DANDELION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Dandelion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83874-7 1. Dandelion-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on dandelion. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DANDELION .............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Dandelion...................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DANDELION ...................................................................................... 9 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 9 Finding Nutrition Studies on Dandelion ...................................................................................... 9 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 11 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DANDELION .............................................................. 15 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 15 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 15 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 18 General References ....................................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON DANDELION .......................................................................................... 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Patents on Dandelion................................................................................................................... 25 Patent Applications on Dandelion............................................................................................... 39 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON DANDELION .............................................................................................. 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 43 Chapters on Dandelion ................................................................................................................ 45 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 49 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 51 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 55 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 57 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 61 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 61 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 61 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 67 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 67 DANDELION DICTIONARY ....................................................................................................... 69 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 101
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with dandelion is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about dandelion, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to dandelion, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on dandelion. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to dandelion, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on dandelion. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DANDELION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on dandelion.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and dandelion, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “dandelion” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Physician's Guide to Herbs Source: Practical Diabetology. 16(1): 10, 12-13, 16-17, 20. March 1997. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: Conventional therapy of diabetes mellitus has focused on a care plan consisting of meal planning, exercise, medication, self monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), and patient education. Recently, there has been increasing interest on the part of patients in alternative therapies for chronic disease, including the increased use and popularity of herbal therapies. This article is a review of herbal products described in the literature as being useful and beneficial in diabetes management. The authors begin with a series of reported cases of herbal misadventures, noting that the heterogeneous
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nature of herbal products makes it difficult to monitor patients for adverse effects. The authors then review the use of herbs and herb products, including alfalfa, apple, bilberry, blackberry, burdock, celery, coriander, dandelion, Di huang, dried root bark of lycium Chinese mill, eucalyptus, fenugreek, garlic, ginger, ginseng, goat's rue, goldenseal, guayusa, hop, Java plum, juniper, kidney-bean pods, lucerne (Medicago sativa), mistletoe, Momordica charantia (cerasee), Momordica charantia (karela), mushrooms, nettle, onion, raspberry, sage, sumac, tarragon, thyme, Xuan seng, yeast, and zhi mu or di seng. The authors conclude that, although some alternative preparations may have mild glucose-lowering effects, the effects are insufficient for the management of diabetes. In addition, the potential for adverse interactions with agents used in conventional treatment should be appreciated. 7 references. (AA-M). •
Natural Products and Diabetes Treatment Source: Diabetes Educator. 24(2): 201-202, 205-206, 207. March-April 1998. Contact: Available from American Association of Diabetes Educators. 100 West Monroe Street, 4th Floor, Chicago, IL 60603-1901. (312) 424-2426. Summary: This article provides information about natural products as diabetes treatment. The authors point out that some natural products are potentially damaging to people with chronic diseases, especially if they are used instead of proven scientific treatment regimens. However, Americans spend about 14 billion dollars each year on alternative medicines and treatments. The authors briefly discuss the following natural products that have been promoted in relation to diabetes: ackee fruit, alfalfa, aloe vera, argimony, artichokes, barley, bitter melon, burdock root, capsaicin (cayenne pepper), carrot oil, charcoal, chromium, coriander, dandelion root, devil's club, eucalyptus, ephedra, evening primrose, fenugreek seeds, fo-ti, garlic, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, glucomannan, grape seed, guayusa, guar gum (karaya gum), gymnena, juniper, licorice, mushrooms, neem seed oil, onions, pectin (apples), periwinkle, potatoes, yellow root (golden seal), and yohimbine. The authors note that the few products that do have a mild impact on lowering blood glucose levels are significantly less effective than standard treatments. In order to ensure that no toxic effects occur and that treatment objectives are achieved, health professionals should closely monitor any person who decides to use a natural product for diabetes. The article includes general guidelines for counseling people who use herbs. 39 references. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Dandelion The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to dandelion. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to dandelion. 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
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For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore dandelion.
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “dandelion” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for dandelion in the PubMed Central database: •
Cloning, Developmental, and Tissue-Specific Expression of Sucrose:Sucrose 1Fructosyl Transferase from Taraxacum officinale. Fructan Localization in Roots. by Van den Ende W, Michiels A, Van Wonterghem D, Vergauwen R, Van Laere A.; 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58983
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Genotypic Variation Within Asexual Lineages of Taraxacum officinale. by King LM, Schaal BA.; 1990 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53397
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with dandelion, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “dandelion” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for dandelion (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): 3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Anti-carcinogenic activity of Taraxacum plant. I. Author(s): Takasaki M, Konoshima T, Tokuda H, Masuda K, Arai Y, Shiojima K, Ageta H. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1999 June; 22(6): 602-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10408234&dopt=Abstract
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Antioxidant, prooxidant, and cytotoxic activities of solvent-fractionated dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) flower extracts in vitro. Author(s): Hu C, Kitts DD. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 January 1; 51(1): 301-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502425&dopt=Abstract
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Contact allergy to yarrow and dandelion. Author(s): Davies MG, Kersey PJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1986 April; 14(4): 256-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2941233&dopt=Abstract
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Daisy, dandelion and thistle contact allergy in the photosensitivity dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome. Author(s): Dawe RS, Green CM, MacLeod TM, Ferguson J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 August; 35(2): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8917835&dopt=Abstract
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Dandelion dermatitis. Author(s): Lovell CR, Rowan M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1991 September; 25(3): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1838315&dopt=Abstract
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Dandelion green bezoar following antrectomy and vagotomy--case report. Author(s): Collins JM, Miller DR. Source: J Kans Med Soc. 1966 June; 67(6): 303-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5934501&dopt=Abstract
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Further sesquiterpenoids and phenolics from Taraxacum officinale. Author(s): Kisiel W, Barszcz B. Source: Fitoterapia. 2000 June; 71(3): 269-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10844166&dopt=Abstract
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Grassroots environmentalism under legal attack: dandelions, pesticides, and a neighbor's right-to-know. Author(s): Christoffel T. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1985 May; 75(5): 565-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3985250&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacy through the ages. Taraxacum officinale. Author(s): Worthen DB. Source: Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Washington,D.C. : 1996). 2001 July-August; 41(4): 617. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11486988&dopt=Abstract
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Seasonal allergic contact dermatitis from Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) in an Israeli florist. Author(s): Ingber A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 July; 43(1): 49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10902595&dopt=Abstract
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Sesquiterpene glucosides from anti-leukotriene B4 release fraction of Taraxacum officinale. Author(s): Kashiwada Y, Takanaka K, Tsukada H, Miwa Y, Taga T, Tanaka S, Ikeshiro Y. Source: Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. 2001; 3(3): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11491394&dopt=Abstract
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Sesquiterpene lactones from Taraxacum obovatum. Author(s): Michalska K, Kisiel W. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 February; 69(2): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12624831&dopt=Abstract
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Taraxinic acid, a hydrolysate of sesquiterpene lactone glycoside from the Taraxacum coreanum NAKAI, induces the differentiation of human acute promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Author(s): Choi JH, Shin KM, Kim NY, Hong JP, Lee YS, Kim HJ, Park HJ, Lee KT. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 November; 25(11): 1446-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419957&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DANDELION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and dandelion.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Dandelion The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “dandelion” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “dandelion” (or a synonym): •
Alternation of hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by supplementation of dandelion water extract. Author(s): Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Kyongsan 712749, South Korea. Source: Cho, Soo Yeul Park, Ji Yeun Park, Eun Mi Choi, Myung Sook Lee, Mi Kyung Jeon, Seon Min Jang, Moon Kyoo Kim, Myung Joo Park, Yong Bok Clin-Chim-Acta. 2002 March; 317(1-2): 109-17 0009-8981
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Anthocyanin-producing dandelion callus as a chalcone synthase source in recombinant polyketide reductase assay. Author(s): Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan. Source: Akashi, T Saito, N Hirota, H Ayabe, S Phytochemistry. 1997 September; 46(2): 283-7 0031-9422
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Antioxidant, prooxidant, and cytotoxic activities of solvent-fractionated dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) flower extracts in vitro. Author(s): Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of British Columbia, 6650 N.W. Marine Drive, Vancouver, Canada. Source: Hu, C Kitts, D D J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2003 January 1; 51(1): 301-10 0021-8561
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Dandelion dilemma: a decision case in turfgrass management. Source: Meyer, M.H. Allen, P. HortTechnology. Alexandria, VA : American Society for Horticultural Science, c1991-. Apr/June 1994. volume 4 (2) page 190-193. 1063-0198
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Differentiation-inducing activity of lupeol, a lupane-type triterpene from Chinese dandelion root (Hokouei-kon), on a mouse melanoma cell line. Author(s): Akita Research Institute of Food & Brewing (ARIF), Japan. Source: Hata, K Ishikawa, K Hori, K Konishi, T Biol-Pharm-Bull. 2000 August; 23(8): 9627 0918-6158
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Effects of senescence and gibberellic acid treatment on sterol levels in detached leaves of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). Source: Westerman, L. Roddick, J.G. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1983. volume 22 (10) page 2318-2319. 0031-9422
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Effects of taraxacum mongolicum on the bioavailability and disposition of ciprofloxacin in rats. Author(s): Department of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T. Hong Kong. Source: Zhu, M Wong, P Y Li, R C J-Pharm-Sci. 1999 June; 88(6): 632-4 0022-3549
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Evaluation of dandelion for diuretic activity and variation in potassium content. Source: Hook, I. McGee, A. Henman, M. Int-J-Pharm. Lisse, Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger. 1993. volume 31 (1) page 29-34. 0925-1618
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Flavonoids, cinnamic acids and coumarins from the different tissues and medicinal preparations of Taraxacum officinale. Author(s): Department of Botany, University of Reading, Berks, U.K. Source: Williams, C A Goldstone, F Greenham, J Phytochemistry. 1996 May; 42(1): 121-7 0031-9422
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Intake, by sheep, and digestibility of chickweed, dandelion, dock, ribwort and spurrey, compared with perennial ryegrass. Source: Derrick, R.W. Moseley, G. Wilman, D. J-Agric-Sci. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. February 1993. volume 120 (pt.1) page 51-61. 0021-8596
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Metal content of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) leaves in relation to soil contamination and airborne particulate matter. Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221-0006, USA. Source: Keane, B Collier, M H Shann, J R Rogstad, S H Sci-Total-Environ. 2001 December 17; 281(1-3): 63-78 0048-9697
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Properties and partial purification of squalene synthase from cultured cells of dandelion. Source: Komine, H. Takahashi, T. Ayabe, S. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. May 1996. volume 42 (2) page 405-409. 0031-9422
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Seasonal allergic contact dermatitis from Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) in an Israeli florist. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Hadassah University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. Source: Ingber, A Contact-Dermatitis. 2000 July; 43(1): 49 0105-1873
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Volatile metabolites from suspension cultures of Taraxacum officinale. Source: Hook, I. Sheridan, H. Wilson, G. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1991. volume 30 (12) page 3977-3979. 0031-9422
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to dandelion; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Minerals Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lecithin and Choline Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10040,00.html Magnesium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Spironolactone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
•
Food and Diet Arugula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,123,00.html Dandelion Greens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-oxalate Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Nutrition
Macrobiotic Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Miso Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vegetables Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DANDELION Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to dandelion. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to dandelion and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “dandelion” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to dandelion: •
Acute allergic reaction after composite pollen ingestion. Author(s): Cohen SH, Yunginger JW, Rosenberg N, Fink JN. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1979 October; 64(4): 270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=479479&dopt=Abstract
•
Allergy to honey: relation to pollen and honey bee allergy. Author(s): Helbling A, Peter C, Berchtold E, Bogdanov S, Muller U. Source: Allergy. 1992 February; 47(1): 41-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1590566&dopt=Abstract
•
Alternation of hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by supplementation of dandelion water extract. Author(s): Cho SY, Park JY, Park EM, Choi MS, Lee MK, Jeon SM, Jang MK, Kim MJ, Park YB.
