND INSTALLATION TOOL Principal Investigator & Institution: Abbott, Michael S.; Key Technologies, Inc. 1414 Key Hwy, Ste 300 Baltimore, Md 21230 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 09-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The electroencephalogram (EEG) electrode is a critical component for diagnosing and understanding neurological phenomenon. Electrode placement on the scalp is currently problematic, time consuming, and labor intensive. In partnership with Baltimore Biomedical, Inc., a novel self-installed electrode technology was developed and patented as part of a prior NIH SBIR program and uses hair to anchor the electrode near the scalp. Based on this prior art, Key Technologies has conceived of an electrode placement system specifically to support studies in the EEG laboratory environment. The new system consists of a disposable electrode and an installation tool. The new electrode will fulfill the requirements of standard silver/silver chloride and other commercially available electrodes and provides signal quality equivalent to the gold standard colloidal placed electrodes. This design uniquely provides the ability for quick placement of multiple electrodes via a single, hand-held installation tool without the need for messy adhesives or excess electrolyte. The small size, high comfort level, and quick placement attributes make the system ideal for critical care, EEG, and extended monitoring in which multiple electrodes are required. Unlike the current industry standard, the electrodes will be disposable; a desirable attribute with the current concern to control the spread of communicable diseases. The goals, through Phase III, are to design, prototype, validate, market, manufacture, and commercialize this novel electrode system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ROLE OF BASAL FOREBRAIN NEURONS IN SLEEP WAKE STATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Jones, Barbara E.; Mc Gill University James Admin. Bldg., Room 429 Montreal, Pq H3a 2T5 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 06-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: The long-term goal of this research is to understand the nerual and chemical mechanisms that generate the different states of the brain and organism: waking (W), slow wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS or rapid eye movement sleep, REM). During these states, the activity of the cerebral cortex undergoes fundamental changes, which are importantly determined by modulatory inputs from the basal forebrain. In human disease, lesions in this area can result in deficits in cortical activation and arousal, yet also in SWS. The aim of the proposed research is to identify by their anatomical features and neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, GABA and glutamate, those basal forebrain neurons which are responsible for cortical activation
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that occurs during W and PS, and those which are reciprocally involved in cortical deactivation that occurs during SWS. Moreover, whether basal forebrain neurons, including cholinergic, GABAergic and possibly glutamatergic cells, modulate cortical activity in a rhythmic manner during cortical activation will be tested according to the thesis that such rhythmic modulation may provide a mechanism for integrated coherent activity across cortical regions. In a first series of experiments, neurons will be recorded by extracellular (or intracellular) technique in urethane-anesthetized rats to be characterized according to their discharge (or membrane) properties in relation to the cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) during undisturbed, irregular slow wave EEG and during stimulus- evoked, activated EEG. The electrophysiologically characterized neurons will be labelled with neurobiotin by juxtacellular (or intracellular) technique, revealed as cholinergic, GABAergic or possibly glutamatergic by dual fluorescent staining and delineated according to their somatodendritic morphology and axonal projections. In a subsequent experimental series, basal forebrain neurons will be recorded by extracellular technique in head-restrained animals to be characterized according to their discharge in relation to the EEG during natural states of W, SWS and PS. Again, they will be labelled by juxtacellular technique for subsequent identification as cholinergic, GABAergic or possibly glutamatergic and for delineation of their efferent projections. These studies will for the first time identify the specific neurons that are critically involved in state determination and reveal the discharge/membrane properties, chemical neurotransmitters and efferent projections by which they modulate cerebral activity across the sleep-wake cycle. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: SEIZURE ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Modarres-Zadeh, Mohammad N.; Director of Biomedical Engineering; Cleveland Medical Devices, Inc. 11000 Cedar Ave, Ste 130/461 Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The aim of this project is to develop a general seizure analysis and prediction system that employs a variety of advanced, Electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis and interpretation techniques implemented in a commercially viable and user-friendly research/clinical software package. Specifically, the software package will be developed (and tested clinically) for prediction and analysis of abnormal EEG patterns and seizures commonly seen in two distinct groups of patients: (1) Epileptic patients, and (2) Post cardiac-arrest patients with consequent interruption in brain perfusion resulting in cortical injury, seizure and abnormal EEG pattern. The specific aims of the project are: 1-To develop (and clinically test) a portfolio of novel linear/non-linear, time/frequency techniques for early and more precise detection of the time of seizure onset, 2-To utilize the above techniques for the development of techniques for a more precise determination of the region of seizure onset, 3- To implement the above techniques in a commercially viable and user-friendly research/clinical software package, and 4- to identify algorithms that are most suited for real-time seizure analysis/prediction implementation on a standard commercial PC. In a future follow-up work and under a separate grant, we plan to utilize these techniques as part of a portable seizure tracking and intervention system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Electroencephalogram
Project Title: SLEEP REGULATION AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Krueger, James M.; Professor of Neurobiology; Vet & Comp Anat/Pharm/Physiol; Washington State University 423 Neill Hall Pullman, Wa 99164 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1993; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Sleep is of central importance to neurobiology because to understand how the brain works, we will have to decipher the mechanisms and functions of sleep. The function(s) of sleep remain unknown and the humoral and neural mechanisms of sleep are incompletely understood. Most people intuitively recognize that sleep increases after sleep loss or during the course of an infection. There is much evidence that those sleep responses, as well as physiological sleep, are regulated, in part, by humoral mechanisms. We hypothesize that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is one of the key substances in sleep regulation. This hypothesis is based on studies showing: 1) TNF-alpha induces non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS); 2) inhibition of TNF-alpha inhibits spontaneous sleep and sleep responses induced by sleep loss or bacterial products; 3) TNF mRNA and TNF brain levels correlate with sleep propensity; 4) in humans, circulating TNF levels correlate with electroencephalogram slow-wave activity and increase after sleep loss or during several pathologies with associated fatigue, e.g., sleep apnea, rheumatoid arthritis, preeclampsia, multiple sclerosis. The proposed experiments seek to understand in mechanistic detail how TNF-alpha is involved in sleep regulation. We will determine whether blocking TNF-alpha or TNF-alpha production centrally attenuates systemic TNF-alpha-induced sleep responses; preliminary data show that vagotomy attenuates systemic TNF-alpha-induced NREMS (Specific Aim #1). We will investigate TNF-alpha regulation of NREMS within specific TNF-active sites in brain (Specific Aim #2). Preliminary data indicate that microinjection of TNF-alpha into the preoptic area enhances NREMS, whereas microinjection of an inhibitor of TNF-alpha reduces NREMS. Pharmacologic blockage of prostaglandins, adenosine, and interleukin-1, and sleep manipulation using sleep deprivation and acute mild increases in ambient temperature to enhance sleep, will be combined with microinjections of TNF-alpha or TNF-alpha inhibitors. We will also use gene arrays to determine the time course of sleep-sensitive changes in brain for TNF and TNF superfamily member mRNAs. Anticipated results will provide molecular-mechanistic advances to understand sleep regulation as well as aid our general understanding of cytokine regulation in the brain. We anticipate that results will be directly relevant to therapeutics, e.g., a TNF soluble receptor has already been shown to reduce fatigue associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VIDEO-EEG DATA COMPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Sun, Mingui; Neurological Surgery; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: Prolonged simultaneous recording of both electroencephalogram (EEG) waveforms and video is often conducted during the evaluation of patients with seizures. Recently, digital video-EEG systems based on MPEG video compression standards have emerged. These systems can provide quick access to any video segment of interest, and support various display options on computer screens. However, they have sub-optimal data compression performance because the existing MPEG-based software packages, which mainly target applications such as films and digital TV, do not adapt well to the
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case of epilepsy video monitoring over extended periods of time. As a result, important applications such as data archiving and management, data access through the Internet, remote diagnosis, and home epilepsy monitoring have been hampered due to the excessive data size. We propose an investigation on video compression to be applied specifically to aid in epilepsy diagnosis. We will develop new algorithms for video object segmentation based on special characteristics of epilepsy video and the MPEG-4 video compression standard. Using these algorithms we will design a state-of-the-art high-resolution, low output rate epilepsy data acquisition system for both EEG and video to support rapid Internet data transmission and efficient data archiving. Finally, we will conduct a series of field-tests at remote hospital sites in rural regions to evaluate our system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for electroencephalogram in the PubMed Central database: ·
Gamma and beta frequency oscillations in response to novel auditory stimuli: A comparison of human electroencephalogram (EEG) data with in vitro models. by Haenschel C, Baldeweg T, Croft RJ, Whittington M, Gruzelier J.; 2000 Jun 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16599
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Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Electroencephalogram Effect of Imipenem in Rats with Acute Renal Failure. by Dupuis A, Limosin A, Paquereau J, Mimoz O, Couet W, Bouquet S.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90879
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Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling of the Electroencephalogram Effect of Imipenem in Healthy Rats. by Dupuis A, Couet W, Paquereau J, Debarre S, Portron A, Jamois C, Bouquet S.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90531
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Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling of the Electroencephalogram Effect of Norfloxacin in Rats. by Chenel M, Barbot A, Dupuis A, Mimoz O, Paquereau J, Bouquet S, Couet W.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155845
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Sleep Electroencephalogram Delta-Frequency Amplitude, Night Plasma Levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor [alpha], and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. by
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Darko DF, Miller JC, Gallen C, White J, Koziol J, Brown SJ, Hayduk R, Atkinson JH, Assmus J, Munnell DT, Naitoh P, McCutchan JA, Mitler MM.; 1995 Dec 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40300
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with electroencephalogram, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for electroencephalogram (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): ·
A comparison of algorithms for detection of spikes in the electroencephalogram. Author(s): Pang CC, Upton AR, Shine G, Kamath MV. Source: Ieee Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering. 2003 April; 50(4): 521-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12723065&dopt=Abstract
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Abnormal sharp transients on electroencephalograms in preterm infants with periventricular leukomalacia. Author(s): Okumura A, Hayakawa F, Kato T, Maruyama K, Kubota T, Suzuki M, Kidokoro H, Kuno K, Watanabe K. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 July; 143(1): 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12915820&dopt=Abstract
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Amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram and cerebral injury. Author(s): Hellstrom-Westas L, Rosen I, Greisen G. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 October; 112(4): 1001-2; Author Reply 1001-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14523205&dopt=Abstract
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Are the electroencephalograms mainly rhythmic? Assessment of periodicity in wideband time series. Author(s): Bullock TH, Mcclune MC, Enright JT. Source: Neuroscience. 2003; 121(1): 233-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12946714&dopt=Abstract
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CAP variables and arousals as sleep electroencephalogram markers for primary insomnia. Author(s): Terzano MG, Parrino L, Spaggiari MC, Palomba V, Rossi M, Smerieri A. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 September; 114(9): 1715-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948801&dopt=Abstract
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Circadian rhythms in humans' delta sleep electroencephalogram. Author(s): Tan X, Uchiyama M, Shibui K, Tagaya H, Suzuki H, Kamei Y, Kim K, Aritaka S, Ozaki A, Takahashi K. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 July 3; 344(3): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12812841&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical-electroencephalogram patterns at seizure onset in patients with hippocampal sclerosis. Author(s): Giagante B, Oddo S, Silva W, Consalvo D, Centurion E, D'Alessio L, Solis P, Salgado P, Seoane E, Saidon P, Kochen S. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 December; 114(12): 2286-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14652088&dopt=Abstract
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Comparing the bispectral index and suppression ratio with burst suppression of the electroencephalogram during pentobarbital infusions in adult intensive care patients. Author(s): Riker RR, Fraser GL, Wilkins ML. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 September; 23(9): 1087-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14524640&dopt=Abstract
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Development of frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) and heart rate (ECG) responses to affective musical stimuli during the first 12 months of post-natal life. Author(s): Schmidt LA, Trainor LJ, Santesso DL. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2003 June; 52(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12812802&dopt=Abstract
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Does bispectral analysis of the electroencephalogram add anything but complexity? Author(s): Miller A, Sleigh JW, Barnard J, Steyn-Ross DA. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2004 January; 92(1): 8-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14665546&dopt=Abstract
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Electroencephalogram changes and its improvement with sodium valproate in a patient with electrocution-induced chronic mania. Author(s): Ameen S, Dutta S, Sinha VK. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 June; 5(3): 228-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780877&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence from human scalp electroencephalograms of global chaotic itinerancy. Author(s): Freeman WJ. Source: Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.). 2003 September; 13(3): 1067-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12946200&dopt=Abstract
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Frontocentral negativity in electroencephalogram reflects motor response evaluation in humans on correct trials. Author(s): Suchan B, Zoppelt D, Daum I. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 October 23; 350(2): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12972163&dopt=Abstract
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Heritability and “environmentability” of electroencephalogram in infants: the twin study. Author(s): Orekhova EV, Stroganova TA, Posikera IN, Malykh SB. Source: Psychophysiology. 2003 September; 40(5): 727-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14696726&dopt=Abstract
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Implicit memory varies as a function of hypnotic electroencephalogram stage in surgical patients. Author(s): Munte S, Munte TF, Grotkamp J, Haeseler G, Raymondos K, Piepenbrock S, Kraus G. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 July; 97(1): 132-8, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12818955&dopt=Abstract
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Interplay of electroencephalogram phase and auditory-evoked neural activity. Author(s): Kruglikov SY, Schiff SJ. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2003 November 5; 23(31): 10122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14602828&dopt=Abstract
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Low baseline Bispectral Index of the electroencephalogram in patients with dementia. Author(s): Renna M, Handy J, Shah A. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 May; 96(5): 1380-5, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12707138&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of pain signal processing by electric acupoint stimulation: an electroencephalogram study. Author(s): Zhang W, Luo F, Qi Y, Wang Y, Chang J, Woodward DJ, Chen AC, Han J. Source: Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao. 2003 June 18; 35(3): 236-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12914236&dopt=Abstract
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Non-phase locked electroencephalogram (EEG) responses to CO2 laser skin stimulations may reflect central interactions between A partial partial differentialand C-fibre afferent volleys. Author(s): Mouraux A, Guerit JM, Plaghki L. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 April; 114(4): 710-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12686279&dopt=Abstract
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Pearls, perils, and pitfalls in the use of the electroencephalogram. Author(s): Markand ON. Source: Seminars in Neurology. 2003 March; 23(1): 7-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870104&dopt=Abstract
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Positive effects of cerebrolysin on electroencephalogram slowing, cognition and clinical outcome in patients with postacute traumatic brain injury: an exploratory study. Author(s): Alvarez XA, Sampedro C, Perez P, Laredo M, Couceiro V, Hernandez A, Figueroa J, Varela M, Arias D, Corzo L, Zas R, Lombardi V, Fernandez-Novoa L, Pichel V, Cacabelos R, Windisch M, Aleixandre M, Moessler H. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 September; 18(5): 271-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12920387&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Author(s): Jokic-Begic N, Begic D. Source: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2003; 57(5): 351-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14522608&dopt=Abstract
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Seizure prediction using scalp electroencephalogram. Author(s): Drury I, Smith B, Li D, Savit R. Source: Experimental Neurology. 2003 November; 184 Suppl 1: S9-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14597320&dopt=Abstract
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Slowing of electroencephalogram in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Author(s): Fantini ML, Gagnon JF, Petit D, Rompre S, Decary A, Carrier J, Montplaisir J. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2003 June; 53(6): 774-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12783424&dopt=Abstract
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Spatial correlation of the infant and adult electroencephalogram. Author(s): Grieve PG, Emerson RG, Fifer WP, Isler JR, Stark RI. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 September; 114(9): 1594-608. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948788&dopt=Abstract
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Stepping stone sampling for retrieving artifact-free electroencephalogram during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Anami K, Mori T, Tanaka F, Kawagoe Y, Okamoto J, Yarita M, Ohnishi T, Yumoto M, Matsuda H, Saitoh O. Source: Neuroimage. 2003 June; 19(2 Pt 1): 281-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12814579&dopt=Abstract
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The use of a 'phantom scalp' to assess the possible direct pickup of mobile phone handset emissions by electroencephalogram electrode leads. Author(s): Wood AW, Hamblin DL, Croft RJ. Source: Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing. 2003 July; 41(4): 470-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12892371&dopt=Abstract
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Value of the early electroencephalogram after a first unprovoked seizure. Author(s): Schreiner A, Pohlmann-Eden B. Source: Clin Electroencephalogr. 2003 July; 34(3): 140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14521275&dopt=Abstract
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Video electroencephalogram monitoring during paroxysmal upside down reversal of vision. Author(s): Gondim Fde A, Leira EC, Bertrand ME. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 2003 June; 23(2): 180. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782933&dopt=Abstract
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Waking quantitative electroencephalogram and auditory event-related potentials following experimentally induced sleep fragmentation. Author(s): Cote KA, Milner CE, Osip SL, Ray LB, Baxter KD. Source: Sleep. 2003 Sep15; 26(6): 687-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14572121&dopt=Abstract
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Wavelet based automatic seizure detection in intracerebral electroencephalogram. Author(s): Khan YU, Gotman J. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 May; 114(5): 898-908. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12738437&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and electroencephalogram.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Electroencephalogram The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Electroencephalogram
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “electroencephalogram” (or a synonym): ·
Changes in the somatosensory evoked potentials and spontaneous electroencephalogram of broiler chickens during exposure to gas mixtures. Author(s): Division of Food Animal Science, University of Bristol, Langford (United Kingdom) Source: Raj, A.B.M. Wotton, S.B. McKinstry, J.L. Hillebrand, S.J.W. Pieterse, C. BritishPoultry-Science (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 39(5) page 686-695.
Additional physician-oriented references include: ·
Alteration of electroencephalogram and monoamine concentrations in rat brain following ibogaine treatment. Author(s): Division of Neurotoxicology, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079-9502, USA. Source: Binienda, Z Beaudoin, M A Thorn, B T Prapurna, D R Johnson, J R Fogle, C M Slikker, W Ali, S F Ann-N-Y-Acad-Sci. 1998 May 30; 844265-73 0077-8923
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Antiepileptic drugs and the electroencephalogram. Source: Duncan, J S Epilepsia. 1987 May-June; 28(3): 259-66 0013-9580
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Cerebral blood flow, plasma catecholamines, and electroencephalogram during hypoglycemia and recovery after glucose infusion. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030. Source: Bryan, R M Eichler, M Y Johnson, T D Woodward, W T Williams, J L JNeurosurg-Anesthesiol. 1994 January; 6(1): 24-34 0898-4921
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Development of a quantitative method for evaluation of the electroencephalogram of rats by using radiotelemetry. Author(s): Drug Safety Evaluation, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA. Source: Fitzgerald, A L Juneau, P Cain, C Southwick, K Contemp-Top-Lab-Anim-Sci. 2003 January; 42(1): 40-5 1060-0558
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Discharge profiles of juxtacellularly labeled and immunohistochemically identified GABAergic basal forebrain neurons recorded in association with the electroencephalogram in anesthetized rats. Author(s): Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4. Source: Manns, I D Alonso, A Jones, B E J-Neurosci. 2000 December 15; 20(24): 9252-63 1529-2401
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Discharge properties of juxtacellularly labeled and immunohistochemically identified cholinergic basal forebrain neurons recorded in association with the electroencephalogram in anesthetized rats. Author(s): Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada. Source: Manns, I D Alonso, A Jones, B E J-Neurosci. 2000 February 15; 20(4): 1505-18 0270-6474
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Effect of non-sex hormones on neuronal excitability, seizures, and the electroencephalogram. Author(s): Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
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Source: Holmes, G L Epilepsia. 1991; 32 Suppl 6S11-8 0013-9580 ·
Effects of captopril and enalapril on electroencephalogram and cognitive performance in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden Technical University, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Ebert, U Kirch, W Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 1999 June; 55(4): 255-7 0031-6970
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Effects of the removal of phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproate on the electroencephalogram. Author(s): INSEG (Institute of Neurology, National Hospital and National Society for Epilepsy Research Group), Queen Square, London, England. Source: Duncan, J S Smith, S J Forster, A Shorvon, S D Trimble, M R Epilepsia. 1989 SepOctober; 30(5): 590-6 0013-9580
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Electroencephalogram and clinical focalities in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Author(s): Children's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Source: So, G M Thiele, E A Sanger, T Schmid, R Riviello, J J J-Child-Neurol. 1998 November; 13(11): 541-5 0883-0738
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Lasting effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on the electroencephalogram, event related potentials, and locomotor activity in the rat. Author(s): The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-14, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
[email protected] Source: Slawecki, C J Ehlers, C L Brain-Res-Dev-Brain-Res. 2002 September 20; 138(1): 15-25 0165-3806
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Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of the electroencephalogram effects of GABAA receptor modulators: in vitro-in vivo correlations. Author(s): Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. Source: Visser, S A Wolters, F L Gubbens Stibbe, J M Tukker, E Van Der Graaf, P H Peletier, L A Danhof, M J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 2003 January; 304(1): 88-101 0022-3565
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Melatonin as a sleep inductor for electroencephalogram recordings in children. Author(s): Department of Neurology, The Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK. Source: Wassmer, E Quinn, E Whitehouse, W Seri, S Clin-Neurophysiol. 2001 April; 112(4): 683-5 1388-2457
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Microstructure of the non-rapid eye movement sleep electroencephalogram in patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease: effects of dopaminergic treatment. Author(s): Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Brunner, H Wetter, T C Hogl, B Yassouridis, A Trenkwalder, C Friess, E MovDisord. 2002 September; 17(5): 928-33 0885-3185
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Modification of neocortical acetylcholine release and electroencephalogram desynchronization due to brainstem stimulation by drugs applied to the basal forebrain. Author(s): Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S., Canada. Source: Rasmusson, D D Clow, K Szerb, J C Neuroscience. 1994 June; 60(3): 665-77 03064522
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Modulation of the sleep electroencephalogram by estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany. Source: Antonijevic, I A Stalla, G K Steiger, A Am-J-Obstet-Gynecol. 2000 February; 182(2): 277-82 0002-9378
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Rapid tryptophan depletion, sleep electroencephalogram, and mood in men with remitted depression on serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego Mental Health Clinical Research Center, VA San Diego Health Care System, 92161, USA. Source: Moore, P Gillin, C Bhatti, T DeModena, A Seifritz, E Clark, C Stahl, S Rapaport, M Kelsoe, J Arch-Gen-Psychiatry. 1998 June; 55(6): 534-9 0003-990X
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The effects of qi-gong and acupuncture on human cerebral evoked potentials and electroencephalogram. Author(s): Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Xu, M Tomotake, M Ikuta, T Ishimoto, Y Okura, M J-Med-Invest. 1998 February; 44(3-4): 163-71 1343-1420
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: ·
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Nutrition
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: ·
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to electroencephalogram; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·
Minerals Manganese Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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CHAPTER
3.
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
AND
Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to electroencephalogram. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to electroencephalogram and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to electroencephalogram: ·
“Virtual keyboard” controlled by spontaneous EEG activity. Author(s): Obermaier B, Muller GR, Pfurtscheller G. Source: Ieee Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : a Publication of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. 2003 December; 11(4): 422-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14960119&dopt=Abstract
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Development of frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) and heart rate (ECG) responses to affective musical stimuli during the first 12 months of post-natal life. Author(s): Schmidt LA, Trainor LJ, Santesso DL. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2003 June; 52(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12812802&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of acupuncture to the sacral segment on the bladder activity and electroencephalogram. Author(s): Tanaka Y, Koyama Y, Jodo E, Kayama Y, Kawauchi A, Ukimura O, Miki T. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002 June; 56(3): 249-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12047580&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of prolonged waking-auditory stimulation on electroencephalogram synchronization and cortical coherence during subsequent slow-wave sleep. Author(s): Cantero JL, Atienza M, Salas RM, Dominguez-Marin E. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2002 June 1; 22(11): 4702-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12040077&dopt=Abstract
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Electrophysiological neuroimaging of the central effects of S-adenosyl-L-methionine by mapping of electroencephalograms and event-related potentials and lowresolution brain electromagnetic tomography. Author(s): Saletu B, Anderer P, Di Padova C, Assandri A, Saletu-Zyhlarz GM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 November; 76(5): 1162S-71S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12418497&dopt=Abstract
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Implicit memory varies as a function of hypnotic electroencephalogram stage in surgical patients. Author(s): Munte S, Munte TF, Grotkamp J, Haeseler G, Raymondos K, Piepenbrock S, Kraus G. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 July; 97(1): 132-8, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12818955&dopt=Abstract
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Interplay of electroencephalogram phase and auditory-evoked neural activity. Author(s): Kruglikov SY, Schiff SJ. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2003 November 5; 23(31): 10122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14602828&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of pain signal processing by electric acupoint stimulation: an electroencephalogram study. Author(s): Zhang W, Luo F, Qi Y, Wang Y, Chang J, Woodward DJ, Chen AC, Han J. Source: Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao. 2003 June 18; 35(3): 236-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12914236&dopt=Abstract
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Propofol-sufentanil anesthesia for thyroid surgery: optimal concentrations for hemodynamic and electroencephalogram stability, and recovery features. Author(s): Hentgen E, Houfani M, Billard V, Capron F, Ropars JM, Travagli JP.
Alternative Medicine 35
Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 September; 95(3): 597-605, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198044&dopt=Abstract ·
Quantitative analysis of the electroencephalogram during cranial electrotherapy stimulation. Author(s): Schroeder MJ, Barr RE. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2001 November; 112(11): 2075-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11682346&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: ·
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.comÒ: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to electroencephalogram; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·
General Overview Epilepsy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fainting Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Schizophrenia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Seizure Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stress Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Syncope Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com ·
Herbs and Supplements Huperzine A Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to electroencephalogram. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “electroencephalogram” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on electroencephalogram, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Electroencephalogram ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to electroencephalogram. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: ·
A Comparison of Systematic Desensitization, Electromyogram, Electroencephalogram, and Temperature Biofeedback Training: To Relieve Test Anxiety in College Students. by Norman, Robert Allen, EDD from East Texas State University, 1976, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7709631
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A Study of the Effect of Pitch Interval during Pitch Identification on the Electroencephalogram Using Fast Fourier Transform. by Wang, Cecilia Hoi-Mee Chu, PhD from Texas Tech University, 1975, 91 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7617767
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Modern Signal Analysis Techniques with Some Applications to the Electroencephalogram by Berube, Louis P; PhD from The University of Saskatchewan (Canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK41284
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Relationship of the Spectrum of the Electroencephalogram to Mathematical Aptitude. by Sereno, Edgel Eugene, PhD from University of Maryland College Park, 1975, 181 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7618837
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The Neurophysiological Mechanism of the Generation of Pathological Slow Waves in the Electroencephalogram by Ball, Graham John; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK27086
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “electroencephalogram” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on electroencephalogram, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Electroencephalogram By performing a patent search focusing on electroencephalogram, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 8Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on electroencephalogram: ·
Adaptive interference canceler for EEG movement and eye artifacts Inventor(s): Du; Weixiu (San Francisco, CA), Gevins; Alan S. (San Francisco, CA), Leong; Harrison (Richmond, CA) Assignee(s): Sam Technology, Inc. (san Francisco, Ca) Patent Number: 5,513,649 Date filed: March 22, 1994 Abstract: In an EEG (electroencephalogram) system to detect brain waves from a subject, the adverse effect on the EEG recording of artifact due to head, body and eye movements is reduced. A head and body movement reference signal can be provided by an accelerometer, motion detector or, alternatively, spatial average of EEG channels. Eye motion sensors are used as a reference for eye movement artifacts. A composite reference signal consists of the head, body and eye movement reference signals. The contaminated EEG is the primary input to the adaptive movement and eye artifact canceler, in which an adaptive filter estimates the contaminants in the measured EEG data, and then subtracts them from the primary signal to obtain the corrected EEG data. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to medical instruments and more particularly to methods for removing contaminants from EEG (electroencephalography) recordings. The brain waves of a human subject provide an electrical signal at the microvolt level. It is possible by connecting removable electrode leads to the scalp of the subject to detect and amplify those faint electrical signals. In the past, those electrical signals were amplified and recorded on a paper strip chart showing an analog wavy line for each recording channel in an EEG (electroencephalograph). EEG has been used for many medical and testing purposes, for example, the testing of auditory, visual, somatosensory and motor systems and testing for pathological brain dysfunction. Presently there are available EEG instruments which can simultaneously detect the faint signals and convert the signals to digital data for recording and analysis. However, a major problem in obtaining an accurate recording of brain waves has been "movement artifact", which consists of electrical contaminants arising as a consequence of the subject's muscle movements. For example, when a subject moves her head, the muscle action may result in a contaminating electrical signal that will distort or drown out the brain signal. Movement artifacts are caused by the relative movement of the electrode with respect to the scalp. The changes in contact of the electrode on the head result in changes in the impedance and induced potentials at the electrode-scalp interface, producing movement artifacts in the measured EEG. Also head movements can cause the electrode wires to generate a current as they move through the ambient 60 Hz magnetic field, producing "electrode sway artifact". Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05513649__
Patents 41
·
Alert air conditioning control method for air conditioner for enhancing learning efficiency Inventor(s): Seong; See-Poong (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): LG Electronics Inc. (kr) Patent Number: 5,713,516 Date filed: November 20, 1996 Abstract: An improved alert air conditioning control method for an air conditioner for enhancing a learning efficiency which is capable of significantly enhancing a learning efficiency of a user by providing a better air conditioning environment, whereby it is possible to increase an alert level of a user and improve an indoor environment. The method includes the steps of measuring and analyzing an electroencephalogram (EEG) of a testee during an operation of an air conditioner based on first, second and third set temperatures and a temperature variation width with respect to the first, second and third temperatures, computing a data of a temperature variation width with respect to the set temperature at which an alert level is highest, selecting an air current of the air conditioner having the highest alert level between a weak wind and a chaos wind, and controlling the operation of the air conditioner by using a data of the temperature variation width and an air current data selected. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an alert air conditioning control method for an air conditioner for enhancing a learning efficiency, and in particular to an alert air conditioning control method for an air conditioner for enhancing a learning efficiency which is capable of significantly enhancing humans learning efficiency by increasing the alertness level of humanss. Generally, air conditioning is intended for maintaining a better indoor living environment by using air conditioner. In particular, such better indoor living environment is important for humans to work hard in an indoor work place. Therefore, in the industry, intensive studies have been conducted so as to improve indoor environment conditions. The operation control process for a conventional air conditioner is performed by using a previously programmed operation method in a microcomputer. Namely, the operation control process for the air conditioner is performed by repeating an ON/OFF operation of a compressor in accordance with a set temperature, so that a predetermined indoor temperature is maintained. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05713516__
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Aperiodic analysis system, as for the electroencephalogram Inventor(s): Demetrescu; Mihai C. (Irvine, CA) Assignee(s): Regents of the University of California (berkeley, Ca) Patent Number: 4,215,697 Date filed: December 26, 1978 Abstract: An aperiodic signal is preliminarily processed by an active network to provide three relatively separate components that include: slow waves (waveform cycles or fragments of equivalent frequency from 1 to 8 hertz), fast waves (waveform cycles or fragments of equivalent frequency from 8 to 30 hertz), and a signal component which may contain spikes (fast, large, sharp single waves). The component signals or waves are applied to individual detector circuits which indicate amplitude and period (or
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Electroencephalogram
equivalent frequency) information for detected waves and the amplitude for recognized spikes, as well as the time of their occurrence. Detected waves (including spikes) produce representative trigger signals which are applied through a multiplexer to a storage device, specifically a cathode ray tube on which the waves and spikes are representatively displayed and stored to complete a static picture which indicates an internal of the waveform. As disclosed, a representation or picture is generated on the storage tube by controlling the horizontal and vertical amplifiers and appropriately blanking the beam to develop a composite display that summarizes many seconds of the aperiodic signal. The display is a three-dimensional representation with each wave represented by a line that extends in one dimension to indicate amplitude. The position of the line in another dimension indicates the period or equivalent frequency, and its position in the third dimension indicates the time of occurrence of the wave. Excerpt(s): The electroencephalogram (EEG) is essentially a waveform that is representative of electrical variations occurring between distinct locations on the human head. Characteristically, the EEG is a non-periodic, stochastic phenomenon. That is, oscillations in the electrical potential cannot be predicted, consequently only current and past information is available. The absence of recurring patterns in the waveform considerably complicates analysis of the EEG, as for use in diagnosis. However, in spite of the fact that the techniques are neither simple nor easy, neurologists have established principles and criteria for utilizing the EEG as an effective diagnostic tool. In general, the EEG may be displayed either in a transistory manner (as on a cathode ray tube) or as a permanent record in the form of a strip chart. The cathode ray display of such waveforms is so transient that even an expert may have difficulty making an accurate analysis. As for a strip chart or paper record, the useful information can be extracted from the EEG only by recording at plotting speeds which result in a considerable volume of paper, e.g. 180 pages per hour. Essentially, the density of useful information in EEG records is low; and direct examination is laborious and time consuming. A substantial part of the training of an EEG specialist consists of developing the ability to quickly recognize characteristic waves and patterns and to evaluate amplitude and frequency without the use of instruments. The demanded concentration for manually analyzing an EEG, along with other considerations, has resulted in various efforts to more efficiently decode and concentrate EEG information. In that regard, concurrent efforts have also been made to reduce the degree of expertise necessary for extracting useful information from the EEG. However, a need has long existed for a system to provide a more compact, simplified format for an EEG. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04215697__ ·
Apparatus and method for aiding transmission Inventor(s): Hayashi; Hideki (Tokyo, JP), Ichiyoshi; Hiroyuki (Kawasaki, JP), Kadota; Toshihiko (Kawasaki, JP), Koizumi; Hiroyuki (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Canon Kabushiki Kaisha (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 5,967,996 Date filed: March 12, 1997 Abstract: An apparatus and a method for aiding the transmission of intent enables a severely physically-handicapped person, who has lost muscular energy due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), muscular dystrophy or the like, to transmit his/her intent through an electroencephalogram wave. A mechanical switch and an
Patents 43
electroencephalogram wave switch are used in combination to allow the transmission of intent over the entire period of such a disease. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for aiding the transmission of intent, which enable a severely physically-handicapped person, who has lost muscular energy due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), muscular dystrophy or the like, to transmit his/her intent through an electroencephalogram wave. The number of physically-handicapped persons, who lose motor functions while retaining their brain function, is expected to increase in the coming aged society. In the case of such diseases as ALS or muscular dystrophy, which are known as incurable diseases, patients' losing the means for transmitting their intent in medical care environments is leading to a significant increase in the medical care cost for medical treatment, medical attendance, and nursing. Further, there is strong demand for mutual transmission of intent between patients, who still retain human intelligence and senses, and people who attend on the patients over a long period. A disease such as ALS and muscular dystrophy causes the muscular function of a human body to be lost slowly and no aiding apparatus is available for transmitting intent, which can be used over the entire period of the progressive disease of a patient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05967996__ ·
Apparatus and method for recording an electroencephalogram during magnetic resonance imaging Inventor(s): Ives; John R. (Lexington, MA) Assignee(s): Beth Israel Hospital Association (brookline, Ma) Patent Number: 5,445,162 Date filed: August 27, 1993 Abstract: A method and apparatus for recording an electroencephalogram (EEG) during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Nonmagnetic electrodes are attached to a patient's scalp. EEG signals are multiplexed, amplified, and transmitted to an EEG machine or a personal computer located outside the MRI room. By reducing the amount of magnetic metal and radio frequency generating equipment associated with the recording of the EEG that is within the bore of the MRI magnet, and moving all significant radio frequency generating equipment outside the MRI room, EEG signals can be recorded and MRI images can be obtained simultaneously. The EEG signals are analyzed and, in response to a predetermined pattern, the MRI machine is triggered. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the recording of an electroencephalogram (EEG) during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The activity of the EEG can be used to acquire MRI images and thus correlate neurophysiological phenomena with the results. An EEG machine permits the recording of specific brain wave patterns in a patient. An MRI machine can provide metabolic and anatomical information regarding a portion of a patient, including a portion of the patient's brain. However, in the prior art, it has not been possible to record an EEG pattern at the same time that MRI is conducted. This prevents the obtaining of metabolic and anatomical information that is correlated to particular neurophysiological waveforms being studied. By obtaining such a correlation, it would be possible to obtain increased information regarding abnormal as well as normal brain activity and to obtain a better understanding of the functioning of the brain. The nature of the MRI and EEG severely restrict the ability to record the EEG during magnetic resonance imaging. For example, the strong and rapidly changing
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Electroencephalogram
radio frequency fields present during MRI, coupled with the large static magnetic field, may induce significant current flow in electrodes and wires located within the magnetic field. When conducting an EEG, the electrodes are connected to a patient's scalp, where the current may produce localized heating or burns. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05445162__ ·
Apparatus for detecting electroencephalogram and evoked response with monopolar derivation method Inventor(s): Nakamura; Masatoshi (12-30, Onimaru-cho, Saga-shi, Saga-ken, JP), Nishida; Shigeto (Saga, JP), Shibasaki; Hiroshi (No. 625 Idai-shukusha, 3-10 Yaemizo, Saga-shi, Saga-ken, JP) Assignee(s): Nakamura; Masatoshi (saga, Jp), Shibasaki; Hiroshi (saga, Jp) Patent Number: 4,716,907 Date filed: August 21, 1986 Abstract: An electroencephalogram (EEG) and an electrocardiogram (EKG) signal are detected, and said EEG signal is divided into segments in synchronization with said EKG signal, whereby said segmented EEG signals are averaged. EKG-originating noises yielded as such are subtracted from the EEG signal, whereby an actual EEG signal is derived. The resultant actual EEG signal is divided into segments in synchronization with a stimulation signal, and the segmented actual EEG signals are averaged for enhancing an evoked response signal. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device for detecting an electroencephalogram (EEG) and evoked response by making use of a method of monopolar derivation wherein one electrode is attached to the scalp and the other electrode mounted on a body portion other than the scalp. According to the monopolar derivation method, a reference electrode is attached in general at a head location such as on an earlobe, the nose, the jaw, and the like. However, such a reference electrode causes some troubles to an interpretation of the result since it is sometimes activated by EEG or evoked response. To solve this problem the reference electrode is often mounted on a body portion other than a head location, whereas there arises another problem that the noise produced due to an electrocardiograph (EKG) and mixed into EEG as artifacts increases. U.S. Pat. No. 4,421,121 is known as providing an EEG detector-unit capable of eliminating the noise caused by the EKG, wherein an EKG signal is detected by another pair of electrodes and then is subtracted from an EEG under the correlation of the amplitude with each other. However, it is difficult to eliminate with high accuracy such noises involved in the EEG because the EKG different from one mixed into the EEG is used for cancellation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04716907__
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Bioelectric patient monitor Inventor(s): Rantala; Borje (Helsinki, FI) Assignee(s): Instrumentarium Corp. (helsinki, Fi) Patent Number: 4,850,367 Date filed: March 13, 1987
Patents 45
Abstract: The present apparatus relates to a bioelectric patient monitor, comprising an EKG-amplifier (1) and an EEG-amplifier (2) as well as a patient connecting cable (6), provided with at least five wires with their electrodes (7). The patient connecting cable (6) is connected to amplifiers (1 and 2) by way of a distributor switch (4). By selecting with distributor switch (4), it is possible to monitor either a 5-wire electrocardiogram or optionally a 3-wire electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a bioelectric patient monitor, comprising an EKG-amplifier and an EEG-amplifier as well as a patient connecting cable, having at least wires with their electrodes. An object of the invention is to provide a combined EKG- and EEG-monitor for combining, in an easy-to-operate manner, the possibilities of monitoring with a single patient connecting cable either a 5-wire EKG (electrocardiogram) or both a more usual 3-wire EKG and EEG (electroencephalogram). The most usual way of monitoring EKG is a so-called 3-wire connection. In some cases, however, e.g. when cardiac ischemia is suspected, it is desireable to use a 5-wire measuring connection. On the other hand, the EEG-monitoring especially during a surgical operation has been found a good measuring variable, which correlates with the depth of anaesthesia and warns the brain of a threatening lack of oxygen. However, the EEG-monitoring has been generally considered troublesome; partly due to difficulties encountered in the interpretation of EEG but partly also due to the complexity, high price and bulkiness of an EEG-apparatus and the extra trouble caused by electrode connections. In order to achieve the above object of the invention, a patient monitor of the invention is characterized in that EKG- and EEG-aplifiers are connected to a distributor switch, by way of which a patient connecting cable can be connected to amplifiers in a manner that, by selecting with the distributor switch, it is possible to monitor either a 5-wire electrocardiogram or optionally a 3-wire electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram. Thus, the invention offers a possibility of utilizing the two often unused electrode lines of a 5-wire EKG-cable for simple EEG monitoring. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04850367__ ·
Cardiac diagnosis instrument Inventor(s): Uhlemann; Hans J. (Elper Strasse 186, Herten, DE) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,825,874 Date filed: September 22, 1987 Abstract: According to the present invention there is provided a cardiac diagnosis instrument including an elongated housing, diagnosis electronics accommodated within the housing and two pick-up electrodes mounted on one long side of the housing close to the front and rear ends of the instrument and electrically connected to the diagnosis electronics, a voltage source within the housing, a flat thin graphic display unit which extends along one side for a substantial part of the length of the housing on the opposite side to that on which the pick-up electrodes are located, an on-off switch, said graphic display unit and said on-off switch being electrically connected to the diagnosis electronics, said diagnosis electronics including evaluation electronics and actuation electronics for the graphic display unit, said housing having a tubular shape somewhat like that of a fountain pen, and by placing the housing on a region of the body of a patient, the pick-up electrodes may be pressed into contact with the skin of the patient and thus the frequency of the heart beat, an electrocardiogram (ECG), the QRS complex of an ECG, an electroencephalogram (EEG) or the like may be investigated through the
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medium of the pick-up electrodes. Preferably one of the pick-up electrodes is in the form of a holding clip starting from one end of the housing. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a cardiac diagnosis instrument. The known cardiac diagnosis instrument upon which this present invention is based (EP-Al No. 0 178 990) is especially suitable for use in emergencies and is independent of the location. In an emergency, the cardiac diagnosis instrument with its pick-up electrodes can be placed directly in contact with a region of the patient's body. The housing of this cardiac diagnosis instrument has a rectangular, plate-shaped configuration and the pick-up electrodes are situated on the underside of the housing and the graphic display unit or appropriate display screen as well as various other adjustment elements and optical and acoustic display elements are located on the opposite upper side of the housing. In the case of this cardiac diagnosis instrument, the resolution of the graphic display unit is adjustable. Naturally it is necessary to provide a reference display also which can be set either on the null line of the ECG or else in a free region of the graphic display unit. It is particularly expedient that the ECG displayed on the graphic display unit of this cardiac diagnosis unit can be selectively retained, meaning that the display can be frozen at a desired stage. This is achieved by actuation of one of the adjustment elements on the upper side of the housing while the instrument is still in contact with the patient's body. With the use of a further adjustment element, it is possible to erase a frozen display from the screen. Thus the cardiac diagnosis instrument may be removed from the patient's body after the display has been frozen and taken to a situation where it is more readily accessible and where the illumination is better for viewing the display of the ECG on the graphic display unit. In addition, an electric terminal is provided on the housing for attachment of a transmission cable. The already-known cardiac diagnosis instrument which has been referred to is, however, not optimally suitable for wide distribution to all doctors, because the plate-shaped housing with relatively large surface area is rather voluminous and therefore takes up too much room in a doctor's bag or the like. The result is that this cardiac diagnosis instrument would not normally be carried around by a general practitioner when making house visits to patients. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04825874__ ·