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Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2002 March; 317(1-2): 109-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814465&dopt=Abstract •
Anthocyanin-producing dandelion callus as a chalcone synthase source in recombinant polyketide reductase assay. Author(s): Akashi T, Saito N, Hirota H, Ayabe S. Source: Phytochemistry. 1997 September; 46(2): 283-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9311152&dopt=Abstract
•
Anticoagulant from Taraxacum platycarpum. Author(s): Yun SI, Cho HR, Choi HS. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2002 September; 66(9): 1859-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12400684&dopt=Abstract
•
Compositae dermatitis in childhood. Author(s): Guin JD, Skidmore G. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1987 April; 123(4): 500-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3827282&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of herbal teas on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in rats. Author(s): Maliakal PP, Wanwimolruk S. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2001 October; 53(10): 1323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11697539&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of taraxacum mongolicum on the bioavailability and disposition of ciprofloxacin in rats. Author(s): Zhu M, Wong PY, Li RC. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1999 June; 88(6): 632-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10350500&dopt=Abstract
•
Flavonoids, cinnamic acids and coumarins from the different tissues and medicinal preparations of Taraxacum officinale. Author(s): Williams CA, Goldstone F, Greenham J. Source: Phytochemistry. 1996 May; 42(1): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8728061&dopt=Abstract
•
Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Author(s): Swanston-Flatt SK, Day C, Flatt PR, Gould BJ, Bailey CJ.
Alternative Medicine 17
Source: Diabetes Res. 1989 February; 10(2): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2743711&dopt=Abstract •
Identification and quantitation of major carotenoids in selected components of the Mediterranean diet: green leafy vegetables, figs and olive oil. Author(s): Su Q, Rowley KG, Itsiopoulos C, O'Dea K. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 November; 56(11): 1149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428183&dopt=Abstract
•
Patch testing for Compositae allergy. Author(s): Goulden V, Wilkinson SM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 June; 138(6): 1018-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9747365&dopt=Abstract
•
Safety examination of some edible plants, Part 2. Author(s): Hirono I, Mori H, Kato K, Ushimaru Y, Kato T, Haga M. Source: J Environ Pathol Toxicol. 1978 September-October; 1(1): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=722187&dopt=Abstract
•
Sensitization and cross-reaction patterns in Danish Compositae-allergic patients. Author(s): Paulsen E, Andersen KE, Hausen BM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 October; 45(4): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11683829&dopt=Abstract
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Sesquiterpene lactones from Taraxacum obovatum. Author(s): Michalska K, Kisiel W. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 February; 69(2): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12624831&dopt=Abstract
•
Speciation of Mg, Mn and Zn in extracts of medicinal plants. Author(s): Weber G, Konieczynski P. Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2003 April; 375(8): 1067-73. Epub 2003 January 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12733019&dopt=Abstract
•
The common occurrence of furan fatty acids in plants. Author(s): Hannemann K, Puchta V, Simon E, Ziegler H, Ziegler G, Spiteller G. Source: Lipids. 1989 April; 24(4): 296-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2755307&dopt=Abstract
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•
Two branches of the lupeol synthase gene in the molecular evolution of plant oxidosqualene cyclases. Author(s): Shibuya M, Zhang H, Endo A, Shishikura K, Kushiro T, Ebizuka Y. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1999 November; 266(1): 302-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10542078&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to dandelion; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Abdominal Wall Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alcoholism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 19
Anaphylaxis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Appendicitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bladder Infection Alternative names: Urinary Tract Infection [UTI] Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Constipation Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Constipation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Constipation Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cystic Fibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Digestive Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Edema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Endocarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endometriosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Endometriosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Allergy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gallbladder Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Gallstones Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Kidney Stones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Liver Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lupus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nail Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoarthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Peritonitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pregnancy and Postpartum Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sexual Dysfunction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Chinese Medicine Pugongying Alternative names: Dandelion; Herba Taraxaci Source: Chinese Materia Medica Reyanning Keli Alternative names: Reyanning Granules; Reyanning Keli
(Rey Yan Ning Ke Li) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China
Alternative Medicine 21
Rupixiao Pian Alternative names: Rupixiao Tablets; Rupixiao Pian
(Ru Pi Xiao Pi An) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China •
Herbs and Supplements Achillea Alternative names: Yarrow; Achillea millefolium L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aralia Alternative names: Spikenard; Aralia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arctium Alternative names: Burdock, Gobo; Arctium lappa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arctostaphylos Alternative names: Bearberry; Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aristolochia Alternative names: Snakeroot, Guaco; Aristolochia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Betula Alternative names: Birch; Betula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Calendula Alternative names: Calendula officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Chasteberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,767,00.html Ciprofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dandelion Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dandelion Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Dandelion Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10021,00.html Equisetum Alternative names: Horsetail; Equisetum arvense L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Foeniculum Alternative names: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Insulin Alternative names: Humalog, Humulin, Iletin, Novolin, Velosulin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Juniperus Alternative names: Juniper; Juniperus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lipotropic Combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,861,00.html Loop Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine 23
Menopause Herbal Combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10096,00.html Milk Thistle Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10044,00.html Oral Hypoglycemics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Origanum Alternative names: Oregano; Origanum vulgare Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Passiflora Alternative names: Passion Flower; Passiflora alata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Plantago Major Alternative names: Plantain; Plantago major/lanceolata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pms Herbal Combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,947,00.html Prunella Alternative names: Self Heal; Prunella vulgaris L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Smilax Alternative names: Sarsaparilla; Smilax glabra Roxb. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tanacetum Alternative names: Feverfew; Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Taraxacum Alternative names: Dandelion; Taraxacum officinale (Dhudhal) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Taraxacum Officinale Alternative names: Dandelion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Triamterene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Uva Ursi Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Women's Herbal Combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10100,00.html Yellow Dock Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON DANDELION Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “dandelion” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on dandelion, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Dandelion By performing a patent search focusing on dandelion, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on dandelion: •
Acremonium mycoherbicide for biocontrol of dandelion Inventor(s): Mintz; Angel (Raleigh, NC), Walter; James F. (Ashton, MD) Assignee(s): Thermo Trilogy Corporation (Waltham, MA) Patent Number: 5,753,592 Date filed: December 30, 1996 Abstract: Spores of a biocontrol fungus, Acremonium sp. ATCC 74368, have been found to function well as a biocontrol agent in a method for biocontrol of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to biocontrol fungi and more specifically to fungi useful in controlling dandelions. Biological control of many plant species using microorganisms and compounds isolated therefrom is known. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,755,207, phytotoxic Alternaria cassiae spores were formulated and applied to sicklepod. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,209,826, Amphbotrys ricini was used successfully as a mycoherbicide against texasweed. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,606,751, Bipolaris sorghicola spores were demonstrated to kill johnson grass. Certain unsuccessful efforts have been undertaken to identify and obtain biological agents, notably fungal phytopathogens, having phytotoxic activity against dandelions. Dandelions, classified as Taraxacum officinale, are common and persistent broadleaf weeds with wide geographic range. Dandelions are listed as the most important turf weeds in the U.S. in more states (42) than any other dicotyledon. To date, dandelions have been uncontrolled under typical environmental conditions except by mechanical means or with chemical herbicides which are disfavored because of their toxicity to humans and animals and to beneficial plants. The most common chemical herbicide used to control dandelions is the fungicide 2,4-D, which has been shown to contain dioxins in certain formulations and which may be a human carcinogen. Other known chemical herbicides effective against dandelions include Basagran and Round-Up. Several biocontrol agents have been ineffective against dandelion growth. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,390,360, an Alternaria cassiae fungus selected for biological control of a number of plant weeds was demonstrated to be ineffective against dandelions. Likewise, U.S. Pat. No. 4,929,270 discloses that compounds isolated from a fungal pathogen of spotted knapweed were selectively phytotoxic against knapweed, but spared dandelions and a number of other dicots and monocots. The effective target range of most mycoherbicides is narrow and, to date, biological control of dandelions has not been readily accomplished. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05753592__
•
Additive for stimulants Inventor(s): Paczolay; Kinga (PF 590, H-1539 Budapest, HU), Pintz; Gyorgy (PF 590, H1539 Budapest, HU) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,235,317 Date filed: June 16, 1999
Patents 27
Abstract: An additive for stimulants, useful in particular to reduce the health-damaging effects of coffee beverages, contains one or several vitamins, dandelion root extract, and, if required, one or several mineral salts. The additive characterized in that it contains anise extract and adenosine. Excerpt(s): Subject of the invention is an additive for stimulants, useful in particular to reduce the health-damaging effects of coffee beverages. Since many centuries coffee has been one of the most popular enjoyable consumer's goods. Owing to its caffeine content coffee has a stimulatory effect. But besides its agreeable properties coffee has also some disadvantages. It disturbs the acid-base balance of the organism, stimulates the stomach. Caffeine has also some toxic effect. It increases the risk of myocardial infarction (American Journal of Epidemiology, 1988/9, 570-8, Rosenberg et al.), reduces the effectiveness of the immunity (International Journal of Immunopharmacology 1990/1, 129-34, Melamed et al.), may induce mutation of genes (Food-Chemical-Toxicology 1989/4, 22714 32, Aeschbacher et al.), increases the risk of generating several cancer diseases. Moderate consumers of coffee are, naturally, less exposed to the above dangers. A substitution of the coffee by some other beverages is--because of its high enjoyable and stimulatory effect--hardly to be expected. Therefore, any endeavor aiming at diminishing the harmful effects of coffee shall be welcomed. Such an effort was also the development of decaffeinated coffee. Raw natural coffee after having been cleaned by the Wimmer-Roselius procedure is treated by steam and afterwards extracted and roasted. A disadvantage of decaffeinated coffee is that, because of its lack of stimulating effects, many people don't like it. Many procedures are known to extract, by means of solvents, certain substances from the coffee, at the same time retaining its caffeine content. Such procedures are the subject of the publications DE-OS 16 92 284, DE-OS 19 60 694, DE-OS 20 31 830, DE-OS 26 18 545, DE-PS 27 20 204, CH-PS 568 719. All these procedures have the disadvantage that they more or less alter the aroma of the coffee, as the extraction cannot be carried out with the necessary selectivity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06235317__ •