Computer simulation of live organ using arthroscopic and/or laparoscopic data Inventor(s): Beavin; William C. (5527 Waterman #2E, St. Louis, MO 63112) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,503,149 Date filed: December 27, 1993 Abstract: A computer system receives two dimensional image data of a heart or other organ to be simulated in three dimensions. It also receives chemical composition data of the heart or other organ, and chemical composition data other parts of the body. These data are put in the computer memory. Then a "Voxel View.TM." or three dimensional volume rendering program forms images of the organ to be studied. For example, with the heart it generates images of the atria and ventricle. Diagnostic data obtained from a patient conveniently with electrical measurement signals including an electrocardiagram, electromyogram, electroencephalogram, and other diagnostic measured electrical signals obtained from a patient are fed into the system and are placed in computer memory. Arthroscopic and/or laproscopic data obtained from a lens located inside the body of portions of organs of the body of the patient may be inputted as diagnostic data and processed with a "PowerScene.TM." program. Alternatively the
Patents 47
arthroscopic and/or laproscopic data may be inputted as image data and processed with the "Voxel View.TM." and/or "PowerScene.TM." program(s). The display device may be a conventional CRT or a small helmet type CRT located on an operating physician's helmet. Excerpt(s): U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,453,745 and 3,552,036 disclose electronically operated means to simulate, control, and modify ECG signals. The signals are displayed on standard osciloscope-type monitors. However, these patents only address means to simulate ECG signals. U.S. Pat. No. 4,091,549 discloses means to trace heart electrical activity through specific points of a heart by means of illumination of specific parts of an illustration of a heart. U.S. Pat. No. 4,254,562 discloses means to trace blood flow through specific points of a heart model or other component of a living organism. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05503149__ ·
EEG biofeedback method and system for training voluntary control of human EEG activity Inventor(s): Hardt; James V. (San Francisco, CA) Assignee(s): Mindcenter Corporation (palo Alto, Ca) Patent Number: 4,928,704 Date filed: January 31, 1989 Abstract: A biofeedback method and system for use to train a person to develop useful degrees of voluntary control of personal electroencephalogram (EEG) activity. A plurality of EEG potentials from a plurality of locations on the head are individually amplified and filtered in accordance with strict criteria intended for processing in accordance within time constraints limited by natural neurological reactivity. Each resultant signal is processed to provide objective data on brain energies as a function of frequency. Data are presented in real time to the trainee in the form of preselected auditory tones and/or vibro-tactile stimuli indicating with high fidelity the details of EEG activity at a multiplicity of cortical sites. Features of auditory feedback promote learning as well as identification and elimination of spurious artifact states. At periodic intervals, the auditory feedback is supplemented by sensory presentation of digital scores summarizing performances in a metric proportional to brain energy output in the feedback parameters. The scores may be presented as illuminated numerical displays, aurally or both. The system is preferably in an environment designed to control the arousal level of the trainee and the degree of distractibility so as to maximize the learning of voluntary self-control. Excerpt(s): This invention was conducted in cooperation with the University of California San Francisco Medical School under partial sponsorship of the BioCybernaut Institute. The invention relates to EEG biofeedback apparatus and to use of biofeedback information to foster rapid learning of EEG self-control. In addition, the invention relates to an EEG biofeedback apparatus for providing simultaneous, minimal phase delay feedback on multiple sub-bands of EEG filtered out of multiple independent EEG channels, each such channel derived from a different cortical location. Specific multiple subbands of EEG (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and subranges within each) can be combined in linear combinations to facilitate learning of complex, useful EEG patterns, and the sub-bands and subranges can be altered and redefined to permit adaptation of the system to unique individual requirements, designed to facilitate the learning of selfcontrol of EEG activity. The manifest purpose of biofeedback in general, and EEG
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biofeedback in particular, is to permit an individual to use the feedback information to learn a useful degree of voluntary self-control of a specific biofeedback parameter. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04928704__ ·
Electric sleep inducer Inventor(s): Kamiya; Shohei (Tokyo, JP), Matsumoto; Junji (Tokushima, JP), Sugihara; Yasuhiko (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Homer Ion Laboratory Co., Ltd. (jp) Patent Number: 4,418,687 Date filed: March 4, 1982 Abstract: An electric sleep inducer comprises a control circuit arranged to produce a therapeutic wave-form output which is applied at frequencies controlled non-stepwise to gradually decrease from 14 Hz to 0 Hz and adapted to a sleep indicating electroencephalogram. The circuit includes cathode and anode conductor elements for applying the therapeutic wave-form output of the control circuit to the head of a subject. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an electric sleep inducer and more particularly to an electric sleep inducer arranged to apply an electric current to the head at low frequency values controlled to gradually decrease. It was Gilyarovskii, et al. of the U.S.S.R. who developed an electric sleeping device for the first time. This development stemmed from two ideas. The first one was a novel basic concept of Pavlov concerning sleep. Pavlov was successful in objectively grasping the process of stimulation and inhibition that broadly takes place in the cerebral cortex through his studies of conditional reflex. From this point of view, he was against a then prevalent theory that sleep was brought about by the stimulation of a sleep center and he established a new theory that a sleep represents essentially broadly inhibited state of the cerebral cortex. The second indea involved electric convulsive therapy and electro-anesthetic therapy which began to be practiced during 1940 or thereabout, in the U.S.A. and England. These electrical therapies were applied to the treatment of mental disorder and were carried out in the following manner: First, a strong electric current of 150 to 250 mA was applied through electrodes positioned on both sides of the head. After that, the current lowered to 60 to 70 mA. Then, the current is either continuously applied at the lowered value or further lowered gradually. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04418687__
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Fetal sensor device Inventor(s): Lai; NC Joseph (Brookfield, WI), Larsen; Michael T. (Wauwatosa, WI), Siker; Daniel (Milwaukee, WI) Assignee(s): Criticare (waukesha, Wi) Patent Number: 5,425,362 Date filed: July 30, 1993 Abstract: An apparatus and method for noninvasively sensing parameters associated with the health of a fetus, the health of the placenta and the mother. The device includes a probe for inserting the sensor within the uterus of the mother, and the probe includes a flexible distal end portion having an independent inclination to assume an outward
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spiral curvature relative to the fetus. The probe has a transversely concave shaped channel to receive sensor cabling and control wires. The sensors can measure heart rate, oxygen saturation, temperature, chemical parameters, electroencephalogram activity and other useful parameters. The probe may also be used to infuse or remove fluid in the uterus. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned generally with a sensor device and method for measuring vital signs of a human fetus and its mother. More particularly, the invention is concerned with a fetal sensor device positionable within the uterus of the mother, with amniotic membranes intact or ruptured, using a probe with a flexible, distal end. The flexible, distal end has an independent inclination to assume an outward spiral curvature relative to the fetus, or can wrap around the baby when not in spiral form, allowing easy positioning at a variety of useful fetal locations. Conventional apparatus, such as an invasive cardiotocogram (CTG), uses invasive probes for monitoring fetal heart rate. Such an internal CTG probe penetrates the fetal tissues. These invasive probes can lead to infection of the fetus and/or the mother; and the probes are easily dislodged, and currently can measure only R-R intervals of the fetal ECG. The CTG method also attempts to predict oxygen saturation of the fetus by indirect examination of fetal heart rate. In addition, prior art devices are frequently able to perform only a few specific, limited measurements, not being able to monitor fetal wellness in addition to the mother's vital signs. Furthermore, conventional fetal sensor devices are difficult to insert into the uterus and require substantial training to safely insert and maintain in an effective data-collection location. Moreover, the conventional methodology of placement in the vicinity of the fetal cranium can measure only poor blood perfusion in the fetal scalp and face, because: (1) The cervix can cause a tourniquet-like effect on the fetal scalp and face, (2) a hematoma formation under the fetal scalp during labor can interfere with oxygen saturation and cause lowered readings and, (3) placement near the cranium can also cause decreased blood flow in the fetal presenting part during labor contractions. In addition, conventional devices do not make reliable contact with the ferns thereby resulting in a very low percentage of useful data. Such conventional structures also readily allow expulsion of the sensor during labor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05425362__ ·
Method and apparatus for electroencephalography Inventor(s): Jordan; Kenneth George (Riverside, CA) Assignee(s): Jordan Neuroscience, Inc. (san Bernardino, Ca) Patent Number: 6,510,340 Date filed: January 8, 2001 Abstract: A template for placing electrodes for electroencephalography of acute-braininjured victims is provided which modifies the number of electrode locations from that taught by the standard 10-20 System, and which has indicia that can be quickly and easily read by non-experts during emergency application; an acquisition unit is provided which provides a turn-key interface to the non-expert personnel who routinely attend acutely brain-injured victims, preventing change or modification of the electroencephalogram parameters by the field technician, while at the same time allowing extensive control over parameters by a remote expert EEG reader; and a method and system is provided using the template and acquisition unit of the present
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invention with one of a plurality of remote readers who are part of a network of trained EEG readers. Excerpt(s): A variety of acute brain injuries occur in patients presenting to emergency rooms. These injuries include acute strokes, seizures, head trauma, and sudden changes of consciousness. In 1996, there were 97 million emergency room visits in the United States alone. Of these visits, it is conservatively estimated that at least seven to eight percent, or between 6.8 and 7.8 million people suffered acute brain dysfunction. Despite these numbers, electroencephalography (EEG), a standard, noninvasive test to evaluate brain function, is not available or rarely performed in emergency departments in the United States. Many emergency departments affiliated with major academic centers never perform emergency room electroencephalography (ER-EEG) on patients with acute brain problems. Few of these institutions even have ER-EEG regularly available, and then only perform 2-3 per month. This presents a serious unmet medical need. In the last several years, fundamental changes have occurred in the medical community's approach to acute brain injuries and in EEG technology. These changes make provision of ER-EEG critically important to the health care industry. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06510340__ ·
Method and apparatus for estimating a cognitive decision made in response to a known stimulus from the corresponding single-event evoked cerebral potential Inventor(s): Smyth; Christopher C. (Fallston, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America AS Represented by the Secretary of the Army (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 5,687,291 Date filed: June 27, 1996 Abstract: The present invention estimates the cognitive decision made in response to a known stimulus from the corresponding single-event evoked cerebral potential. The present invention uses a unique recursive procedure to identify the decision from a mathematical description of the potential as the output of a cerebrally located, autoregressive, moving average filter with the stimulus as an exogenous input. The procedure employs in a two-step sequence, the least squares algorithm to update the filter coefficients, followed by a Taylor's Series approximation for updating an internal cerebral source signal which is generated in response to the external stimulus. The recursive procedure computes the attenuation used by the moving average component of the filter to produce the cerebral source signal. This procedure is repeated for all feasible cerebral source signals, computed from the set of possible event evoked average response potentials, to produce a set of attenuator-values. These values are then used as input to a multiple-layered, feed-forward artificial neural network for identifying the decision made from the set of feasible responses. In turn, the power spectrum computed from the autoregressive coefficients is used to track the cognitive state and therefore the reliability of the decision estimate. The present invention may be used for the control by mental thought of computerized visual and aural display functions, by measuring the electroencephalogram in time with the operant orientation of the user onto a displayed stimulus. Excerpt(s): The subject matter of this application is related to that disclosed in copending application Ser. No. 08/439,392 filed May 11, 1995, Ser. No. 08/675,330 filed Jun. 27, 1996, Ser. No. 08/407,142 filed Mar. 17, 1995, and Ser. No. 08/695,847 filed Aug. 9, 1996.
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The present invention relates to human-machine interface in general and more particularly to a method and device for translation of single event potential recordings into real-time machine commands for control of complicated systems by mental thought. There is no prior art known to me for accurately estimating a cognitive decision from the corresponding single-event evoked cerebral potential. There has been prior work done in the laboratory on the mental control of machines by event averaged evoked cerebral potentials. For example, the amplitude of the P300 component of the event averaged transient potential has been used to select video display cues from a set of randomly repeated cue markers. The transient potential duration is on the order of several 100-milliseconds however, and event averaging by using repetitive signals demands an unnaturally long attention on the order of 10 seconds by the human operator to the cue markers. The result is a procedure that would interfere with the performance of most tasks. In another example, the power spectrum of a visually evoked steady state potential has been used to select a visual display cue from a field of display cues with different flash rates. The power spectrum will have a peak at the flash rate for the gazed display cue. However, the power spectrum of the steady state potential is computed from the fourier transform of a windowed signal of several seconds duration. This process is a form of short term averaging which requires forced visual fixation by the operator on the cue marker and for this reason tends to interfere with task performance. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05687291__ ·
Method and apparatus for identifying and alleviating semantic memory deficiencies Inventor(s): Erickson; Kenneth R. (21414 S.W. Martinazzi Ave., Tualatin, OR 97062), Keppel; William (11640 S.W. Boones Ferry Rd., Portland, OR 97219) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,984,578 Date filed: May 7, 1990 Abstract: A method and apparatus for identifying and alleviating semantic memory deficiencies. An electroencephalogram signal is detected from the scalp of a subject to produce a signal representative of evoked response potentials. The subject is instructed to perform a semantic memory task in response to a stimulus. The amplitude of the most positive-going peak of the evoked response potential signal during the 270-550 ms period following the stimulus is measured. To determine whether the subject suffers from early Alzheimer's disease, the amplitude of the signal is compared to a standard determined by applying the same method to normal subjects. The amplitude of the signal may also be used to provide a feedback signal to the subject for training the subject to improve the subject's semantic memory skills. An apparatus is provided for implementing these steps using digital signal processing, and for providing a biofeedback signal to the subject. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods and apparatuses for identifying and alleviating deficiencies in the performance of semantic memory tasks, and particularly to the early diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease by identifying, as a symptom thereof, deficiencies in the performance of semantic memory tasks. Studies of event-related potentials in subjects with dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease (Dementia of the Alzheimer Type, or "DAT") have demonstrated prolonged "P300" latencies in a majority of those subjects. An event-related potential ("ERP") is an electrical potential produced at the scalp of an individual representative of brain
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electrical activity resulting from the brain's response to external stimuli. It is picked up as a standard electroencephalograph ("EEG") signal and can be represented as a waveform of electrical potential as a function of time. The P300 component of that signal is the component with the most positive-going peak of the waveform in the latency range of 270 through 550 milliseconds. Latency means the time period following presentation of a stimulus until the subject event occurs. Ordinarily, an ERP exhibits a P300 component in response to perception by the subject of an unexpected or lowprobability stimulus. However, in the aforementioned studies, subjects from several etiologic groups were combined, and their pattern of cognitive deficits was not detailed. Thus, P300 prolongation could have been due to non-specific deficits in perceptual processing or attention capacity. Moreover, those studies used a simple auditory tone discrimination task, which was found not to be very sensitive in cases of mild dementia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04984578__ ·
Method and apparatus for obtaining a non-cephalic referential electroencephalogram Inventor(s): Re Mine; Walter J. (783 Iglehart Ave., Saint Paul, MN 55104), Whisler; John W. (1489 Albert St. North, Saint Paul, MN 55108) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,421,121 Date filed: October 3, 1980 Abstract: A method and apparatus to provide an electroencephalogram (EEG) measured with respect to a reference which is not on the head and to eliminate the electrocardiographic (EKG) artifact which normally contaminates such a measurement. At least three electrodes are placed at or below the base of the neck. Signals from these electrodes are linearly combined, thereby producing a reference signal. The reference signal is then subtracted from signals derived from scalp electrodes. The linear coefficients are adjusted to eliminate the EKG artifact. Excerpt(s): It is desired to measure the electroencephalogram (EEG) on the scalp with respect to a reference which is not on the head. However this typically results in large amounts of electrocardiogram (EKG) artifact in the measured EEG. This invention concerns itself with a method and apparatus for measuring the EEG against a reference which is not on the head and in addition results in EEG data which is relatively free of EKG. This is achieved by synthesizing a reference signal (measured against a ground) and then subtracting this same reference signal from each of the scalp signals (measured against the same ground). This reference signal is synthesized as a linear combination of several signals derived from several reference electrodes where these reference electrodes are not on the head. There are M electrode means (28) where M is three or more. These M electrode means (28) are placed at or below the base of the neck. When M is three the electrode means (28) are placed preferably one on the seventh cervical vertebra and one at the midpoints of each of the right and left clavicles. The M electrode means (28) and the ground or common electrode means (10) are preferably the selfadhesive EKG electrodes of the type used for stress testing. They can also be the dome or disk type EEG electrodes attached with collodion. Other types of electrodes may also be used. The N electrode means (16) are preferably the dome or disk type EEG electrodes attached with collodion although other types may be used. Some of the N electrode means (16) may be sphenoidal and/or nasopharyngeal electrodes. There are M conductive means (30) which make a one to one connection between the M electrode means (28) and the inputs of M amplifier means (32). Everything that comes after the
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amplifier means (20) and (30) may be realized in either analog or digital nature and the communications means (22), (25), (34), (38), (42), (44), (48), (50), (54), (56), and (60) will perform the necessary analog to digital and digital to analog conversions. There are communication means (34) for getting the outputs of the M amplifier means (32) to the inputs of M filter means (36) on a one to one basis. There are communications means (38) for getting the outputs of the M filter means (36) to the inputs of M delaying means (40) on a one to one basis. for each of N channels of time varying data. There are therefore M times N coefficients. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04421121__ ·
Method and system for analysis of long term physiological polygraphic recordings Inventor(s): Kap; Jaap I. (Madison, WI), Martens; Wim L. J. (Eindhoven, NL) Assignee(s): Nicolet Instrument Corporation (madison, Wi) Patent Number: 5,047,930 Date filed: June 26, 1987 Abstract: An analysis system accepts physiological sensor signals, including electroencephalogram (EEG) and other signals commonly sensed in sleep analysis, stores the raw data for later retrieval, extracts features from the digitized signal data which are of a type apt to be significant in classifying and detecting physiological functions (such as the state of sleep) and matches the extracted features to patterns which indicate the type of feature that has been extracted. The matched features are then utilized to classify for each epoch (limited period of time) the state of the physiological function (such as the stage of sleep) for that epoch. The results of the classification analysis are displayed on a CRT screen to the operator on a real time basis and in time correlation with representations of detected features from the various physiological signals. Upon completion of the tests, the operator can interact with the system to change the patterns by which the features are matched and the classification criteria, and can then re-analyze the data and have it redisplayed to demonstrate the results of the re-analysis. In this manner, the operator can interactively utilize his judgment to provide a classification result which is satisfactory to him and which is particularly adapted to the individual subject under test. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains generally to the field of physiologic recording and analysis systems and particularly to systems which gather physiological data from several sources, store, analyze and display the data to an operator. Such systems are used, for example, in the monitoring of sleep and awake states in individual subjects. To aid the clinician in evaluating the physiological status of an individual, so called polygraphic monitoring is used to record a variety of measurable physiological variables which can be reviewed to determine the fluctuations of one or more physiological functions. One example of a physiological function receiving intensive study in a clinical setting is the state of sleep in individuals. For several decades, long term recordings on paper of electroencephalograms (EEG) alone and in combination with other physiological data such as obtained from electrooculorgrams (EOG), and electromyograms (EMG), heart rate monitoring, and respiration have been used to study and classify the process of sleep. Typically, to reveal the cyclic fluctuation of the depth of sleep, a description of various physiological phenomena, such as EEG, EOG, EMG, etc., is made by the clinician for each page of the EEG, etc., recording. A set of describing parameters is then used to classify the sleep into, for example, five classes or stages. The resulting graph, which indicates the stage of sleep for each consecutive recording page,
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is called a hypnogram. Normally, such a graph shows a damped oscillation with a cycle duration of about 90 minutes. In 1968, Rechtschaffen and Kales established criteria for the classification of sleep which today are commonly used in sleep research. EEG, EOG, and EMG variables are considered in this classification scheme, and attention is paid as well to the ongoing EEG background activity (amplitude and time index of EEG rhythms) as well as to certain transient patterns (K complexes, sleepspindles, sharp Vertex waves, theta bursting, etc.). Attention is also paid to rapid eye movements (REM) and muscle tension (EMG) measured at the chin. The criteria of Rechtschaffen and Kales classify the stages of sleep--I through IV and REM sleep--based on how the monitored physiological variables meet prescribed rules, fOr example, the occurrence of sleepspindles for stage II, and whether the variables lay within (or exceed) certain values (e.g., for Stage IV the amplitude of delta waves must exceed 75 microvolts for more than 50% of the time). These rules for classifying sleep are well known and referenced in standard physiology handbooks. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05047930__ ·
Method for analyzing electroencephalogram using correlation dimension Inventor(s): Kim; Seung-Hwan (Daejeon, KR), Park; Seon-Hee (Daejeon, KR), Ryu; Chang-Su (Daejeon, KR) Assignee(s): Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (daejeon, Kr) Patent Number: 5,857,979 Date filed: July 15, 1997 Abstract: This invention provides a method for analyzing an electroencephalogram(EEG) using the correlation dimension by which the brain states can be discriminated. The method uses a time-delay determining method necessary for reconstructing vectors from the EEG time series, and a relative ratio of a correlation exponent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for analyzing an electroencephalogram(EEG) using a correlation dimension, and more particularly to a method for analyzing an EEG time series by which a brain state can be determined using a time-delay determining method necessary for reconstructing vectors from the EEG time series in the embedding dimension, and a relative ratio of a correlation exponent(hereinafter, referred to as a relative correlation exponent). It is well known that a correlation dimension is most widely used in chaotic dynamics analyses. In analyzing the EEG(electroencephalogram) through the use of the conventional correlation dimension, the analysis method includes a first step of constructing vectors in an embedding dimension from the EEG time series by using a time delay, a second step of calculating a correlation integral for the vectors, a third step of obtaining a correlation exponent by using the local slope of the correlation integral, and a fourth step of obtaining the correlation dimension from the correlation exponent with varying the embedding dimension. For the stochastic time series, the correlation exponent continuously increases with the embedding dimension. In case of the chaotic system, the correlation exponent converges into a constant value which is referred to as the correlation dimension. Accordingly, the measurement of the correlation dimension enables one to determine whether the time series is stochastic or chaotic. Also, since the correlation dimension for the EEG during sleep and epileptic seizure is much lower than that of the normal brain state, the correlation dimension can be used in diagnosing the encephalopathy. However, since the conventional correlation dimension measurement
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includes the above first step of obtaining the time delay from the specific function, such as the autocorrelation function, the dependence on the time delay of the embedding dimension is ignored. Further, at the fourth step in the above-mentioned method, it is difficult to obtain the correlation exponent in a high embedding dimension, because the number of data of the EEG time series is limited in experiments. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05857979__ ·
Method for determining electroencephalogram (EEG)
positive
and
negative
emotional
states
by
Inventor(s): Kim; Seung Hwan (Daejeon, KR), Park; Seon Hee (Daejeon, KR), Ryu; Chang Su (Daejeon, KR) Assignee(s): Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (daejeon, Kr) Patent Number: 6,021,346 Date filed: July 23, 1998 Abstract: The present invention to provide a method for determining positive and negative emotional states by using a relative power in a subband of a specific frequency band increases or decreases in the course of time. In order to realize the above object, the present invention determines positive and negative emotional states by using a relative power in a subband of a specific frequency band increases or decreases with the lapse of time. The present invention performs a Fourier transform for a unit time not an entire response time regarding a stimulus, and can be used in real time by using a timefrequency analysis method continuously executed with the lapse of time. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method for determining positive and negative emotional states by electroencephalogram (hereinafter referred to as an EEG). More particularly, it relates to a method for determining positive and negative emotional states by using that a relative power in a subband of a specific frequency band increases or decreases with the lapse of time. In recent years, for a human being comfortable life, the information about a human being emotional state as a response to a peripheral environment has been requested to a product development research. Accordingly, a technique for estimating a human being response (i.e., emotional state) for the peripheral environment is required thereto. To achieve the above technique, an EEG analysis method has been developed. The EEG analysis method discriminates between a pleasant emotion and a bad (unpleasant) emotion of human by using the EEG, which is applied to both a human's taste research and a product development. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06021346__ ·
Method for diagnosing a patient to determine whether the patient suffers from limbic system dysrhythmia Inventor(s): Gardner; Elmer A. (4545 42nd St., NW., Suite 204, Washington, DC 20016), Ryback; Ralph S. (11607 Springridge Rd., Potomac, MD 20854) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,176,145 Date filed: January 28, 1991
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Abstract: A patient is diagnosed to determine whether the patient has a limbic system dysrhythmia and capable of being treated by administration of an anticonvulsant medication by determining whether the patient exhibits symptoms in at least four groups out of twelve defined groups of symptoms. In addition, an electroencephalogram is studied for any focal abnormalities in the temporal parietal areas and, if there are none, the patient is administered a local anaesthetic, procaine, and the electroencephalogram is evaluated for omega band activity (30-50 Hz). A patient exhibiting either focal abnormalities in the temporal-parietal areas on the standard electroencephalogram or, after procaine, exhibiting omega band activity of at least about three times the baseline voltage above normal and exhibiting symptoms in at least four groups of the twelve groups of defined symptoms is diagnosed as having Limbic System Dysrhythmia and being capable of treatment by administering an anticonvulsant medication. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with a method for diagnosing a patient to determine whether the patient suffers from limbic system dysrhythmia and is capable of being successfully treated by administering anti-convulsant medication. In particular, the present invention is concerned with a diagnostic process that includes selection of patients with a certain constellation of symptoms and an electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis for determining increased activity in the omega band range (30-55 hertz). Diagnosing and attempting to treat a particular mental disorder requires a great deal of effort to first determine in what diagnostic group the patient should be characterized. However, it is often difficult to place a particular patient in a diagnostic group. Diagnosis of patients usually entail a thorough medical examination to determine whether the patient suffers from any physical conditions that may contribute to the cause of the mental disorder. Then, the patient is interviewed over a period of time. For many years various EEG tests have been used to detect any changes in a patient's brain waves. For the most part these EEG tests do not involve the omega band range. However, there have been some recent suggestions in the literature that using an electroencephalogram analysis in the omega wave band range produced by the administration of a local anaesthetic, procaine, and a series of intravenous doses of increasing amount could be useful as a clinical probe and could possibly predict good clinical response to carbamazepine. For example, see Adamec et al., Basic Science and Clinical Aspects of Procaine HCl as a Limbic System Excitant, Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat., 1985, Vol. 9, pp. 109-119, Pergamon Press Limited and Kellner et al., Intravenous Procaine as a Probe of Limbic System Activity in Psychiatric Patients and Normal Controls, Biol. Psychiatry, 1987, Vol. 22, pp. 1107-1126. However, even with the use of EEG analysis, the ability to predict with any reasonable degree of success whether a patient would be a likely candidate for treatment was not possible from the above discussions. Moreover, the procedures required a plurality of intravenous doses of a local anaesthetic such as procaine in increasing amounts which is both extremely time consuming and quite uncomfortable if not disturbing for the patient. Moreover, the ability to reasonably predict whether a patient would be successfully treated by a particular pharmaceutical cannot be underestimated, since an incorrect diagnosis could not only result in an ineffective treatment but one that might even be harmful to the patient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05176145__
Patents 57
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Method of and apparatus for inducing desired states of consciousness Inventor(s): Monroe; Robert A. (Nelson County, VA) Assignee(s): Interstate Industries Inc. (faber, Va) Patent Number: 5,356,368 Date filed: March 1, 1991 Abstract: Improved methods and apparatus for entraining human brain patterns, employing frequency following response (FFR) techniques, facilitate attainment of desired states of consciousness. In one embodiment, a plurality of electroencephalogram (EEG) waveforms, characteristic of a given state of consciousness, are combined to yield an EEG waveform to which subjects may be susceptible more readily. In another embodiment, sleep patterns are reproduced based on observed brain patterns during portions of a sleep cycle; entrainment principles are applied to induce sleep. In yet another embodiment, entrainment principles are applied in the work environment, to induce and maintain a desired level of consciousness. A portable device also is described. Excerpt(s): The present application is related to copending application No. 07/514,460, filed Apr. 16, 1990 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,213,562. The present invention relates to an improved method of inducing desired states of consciousness, including different levels of sleep, in human beings, using a technique known as frequency following response (FFR), developed by the present inventor. The invention also relates to apparatus for performing the method. A number of areas of applicability of the invention are described, in accordance with different preferred embodiments. The present inventor discovered that the human brain could be entrained to output brain wave patterns these different frequencies. While frequencies corresponding to these different levels of sleep are not audible, by superimposing those frequencies on some type of sound, such as music, it was determined to be possible to induce desired levels of sleep. The individual listening to the music would "hear" the low frequencies, with the desired effect on brain activity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05356368__
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Methods and electrodes
mechanisms
for
quick-placement
electroencephalogram
(EEG)
Inventor(s): Corey; F. Scott (Severna Park, MD), Dixon; Eva Jane (Columbia, MD), Menkes; Alex (Baltimore, MD), Sakers; John R. (Baltimore, MD) Assignee(s): Baltimore Biomedical, Inc. (baltimore, Md) Patent Number: 6,175,753 Date filed: July 2, 1999 Abstract: This invention provides a quick-placement EEG electrode. The EEG electrode is fixed to a patient's scalp by a first element working in conjunction with a second element to trap hair and hold the EEG electrode in place. The EEG electrode contains a sponge that when compressed, dispenses electrolytic gel, acts as a shock absorber, and maintains contact with the scalp. The EEG electrode has a quick release mechanism for easy removal of the EEG electrode from the patient's scalp. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes. More particularly, the invention relates to EEG electrodes that can be quickly applied and
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removed from a patient's scalp. The invention also relates to methods for quickly and easily applying and removing the EEG electrodes from the patient's scalp. Attachment devices exist for fixing EEG electrodes to a patient's scalp. These devices may use colloidal glue, adhesive tape or bandages. EEG electrodes may also be attached by incorporating them into web matrix helmets. Placing and removing these EEG electrodes from a patient's scalp is time consuming. The EEG electrodes are uncomfortable to wear and may loose signal contact during extended ambulatory monitoring. Web matrix helmets are headpieces made of a webbing material. Web matrix helmets are fastened to the patient'head by means of a chin strap and/or a neck strap with scalp-pattern electrodes attached along the under-surface of the web material. Web matrix helmets cannot be used unobtrusively in ambulatory settings. Furthermore, each contact area on the patient's head must be thickly coated with an electrolytic gel to obtain good signal quality. Even with this preparation, since the electrodes themselves trap large quantities of hair between the electrode body and the scalp, there is a possibility for signal loss from any one electrode. Also, during the course of long-term monitoring, re-application of electrolytic gel is often necessary to maintain signal quality. Lastly, web matrix helmets do not fit all head shapes and sizes, making electrode placements problematic with some patients. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06175753__ ·
Movement artifact detector for sleep analysis Inventor(s): Broughton; Roger (Ottawa, CA), da Costa; Bernardo (Ottawa, CA) Assignee(s): Canadian Patents & Development Limited (ottawa, Ca) Patent Number: 4,550,736 Date filed: October 10, 1984 Abstract: The movement detector monitors the electroencephalogram (EEG) signal in order to detect components having a real-time frequency greater than 30 Hz and an amplitude greater than 18.mu.V; a real-time frequency greater than 30 Hz and an amplitude between.+-.9.mu.V; or a real-time frequency less than 1.2 Hz and an amplitude greater than 200.mu.V. An output signal is provided when at least one of these components is detected. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to automatic sleep analysers and, in particular, to detectors for the specific events used in staging sleep. A scoring system for staging the sleep patterns of adult humans has been standardized and is described in the manual edited by A. Rechtschaffen and A. Kales entitled, "A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects", Public Health Service, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. , NIH Publ. No. 204, 1968. In scoring sleep, three basic signals recorded as electrical activity in the body, are required. These are the activity of the brain, the eyes and the muscles. The activity of the brain is represented by an electroencephalographic (EEG) signal obtained from electrodes placed on the head. The activity of the eyes is represented by electrooculo-graphic (EOG) signals obtained from electrodes placed near each eye. The muscle tone activity is represented by an electromyographic (EMG) signal obtained from electrodes usually located under the chin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04550736__
Patents 59
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Operating method for air conditioner Inventor(s): Choi; Ho Seon (Seoul, KR), Huh; Deok (Seoul, KR), Lee; Dae-Keun (Kyungki-Do, KR), Seong; See-Poong (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): LG Electronics (kr) Patent Number: 5,771,705 Date filed: September 11, 1996 Abstract: An operating method for a room air conditioner(RAC) which is capable of enhancing an alertness level of a user based upon a human electroencephalogram(EEG), includes inputting an alertness operation mode key when the user desires to heighten an alertness degree of the user, performing an air conditioning operation to maintain a first standard temperature and a range of a temperature variation corresponding thereto to enhance the user's alertness degree, performing an air conditioning operation to maintain a second standard temperature and the range of the temperature variation corresponding thereto when the user feels cold at the first standard temperature, and to maintain a third standard temperature and the range of the temperature variation corresponding thereto when the user feels hot at the first standard temperature, repeating the second step when the user feels cold at the third standard temperature, and when the user feels hot at the second standard temperature, and performing an air conditioning operation according to a general mode when the user feels hot at the third standard temperature, and when the user feels cold at the second standard temperature. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an operating method for an air conditioner, and in particular, to an improved operating method for an air conditioner which is capable of enhancing a degree of human alertness. Generally, air conditioning means keeping an agreeable indoor atmosphere for the purpose of improving health or productivity by conditioning indoor air or air in a building with an air conditioner. In particular, for people, comfortable air conditioning can help to alleviate fatigue and to enhance productivity. Therefore, efforts have been made for creating an optimum working environment. An air conditioner is an apparatus which takes in air, conditions it and then supplies it indoors, and available air conditioner types include a separate type air conditioner and a window type air conditioner. The separate type air conditioners may be classified into a room air conditioner(hereinafter, called RAC) and a package air conditioner. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05771705__
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System for evoking electroencephalogram signals Inventor(s): Yasushi; Mitsuo (Kawagoe, JP) Assignee(s): Pioneer Electronic Corporation (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 5,495,853 Date filed: September 14, 1994 Abstract: A system for evoking an electroencephalogram (EEG) signal from the brain of a user has a brain wave evoking terminal unit which includes a headgear for being mounted on the head of the user, a light emitter, mounted on the headgear, for applying an EEG signal evoking photic stimulus to the eyes of the user, and electrodes, mounted on the headgear, for detecting brain waves produced by the user. The system also has a brain wave signal processor, responsive to brain wave signals from the electrodes, for
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generating a stimulating signal having a frequency corresponding to a brain wave to be evoked, and for applying the stimulating signal to the light emitter. The brain wave to be evoked is extracted and fed back as stimulating light to the user, who can be rapidly and strongly brought into a desired brain wave condition. The brain wave signal processor may be combined with the brain wave evoking terminal unit, so that the system is small in size, simple in arrangement, and can be carried and mounted on the user's head with ease. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a system for evoking a desired electroencephalogram signal, e.g., an alpha rhythm, from the brain of a human being to bring the human being into a relaxed condition. It is known in the art that brain waves, i.e., electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, originating in the brain of a human being and the physiological and psychological states of the human being are closely related to each other. For example, when a human being is awake and in an active mental state, beta (.beta.) rhythms in a frequency range of from about 13 to 30 Hz are dominantly produced. Alpha (.alpha.) rhythms are prevalent in a relaxed mental state and have a frequency ranging from about 8 to 13 Hz. Brain waves generated during drowsiness and lightsleep are theta (.theta.) rhythms in a frequency band ranging from about 4 to 7 Hz. The correlation between these brain waves having different frequency ranges and certain human activity phases indicates that the evocation of a certain brain wave through sensory stimulation is apt to put the human being in a corresponding physiological and psychological state. Based on the analysis of the interaction between the EEG signals and physiological and psychological states, there have heretofore been proposed various systems for evoking alpha waves from the brain of a human being by giving a certain external stimulus to his body, thereby to place him in a physically and psychologically relaxed state for assisting him in lessening stresses and achieving mental concentration. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05495853__ ·
Transmitting, analyzing and reporting EEG data Inventor(s): Eralp; Emin (150 White Plains Rd., Tarrytown, NY 10591), Itil; Turan M. (150 White Plains Rd., Tarrytown, NY 10591), LeBars; Pierre (150 White Plains Rd., Tarrytown, NY 10591) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,730,146 Date filed: February 9, 1994 Abstract: A method and system for acquisition, transmission, analysis, and analysis reporting of patient bioelectrical data, including electroencephalogram (EEG), computer-enhanced and expanded EEG (CEEG), dynamic brain mapping, evoked potentials (EP) and event related potential (ERP) data, with or without dynamic brain mapping, between a remote site where the physician and patient are located and a data collection and analysis center where the data can be analyzed by high-level computer analysis and/or expert technicians using an available communications channel. The EP, ERP and/or EEG data signals are gathered locally and transmitted using a local computer unit to control stimulus generation, data acquisition, and transmission functions. The high-level or computationally-intensive computer at the data collection and analysis center can also generate brain mapping analysis. The analysis results, along with statistical comparisons of the patient condition at the remote site with the data bases (normals, diagnostic groups, psychotropic drug data bases) at the receiving center
Patents 61
are transmitted back over a communications channel to the remote site for display to the physician and patient. Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to a method and system for transmitting, analyzing, and reporting on evoked potential (EP), event related potential (ERP), electroencephalogram (EEG) data, computer enhanced and expanded EEG (CEEG) data, and dynamic brain mapping data. In particular, the invention encompasses specially developed functions for gathering, transmitting, analyzing, and reporting on such data between a remote data gathering site and a data analysis center. Digitization of analog brain electrical activity signals and quantitative analysis of the waveforms by computers are well known. Computers are also used for quantitative analysis (averaging) of evoked potentials (EP) and event related potentials (ERP) are used to determine the physiological responses of the brain to applied stimuli (somatosensory, auditory, visual, or more complex decide-and-react tasks) in order to evaluate brain dysfunctions. In recent years, the development of brain mapping techniques, as well as normative and clinical data bases, have made the above-mentioned technologies useful to practicing clinicians, particularly mental health care providers (psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, etc.) who need to diagnose and treat disorders that may be related to brain function. Such computerized systems require a sizable investment for the ordinary physician, as well as specific expertise in evaluating the results. A trained clinician is usually needed to make the appropriate clinical correlations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05730146__
Patent Applications on Electroencephalogram As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to electroencephalogram: ·
Apparatus and method for measuring electroencephalogram Inventor(s): Nam, Seung-hoon; (Daejon, KR), Ryu, Chang-su; (Daejon, KR), Shin, Seungchul; (Daejon, KR), Song, Yoon-seon; (Daejon, KR) Correspondence: Blakely Sokoloff Taylor & Zafman; 12400 Wilshire Boulevard, Seventh Floor; Los Angeles; CA; 90025; US Patent Application Number: 20030139683 Date filed: June 6, 2002 Abstract: An electroencephalogram measuring apparatus which can remove an electroencephalogram in which noise waves are combined, by considering individual differences, and a method therefor are provided. The electroencephalogram measuring method includes detecting electroencephalogram data of an experimentee; amplifying the detected electroencephalogram data, and converting the data into a digital signal; high-speed Fourier transforming the converted digital electroencephalogram data; calculating an output value for each frequency of the Fourier transformed electroencephalogram; calculating an output value for each frequency of the electroencephalogram for a predetermined time interval; calculating a relative output
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Electroencephalogram
value for the ground state of the experimentee, by dividing the output value for each frequency at each predetermined time interval by the output value for each frequency of the ground state of the corresponding experimentee; and comparing the calculated relative output value for each frequency for each predetermined time interval for the ground state of the experimentee, with a predetermined value, and if the relative output value for each frequency for each predetermined time interval for the ground state of the experimentee is less than the predetermined value, determining that noise waves are not combined with the electroencephalogram, and outputting the electroencephalogram data, and if the relative output value for each frequency for each predetermined time interval for the ground state of the experimentee is greater than the predetermined value, determining that noise waves are combined with electroencephalogram, and not outputting the electroencephalogram data. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus for measuring an electroencephalogram and a method for driving the apparatus, and more particularly, to an electroencephalogram (EEG) measuring apparatus for measuring a pure electroencephalogram without combined noise waves, by considering the ground state of an experimentee and a method for driving the apparatus. An electroencephalogram which enables to spatiotemporally recognize the activities of a brain is a leading living body signal, and is widely used in clinical research and brain function researches. Recently, the electroencephalogram is used in bio-feedback in which the mental states of a user is improved through modulation of an electroencephalogram by an external stimulus. Also, using the living body signals such as the electroencephalogram, an eletrocardiogram, or Galvanic Skin Resistance (GSR), the emotion of an individual is evaluated. In addition, the electroencephalogram is applied to a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) field which aims to achieve a direct interface between humans and machines through an electroencephalogram without using languages or body actions. However, in measuring a human electroencephalogram, noise waves, including an electromyogram generated by human actions, an electrooculogram generated by eye movement, an electrocardiogram, a slow wave generated by respiration and perspiration, and a signal generated by skin deformation due to an electrode attached for measuring an electroencephalogram, are combined into the electroencephalogram. If this noise waves are combined with the electroencephalogram, the electroencephalogram of an experimentee cannot be accurately measured. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Arrangement and process for controlling a numerical value for patient respiration Inventor(s): Dittmann, Ralf; (Lubeck, DE), Gentilini, Andrea; (Zurich, DE), Glattfelder, Adolph; (Zurich, CH), Grunitz-Post, Swen; (Oststeinbek, DE), Leonhardt, Steffen; (Lubeck, DE), Morari, Manfred; (Kusnacht, AT), Schnider, Thomas; (Buren, CH), Zbinden, Alexander M.; (Bern, CH) Correspondence: Mcglew & Tuttle, PC; Scarborough Station; Scarborough; NY; 10510; US Patent Application Number: 20020014236 Date filed: March 22, 2001 Abstract: An arrangement with a control circuit for controlling a numerical value for patient respiration as well as to a process for controlling the numerical value. The numerical value is controlled on the basis of an evaluation of the EEG (electroencephalogram) of the patient (1) by an EEG sensor (2), e.g., by determining the
Patents 63
so-called BIS (bispectral index). A control of the inspiratory gaseous anesthetic concentrations is cascaded to the control of the EEG value in the manner of a cascade circuit. This has the advantage that a metering device (6) belonging to the arrangement meters a gaseous anesthetic mixture directly according to the patient's needs. As an alternative, the control of the numerical value is performed on the basis of an evaluation of the expiratory gaseous anesthetic concentrations resolved for individual breaths at the Y-piece (19) of the respiration circuit (12) by a gaseous anesthetic sensor (8a), preferably an infrared optical gas sensor. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to an arrangement with a control circuit for controlling a numerical value for patient respiration as well as to the control of the numerical value. The control of the flow of a flowing medium, especially a gas, by means of valves via a cascade control circuit is described in EP 483 401 B1. It can be used for the respiration of humans and animals for the valve-controlled supply and removal of a gaseous anesthetic. The control parameter of the first control circuit is the flow, and the position of the valves or the current and the voltage for actuating the valves may be the control parameters of the second control circuit. A device and a process for the automation of peripheral anesthesia, which are based on measured values determined on the patient, have been known from EP 236 513 A1. The metering of anesthetics is preferably controlled there on the basis of an electromyelogram by means of electrodes distributed locally on the patient. However, the anesthetic is administered by local infusion rather than via a respiration circuit. The additional recording of an electroencephalogram of the patient is used for monitoring in order to prevent unconsciousness of the patient, which is undesirable in the case of peripheral anesthesia. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Automatic electroencephalogram analysis apparatus and method Inventor(s): Ichikawa, Kazuhisa; (Kanagawa, JP), Tsuboshita, Yukihiro; (Kanagawa, JP), Yamaguchi, Isao; (Kanagawa, JP) Correspondence: Oliff & Berridge, Plc; P.O. Box 19928; Alexandria; VA; 22320; US Patent Application Number: 20030199781 Date filed: April 18, 2003 Abstract: Discrimination-target electroencephalographic data input from a discrimination-target electroencephalographic data input portion is converted into feature parameters on a phase space and feature parameters on a frequency space by a feature parameter extracting portion. By use of feature parameters generated likewise from a reference learning electroencephalographic data set input from a reference learning electroencephalographic data set input portion, a reference data space calculating portion calculates a mean, a variance, and an inverse matrix of a correlation matrix of the reference learning electroencephalographic data set. These are used as a reference data space. A Mahalanobis distance calculating portion obtains a Mahalanobis distance from the mean, the variance, and the inverse matrix of the correlation matrix of the reference learning electroencephalographic data set calculated as a reference data space, and the feature parameters calculated from the discrimination-target electroencephalographic data. A judgment portion judges normality/abnormality of the discrimination-target electroencephalogram according to the Mahalanobis distance. Excerpt(s): The present disclosure relates to the subject matter contained in Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-119057 filed on Apr. 22, 2002, which is incorporated herein