ATP synthesis activator containing a mixture of herbs Inventor(s): Yoon; JungMan (1-2-30, Oyamadai, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-0086, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,645,533 Date filed: December 7, 2001 Abstract: An ATP synthesis activator is provided, which allows the promotion of ATP synthesis in the body and results in an increased ATP level in the body for a long period of time. The ATP synthesis activator comprises, as an active ingredient, a mixture of a plurality of herbs having an ion-exchange capacity. It may stimulate electron generation in the body and hence results in an improved ATP synthesis activity due to the generated electrons, because dietary fiber contained in the herbs has an ion-exchange capacity. Preferably, the herb mixture includes thyme, rosemary, turmeric, fennel, grape seeds, dandelion, and Acanthopanax senticosus. Also the composition is useful for treating immune deficiency diseases. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an ATP synthesis activator for promoting the synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) used as an energy source for living cells. An enzyme used in such an enzyme-catalyzed technique includes acetate kinase, carbamate kinase and creatine kinase, and in these cases, acetyl phosphate, carbamyl phosphate
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and creatine phosphate are used as a phosphate donor, respectively. In an embodiment of this technique in a bioreactor, there has been developed a procedure using acetate kinase and adenylate kinase isolated in a pure form from a thermophilic bacterial strain, Bacillus stearothermophilus. On the other hand, a fermentation-based technique using glycolysis in yeast cells involves ATP production through phosphorylation at a substrate level. This technique is based on the fact that two ATP molecules can be generated when one molecule of glucose is metabolized into two molecules of ethanol and two molecules of CO.sub.2. In the pharmaceutical and food fields, however, there has been no activator known to be particularly effective in promoting ATP synthesis in the body. The promotion of ATP synthesis in the body can eliminate the need for oral ATP administration to increase ATP level in the body. Further, prolonged promotion of ATP synthesis may contribute to health maintenance and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645533__ •
Composition and method for treating premenstrual syndrome Inventor(s): Pike; Laurie (10444 NW. 1st Ct., Coral Springs, FL 33071) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,968,518 Date filed: February 20, 1998 Abstract: An herbal composition is disclosed comprising as active ingredients chickweed, yarrow, wormwood, motherwort, pennyroyal, and dandelion in a vehicle of olive-oil and beeswax. The composition alleviates cramps, aches and pains, such as those associated with premenstrual syndrome. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an herbal composition for treating the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, including menstrual cramps, aches and pains, and bloating. The invention also relates to a method for treating some of the symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome, particularly aches, pains, and cramps using herbal compositions. The days preceding the onset of the menstrual period involve hormonal changes which can result in symptoms such as cramping, aches, bloating, and inflammation. These symptoms, commonly referred to as premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, are treated by a variety of means. Simple ones include taking ibuprofen or acetaminophen for aches and pains, and various other substances for bloating or water retention. Many over the counter remedies are available for these common symptoms, and in many cases may provide temporary or limited relief. Other approaches involve attempts to correct apparent hormonal imbalances which may be present prior to menstruation. For example, according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,630 (Morrow), the symptoms of PMS and menopause can be treated with an herbal composition including red raspberry, bayberry, blue cohosh, capsicum, cascara sagrada, damiana, ginger, avalcrian administered orally in tablet form using a binding agent. The patentee claims that the foregoing herbal compound alleviates the symptoms associated with PMS and menopause. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05968518__
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Cosmetic product containing enzymes Inventor(s): Golz-Berner; Karin (Monaco, DE), Zastrow; Leonhard (Monaco, DE) Assignee(s): Coty B.V. (NL) Patent Number: 6,551,606 Date filed: December 5, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a cosmetic product that contains enzymes and has an intensive skin action, especially a regenerative effect The inventive cosmetic product contains 0.01 to 5 wt. % of a concentrate of the coconut milk of Cocos nucifera, containing peroxidase, lipase and protease; 0.1 to 10 wt. % of a plant milkwater, the plants being selected from the following group: banana, dandelion, convolvus, poppy, soya and mixtures thereof; and 0.01 to 5 wt. % of a glycerol extract of a mixture consisting of honey, rice hulls, rice hull oil and/or rice germ oil; with the remainder consisting of cosmetic auxiliary agents, active agents and carrier substances. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/DE00/01891, submitted Jun. 8, 2000. The invention relates to a cosmetic product that contains enzymes and has an intensive skin action, especially a regenerative effect. There is already a number of known cosmetic products which are produced using animal milk or a derivate of lactic acid. DE-A-44 08 258, for example, discloses an oil/water emulsion containing whole milk, which emulsion contains polyethoxylated vitamin E as an emulsifier and has a viscosity of less than 100 Pa.multidot.s. DE-A-195 37 297 discloses cosmetic preparations containing growth factors which are produced from fresh or pasteurized milk and colostrum of cows and mares. Furthermore, EP-A-908171 discloses a dry, plant-based cleansing composition, in which various dried and crushed plants, which serve as detergent, foaming agent, foam enhancer, pigment and conditioner, are combined in a powder, Cocos nucifera being used as a foam enhancer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06551606__
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Dandelion whip Inventor(s): Gutekunst; Rosella E. (1312 Porter, Apt. 63, Dearborn, MI 48124) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,258,473 Date filed: December 26, 1978 Abstract: This small hand operated yard tool is designed and invented specifically for the individual home owner to cut off dandelion flowers from their lawns. The tool consists of a four by six and one-half inch blade with a double edged row of triangular shaped cutting prongs, attached to a short 32 inch inverted T shaped handle, that when held in an adult's hand by their side reaches down toward the ground to just above ground level. When said blade is swung forward and backward underneath the dandelion flowers it cuts and snaps them off, thus removing said blemish from the lawn and diminishing future outcrops of the weed. Excerpt(s): This invention is a hand-operated cutter tool consisting of an inverted T shaped handle and a double-edged cutting blade that is held by one's side and swung forward and backward to snap off the flowers and buds of dandelions, thus removing that blemish from the lawn of homes. For flowers that are close to the ground it can be used with a picking action. It is also the purpose of this invention to provide a handle
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that is only about thirty-two inches in length, with a blade six and one-half inches long and four inches wide including the 13 triangular shaped prongs on each side of the blade, thus making said invention small, lightweight, and easy to handle. Furthermore, it is the object of this invention to provide a cutter that catches the dandelion flowers between the narrow openings of the blade, pulling and cutting them off their stems, thus removing the blemish that would otherwise turn to seed and spread. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04258473__ •
Decorative floral article Inventor(s): Ito; Yoichiro (5003 Malvern Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817), Qi; Lin (1001 Rockville Pike, Apt. 418, Rockville, MD 20852) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,888,325 Date filed: August 8, 1996 Abstract: There are provided decorative articles, and methods of making decorative articles, by applying adhesive and coloring agent to a plant, such as a dandelion, the plant having a stalk and an achene assembly, the achene assembly including a receptacle and a plurality of pappus structures; and then drying the adhesive and coloring agent. Also provided are kits for use in such methods. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a decorative article, in particular, a decorative article which is made through the use of a plant, as well as a method of making such a decorative article and a kit for use in making such a decorative article. There exists an ongoing need for decorative articles, particularly decorative articles containing plants, which are aesthetically pleasing, inexpensive and which remain aesthetically pleasing for a longer time. In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method of making a decorative article using a dandelion or the like, comprising applying adhesive and coloring agent to the plant, and then drying the adhesive and the coloring agent to provide a decorative article in which the achene structures are adhered to the receptacle, and in which at least the achene structures are colored by the coloring agent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05888325__
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Device and method to provide stabilized delivery of pressurized liquid Inventor(s): Feurstein; Eric J. (1927 Euclid Ave., Schenectady, NY 12306), Feurstein; Raymond A. (1927 Euclid Ave., Schenectady, NY 12306), Miller; Raymond G. (33 S. Westcott Rd., Schenectady, NY 12306-9408) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,857,623 Date filed: September 4, 1996 Abstract: A nozzle body and coupler bearing assembly for discharging a liquid material. The nozzle body consists of approximately thirty-two serially and concentrically arranged ports which receives liquid from an attached hose under high pressures. The various points of placement of the ports, combined with the rotation produce a balanced and stabilized effect on the rotating nozzle assembly which allows the nozzle assembly
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to be delivered to a target area, and while in operation, have the ability to be left unattended by fire-fighting personnel. The wild and natural whipping action exhibited from a fire hose under high operating pressures is nullified with the present nozzle. The body of the nozzle is a hollow paraboloid attached to a coupler bearing assembly. The nozzle body is made from a resilient and durable material with concavo-convex surfaces with a plurality of ports emitting liquid in a radial "Dandelion puff" pattern. Three of the four port groups have approximate angles which are arranged tangentially and acutely to the axis of rotation and flow. The fourth group has an approximate angle which is arranged acutely to the horizontal plane of the longitudinal axis of rotation and flow. The nozzle assembly may be transported, delivered, placed, propelled, launched, carried, or otherwise put in any mode, means, or fashion to a target to which a liquid needs to be provided or dispersed. Excerpt(s): The current and various styles of prior art nozzles, whether steady stream or spray, are subjected to the same vector and spiraling effects of a liquid under pressure passing through the hose and through the nozzle head. There is also the vector force of the projecting liquid and the resultant effect of this force which causes the tendency of an unsecured and uncontrolled hose under high pressure to be whipped about wildly and uncontrollable. This effect exhibits the physical principles of action-reaction which is well recognized and as a consequence, dictates that fire-fighting regulations and insurance liability requirements mandate that one, two, or three men operate a hose under high pressures. The men act in concert to stabilize the hose's tendency to whip about thus being a counter-force to the vector forces and the spiraling effect going on within and without the hose itself. A drawback of these prior art nozzles is that multiple valuable men are encumbered to a single task and that if the hose is loosed from the men controlling it, becomes in itself a lethal device until it is brought under control or shutdown. An additional problem of prior art nozzles attached to a hose under high operating pressures is the ability to deliver the hose and nozzle head to the area of need. In the case of fires, personnel are deployed both to attend and control the hose and also to move the hose into hazardous areas to allow the hose to deliver the intended liquid to a fire or targeted area. This endangers the personnel by directly putting them into harm's way. As a consequence many lives are lost, persons injured, and insurance liabilities are high. Another problem with existing prior art nozzles is their ability to penetrate a barrier. Prior art nozzles to this point need to be manned or engaged by personnel to aid or force the nozzle through an intended barrier to deliver a specified liquid to a target. The current practice for this method again endangers the operating personnel by requiring them to be in close proximity to the danger area. As stated before, a consequence is that many lives are lost, persons injured, and insurance liabilities are high. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05857623__ •
Easy weed and dandelion remover Inventor(s): Flickinger; Harry H. (8730 Lochaven Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20879) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,375,401 Date filed: June 25, 1993 Abstract: A lawn and garden tool for removing weeds and dandelions includes a cutting blade fixedly secured to the distal end of a shaft and a pivotable claw arranged to have its serrated edge pivotably closed against a flat surface of the blade, The claw
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has two spaced pivot arms secured to opposite sides of the shaft to evenly distribute the closure force, A linkage rod is actuable by a trigger grip secured at the proximal end of the shaft to permit selective closure of the claw in opposition to a bias force exerted by a compression spring disposed for protection in a recess defined in the pistol grip handle. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to lawn and garden tools and, more particularly, to an improved weed and dandelion remover. The weed and dandelion remover of the present invention includes a fixed cutting blade and a pivotable claw interactively mounted at the distal end of a support shaft. The claw has parallel spaced pivot arms disposed on opposite sides of the shaft, and a serrated forward edge arranged to move toward and away from a surface of the blade as the claw pivots. A trigger grip at the proximal end of the shaft is connected by a linkage rod to the claw to permit selective closing of the claw against the blade. A bias spring, protectably recessed in the grip, biases the linkage rod to urge the claw to its open position. The weed and dandelion remover 10 of the present invention includes a fixed metal blade 11 with a particular configuration which is welded to a metal cap 13 fitted to the distal end of a wooden or metal shaft 15 approximately three feet in length. There is a movable metal prong or claw 17 attached to the same end of the shaft as the fixed blade. The movable claw 17 is attached by a bolt 19 inserted through the metal cap 13 to which the fixed blade is also attached. The bolt 19 holding movable claw 17 is also the pivot point for the claw. Movable claw 17 has a serrated-like edge 21 which rotates toward fixed blade 11 and closes on the fixed blade. This rotating and closing action is controlled by a metal linkage rod 23 connected to the rearward end of the movable claw 17. Rod 23 extends parallel to and along the length of shaft 15 and is connected to a trigger mechanism 25 at the proximal end of the shaft. The trigger mechanism is rotatably secured to a handle 27 adapted to be gripped by the operator. Handle 27 contains a cylindrical recess 29 enclosing a spring 31 that maintains constant bias pressure or force on trigger 25, tending to extend rod 23 distally and, in turn, holding the movable claw in the "open" position. There are metal foot bars 33 located on each side of the shaft toward the distal end of the shaft, i.e., toward the end with the fixed blade 11 and movable claw 17. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05375401__ •
Fem-Ease, a supplement for the symptoms of cystitis, urinary tract infections and premenstrual syndrome Inventor(s): Stevenot; Robin Ann (P.O. Box 578487, Modesto, CA 95357-8487) Assignee(s): Stevenot; Robin Ann (Northbend, OR) Patent Number: 6,143,300 Date filed: August 11, 1998 Abstract: Over 450,000 women in the united states suffer from the medical disorder cystitis and several hundred in addition to this number, from urinary tract infections and premenstrual syndrome. Hundreds of clinical studies have shown the benefits of Kava Kava, Dandelion and L Arginine, each individually, as the relief for the many unpleasant symptoms that accompany cystitis, urinary tract infection and premenstrual syndrome. These beneficial results have been published in several prominent medical journals. Fem-Ease is a unique combination of all three ingredients together in one caplet. A light brown, cylinder shaped caplet with rounded corners, provides ease for the symptoms of cystitis, urinary tract infection and premenstrual syndrome. Two caplets in the morning and two caplets in the evening, provides a daily dose of 3000 mg
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of L Arginine, 790 mg of Kava Kava and 475 mg of Dandelion recommended to take at the first onset of symptoms. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an herbal and amino acid supplement designed to ease the discomfort of cystitis, urinary tract infection and premenstrual syndrome. Medical doctors currently advise two types of treatments for cystitis: synthetic medications and surgery. Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder, usually occurring secondary to infections that involve associated organs (kidney, prostate, urethra). Lesion or ulcerative areas form in the lining of the bladder causing painful-frequent urination, abdominal pain, stress and severe depression. Cystitis sufferers find themselves frequenting the bathroom up to 60 times a day. The state of California provides permanent disability to women with long term documented histories of cystitis. Sufferers find themselves relying upon pain medications and antidepressants to get through the day. Work, relationships and normal daily activities become things of the past. Etiology of cystitis is still unknown. The four medications being used at this time to treat the symptoms of cystitis are Elmiron, DMSO, Hydroxyzine and Cystistat. These medications offer temporary relief but are not without side effects. Both DMSO and Cystistat are medications that need to be instilled into the bladder through means of catheterization. The user inserts a small flexible tube into the urethra and instills the medication into the bladder then holds it in as long as possible. Both of these medications attack the bacteria and free radical cells in the lining of the bladder then remove them as urination occurs. The method has been proven safe but with side effects. Those are: exacerbation of urinary frequency and urgency, odor, bladder irritation, bleeding of the gums and potential for increased infection during insertion of the catheter. The length of time the user holds the medication in, improves the benefits but is not worth the pain and discomfort. Treatment is 1-3 times a week for 2-4 months before symptoms begin to subside. Both Cystistat and DMSO are still in experimental stages. Medication costs are up to $200.00 per 4 installations a month plus $20.00 for FDA clearance fees. Additional treatments will cost up to $150.00 each. Elmiron and Hydroxyzine are two medications to be taken by mouth 1-3 times a day. Its is necessary to increase doses until adequate levels are reached in the body. This is estimated at 6-8 weeks. Elmiron has been shown to decrease the inflammation in the bladder wall reducing the symptoms of urination frequency and painful urination. Side effects may include hair loss, rash, head ache, swelling of the extremities, stomach upset and diarrhea. Hydroxyzine has been shown to decrease the histamine release in the body. Its benefits are unknown, yet cystitis sufferers have noticed some relief while taking this medication. Side effects are dry mouth , sedation, increased depression in patients diagnosed with concurrent depression and fetal abnormalities have been seen in animal studies. Medication costs are up to $160.00 for a one month supply. Taking these two drugs for eight weeks to four months may be required before reaching the maximum effect. Urinary tract infections (UTI) have been treated for years with the antibiotics Bactrim, Macrodantin and a combination of Sulfa drugs that offer quick relief, but for those sufferers of chronic UTI's these same antibiotics after several prescriptions become useless as the body forms a resistance to them. Side effects of these antibiotics include, and are limited to, body rash, abdominal pain, nausea, headache, lupus, shock, kidney disease, liver disease, lung disease, insomnia, weakness and rare deaths. Urinary tract infections are caused by germs that invade the tract causing symptoms of frequenturgent need to urinate, severe burning sensation upon urination, bloating or water retention and stress. Dietary changes and hygiene changes along with encouragement to drink 2000-3000 cc of water per day, that is twelve 8 oz glasses, leaves the sufferer full and visiting the bathroom too often to enjoy normal daily routines. UTI sufferers become dependent on pain relievers to alleviate the pain. Premenstrual Syndrome
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(PMS) is a combination of symptoms that for years have gone untreated. Symptoms occur a few days prior to onset of the menstrual cycle. Emotional unpredictability, depression, weight gain from fluid retention, breast tenderness and bouts of crying, anger and migraines headaches can be seen during this period. Over this past two decades, more attention has been focused on this condition. Antidepressant and mood elevators such as Prozac, Valium, Xanax, Elival, Zoloft and Effexor have been prescribed, more than any other class of medications in the USA, for the relief of symptoms. Yet most doctors will tell you this is a band-aid treatment. The side effects of these medications then requires additional medication. Side effects include but are not limited to, general malaise, insomnia, nervousness, dry mouth, headache, nausea, hallucinations, blurred vision, fast heart rate, chest pain and sexual dysfunction. The sufferers finds themselves lifeless and absent of normal emotions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06143300__ •
Foliar saline spray solution for selective control of noxious weeds Inventor(s): DiTommaso; Antonio (Montreal, CA), Gregoire; Andre (Bois Briand, CA), Lupien; Gerard (Laval, CA), Watson; Alan K. (Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, CA) Assignee(s): McGill University (Montreal, CA) Patent Number: 6,372,690 Date filed: March 23, 1998 Abstract: The invention relates to a foliar saline spray solution for selective control of noxious weeds such as ragweed, poison ivy, dandelion, clover, bedstraw, wild parsley, millet, thistle, English daisy, plantain, ground-ivy, and knotweed. The invention also relates to a method for selective control of noxious weeds. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the solution comprises 8% to 12% weight to volume of a specific salt such as sodium chloride. The solution may further comprise an adjuvant such as a non-ionic surfactant. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a foliar saline spray solution for selective control of noxious weeds such as ragweed, poison ivy, dandelion, clover, bedstraw, wild parsley, millet, thistle, English daisy, plantain, ground-ivy and knotweed. The invention also relates to a method for selective control of noxious weeds. There are many known herbicidal solutions for controlling vegetation. Some herbicidal solutions are selective, such as to control broad leaf weeds growing among grass, while others control a wider range of plant species. Some herbicidal solutions act to control vegetation when the active ingredient of the herbicidal composition comes into contact with the leaves of the plant, while others saturate the soil around the plant's roots and are subsequently absorbed by the roots. A major drawback of many of the known herbicidal compositions is that they are not only toxic to the unwanted vegetation, but are also hazardous to man, the environment, and the wildlife. For instance, the user of a toxic herbicidal composition should be concerned with direct contact of the active ingredient of the herbicidal composition with the skin or eyes, and with vapors emitted by the herbicidal composition itself or the spraying thereof, inhaled into the lungs. Also of concern is the longevity of the herbicide residues remaining active in the soil which creates a potential for run off of the toxic herbicidal composition into the ground water. Many of the active ingredients used in herbicidal composition are known carcinogens. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06372690__
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Formulations and methods for treating chronic migraine Inventor(s): Marrongelle; Jeffrey L. (1629 Long Run Rd., Orwigsburg, PA 17972), Staverosky; Thomas J. (1537 Mineral Springs Rd., Reading, PA 19602) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,517,832 Date filed: August 24, 2001 Abstract: A prophylactic treatment for the human malady clinically described as migraine headache comprising daily administration in unit dosage form of a first formulation which comprises a major amount of bioactive peptides and a minor amount of probiotics. Concurrently, daily administration in dosage form of a second formulation of a major amount of active components like malic acid, sylibum marianum, acetyl-Lcysteine, copper chelate, zinc gluconate, aspartate and bromelain. A minor amount of plant derivatives excipients comprise the balance of the second formulation. Preferably, these plant derivatives include beet root, powder, watercress, celery, dandelion, capsicum and artichoke extract. Excerpt(s): This is a non-provisional patent specification and claims submitted for an official filing receipt under Patent Code 111(a). Headaches range from the rare and excruciating type, known as clusters, through the common tension-type (stressinduced), to the somewhat less common, but notorious, migraine, with or without an aura effect. Migraines have been attributed to blood vessels in the brain being constricted and then relaxing, thus altering blood flow. It was thought early on that the pain of migraine was of vascular origin and caused by excessive dilation of branches of the common carotid artery bed. Currently, researchers are zeroing in on the trigeminal nerve system, and the nerve chemical Serotonin, in particular, as one set of candidate headache pain culprits. While significant advances have been made in dealing with the pain of migraine, little has had a dramatic effect in preventing the next attack or curing the disease. Indeed, the dominant medical community generally describes migraine as an incurable disease of unknown cause. Many migraine sufferers have reached a level of total frustration due to the lack of help they receive from the dominate or alternative medical community. Most have visited multiple health care professionals and have tried numerous prescription, over the ouncter, and natural products in an attempt to find a solution. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06517832__
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Herbal chew and snuff compositions Inventor(s): Summers; John K. (Anderson, IN) Assignee(s): Better Life International Life, Inc. (Stuart, FL) Patent Number: 4,817,640 Date filed: September 12, 1986 Abstract: Compositions and methods for providing tobaccoless herbal chew and snuff products which include an herbal component capable of being encased with a casing material providing a coherent cud in the oral cavity during use. In particular the present invention contemplates the use of a nicotine-free herbal substitute, such as red clover in the case of snuff and dandelion leaf in the case of chew, which can be encased with,