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by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to an automatic electroencephalogram analysis technique for automatically diagnosing psychoneurotic disease such as schizophrenia, manic-depressive or epilepsy by use of electroencephalographic data. Electroencephalogram diagnosis in the related art is based on visual judgment of time-series electroencephalographic data by a skilled medical doctor. Thus, there is a problem that the judgment differs from one doctor to another due to their subjectivity, or the work cannot be turned over by any other staff than skilled medical doctors. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Brain response monitoring apparatus and method Inventor(s): Hong, Di-an; (Inverness, IL), Liu, Yong; (Hoffman Estates, IL), Mathew, Tom; (Skokie, IL), Turlik, Iwona; (Barrington, IL), Xiao, Weinin; (Hoffman Estates, IL) Correspondence: Fitch Even Tabin And Flannery; 120 South LA Salle Street; Suite 1600; Chicago; IL; 60603-3406; US Patent Application Number: 20030225342 Date filed: May 30, 2002 Abstract: Brain response signals of a user, such as electroencephalogram signals, and in particular visually evoked potential signals that correspond to predetermined illumination patterns, are detected and utilized to ascertain selection of specific functions and/or actions as desired by that user. Sources of illumination that exhibit such patterns are arranged to physically correspond to indicia of such functions and actions to facilitate knowing selection thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the monitoring of brain response, and more particularly to the monitoring of visually evoked potential signals. It is well understood that various brain responses can be monitored without need for invasive sensors. For example an individual's electroencephalogram response can be readily monitored through use of available prior art apparatus. Typically the data derived through such monitoring is used to inform various medical diagnostic practices and techniques wherein the data is collected and then later bulk processed to facilitate a corresponding diagnostic study. Fictional stories abound that feature other uses of socalled brain waves, but practical implementations have, for the most part, eluded researchers in this regard. Various devices are also known in the art that provide and/or require one or more human interfaces to receive user instructions and selections. For example, telephones, televisions, computers, and the like all provide various mechanical and/or audible input mechanisms for such purposes. Such prior art solutions are not fully satisfactory in all application settings, however. Due to limitations with respect to the user themselves, the application context, and/or the mechanism being controlled, such prior art input mechanisms can be partially or wholly ineffective to ensure timely and/or accurate user input and selection. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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·
COMMUNICATION AND CONTROL BY MEANS OF BRAINWAVE AND OTHER PROCESSES CAUSING VOLTAGE CHANGES THAT CAN BE MEASURED FROM THE BODY Inventor(s): Dewan, Edmond M.; (Lexington, MA) Correspondence: William G. Auton; Esc/jaz 40 Wright Street; Hanscom Afb; MA; 017312903; US Patent Application Number: 20030032888 Date filed: August 1, 2001 Abstract: People can be taught to control voluntarily their own alpha rhythms. This can be used to send messages in Morse code and printed out by printer when an electroencephalogram pattern is processed by an appropriate computer program. Such procedures can also be used as control signals to activate servomechanisms any other device or appliance. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to the fields of electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring and biofeedback, and more specifically to biofeedback devices and techniques for operating binary digit communication systems and controlling servomechanisms. Biofeedback systems suitable for use are described in the following U.S. Patents the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. U.S. Pat. No. 4,928,704, May 29, 1990, EEG biofeedback method and system for training voluntary control of human EEG activity, Hardt, James V. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
·
Device and method electroencephalogram
for
carrying
out
spatially
directed
detection
of
an
Inventor(s): Berkes, Sebastian; (Ilmenau, DE), Henning, Gunter; (Ilmenau, DE), Husar, Peter; (Ilmenau, DE), Schellhorn, Klaus; (Ilmenau, DE), Schlegelmilch, Falk; (Ilmenau, DE) Correspondence: Douglas J Christensen; Patterson Thuente Skaar & Christensen; 4800 Ids Center; 80 South Eighth Street; Minneapolis; MN; 55402; US Patent Application Number: 20030144599 Date filed: November 12, 2002 Abstract: A first layer of photoresist material, sensitive to radiation of a first wavelength, has a second layer of photoresist material, sensitive to radiation of a second wavelength, deposited thereon. A pattern of radiation of the second wavelength is then formed on the second layer of photoresist material which is subsequently treated with a solvent, in which the first layer of photoresist material is insoluble, to develop a first periodic profile. The first layer of photoresist material is then exposed to radiation of the first wavelength through the first periodic profile and treated to develop a second periodic profile. By directing the radiation of the second wavelength through the first periodic profile a an angle to normal to the first photoresist material a blaze profile may be obtained. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for making periodic profiles, in particular a to a method of fabricating grating structures, especially blazed grating structures in photoresist material. Grating structures, which are structures having a periodic profile in one particular cross section, can be fabricated using a variety of techniques. A
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convenient and well known method of producing a grating structure is to expose a layer of photo-resist material to a pattern of light of a periodically varying intensity. For a positive photoresist material, any area which is exposed to light can be removed by a development process whilst for a negative photoresist material any area which is not exposed to light can be removed by a development process. Photoresist materials are generally only photosensitive to radiation in a certain range. One method of producing light of a periodically varying intensity is to form an interference pattern. The exposure of a photoresist layer to such an interference pattern, which can be produced by any number of interferometric techniques that are well known to a person skilled in the art, allows a range of symmetric grating profiles to be produced. However, by the nature of this technique, it is difficult to obtain a high degree of grating asymmetry uniformly over a large area. Obtaining short pitch gratings with large groove depths is also difficult using this technique. To obtain grating profiles other than sinusoidal requires over-exposure of the layer, and the level of background radiation associated with the interference pattern may then expose the whole photoresist layer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
EEG prediction method for medication response Inventor(s): Emory, W. Hamlin; (Malibu, CA), Suffin, Stephen C.; (Sherman Oaks, CA) Correspondence: Pennie And Edmonds; 1155 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 100362711 Patent Application Number: 20030144875 Date filed: August 15, 2001 Abstract: The present invention includes a system and method for computerized analysis of a patient's electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded by electrodes placed on the scalp, for the purpose of predicting patient response to medications and therapeutic agents commonly used in psychiatric practice. The prediction of the responses to medications (adverse, no effect, favorable outcome) is an important problem in the clinical practice of psychiatry. A growing number of therapeutic agents are available to the clinician but these agents generate variable responses when prescribed based solely on the patient's history and current symptoms. The present invention is used by physicians to improve patient outcome by selecting agents most likely to be effective for a given patient, using a standardized analysis of the digitized EEG and comparison of individual patient EEC data to a particular database of similar patients whose clinical outcome to pharmacotherapy is known. Excerpt(s): antidepressant class medications, anticonvulsant class medications, combinations of psychostimulant and antidepressant class medications, combinations of anticonvulsant and antidepressant class medications, combinations of psychostimulant, antidepressant, and anticonvulsant class medications. The present invention also includes a method for computerized generation of clinical reports that integrates interpretive information from medical professionals with results of medication responsivity evaluation. 1) The EEG is recorded using electrodes placed on the patient's scalp, and the EEG data is stored in a digital format using a standardized protocol available on one of a number of commercially available instruments (current manufacturers include Cadwell Laboratories, Bio-Logic Systems Corp., Nicolet Biomedical, Oxford Instruments, among others). The International 10-20 System convention is used for determining the location of electrodes placed on the scalp. It is
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the responsibility of the recording facility to collect data in accordance with procedural specifications. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Electroencephalogram acquisition unit and system Inventor(s): Jordan, Kenneth George; (Riverside, CA) Correspondence: Sheldon & Mak, Inc; 225 South Lake Avenue; 9th Floor; Pasadena; CA; 91101; US Patent Application Number: 20030018278 Date filed: October 1, 2002 Abstract: An acquisition unit is provided which provides a turn-key interface to the nonexpert personnel who routinely attend acutely brain-injured victims, preventing change or modification of the electroencephalogram parameters by the field technician, while at the same time allowing extensive control over parameters by a remote expert EEG reader; and a method and system is provided using the template and acquisition unit of the present invention with one of a plurality of remote readers who are part of a network of trained EEG readers. Excerpt(s): This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/756,417 filed Jan. 8, 2001, titled "Method And Apparatus For Electroencephalography" and claims priority from provisional applications Serial No. 60/175,191, filed Jan. 10, 2000; Serial No. 60/175,192, filed Jan. 10, 2000; and Serial No. 60/175,193, filed Jan. 10, 2000. A variety of acute brain injuries occur in patients presenting to emergency rooms. These injuries include acute strokes, seizures, head trauma, and sudden changes of consciousness. In 1996, there were 97 million emergency room visits in the United States alone. Of these visits, it is conservatively estimated that at least seven to eight percent, or between 6.8 and 7.8 million people suffered acute brain dysfunction. Despite these numbers, electroencephalography (EEG), a standard, noninvasive test to evaluate brain function, is not available or rarely performed in emergency departments in the United States. Many emergency departments affiliated with major academic centers never perform emergency room electroencephalography (ER-EEG) on patients with acute brain problems. Few of these institutions even have ER-EEG regularly available, and then only perform 2-3 per month. This presents a serious unmet medical need. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method and apparatus for displaying vital sign data Inventor(s): Nonaka, Yukio; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20030055356 Date filed: September 13, 2002 Abstract: An electroencephalogram waveform is displayed in a first display area in a real time manner such that a direction indicating lapse of time is oriented horizontally. A second display area is provided adjacent to the first display area in which CSA or DSA derived from the electroencephalogram waveform, which has been displayed in
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the first display area, is consecutively displayed. A pulse waveform is displayed in a third display area in a real time manner such that a direction indicating lapse of time is oriented horizontally. A fourth display area is provided adjacent to the third display area so that the pulse waveform, which has been displayed in the third display area, is consecutively displayed in a compressed form. The electroencephalogram waveform in the first display area and the pulse waveform in the third display area are displayed synchronously with each other. The CSA or the DSA in the second display area and the compressed pulse waveform in the fourth display area are displayed synchronously with each other. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for displaying vital sign data, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for displaying vital sign data, which monitor a vital sign signal of a patient in an intensive care unit (ICU), an operating room (OR), or a hospital ward in a medical facility. An electroencephalograph or a like device measures analysis data (i.e., frequency spectra) of a patient consecutively in a medical facility and displays the thus-measured data in a predetermined arrangement. The electroencephalograph displays the data while arranging them vertically according to a display method called a compressed spectral array (CSA) display method or a density spectral array (DSA) display method. As described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,800,895, the CSA display method is for displaying a curve in which the horizontal axis represents a frequency and the vertical axis represents an amplitude of an electroencephalogram (EEG). Curves are displayed while being arranged in a vertical direction at given time intervals. The DSA display method is for providing a horizontal bar in which the horizontal axis represents a frequency and the brightness thereof at a portion corresponding to each frequency represents the amplitude of an EEG by density of dots (black dots). Horizontal bars are displayed while being arranged in a vertical direction at given time intervals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Method and apparatus for extracting low SNR transient signals from noise Inventor(s): Lange, Daniel H.; (Kfar Vradim, IL) Correspondence: Lyon & Lyon Llp; 633 West Fifth Street; Suite 4700; Los Angeles; CA; 90071; US Patent Application Number: 20040015894 Date filed: September 26, 2001 Abstract: A method and apparatus for processing a composite signal generated by a transient signal generation mechanism to extract a repetitive low SNR transient signal, such as an evoked potential (EP) appearing in an electroencephalogram (EEG) generated in response to sensory stimulation, by: (a) dynamically identifying, via a learning process, the major transient signal types in the composite signal; (b) decomposing the identified major transient signal types into their respective constituent components; (c) synthesizing a parametric model emulating the transient signal generation mechanism; and (d) utilizing the model and the constituent components to identify and extract the low SNR transient signal from the composite signal. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for extracting low SNR (signal to noise ratio) transient signals from noise. The invention is particularly useful in identifying and extracting low, evoked potential (EP) signals appearing in an electroencephalogram (EEG) of a living being generated in response to sensory
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stimulation of the nervous system of the living being. The invention is therefore described below with respect to this applications, but it will be appreciated that the invention could also be used in other applications. The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the spinal cord lying within the bony vertebral column, and its continuation, the brain, lying within the skull. The brain is the greatly modified and enlarged part of the CNS, surrounded by three protective membranes and enclosed within the cranial cavity of the skull. Both the brain and spinal cord are bathed in a special extracellular fluid called cerebral spinal fluid. Within the CNS there are ascending sensory nerve tracts that run from the spinal cord to various areas of the brain, transferring information regarding changes in the external environment of the body that are reported by various sensory transducers; reciprocally, descending motor nerve tracts that originate in various brain structures such as the cerebrum and cerebellum, transfer motor commands to the motor neurons in the spinal cord. These motor neurons control the activation of the skeletal muscles. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Method and apparatus for recording an electroencephalogram during transcranial magnetic stimulation Inventor(s): Ives, John R.; (Lexington, MA), Pascual-Leone, Alvaro; (Wayland, MA) Correspondence: Robert A. Skrivanek, JR.; Wolf, Greenfield & Sacks, P.C.; 600 Atlantic Avenue; Boston; MA; 02210; US Patent Application Number: 20020007128 Date filed: December 21, 2000 Abstract: A system for monitoring an electroencephalogram of a patient during administration of transcranial magnetic stimulation including a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) system, an electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring system, and a control system, coupled between the EEG S system and the TMS system, that responds to signals provided by the EEG system and controls the TMS system wherein timing of operation of the TMS system does not need to be synchronized to timing of operation of the EEG system. A conductive plastic electrode system for use with the EEG monitoring system is also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to medical diagnostic and treatment methods and apparatus. An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a record of specific brain wave patterns in a patient. EEG systems permit the recording of the brain wave patterns. An EEG system typically includes a plurality of conductive electrodes that are placed on a patient's scalp. These electrodes are typically metal and are connected to a preamplifier that processes the signals detected by the electrodes and provides amplified signals to an EEG machine. The EEG machine contains hardware and software that interprets the signals to provide a visual display of the brain wave activity detected by the electrodes. This brain wave activity is typically displayed on a strip chart recorder or computer monitor. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for stimulating the human brain noninvasively. TMS uses the principle of inductance to get electrical energy across the scalp and skull without the pain of direct percutaneous electrical stimulation. It involves placing a coil of wire on the scalp and passing a powerful and rapidly changing current through it. This produces a magnetic field which passes unimpeded and relatively painlessly through the tissues of the head. The peak strength of the magnetic field is related to the magnitude of the current and the number of turns of wire in the coil. This magnetic field, in turn, induces a much weaker electrical current
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in the brain. The strength of the induced current is a function of the rate of change of the magnetic field, which is determined by the rate of change of the current in the coil. In order to induce enough current to depolarize neurons in the brain, the current passed through the stimulating coil must start and stop or reverse its direction within a few hundred microseconds. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Method and apparatus for the estimation of anesthetic depth using wavelet analysis of the electroencephalogram Inventor(s): Ahmadi, Hossain Cyrus; (Vancouver, CA), Bibian, Stephane; (Vancouver, CA), Dumont, Guy Albert; (Vancouver, CA), Huzmezan, Mihai; (Vancouver, CA), Macleod, Bernard Ansell; (Vancouver, CA), Puil, Ernest; (Vancouver, CA), Ries, Craig Robert; (Vancouver, CA), Zikov, Tatjana; (Shaker Heights, OH) Correspondence: Oyen, Wiggs, Green & Mutala; 480 - The Station; 601 West Cordova Street; Vancouver; BC; V6b 1g1; CA Patent Application Number: 20040010203 Date filed: July 11, 2003 Abstract: A method and apparatus to monitor the neurologic state of a patient undergoing general anesthesia is provided. Previous automated systems to monitor the neurologic state of a patient undergoing general anesthesia involve a significant time delay between the patient's true hypnotic state and the computed indices. The present invention reduces this time delay by using a different analysis technique applied to spontaneous EEG. A wavelet decomposition and statistical analysis of the observed EEG is conducted and compared to reference data to provide a numerical indicator. In addition, this indicator is more consistent with the patient's loss of consciousness indicated by the loss of count event than previous systems. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. provisional application No. 60/395313 filed Jul. 12, 2002. The present invention relates to the field of clinical anesthesia, in particular to the intraoperative and postoperative monitoring of patients' hypnotic and cognitive states. The state of anesthesia is achieved by administering a combination of various anesthetic agents that render patients unconscious and insensitive to the trauma of surgery, while providing surgeons with a quiet surgical field. The concept of anesthesia, in the context of modern practice of balanced anesthesia, is a multi-component entity comprising hypnosis, analgesia and muscle relaxation. Thus the term "depth of anesthesia", or "anesthetic depth", is relevant for each of these components measured separately. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method and system for detecting seizures using electroencephalograms Inventor(s): Wilson, Scott B.; (Del Mar, CA) Correspondence: Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker Llp; P.O. Box 919092; San Diego; CA; 92191-9092; US Patent Application Number: 20030195429 Date filed: April 15, 2002
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Abstract: A method and a system are provided for detection of seizures by applying advanced numerical analysis techniques to digitized waveforms of an electroencephalogram (EEG) recording. In an embodiment, the advanced numerical analysis techniques implemented in the method and system for detecting seizures include a combination of matching pursuit, neural network rules, and connected-object clustering algorithms. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to detection of seizures, and more particularly, to detection of seizures with advanced algorithms. Epilepsy is a condition characterized by recurrent seizures which are the outward manifestation of excessive or hypersynchronous abnormal electrical activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex of the brain. A seizure patient may suffer from several different types of seizures, or any combination thereof. For example, a common type of epilepsy is called the grand mal seizure, which is manifested by symptoms of convulsions with tonic-clonic contractions of muscles. Another type of epilepsy is called the absence seizure, which is characterized by brief and sudden loss of consciousness. Other types of seizures include complex partial seizure, which is characterized by a complete loss of consciousness, and psychomotor seizure, which is characterized by clouding of consciousness for one to two minutes. Some types of seizures may involve the entire brain, while other types of seizures may affect only a local portion of the brain. A human reader of an EEG recording may need to go through hours or even days of recorded waveforms to determine the onset, duration, and type of seizures that may have occurred during that time. The human reader may miss an occurrence of a seizure, which is referred to as a false negative, or may mark a segment of the waveforms as a seizure event, which is referred to as a false positive. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Mind controller Inventor(s): Yoo, Jae Chun; (Seoul, KR), Yoo, Jae Sup; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Lee & Hong; 801 South Fiqueroa Street; 14th Floor; Los Angeles; CA; 90017; US Patent Application Number: 20030171688 Date filed: July 19, 2002 Abstract: A mind controller is disclosed. The mind controller can induce a user's brain waves into an alpha wave state or a theta wave state by sensing and analyzing human brain waves and then transmitting a mind control audio message suitable for the analyzed human brain waves to the user, so that the user can improve mental concentration power or memory for himself/herself. The mind controller for activating brain waves generated from the user's brain, includes: an EEG(Electroencephalogram) sensor for sensing frequency band corresponding to alpha waves and theta waves from the brain waves generated from the user's brain; an MCU(Memory Control Unit) for analyzing whether the brain waves sensed by the EEG sensor are alpha waves or theta waves through a built-in program of a brain wave analysis program pack and controlling output of a message, which corresponds to the alpha waves or the theta waves, out of mind control audio messages of an MP3 pack; an audio decoder for demodulating signal converted into data in the MP3 pack by control signal output from the MCU; a D/A converter for receiving signal provided from the audio decoder and converting the signal into analog audio signal; and audio output means for converting and providing the analog audio signal into sound.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a mind controller, and more particularly, to a mind controller, which can induce a user's brain waves into an alpha wave state or a theta wave state by sensing and analyzing human brain waves and then transmitting a mind control audio message suitable for the analyzed human brain waves to the user, so that the user can improve mental concentration power or memory for himself/herself. In generally, human brain waves consist of beta waves (14 cycle) of a normal consciousness level, alpha waves (14 cycle.about.7 cycle) of an inside consciousness level and theta waves (7 cycle.about.4 cycle), and delta waves (less than 4 cycle) of a unconsciousness level. Here, it has been well known that when human brain waves are in an alpha wave state and a theta wave state, people's body and mind can be relaxed and thereby people's memory and judgment can be improved. Also, it has been well known that if such relaxation training in mind and body is continued, people's creative power and intuition are improved. There are a lot of devices and methods for inducing alpha waves to a user. Out of the prior arts, a method for inducing the alpha waves to the user by giving the user an external stimulus (ultrasonic waves, sound or light) is a method to continuously apply the external stimulus artificially without regard to the state of the user's brain waves. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Mobile terminal capable of measuring a biological signal Inventor(s): Hiraiwa, Akira; (Yokohama-shi, JP), Manabe, Hiroyuki; (Yokosuka-shi, JP), Nakano, Hirotaka; (Tokyo, JP), Sugimura, Toshiaki; (Yokohama-shi, JP) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20040034645 Date filed: June 16, 2003 Abstract: A mobile terminal capable of measuring a biological signal is provided. The terminal comprises a terminal body; an electrode for human body earth or system reference, placed on an outer surface of the terminal body so as to be contactable with the skin of a user of the mobile terminal; and differential electrodes. The measured biological signals include an electromyography signal and an electroencephalogram signal. The differential electrodes can be external to the terminal body and be connected via lead lines to the terminal body. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to mobile terminals capable of measuring biological signals, and specifically relates to such a mobile terminal having an electrode for human body earth or system reference, placed on an outer surface of a terminal body. For example, when a handicapped person such as a person having no laryngopharynx or the oral part of pharynx after undergoing a laryngectomy tries to speak in vain, what the person is trying to speak can be determined by detecting perioral muscle activities. Then a speech synthesizer is driven to produce synthetic speech in place of the person's voice. One good example of such research works is published in Noboru Sugie et. al., A Speech Prosthesis Employing a Speech Synthesizer-Vowel Discrimination from Perioral Muscle Activities and Vowel Production, IEEE transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 32, No. 7, pp 485-490, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Monitoring of patient's electrical characteristics Inventor(s): Rantala, Borje; (Helsinki, FI), Virtanen, Juha; (Helsinki, FI) Correspondence: Daniel D Fetterley; Andrus Sceales Starke & Sawall; 100 East Wisconsin Avenue Suite 1100; Milwaukee; WI; 53202-4178; US Patent Application Number: 20020183634 Date filed: July 10, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a system for a medical monitoring system, in which method the functions of a patient are measured, and the change in the electric activity of the patient are observed. In the method, the electrocardiogram (EKG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and the impedance cardiograph signal (IKG) are being measured with one piece of measuring equipment. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to medical monitoring systems. In particular, the invention relates to the method as defined in the preamble of claim 1. Methods for monitoring the electric activity of a patient are becoming common. Previously known is a method for measuring the electrocardiogram (EKG). In measuring, electrodes are attached to the patient, and a small high-frequency current is conducted into them. By measuring the change in the voltage of the electrodes it is possible to observe the electric activity of the patient, and e.g. the muscle activity. The 12-switched system as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 comprises signal conductors which are connected, according to the standard placement of electrodes, to the corresponding aforementioned measuring electrodes RA, LA, RL, LL, V.sub.1, V.sub.2, V.sub.3, V.sub.4, V.sub.5, V.sub.6 attached to the patient P. Each signal conductor comprises a connector apparatus. The signal conductors are further connected to the EKG equipment making the measurement. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Spread spectrum telemetry of physiological signals Inventor(s): Cadell, Theodore C.; (Conestrope, CA), Metzger, Dennis; (Kitchener, CA) Correspondence: Patent Adminstrator; Katten Muchin Zavis; Suite 1600; 525 West Monroe Street; Chicago; IL; 60661; US Patent Application Number: 20020067269 Date filed: May 25, 2001 Abstract: The invention disclosed is an apparatus, or system, and methodology for power efficient, flexible, data efficient wireless transmission, receipt and interpretation of signals from a patient, such signals reflecting one or more measured physiological and patient specific parameters such as an 10 electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, electromylogram and/or patient ID. The system includes a mobile transmitter for attachment to a patient, which is a battery powered sensor/transmitter device for transmission of enhanced data transmission rate signals in multiple frequencies within a given frequency band; a receiver for receiving the signals; and a display analysis and/or recording device for interpretation of the 15 received signals. The system operates using a spread spectrum transmission technique which reduces interference with the detection of the transmitted signals. The mobile transmitter and the receiver include corresponding optical components for establishing a duplex optical link allowing for changes to operating characteristics while transmission is occurring.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of telemetry used in applications where it is advantageous to monitor signals, more specifically, in monitoring the physiological signals of a patient, using in particular spread spectrum transmissions. Telemetry systems are well known in the field of physiological monitoring. For a number of years systems that transmit a plurality of patient signals such as electro cardiograms (ECG), or electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, without wires have been known. The advantages of such systems is obvious insofar as patients are allowed freedom of movement, being unhampered by connecting wires between monitors and sensing devices which are attached to a patient. Such systems allow for ambulation of a patient so that the signals are transmitted from a unit worn by the patient to a central monitoring unit such as a nurses' station. In certain medical facilities, usually in intensive care units, transmitters located at a patient's bedside are used to transmit signals from patients, who are being monitored for ECG signals, blood pressure, respiration rates, pulse rates, etc. The transmission of these signals is to a nurses' station where incoming signals are monitored. A number of patients may be monitored in this way and software driven alarms may be used to alert the care professional's attention when one or more of the monitored signals is of concern. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Vital sign display monitor Inventor(s): Yarita, Masaru; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20030144600 Date filed: January 28, 2003 Abstract: At least an electroencephalogram (EEG) detected by a sensor is input from a signal input section as a vital sign signal. The vital sign signal is stored in a storage as vital sign data. A display includes a first display area, a second display area and a third display area. A controller reads out the vital sign data from the storage to display the vital sign signal on the display. The controller includes a first display processor, which displays the EEG in a real time manner, on the first display area, a second display processor, which displays the EEG at a time point in past, on the second display area, and a third display processor, which displays a time-varying trend of a parameter of the EEG, on the third display area. A designator designates a time point in past in the trend displayed in the third display area, so that the EEG at the designated time point is displayed on the second display area. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a vital sign display monitor, and more particularly, to an electroencephalogram (EEG) display monitor. A monitor, which synchronously displays in a time-varying manner vital signs, such as an electrocardiogram (ECG), a pulse wave, blood pressure, and an EEG, has hitherto been used in the medical science field and in clinical settings. An electroencephalogram (EEG) is in particular one of important vital signs taken into consideration at the time of pronouncement of brain death at a clinical site, as in the case of ascertainment of a deep coma, loss of spontaneous respiration, pupil dilation, or electrocerebral inactivity (ECI). Also, EEG is important when diagnosing a deep coma, or judging effectiveness of anesthesia. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with electroencephalogram, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on electroencephalogram. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning electroencephalogram. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to electroencephalogram. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on electroencephalogram include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on electroencephalogram: ·
Dementia: A Survey of the Syndrome of Dementia. 2nd Ed Source: Lancaster, United Kingdom: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1987. 228 p. Contact: Available from MTP Press Limited. 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061. (617) 871-6600. ISBN: 074620447. PRICE: $60.50. Summary: This book provides a critical account of research findings and the extent of the medical knowledge of dementia. The first three chapters discuss a brief history of dementia, clinical features of dementia, and investigations in dementia, including psychological testing, electroencephalogram, cerebral blood flow, and imaging methods. The latter four chapters cover the pathology of dementia; epidemiological, social, legal, and ethical considerations; and a review of the occurrence of dementia in historically prominent persons. Certain disorders may well turn out to be a collection of disease processes with a common end point in discernable pathology, such as
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Alzheimer's disease. Although some conditions commonly present with a memory disturbance, other cases show prominent neurological features. Alzheimer's disease is probably the most common cause of dementia. The features of Alzheimer's disease may suggest heterogeneity, but at present there is no certainty.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in PrintÒ). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “electroencephalogram” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “electroencephalogram” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “electroencephalogram” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): ·
Abnormal electroencephalograms in the neonatal period by Rudolf C. H. Engel; ISBN: 0398033188; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398033188/icongroupinterna
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Genetics and the Electroencephalogram by Friedrich Vogel; ISBN: 3540655735; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540655735/icongroupinterna
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Hans Berger on the electroencephalogram of man The fourteen original reports on the human electroencephalogram by Hans Berger; ISBN: 0444407391; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444407391/icongroupinterna
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Human Brainwaves: The Psychological Significance of the Electroencephalogram by Jacob Empson; ISBN: 0943818923; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943818923/icongroupinterna
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The Brain's Alpha Rhythms and the Mind: A Review of Classical and Modern Studies of the Alpha Rhythm Component of the Electroencephalogram With Commentaries on Associated Neuroscience and ne by John Crosley Shaw; ISBN: 0444513973; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444513973/icongroupinterna
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The Electroencephalogram in Anesthesia: Fundamentals, Practical Applications, Examples by I. Pichlmayr, et al; ISBN: 0387131590; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387131590/icongroupinterna
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The Electroencephalogram: Its Patterns and Origins by John S. Barlow (Author); ISBN: 0262023547; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0262023547/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Electroencephalogram In order to find chapters that specifically relate to electroencephalogram, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and electroencephalogram using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use
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the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on electroencephalogram: ·
CT and EEG Validators for Alzheimer's Disease Source: in Poon, L.W., ed. Handbook for Clinical Memory Assessment of Older Adults. Hyattsville, MD: American Psychological Association. 1986. p. 383-392. Contact: This publication may be available in your local medical library. Call for information. ISBN: 091270442X. Summary: This book chapter reports on research comparing the the computed tomographic scans (CT's) and electroencephalograms (EEG's) of patients with mild-tomoderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), presenile and senile, with the CT's and EEG's of healthy age-matched normal control subjects. Procedures are described that delineated a small number of neuroanatomical and neurophysiological features that retrospectively discriminated between patients and normal controls with 89 percent to 93 percent accuracy. The discriminating CT and EEG features tended to be highly correlated with cognitive function. The results suggest that computerized measurements of CT scans and EEG's may provide external validation for the diagnosis of AD. 47 references.
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CHAPTER
7.
PERIODICALS AND NEWS ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
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Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover electroencephalogram.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on electroencephalogram is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.
PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.
Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to electroencephalogram. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms).
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.
Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.
Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.
Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to electroencephalogram, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms).
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Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on electroencephalogram: ·
Best of Fibromyalgia Frontiers 1999-2000, The Source: Linden, VA: National Fibromyalgia Partnership, Inc. (NFP). 2002. 190 p. Contact: Available from National Fibromyalgia Partnership, Inc. P.O. Box 160, Linden, VA 22642-0160. (866) 725-4404 toll-free. Fax (540) 622-2998. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.fmpartnership.org. Summary: This monograph, a compilation of articles on fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), provides health professionals and people who have FMS with information on this chronic musculoskeletal syndrome. Part one focuses on fibromyalgia and related conditions. Articles provide an overview of FMS; offer new insights into the disease; and describe dysregulation spectrum syndrome, myofascial pain syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome, restless legs syndrome, headaches, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, mycoplasma, cervical stenosis, Chiari malformation, vulvodynia, interstitial cystitis, and irritable bowel syndrome. Part two deals with managing fibromyalgia. Articles discuss a comprehensive care approach to the treatment of fibromyalgia, mediation management, fitness, thoracic pain and dysfunction, FMS self care, breathing techniques, management via water fitness, Watsu, electroencephalogram driven stimulation, and shoe selection by patients with FMS. Other articles offer lifestyle hints for FMS managers, present a central nervous system paradigm for fibromyalgia, and list questions people should ask about TMJ. The remaining articles focus on body structure and function, fibromyalgia and memory, chiropractic therapy, alternative medicine, photonic stimulation, infrared technology, magnet therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. Part three answers questions about medication and treatment issues. Part four focuses on coping with fibromyalgia. Topics include learning to live with fibromyalgia, being positive, making choices, dealing with FMS and denial, coping with guilt and fear, adjusting to life with FMS, attaining a sense of well being, developing better interpersonal relationships, being a parent with FMS, and caring for a child who has FMS. Part five addresses work and disability issues. Articles answer questions about the Americans with Disabilities Act; explain how to find a new job, undergo retraining, or start a home based business; identify emergency services providers; and discuss disability benefits and insurance policies. 20 figures, 7 tables, and numerous references.
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Headaches in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Source: Loose Connections. XV(3): 1,4-8. September-October 2000. Contact: Available from Ehlers-Danlos National Foundation. 6399 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 510, Los Angeles, CA 90048. (323) 651-3038.
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Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals and people who have Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) with information on a study that investigated the occurrence of chronic headaches in this complex hereditary connective tissue disorder. Data were obtained from 18 patients with EDS and chronic headaches. All of the patients were seen in a rural practice setting and were followed for a minimum of 2 years. Procedures included clinical history taking, neurologic examination, computerized tomography of the head, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, and electroencephalogram (EEG). Headaches were classified according to the International Headache Society. The study found that four patients had migraine with aura, four had migraine without aura, four had tension headaches, four had a combination of migraine and tension headaches, and two had posttraumatic headaches. Nine patients exhibited blepharoclonus, but none had a history of seizures and their EEGs were normal, ruling out eye closure epilepsy. Although one patient had a small right frontal angioma, a second had Arnold Chiari malformation type I, and a third had an old stroke, headaches did not clinically correlate with their central nervous system (CNS) lesions. The article concludes that chronic recurrent headaches may constitute the neurologic presentation of EDS in the absence of structural, congenital, or acquired CNS lesions that correlate with their symptoms. People who have EDS may be prone to migraine due to an inherent disorder of cerebrovascular reactivity or cortical excitability. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of headaches in EDS. 1 table and 5 references. (AA-M).
Academic Periodicals covering Electroencephalogram Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to electroencephalogram. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering electroencephalogram that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: ·
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 ·
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 77552 1069 716 71 86 79494
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
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Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: ·
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Electroencephalogram In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and electroencephalogram.
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).21 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 18 Adapted from 19
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 21 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for electroencephalogram: ·
Electroencephalogram, Low-voltage Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=130180
Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map) The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: ·
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
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Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
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Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
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Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
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Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
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·
Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html
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Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html
Entrez Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: ·
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then
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select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.”
Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database22 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html.
The Genome Database23 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
22 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 23 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on electroencephalogram can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to electroencephalogram. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.
The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.
Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to electroencephalogram. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “electroencephalogram”:
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Other guides Brain Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/braincancer.html Brain Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/braindiseases.html Diagnostic Imaging http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diagnosticimaging.html Epilepsy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/epilepsy.html Phenylketonuria http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/phenylketonuria.html Spinal Cord Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcorddiseases.html Tuberous Sclerosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tuberoussclerosis.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.
The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on electroencephalogram. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: ·
Alzheimer's Disease: The ABC's of Diagnosis Source: Rockville, MD: American Health Assistance Foundation. 1994. 20 p. Contact: Available from Alzheimer's Disease Research, American Health Assistance Foundation. 15825 Shady Grove Road, Suite 140, Rockville, MD 20850. (800) 437-2423; (301) 948-3244. PRICE: First copy free, each additional copy $1.00. Summary: This booklet focuses on simplifying the process of obtaining an accurate diagnosis for older people who show signs of confusion and memory loss. The stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are discussed, along with the need for correct diagnosis, the possibility of misdiagnosis, and other types of dementia that can mimic AD. The booklet covers finding the right doctor, and how to tell if the patient has had a thorough medical examination. Details are given about the importance of the medical history, certain simple questions that may be important for the detection of neurological disorders,
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advanced technologies such as computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and electroencephalograms (EEGs) , and the costs of tests. Appendices list organizations to contact, State Agencies on Aging, and reading materials. ·
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 1998. [1 p.]. Contact: Available from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Office of Scientific and Health Reports, P.O. Box 5801, Bethesda, MD 20824. (800) 352-9424 or (301) 496-5751. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke describes Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS), also called acquired epileptiform aphasia, a rare, childhood neurological disorder. The disorder is characterized by the sudden or gradual development of aphasia (loss of language) and an abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG). LKS affects the parts of the brain that control speech and comprehension. The disorder usually occurs in normally developing children between the ages of 3 and 7. The fact sheet describes the syndrome, treatment options, prognosis, and present research efforts on the disorder. The prognosis for children with LKS varies. Some affected children may have a permanent severe language disorder, while others may regain much of their language abilities (although it may take months or years). In some cases, remissions and relapse may occur. The prognosis is improved when the onset of the disorder is after age 6 and when speech therapy is started early. The fact sheet concludes with the telephone numbers and addresses for two organizations through which readers can obtain more information. 6 references.
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Multi-Infarct Dementia Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Aging. 1993. 4 p. Contact: Available from Alzheimer's Disease Education and Referral (ADEAR) Center. PO Box 8250, Silver Spring, MD 20907-8250. (800) 438-4380; (301) 495-3311; FAX (301) 495-3334. Internet access: http://www.alzheimers.org. PRICE: Free. NIH Publication 933433. ADEAR Order Number Z-43. Summary: This fact sheet provides information about multi-infarct dementia, its symptoms, diagnosis, causes and treatment. Multi-infarct dementia, the second most common cause of dementia in older people, is caused by a series of strokes that damage or destroy brain tissue. Major risk factors include untreated high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, diabetes, and heart disease. Symptoms may include sudden confusion and problems with recent memory, wandering, moving with rapid, shuffling steps, incontinence, inappropriate emotional reactions, difficulty following instructions, and problems handling money. Diagnosis may include a complete physical examination, blood pressure reading, an electroencephalogram, a test of thyroid function, blood tests, and special x-rays such as computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multi-infarct dementia is sometimes hard to distinguish from Alzheimer's disease, and it is possible for a person to have both. Treatment usually focuses on preventing future strokes. The fact sheet provides suggestions for family members caring for patients with multi-infarct dementia and lists organizations that offer services and information to families.
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Evaluation of Dementia Source: Fairfax, VA: Alzheimer's Association, Northern Virginia Chapter. 4 p. Contact: Available from Alzheimer's Association, Northern Virginia Chapter. Yorktown 50 Building, Suite 401, 8316 Arlington Boulevard, Fairfax, VA 22031. (703) 207-7044 or (703) 207-7047 (FAX). PRICE: Free. Summary: This factsheet provides detailed information concerning medical evaluation of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Every evaluation should begin with the taking of a medical and psychiatric history, to include a neurological evaluation, a mental status exam, and assessments of medication and alcohol use. A complete blood count, urinalysis, syphilis test, and a battery of metabolic and electrolyte tests are also standard parts of the evaluation. Standard x-rays of the skull are usually not needed unless there is a possibility of fracture. A computerized tomographic (CT) scan or magnetic resonance image (MRI) are recommended if the blood tests do not reveal a definitive cause for the dementia. However, these scans cannot provide a definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. The only definitive test is a brain biopsy, a procedure which is rarely necessary. Other tests which may be useful for some patients include an electroencephalogram, spinal tap, and EKG.
The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to electroencephalogram. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.
Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: ·
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to electroencephalogram. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with electroencephalogram.
The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about electroencephalogram. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.
Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “electroencephalogram” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.
The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “electroencephalogram”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “electroencephalogram” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “electroencephalogram” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.24
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
24
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)25: ·
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
25
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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·
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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·
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
·
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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·
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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·
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: ·
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
·
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
·
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
·
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
·
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
·
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
·
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: ·
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
·
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
·
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
·
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Action Potentials: The electric response of a nerve or muscle to its stimulation. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association
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constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Akinetic Mutism: Lack of the faculty of speech. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Alcohol Drinking: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking. [NIH] Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70. [NIH]
Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha Rhythm: One of four types of brain waves characterized by a relatively high voltage or amplitude and a frequency of 8-13 Hz. They constitute the majority of waves recorded by EEG registering the activity of the parietal and occipital lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed with the eyes closed. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU]
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Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]
Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angioma: A tumor composed of lymphatic or blood vessels. [NIH] Animal Welfare: The protection of animals in laboratories or other specific environments and the promotion of their health through better nutrition, housing, and care. This may be carried out through legislation or regulation. [NIH] Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anthropometry: The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU]
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Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from
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posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Auditory Perception: The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized and interpreted by the organism; includes speech discrimination. [NIH] Aura: A subjective sensation or motor phenomenon that precedes and marks the of a paroxysmal attack, such as an epileptic attack on set. [EU] Aural: Pertaining to or perceived by the ear, as an aural stimulus. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Avidin: A specific protein in egg albumin that interacts with biotin to render it unavailable to mammals, thereby producing biotin deficiency. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Background Radiation: Radiation from sources other than the source of interest. It is due to cosmic rays and natural radioactivity in the environment. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical
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manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biotinylation: Incorporation of biotinyl groups into molecules. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the
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bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brain Injuries: Acute and chronic injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with diffuse axonal injury or coma, posttraumatic. Localized injuries may be associated with neurobehavioral manifestations; hemiparesis, or other focal neurologic deficits. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH] Caloric intake: Refers to the number of calories (energy content) consumed. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH]
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Cardiograph: An instrument for recording the heart action in respect of rate and amplitude of beat. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH]
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Chaos: Complex behavior that seems random but actually has some hidden order. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Collodion: A nitrocellulose solution in ether and alcohol. Collodion has a wide range of uses
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in industry including applications in the manufacuture of photographic film, in fibers, in lacquers, and in engraving and lithography. In medicine it is used as a drug solvent and a wound sealant. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Communicable disease: A disease that can be transmitted by contact between persons. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Compulsion: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better judgment. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving
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biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Concept Formation: A cognitive process involving the formation of ideas generalized from the knowledge of qualities, aspects, and relations of objects. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Convulsive: Relating or referring to spasm; affected with spasm; characterized by a spasm or spasms. [NIH] Convulsive Therapy: The use of convulsive agents to influence favorably the course of a mental disorder. It is used primarily in the treatment of severe affective disorders and schizophrenia. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH]
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Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Critical Care: Health care provided to a critically ill patient during a medical emergency or crisis. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands,
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hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diffuse Axonal Injury: A relatively common sequela of blunt head injury, characterized by a global disruption of axons throughout the brain. Associated clinical features may include neurobehavioral manifestations; persistent vegetative state; dementia; and other disorders. [NIH]
Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH]
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Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electrocardiograph: Apparatus which, by means of currents produced by contractions of the cardiac muscle, records heart movements as electro-cardiograms. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electroencephalography: Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryology: The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat hypertension. [NIH]
Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of
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this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environment Design: The structuring of the environment to permit or promote specific patterns of behavior. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithalamus: The dorsal posterior subdivision of the diencephalon. The epithalamus is
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generally considered to include the habenular nuclei (habenula) and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle. The anterior and posterior paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus are included with the thalamic nuclei although they develop from the same pronuclear mass as the epithalamic nuclei and are sometimes considered part of the epithalamus. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH]
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Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fetal Heart: The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (heart/embryology) only on the basis of time. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Functional magnetic resonance imaging: A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. [NIH]
Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid.
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[NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Gyrus Cinguli: One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and interhemispheric commissure and forms part of the limbic system. [NIH] Head Movements: Voluntary or involuntary motion of head that may be relative to or independent of body; includes animals and humans. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively
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assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
High blood cholesterol: Cholesterol is the most abundant steroid in animal tissues, especially in bile and gallstones. The relationship between the intake of cholesterol and its manufacture by the body to its utilization, sequestration, or excretion from the body is called the cholesterol balance. When cholesterol accumulates, the balance is positive; when it declines, the balance is negative. In 1993, the NHLBI National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults issued an updated set of recommendations for monitoring and treatment of blood cholesterol levels. The NCEP guidelines recommended that total cholesterol levels and subfractions of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol be measured beginning at age 20 in all adults, with subsequent periodic screenings as needed. Even in the group of patients at lowest risk for coronary heart disease (total cholesterol 200 mg/dL and HDL 35 mg/dL), the NCEP recommended that rescreening take place at least once every 5 years or upon physical examination. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU]
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Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Ibogaine: One of several indole alkaloids extracted from Tabernanthe iboga, Baill. It has a complex pharmacological profile and interacts with multiple systems of neurotransmission. Ibogaine has psychoactive properties and appears to modulate tolerance to opiates. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate
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agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infuse: To pour (a liquid) into something. [EU] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
Intensive Care Units: Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interpersonal Relations: The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU]
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Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoelectric: Separation of amphoteric substances, dissolved in water, based on their isoelectric behavior. The amphoteric substances are a mixture of proteins to be separated and of auxiliary "carrier ampholytes". [NIH] Isoelectric Point: The pH in solutions of proteins and related compounds at which the dipolar ions are at a maximum. [NIH] Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kainate: Glutamate receptor. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Language Disorders: Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders. [NIH] Laryngectomy: Total or partial excision of the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended
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between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumbar puncture: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a spinal tap. [NIH] Luteal Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph
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nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU]
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MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Middle Cerebral Artery: The largest and most complex of the cerebral arteries. Branches of
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the middle cerebral artery supply the insular region, motor and premotor areas, and large regions of the association cortex. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]
Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]
Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate muscle cells. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a
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resting position. [NIH] Muscle Spindles: Mechanoreceptors found between skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle spindles are arranged in parallel with muscle fibers and respond to the passive stretch of the muscle, but cease to discharge if the muscle contracts isotonically, thus signaling muscle length. The muscle spindles are the receptors responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex. [NIH] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatal period: The first 4 weeks after birth. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroanatomy: Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline.
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[NIH]
Neurobehavioral Manifestations: Signs and symptoms of higher cortical dysfunction caused by organic conditions. These include certain behavioral alterations and impairments of skills involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information. [NIH]
Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury. [NIH] Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neurotrophins: A nerve growth factor. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in
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the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Assessment: Evaluation of the nature and extent of nursing problems presented by a patient for the purpose of patient care planning. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Nursing Diagnosis: Conclusions derived from the nursing assessment that establish a health status profile for the patient and from which nursing interventions may be ordered. [NIH]
Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Olfaction: Function of the olfactory apparatus to perceive and discriminate between the molecules that reach it, in gas form from an external environment, directly or indirectly via the nose. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is
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comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Paradoxical: Occurring at variance with the normal rule. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Periodicity: The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian). [NIH] Perioral: Situated or occurring around the mouth. [EU] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Periventricular Leukomalacia: Rare form of epilepsy. [NIH]
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Perspiration: Sweating; the functional secretion of sweat. [EU] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Phantom: Used to absorb and/or scatter radiation equivalently to a patient, and hence to estimate radiation doses and test imaging systems without actually exposing a patient. It may be an anthropomorphic or a physical test object. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot Projects: Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH]
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Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Post-traumatic stress disorder: A psychological disorder that develops in some individuals after a major traumatic experience such as war, rape, domestic violence, or accident. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pre-Eclampsia: Development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy. It occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but it may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Preoptic Area: Region of hypothalamus between the anterior commissure and optic chiasm. [NIH]
Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prion: Small proteinaceous infectious particles that resist inactivation by procedures modifying nucleic acids and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an
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antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Progressive disease: Cancer that is increasing in scope or severity. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Propofol: A widely used anesthetic. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the
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term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioactivity: The quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements. [EU] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor
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cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restless legs: Legs characterized by or showing inability to remain at rest. [EU] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Reticular Formation: A region extending from the pons & medulla oblongata through the mesencephalon, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested
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as possible causes. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH]
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Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septal Nuclei: Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. They have afferent and cholinergic efferent connections with a variety of forebrain and brainstem areas including the hippocampus, the lateral hypothalamus, the tegmentum, and the amygdala. Included are the dorsal, lateral, medial, and triangular septal nuclei, septofimbrial nucleus, nucleus of diagonal band, nucleus of anterior commissure, and the nucleus of stria terminalis. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH]
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Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Sleep Deprivation: The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Sphenoidal: Relating or belonging to the sphenoid bone. [NIH]
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Spike: The activation of synapses causes changes in the permeability of the dendritic membrane leading to changes in the membrane potential. This difference of the potential travels along the axon of the neuron and is called spike. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal tap: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a lumbar puncture. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptavidin: A 60kD extracellular protein of Streptomyces avidinii with four high-affinity biotin binding sites. Unlike AVIDIN, streptavidin has a near neutral isoelectric point and is free of carbohydrate side chains. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
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Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temperament: Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes. [NIH]
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Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a
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heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Tourniquet: A device, band or elastic tube applied temporarily to press upon an artery to stop bleeding; a device to compress a blood vessel in order to stop bleeding. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH]
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Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vagotomy: The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together
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to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
153
INDEX A Abdominal, 16, 109, 137 Ablation, 8, 109 Acetylcholine, 9, 18, 29, 109, 117, 136 Acoustic, 14, 46, 109 Action Potentials, 14, 109 Adaptation, 47, 109 Adenine, 109 Adenosine, 20, 109 Adhesives, 18, 109 Adjustment, 15, 46, 109 Adrenal Cortex, 109, 120, 140, 143 Adverse Effect, 16, 40, 109, 139, 145 Afferent, 25, 109, 145 Affinity, 109, 110, 112, 146, 147 Agonist, 110, 121, 136 Airway, 110, 146 Akinetic Mutism, 5, 110 Albumin, 110, 113 Alcohol Drinking, 9, 110 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, 9, 110 Alertness, 41, 59, 110 Algorithms, 7, 19, 21, 22, 71, 110, 114 Alkaloid, 110, 136 Alpha Particles, 110, 142 Alpha Rhythm, 60, 65, 78, 110 Alternative medicine, 82, 83, 110 Amino acid, 110, 111, 112, 126, 133, 138, 141, 144, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151 Amygdala, 17, 111, 113, 131, 145, 149 Anaerobic, 111, 135 Anaesthesia, 23, 45, 111, 128 Anaesthetic, 56, 111 Anal, 7, 111, 125 Analgesic, 111, 148 Analog, 40, 53, 61, 71, 111 Anatomical, 18, 43, 111, 113, 117, 128, 133, 144 Anemia, 4, 93, 111 Anesthesia, 9, 14, 24, 34, 35, 63, 70, 74, 78, 110, 111, 140, 148 Anesthetics, 8, 63, 111, 123 Angioma, 84, 111 Animal Welfare, 111 Anode, 48, 111 Anthropometry, 14, 111 Antibacterial, 111, 146 Antibiotic, 111, 146