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among other things, a binder to provide a coherent cud in the mouth during use. As a result of this invention, safe nicotine-free snuff and chew compositions can be provided. Excerpt(s): The present relates to simulated tobacco snuff and chew compositions which can be made from known herbs and combinations thereof, which, in their use, proximate the texture, taste, and organoleptic sensation of a snuff or a chew composition. The present application is a continuation in part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 777,614 filed Sept. 19, 1985, which has been allowed and will issue as U.S. Pat. No. 4,696,315 on September 1987. The contents of the parent case are incorporated herein by reference. The Surgeon General of the United States has determined tobacco as dangerous to physical health. Accordingly, the tobacco industry has made diligent efforts to minimize the danger of tobacco use by minimizing the amount of harmful nicotine contained in the tobacco. Merely decreasing the amount of nicotine, however, has generally been recognized as inadequate as evidence by the disclosure of U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,930,720 and 3,007,068, both to Finberg, which are directed to smoking and snuff compositions which are substantially nicotine-free. Both of these disclosures include as essential components non-tobacco leaves, namely papaya leaves. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04817640__ •
Herbal composition and method for combating inflammation Inventor(s): Blackner; Lori (Chattanooga, TN), Charters; Alec (Salt Lake City, UT), Morris; Shayne (Ogden, UT), Selander; James (Park City, UT), Thompson; Robert Charles (Peterson, UT) Assignee(s): Nutraceutical Corporation (Park City, UT) Patent Number: 6,541,045 Date filed: January 4, 2002 Abstract: An herbal composition for combating inflammation, comprising therapeutically effective amounts of Japanese knotweed, Devil's claw, grapeskin, and syzygium is provided. Also provided is an herbal composition for treating a cough and/or common cold, comprising therapeutically effective amounts of Japanese knotweed, lobelia, echinacea, slippery elm, Devil's claw, adhatoda, vitamin C, grapeskin, and syzygium. An herbal composition for alleviating menstrual discomfort, comprising therapeutically effective amounts of Japanese knotweed, chaste tree berry, Mexican wild yam, dandelion, Devil's claw, grapeskin, and syzygium is provided. Also provided is an herbal composition for soothing muscles and joints, comprising therapeutically effective amounts of Japanese knotweed, N-acetyl D-glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, D-glucosamine hydrochloride, methylsulfonylmethane, grapeskin, syzygium, and Devil's claw. Methods of using the herbal compositions are also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to herbal compositions and methods for combating inflammation. Arthritic disorders, including rheumatism, osteoarthritis, dysplasia, lupus, bursitis, and gout, are all characterized by inflammation and pain in bones, joints, muscles, and related connective tissues. Most of the forms are progressive. Those who suffer from inflammation experience pain and discomfort and may, in advanced cases, lose the effective use of inflamed joints. Thus, the goal of therapeutic methods for treating bone or joint inflammation is the relief of pain and discomfort and the restoration of use of inflamed joints. Certain enzymes play a role in causing inflammation. One of the features of inflammation is increased oxygenation of
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arachidonic acid, which is metabolized by two enzymic pathways--the cyclooxygenase (CO) and the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathways--leading to the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, respectively. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are mediators of inflammation. Therapies designed to inhibit cyclooxygenase and/or lipoxygenase activity are therefore of great interest. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06541045__ •
Herbal snuff composition Inventor(s): Summers; John K. (Anderson, IN) Assignee(s): Better Life International, Inc. (Stuart, FL) Patent Number: 4,696,315 Date filed: September 19, 1985 Abstract: The present invention includes tobaccoless chewing and snuff compositions which can include a red clover herb along with other desirable nicotine-free herbs such as dandelion, slippery elm bark, and an effective amount of the casing material for maintaining the composition in a moist coherent state in the mouth during chewing and/or residence time in the oral cavity. The casing material can include different ingredients such as molasses, sea salt, gingers, cayenne, and other ingredients which have desirable properties. The herbs and casing material impart the same texture, taste, bite, life and enjoyment as fine quality chewing tobacco and/or snuff and leafy chews including dandelion as an essential component thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a simulated tobacco snuff and chew compositions including various known herbs of which red clover (Trifolium pratense) is the dominate or essential herb thereof and natural leaves, respectively, of which dandelion leaves is the essential component thereof. The Surgeon General of the United States has determined that tobacco is dangerous to ones physical health. The tobacco industry has made diligent efforts to minimize this danger by decreasing the deleterious nicotine in the tobacco. This danger, though, has been recognized as inadequate as evidenced by the patents to Finberg, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,930,720 and 3,007,068 which are directed to nicotine or substantially free nicotine smoking and snuff compositions, respectively, which include as essential components, non-tobacco leaves, namely, papaya leaves. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04696315__
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Herbal-based pharmaceutical formulations Inventor(s): Robinson; Ralph Stanley (61 Lewis Rd., Guelph Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,333,056 Date filed: February 13, 2001 Abstract: A herbal based formulation for treatment of horses and dogs to alleviate the symptoms of osteoarthritis comprises a mixture of devils claw and comfrey, preferably also including dandelion, burdock and nettles, as an intimate admixture, added to the animal's feed.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to pharmaceutical formulations and methods for their preparation and use. More specifically, it relates to herbal-based preparations useful for administration to animals, especially horses and dogs, for alleviation of the symptoms of arthritis. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease of the joints which affects a large number of horses, and accounts for a considerable economic burden on the equine industry. A wide variety of pathological episodes in the equine joint, such as lameness, can culminate in the common end stage of osteoarthritis. The condition is typified by progressive deterioration of the articular cartilage, accompanied by changes in the bone and soft tissue of the joint, and eventual loss of joint function. Osteoarthritis in equine and canine patients is commonly treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and steroids. This method of treatment elicits large scale, clinical improvement in equine and canine patients, but there is concern over potential side effects to chronic use. For example, NSAIDs used over the long term have been implicated in gastric ulceration, and inhibition of chondrocyte metabolism. Corticosteroids have been reported to reduce hyaluronic acid synthesis and chondrocyte metabolism, and other suspected side effects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06333056__ •
Nutritional formula Inventor(s): Greenberg; Mike (11633 San Vicente Bl. #214, Los Angeles, CA 90049) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,569,458 Date filed: September 14, 1994 Abstract: A vitamin and mineral formulation which provides for improved absorption of its nutrients by the addition of digestive enzymes to the formula and including the herb goldenseal to prevent the enzymes from eating up the other nutrients, giving it the capability to retain its value for up to six months. Goldenseal, in conjunction with dandelion and chamomile, also neutralizes the pH of the supplement, thus avoiding a common supplemental problem of widespread ineffectiveness due to large quantities of nutrients being deposited simultaneously into the digestive system. In addition, the formulation of the new invention provides the user with 70 different nutrients, including ginkgo biloba which increases brain alpha rhythms which are associated with mental alertness. Further, the new invention employs an alternate method of construction that does not require high heat or pressure levels, nor the addition of binders or glue like additives. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to vitamin and mineral supplement formulations and more particularly to a capsulated formulation providing digestive enzymes for improved absorption of the nutrients into the body, a special herb to increase blood circulation in the brain, and also a means for balancing the pH of the invention in order to prevent undesired interactions between components in the formulation. Invention and use in the subject area is known to the public. As for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,737,364 entitled Nutritional Dry food Concentrate, by Theodore Kalogris shows a highly nutritional dry food concentrate consisting entirely of plant and other non-animal natural components having a low caloric content and containing no added simple sugars. The nutritional dry food concentrate consisting entirely of natural ingredients is useful as supplement and in a weight reduction program. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 3,962,416 entitled Preserved Nutrients and Products, by Sol Katzen shows an encapsulation agent and a nutrient are admixed, and then the encapsulating agent is
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gelatinized polymerized under high pressure and temperature so as to encapsulate the nutrient. The encapsulation allows the nutrient to be kept in a dry stabilized state for a long period of time without the loss of potency. Further, the encapsulation allows the nutrients to be released into the digestive tract after a predetermined amount of time. The digestive tract digests the encapsulating agent thereby fleeing the nutrient. Encapsulation is preferably conducted using a heated extruder or expander. The encapsulating agent may be a high protein vegetable composition, such as, wheat flour gluten, a grain flower or carbohydrate flour. The nutrients may be in particulate or liquid form and can be such elements as vitamins, amino acids, lipids, enzymes, and inorganic salts (minerals). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05569458__
Patent Applications on Dandelion As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to dandelion: •
Chinese herb medicine composition for cancer prophylaxis and therapy Inventor(s): Jeng, Ku; (Taipei, TW) Correspondence: Volpe And Koenig, P.C.; Suite 400, One Penn Center; 1617 John F. Kennedy Boulevard; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20020114854 Date filed: February 19, 2002 Abstract: A Chinese herb medicine composition for a cancer prophylaxis and therapy includes Honeysuckle Flower, Mother Chrysanthemum Flower, Dandelion Herb, Viola Yedoensis and Semiaquilegia adosoides (DC) makino. The Chinese herb medicine composition is composed with a special ratio, and the special ratio of Honeysuckle Flower: Mother Chrysanthemum Flower: Dandelion Herb: Viola Yedoensis: Semiaquilegia adosoides (DC.) makino by weight is 1:1:1:1:1. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a Chinese herb medicine composition for a cancer prophylaxis and therapy, and more particularly to a Chinese herb medicine composition for the prophylaxis and the therapy of cervical cancer, esophagus cancer, ovary cancer or bladder cancer. For the cancer therapy in the current medical technology, the radiotherapy and the chemotherapy are widely used as well as the surgical operation. However, the radiotherapy or the chemotherapy will cause many ill side-effects such as nauseating, hair-losing, immunity-declining, during the period of treatment. In addition, the anti-cancer drugs also play an important role in the cancer therapy. Similarly, the current anti-cancer drugs, such as Bleomycin and cis-platine widely used in clinical therapy, will result in many ill side-effects such as nauseating and allergic symptom. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Herbal composition and medicament against diabetes mellitus type II manufactured thereof Inventor(s): Leko, Vladimir; (Pleternica, HR) Correspondence: ST. Onge Steward Johnston & Reens, Llc; 986 Bedford Street; Stamford; CT; 06905-5619; US Patent Application Number: 20020102315 Date filed: September 11, 2001 Abstract: The invention refers to the herbal composition which consists of: the plant of centaury (Centauri herba) 12.3% by wt., the root of dandelion (Teraxaci radix) 9.7% by wt., the fruit of juniper (Juniperi communis fructus) 6.2% by wt., the plant of nettle (Urticae herba) 7.4% by wt., the root of nettle (Urticae radix) 7.0% by wt., the root of chicory (Cichorii radix) 17.7% by wt., the leaf of black mulberry (Morus nigra folium) 7.4% by wt., the flower of yarrow (Achilleae millefolii flos) 3.5% by wt., the leaf of bilberry (Vaccinii myrtilli folium) 6.6% by wt., the pod of beans (Phaseoli fructus sine semeni) 14.4% by wt., and the root of valerian (Valerianae officinalis radix) 7.8% by wt., and to the medicament against diabetes mellitus type II obtained from it. The medicament is anticipated to be administered perorally in form of tea, a tincture and a pill. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation of pending International Patent Application PCT/HR99/00008 filed Apr. 22, 1999, which designates the United States, and which claims priority of Croatian patent application P990080A filed Mar. 12, 1999. This invention refers to the field of pharmacy, and more closely, it refers to the medicament against diabetes mellitus type II, and even more precisely, it refers to the medicament against diabetes mellitus type based on a herbal composition as an active substance. According to the International Classification of Patents, the subject invention is marked with the classification symbol A 61 K 35/78--Medical preparations containing substances or products of their reactions with undefined composition, whereby substances from herbs are in question. The technical problem, the solution of which is disclosed in this patent application, consists in finding a medicament for diabetes mellitus type II which will have the following characteristics: 1) that it is suitable for peroral application; 2) that even very high values of glucose concentration in blood can be reduced to or near its normal value; 3) no evident harmful side effects occur even in case of large daily doses, and even in case of a long-time use; and 4) that its effectivess is not caused by a strict diet. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Liver function improvement formulation Inventor(s): Smith, Leonard O.; (Gainesville, FL), Watson, Brenda F.; (Dunedin, FL) Correspondence: Macmillan Sobanski & Todd, Llc; One Maritime Plaza Fourth Floor; 720 Water Street; Toledo; OH; 43604-1619; US Patent Application Number: 20030044512 Date filed: August 30, 2002 Abstract: A food supplement formulation effective to improve the function of the liver comprises selenium, milk thistle seed, phosphatidyl choline, dandelion root, lmethionine, l-taurine, N-acetyl-cysteine, alpha lipoic acid, artichoke leaf, green tea leaf,
Patents 41
turmeric root, belleric myrobalan fruit, boerhavia diffusa, eclipta alba, waldelactones, tinospora cordifolia, andrographis paniculata, and picrorhiza kurroa. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Serial No. 60/316,542, filed Aug. 31, 2001. The present invention relates generally to a liver function improvement formulation. More particularly, the invention is directed to a two-part organic food supplement formulation that improves the function of the human liver, by supporting the body's process for cleansing and detoxifying the liver. The liver is the largest human internal organ. It performs a number of functions, including detoxifying the body. The liver cleanses the body by filtering, or changing the compositions of toxins so that they can be removed from the blood stream, generally at a processing rate of about one liter of blood each minute. Endotoxins, exotoxins, and other wastes are directed to the kidneys or colon. A number of toxins, however, are made up of compounds that are difficult for the liver to filter and remove from the blood stream. These toxins are broken down by various enzymes so that they too may be removed from the body. Accordingly, a properly-functioning liver plays a critical role in determining a person's overall health. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Nutritional system for nervous system disorders Inventor(s): Foreman, David J.; (Chesterfield, VA) Correspondence: Hillary W. Hawkins; P.O. Box 1320; Richmond; VA; 23219; US Patent Application Number: 20020001575 Date filed: May 24, 2001 Abstract: A novel composition for treating nervous system disorders. The composition is formed by preparing a mixture comprising an effective amount of vitamin B-6, folic acid, vitamin C, magnesium, vitamin B-3, copper, probiotics, fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), betaine, pancreatin, papain, pepsin, vitamin B-1, vitamin B-2, vitamin B-12, biotin, pantothenic acid, chromium polynicotinate and a digestive support ingredient selected from the group consisting of dandelion root, juniper, aloe vera, burdock, ginger root, artichoke, and kelp. Other ingredients may include: beta carotene, vitamin E, selenium, zinc, sea vegetation, alfalfa, trace minerals and molybdenum. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/207,665, filed May 26, 2000. The present invention pertains to the field of nutritional formulas. Specifically, the present invention pertains to an improved formula for nervous system disorders. There are many disorders that affect the proper functioning of the nervous system. Examples of these disorders include autism, ADD, ADHD, hyperactivity disorder, and depression. People who suffer from these disorders often have common secondary symptoms including allergies, sluggish digestion, weak immune function and poor diet. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process and product extracted from herbal composition useful in controlling diabetes mellitus type II Inventor(s): Leko, Vladimir; (Pozega, HR) Correspondence: ST. Onge Steward Johnston & Reens, Llc; 986 Bedford Street; Stamford; CT; 06905-5619; US Patent Application Number: 20030206976 Date filed: April 30, 2003 Abstract: An active substance is extracted from an herbal composition which comprises: Centaurii umbellatum, Gentianaceae (centaury plant), Teraxacum officinale, Asteraceae (dandelion root), Juniperi communis L, Cupresaceae (juniper berry), Urticae dioica L, Urticeae (nettle plant), Urticae dioica L, Urticaceae (nettle root), Cichorium intybus L, Cichoriaceae (chicory root), Morus nigra L, Moraceae, (mulberry leaf), Achilleae millefolium L, Asteraceae (yarrow flower), Vaccinium myrtillus L, Ericaceae (bilberry leaf), Phaseolus vulgaris L, Fabaceae (bean pods), Valeriana officinalis L, Valerlanaceae (Valerian root). The active substance is used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions used in connection with control of diabetes mellitus type II. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation in part of Applicant's U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/952,055 filed Sep. 11, 2001 and entitled <
>., which is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/HR/00008 filed Apr. 22, 1999, with a foreign priority claim to Croatia Application No. P990080A filed Mar. 12, 1999. The present invention relates to processes for preparation of products using active ingredients extracted from herbal compositions. A technical problem, the solution of which is disclosed in this patent application, consists in finding a treatment for diabetes mellitus type II which will have the following characteristics: (1) that it is suitable for peroral application; (2) that even very high values of glucose concentration in blood can be reduced to or near its normal value; (3) no evident harmful side effects occur even in case of large daily doses, and even in case of a long-time use; and (4) that its effectivess is not caused by a strict diet. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with dandelion, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “dandelion” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on dandelion. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning dandelion. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON DANDELION Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to dandelion. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on dandelion include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “dandelion” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “dandelion” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “dandelion” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A Dandelion by Any Other Name by Doreen Davy (2001); ISBN: 1842100874; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842100874/icongroupinterna
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A Dandelion's Life (Nature Upclose) by John Himmelman (1999); ISBN: 0516264028; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0516264028/icongroupinterna
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About dandelions by Eric Frederick William Powell; ISBN: 0722501862; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722501862/icongroupinterna
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Acorn Pancakes, Dandelion Salad and Other Wild Dishes by Jean Craighead George, Paul Mirocha (Illustrator); ISBN: 0060215496; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060215496/icongroupinterna
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Barney Bipple's magic dandelions by Carol Chapman; ISBN: 0525262156; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0525262156/icongroupinterna
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Buster and the Dandelions by Hisako Madokoro, et al; ISBN: 0836804910; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0836804910/icongroupinterna
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Chestnuts, galls, and dandelion wine : useful wild plants of the Boston Harbor Islands by William D. Perkins; ISBN: 0940960001; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0940960001/icongroupinterna
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Dandelion by Barrie Watts (1989); ISBN: 0382094387; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0382094387/icongroupinterna
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Dandelion by Ladislav. Svatos; ISBN: 0385029136; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385029136/icongroupinterna
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Dandelion Medicine: Remedies and Recipes to Detoxify, Nourish, Stimulate by Brigitte Mars AHG; ISBN: 1580172075; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580172075/icongroupinterna
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Dandelion Salad by Lisa Marie Batchelder (2004); ISBN: 1563153106; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1563153106/icongroupinterna
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Dandelion Seed [LARGE PRINT] by Lena Kennedy; ISBN: 0708984762; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0708984762/icongroupinterna
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Dandelion: Uses for the Whole Dandelion With Recipe Suggestions by Recycling Consortium (1984); ISBN: 9998595673; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9998595673/icongroupinterna
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Dandelions by Eve Bunting, Greg Shed (Illustrator) (2001); ISBN: 0152024077; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0152024077/icongroupinterna
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Dandelions by Carla Kern (1997); ISBN: 1567704166; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1567704166/icongroupinterna
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Dandelions by Mary Lu Walker, Gloria Ortiz (Illustrator) (1975); ISBN: 0809118823; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0809118823/icongroupinterna
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Dandelions (Early Bird Nature Books) by Kathleen V. Kudlinski, Jerome Wexler (Photographer) (1999); ISBN: 0822530163; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0822530163/icongroupinterna
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Dandelions (Nature Close-Up Series) by Kathleen Pohl, Jun Tanpopo Nanao (Photographer); ISBN: 0817227083; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0817227083/icongroupinterna
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Dandelions (Observing Nature) by Elichi Asayama; ISBN: 0853407843; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0853407843/icongroupinterna
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Frogs, Flies, and Dandelions: Speciation-The Evolution of New Species by Menno Schilthuizen (2001); ISBN: 0198503938; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198503938/icongroupinterna
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From Seed to Dandelion (Welcome Books) by Jan Kottke; ISBN: 0516233106; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0516233106/icongroupinterna
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Life Cycle of the Dandelion by Paula Z. Hogan, Yoshi Miyake (Illustrator); ISBN: 0811481824; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0811481824/icongroupinterna
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Never Say It's Just A Dandelion: 125 Wonderful Common Plants for Walkers and Walk Leaders by Hilary Hopkins; ISBN: 0971104808; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971104808/icongroupinterna
Books
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The Dandelion Seed by Joseph P. Anthony, Cris Arbo (Illustrator) (1997); ISBN: 188322067X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/188322067X/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Dandelion In order to find chapters that specifically relate to dandelion, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and dandelion using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “dandelion” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “dandelion” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “dandelion” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Physician's Guide to Herbs Source: Practical Diabetology. 16(1): 10, 12-13, 16-17, 20. March 1997. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: Conventional therapy of diabetes mellitus has focused on a care plan consisting of meal planning, exercise, medication, self monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), and patient education. Recently, there has been increasing interest on the part of patients in alternative therapies for chronic disease, including the increased use and popularity of herbal therapies. This article is a review of herbal products described in the literature as being useful and beneficial in diabetes management. The authors begin with a series of reported cases of herbal misadventures, noting that the heterogeneous nature of herbal products makes it difficult to monitor patients for adverse effects. The authors then review the use of herbs and herb products, including alfalfa, apple, bilberry, blackberry, burdock, celery, coriander, dandelion, Di huang, dried root bark of lycium Chinese mill, eucalyptus, fenugreek, garlic, ginger, ginseng, goat's rue, goldenseal, guayusa, hop, Java plum, juniper, kidney-bean pods, lucerne (Medicago sativa), mistletoe, Momordica charantia (cerasee), Momordica charantia (karela), mushrooms, nettle, onion, raspberry, sage, sumac, tarragon, thyme, Xuan seng, yeast, and zhi mu or di seng. The authors conclude that, although some alternative preparations may have mild glucose-lowering effects, the effects are insufficient for the management of diabetes. In addition, the potential for adverse interactions with agents used in conventional treatment should be appreciated. 7 references. (AA-M).
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Natural Products and Diabetes Treatment Source: Diabetes Educator. 24(2): 201-202, 205-206, 207. March-April 1998. Contact: Available from American Association of Diabetes Educators. 100 West Monroe Street, 4th Floor, Chicago, IL 60603-1901. (312) 424-2426. Summary: This article provides information about natural products as diabetes treatment. The authors point out that some natural products are potentially damaging to
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people with chronic diseases, especially if they are used instead of proven scientific treatment regimens. However, Americans spend about 14 billion dollars each year on alternative medicines and treatments. The authors briefly discuss the following natural products that have been promoted in relation to diabetes: ackee fruit, alfalfa, aloe vera, argimony, artichokes, barley, bitter melon, burdock root, capsaicin (cayenne pepper), carrot oil, charcoal, chromium, coriander, dandelion root, devil's club, eucalyptus, ephedra, evening primrose, fenugreek seeds, fo-ti, garlic, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, glucomannan, grape seed, guayusa, guar gum (karaya gum), gymnena, juniper, licorice, mushrooms, neem seed oil, onions, pectin (apples), periwinkle, potatoes, yellow root (golden seal), and yohimbine. The authors note that the few products that do have a mild impact on lowering blood glucose levels are significantly less effective than standard treatments. In order to ensure that no toxic effects occur and that treatment objectives are achieved, health professionals should closely monitor any person who decides to use a natural product for diabetes. The article includes general guidelines for counseling people who use herbs. 39 references. (AA-M).