Antibodies, 111 Antibody, 8, 110, 111, 112, 118, 127, 128, 129, 132, 134, 146 Anticonvulsant, 11, 17, 56, 66, 111, 115, 139 Antidepressant, 66, 111 Antiepileptic, 13, 28, 111 Antigen, 109, 111, 112, 118, 127, 128, 129, 132, 133 Antiviral, 112, 138 Anus, 111, 112, 118 Aorta, 112, 151 Aperture, 112, 142 Aphasia, 97, 112 Apnea, 112 Applicability, 57, 112 Aqueous, 112, 114, 122, 131 Arachidonic Acid, 112, 141 Arterial, 16, 112, 115, 128, 141 Arteries, 112, 114, 116, 119, 133 Arterioles, 112, 114, 115 Artery, 112, 119, 134, 142, 150 Artifacts, 40, 44, 112 Aspartate, 9, 112 Astrocytes, 112, 133, 134 Asymptomatic, 17, 112 Ataxia, 5, 92, 93, 112, 149 Atrium, 113, 151 Atrophy, 92, 113, 136 Attenuation, 50, 113 Auditory, 4, 14, 21, 24, 26, 34, 40, 47, 52, 61, 113, 124 Auditory Perception, 14, 113 Aura, 84, 113 Aural, 50, 113 Autoimmune disease, 113, 134 Autonomic, 16, 109, 113, 136, 138, 146, 148 Autonomic Nervous System, 16, 113, 138, 146, 148 Avidin, 8, 113 Axonal, 19, 113 B Background Radiation, 66, 113 Bacteria, 111, 112, 113, 123, 126, 133, 135, 146, 150, 151 Bacterial Physiology, 109, 113 Bactericidal, 113, 124 Bacteriuria, 113, 151
154
Electroencephalogram
Basal Ganglia, 113, 131 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 113 Base, 52, 109, 114, 120, 130, 149 Bile, 114, 125, 127, 128, 131, 147 Binding Sites, 114, 147 Biochemical, 11, 114, 145 Biopsy, 3, 98, 114, 138 Biotechnology, 21, 22, 82, 89, 91, 92, 93, 114 Biotin, 8, 113, 114, 147 Biotinylation, 8, 114 Bladder, 34, 114, 120, 128, 134, 141, 151 Blastocyst, 114, 119, 139 Blood Platelets, 114, 145 Blood pressure, 16, 74, 97, 114, 115, 128, 134, 146 Blood vessel, 111, 114, 116, 117, 123, 130, 131, 138, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151 Blood-Brain Barrier, 8, 114 Body Composition, 14, 114 Body Fluids, 114, 121, 146 Bone scan, 114, 144 Bowel, 83, 111, 115, 130, 147 Brain Injuries, 50, 67, 115 Brain Stem, 115, 116 Branch, 105, 115, 122, 126, 138, 146, 149 Breakdown, 115, 121, 125 Breeding, 9, 115 Burns, 44, 115 Burns, Electric, 115 Butyric Acid, 13, 115 C Caloric intake, 13, 115 Capillary, 8, 115, 151 Captopril, 29, 115 Carbamazepine, 29, 56, 115 Carbohydrate, 115, 126, 147 Carbon Dioxide, 115, 125, 139, 143 Carcinogenic, 115, 129, 147 Carcinogens, 115, 137 Cardiac, 19, 45, 46, 115, 122, 123, 124, 135, 143, 147 Cardiograph, 73, 116 Cardiovascular, 16, 116, 145, 146 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 83, 116 Case report, 4, 116 Catecholamine, 116, 121, 139 Cathode, 42, 48, 111, 116 Causal, 5, 116 Cell Division, 92, 113, 116, 133, 139, 141, 144 Cell Respiration, 116, 143
Cerebellar, 113, 116, 142 Cerebellum, 11, 69, 115, 116, 140, 142 Cerebral, 5, 9, 18, 22, 28, 30, 48, 50, 51, 69, 71, 77, 113, 114, 115, 116, 119, 123, 124, 126, 133, 137, 138, 141, 148, 149 Cerebral Arteries, 116, 133 Cerebral Cortex, 9, 18, 48, 71, 113, 116, 124 Cerebral hemispheres, 113, 115, 116, 148 Cerebrospinal, 116, 131, 147 Cerebrospinal fluid, 116, 131, 147 Cerebrovascular, 84, 114, 116, 149 Cerebrum, 69, 116, 148, 150 Cervical, 52, 83, 116, 132 Cervix, 49, 116 Chaos, 24, 41, 117 Chin, 54, 58, 117, 133 Chiropractic, 83, 117 Cholesterol, 114, 117, 119, 125, 127, 131, 147 Cholinergic, 19, 28, 117, 136, 145 Chromosome, 117, 144 Chronic, 4, 10, 17, 24, 83, 84, 92, 115, 117, 123, 129, 130, 140, 146, 147 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 83, 117 Chronic renal, 4, 117, 140 Circadian, 13, 16, 18, 23, 117 Circadian Rhythm, 13, 117 Clinical trial, 6, 89, 117, 141, 142 Clonic, 71, 117 Cloning, 114, 117 Cofactor, 117, 141 Cognition, 6, 23, 25, 33, 117 Collagen, 109, 110, 117 Collapse, 115, 117, 146 Collodion, 52, 117 Colloidal, 18, 58, 110, 118, 122 Colon, 92, 118 Communicable disease, 18, 118 Complement, 118 Complementary and alternative medicine, 33, 36, 118 Complementary medicine, 33, 118 Compress, 118, 150 Compulsion, 118, 152 Computational Biology, 89, 91, 118 Computed tomography, 3, 119, 144 Computerized tomography, 84, 97, 119 Concept Formation, 6, 119 Conception, 119, 125 Conjugated, 8, 119 Connective Tissue, 84, 117, 119, 120, 125, 131, 143, 149
Index
Connective Tissue Cells, 119 Consciousness, 4, 9, 50, 57, 67, 70, 71, 72, 111, 119, 120, 141, 143 Constriction, 119, 130 Consumption, 119, 137 Contraindications, ii, 119 Convulsions, 71, 111, 119 Convulsive, 48, 119 Convulsive Therapy, 48, 119 Coordination, 7, 9, 116, 119, 134 Coronary, 119, 127, 133 Coronary heart disease, 119, 127 Coronary Thrombosis, 119, 133 Cortex, 14, 17, 48, 120, 123, 124, 134, 143 Cortical, 10, 11, 15, 18, 19, 34, 47, 84, 120, 124, 136, 145, 149 Cortisol, 16, 110, 120 Cranial, 35, 69, 116, 120, 138, 146, 151 Critical Care, 18, 120 Cues, 51, 120 Curative, 120, 136, 149 Cyclic, 53, 120 Cystitis, 83, 120 Cytokine, 20, 120 D Data Collection, 10, 60, 120 Decidua, 120, 139 Delusions, 120, 141 Dementia, 4, 5, 24, 51, 77, 96, 97, 98, 120, 121 Dendrites, 120, 136 Dendritic, 120, 133, 147 Density, 42, 68, 120, 127, 131, 137 Dentate Gyrus, 120, 127 Depressive Disorder, 17, 120 Deprivation, 12, 16, 120 Dermis, 120, 143 Diagnostic procedure, 39, 82, 121 Diencephalon, 121, 123, 128, 148, 149 Diffuse Axonal Injury, 115, 121 Digestion, 114, 115, 121, 130, 131, 147 Dilatation, 121, 140 Dilation, 74, 121 Direct, iii, 26, 42, 62, 69, 121, 143, 148 Discrete, 121, 149 Discrimination, 6, 14, 52, 63, 72, 113, 121 Disinfectant, 121, 124 Disorientation, 5, 121 Distal, 48, 49, 113, 121, 122, 141 Dopamine, 121, 134, 136 Drug Interactions, 121 Drug Tolerance, 121, 149
155
Duct, 121, 144, 147 Dysphoric, 17, 120, 121 Dysplasia, 93, 121 Dystrophy, 42, 43, 92, 121 E Edema, 121, 140 Effector, 109, 118, 122 Efferent, 19, 122, 134, 145 Efficacy, 11, 13, 122 Elastic, 122, 150 Electrocardiogram, 16, 44, 45, 52, 62, 73, 74, 122 Electrocardiograph, 44, 122 Electrode, 18, 26, 40, 44, 45, 49, 52, 57, 58, 62, 69, 72, 111, 116, 122 Electroencephalography, 40, 49, 50, 67, 122 Electrolyte, 18, 98, 122, 146 Electromyography, 72, 122 Electrophoresis, 8, 122 Electrophysiological, 4, 15, 16, 17, 34, 122 Elementary Particles, 122, 132, 136, 141 Embryo, 114, 122, 128 Embryology, 122, 125 Emulsion, 122, 125 Enalapril, 29, 122 Encephalitis, 12, 122, 123 Encephalitis, Viral, 122, 123 Encephalopathy, 5, 54, 123 Endometrium, 120, 123, 133 Endorphins, 123, 136 Endothelial cell, 114, 123 Endotoxin, 123, 150 End-stage renal, 117, 123, 140 Enkephalins, 123, 136 Entorhinal Cortex, 123, 127 Environment Design, 47, 123 Environmental Exposure, 123, 137 Environmental Health, 88, 90, 123 Enzyme, 110, 122, 123, 134, 143, 152 Epidemic, 5, 123, 147 Epidemiological, 77, 123 Epidural, 16, 123 Epinephrine, 121, 123, 136, 151 Epithalamus, 121, 123, 131 Erythrocytes, 111, 124 Esophagus, 124, 139, 147 Essential Tremor, 92, 124 Estrogen, 30, 124 Ethanol, 9, 17, 124 Ether, 117, 124 Evoke, 124, 147
156
Electroencephalogram
Evoked Potentials, 4, 28, 30, 60, 61, 124 Excitability, 28, 84, 124 Excitation, 10, 124, 136 Excitatory, 10, 124, 126 Exogenous, 50, 115, 124 Expiration, 124, 143 Expiratory, 63, 124 Extracellular, 19, 69, 112, 119, 124, 146, 147 Extracellular Matrix, 119, 124 Extravasation, 124, 127 Eye Movements, 40, 54, 124 F Family Planning, 89, 124 Fat, 112, 114, 115, 119, 125, 131, 134, 143 Fatigue, 20, 59, 117, 125 Fatty acids, 110, 125, 141 Fetal Heart, 49, 125 Fetus, 48, 49, 125, 139, 151 Fibrosis, 93, 125, 144 Filtration, 8, 125 Fixation, 51, 125 Flatus, 125 Foramen, 117, 125 Forearm, 114, 125, 132 Fossa, 116, 125 Fovea, 125 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 14, 26, 125 G Gallbladder, 109, 125 Gallstones, 125, 127 Ganglia, 109, 113, 125, 135, 138, 148 Gas, 28, 63, 115, 125, 128, 136, 137, 148, 151 Gastrin, 125, 128 Gastrointestinal, 123, 124, 126, 145, 146, 147 Gastrointestinal tract, 124, 126, 145 Gene, 5, 20, 93, 94, 114, 126, 137, 144 General practitioner, 46, 126 Genetics, 5, 78, 126 Genotype, 126, 139 Gestation, 126, 139, 140 Gland, 109, 126, 131, 137, 138, 141, 144, 147, 149 Glucose, 28, 92, 126, 127, 144 Glutamate, 9, 18, 126, 130 Glutamic Acid, 126, 136 Glycerol, 115, 126 Glycine, 110, 126, 136 Glycoprotein, 126, 150 Gonadal, 126, 147 Governing Board, 126, 140
Gp120, 126, 138 Gram-negative, 126, 135 Growth, 92, 111, 114, 126, 132, 133, 135, 137, 139, 149, 150 Gyrus Cinguli, 126, 131 H Head Movements, 40, 126 Health Status, 126, 137 Hematoma, 49, 127 Hemiparesis, 115, 127 Hemoglobin, 111, 124, 127 Hemoglobinuria, 92, 127 Hemorrhage, 127, 147 Hemostasis, 127, 145 Hereditary, 84, 127, 136, 143 Heredity, 126, 127 Heterogeneity, 78, 110, 127 High blood cholesterol, 97, 127 Hippocampus, 8, 17, 120, 127, 131, 145, 147 Histology, 8, 127 Homogeneous, 16, 127 Homologous, 127, 144, 148 Hormonal, 17, 113, 128, 138 Hormone, 16, 117, 120, 123, 125, 128, 140, 143, 149 Humoral, 20, 128 Humour, 128 Hydrogen, 114, 115, 128, 134, 136, 141 Hypersensitivity, 128, 143 Hypertension, 122, 128, 140 Hypnotic, 24, 34, 70, 128 Hypoglycemia, 28, 128 Hypotension, 119, 128 Hypothalamus, 113, 121, 128, 131, 140, 145, 149 Hysterectomy, 16, 128 I Ibogaine, 28, 128 Id, 31, 35, 92, 98, 104, 106, 128 Imidazole, 114, 128 Immunodeficiency, 21, 92, 128 Immunoglobulin, 111, 128, 134 Impairment, 5, 112, 128, 133, 141 In vitro, 7, 21, 29, 128, 149 In vivo, 8, 9, 11, 128 Incision, 128, 130 Incontinence, 97, 128 Indicative, 78, 128, 138, 151 Induction, 11, 128, 142 Infancy, 7, 129 Infarction, 119, 129, 133
Index
Infection, 20, 21, 49, 113, 122, 123, 128, 129, 131, 132, 143, 147, 152 Infiltration, 129, 140 Inflammation, 110, 120, 122, 123, 125, 129, 139, 143 Infuse, 49, 129 Infusion, 28, 63, 129 Inhalation, 129, 130 Initiation, 13, 129 Insight, 18, 129 Insomnia, 23, 129 Insulator, 129, 134 Intensive Care, 23, 68, 74, 129 Intensive Care Units, 74, 129 Interleukin-1, 16, 20, 129 Interleukin-2, 129 Interpersonal Relations, 83, 129 Interstitial, 83, 129 Intestinal, 130, 132 Intestine, 115, 130, 142, 146 Intoxication, 130, 152 Intracellular, 19, 129, 130, 142 Intravenous, 9, 56, 129, 130 Invasive, 8, 15, 49, 64, 130, 132 Involuntary, 5, 113, 124, 126, 130, 135, 143, 146 Ions, 114, 122, 128, 130 Iris, 130, 142 Ischemia, 8, 45, 113, 130 Isoelectric, 8, 130, 147 Isoelectric Point, 130, 147 Isoflurane, 8, 130 J Joint, 83, 130, 148 K Kainate, 10, 130 Kb, 88, 130 Kidney Disease, 4, 88, 93, 130 L Language Disorders, 14, 130 Laryngectomy, 72, 130 Larynx, 130, 150 Latency, 5, 52, 130 Lens, 46, 130 Leukemia, 92, 131 Leukocytes, 131, 134, 150 Library Services, 104, 131 Ligament, 131, 141 Limbic, 55, 56, 111, 126, 131 Limbic System, 55, 56, 111, 126, 131 Lipid, 126, 131, 134 Lipoprotein, 126, 127, 131
157
Liver, 109, 110, 112, 114, 122, 125, 131, 143, 144, 151 Liver scan, 131, 144 Localized, 44, 115, 125, 127, 129, 131, 139 Locomotion, 131, 139 Locomotor, 17, 29, 131 Lumbar, 131, 147 Lumbar puncture, 131, 147 Luteal Phase, 18, 131 Lymph, 116, 123, 128, 131 Lymph node, 116, 131, 132 Lymphatic, 111, 129, 131 Lymphocytes, 112, 129, 131, 132, 152 Lymphoid, 111, 132 Lymphoma, 92, 132 M Macrophage, 129, 132 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 5, 43, 84, 97, 132, 144 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 13, 132 Malabsorption, 92, 132 Malformation, 83, 84, 132 Malignant, 92, 132 Malnutrition, 110, 113, 132, 135 Mandible, 117, 132 Mania, 24, 132 Manic, 64, 132, 142 Manic-depressive psychosis, 132, 142 Manifest, 47, 113, 132 Medial, 9, 126, 132, 137, 145, 146 Median Nerve, 116, 132 Mediate, 6, 121, 132 Mediator, 129, 132, 145 MEDLINE, 89, 91, 93, 133 Meiosis, 133, 148 Melanocytes, 133 Melanoma, 92, 133 Membrane, 19, 112, 118, 124, 126, 130, 133, 135, 139, 143, 147 Memory, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 14, 24, 34, 46, 51, 71, 72, 78, 79, 83, 96, 97, 120, 133 Meninges, 116, 133 Menopause, 133, 140 Menstrual Cycle, 17, 131, 133, 141 Menstruation, 120, 131, 133, 140 Mental Disorders, 133, 141 Mental Health, iv, 6, 30, 61, 88, 90, 133 Methionine, 34, 133, 148 MI, 107, 133 Microbiology, 109, 113, 133 Microglia, 112, 133, 134
158
Electroencephalogram
Microorganism, 117, 133, 152 Middle Cerebral Artery, 8, 133 Mobility, 12, 134 Modeling, 21, 29, 134 Modification, 29, 49, 67, 110, 134 Modulator, 17, 134 Molecular, 20, 89, 91, 111, 114, 118, 120, 134, 142, 150 Molecule, 112, 114, 118, 122, 124, 126, 134, 142, 151 Monitor, 44, 45, 49, 68, 69, 70, 74, 134, 137 Monoamine, 28, 134 Monoclonal, 8, 134 Monocytes, 129, 131, 134 Mononuclear, 134, 150 Mood Disorders, 18, 134 Morphology, 19, 134 Motility, 134, 145 Motor Activity, 119, 134 Motor nerve, 69, 134 Motor Neurons, 69, 134 Multiple sclerosis, 20, 134 Muscle Fibers, 134, 135 Muscle relaxant, 134, 139 Muscle Relaxation, 70, 134 Muscle Spindles, 135, 139 Muscle tension, 54, 134, 135 Muscular Atrophy, 92, 135 Muscular Dystrophies, 121, 135 Mycoplasma, 83, 135 Mydriatic, 121, 135 Myelin, 134, 135 Myocardium, 133, 135 Myotonic Dystrophy, 92, 135 N Nausea, 135, 151 Need, 3, 18, 42, 50, 61, 64, 67, 69, 71, 77, 78, 83, 96, 99, 117, 135, 149 Neonatal, 78, 135 Neonatal period, 78, 135 Neoplasia, 92, 135 Neoplastic, 132, 135 Nephropathy, 130, 135 Nerve, 69, 109, 111, 113, 117, 120, 122, 132, 134, 135, 136, 140, 143, 144, 147, 150, 151 Nerve Growth Factor, 135, 136 Nervous System, 3, 15, 16, 17, 69, 83, 84, 92, 109, 113, 116, 122, 124, 125, 126, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 140, 145, 148 Networks, 10, 135 Neural, 5, 6, 10, 14, 20, 24, 33, 34, 50, 71, 109, 128, 133, 135, 138, 145
Neuroanatomy, 7, 131, 135 Neurobehavioral Manifestations, 115, 121, 136 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 8, 114, 136 Neurologic, 70, 84, 115, 136 Neuromuscular, 109, 136 Neuromuscular Junction, 109, 136 Neuronal, 8, 14, 28, 136 Neurons, 8, 10, 14, 18, 28, 69, 70, 71, 120, 124, 125, 134, 135, 136, 143, 148 Neurophysiology, 7, 23, 25, 26, 35, 136 Neuropsychological Tests, 4, 136 Neurosurgery, 4, 7, 28, 136 Neurotransmitter, 9, 109, 110, 121, 126, 136, 147, 148 Neurotrophins, 8, 136 Neutrons, 110, 136, 142 Niacin, 136, 150 Nicotine, 29, 136 Nitrogen, 110, 125, 136, 150 Norepinephrine, 121, 136 Nuclear, 113, 131, 137, 142, 149 Nuclei, 110, 111, 124, 132, 136, 137, 141, 145 Nucleic acid, 136, 137, 140 Nucleus, 113, 120, 122, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137, 141, 145, 146, 149 Nursing Assessment, 137 Nursing Care, 3, 137 Nursing Diagnosis, 4, 137 Nutritional Status, 13, 137 O Occipital Lobe, 110, 137 Olfaction, 15, 137 Oncogene, 92, 137 On-line, 7, 107, 137 Opacity, 120, 137 Ophthalmology, 26, 125, 137 Optic Chiasm, 128, 137, 140 Organ Culture, 137, 149 Ovulation, 131, 137 Oxygen Consumption, 137, 143 P Palliative, 137, 149 Pancreas, 109, 114, 137, 138 Pancreatic, 92, 138 Pancreatic cancer, 92, 138 Paradoxical, 18, 138 Parietal, 56, 110, 138 Parietal Lobe, 138 Paroxysmal, 26, 92, 113, 138 Pathogenesis, 84, 138
Index
Pathologic, 114, 119, 128, 138 Pathologies, 20, 138 Pathophysiology, 11, 16, 18, 138 Patient Education, 96, 102, 104, 107, 138 Pelvic, 138, 141 Pelvis, 131, 138, 151 Peptide, 8, 110, 138, 141 Peptide T, 8, 138 Perception, 15, 52, 138, 144 Percutaneous, 69, 138 Perfusion, 19, 49, 138 Periodicity, 23, 138 Perioral, 72, 138 Peripheral Nervous System, 123, 136, 138, 147 Periventricular Leukomalacia, 22, 138 Perspiration, 62, 139 Phallic, 125, 139 Phantom, 26, 139 Pharmacokinetic, 21, 29, 139 Pharmacologic, 20, 111, 139, 150 Pharmacotherapy, 23, 66, 139 Pharynx, 72, 139 Phenotype, 5, 139 Phenytoin, 29, 115, 139 Physical Examination, 97, 127, 139 Physiologic, 16, 53, 110, 133, 139, 142 Physiology, 29, 54, 122, 136, 139 Pilot Projects, 9, 139 Pilot study, 13, 17, 139 Pitch, 37, 66, 139 Placenta, 48, 139, 140 Plants, 110, 115, 126, 134, 137, 139, 144, 150 Plasma, 18, 21, 28, 110, 111, 127, 135, 139, 143, 145 Pneumonia, 119, 139 Polycystic, 93, 140 Pons, 115, 140, 143 Posterior, 111, 113, 116, 123, 130, 137, 140, 146 Postmenopausal, 30, 140 Postoperative, 16, 70, 140 Postsynaptic, 10, 140, 148 Post-traumatic, 25, 115, 140 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 25, 140 Potentiates, 129, 140 Practice Guidelines, 90, 140 Precursor, 112, 121, 122, 123, 136, 140, 150, 151 Pre-Eclampsia, 20, 140 Premenstrual, 17, 140
159
Preoperative, 16, 140 Preoptic Area, 20, 140 Presynaptic, 136, 140, 148 Prion, 5, 140 Probe, 48, 49, 56, 140 Procaine, 56, 140 Progesterone, 140, 147 Progressive, 43, 117, 120, 121, 126, 135, 136, 141 Progressive disease, 43, 141 Prone, 17, 84, 141 Prophase, 141, 148 Propofol, 8, 34, 141 Proportional, 47, 141 Prostaglandins, 20, 112, 141 Prostate, 92, 141 Protein S, 93, 114, 141, 144 Proteins, 110, 112, 114, 117, 118, 129, 130, 134, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 149 Proteinuria, 140, 141 Protocol, 66, 141 Protons, 110, 128, 132, 141, 142 Proximal, 121, 140, 141, 145 Psychiatric, 5, 15, 56, 66, 98, 133, 141, 146 Psychiatry, 4, 12, 17, 25, 29, 30, 34, 56, 66, 125, 141 Psychic, 133, 141, 145 Psychoactive, 128, 141, 152 Psychomotor, 71, 115, 141 Psychosis, 15, 141 Psychotropic, 60, 142 Public Policy, 89, 142 Pulmonary, 114, 119, 142, 151 Pulmonary Artery, 114, 142, 151 Pulse, 17, 68, 74, 134, 142 Pupil, 74, 121, 135, 142 R Radiation, 65, 66, 113, 122, 123, 139, 142, 144, 152 Radioactive, 114, 128, 131, 137, 142, 144 Radioactivity, 113, 142 Radioisotope, 142, 150 Radiological, 138, 142 Randomized, 12, 122, 142 Rape, 140, 142 Reality Testing, 141, 142 Receptor, 8, 17, 20, 29, 109, 112, 121, 124, 126, 130, 138, 142, 145 Receptors, Serotonin, 142, 145 Recombinant, 8, 142, 151 Rectum, 112, 118, 125, 128, 141, 142 Recur, 138, 142
160
Electroencephalogram
Recurrence, 117, 132, 138, 142 Red Nucleus, 113, 142 Refer, 1, 118, 123, 125, 131, 136, 141, 143, 150 Reflex, 48, 124, 135, 143 Refraction, 143, 146 Regimen, 122, 139, 143 Relapse, 97, 143 Reliability, 12, 50, 143 Renin, 115, 143 Renin-Angiotensin System, 115, 143 Respiration, 53, 62, 63, 74, 112, 115, 134, 143 Restless legs, 83, 143 Restoration, 143 Resuscitation, 8, 143 Reticular, 9, 143 Reticular Formation, 9, 143 Retina, 131, 137, 143 Retinoblastoma, 92, 143 Rheumatism, 143 Rheumatoid, 20, 143 Rheumatoid arthritis, 20, 143 Ribose, 109, 144 Ribosome, 144, 150 Risk factor, 4, 97, 144 Risk patient, 4, 144 S Salivary, 138, 144 Saponins, 144, 147 Scans, 79, 97, 98, 144 Scatter, 139, 144 Schizoid, 144, 152 Schizophrenia, 15, 36, 64, 119, 144, 152 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 144, 152 Sclerosis, 11, 23, 42, 43, 92, 134, 144 Screening, 10, 117, 144, 151 Secretion, 18, 117, 128, 133, 139, 144, 145 Sediment, 144, 151 Segmentation, 21, 144 Segregation, 15, 113, 144 Seizures, 7, 11, 19, 20, 28, 50, 67, 70, 71, 84, 115, 138, 139, 145 Self Care, 83, 145 Semen, 141, 145 Senile, 79, 145 Sensibility, 111, 145 Sensor, 48, 49, 53, 62, 71, 73, 74, 145 Septal, 131, 145 Septal Nuclei, 131, 145 Sequence Homology, 138, 145 Serotonin, 11, 30, 136, 139, 142, 145, 150
Sex Determination, 93, 145 Shock, 57, 145, 150 Side effect, 109, 130, 145, 150 Signs and Symptoms, 4, 143, 145 Skeletal, 69, 135, 145, 146 Skeleton, 130, 145, 146 Skull, 69, 98, 146, 149 Sleep apnea, 12, 20, 146 Sleep Deprivation, 12, 16, 20, 146 Small intestine, 128, 130, 146 Social Work, 61, 146 Sodium, 24, 146, 148 Solitary Nucleus, 113, 146 Solvent, 65, 118, 124, 126, 146 Somatic, 128, 131, 133, 138, 146 Spasm, 119, 146 Specialist, 42, 99, 121, 146 Species, 123, 133, 134, 145, 146, 150 Specificity, 14, 110, 146 Spectrum, 38, 50, 51, 73, 74, 83, 133, 146 Sphenoid, 146 Sphenoidal, 52, 146 Spike, 11, 147 Spinal cord, 8, 69, 112, 115, 116, 117, 123, 132, 133, 135, 136, 138, 143, 147, 148 Spinal tap, 98, 131, 147 Spirochete, 147, 148 Sporadic, 136, 143, 147 Stabilization, 139, 147 Staging, 58, 144, 147 Steady state, 51, 147 Stenosis, 83, 147 Steroid, 17, 120, 127, 144, 147 Stimulus, 6, 15, 19, 50, 51, 52, 55, 59, 60, 62, 72, 113, 122, 124, 130, 143, 147, 149 Stomach, 109, 124, 125, 126, 128, 135, 139, 146, 147 Stool, 118, 128, 147 Streptavidin, 8, 147 Stress, 16, 36, 52, 113, 116, 120, 135, 143, 147 Stricture, 147 Stroke, 8, 84, 88, 97, 147 Subacute, 129, 147 Subclinical, 129, 145, 147 Subiculum, 127, 147 Substance P, 144, 147 Suction, 125, 148 Sufentanil, 34, 148 Sulfur, 133, 148 Suppression, 23, 148 Sweat, 120, 139, 148
Index
Sympathetic Nervous System, 113, 136, 148 Symphysis, 117, 141, 148 Symptomatic, 17, 148 Synapse, 11, 136, 140, 148, 150 Synapsis, 148 Synaptic, 10, 136, 148 Synaptic Transmission, 136, 148 Syphilis, 98, 148 Systemic, 20, 112, 114, 123, 129, 148 T Telangiectasia, 93, 148 Telencephalon, 113, 116, 148 Temperament, 9, 148 Temporal, 4, 10, 14, 18, 56, 111, 127, 149 Temporal Lobe, 4, 111, 149 Tendon, 4, 149 Thalamic, 9, 113, 124, 149 Thalamic Diseases, 113, 149 Thalamus, 9, 11, 121, 124, 131, 149 Therapeutics, 8, 20, 149 Third Ventricle, 124, 128, 149 Thoracic, 83, 132, 149, 152 Threonine, 138, 149 Threshold, 9, 15, 124, 128, 149 Thrombosis, 141, 147, 149 Thyroid, 34, 97, 149, 151 Tin, 116, 149 Tissue Culture, 8, 149 Tolerance, 9, 128, 149 Tomography, 5, 11, 34, 97, 119, 132, 144, 149 Tone, 52, 58, 149, 150 Tonic, 71, 150 Tonus, 149, 150 Tooth Preparation, 109, 150 Topical, 124, 150 Tourniquet, 49, 150 Toxic, iv, 123, 136, 150 Toxicity, 121, 150 Toxicology, 90, 150 Toxin, 123, 149, 150 Tracer, 11, 150 Trachea, 130, 139, 149, 150 Transfection, 114, 150 Translation, 51, 110, 150 Transmitter, 73, 109, 112, 121, 132, 136, 150 Transplantation, 117, 150 Trauma, 8, 50, 67, 70, 114, 115, 149, 150 Tryptophan, 11, 30, 117, 145, 150
161
Tuberous Sclerosis, 93, 96, 150 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 20, 21, 150 Tungsten, 116, 151 Tyrosine, 121, 151 U Unconscious, 70, 111, 128, 151 Urea, 148, 151 Uremia, 4, 151 Urethra, 141, 151 Urinalysis, 98, 151 Urinary, 113, 120, 128, 151 Urine, 16, 113, 114, 127, 128, 141, 151 Uterus, 48, 49, 116, 120, 123, 128, 133, 140, 151 V Vaccine, 141, 151 Vagina, 116, 133, 151 Vagotomy, 20, 151 Valves, 63, 151 Vascular, 120, 129, 139, 151 VE, 25, 151 Vector, 8, 151 Vein, 130, 137, 151 Venereal, 148, 151 Venous, 141, 151 Ventricle, 46, 111, 127, 142, 149, 151 Venules, 114, 115, 151 Vertebrae, 147, 152 Vertebral, 69, 152 Veterinary Medicine, 89, 152 Viral, 3, 5, 122, 123, 152 Virus, 21, 126, 152 Visceral, 113, 131, 152 Visceral Afferents, 113, 152 Vitreous, 131, 143, 152 Vitro, 152 Vivo, 7, 8, 29, 152 Volition, 15, 130, 152 W Wakefulness, 10, 152 War, 140, 152 Weight Gain, 13, 152 White blood cell, 111, 131, 132, 152 Windpipe, 139, 149, 152 Withdrawal, 17, 152 Womb, 151, 152 X X-ray, 97, 98, 116, 119, 137, 144, 152 Y Yeasts, 139, 152
162
Electroencephalogram
Index
163
164
Electroencephalogram