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “dandelion” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 82 2 1 0 0 85
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
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AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “dandelion” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
17 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 18 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 19
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on dandelion can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to dandelion. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to dandelion. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “dandelion”:
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•
Other guides Cancer Alternative Therapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/canceralternativetherapy.html Dietary Fiber http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfiber.html Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Herbal Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbalmedicine.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to dandelion. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to dandelion. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with dandelion. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about dandelion. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “dandelion” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “dandelion”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “dandelion” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “dandelion” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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DANDELION DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetate Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of acetate in the presence of a divalent cation and ATP with the formation of acetylphosphate and ADP. It is important in the glycolysis process. EC 2.7.2.1. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Triphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenylate Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of AMP to ADP in the presence of ATP or inorganic triphosphate. EC 2.7.4.3. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among
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simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alpha Rhythm: One of four types of brain waves characterized by a relatively high voltage or amplitude and a frequency of 8-13 Hz. They constitute the majority of waves recorded by EEG registering the activity of the parietal and occipital lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed with the eyes closed. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of
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hemoglobin. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]
Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antrectomy: An operation to remove the upper portion of the stomach, called the antrum. This operation helps reduce the amount of stomach acid. It is used when a person has complications from ulcers. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH]
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Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Aura: A subjective sensation or motor phenomenon that precedes and marks the of a paroxysmal attack, such as an epileptic attack on set. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Beta carotene: A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids. [NIH] Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Bezoar: A ball of food, mucus, vegetable fiber, hair, or other material that cannot be digested in the stomach. Bezoars can cause blockage, ulcers, and bleeding. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU]
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Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bromelain: An enzyme found in pineapples that breaks down other proteins, such as collagen and muscle fiber, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a meat tenderizer in the food industry. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the
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buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsicum: A genus of Solanaceous shrubs that yield capsaicin. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried. [NIH] Carbamyl Phosphate: Phosphate salt of carbamic acid. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH]
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Cascara: Component of the dried bark of a buckthorn (Rhamnus purshiana) that contains the anthraquinone emodin. It is used as a laxative. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is
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important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chondroitin sulfate: The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage. [NIH]
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colostrum: The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH]
Comfrey: Perennial herb Symphytum officinale, in the family Boraginaceae, used topically for wound healing. It contains allantoin, carotene, essential oils (oils, volatile), glycosides,
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mucilage, resin, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, vitamin B12, and zinc. Comfrey also contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids and is hepatotoxic if ingested. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells,
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adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]
Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]
Creatine Kinase: A transferase that catalyzes formation of phosphocreatine from ATP + creatine. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic isoenzymes have been identified in human tissues: MM from skeletal muscle, MB from myocardial tissue, and BB from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins. EC 2.7.3.2. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and
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citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Dicotyledon: A division of the Angiospermae in which the seedling normally has two seedleaves. [NIH] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]
Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dioxins: Chlorinated hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms that are present as contaminants of herbicides. Dioxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. They have been banned from use by the FDA. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH]
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Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Echinacea: A genus of perennial herbs used topically and internally. It contains echinacoside, glycosides, inulin, isobutyl amides, resin, and sesquiterpenes. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and
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resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exotoxins: Toxins produced, especially by bacterial or fungal cells, and released into the culture medium or environment. [NIH] Expander: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight. used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. called also extender. [NIH] Extender: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight, used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH]
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Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration
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following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycolysis: The pathway by which glucose is catabolized into two molecules of pyruvic acid with the generation of ATP. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH]
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Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity:
Nonsusceptibility
to
the
invasive
or
pathogenic
effects
of
foreign
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microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH]
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Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Juniper: A slow growing coniferous evergreen tree or shrub, genus Juniperus. The Juniper is cultivated for its berries, which take up to three years to ripen. The resinous, sweetly flavored berries are borne only by the female juniper, and can be found in various stages of ripeness on the same plant. [NIH] Karaya Gum: Polysaccharide gum from Sterculia urens, an Indian tree; it is used as suspending or stabilizing agent in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; also as bulkforming laxative, surgical lubricant and adhesive, and in the treatment of skin ulcers. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together
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from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Nerve: The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura. [NIH]
Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH]
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Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Milk Thistle: The plant Silybum marianum in the family Asteraceae containing the bioflavonoid complex silymarin. For centuries this has been used traditionally to treat liver disease. [NIH] Molasses: The syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of sugar cane or sugar beet juice. It is also used in animal feed, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Evolution: Multiple rounds of selection, amplification, and mutation leading to molecules with the desired properties. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness,
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and air sickness. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Nervousness: Excessive excitability and irritability, with mental and physical unrest. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotic: 1. Pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. A person affected with a neurosis. [EU]
Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH]
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Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]
Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatin: A mammalian pancreatic extract composed of enzymes with protease, amylase and lipase activities. It is used as a digestant in pancreatic malfunction. [NIH] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU]
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Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Peroral: Performed through or administered through the mouth. [EU] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH]
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Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]
Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to
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recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Alkaloids found in various species of Senecio and other plants. There are at least ten different chemicals, many of them hepatotoxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. The plants may cause damage in grazing herds, but no longer have medical use. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH]
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Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Saturate: Means fatty acids without double bond. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains
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spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senescence: The bodily and mental state associated with advancing age. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silymarin: A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the milk thistle, Silybum marianum. It consists primarily of three isomers: silicristin, silidianin, and silybin, its major component. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and
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cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH]
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Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the trigeminal ganglion and project to the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
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Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vagotomy: The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Valerian: Valeriana officinale, an ancient, sedative herb of the large family Valerianaceae. The roots were formerly used to treat hysterias and other neurotic states and are presently used to treat sleep disorders. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH]
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Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal, 18, 33, 69, 90, 92 Abdominal Pain, 33, 69 Acetaminophen, 28, 69 Acetate Kinase, 27, 69 Acetylcholine, 69, 76 Acute myeloid leukemia, 69, 92 Adenine, 69 Adenosine, 27, 69, 74, 91 Adenosine Triphosphate, 27, 69, 91 Adenylate Kinase, 28, 69 Adjuvant, 34, 69 Adrenergic, 69, 99 Adverse Effect, 4, 52, 69, 95 Affinity, 69, 70, 95 Agonist, 70, 89 Alertness, 38, 70, 74 Alfalfa, 4, 41, 52, 53, 70 Algorithms, 70, 73 Alimentary, 70, 79, 85 Alkaloid, 70, 74, 89, 99 Aloe, 4, 41, 53, 70 Alpha Rhythm, 38, 70 Alternative medicine, 4, 53, 70 Amine, 70, 84 Amino Acids, 39, 70, 91, 93, 96 Amplification, 70, 88 Amylase, 70, 90 Analgesic, 69, 70, 84 Analogous, 70, 91, 97 Anemia, 19, 70, 81 Antagonism, 71, 74 Antibiotics, 33, 71 Antibody, 70, 71, 77, 85, 93 Antigen, 69, 71, 77, 84, 85 Anti-inflammatory, 38, 69, 71, 73, 84, 94 Antimicrobial, 71, 76 Antineoplastic, 71 Antineoplastic Agents, 71 Antioxidant, 6, 10, 15, 71, 95 Antipyretic, 69, 71 Antrectomy, 6, 71 Approximate, 31, 71 Aqueous, 71, 72, 80 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 71, 87 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 71, 87 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 71, 87 Arachidonic Acid, 37, 71, 72, 86, 92
Arterial, 72, 84, 93 Arteries, 72, 73, 78, 88, 89, 97 Arterioles, 72, 73 Articular, 38, 72, 90 Aspartate, 35, 72 Assay, 10, 16, 72 Astringents, 72, 81 Aura, 35, 72 B Bacteria, 33, 71, 72, 88, 98 Bactericidal, 72, 80 Base, 27, 69, 72, 81, 86, 91 Basophil, 72, 84 Benign, 72, 82, 83, 89, 93 Beta carotene, 41, 72 Beta Rays, 72, 80 Bezoar, 6, 72 Bile, 72, 82, 87, 96 Bile Acids, 72, 96 Binding agent, 28, 72 Bioavailability, 10, 16, 72 Biochemical, 72, 90 Biological therapy, 73, 83 Biosynthesis, 72, 73 Biotechnology, 5, 16, 51, 73 Biotin, 41, 73 Bladder, 19, 33, 39, 73, 78, 92, 97, 98 Bloating, 28, 33, 73 Blood Glucose, 3, 4, 52, 53, 73 Blood pressure, 73, 84, 88, 95 Blood vessel, 35, 73, 74, 75, 95, 97, 98 Body Fluids, 73, 79, 95 Bone Marrow, 69, 73, 87, 92 Bowel, 73, 79, 86 Bowel Movement, 73, 79 Brain Stem, 73, 97 Branch, 65, 73, 95 Breakdown, 73, 79 Bromelain, 35, 73 Bronchial, 73, 84 Bronchitis, 73, 81 Buccal, 73, 87 Bursitis, 36, 74 C Caffeine, 27, 74 Calcium, 12, 74, 77, 90 Calcium Oxalate, 74, 90 Calculi, 74, 83
102 Dandelion
Callus, 10, 16, 74 Capsaicin, 4, 53, 74 Capsicum, 28, 35, 74 Carbamyl Phosphate, 27, 74 Carbohydrate, 39, 74, 83 Carcinogen, 26, 74 Carcinogenic, 6, 74, 79, 93 Carcinoma, 74 Cardiac, 74, 81, 89 Cardiovascular, 74, 86 Carotene, 72, 74, 76 Carotenoids, 17, 72, 74 Cascara, 28, 75 Case report, 6, 75 Catheterization, 33, 75, 85 Cathode, 72, 75, 80 Cell, 10, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 96, 99 Cell Division, 72, 75, 83, 91 Cell Survival, 75, 83 Cellulose, 75, 82, 91 Central Nervous System, 69, 74, 75, 82, 83, 86 Central Nervous System Infections, 75, 83 Cervical, 39, 75 Cervix, 75 Chamomile, 38, 75 Character, 75, 79, 83 Chemotherapy, 39, 75 Chest Pain, 34, 75 Chlorophyll, 75, 82 Choline, 12, 40, 75 Cholinergic, 76, 89 Chondroitin sulfate, 36, 76 Chromium, 4, 41, 53, 76 Chromosome, 76, 83, 86 Chronic, 3, 4, 33, 35, 38, 52, 53, 76, 85, 86, 96, 99 Chronic Disease, 3, 4, 52, 53, 76 Chymopapain, 76, 90 Ciprofloxacin, 10, 16, 21, 76 CIS, 39, 76 Clinical trial, 5, 51, 76 Cloning, 5, 73, 76 Cod Liver Oil, 76, 80 Cofactor, 76, 92 Collagen, 73, 76 Colloidal, 76, 81, 91 Colostrum, 29, 76 Comfrey, 37, 76 Communis, 40, 42, 77 Complement, 77
Complementary and alternative medicine, 15, 24, 77 Complementary medicine, 15, 77 Computational Biology, 51, 77 Conjunctiva, 77, 97 Connective Tissue, 36, 73, 76, 77, 82, 87, 94 Connective Tissue Cells, 77 Contact dermatitis, 7, 11, 78 Contamination, 11, 78 Contraindications, ii, 78 Conventional therapy, 3, 52, 78 Conventional treatment, 4, 52, 78 Coronary, 78, 88, 89 Coronary Thrombosis, 78, 88, 89 Coumarin, 78 Cranial, 78, 83, 87, 97, 98 Craniocerebral Trauma, 78, 83 Creatine, 27, 78 Creatine Kinase, 27, 78 Creatinine, 78 Cultured cells, 11, 78 Cutaneous, 78, 87, 91 Cyclic, 74, 78 Cysteine, 35, 40, 76, 78, 96 Cystine, 78 Cystitis, 32, 33, 78 Cytotoxic, 6, 10, 74, 78, 93 D Databases, Bibliographic, 51, 78 Decarboxylation, 79, 84 Degenerative, 38, 79, 90 Dermatitis, 6, 7, 11, 16, 17, 79 Diabetes Mellitus, 3, 40, 42, 52, 79, 83 Diagnostic procedure, 25, 79 Diarrhea, 33, 79, 81 Dicotyledon, 26, 79 Dietary Fats, 79, 87 Dietary Fiber, 27, 58, 79 Digestion, 41, 70, 72, 73, 79, 87, 96 Digestive system, 38, 79 Digestive tract, 39, 79 Dihydrotestosterone, 79, 93 Dilation, 35, 79 Dioxins, 26, 79 Diploid, 79, 91 Direct, iii, 34, 79, 94 Disinfectant, 79, 80 Disposition, 10, 16, 79 Distal, 31, 32, 79, 93 Diuresis, 74, 79 Diuretic, 10, 79 Duct, 75, 79, 94
Index 103
Duodenum, 72, 80, 96 Dysplasia, 36, 80 E Echinacea, 36, 80 Edema, 19, 20, 78, 80 Electrolyte, 80, 92, 95 Electrons, 27, 71, 72, 75, 80, 85, 86, 90, 93 Elementary Particles, 80 Embryo, 80, 91 Emodin, 70, 75, 80 Emollient, 80, 83, 90 Emulsion, 29, 80 Endometrium, 80, 88 Enhancer, 29, 80 Environmental Health, 50, 52, 80 Enzymatic, 74, 77, 80, 84, 90 Enzyme, 10, 15, 27, 69, 70, 71, 73, 80, 81, 83, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98 Erythema, 78, 80 Esophagus, 39, 79, 80, 96 Ethanol, 28, 80, 81 Eucalyptus, 4, 52, 53, 80 Excipients, 35, 81 Excitability, 81, 89 Exocytosis, 81, 84 Exotoxins, 41, 81 Expander, 39, 81 Extender, 81 Extracellular, 77, 81, 95 Extracellular Matrix, 77, 81 Extraction, 27, 81 F Family Planning, 51, 81 Fat, 72, 73, 74, 76, 81, 87, 94, 95, 96 Fatty acids, 17, 81, 87, 92, 94, 97 Fermentation, 28, 81 Fissure, 77, 81 Flavoring Agents, 81 Folate, 81 Folic Acid, 41, 81 Foramen, 77, 81 Fructose, 81, 83, 85 Fungi, 26, 82, 83, 88, 95, 99 Fungicide, 26, 82 Fungus, 26, 82 G Gallbladder, 19, 69, 79, 82 Gamma Rays, 82, 93 Ganglia, 69, 82, 89 Ganglion, 82, 97 Gastric, 38, 82, 84 Gastrointestinal, 76, 80, 82, 86
Gastrointestinal tract, 80, 82, 86 Gene, 18, 73, 82 Genital, 76, 82 Germ Cells, 82, 90 Ginger, 4, 28, 41, 52, 82 Ginkgo biloba, 4, 38, 53, 82 Ginseng, 4, 52, 53, 82 Gland, 82, 87, 90, 92, 94 Glucose, 4, 28, 40, 42, 52, 73, 75, 76, 79, 82, 83, 94 Glucose Intolerance, 79, 82 Glutamic Acid, 81, 83 Glutathione Peroxidase, 83, 94 Gluten, 39, 83 Glycerol, 29, 83 Glycolysis, 28, 69, 83 Glycosaminoglycan, 76, 83 Glycoside, 7, 83, 94 Gout, 36, 83 Governing Board, 83, 92 Grasses, 81, 83 Growth, 26, 29, 71, 73, 75, 83, 87, 89, 91 Growth factors, 29, 83 H Hair follicles, 83, 99 Haploid, 83, 91 Headache, 33, 35, 74, 83, 92 Headache Disorders, 83 Hemorrhage, 78, 83 Hepatic, 10, 15, 16, 84 Hepatotoxic, 77, 84, 93 Herbicide, 26, 34, 84 Hereditary, 83, 84, 91 Heredity, 82, 84 Heterotrophic, 82, 84 Histamine, 33, 84 Histamine Release, 33, 84 Histidine, 84 Hormonal, 28, 84 Hormone, 84, 96 Host, 84, 86, 98 Hydrogen, 70, 72, 74, 83, 84, 88, 90 Hypersensitivity, 84, 86 Hypertension, 20, 83, 84 Hyperuricemia, 83, 84 I Ibuprofen, 28, 84 Id, 12, 18, 58, 64, 66, 84 Imidazole, 73, 84 Immune function, 41, 84 Immune response, 69, 71, 84, 98 Immune system, 73, 84, 85, 86, 98, 99
104 Dandelion
Immunity, 27, 39, 84 Immunologic, 85, 93 Immunology, 15, 69, 85 Impotence, 85, 99 In vitro, 6, 10, 85 In vivo, 85, 97 Indicative, 43, 85, 98 Infarction, 85 Infection, 19, 32, 33, 73, 84, 85, 87, 96, 99 Inflammation, 18, 28, 33, 36, 71, 73, 74, 78, 79, 85, 86, 92, 94, 96, 99 Ingestion, 15, 85, 91 Inlay, 85, 94 Inorganic, 39, 69, 85, 89 Insecticides, 85, 91 Insomnia, 33, 85, 92 Intestines, 69, 82, 85 Intracellular, 74, 85, 92, 94 Intubation, 75, 85 Inulin, 80, 85 Invasive, 84, 85 Ionizing, 85, 93 Ions, 72, 80, 84, 86 Isoenzyme, 78, 86 J Joint, 36, 38, 72, 76, 86, 90, 96 Juniper, 4, 22, 40, 41, 42, 52, 53, 86 K Karaya Gum, 4, 53, 86 Kb, 50, 86 Kidney Disease, 33, 50, 86 Kidney stone, 86, 90, 98 L Lactation, 76, 86 Large Intestine, 79, 85, 86, 93 Laxative, 75, 80, 86 Lethal, 31, 72, 86 Leukemia, 69, 86 Leukocytes, 73, 86, 91 Leukotrienes, 37, 71, 72, 86 Library Services, 64, 86 Life cycle, 82, 86 Ligament, 86, 92 Linkage, 32, 86 Lipase, 29, 87, 90 Lipid, 10, 15, 76, 83, 87 Lipoxygenase, 37, 71, 86, 87 Liver, 20, 33, 40, 41, 69, 72, 73, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 87, 88 Localized, 85, 87, 91, 97 Locomotion, 87, 91 Lupus, 20, 33, 36, 87
Lymph, 75, 87 Lymph node, 75, 87 Lymphatic, 85, 87 M Malaise, 34, 87 Malignant, 71, 87, 89, 93 Mammary, 76, 87 Mannans, 82, 87 Mastication, 87, 97 Maxillary, 87, 97 Maxillary Nerve, 87, 97 Meat, 73, 79, 87 Medicament, 40, 42, 87 MEDLINE, 51, 87 Megaloblastic, 81, 88 Melanocytes, 88 Melanoma, 10, 88 Membranes, 88, 89, 97 Menopause, 23, 28, 88 Menstrual Cycle, 34, 88, 92 Menstruation, 28, 88, 92 Metabolic disorder, 83, 88 Methionine, 40, 88, 96 MI, 29, 67, 88 Microbe, 88, 97 Microorganism, 76, 88, 90, 98 Milk Thistle, 23, 40, 88, 95 Molasses, 37, 88 Molecular, 18, 51, 54, 73, 77, 81, 88 Molecular Evolution, 18, 88 Molecule, 28, 71, 72, 76, 77, 83, 88, 90, 93, 98 Monitor, 4, 52, 53, 78, 88, 89 Morphological, 80, 82, 88 Motion Sickness, 88, 89 Mucosa, 87, 89 Mucus, 72, 89 Mutagenic, 79, 89 Mydriatic, 79, 89, 99 Myocardial infarction, 27, 78, 88, 89 Myocardium, 88, 89 N Nausea, 33, 89, 92 NCI, 1, 49, 76, 89 Necrosis, 85, 88, 89 Need, 3, 28, 30, 31, 33, 45, 52, 59, 89 Neoplasms, 71, 89, 93 Nephropathy, 86, 89 Nerve, 35, 69, 82, 87, 89, 94, 97, 98 Nervous System, 41, 75, 89, 96 Nervousness, 34, 89 Neurons, 82, 89, 96
Index 105
Neurotic, 89, 98 Nicotine, 35, 36, 37, 89 Nuclear, 80, 82, 89 Nuclei, 80, 90 Nucleus, 72, 78, 80, 82, 90, 97 O Occipital Lobe, 70, 90 Ointments, 75, 90 Ophthalmic, 90, 97 Orbital, 77, 90 Organoleptic, 36, 90 Osteoarthritis, 20, 36, 37, 38, 90 Ovary, 39, 90, 91 Oxalate, 12, 90 Oxidation, 71, 78, 83, 90 Oxidative metabolism, 86, 90 Oxygenation, 36, 90 P Pancreas, 69, 73, 79, 87, 90 Pancreatic, 90 Pancreatin, 41, 90 Papain, 41, 90 Parietal, 70, 90 Paroxysmal, 72, 83, 90 Pathogen, 26, 90 Patient Education, 3, 52, 62, 64, 67, 91 Pelvic, 91, 92 Pepsin, 41, 91 Peptide, 91, 92, 93 Perennial, 11, 76, 80, 91, 97 Peroral, 40, 42, 91 Peroxidase, 29, 71, 91 Peroxide, 83, 91 Pesticides, 7, 85, 91 Petrolatum, 80, 91 Pharmacologic, 91, 97 Phenolphthalein, 80, 91 Phosphorus, 74, 91 Phosphorylation, 28, 69, 91 Photosensitivity, 6, 91 Physiologic, 70, 73, 85, 88, 91 Pigment, 29, 88, 91 Plants, 17, 26, 29, 30, 44, 70, 75, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97 Plasma, 81, 82, 91, 95 Poisoning, 89, 91 Pollen, 15, 91 Port, 31, 92 Port-a-cath, 92 Potassium, 10, 92 Practice Guidelines, 53, 92 Precursor, 72, 76, 80, 92
Premenstrual, 20, 28, 32, 33, 92 Premenstrual Syndrome, 20, 28, 32, 33, 92 Progressive, 36, 38, 83, 89, 90, 92 Promyelocytic leukemia, 7, 92 Prophylaxis, 39, 92, 94 Prostaglandins, 37, 72, 92 Prostaglandins A, 37, 92 Prostaglandins D, 92 Prostate, 33, 92 Protease, 29, 90, 92 Protein S, 73, 92 Proteins, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77, 78, 88, 91, 93, 95, 97 Proteolytic, 77, 90, 93 Protozoa, 88, 93, 95 Proximal, 32, 79, 93 Psyllium, 23, 93 Public Policy, 51, 93 Publishing, 3, 5, 52, 93 Pulmonary, 20, 73, 86, 93, 96 Pulse, 88, 93 Pupil, 79, 89, 93 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, 77, 93 R Radiation, 80, 82, 85, 93, 99 Radioimmunotherapy, 93 Radiotherapy, 39, 93 Recombinant, 10, 16, 93, 98 Rectum, 73, 79, 86, 92, 93 Reductase, 10, 16, 93 Refer, 1, 73, 77, 82, 87, 93, 94 Respiration, 88, 90, 94 Restoration, 36, 94, 99 Retina, 94 Retinoids, 94, 98 Rheumatism, 36, 84, 94 Ribose, 69, 94 Rigidity, 91, 94 Rod, 32, 94 Rodenticides, 91, 94 S Salicylate, 75, 94 Saline, 34, 94 Salivary, 79, 94 Salivary glands, 79, 94 Saponins, 77, 94 Saturate, 34, 94 Screening, 76, 94 Sebaceous, 94, 99 Secretion, 84, 86, 89, 94 Sedative, 94, 98 Selenium, 40, 41, 94
106 Dandelion
Semen, 92, 94 Senescence, 10, 95 Serous, 76, 95 Serrated, 31, 32, 95 Serum, 77, 78, 95 Shock, 33, 95 Side effect, 33, 38, 40, 42, 69, 73, 84, 95, 97 Silymarin, 88, 95 Skeletal, 78, 95 Skeleton, 86, 95 Smooth muscle, 74, 78, 84, 95 Sodium, 34, 83, 95 Soft tissue, 38, 73, 95 Solvent, 6, 10, 80, 83, 95 Specialist, 59, 79, 95 Species, 26, 34, 44, 74, 75, 82, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98 Sperm, 76, 91, 95 Spices, 74, 95 Spinal cord, 73, 75, 82, 89, 95 Spores, 26, 95 Steroids, 38, 96 Stimulant, 74, 84, 96 Stomach, 27, 33, 69, 71, 72, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 89, 91, 96 Stress, 33, 35, 89, 96 Subacute, 85, 96 Subarachnoid, 83, 96 Subclinical, 85, 96 Subspecies, 95, 96 Substrate, 28, 96 Sulfur, 88, 96 Supplementation, 10, 15, 96 Surfactant, 34, 96 Symphysis, 92, 96 Synaptic, 89, 96 Synaptic Transmission, 89, 96 Systemic, 20, 73, 85, 96 T Taurine, 40, 96 Teratogenic, 79, 93, 96 Testosterone, 93, 96 Thrombosis, 93, 97 Thromboxanes, 72, 97 Tissue, 5, 71, 72, 73, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99 Topical, 72, 80, 90, 91, 97 Toxic, iv, 4, 27, 34, 53, 83, 84, 85, 89, 94, 97 Toxicity, 26, 80, 97
Toxicology, 27, 52, 97 Toxins, 41, 71, 81, 85, 93, 97 Trace element, 76, 97 Transfection, 73, 97 Transfusion, 81, 97 Trees, 80, 97 Trigeminal, 35, 87, 97 Trigeminal Nerve, 35, 97 Tuberculosis, 87, 97 U Ulcer, 97 Ulceration, 38, 97 Unconscious, 84, 97 Ureters, 86, 97, 98 Urethra, 33, 92, 97, 98 Uric, 83, 84, 98 Urinary, 19, 32, 33, 74, 76, 78, 98 Urinary tract, 32, 33, 98 Urinary tract infection, 32, 33, 98 Urinate, 33, 98 Urine, 73, 74, 78, 79, 86, 90, 97, 98 Uterus, 75, 80, 88, 98 V Vaccine, 69, 98 Vagina, 75, 88, 98 Vagotomy, 6, 98 Valerian, 40, 42, 98 Vascular, 35, 83, 85, 98 Vasodilator, 84, 98 Vector, 31, 98 Veins, 73, 98 Venous, 93, 98 Venules, 73, 98 Veterinary Medicine, 51, 98 Virulence, 97, 98 Virus, 75, 80, 98 Viscosity, 29, 98 Vitamin A, 38, 98 Vitro, 98 Vulgaris, 23, 24, 42, 99 W Weight Gain, 34, 99 White blood cell, 71, 72, 76, 86, 89, 99 Wound Healing, 76, 99 X X-ray, 75, 82, 89, 93, 99 Y Yeasts, 82, 99 Yohimbine, 4, 53, 99
Index 107
108 Dandelion
